[
{"created_timestamp": "03-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/01-03-02-0005-0001-0001", "content": "Title: Grosvenor Square Westminster March 27. 1786.\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: \n       March 26. Sunday, dined in Bolton Street Piccadilly, at the Bishop of St. Asaphs. Mr. and Mrs. Sloper, the Son in Law and Daughter of the Bishop; Mrs. and Miss Shipley the Wife and Daughter; Mr. and Mrs. Vaughan, Mr. Alexander and Mrs. Williams, Mr. Richard Peters and myself, were the Company. In the Evening other Company came in, according to the Fashion, in this Country. Mrs. Shipley at Table asked many Questions about the Expence of living in Philadelphia and Boston. Said she had a Daughter, who had married, less prudently than they wished, and they thought of sending them to America.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/01-03-02-0005-0001-0003", "content": "Title: London Thursday March 30.\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: \n       Presented Mr. Hamilton to the Queen at the Drawing Room. Dined at Mr. Paradices. Count Warranzow Woronzow and his Gentleman and Chaplain, M. Sodorini the Venetian Minister, Mr. Jefferson, Dr. Bancroft, Coll. Smith and my Family.\n       Went at Nine O Clock to the French Ambassadors Ball, where were two or three hundred People, chiefly Ladies. Here I met the Marquis of Landsdown and the Earl of Harcourt. These two Noblemen ventured to enter into Conversation with me. So did Sir George Young Yonge. But there is an Aukward Timidity, in General. This People cannot look me in the Face: there is conscious Guilt and Shame in their Countenances, when they look at me. They feel that they have behaved ill, and that I am sensible of it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/01-03-02-0005-0002-0001", "content": "Title: [Notes on a Tour of English Country Seats, &c., with Thomas Jefferson, 4\u201310? April 1786.]\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: \n       Mr. Jefferson and myself, went in a Post Chaise to Woburn Farm, Caversham, Wotton, Stowe, Edghill, Stratford upon Avon, Birmingham, the Leasowes, Hagley, Stourbridge, Worcester, Woodstock, Blenheim, Oxford, High Wycomb, and back to Grosvenor Square.\n       Edgehill and Worcester were curious and interesting to us, as Scaenes where Freemen had fought for their Rights. The People in the Neighbourhood, appeared so ignorant and careless at Worcester that I was provoked and asked, \u201cAnd do Englishmen so soon forget the Ground where Liberty was fought for? Tell your Neighbours and your Children that this is holy Ground, much holier than that on which your Churches stand. All England should come in Pilgrimage to this Hill, once a Year.\u201d This animated them, and they seemed much pleased with it. Perhaps their Aukwardness before might arise from their Uncertainty of our Sentiments concerning the Civil Wars.\n       Stratford upon Avon is interesting as it is the Scaene of the Birth, Death and Sepulture of Shakespear. Three Doors from the Inn, is the House where he was born, as small and mean, as you can conceive. They shew Us an old Wooden Chair in the Chimney Corner, where He sat. We cutt off a Chip according to the Custom. A Mulberry Tree that he planted has been cutt down, and is carefully preserved for Sale. The House where he died has been taken down and the Spot is now only Yard or Garden. The Curse upon him who should remove his Bones, which is written on his Grave Stone, alludes to a Pile of some Thousands of human Bones, which lie exposed in that Church. There is nothing preserved of this great Genius which is worth knowing\u2014nothing which might inform Us what Education, what Company, what Accident turned his Mind to Letters and the Drama. His name is not even on his Grave Stone. An ill sculptured Head is sett up by his Wife, by the Side of his Grave in the Church. But paintings and Sculpture would be thrown away upon his Fame. His Wit, and Fancy, his Taste and Judgment, His Knowledge of Nature, of Life and Character, are immortal.\n       At Birmingham, We only walked round the Town and viewed a manufactory of Paintings upon Paper.\n       The Gentlemens Seats were the highest Entertainment, We met with. Stowe, Hagley and Blenheim, are superb. Woburn, Caversham and the Leasowes are beautifull. Wotton is both great and elegant tho neglected. Architecture, Painting, Statuary, Poetry are all employed in the Embellishment of these Residences of Greatness and Luxury. A national Debt of 274 millions sterling accumulated by Jobs, Contracts, Salaries and Pensions in the Course of a Century might easily produce all this Magnificence. The Pillars, Obelisks &c. erected in honour of Kings, Queens and Princesses, might procure the means. The Temples to Bacchus and Venus, are quite unnecessary as Mankind have no need of artificial Incitements, to such Amuze\u00adments. The Temples of ancient Virtue, of the British Worthies, of Friendship, of Concord and Victory, are in a higher Taste. I mounted Ld. Cobhams Pillar 120 feet high, with pleasure, as his Lordships Name was familiar to me, from Popes Works.\n       Ld. Littletons Seat interested me, from a recollection of his Works, as well as the Grandeur and Beauty of the Scaenes. Popes Pavillion and Thompsons Thomson\u2019s Seat, made the Excursion poetical. Shen-stones Leasowes is the simplest and plainest, but the most rural of all. I saw no Spot so small, that exhibited such a Variety of Beauties.\n       It will be long, I hope before Ridings, Parks, Pleasure Grounds, Gardens and ornamented Farms grow so much in fashion in America. But Nature has done greater Things and furnished nobler Materials there. The Oceans, Islands, Rivers, Mountains, Valleys are all laid out upon a larger Scale.\u2014If any Man should hereafter arise, to embellish the rugged Grandeur of Pens Hill, he might make some thing to boast of, although there are many Situations capable of better Improvement.\n       Since my Return I have been over Black Fryars Bridge to see Viny\u2019s Manufacture of Patent Wheels made of bent Timber.\n       Viny values himself much upon his mechanical Invention. Is loud in praise of Franklin who first suggested to him the Hint of a bent Wheel. Franklin once told me, he had seen such a Wheel in Holland, before he set Viny to work. Viny says that Franklin said to him, \u201cMankind are very superficial and very dastardly. They begin upon a Thing but meeting with a difficulty they fly from it, discouraged. But they have Capacities if they would but employ them.\u201d \u201cI,\u201d says Viny, \u201cmake it a Rule to do nothing as others do it. My first Question is how do others do this? and when I have found out, I resolve to do it, another Way, and a better Way. I take my Pipe and Smoke like a Lim-burners Kiln, and I find a Pipe is the best Aid to thinking.\u201d This Man has Genius, but has Genius always as much Vanity? It is not always so open. It is really modest and humble sometimes. But in Viny it is very vain. His Inventions for boiling and bending his Timber, and for drilling his Irons, are very ingenious. The force requisite for bending a Stick of Ash into a hoop, suitable for a large Wheel, or a small one, is prodigious.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/01-03-02-0005-0002-0002", "content": "Title: Saturday Ap. 15.\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: \n       Dined with Mr. Brand Hollis in Chesterfield Street. His Mantle Trees are ornamented with Antiques. Penates. Little brazen Images of the Gods. Venus, Ceres, Apollo, Minerva &c. Hollis is a Member of the Antiquarian Society. Our Company were Price, Kippis, Bridgen, Romilly, and another besides Jefferson, Smith and myself.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/01-03-02-0005-0002-0005", "content": "Title: London April 20 1786 Thursday.\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: \n       Went with Mr. Jefferson and my Family to Osterly, to view the Seat of the late Banker Child. The House is very large. It is Three Houses, fronting as many Ways\u2014between two is a double row of Six Pillars, which you rise to by a flight of Steps. Within is a Square, a Court, a Terrace, paved with large Slate. The Green House and Hot House were curious. Blowing Roses, ripe Strawberries, Cherries, Plumbs &c. in the Hot House. The Pleasure Grounds were only an undulating Gravel Walk, between two Borders of Trees and Shrubs. All the Evergreens, Trees and Shrubbs were here. There is a Water, for Fish Ponds and for Farm Uses, collected from the Springs and wet Places in the farm and neighbourhood. Fine flocks of Deer and Sheep, Wood Doves, Guinea Hens, Peacocks &c.\n       The Verdure is charming, the Music of the Birds pleasant. But the Ground is too level.\u2014We could not see the Apartments in the House, because We had no Tickett. Mrs. Child is gone to New Markett it seems to the Races.\n       The beauty, Convenience, and Utility of these Country Seats, are not enjoyed by the owners. They are mere Ostentations of Vanity. Races, Cocking, Gambling draw away their attention.\n       On our Return We called to see Sion House belonging to the Duke of Northumberland. This Farm is watered, by a rivulet drawn by an artificial Canal from the Thames. A Repetition of winding Walks, gloomy Evergreens, Sheets of Water, Clumps of Trees, Green Houses, Hot Houses &c. The Gate, which lets you into this Farm from the Brentford Road, is a beautifull Thing, and lays open to the View of the Traveller, a very beautifull green Lawn interspersed with Clumps and scattered Trees.\n       The Duke of Marlborough owns a House upon Sion Hill, which is only over the Way.\n       Osterly, Sion Place and Sion Hill are all in Brentford, within Ten Miles of Hide Park Corner. We went through Hide Park and Kensington to Brentford. We passed in going and returning, by Lord Hollands House, which is a Modern Building in the gothic manner.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/01-03-02-0005-0002-0007", "content": "Title: Monday [24 April.]\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: \n       Viewed the British Musaeum. Dr. Grey who attended Us spoke very slightly of Buffon. Said \u201che was full of mauvais Fois. No Dependence upon him. Three out of four of his Quotations not to be found. That he had been obliged to make it his Business to examine the Quotations. That he had not found a quarter of them. That Linnaeus was quoted from early Editions long after the last Edition was public of 1766 the 12th, which was inexcuseable. He did not think Buffon superiour to Dr. Hill. Both had Imagination &c.\u201d\u2014This is partly national Prejudice and Malignity, no doubt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/01-03-02-0005-0002", "content": "Title: [April 1786]\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: \n      Notes on a Tour of English Country Seats, &c., with Thomas Jefferson, 4\u201310? April 1786.\n       Mr. Jefferson and myself, went in a Post Chaise to Woburn Farm, Caversham, Wotton, Stowe, Edghill, Stratford upon Avon, Birmingham, the Leasowes, Hagley, Stourbridge, Worcester, Woodstock, Blenheim, Oxford, High Wycomb, and back to Grosvenor Square.\n       Edgehill and Worcester were curious and interesting to us, as Scaenes where Freemen had fought for their Rights. The People in the Neighbourhood, appeared so ignorant and careless at Worcester that I was provoked and asked, \u201cAnd do Englishmen so soon forget the Ground where Liberty was fought for? Tell your Neighbours and your Children that this is holy Ground, much holier than that on which your Churches stand. All England should come in Pilgrimage to this Hill, once a Year.\u201d This animated them, and they seemed much pleased with it. Perhaps their Aukwardness before might arise from their Uncertainty of our Sentiments concerning the Civil Wars.\n       Stratford upon Avon is interesting as it is the Scaene of the Birth, Death and Sepulture of Shakespear. Three Doors from the Inn, is the House where he was born, as small and mean, as you can conceive. They shew Us an old Wooden Chair in the Chimney Corner, where He sat. We cutt off a Chip according to the Custom. A Mulberry Tree that he planted has been cutt down, and is carefully preserved for Sale. The House where he died has been taken down and the Spot is now only Yard or Garden. The Curse upon him who should remove his Bones, which is written on his Grave Stone, alludes to a Pile of some Thousands of human Bones, which lie exposed in that Church. There is nothing preserved of this great Genius which is worth knowing\u2014nothing which might inform Us what Education, what Company, what Accident turned his Mind to Letters and the Drama. His name is not even on his Grave Stone. An ill sculptured Head is sett up by his Wife, by the Side of his Grave in the Church. But paintings and Sculpture would be thrown away upon his Fame. His Wit, and Fancy, his Taste and Judgment, His Knowledge of Nature, of Life and Character, are immortal.\n       At Birmingham, We only walked round the Town and viewed a manufactory of Paintings upon Paper.\n       The Gentlemens Seats were the highest Entertainment, We met with. Stowe, Hagley and Blenheim, are superb. Woburn, Caversham and the Leasowes are beautifull. Wotton is both great and elegant tho neglected. Architecture, Painting, Statuary, Poetry are all employed in the Embellishment of these Residences of Greatness and Luxury. A national Debt of 274 millions sterling accumulated by Jobs, Contracts, Salaries and Pensions in the Course of a Century might easily produce all this Magnificence. The Pillars, Obelisks &c. erected in honour of Kings, Queens and Princesses, might procure the means. The Temples to Bacchus and Venus, are quite unnecessary as Mankind have no need of artificial Incitements, to such Amuze\u00adments. The Temples of ancient Virtue, of the British Worthies, of Friendship, of Concord and Victory, are in a higher Taste. I mounted Ld. Cobhams Pillar 120 feet high, with pleasure, as his Lordships Name was familiar to me, from Popes Works.\n       Ld. Littletons Seat interested me, from a recollection of his Works, as well as the Grandeur and Beauty of the Scaenes. Popes Pavillion and Thompsons Thomson\u2019s Seat, made the Excursion poetical. Shen-stones Leasowes is the simplest and plainest, but the most rural of all. I saw no Spot so small, that exhibited such a Variety of Beauties.\n       It will be long, I hope before Ridings, Parks, Pleasure Grounds, Gardens and ornamented Farms grow so much in fashion in America. But Nature has done greater Things and furnished nobler Materials there. The Oceans, Islands, Rivers, Mountains, Valleys are all laid out upon a larger Scale.\u2014If any Man should hereafter arise, to embellish the rugged Grandeur of Pens Hill, he might make some thing to boast of, although there are many Situations capable of better Improvement.\n       Since my Return I have been over Black Fryars Bridge to see Viny\u2019s Manufacture of Patent Wheels made of bent Timber.\n       Viny values himself much upon his mechanical Invention. Is loud in praise of Franklin who first suggested to him the Hint of a bent Wheel. Franklin once told me, he had seen such a Wheel in Holland, before he set Viny to work. Viny says that Franklin said to him, \u201cMankind are very superficial and very dastardly. They begin upon a Thing but meeting with a difficulty they fly from it, discouraged. But they have Capacities if they would but employ them.\u201d \u201cI,\u201d says Viny, \u201cmake it a Rule to do nothing as others do it. My first Question is how do others do this? and when I have found out, I resolve to do it, another Way, and a better Way. I take my Pipe and Smoke like a Lim-burners Kiln, and I find a Pipe is the best Aid to thinking.\u201d This Man has Genius, but has Genius always as much Vanity? It is not always so open. It is really modest and humble sometimes. But in Viny it is very vain. His Inventions for boiling and bending his Timber, and for drilling his Irons, are very ingenious. The force requisite for bending a Stick of Ash into a hoop, suitable for a large Wheel, or a small one, is prodigious.\n   In the MS the present entry has the bare caption \u201cLondon April,\u201d indicating, as does the substance of the entry itself, that it was written after the tourists had returned from their circuit from London to scenic and historic sites in Surrey, Berks, Bucks, and Warwick, as far as The Leasowes in Shropshire, and back through Worcester and Oxford to London. The dates of the tour have been well worked out by Julian P. Boyd in his editorial notes on Jefferson\u2019s \u201cMemorandums\u201d taken on the tour, the entries in Jefferson\u2019s Account Book being especially helpful for that purpose (Jefferson, PapersThe Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Julian P. Boyd and others, Princeton, 1950\u2013\u2003., 9:374). Readers comparing JA\u2019s and Jefferson\u2019s records of this pleasure jaunt should take note that the latter began his tour two days earlier (visiting Twickenham, Hampton Court, Woburn Farm, and other nearby points) and returned to London where he was joined by JA on 4 April, and also that Jefferson\u2019s notes have an addendum for his separate trip or trips to Moor Park, Enfield Chace, and Kew, which took place after he and JA had finished their tour together. They will further notice that while Jefferson mentions only those sites they visited that are dealt with in Thomas Whately\u2019s Observations on Modern Gardening, Illustrated by Descriptions, London, 1770, JA by no means confined himself to famous gardens, though he entered in the margins of his own copy of Whately\u2019s book (4th edn., 1777, in MB) every garden he visited with Jefferson.\n   This was a return visit for Jefferson to Woburn Farm, near Weybridge, Surrey; see his Account Book, 1783\u20131790 (MHi), under both 3 and 4 April 1786.\n   Contrast Jefferson\u2019s memorandum at Hagley, Lord Lyttelton\u2019s seat near Stourbridge, Worcester: \n            \u201cFrom one of these [ponds] there is a fine cascade; but it can only be occasionally, by opening the sluice. This is in a small, dark, deep hollow, with recesses of stone in the banks on every side. In one of these is a Venus pudique, turned half round as if inviting you with her into the recess\u201d  (Papers, ed. BoydThe Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Julian P. Boyd and others, Princeton, 1950\u2013\u2003., 9:372).\n   The evidence is indeterminate on the exact date of the return to London. When the two friends started they did not know how far they would go. \u201cWe have seen Magnificence, Elegance and Taste enough to excite an Inclination to see more,\u201d JA wrote his wife from the village of Buckingham, 5 April (NhD). \u201cWe conclude to go to Birmingham, perhaps to the Leasowes, and in that Case shall not have the Pleasure to see you, till Sunday or Monday\u201d (i.e. till the 9th or 10th). From entries in Jefferson\u2019s Account Book it is clear that on the 9th they visited Blenheim and Oxford and came on to Tatsworth and High Wycombe (where Jefferson paid for \u201cent[ertainmen]t\u201d 10s. 10d.), which seems to indicate that they lodged there for the night. But he also recorded paying that day for horses as far as Uxbridge, which is closer to London than High Wycombe. Considering the distance and the stops, it is most likely that the travelers spent the night of the 9th on the road and came on to London next day.\n   On the 9th Jefferson also recorded in his Account Book: \u201creceived of Mr. Adams \u00a39\u20139 in part towards preceding expences from our leaving London Apr. 4. which are joint.\u201d A later, separate account (DLC: Jefferson Papers, under date of Aug. 1786) is fuller: \n      Whole expences of our journey\n      One half is\n      Mr. Adams furnished\n   The date of the visit to the works of John Viney, \u201cTimber-bender, Great Surry-Str. Blackfri[ars]\u201d (The Universal British Directory of Trade, Commerce, and Manufacture, 3d edn., London, 1797, 1:319), is also indeterminate, but it must have occurred between 10 and 15 April, since the next entry in the Diary bears the latter date. Jefferson was also in the party, and if JA was inclined to belittle Viney\u2019s bent-timber wheels because the proprietor admired both himself and Franklin too highly to suit JA\u2019s taste, Jefferson was later indignant on patriotic grounds. In a letter to St. John de Cr\u00e8vecoeur about published claims for Viney\u2019s process, Jefferson recalled his visit to Viney\u2019s works and pointed out that farmers in New Jersey had long made cartwheels by bending saplings into circles and had probably learned the process from Book IV of the Iliad, \u201cbecause ours are the only farmers who can read Homer\u201d (15 Jan. 1787; Jefferson, Papers, ed. BoydThe Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Julian P. Boyd and others, Princeton, 1950\u2013\u2003., 11:43\u201345).\n      Saturday Ap. 15.\n       Dined with Mr. Brand Hollis in Chesterfield Street. His Mantle Trees are ornamented with Antiques. Penates. Little brazen Images of the Gods. Venus, Ceres, Apollo, Minerva &c. Hollis is a Member of the Antiquarian Society. Our Company were Price, Kippis, Bridgen, Romilly, and another besides Jefferson, Smith and myself.\n   Thomas Brand (1719\u20131804), who had in 1774 assumed the name Hollis upon inheriting the estate of Thomas Hollis, the well-known benefactor of Harvard College. Brand Hollis was a wealthy dissenter, political radical, and antiquarian. In July the Adamses were to visit his country seat in Essex (see entries of 24\u201327 July, below), and for some years thereafter they corresponded with him. Some of their letters are printed in John Disney\u2019s Memoirs of Thomas Brand-Hollis, Esq., London, 1808, p. 30\u201340. See also Caroline Robbins, \u201cThomas Brand Hollis (1719\u20131804), English Admirer of Franklin and Intimate of John Adams,\u201d Amer. Philos. Soc., Procs., 97 (1953):239\u2013247.\n   Richard Price (1723\u20131791), of Newington Green, dissenting minister, writer on government and finance, and friend of America (DNBLeslie Stephen and Sidney Lee, eds., The Dictionary of National Biography, New York and London, 1885\u20131900; 63 vols. plus supplements.). JA and Price had been correspondents for some years and continued to be so until the latter\u2019s death. During their stay in London the Adamses regularly attended Price\u2019s religious meeting at Hackney.\n      Ap. 18. Tuesday.\n       Yesterday dined here, Mr. Jefferson, Sir John Sinclair, Mr. Heard, Garter King at Arms, Dr. Price, Mr. Brand Hollis, Mr. Henry Loyd of Boston, Mr. Jennings, Mr. Bridgen, Mr. Vaughan, Mr. Murray, Coll. Smith.\n   William Vans Murray (1760\u20131803), a young Marylander studying at the Middle Temple. He had formed a close friendship with JQA, was liked by all the Adamses, and became a valued political disciple of JA. A Federalist member of Congress, 1791\u20131797, he was appointed by Washington successor to JQA as minister at The Hague, and it was largely through his efforts, concluding in the Franco-American Convention of Mortefontaine, Sept.-Oct. 1800, that JA as President was able to end the quasi-war with France. See DABAllen Johnson and Dumas Malone, eds., Dictionary of American Biography, New York, 1928\u20131936; 20 vols. plus index and supplements.; JQA\u2019s anonymous obituary of Murray in the Port Folio, 1st ser., 4:5\u20136 (7 Jan. 1804); articles by Alexander DeConde on Murray\u2019s diplomacy, Md. Hist. Mag., 48: 1\u201326 (March 1953), and on his Political Sketches, London, 1787 (a work dedicated to JA), MVHRMississippi Valley Historical Review., 41:623\u2013640 (March 1955); and \u201cLetters of William Vans Murray,\u201d ed. W. C. Ford, Amer. Hist. Assoc., Ann. Rpt. for 1912, p. 341\u2013715 (mainly letters to JQA, from the Adams Papers).\n      London April 19. 1786. Wednesday.\n       This is the Anniversary of the Battle of Lexington, and of my Reception at the Hague, by their High Mightinesses. This last Event is considered by the Historians, and other Writers and Politicians of England and France as of no Consequence: and Congress and the Citizens of the United States in General concur with them in Sentiment.\n       I walked to the Booksellers, Stockdale, Cadel, Dilly, Almon, and met Dr. Priestly for the first Time.\u2014The Conquest of Canaan, the Vision of Columbus, and the History of the Revolution in S. Carolina, were the Subject. I wrote a Letter to Jn. Luzac, for Dilly.\n       This Day I met Dr. Priestly and Mr. Jennings, with the latter of whom I had a long Walk. I spent the Day upon the whole agreably enough. Seeds were sown, this Day, which will grow.\n   Joseph Priestley (1732\u20131804), dissenting clergyman, discoverer of oxygen, political radical, and voluminous writer on theology and other subjects (DNBLeslie Stephen and Sidney Lee, eds., The Dictionary of National Biography, New York and London, 1885\u20131900; 63 vols. plus supplements.). This was the beginning of a long but not untroubled relationship, for Priestley fled from Birmingham to Pennsylvania in 1794 and his political views and utterances during JA\u2019s Presidency led to suggestions that he be deported under the Alien Act\u2014suggestions which JA refused to act on (JA, WorksThe Works of John Adams, Second President of the United States: with a Life of the Author, ed. Charles Francis Adams, Boston, 1850\u20131856; 10 vols., 9:5\u20136, 13\u201314). There is an excellent brief account of their relationship in Haraszti, JA and the Prophets of ProgressZolt\u00e1n Haraszti, John Adams and the Prophets of Progress, Cambridge, 1952., ch. 14, which includes JA\u2019s marginalia in his own copies of some of Priestley\u2019s theological writings.\n   Not found.\n   This must pertain, at least in part, to JA\u2019s efforts to arrange for publication in London of the works of the American authors mentioned in the preceding paragraph. On 5 March David Humphreys, a poet himself and a member of the Connecticut circle that included Timothy Dwight and Joel Barlow, had written JA from Paris to say that WSS was bringing to London a printed copy of Dwight\u2019s Conquest of Canaan (which had been published at Hartford, 1785) and a MS copy of Barlow\u2019s Vision of Columbus (eventually published at Hartford, 1787), which their authors hoped could be published in London (Adams Papers). JA wrote Dwight on 4 April that he knew \u201cof no heroick Poem superior to The Conquest of Canaan, in any modern Language, excepting always Paradise lost,\u201d but after consulting with Dr. Price and others about the poems he predicted \u201ca cold reception\u201d for them from British publishers and readers (LbC, Adams Papers). On the same day he wrote Barlow in more or less similar terms (LbC, Adams Papers). By one means or another, however, both poems were eventually published in London, Barlow\u2019s by Dilly and Stockdale in 1787, and Dwight\u2019s by J. Johnson the next year. See Blanck, Bibliog. Amer. Lit.Jacob Blanck, comp., Bibliography of American Literature ... Compiled for the Bibliographical Society of America, New Haven, 1955\u2013\u2003., 865, 5040; SabinJoseph Sabin and others, comps., A Dictionary of Books Relating to America, from Its Discovery to the Present Time, New York, 1868\u20131936; 29 vols. 3435, 21548.\n   At the end of 1785 David Ramsay, a literary physician and a delegate to the Continental Congress from South Carolina, had published at Trenton his two-volume History of the Revolution of South-Carolina and optimistically sent 1600 copies to Charles Dilly for sale in England. See Ramsay to JA, 23 Dec. 1785 (DSI), and JA\u2019s characteristic reply, 9 Feb. 1786 (LbC, Adams Papers). Ramsay later informed JA that Dilly had \u201cdeclined publishing my history from an apprehension that it would expose him to prosecutions\u201d (14 May 1786, Adams Papers). There were proposals to cut out passages that would give offense in England, but as JA told Ramsay, \u201cyour Friends have expressed so much Indignation at them that I hope and believe they will be laid aside, and that by degrees the American Edition may be sold\u201d (1 Aug., LbC, Adams Papers). See, further, Robert L. Brunhouse, \u201cDavid Ramsay\u2019s Publication Problems, 1784\u20131808,\u201d Bibliog. Soc. Amer., Papers, 39 (1945):51\u201367.\n      London April 20 1786 Thursday.\n       Went with Mr. Jefferson and my Family to Osterly, to view the Seat of the late Banker Child. The House is very large. It is Three Houses, fronting as many Ways\u2014between two is a double row of Six Pillars, which you rise to by a flight of Steps. Within is a Square, a Court, a Terrace, paved with large Slate. The Green House and Hot House were curious. Blowing Roses, ripe Strawberries, Cherries, Plumbs &c. in the Hot House. The Pleasure Grounds were only an undulating Gravel Walk, between two Borders of Trees and Shrubs. All the Evergreens, Trees and Shrubbs were here. There is a Water, for Fish Ponds and for Farm Uses, collected from the Springs and wet Places in the farm and neighbourhood. Fine flocks of Deer and Sheep, Wood Doves, Guinea Hens, Peacocks &c.\n       The Verdure is charming, the Music of the Birds pleasant. But the Ground is too level.\u2014We could not see the Apartments in the House, because We had no Tickett. Mrs. Child is gone to New Markett it seems to the Races.\n       The beauty, Convenience, and Utility of these Country Seats, are not enjoyed by the owners. They are mere Ostentations of Vanity. Races, Cocking, Gambling draw away their attention.\n       On our Return We called to see Sion House belonging to the Duke of Northumberland. This Farm is watered, by a rivulet drawn by an artificial Canal from the Thames. A Repetition of winding Walks, gloomy Evergreens, Sheets of Water, Clumps of Trees, Green Houses, Hot Houses &c. The Gate, which lets you into this Farm from the Brentford Road, is a beautifull Thing, and lays open to the View of the Traveller, a very beautifull green Lawn interspersed with Clumps and scattered Trees.\n       The Duke of Marlborough owns a House upon Sion Hill, which is only over the Way.\n       Osterly, Sion Place and Sion Hill are all in Brentford, within Ten Miles of Hide Park Corner. We went through Hide Park and Kensington to Brentford. We passed in going and returning, by Lord Hollands House, which is a Modern Building in the gothic manner.\n   Osterley Park, Heston, Middlesex, the seat of Robert Child (d. 1782), of the Child banking dynasty, a 16th-century mansion that had been remodeled by Robert Adam; see Walpole, LettersThe Letters of Horace Walpole, Fourth Earl of Orford, ed. Mrs. Paget Toynbee, Oxford, 1903\u20131905; 16 vols., ed. Mrs. Toynbee, 8:291\u2013292; 12:306; Walpole, Corr.The Yale Edition of Horace Walpole\u2019s Correspondence, ed. W. S. Lewis and others, New Haven, 1937\u2013\u2003., ed. W. S. Lewis, 28: 413\u2013414.\n       Heard Dr. Priestley at Mr. Linseys in Essex Street.\n   Theophilus Lindsey (1723\u20131808), minister of the Essex Street Chapel; the first avowedly Unitarian place of worship in London (DNBLeslie Stephen and Sidney Lee, eds., The Dictionary of National Biography, New York and London, 1885\u20131900; 63 vols. plus supplements.; Thomas Belsham, Memoirs of the Late Reverend Theophilus Lindsey ..., London, 1812).\n      Monday 24 April.\n       Viewed the British Musaeum. Dr. Grey who attended Us spoke very slightly of Buffon. Said \u201che was full of mauvais Fois. No Dependence upon him. Three out of four of his Quotations not to be found. That he had been obliged to make it his Business to examine the Quotations. That he had not found a quarter of them. That Linnaeus was quoted from early Editions long after the last Edition was public of 1766 the 12th, which was inexcuseable. He did not think Buffon superiour to Dr. Hill. Both had Imagination &c.\u201d\u2014This is partly national Prejudice and Malignity, no doubt.\n   This visit was arranged by Benjamin Vaughan. \u201cDr. Gray makes a private party for Mr. V:, and of course will be happy to see Mrs. and Miss Adams, with Col. Jefferson and Col. Smith\u201d (Vaughan to JA, 20 April 1786, Adams Papers). Their guide was Edward Whitaker Gray, botanist and keeper of the collections of natural history and antiquities at the British Museum (DNBLeslie Stephen and Sidney Lee, eds., The Dictionary of National Biography, New York and London, 1885\u20131900; 63 vols. plus supplements.).", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/01-03-02-0005-0003-0001", "content": "Title: London June 26. 1786.\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: \n       On Saturday night returned from a Tour to Portsmouth, in which We viewed Paines Hill in Surry, as We went out; and Windsor as We returned. We were absent four days. Paines Hill is the most striking Piece of Art, that I have Yet seen. The Soil is an heap of Sand, and the Situation is nothing extraordinary. It is a new Creation of Mr. Hamilton. All made within 35 Years. It belongs to Mr. Hopkins, who rides by it, but never stops. The owners of these enchanting Seats are very indifferent to their Beauties.\u2014The Country from Guilford to Portsmouth, is a barren heath, a dreary Waste.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/01-03-02-0005-0003", "content": "Title: [June 1786]\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: \n       On Saturday night returned from a Tour to Portsmouth, in which We viewed Paines Hill in Surry, as We went out; and Windsor as We returned. We were absent four days. Paines Hill is the most striking Piece of Art, that I have Yet seen. The Soil is an heap of Sand, and the Situation is nothing extraordinary. It is a new Creation of Mr. Hamilton. All made within 35 Years. It belongs to Mr. Hopkins, who rides by it, but never stops. The owners of these enchanting Seats are very indifferent to their Beauties.\u2014The Country from Guilford to Portsmouth, is a barren heath, a dreary Waste.\n   \u201cPainshill\u201d (as spelled by Whately) was formerly \u201cThe seat of Mr. [Charles] Hamilton, near Cobham in Surry\u201d (Observations on Modern Gardening, 4th edn., London, 1777, p. 184 and note). According to a marginal note in JA\u2019s copy of Whately, the Adamses\u2019 visit took place on 21 June, so that their excursion began on the 20th and ended on the 24th. In a letter to Lucy Cranch, 20 July, AA gave her impressions of Windsor at length (MHi:Misc. Bound Coll.; AA, LettersLetters of Mrs. Adams, the Wife of John Adams. With an Introductory Memoir by Her Grandson, Charles Francis Adams, 4th edn., Boston, 1848., ed. CFA, 1848, p. 297\u2013298).", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/01-03-02-0005-0004-0002", "content": "Title: July [6] Thursday.\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: \n       Dined at Clapham, at Mr. Smiths. Dr. Kippis, Dr. Reese, Dr. Harris, Mr. Pais, Mr. Towgood and his two Sons, Mr. Channing were the Company.\n       Mr. Pais told a Story, admirably well of a Philosopher, and a Scotsman. The Wit attempted to divert himself, by asking the Scot if he knew the immense Distance to Heaven? It was so many Millions of Diameters of the Solar System, and a Cannon Ball would be so many Thousand Years in running there. I dont know the Distance nor the Time says the Scot, but I know it will not take you a Millionth part of the Time to go to Hell.\u2014The Scottish Dialect, and Accent was admirably imitated. The Conversation was uniformly agreable. Nothing to interrupt it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/01-03-02-0005-0004-0004", "content": "Title: London July 16, 1786. Sunday.\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: \n       At Hackney, heard a Nephew of Dr. Price, who is settled at Yarmouth.\n       It may be of Use to minute miscellaneous Thoughts like Selden, Swift &c.\n       It is an Observation of one of the profoundest Inquirers into human Affairs, that a Revolution of Government, successfully conducted and compleated, is the strongest Proof, that can be given, by a People of their Virtue and good Sense. An Interprize of so much difficulty can never be planned and carried on without Abilities, and a People without Principle cannot have confidence enough in each other.\n       Mr. Langbourne of Virginia, who dined with Us on Fryday at Col. Smiths, dined here Yesterday. This Gentleman who is rich, has taken the Whim of walking all over Europe, after having walked over most of America. His Observations are sensible and judicious. He walks forty five or fifty miles a day. He says he has seen nothing superiour to the Country from N. York to Boston. He is in Love with N. England, admires the Country and its Inhabitants. He kept Company with the King of Frances Retinue, in his late Journey to Cherbourg. He says the Virginians have learned much in Agriculture as well as in Humanity to their Slaves, in the late War.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/01-03-02-0005-0004-0005", "content": "Title: London July 20. Thursday.\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: \n       \u201cEvery Act of Authority, of one Man over another for which there is not an absolute Necessity, is tyrannical.\u201d\n       \u201cLe Pene che oltre passano la necessita di conservare il deposito della Salute pubblica, sono ingiuste di lor natura.\u201d Beccaria.\n       The Sovereign Power is constituted, to defend Individuals against the Tyranny of others. Crimes are acts of Tyranny of one or more on another or more. A Murderer, a Thief, a Robber, a Burglar, is a Tyrant.\n       Perjury, Slander, are tyranny too, when they hurt any one.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/01-03-02-0005-0004-0006", "content": "Title: London July 21. Fryday.\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: \n       Maj. Langbourne dined with Us again. He was lamenting the difference of Character between Virginia and N. England. I offered to give him a Receipt for making a New England in Virginia. He desired it and I recommended to him Town meetings, Training Days, Town Schools, and Ministers, giving him a short Explanation of each Article. The Meeting house, and Schoolhouse and Training Field are the Scaenes where New England men were formed. Col. Trumbul, who was present agreed, that these are the Ingredients.\n       In all Countries, and in all Companies for several Years, I have in Conversation and in Writing, enumerated The Towns, Militia, Schools and Churches as the four Causes of the Grouth and Defence of N. England. The Virtues and Talents of the People are there formed. Their Temperance, Patience, Fortitude, Prudence, and Justice, as well as their Sagacity, Knowledge, Judgment, Taste, Skill, Ingenuity, Dexterity, and Industry.\u2014Can it be now ascertained whether Norton, Cotton, Wilson, Winthrop, Winslow, Saltonstall, or who, was the Author of the Plan of Town Schools, Townships, Militia Laws, Meeting houses and Ministers &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/01-03-02-0005-0004-0007", "content": "Title: July 24. 1786. Monday.\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: \n       Went with Mr. Bridgen, Col. Smith, Mrs. Smith, to The Hide in Essex, the Country Seat of Brand Hollis Esqr. We breakfasted at Rumford, and turned out of the Way to see the Seat of Lord Petre at Thorndon. Mr. Hollis prefers the Architecture of this House to that at Stow, because it is more conformable to Paladio, his Bible for this kind of Knowledge. There are in the back Front six noble Corinthian Pillars. There is a grand Saloon unfinished in which are many ancient Pictures, one of Sir Thomas More, his Wife and two Daughters, with a Group of other Figures. There is in another Appartment, a Picture of the Cornaro Family by Titian. This House is vast, and the Appartements are grand and the Prospects from the Windows are extensive and agreable. The furniture is rich and elegant. The Pictures of King James the 2d, of Lord Derwentwater who was beheaded in 1715, as well as many others besides that of Sir Thomas More, shew that the Family is Catholick. The Library shews this more fully as the Books are generally of that kind, but the Chapel furnishes full proof. The Library is semicircular, with Windows and Mahogany Collonades, very elegant, but contrived more as an ornamented Passage to the Chappell, than for Study. There are two Stoves, but at neither of them could a Student be comfortable in cold Weather. I might talk of Glades and Forrests, Groves and Clumps, with which this House is surrounded like all other Palaces of the kind.\n       We dined at the Hide, with Mr. Brand Hollis and his Sister Miss Brand. This is a curious Place. The House is the Residence of an Antiquarian, as most of the Apartments as well as the great Hall, sufficiently shew. I will perhaps take a List of all the Antiques in this Hall. The most interesting to me is the Bust of my Friend as well as Mr. Brands Friend, the late Thomas Hollis Esq., in beautifull white Marble.\n       This House which is a decent handsome one was the Seat of Mr. Brands Father, and the Chamber where We lodge, is hung round with the Portraits of the Family. It is at the End of the House, and from two Windows in front and two others at the End, We have a pleasant View of Lawns and Glades, Trees and Clumps and a Piece of Water, full of Fish. The Borders, by the Walks, in the Pleasure Grounds, are full of rare Shrubbs and Trees, to which Collection America has furnished her full Share. I shall here have a good Opportunity to take a List of these Trees, Shrubbs and Flours. Larches, Cypruses, Laurells are here as they are every where. Mr. Brand Hollis has, planted near the Walk from his Door to the Road, a large and beautifull Furr, in Honour of the late Dr. Jebb his Friend. A Tall Cyprus in his Pleasure Grounds he calls General Washington, and another his Aid du Camp Col. Smith.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/01-03-02-0005-0004-0009", "content": "Title: July 26. Wednesday.\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: \n       Mr. B. Hollis, Miss Brand, Mrs. Adams, Mrs. Smith, and I walked to Mill Green, or Mill Hill the Seat of a Mr. Allen a Banker of London. We walked over the Pleasure Grounds and Kitchen Garden and down to Cocytus, a canal or Pond of Water surrounded with Wood in such a Manner as to make the Place gloomy enough for the Name. This is a good Spot, but Mr. Allen has, for want of Taste, spoiled it by new Pickett Fences at a great Expence. He has filled up the Ditches and dug up the Hedges and erected wooden Fences and brick Walls, a folly that I believe in these days is unique. They are very good, civil People, but have no Taste.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/01-03-02-0005-0004-0010", "content": "Title: The Hide July 28 [i.e. 27.] 1786. Thursday.\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: \n       Went with Mrs. Adams to Braintree about Eighteen miles from the Hide. As our Objects were fresh Air, Exercise and the Gratification of Curiosity, I thought We ought to make a little Excursion to the Town after which the Town in New England where I was born and shall die was originally named. The Country between Chelmsford and Braintree, is pleasant and fertile, tho less magnificent in Buildings and Improvements than many other Parts of England: but it is generally tillage Land and covered with good Crops of Barley, Oats, Rye, Wheat and Buckwheat.\n       Braintree is a Markett Town, and Fairs are held here at certain Seasons. I went to the Church, which stands in the Middle of a triangular Piece of Ground, and there are parallell to each Side of the Tryangle, double Rows of handsome Lime Trees, which form the Walks and Avenues to the Church. The Church is a very old Building of Flint Stones. Workmen were repairing it, and I went all over it. It is not much larger than Mr Cleverleys Church at Braintree in New England. I examined all the Monuments and Grave Stones in the Church and in the Church Yard, and found no one Name of Person or Family of any Consequence, nor did I find any Name of any of our New England Families except Wilson and Joslyn, Hawkins, Griggs and Webb. I am convinced that none of our Braintree Families came from this Village, and that the Name was given it by Mr. Cod\u00addington in Compliment to the Earl of Warwick, who in the Begginning and Middle of the Seventeenth Century had a Manor here, which however at his death about 1665 went out of his Family. The Parish of Bocking has now more good Houses. Braintre is at present the Residence only of very ordinary People, manufacturers only of Bays\u2019s.\n       Chelmsford was probably named in Compliment to Mr. Hooker who was once Minister of that Town in Essex, but afterwards in Holland, and after that Minister at \u201cNewtown\u201d (Cambridge) and after that at New Haven Hartford in New England. We returned to Dinner, and spent the Evening in examining the Curiosities of Mr. Thomas Brand Hollis\u2019s House. His Library, his Miltonian Cabinet, his Pictures, Busts, Medals, Coins, Greek, Roman, Carthaginian and Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, are a Selection of the most rare, and valuable. It would be endless to go over the whole in Description.\n       We have had, with Alderman Bridgen, an agreable Tour and an exquisite Entertainment.\n       I should not omit Alderman Bridgens Nuns, and Verses. About 30 Years ago Mr. Bridgen in the Austrian Netherlands purchased a compleat Collection of the Portraits of all the orders of Nuns, in small duodecimo Prints. These he lately sent as a Present to the Hide, and Mr. Hollis has placed them in what he calls his Boudoir, a little room between his Library and Drawing Room. Mr. Bridgen carried down with him a Copy of Verses of his own Composition, to be hung up with them. The Idea is that banished from Germany by the Emperor they were taking an Asylum at the Hide, in sight of the Druid, the Portico of Athens and the verable Remains of Egyptian, Greek, Roman and Carthaginian Antiquities.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/01-03-02-0005-0004", "content": "Title: [July 1786]\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: \n       Last night, Coll. Smith and his Lady, took their Leave of Us, and went to their House in Wimpole Street.\n       Yesterday visited Desenfans\u2019s Collection of Pictures. A Port in Italy by Claude Lorraine, is the best Piece that remains. A Sampson sleeping in the Lap of Dalilah, while the Philistines cutt of his Locks, is said to be by Rubens, but Mr. Copely who was present doubts it.  Supposes it to be by some one of Reubens\u2019s School. Fine Colours and the Air of one of Reubens\u2019s Wives, is given to Dalilah.\n       This Art shews Us Examples of all the various Sorts of Genius which appear in Poetry. The Epic Poet, the Trajedian, the Comedian, The Writer of Pastorals, Elegies, Epigrams, Farces, and Songs. The Pleasure, which arises from Imitation, We have in looking at a Picture of a Lanscape, a Port, a Street, a Temple, or a Portrait. But there must be Action, Passion, Sentiment and Moral to engage my Attention very much. The Story of the Prince, who lost his own Life in a bold attempt to save some of his Subjects from a flood of Water is worth all the Paintings that have been exhibited this Year.\n       Copleys Fall of Chatham or Pierson, Wests Wolf, Epaminondas, Bayard &c. Trumbulls Warren and Montgomery, are interesting Subjects, and useful. But a Million Pictures of Flours, Game, Cities, Landscapes, with whatever Industry and Skill executed, would be seen with much Indifference. The Sky, the Earth, Hills and Valleys, Rivers and Oceans, Forrests and Groves, Towns and Cities, may be seen at any Time.\n   The severing of the engagement between AA2 and Royall Tyler (see note 1 on entry of 20 June 1784 in AA\u2019s Diary, above), and the engagement and marriage of AA2 and WSS make a long story that is told in abundant detail in the family correspondence and can only be summarized here, with a general reference to the years 1784\u20131786 in Series II of the present edition. For a time after the Adams ladies\u2019 departure for Europe all went well enough with the engaged couple. AA2 commenced a correspondence with Tyler, and they exchanged miniature portraits. By the spring of 1785, however, AA2 became convinced that Tyler was not writing her, and after much silent suffering she complained to him on this score. This letter of hers, written soon after her arrival in London, has not been found, nor has his reply, which in her own opinion and that of her mother was a prevarication rather than a justification. Late in the summer of 1785, therefore, she returned him his few letters and his picture and requested him to deliver hers to her uncle, Richard Cranch (Grandmother Tyler\u2019s Book: The Recollections of Mary Palmer Tyler ..., ed. Frederick Tupper and Helen Tyler Brown, N.Y. and London, 1925, p. 76). In imparting this news to Mrs. Cranch (in whose house in Braintree Tyler boarded), AA quoted the maxim that \u201ca woman may forgive the man she loves an indiscretion, but never a neglect\u201d (15\u201316 Aug. 1785, MWA). During the following months Mrs. Cranch wrote long and gossipy letters saying that Tyler refused to admit that he had been dismissed, was otherwise uncandid with the Cranches, continued to wear AA2\u2019s miniature, and was in general behaving badly. When he could no longer conceal a situation that everyone in Braintree knew and discussed, Tyler declared, said Mrs. Cranch, that he would go to London and settle the little \u201cmisunderstanding\u201d between himself and AA2, which he attributed to the prejudice and malice of her relatives at home (to AA, 10 Dec. 1785, 9 Feb. 1786, Adams Papers).\n   Meanwhile in London AA2 and WSS had of course been thrown much together, and by Aug. 1785 the secretary of legation had learned enough about the young lady\u2019s situation to conclude that, from motives of delicacy, he ought to step out of the scene for a time. He therefore requested and obtained a leave of absence to tour the Continent and was gone for several months. Returning toward the end of the year, he composed, in properly gallant and circumlocutory language, a formal request to AA for the hand of her daughter (29 Dec., Adams Papers). His suit, at least, was approved by both AA and JA, who had a very favorable opinion of his character and conduct, and in January and February AA dropped hints to JQA, her sister Cranch, and other family connections in America that AA2\u2019s marriage to a very worthy partner might be expected before long, though AA herself wished that there might be a longer interval in view of the broken engagement. The wedding took place on 11 June, and, by special license from the Archbishop of Canterbury, at the Legation in Grosvenor Square, with only the Copley family and a few other American friends present. The Bishop of St. Asaph officiated, because, as JA explained to Richard Cranch, \u201cDissenting Ministers have not authority to marry\u201d (4 July, MWA).\n      July 6 Thursday.\n       Dined at Clapham, at Mr. Smiths. Dr. Kippis, Dr. Reese, Dr. Harris, Mr. Pais, Mr. Towgood and his two Sons, Mr. Channing were the Company.\n       Mr. Pais told a Story, admirably well of a Philosopher, and a Scotsman. The Wit attempted to divert himself, by asking the Scot if he knew the immense Distance to Heaven? It was so many Millions of Diameters of the Solar System, and a Cannon Ball would be so many Thousand Years in running there. I dont know the Distance nor the Time says the Scot, but I know it will not take you a Millionth part of the Time to go to Hell.\u2014The Scottish Dialect, and Accent was admirably imitated. The Conversation was uniformly agreable. Nothing to interrupt it.\n   The host was William Smith (1756\u20131835), M.P. for Sudbury, Suffolk, and a noted advocate of parliamentary reform, the repeal of religious tests, the abolition of the slave trade, and other liberal causes. The guests were mainly if not entirely dissenting clergymen and laymen. For Rev. Andrew Kippis and the encyclopedist Abraham Rees see DNBLeslie Stephen and Sidney Lee, eds., The Dictionary of National Biography, New York and London, 1885\u20131900; 63 vols. plus supplements.. Joseph Paice, who told the story that follows, was a patron and trustee of dissenting academies (Thomas Belsham, Memoirs of the Late Reverend Theophilus Lindsey, London, 1812, p. 291 and note).\n      London July 8. Saturday.\n       In one of my common Walks, along the Edgeware Road, there are fine Meadows, or Squares of grass Land belonging to a noted Cow keeper. These Plotts are plentifully manured. There are on the Side of the Way, several heaps of Manure, an hundred Loads perhaps in each heap. I have carefully examined them and find them composed of Straw, and dung from the Stables and Streets of London, mud, Clay, or Marl, dug out of the Ditch, along the Hedge, and Turf, Sward cutt up, with Spades, hoes, and shovels in the Road. This is laid in vast heaps to mix. With narrow hoes they cutt it down at each End, and with shovels throw it into a new heap, in order to divide it and mix it more effectually. I have attended to the Operation, as I walked, for some time. This may be good manure, but is not equal to mine, which I composed in similar heaps upon my own Farm, of Horse Dung from Bracketts stable in Boston, Marsh Mud from the sea shore and Street Dust, from the Plain at the Foot of Pens hill, in which is a Mixture of Marl.\n      London July 16, 1786. Sunday.\n       At Hackney, heard a Nephew of Dr. Price, who is settled at Yarmouth.\n       It may be of Use to minute miscellaneous Thoughts like Selden, Swift &c.\n       It is an Observation of one of the profoundest Inquirers into human Affairs, that a Revolution of Government, successfully conducted and compleated, is the strongest Proof, that can be given, by a People of their Virtue and good Sense. An Interprize of so much difficulty can never be planned and carried on without Abilities, and a People without Principle cannot have confidence enough in each other.\n       Mr. Langbourne of Virginia, who dined with Us on Fryday at Col. Smiths, dined here Yesterday. This Gentleman who is rich, has taken the Whim of walking all over Europe, after having walked over most of America. His Observations are sensible and judicious. He walks forty five or fifty miles a day. He says he has seen nothing superiour to the Country from N. York to Boston. He is in Love with N. England, admires the Country and its Inhabitants. He kept Company with the King of Frances Retinue, in his late Journey to Cherbourg. He says the Virginians have learned much in Agriculture as well as in Humanity to their Slaves, in the late War.\n   William Langborn (d. 1814), of King William co., Va., who had served as aide-de-camp to Lafayette in America and was in 1783 breveted lieutenant colonel. According to family tradition he wandered for many years on his walking tours. He had just arrived in England from France, where on 15 June Jefferson had issued him a passport. See Heitman, Register Continental ArmyFrancis B. Heitman, comp., Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army during the War of the Revolution, new edn., Washington, 1914.; Jefferson, Papers, ed. BoydThe Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Julian P. Boyd and others, Princeton, 1950\u2013\u2003., 5:637\u2013638; 9:643\u2013644; WMQWilliam and Mary Quarterly., 1st ser., 4:184 (Jan. 1896); 11:257\u2013260 (April 1903); also entry of 21 July and note, below.\n      London July 20. Thursday.\n       \u201cEvery Act of Authority, of one Man over another for which there is not an absolute Necessity, is tyrannical.\u201d\n       \u201cLe Pene che oltre passano la necessita di conservare il deposito della Salute pubblica, sono ingiuste di lor natura.\u201d Beccaria.\n       The Sovereign Power is constituted, to defend Individuals against the Tyranny of others. Crimes are acts of Tyranny of one or more on another or more. A Murderer, a Thief, a Robber, a Burglar, is a Tyrant.\n       Perjury, Slander, are tyranny too, when they hurt any one.\n   \u201cAll punishments that go beyond the requirements of public safety are by their very nature unjust\u201d \u2014Beccaria, Deidelitti e delle pene, ch. 2. JA is quoting from his own copy of the Italian text (new edn., Haarlem and Paris, 1780, p. 10), which he had acquired in July 1780. This passage is near the end of ch. 2. The quotation in English in the preceding paragraph of this entry is also from Beccaria, ch. 2 (near the beginning of that chapter), but is taken from JA\u2019s copy of the English translation (An Essay on Crimes and Punishments, London, 1775, p. 7). This shows that JA used the original and the translation together, but the new Italian edition of 1780 varies markedly in its text from the version on which the earlier translation was based. Both volumes are among JA\u2019s books in the Boston Public Library; JA presented the English translation to his son TBA in 1800.\n      London July 21. Fryday.\n       Maj. Langbourne dined with Us again. He was lamenting the difference of Character between Virginia and N. England. I offered to give him a Receipt for making a New England in Virginia. He desired it and I recommended to him Town meetings, Training Days, Town Schools, and Ministers, giving him a short Explanation of each Article. The Meeting house, and Schoolhouse and Training Field are the Scaenes where New England men were formed. Col. Trumbul, who was present agreed, that these are the Ingredients.\n       In all Countries, and in all Companies for several Years, I have in Conversation and in Writing, enumerated The Towns, Militia, Schools and Churches as the four Causes of the Grouth and Defence of N. England. The Virtues and Talents of the People are there formed. Their Temperance, Patience, Fortitude, Prudence, and Justice, as well as their Sagacity, Knowledge, Judgment, Taste, Skill, Ingenuity, Dexterity, and Industry.\u2014Can it be now ascertained whether Norton, Cotton, Wilson, Winthrop, Winslow, Saltonstall, or who, was the Author of the Plan of Town Schools, Townships, Militia Laws, Meeting houses and Ministers &c.\n   Many years later Richard Rush, while serving as American minister in England, wrote JA that \u201cAn old Scotch woman, in North-Shields, signing herself Ann Hewison,\u201d had sent him (Rush) \u201ca manuscript Quarto\u201d of extracts from the diary of William Langborn \u201cduring his travels through several parts of Europe.\u201d No trace of Langborn\u2019s diary has been found, but Rush copied into his letter the following passage from it:\n           \u201cLondon July 18. 1786. Saturday\u2014Did myself the pleasure, agreeably to yesterdays invitation, of dining with Mr. Adams and his family. We had but one stranger, he remarkable for his American attachments. Our dinner was plain, neat, and good. Mrs. Adams\u2019s accomplish\u00adments and agreeableness would have apologized for any thing otherwise; after dinner took an airing in the park.\n           \u201dThursday the 23. Dined again with Mr. Adams. Mr. Trumball, a student of Mr. Wests was there. The English custom although bad still exists; we set to our bottle; I not for wine, but for the conversation of the Minister, which was very interesting, honest and instructive. He informed us that the Portuguese Minister had by order of his Queen a pleasing piece of intelligence, which was, that her fleet in the Mediterranean had her orders to give the same protection to all American vessels as to her own. I must not forget Mr. Adams\u2019s requisites to make citizens like those republicans of New England; they were, that we should form ourselves into townships, encourage instruction by establishing in each public schools, and thirdly to elevate as much the common people by example and advice to a principle of virtue and religion\u201d  (Rush to JA, 2 May 1818, Adams Papers).\n       Went with Mr. Bridgen, Col. Smith, Mrs. Smith, to The Hide in Essex, the Country Seat of Brand Hollis Esqr. We breakfasted at Rumford, and turned out of the Way to see the Seat of Lord Petre at Thorndon. Mr. Hollis prefers the Architecture of this House to that at Stow, because it is more conformable to Paladio, his Bible for this kind of Knowledge. There are in the back Front six noble Corinthian Pillars. There is a grand Saloon unfinished in which are many ancient Pictures, one of Sir Thomas More, his Wife and two Daughters, with a Group of other Figures. There is in another Appartment, a Picture of the Cornaro Family by Titian. This House is vast, and the Appartements are grand and the Prospects from the Windows are extensive and agreable. The furniture is rich and elegant. The Pictures of King James the 2d, of Lord Derwentwater who was beheaded in 1715, as well as many others besides that of Sir Thomas More, shew that the Family is Catholick. The Library shews this more fully as the Books are generally of that kind, but the Chapel furnishes full proof. The Library is semicircular, with Windows and Mahogany Collonades, very elegant, but contrived more as an ornamented Passage to the Chappell, than for Study. There are two Stoves, but at neither of them could a Student be comfortable in cold Weather. I might talk of Glades and Forrests, Groves and Clumps, with which this House is surrounded like all other Palaces of the kind.\n       We dined at the Hide, with Mr. Brand Hollis and his Sister Miss Brand. This is a curious Place. The House is the Residence of an Antiquarian, as most of the Apartments as well as the great Hall, sufficiently shew. I will perhaps take a List of all the Antiques in this Hall. The most interesting to me is the Bust of my Friend as well as Mr. Brands Friend, the late Thomas Hollis Esq., in beautifull white Marble.\n       This House which is a decent handsome one was the Seat of Mr. Brands Father, and the Chamber where We lodge, is hung round with the Portraits of the Family. It is at the End of the House, and from two Windows in front and two others at the End, We have a pleasant View of Lawns and Glades, Trees and Clumps and a Piece of Water, full of Fish. The Borders, by the Walks, in the Pleasure Grounds, are full of rare Shrubbs and Trees, to which Collection America has furnished her full Share. I shall here have a good Opportunity to take a List of these Trees, Shrubbs and Flours. Larches, Cypruses, Laurells are here as they are every where. Mr. Brand Hollis has, planted near the Walk from his Door to the Road, a large and beautifull Furr, in Honour of the late Dr. Jebb his Friend. A Tall Cyprus in his Pleasure Grounds he calls General Washington, and another his Aid du Camp Col. Smith.\n   First entry in D/JA/45, an unstitched gathering of leaves identical in format with the preceding booklets and containing entries only through 29 i.e. 28 July 1786; most of the leaves are blank.\n   Near Ingatestone. Brand Hollis himself used the spelling \u201cThe Hide,\u201d but his heir and biographer, John Disney, whose Memoirs of Thomas Brand-Hollis, Esq., London, 1808, contains a number of views of the house and grounds, used the presumably more elegant form, \u201cThe Hyde.\u201d\n      The Hide July 25 1786 Tuesday.\n       Mr. Brand Hollis and Mr. Brand, Mr. and Mrs. Smith, and Mr. and Mrs. Adams, took a ride to Chelmsford, stopped at a Booksellers, the Printer of a Newspaper in which Mr. B. Hollis had printed the late Act of Virginia in favour of equal religious Liberty. We then went to Moulsham Hall, built originally by Lord Fitzwalter, but lately owned by Sir William Mildmay, one of the Commissaries with Governor Shirley at Paris in 1754, for settling the Boundaries between the French and English in America. Lady Mildmay owns it, at present, but is not yet come down from London. Mr. B. Hollis admires the Architecture of this House, because it is according to the Principles of Palladio. The Apartments are all well proportioned in Length, Breadth and Height. There is here a Landscape of Rembrandt. The Words Halls, Parlours, Saloons and Drawing Rooms occur upon these Occasions, but to describe them would be endless. We returned by another road through the race grounds, to the Hide and after Dinner, made a Visit to the Gardiners House to see his Bees. He is Bee mad, Mr. B. Hollis says. He has a number of Glass Hives, and has a curious Invention to shut out the Drones. He has nailed thin and narrow Laths at the Mouth of the Hive, and has left Spaces between them barely wide enough for the small Bees to creep through. Here and there he has made a Notch in the lath large enough for a Drone to pass, but this Notch he has covered with a thin light clapper which turns easily upwards upon a Pivot. The Drone easily lifts up the Clapper and comes out, but as soon as he is out, the Clapper falls and excludes the Drone, who has neither Skill nor Strength to raise it on the outside. Thus shut out from the Hive the Gardiner destroys them because he says they do nothing but eat Honey. The Gardiner who is a Son of Liberty, and was always a Friend to America, was delighted with this Visit. Dame says he to his Wife, you have had the greatest honour done you to day that you ever had in your Life.\u2014Mr. B. Hollis says he is a proud Scotchman, but a very honest Man and faithfull Servant.\u2014After Tea Mr. B. Hollis and I took a circular Walk, round the Farm. He shew Us a kind of Medallion, on which was curiously wrought a Feast of all the Heathen Gods and Goddesses sitting round a Table. Jupiter throws down upon the Middle of it, one of his Thunder bolts, flaming at each End with Lightning, and lights his own Pipe at it, and all the others follow his Example. Venus is whiffing like a Dutchman, so is Diana and Minerva, as well as Mars, Bachus and Apollo.\n       Mr. B. Hollis is a great Admirer of Marcus Aurelius. He has him in Busts, and many other Shapes. He observed to me, that all the Painters of Italy, and from them most others, have taken the Face of Marcus Aurelius, for a Model in painting Jesus Christ. He admires Julian too, and has a great veneration for Dr. Hutchinson, the Moral Writer who was his Tutor, or Instructor. He has a Number of Heads of Hutchinson, of whom he always speaks with Affection and Veneration. Ld. Shaftesbury too is another favourite of his.\n       In the dining room are two Views of that Estate in Dorsetshire, which the late Mr. Hollis gave to Mr. Brand. There is only a Farm House upon it. Here are to be seen Hollis Mede and Brand Pasture. In Hollis Mede, Mr. Hollis was buried, ten feet deep, and then ploughed over, a Whim to be sure. But Singularity was his Characteristic. He was benevolent and beneficient, however, throughout.\u2014In the Boudoir is a Dagger, made of the Sword which killed Sir Edmunbury Godfrey. An Inscription\u2014Memento Godfrey, Protomartyr, pro Religione Protestantium.\n       Mr. Hollis\u2019s Owl, Cap of Liberty and Dagger are to be seen every where. In the Boudoir, a Silver cup with a Cover, all in the shape of an Owl, with two rubies for Eyes. This piece of Antiquity was dug up, at Canterbury, from ten feet depth. It was some monkish conceit.\n   Doubtless a slip of the pen for \u201cMiss.\u201d\n   JA probably meant to write \u201cCommissioners.\u201d\n   Francis Hutcheson (1694\u20131746), professor of moral philosophy at Glasgow, where Brand Hollis had studied.\n      July 26. Wednesday.\n       Mr. B. Hollis, Miss Brand, Mrs. Adams, Mrs. Smith, and I walked to Mill Green, or Mill Hill the Seat of a Mr. Allen a Banker of London. We walked over the Pleasure Grounds and Kitchen Garden and down to Cocytus, a canal or Pond of Water surrounded with Wood in such a Manner as to make the Place gloomy enough for the Name. This is a good Spot, but Mr. Allen has, for want of Taste, spoiled it by new Pickett Fences at a great Expence. He has filled up the Ditches and dug up the Hedges and erected wooden Fences and brick Walls, a folly that I believe in these days is unique. They are very good, civil People, but have no Taste.\n   According to AA2, who in a journal-letter to JQA, 27 July-22 Aug., adds many details about this excursion to Essex that are not found elsewhere, Allen was a retired wine merchant (Adams Papers).\n      The Hide July 28 i.e. 27. 1786. Thursday.\n       Went with Mrs. Adams to Braintree about Eighteen miles from the Hide. As our Objects were fresh Air, Exercise and the Gratification of Curiosity, I thought We ought to make a little Excursion to the Town after which the Town in New England where I was born and shall die was originally named. The Country between Chelmsford and Braintree, is pleasant and fertile, tho less magnificent in Buildings and Improvements than many other Parts of England: but it is generally tillage Land and covered with good Crops of Barley, Oats, Rye, Wheat and Buckwheat.\n       Braintree is a Markett Town, and Fairs are held here at certain Seasons. I went to the Church, which stands in the Middle of a triangular Piece of Ground, and there are parallell to each Side of the Tryangle, double Rows of handsome Lime Trees, which form the Walks and Avenues to the Church. The Church is a very old Building of Flint Stones. Workmen were repairing it, and I went all over it. It is not much larger than Mr Cleverleys Church at Braintree in New England. I examined all the Monuments and Grave Stones in the Church and in the Church Yard, and found no one Name of Person or Family of any Consequence, nor did I find any Name of any of our New England Families except Wilson and Joslyn, Hawkins, Griggs and Webb. I am convinced that none of our Braintree Families came from this Village, and that the Name was given it by Mr. Cod\u00addington in Compliment to the Earl of Warwick, who in the Begginning and Middle of the Seventeenth Century had a Manor here, which however at his death about 1665 went out of his Family. The Parish of Bocking has now more good Houses. Braintre is at present the Residence only of very ordinary People, manufacturers only of Bays\u2019s.\n       Chelmsford was probably named in Compliment to Mr. Hooker who was once Minister of that Town in Essex, but afterwards in Holland, and after that Minister at \u201cNewtown\u201d (Cambridge) and after that at New Haven Hartford in New England. We returned to Dinner, and spent the Evening in examining the Curiosities of Mr. Thomas Brand Hollis\u2019s House. His Library, his Miltonian Cabinet, his Pictures, Busts, Medals, Coins, Greek, Roman, Carthaginian and Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, are a Selection of the most rare, and valuable. It would be endless to go over the whole in Description.\n       We have had, with Alderman Bridgen, an agreable Tour and an exquisite Entertainment.\n       I should not omit Alderman Bridgens Nuns, and Verses. About 30 Years ago Mr. Bridgen in the Austrian Netherlands purchased a compleat Collection of the Portraits of all the orders of Nuns, in small duodecimo Prints. These he lately sent as a Present to the Hide, and Mr. Hollis has placed them in what he calls his Boudoir, a little room between his Library and Drawing Room. Mr. Bridgen carried down with him a Copy of Verses of his own Composition, to be hung up with them. The Idea is that banished from Germany by the Emperor they were taking an Asylum at the Hide, in sight of the Druid, the Portico of Athens and the verable Remains of Egyptian, Greek, Roman and Carthaginian Antiquities.\n   MS: \u201cRue\u201d\u2014clearly an inadvertence.\n   Overwritten, possibly with an initial letter, and not clear. At any rate, Joseph Cleverly, JA\u2019s old schoolmaster, is meant; he conducted services at Christ Church, Braintree, during the Revolution while no Anglican clergyman resided there (Pattee, Old Braintree and QuincyWilliam S. Pattee, A History of Old Braintree and Quincy, with a Sketch of Randolph and Holbrook, Quincy, 1878., p.255).\n            \u201cAt 2 Pappa and Mamma returnd not much pleased with the appearance of the Town they had been to visit. Mr. H. told us it was a Poor, dirty, miserable village and such they found it\u201d (AA2 to JQA, 27 July-22 Aug., Adams Papers).\n   Thus in MS.\n   A large broadside printed text of Alderman Bridgen\u2019s verses, \u201cOn sending some Pictures of Nuns and Fryers to Thomas Brand Hollis, Esq. at the Hyde in Essex, supposed to be Real Personages turned out of the Convents and Monasteries in Flanders by the Emperor,\u201d without author\u2019s name, imprint, or date, is in the Adams Papers under the assigned date of July 1786.\n       Returned to Grosvenor Square to Dinner.\n   The Adams party\u2019s return to London on Friday, 28 July, is verified by a passage in AA2\u2019s letter to JQA, 27 July-22 Aug. (Adams Papers).\n   Here ensues a gap in JA\u2019s Diary of a full year, his next (and last European) entries being the fragmentary notes of his tour with AA and AA2 to the west of England in July-Aug. 1787.\n   American relations with Great Britain during this year remained in statu quo, no new issues of any magnitude arising and no standing issues being settled. During the spring and early summer of 1786 JA had reiterated to both official and private correspondents that no diplomatic progress would be made in London until the various state acts impeding payment to British creditors were repealed, for, as he observed to Samuel Adams, \u201cWhen We have done Equity We may with a good Grace, demand Equity\u201d (2 June 1786, NN; see also JA to Jay, 25 May, 16 June, letterbook copies, Adams Papers, printed in Dipl. Corr., 1783\u20131789[William A. Weaver, ed.,] The Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States of America, from ... 1783, to ... 1789, Washington, 1837 [actually 1855]; 3 vols., 2:659\u2013661, 668\u2013670). Ten months after JA had made his first recommendation on this point to Congress as urgently as he knew how to do, that body unanimously adopted a report by Foreign Secretary Jay that had long been on its table, the heart of which was \u201cThat all such acts or parts of Acts as may be now existing in any of the States repugnant to the treaty of Peace ought to be forthwith repealed\u201d (21 March 1787; JCCWorthington C. Ford and others, eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774\u20131789, Washington, 1904\u20131937; 34 vols., 32:124\u2013125); this was to be embodied in a circular letter to the states, adopted 13 April (same,Worthington C. Ford and others, eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774\u20131789, Washington, 1904\u20131937; 34 vols. p. 177\u2013184).\n   On 25 Jan. 1787 JA had the satisfaction of signing, at last, the treaty, or rather the \u201cunilaterally executed grant\u201d of protection for American shipping, which the gifts conveyed by Thomas Barclay to the Emperor of Morocco had purchased. Jefferson had signed this document in Paris on 1 Jan.; an English text is printed as an enclosure in Barclay\u2019s letter to the Commissioners, Cadiz, 2 Oct. 1786, together with valuable editorial notes, in Jefferson, Papers, ed. BoydThe Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Julian P. Boyd and others, Princeton, 1950\u2013\u2003., 10:418\u2013427; see also Miller, ed., TreatiesHunter Miller, ed., Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America, Washington, 1931\u20131948; 8 vols., 2:185\u2013227.\n   More important than any of the occurrences mentioned above was the Adamses\u2019 visit during Aug.-Sept. 1786 to the Netherlands. Its importance is owing to a consequence that was unexpected and has been too often overlooked. On his return from the family excursion to Essex at the end of July, JA found Congress\u2019 tardy ratification, dated 17 May 1786, of the commercial treaty with Prussia (see note 1 on entry of 27 March, above). Since by its Article 27 an exchange of ratifications was required within one year of the signing of the treaty, that is to say by 10 Sept. 1786, since there was no Prussian minister residing at either London or Paris, and since time was short, JA felt obliged to go himself to The Hague for that purpose. This would also enable him to pay his respects to officials and friends in the republic to which he was still the accredited United States minister and, by taking AA with him, to show her the country she had expected to but did not visit three years earlier. Leaving London on 3 Aug., JA and AA traveled by way of Harwich, Hellevoetsluis, and Rotterdam to The Hague, where they arrived on the 8th. On that very day JA signed and exchanged ratifications with the Prussian minister Thulemeier. The Adamses were now free for diversions, and AA characteristically provided in her letters a full and colorful record of Dutch modes of travel, social activities, and sightseeing during their stay of nearly a month; her letters to her daughter are in AA2, Jour. and Corr.Journal and Correspondence of Miss Adams, Daughter of John Adams, ... edited by Her Daughter [Caroline Amelia (Smith) de Windt], New York and London, 1841\u20131842; 2 vols., 2:53\u201364; see also AA to Mrs. Cranch, 12 Sept., MWA, printed in AA, LettersLetters of Mrs. Adams, the Wife of John Adams. With an Introductory Memoir by Her Grandson, Charles Francis Adams, 4th edn., Boston, 1848., ed. CFA, 1848, p. 300\u2013305.\n   Among other places, they visited Utrecht, where they happened to be present when the new magistrates of that city, which had undergone a constitutional reform at the hands of the Patriot party, were sworn into office. The incident had a profound effect on JA. \u201cIn no Instance, of ancient or modern History,\u201d he wrote Jefferson, 11 Sept., \u201chave the People ever asserted more unequivocally their own inherent and unalienable Sovereignty\u201d (LbC, Adams Papers; Jefferson, Papers, ed. BoydThe Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Julian P. Boyd and others, Princeton, 1950\u2013\u2003., 10:348). And in a letter to Jay he represented this event, which was a high-water mark in the efforts of the Dutch Patriots, as the first visible fructification in Europe of the principles of the American Revolu\u00ad tion (3 Oct., LbC, Adams Papers; Dipl. Corr., 1783\u20131789[William A. Weaver, ed.,] The Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States of America, from ... 1783, to ... 1789, Washington, 1837 [actually 1855]; 3 vols., 2:676\u2013677). His discussions with Dutch friends and his reflections on the significance of what was happening in their country became one of JA\u2019s principal motives in undertaking the most ambitious literary work of his life, A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America. The root of this treatise lay, as is well known, in JA\u2019s objections to Turgot\u2019s critique of the American state constitutions, embodied in Turgot\u2019s letter to Price written in 1778 but first published in 1784 (see note on Turgot and JA under the entry of 9 April 1778, above). But its other immediate inspiration (besides the events occurring in the Dutch Republic) was the disturbing news he read in London about \u201cthe Seditious Meetings in the Massachusetts\u201d that were to lead to Shays\u2019 Rebellion; see JA to Richard Cranch, 15 Jan. 1787 (NN; JA, WorksThe Works of John Adams, Second President of the United States: with a Life of the Author, ed. Charles Francis Adams, Boston, 1850\u20131856; 10 vols., 1:432\u2013433), and also Letter I in the Defence itself, which seriously suggested that the discontented people in Massachusetts wished to depose the governor and senate of that state \u201cas useless and expensive branches of the constitution\u201d because they had been reading Turgot\u2019s letter to Price (JA, DefenceJohn Adams, A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America, London, 1787\u20131788; 3 vols. [vol. 1], London, 1787, p. 4).\n   Upon his return from the Netherlands JA began with almost feverish haste and concentration to read for and compose his treatise on the dangers of republican government and the means of averting them. The first volume, an octavo of 392 pages, was published before the middle of Jan. 1787. A second followed in September, and a third in 1788. He was so absorbed in the task that he abandoned his Diary altogether; and his letterbooks during the fall, winter, and spring of 1786\u20131787 are more meager than at any other period of his decade in Europe. AA took up part of the burden he dropped, writing with greater frequency to American correspondents and explaining that \u201cMr. Adams ... says his friends must not expect any letters but printed ones from him\u201d (to Cotton Tufts, 29 April 1787, Adams Papers). (The Defence was composed in the form of letters, nominally addressed to JA\u2019s son-in-law, WSS.) JA recognized that the Defence was a \u201cstrange\u201d and faulty book, but it was his chief political testament, and its composition, the complex bibliography of its successive editions, and its reception and influence in Europe and America, as well as upon his own career, deserve closer study than they have yet had\u2014indeed could have had until his papers bearing on the subject, including a mass of notes and drafts still only partially arranged, were made available. Pending such a comprehensive study, the reader may be referred to three especially pertinent chapters in Zolt\u00e1n Haraszti, JA and the Prophets of ProgressZolt\u00e1n Haraszti, John Adams and the Prophets of Progress, Cambridge, 1952. (chs. 3, 8, 9), and to the excellent analysis of JA\u2019s political theory in a world context which will be found in Robert R. Palmer\u2019s Age of the Democratic Revolution . .. : The Challenge, Princeton, 1959, p. 269 ff.\n   JA was obliged to interrupt work on Volume 2, dealing with the history of Italian republics, by another and quite unexpected trip to the Netherlands in May-June 1787. He went in order to execute a contract for a third American loan in Amsterdam, essential to meeting a large interest payment for which the measures of the Board of Treasury in New York had proved inadequate. Leaving London on 25 May with John Brown Cutting as a traveling companion and temporary secretary, he arrived just in time to save American credit in the Netherlands once more. Despite the serious civil disturbances then going on (there was rioting in Amsterdam during his first two nights there that presaged the extinction of the Patriot party), the bankers had prepared a contract for a loan of a million guilders at 5 per cent interest, to be redeemed in 1798\u20131802; JA signed it on 1 June, and during the following days signed 2,000 obligations on behalf of the United States. By 9 June he was back in London. (See JA\u2019s correspondence with the Willinks and Van Staphorsts, May\u2013June 1787; J. B. Cutting to AA, 25, 28 May; JA to AA, 1, 2 June; all in Adams Papers; P. J. van Winter, Het aandeel van den Amster-damschen handel aan den opbouw van het Amerikaansche gemeenebest, The Hague, 1927\u20131933, 1:175\u2013178.) JA had some qualms about this transaction, since he had acted in the financial emergency without specific authorization from Congress; see his report to Jay, 16 June, enclosing the contract (LbC, Adams Papers; Dipl. Corr., 1783\u20131789[William A. Weaver, ed.,] The Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States of America, from ... 1783, to ... 1789, Washington, 1837 [actually 1855]; 3 vols., 2:787\u2013792). Congress, however, promptly ratified the contract, 11 Oct. (JCCWorthington C. Ford and others, eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774\u20131789, Washington, 1904\u20131937; 34 vols., 33:649); an English translation of the contract, with the ratification signed by Pres. Arthur St. Clair and Secretary Thomson, is in Adams Papers.\n   In March 1787 the Smiths moved from Wimpole Street to the Legation in Grosvenor Square because AA2 was expectant. On 2 April, with Dr. John Jeffries, a former Bostonian and loyalist, in attendance, JA\u2019s first grandchild was born; it was a boy and was christened, by Dr. Price, William Steuben Smith (AA to Mrs. Cranch, 20 Jan., 25\u201327 Feb.; to Lucy Cranch, 26 April; all in MWA). In announcing this news to C. W. F. Dumas, 3 April, JA said he now expected to have \u201csome Amusement\u201d (LbC, Adams Papers).", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0001-0001", "content": "Title: January 1st. 1786. Sunday.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       The forenoon discourse from Acts XXVI. 22. Having therefore obtained help of God, I continue unto this day, inculcated thankfulness for the goodness of Providence in suffering us to live to this day. That in the afternoon from Psalm CXVI. 12. What shall I render unto the Lord for all his benefits towards me? was more general, and respected all the blessings, the People have enjoyed during the course of the last year. Both were occasional, and as good as any I have heard since I have been in this Town. I received in the Evening, a Letter from my Sister, and a packet from the Marquis de la: Fayette.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0001-0002", "content": "Title: 2d.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       At about half past 7 this morning, a slight shock of an Earthquake, was felt here. It lasted about 2 minutes. It was perceived by several persons in this house, and by most people in Town. I was asleep, and perceived nothing of it. Spent the Evening at Mr. White\u2019s. Mr. and Mrs. Allen, came over in the afternoon, and drank tea, here, and took Betsey Smith away with them. I finished this morning the third book of Horace\u2019s Odes. Many of them are very fine, and the last one shows he was himself, sufficiently Sensible of it. When a Poet promises immortality to himself, he is always on the safe side of the Question, for if his works die with him, or soon after him, no body ever can accuse him of vanity or arrogance: but if his predictions are verified, he is considered not only as a Poet, but as a Prophet. But I don\u2019t know if this Consciousness, which great men have of their abilities, is so great a failing, as is often supposed. It seems not to be required that they should not have a sense of their superiority, but that they should not show it. This perhaps proceeds from our own Vanity, which cannot bear the least mortification. No man, I believe underrates himself, and I have a greater opinion of a man\u2019s Sincerity when he frankly owns his Sentiments of himself, than when he, hypocritically undervalues himself, and shuns fame, but to make it sure.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0001-0007", "content": "Title: 7th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Dined at Mr. Bartlett\u2019s. There were 15 persons at Table, of whom I was not acquainted with Mr. McCard, Mr. Parsons, and Mr. W. Codman, from Boston. Mr. Parsons, is a great wit; but not a Christian. He is very fond of ridiculing the Bible. He pass\u2019d a number of jests upon it, at Table. There was no man, he said in this Town, who read the Bible more, than he did, or who made less use of the Principles it contained. He had never seen any Book, he did not believe there existed a book, that contained such excellent Precepts for Life, and by following which a Man, might be happier. But there were an hundred tales, in it, which were childish and silly. People talk\u2019d of Inspiration. He wondered what the book of Ruth, what the book of Esther, had to do with Inspiration. If he had a family, he would conform, to the established religious customs, because, they were for the good of Society in general. But as it was, he thought best to follow his own Ease and Inclination. This man, has a very lively fancy, and a sprightly natural wit, but I think he makes a bad use of it. Whatever a man\u2019s religious principles may be, I believe it is very unpolite and improper for him to ridicule the general Opinion.\n       When I return\u2019d home, I found a large Company of Ladies there, Miss Stevenson, Eliza, Duncan, Peggy White, two Miss Reddington\u2019s and Miss L. Night, a young Lady from Newbury, who is here on a visit. She comes as near a perfect beauty, as any Lady I remember to have seen. Tall, but a beautiful shape, fine eyes, and in short every feature pleasing, except the nose, which is rather of the Roman sort, and injures her appearance, in profile; her taste in dress Elegant, and her disposition said to be excellent, which is much more to her advantage, than her personal figure. Mr. T. Osgood is said to be her admirer. Was working all the Evening, and was confirm\u2019d in an Opinion which I conceiv\u2019d a considerable time since, and which gives me much pain. I could not be induced to live long in such a Situation, to be suspected and spied, and guarded, all from a Chimaera, rising in a persons brain, is what I cannot bear. It proceeds I am perswaded, from good motives, and a wish for my welfare; but it is like putting a man, perfectly well, into a course of Physic, which may create real disorders. But this will not I hope be the case.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0001-0008", "content": "Title: 8th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Mr. Adams, the Minister of another Parish, belonging to this Town changed with Mr. Shaw, and preached here in the forenoon, from Matthew XI. 21, 22. Wo unto thee Chorazin! wo unto thee Bethsa\u00efda! for if the mighty works which were done in you, had been done in Tyre and Sidon, they would have repented long ago, in sackcloth and ashes. But I say unto you, it shall be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of Judgment than for you. The discourse, was I thought very good; and had a proper Tendency to inculcate the moral duties. The Sermon in the afternoon, was upon Romans, XV. 3. For even Christ pleased not himself; we were told first, negatively; what was not the Sense, of these words; and then positively, what was. This is an old fashion, but, was in this Case, very proper. In former times a Minister would take, an hour to prove, negatively, that the Lord, was not Job, nor Satan, nor in short any thing but God. This absurd custom, is now I believe, universally abolished: but in this Case, it was very proper, to show what was not meant by the Text, because the passage, might be mis-construed; so as to raise the reproach of contradiction and inconsistency which has been so often laid to the Scripture. Mr. Adams held up the doctrine of mortification and self-denial, but at the same time disapproved of Hermitage, pilgrimages, penances &c. which could answer no End. He recommended self denial, when our important interests, or the good of our fellow Creatures required it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0001-0010", "content": "Title: 10th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Leonard White came up in the morning, and proposed to me, to make one of a small slaying party to Hampstead, where Mr. White has an house, and farm. At about 10 o\u2019clock, the slay stopp\u2019d at the gate, and we immediately set away; Eliza, Peggy White Mr. Moores, Leonard, and myself. It was half past 11 before we got to the Place, although only 8 miles distant; on ac\u00adcount of the great number of loaded teems which we met on the road; the Country People, come down in the Winter in Slays, from 40 or 50 miles, to supply this and the neighbouring towns, with provisions of various kinds; and as the path is now very narrow, and the Snow deep, it is difficult, and sometimes dangerous for two carriages to cross each other. About 3 miles from Mr. Shaw\u2019s, is the line which seperates the States of Massachusetts and New Hampshire, I had never cross\u2019d it before this day. We dined at Hamstead, and at about half after four set out to return; it was about 6 o\u2019clock when we got to Mr. White\u2019s house. We had quite an agreeable party; the weather very good, and the Company small; return\u2019d from Mr. White\u2019s, at about 8 o\u2019clock, and went very early to bed, as what with setting up so late last night, and what with the jaunt, I was very much fatigued.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0001-0012", "content": "Title: 12th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Began in the forenoon upon the third book of the Cyropaedia; Eliza Duncan, Miss Stevenson and Mr. Bil. Osgood spent the Evening here. Nancy has been very much in the dumps, these two or three days. I hope she is not offended with herself; for though she has many very great foibles (the lot of humanity) yet, upon the whole she is really a good girl.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0001-0013", "content": "Title: 13th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Mrs. Payson pass\u2019d the afternoon here. A Daughter of Mrs. Sargeants who was a Coquettish young Widow, and married, about 9 months since; she is in some measure the arbiter of Taste and fashion here: and makes very smart and severe Remarks, upon every one, who does not happen to dress or dance, according to her Taste.\n       I went down with Nancy to Mr. Duncans, and was there all the Evening; there was considerable Company: the young Squire, as empty, as a Drum, though it must be said in his favour, that he is not very talkative. Mr. Tim Osgood, who return\u2019d yesterday from Newbury, where he went to carry Miss Knight. Mr. Duncan, said, he was an ambitious man, for that he was doing all he could to be Knighted. Miss Stevenson, endeavours to say very witty things, and has an archness of look, as who should say, is not that excellent. There is perhaps a little affectation in the matter, but it is all very excuseable, in a Lady. We must always judge of persons and things from their qualities, relative to others of the same kind. In this Country where fortunes are almost universally very small, four or five hundred \u00a3 sterling, annual income is considered as a large fortune; in Europe, it is a very trifling one. Were our young Ladies generally remarkable, for great virtues, and very few and inconsiderable faults, one might with Reason be strict, and severe; but as the matter stands, we must entirely over look small, foibles,\n        Be to their faults a little blind,\n        Be to their virtues very kind,\n       for most of our damsels are like portraits in crayons, which at a distance look, well, but if you approach near them, are vile daubings. There are some indeed who like the paintings of the great masters, excite admiration more and more, the nearer, and the longer they are examined. A few such, alone can reconcile me to a sex, which I should otherwise, doubt whether to hate, despise, or pity most.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0001-0014", "content": "Title: 14th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       I was up late last Night, to finish the fourth book of Horace\u2019s Odes; and found my Eyes, this morning very sore indeed, so that I could not write or read. Mr. Storer, Mr. Atkinson, and Mr. W. Smith arrived, at about 10 in the morning, and my time was taken up, in going about with them. Visited Mr. Stoughton for the first time: Mrs. Stoughton is by no means fond of this Town. The sudden transition, from London, to so small and retired a Town as this, where she has no intimate acquaintance, must be disagreeable. Solitude, can never constitute a man\u2019s happiness, much less a woman\u2019s. I imagine they will not continue in Town long. Mr. Thaxter, Eliza, and the gentlemen, dined here; I had a thousand Questions to ask, Charles Storer, and forgot three quarters of them, not knowing which to ask first. He brought me, my watch chain, and some Letters.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0001-0015", "content": "Title: 15th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Snowy weather all day. We attended however both the meetings. The forenoon text was from Isaiah VII. 13. And he said, Hear ye now, o house of David, Is it a small thing for you, to weary men, but will ye weary my God also? Somewhat of a foul weather Sermon, pretty short, and upon a subject of which little can be made. The field for expatiating, was much wider in the afternoon from Acts X. 38. Who, went about doing good. Here the Christian Clergyman, can produce the example of the author of his religion to recommend the most amiable virtues, benevolence, and humanity, which have so often been inculcated by the Philosophers of every age, and sect, but None have so completely added example to Precept, as he of whom this was said. We went down to Master White\u2019s, in the Evening, and staid there a couple of hours.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0001-0016", "content": "Title: 16th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       The gentlemen left us this morning for Portsmouth. The weather very cold. At home all day. Began the book of Epodes in Horace in the Evening. Between 1. and 2 in the morning before I retired. 9 10 in the Evening, is the professed bed hour, here: but there are Circumstances, which 19 times out of 20 delay it, till after 11. and it is a disagreeable reflection to me, that from an useless, attention, and fear for me, so far from producing its desired effect makes me lose, at least one hour every day; besides the additional vexation of seeing myself suspected; all these things are however only for a time, and I am thankful, that, it is verging so fast towards its end.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0001-0017", "content": "Title: 17th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       An extreme cold day. I regretted much, not having my thermometer with me, to see the Proportion, between the severity of the weather in St. Petersburg, and here. My Brother Charles, and Cousin Cranch, arrived here in the forenoon. They came yesterday from Braintree, as far as Andover. My Brother\u2019s coming, was the more agreeable, for being in some measure unexpected. We pass\u2019d the Evening at Mr. White\u2019s. Eliza, went to the Assembly: the first this Season, because, it has been delay\u2019d for some time, by the misfortune in Mr. Duncan\u2019s family. There has been a great complaining, among the old-womanish People in town, on this Subject: Superstition of some kind will prevail with mankind every where. Mr. Smith the minister of the Baptist Society in this Town, is violently opposed to dancing. It is in his mind, of itself an heinous sin. He has preached a Sermon himself, and hands about among his Parishioners, a printed one, inculcating this Principle, and there are many People, here, so warped in Prejudice, that they are really perswaded, they should incur the divine displeasure, as much by dancing, as by stealing, or perhaps, committing murder. Besides this there are many who, do not participate of the diversion, and are envious to see others amusing themselves. Their pretended reasons for disapproving an assembly are, that it is an idle expence, which many of the subscribers cannot afford; that it renders them unfit for business the next day, or that it makes them keep bad hours. This is nothing more, than meddling, in the affairs of other People, which mankind in general are too prone to. Some sillier than all the rest find fault, with the time of day, that is chosen, and an old woman, wisely told Mr. Shaw, that It was a dark purpose, and therefore they took a dark time. How one of the most innocent, and rational amusements, that was ever invented, can find, so many opposers is somewhat mysterious. But the mind of man is too often dispossed, to strain at a gnat and swallow a camel. However, the Subscribers wisely take no notice, of all these things, but go on, their own way, and despise all these senseless clamours.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0001-0018", "content": "Title: 18th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       The severest day we have had this Season. Did not stir out of the house, all day. Nancy, perceiving, that the cold had very much abated went out, and dined: but when she return\u2019d again in the Evening, discovered, that the Cold, had been rather increasing continually than otherwise. I could not write in the Evening, which was past in conversation with my Cousin and Brother.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0001-0020", "content": "Title: 20th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       A Number of Ladies, drank tea here, and Judge Sargeant also. I went with Mr. Thaxter and my brother Charles, and spent the Evening at Mr. Osgood\u2019s. This is a very ingenious Sensible man, well versed in English Literature, and has had what here is called a liberal Education; which means, he has been through the University. We conversed upon subjects, which please me more than cards, or dress or scandal, upon history and upon a book publish\u2019d about a year since, by Dr. Chauncy, upon universal Salvation. His System is, that all mankind will finally be saved, and he pretends to prove it, from the Scriptures. When the English Translation of the Bible tells us, that the wicked shall be cast into eternal fire, it does not render the original Idea. The greek word \u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1, means an unlimited space of time: it sometimes signifies a century, and sometimes the life of man. Reason alone, will inform us, that the Goodness as well as the power of the Almighty require that all mankind should be saved, and if the authority of the Scriptures, is not opposed to this System, the Christian religion is undoubtedly, the noblest plan, that was ever followed by men. But even after the great and admirable reformations, that have taken place within these three Centuries, there are many absurd, unnatural, and trifling articles, to which every sect of it are too much attached; great veneration is due to the holy writings, but it must be confessed, they have many Imperfections in the original Languages, and still more in the modern translations of them. The writings of Moses, subsisted, during a period of 3000 years, before the invention of printing, in the numerous Copies that were taken of them; many false words must have crept in, and in some passages may have altered entirely the original Sense. The Translators, may have mistaken, many places, and given Ideas which are not intended in the true Language. If therefore we find in the modern Translations of the Bible, Sentiments which are repugnant to Reason, we must suppose, that they are not of those, that are the truly inspired. In short Mr. Osgood said, when he first heard of Dr. Chauncy\u2019s Book, he had a great deal more to say against his System, than he had after he had read it. Although I have not seen the Book, as I have no Idea of a supreme being, that is not infinitely merciful, and good, as well as powerful, I cannot but admire every thing that tends to inculcate that Principle. Mr. Thaxter said, he fancied that opinion would gain ground very much within half a Century in this Country: and supposed it could not do any harm, if it was rightly understood.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0001-0021", "content": "Title: 21st.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Finished the Epodes of Horace, and the third book of Xenophon\u2019s Cyropaedia. There is no poem of Horace\u2019s, that has ever pleased me more, than that which closes the odes: the Carmen Saeculare. The beauty of language, and of numbers seem very well united. And of all the kinds of verse, that are used by this Poet the Sapphic, I think has the most dignity. The Saecular Games were celebrated in honour of all the Gods, but this poem, is addressed wholly, to Apollo, and Diana: at least, very little is said of any of the rest. I do not know but it may be very presuming to think that The Cyropaedia, is a very childish thing. There are now and then, it is true some noble Ideas. But I do not see that any great improvement can be derived from reading it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0001-0022", "content": "Title: 22.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       The Weather has softened so much, that, it thaw\u2019d last Night, and has, all this day. We had nevertheless in the forenoon, a Sermon, from, Psalm CXLVII. 17. who can stand before his cold. And a cold Sermon it was. The Subject indeed was such, as that much, was not to be expected from it, nor indeed was much made of it. It was however short, which is a very good Quality at this Season of the year. The afternoon text, from I Corinthians. III. 18. Let no man deceive himself, opened a much wider field for reasoning, and morality. The discourse pleased me much better. My Brother sat up with me; I began upon the first Book of the Satires, which are upon a very different plan from the Odes. Close reasoning, sharp ridicule, and few ornaments are the Characteristics of this kind of Poetry. Ridicule, and even reasoning, may be made use of in an Ode, but it absolutely requires the most fragrant flowers of rhetoric, and Poetry to adorn it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0001-0024", "content": "Title: 24th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Went over, with my Cousin and brother Charles, to dine with Mr. Allen at Bradford. A lame foot prevented Tom from going with us. Last Saturday, he turn\u2019d his foot as he was walking, and disjointed three bones. So that he cannot yet walk.\n       Walker and Ebenezer Webster, formally a pupil of Mr. Shaw\u2019s dined with us: and an old gentleman by the name of Osgood belonging to Andover, a very sensible man, and by the manner in which he conversed I judged he had been a traveller. There was after dinner, another Doctor Osgood, came in: a young man very talkative I fancy: he reason\u2019d more than half an hour to prove to Mr. Allen, that a minister without a fortune, did very wrong to marry; I thought his attempt was somewhat ill-timed.\n       Returning home we met the young Ladies from Master White\u2019s going to Johnny\u2019s. We escorted them; sat there half an hour: and came off.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0001-0028", "content": "Title: 28th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Mrs. Shaw went over to Bradford in the afternoon, and pass\u2019d it at Mr. Allen\u2019s. Read Locke, upon the Question whether the Soul always thinks: he endeavours to prove that it does not: he has not however satisfied me, so well as upon the Subject of innate Ideas. His principal argument is, the improbability, that we should think several hours together, and not recollect what it was we thought of. But it is beyond dispute that some men do both walk, and talk very rationally in their sleep and yet never recollect one Circumstance of it, and are entirely ignorant of it, unless told by Persons present, at the Time. Now, this being the case, it is no unreasonable argument, to say that if we are sometimes wholly insensible after waking, of what we did while asleep, it may be so always. But I take it this matter must always be somewhat obscure, because it cannot be demonstrated either way. The author seems to think that dreams, are no proof of the soul\u2019s being active, but supposed it may be caused by some faculty like that possessed by Beasts. This Idea is ingenious, but is not sufficiently proved true, to be admitted as an argument.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0001-0030", "content": "Title: 30th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Rain\u2019d almost all day. Finish\u2019d the first Book of Homer\u2019s Iliad, which is far more entertaining than the Cyropaedia; there is a vast deal of simplicity in the Poetry, but at the same time great dignity, and so much Nature, that it is not without Reason, that an English Poet has said of him,\n        To Study Nature is to study him.\n       I began in the evening a Letter to my Sister.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0001", "content": "Title: [January 1786]\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n      January 1st. 1786. Sunday.\n       The forenoon discourse from Acts XXVI. 22. Having therefore obtained help of God, I continue unto this day, inculcated thankfulness for the goodness of Providence in suffering us to live to this day. That in the afternoon from Psalm CXVI. 12. What shall I render unto the Lord for all his benefits towards me? was more general, and respected all the blessings, the People have enjoyed during the course of the last year. Both were occasional, and as good as any I have heard since I have been in this Town. I received in the Evening, a Letter from my Sister, and a packet from the Marquis de la: Fayette.\n   Punctuation has been editorially supplied.\n   Probably AA2 to JQA, 18 Oct. 1785 (Adams Papers); the contents of Lafayette\u2019s packet have not been identified.\n       At about half past 7 this morning, a slight shock of an Earthquake, was felt here. It lasted about 2 minutes. It was perceived by several persons in this house, and by most people in Town. I was asleep, and perceived nothing of it. Spent the Evening at Mr. White\u2019s. Mr. and Mrs. Allen, came over in the afternoon, and drank tea, here, and took Betsey Smith away with them. I finished this morning the third book of Horace\u2019s Odes. Many of them are very fine, and the last one shows he was himself, sufficiently Sensible of it. When a Poet promises immortality to himself, he is always on the safe side of the Question, for if his works die with him, or soon after him, no body ever can accuse him of vanity or arrogance: but if his predictions are verified, he is considered not only as a Poet, but as a Prophet. But I don\u2019t know if this Consciousness, which great men have of their abilities, is so great a failing, as is often supposed. It seems not to be required that they should not have a sense of their superiority, but that they should not show it. This perhaps proceeds from our own Vanity, which cannot bear the least mortification. No man, I believe underrates himself, and I have a greater opinion of a man\u2019s Sincerity when he frankly owns his Sentiments of himself, than when he, hypocritically undervalues himself, and shuns fame, but to make it sure.\n       A heavy Snow storm, all day. Not less I imagine, than two feet fell, upon a level. Mr. Thaxter dined and spent the afternoon here. Wrote to my Sister in the Evening, was obliged to lay aside my morning lesson, on account of my eyes which begin to be weak.\n   Letter not found.\n       It has not yet cleared up, but no Snow fell this day. In the Evening I went down to Mr. White\u2019s to see Leonard, who arrived from Cambridge this afternoon. The Winter Vacation, at the University began this day, and will last, five Weeks. There was Company at Mr. White\u2019s. Mr. White from Boston, a person exceeding tall, but of easy manners. Mr. Bil: Blodget, the study of whose life is, to be accounted a droll fellow; and it must be confess\u2019d he has acquired the art of speaking Nonsense, in such a manner, as commonly raises a laugh. Whether this is wit or no, is what I shall not at present determine.\n   William White, of \u201cMerchant\u2019s-row,\u201d Boston, was a cousin of John White Sr. (Daniel Appleton White and Annie Frances Richards, The Descendants of William White, of Haverhill, Mass. . . ., p. 9\u201312, 15\u201316, 29\u201330, 59; Boston Directory, 1789Boston Directory, issued annually with varying imprints.).\n       It snow\u2019d again almost all day. Mr. W. White, and Leonard, came, and pass\u2019d an hour here, in the Evening. As this prevented me from writing, I studied in the 4th. Book of Horace\u2019s Odes; but it did no good to my Eyes. The third, to Melpomene, is supposed to be one of his best, and is that which Scaliger would have preferred being the author of, rather than King of Arragon, which after all, was not I believe a very excellent way of expressing his Admiration if he had the choice of two Impossibilities, he tells us, which he should rather have. It is a very Vulgar manner of Expression, though more commonly made use of by lovers than Critics.\n   Joseph Justus Scaliger, the foremost Latin scholar and critic of the 16th century and editor of Greek and Latin classics (Hoefer, Nouv. biog. g\u00e9n\u00e9raleVital Records of Haverhill, Massachusetts to the End of the Year 1849, Topsfield, 1910-1911; 2 vols.). This preference is mentioned in several editions of Horace\u2019s works owned by JQA at this time, including Philip Francis, A Poetical Translation of the Works of Horace, With the Original Text . . ., 8th edn., 4 vols., London, 1778, 2:138 ([Christian Lotter], Inventory of JQA\u2019s Books, 6 Nov. 1784, Adams Papers).\n       Went down in the Evening and was a couple of hours at Mr. White\u2019s. They were to have had Company, there, but were disappointed. I was not. I pass\u2019d the Evening, in a very agreeable, sociable manner, which I should not have done in the other Case. The way we have here of killing Time, in large Companies, appears to me, most absurd and ridiculous. All must be fixed down, in Chairs, looking at one another, like a puppet show, and talking some Common Place phrases to one another, and those that do make observations, adding to their Treasure of scandal which is afterwards dealt out prodigally, in smaller Societies. Why cannot mankind, study their own, and each other\u2019s Ease, upon such Occasions, instead of making Society a toil rather than a pleasure.\n       Dined at Mr. Bartlett\u2019s. There were 15 persons at Table, of whom I was not acquainted with Mr. McCard, Mr. Parsons, and Mr. W. Codman, from Boston. Mr. Parsons, is a great wit; but not a Christian. He is very fond of ridiculing the Bible. He pass\u2019d a number of jests upon it, at Table. There was no man, he said in this Town, who read the Bible more, than he did, or who made less use of the Principles it contained. He had never seen any Book, he did not believe there existed a book, that contained such excellent Precepts for Life, and by following which a Man, might be happier. But there were an hundred tales, in it, which were childish and silly. People talk\u2019d of Inspiration. He wondered what the book of Ruth, what the book of Esther, had to do with Inspiration. If he had a family, he would conform, to the established religious customs, because, they were for the good of Society in general. But as it was, he thought best to follow his own Ease and Inclination. This man, has a very lively fancy, and a sprightly natural wit, but I think he makes a bad use of it. Whatever a man\u2019s religious principles may be, I believe it is very unpolite and improper for him to ridicule the general Opinion.\n       When I return\u2019d home, I found a large Company of Ladies there, Miss Stevenson, Eliza, Duncan, Peggy White, two Miss Reddington\u2019s and Miss L. Night, a young Lady from Newbury, who is here on a visit. She comes as near a perfect beauty, as any Lady I remember to have seen. Tall, but a beautiful shape, fine eyes, and in short every feature pleasing, except the nose, which is rather of the Roman sort, and injures her appearance, in profile; her taste in dress Elegant, and her disposition said to be excellent, which is much more to her advantage, than her personal figure. Mr. T. Osgood is said to be her admirer. Was working all the Evening, and was confirm\u2019d in an Opinion which I conceiv\u2019d a considerable time since, and which gives me much pain. I could not be induced to live long in such a Situation, to be suspected and spied, and guarded, all from a Chimaera, rising in a persons brain, is what I cannot bear. It proceeds I am perswaded, from good motives, and a wish for my welfare; but it is like putting a man, perfectly well, into a course of Physic, which may create real disorders. But this will not I hope be the case.\n   \u201cEliza, Duncan\u201d: JQA may mean Eliza Cranch and Elizabeth (Betsy) Duncan as both were there (\u201cJournal of Elizabeth Cranch,\u201d\u201cThe Journal of Elizabeth Cranch,\u201d ed. Lizzie Norton Mason and James Duncan Phillips, Essex Institute, Historical Collections, 80:1-36 (Jan. 1944)- p. 24).\n   Lucy Knight was later satirized as \u201cLucinda\u201d by JQA while a law student in Newburyport and was incorporated into his poem \u201cA Vision\u201d (entries of 30 Jan. 1787, note; 28 March 1788, below).\n       Mr. Adams, the Minister of another Parish, belonging to this Town changed with Mr. Shaw, and preached here in the forenoon, from Matthew XI. 21, 22. Wo unto thee Chorazin! wo unto thee Bethsa\u00efda! for if the mighty works which were done in you, had been done in Tyre and Sidon, they would have repented long ago, in sackcloth and ashes. But I say unto you, it shall be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of Judgment than for you. The discourse, was I thought very good; and had a proper Tendency to inculcate the moral duties. The Sermon in the afternoon, was upon Romans, XV. 3. For even Christ pleased not himself; we were told first, negatively; what was not the Sense, of these words; and then positively, what was. This is an old fashion, but, was in this Case, very proper. In former times a Minister would take, an hour to prove, negatively, that the Lord, was not Job, nor Satan, nor in short any thing but God. This absurd custom, is now I believe, universally abolished: but in this Case, it was very proper, to show what was not meant by the Text, because the passage, might be mis-construed; so as to raise the reproach of contradiction and inconsistency which has been so often laid to the Scripture. Mr. Adams held up the doctrine of mortification and self-denial, but at the same time disapproved of Hermitage, pilgrimages, penances &c. which could answer no End. He recommended self denial, when our important interests, or the good of our fellow Creatures required it.\n       Was all day at home, and in the evening, closed my Letter to my Sister, as the Post goes for Boston, to-morrow, one day sooner than common, and Captain Lyde sails in a few days, for London: it kept me up exceeding late, or rather till very early, for it was near 2, in the morning, when I finish\u2019d; I burn\u2019t my fingers, bruised my toes, and went to bed: but what was worst of all I affronted Miss Nancy by speaking somewhat too abruptly.\n   Letter not found.\n   Nathaniel Byfield Lyde, captain of the Boston Packet and formerly captain of the ship Active, in which AA and AA2 sailed to England from Boston in 1784 (Boston Independent Chronicle, 12 Jan.; JA, Diary and Autobiography,Diary and Autobiography of John Adams, ed. L. H. Butterfield and others, Cambridge, 1961; 4 vols. 3:154, 156).\n   JQA probably meant that he burned his fingers on the candle and bruised his toes in the dark afterward.\n       Leonard White came up in the morning, and proposed to me, to make one of a small slaying party to Hampstead, where Mr. White has an house, and farm. At about 10 o\u2019clock, the slay stopp\u2019d at the gate, and we immediately set away; Eliza, Peggy White Mr. Moores, Leonard, and myself. It was half past 11 before we got to the Place, although only 8 miles distant; on ac\u00adcount of the great number of loaded teems which we met on the road; the Country People, come down in the Winter in Slays, from 40 or 50 miles, to supply this and the neighbouring towns, with provisions of various kinds; and as the path is now very narrow, and the Snow deep, it is difficult, and sometimes dangerous for two carriages to cross each other. About 3 miles from Mr. Shaw\u2019s, is the line which seperates the States of Massachusetts and New Hampshire, I had never cross\u2019d it before this day. We dined at Hamstead, and at about half after four set out to return; it was about 6 o\u2019clock when we got to Mr. White\u2019s house. We had quite an agreeable party; the weather very good, and the Company small; return\u2019d from Mr. White\u2019s, at about 8 o\u2019clock, and went very early to bed, as what with setting up so late last night, and what with the jaunt, I was very much fatigued.\n       Finished in the forenoon, the second Book of the Cyropaedia; which I began, the 2d. of this month, and in the afternoon I began upon the book of Luke, in the Testament. I finish\u2019d Matthew, last Thursday, and passed over Mark, in which it is supposed there is no difficulty, and which I may go through, in case, I have leisure. Miss Nancy, went in the afternoon with a large Party on slaying; and dancing. I loiter\u2019d away the whole evening, which I have not done before, for some time. But I made up the lost time in the Night: between 1 and 2 in the morning when I retired to bed.\n       Began in the forenoon upon the third book of the Cyropaedia; Eliza Duncan, Miss Stevenson and Mr. Bil. Osgood spent the Evening here. Nancy has been very much in the dumps, these two or three days. I hope she is not offended with herself; for though she has many very great foibles (the lot of humanity) yet, upon the whole she is really a good girl.\n       Mrs. Payson pass\u2019d the afternoon here. A Daughter of Mrs. Sargeants who was a Coquettish young Widow, and married, about 9 months since; she is in some measure the arbiter of Taste and fashion here: and makes very smart and severe Remarks, upon every one, who does not happen to dress or dance, according to her Taste.\n       I went down with Nancy to Mr. Duncans, and was there all the Evening; there was considerable Company: the young Squire, as empty, as a Drum, though it must be said in his favour, that he is not very talkative. Mr. Tim Osgood, who return\u2019d yesterday from Newbury, where he went to carry Miss Knight. Mr. Duncan, said, he was an ambitious man, for that he was doing all he could to be Knighted. Miss Stevenson, endeavours to say very witty things, and has an archness of look, as who should say, is not that excellent. There is perhaps a little affectation in the matter, but it is all very excuseable, in a Lady. We must always judge of persons and things from their qualities, relative to others of the same kind. In this Country where fortunes are almost universally very small, four or five hundred \u00a3 sterling, annual income is considered as a large fortune; in Europe, it is a very trifling one. Were our young Ladies generally remarkable, for great virtues, and very few and inconsiderable faults, one might with Reason be strict, and severe; but as the matter stands, we must entirely over look small, foibles,\n        Be to their faults a little blind,\n        Be to their virtues very kind,\n       for most of our damsels are like portraits in crayons, which at a distance look, well, but if you approach near them, are vile daubings. There are some indeed who like the paintings of the great masters, excite admiration more and more, the nearer, and the longer they are examined. A few such, alone can reconcile me to a sex, which I should otherwise, doubt whether to hate, despise, or pity most.\n   Matthew Prior, \u201cAn English Padlock,\u201d [lines 78\u201379]; JQA has reversed the lines. A copy of Prior\u2019s Poems on Several Occasions, 2 vols. in 1, Glasgow, 1759, was owned by JQA at this time (MQA).\n       I was up late last Night, to finish the fourth book of Horace\u2019s Odes; and found my Eyes, this morning very sore indeed, so that I could not write or read. Mr. Storer, Mr. Atkinson, and Mr. W. Smith arrived, at about 10 in the morning, and my time was taken up, in going about with them. Visited Mr. Stoughton for the first time: Mrs. Stoughton is by no means fond of this Town. The sudden transition, from London, to so small and retired a Town as this, where she has no intimate acquaintance, must be disagreeable. Solitude, can never constitute a man\u2019s happiness, much less a woman\u2019s. I imagine they will not continue in Town long. Mr. Thaxter, Eliza, and the gentlemen, dined here; I had a thousand Questions to ask, Charles Storer, and forgot three quarters of them, not knowing which to ask first. He brought me, my watch chain, and some Letters.\n   Charles Storer (1761\u20131829), distantly related to AA through his father\u2019s second marriage into the Quincy family, went to Europe in 1781 and lived with JA at The Hague in 1782 and in Paris 1782\u20131783 while serving as an additional secretary to the minister. Storer left the Adamses late in 1783, spending much of his time in England, but kept in contact through a series of letters to JQA during 1784\u20131785. He returned to America in Nov. 1785 (Adams Family CorrespondenceAdams Family Correspondence, ed. L. H. Butterfield and others, Cambridge, 1963- ., 4:127; Storer to AA, 17 Oct. 1782; JA to John Jay, 25 Aug. 1785, LbC; AA2 to JQA, 24 Sept.\u20131 Oct. 1785, Adams Papers).\n   John Atkinson, who married Elizabeth Storer, daughter of \u201cDeacon\u201d Ebenezer Storer and half-sister of Charles (Sibley-Shipton, Harvard GraduatesJohn Langdon Sibley and Clifford K. Shipton, Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Cambridge and Boston, 1873- ., 12:213\u2013214; Scrapbook, MHi:Elizabeth Hall Smith Papers).\n   The letters probably included at least the following: AA2 to JQA, 26 Aug.\u201313 Sept. 1785; JA to JQA, 31 Aug., 9 Sept. 1785; AA to JQA, 6, 12 Sept. 1785 (Adams Papers).\n       Snowy weather all day. We attended however both the meetings. The forenoon text was from Isaiah VII. 13. And he said, Hear ye now, o house of David, Is it a small thing for you, to weary men, but will ye weary my God also? Somewhat of a foul weather Sermon, pretty short, and upon a subject of which little can be made. The field for expatiating, was much wider in the afternoon from Acts X. 38. Who, went about doing good. Here the Christian Clergyman, can produce the example of the author of his religion to recommend the most amiable virtues, benevolence, and humanity, which have so often been inculcated by the Philosophers of every age, and sect, but None have so completely added example to Precept, as he of whom this was said. We went down to Master White\u2019s, in the Evening, and staid there a couple of hours.\n       The gentlemen left us this morning for Portsmouth. The weather very cold. At home all day. Began the book of Epodes in Horace in the Evening. Between 1. and 2 in the morning before I retired. 9 10 in the Evening, is the professed bed hour, here: but there are Circumstances, which 19 times out of 20 delay it, till after 11. and it is a disagreeable reflection to me, that from an useless, attention, and fear for me, so far from producing its desired effect makes me lose, at least one hour every day; besides the additional vexation of seeing myself suspected; all these things are however only for a time, and I am thankful, that, it is verging so fast towards its end.\n       An extreme cold day. I regretted much, not having my thermometer with me, to see the Proportion, between the severity of the weather in St. Petersburg, and here. My Brother Charles, and Cousin Cranch, arrived here in the forenoon. They came yesterday from Braintree, as far as Andover. My Brother\u2019s coming, was the more agreeable, for being in some measure unexpected. We pass\u2019d the Evening at Mr. White\u2019s. Eliza, went to the Assembly: the first this Season, because, it has been delay\u2019d for some time, by the misfortune in Mr. Duncan\u2019s family. There has been a great complaining, among the old-womanish People in town, on this Subject: Superstition of some kind will prevail with mankind every where. Mr. Smith the minister of the Baptist Society in this Town, is violently opposed to dancing. It is in his mind, of itself an heinous sin. He has preached a Sermon himself, and hands about among his Parishioners, a printed one, inculcating this Principle, and there are many People, here, so warped in Prejudice, that they are really perswaded, they should incur the divine displeasure, as much by dancing, as by stealing, or perhaps, committing murder. Besides this there are many who, do not participate of the diversion, and are envious to see others amusing themselves. Their pretended reasons for disapproving an assembly are, that it is an idle expence, which many of the subscribers cannot afford; that it renders them unfit for business the next day, or that it makes them keep bad hours. This is nothing more, than meddling, in the affairs of other People, which mankind in general are too prone to. Some sillier than all the rest find fault, with the time of day, that is chosen, and an old woman, wisely told Mr. Shaw, that It was a dark purpose, and therefore they took a dark time. How one of the most innocent, and rational amusements, that was ever invented, can find, so many opposers is somewhat mysterious. But the mind of man is too often dispossed, to strain at a gnat and swallow a camel. However, the Subscribers wisely take no notice, of all these things, but go on, their own way, and despise all these senseless clamours.\n       The severest day we have had this Season. Did not stir out of the house, all day. Nancy, perceiving, that the cold had very much abated went out, and dined: but when she return\u2019d again in the Evening, discovered, that the Cold, had been rather increasing continually than otherwise. I could not write in the Evening, which was past in conversation with my Cousin and Brother.\n       The Cold has not been so violent this day, as the two former. Mr. and Mrs. Shaw, Miss Nancy and myself dined at Mr. N: Bradley\u2019s. This family is said to be remarkable for oddity. I was told I should have the greatest difficulty to keep my Countenance. There was indeed something singular in all of them, but nothing, that I thought very extraordinary. Every Nation has certain Customs peculiar to itself, and is not ridiculed for it. I do not see, why, every little singularity in a family should be laughed at.\n       I went after dinner to see Mr. Thaxter, at his office, and staid with him till 8 in the Evening, and pass\u2019d my time very agreeably, as I always do, when with him alone. Mr. Harrod was there, an hour or two: the first time I have ever been in Company with him. Studied the Epodes, in the Night; I do not admire them so much as the rest of their author\u2019s works. It would be much for his Reputation, I think, if some of them, were destroy\u2019d, or left out of the Collections of his writings.\n        Much less can that obtain a place,\n        At which a virgin hides her face.\n       No fame, can justify, such gross indecency as some of these Poems exhibit, and which if they came from any one else, would be called infamous. An officer who should behave, as a dastard, would not escape being broke, because upon former occasions, he had given proofs of great intrepidity.\n   Joseph Harrod (ca. 1748\u20131828), whose daughter Ann married TBA in 1805.\n   Abraham Cowley, \u201cOde. Of Wit,\u201d lines [45\u201346] (Works, 11th edn., 3 vols., London, 1710\u20131711, 1:4, at MQA).\n       A Number of Ladies, drank tea here, and Judge Sargeant also. I went with Mr. Thaxter and my brother Charles, and spent the Evening at Mr. Osgood\u2019s. This is a very ingenious Sensible man, well versed in English Literature, and has had what here is called a liberal Education; which means, he has been through the University. We conversed upon subjects, which please me more than cards, or dress or scandal, upon history and upon a book publish\u2019d about a year since, by Dr. Chauncy, upon universal Salvation. His System is, that all mankind will finally be saved, and he pretends to prove it, from the Scriptures. When the English Translation of the Bible tells us, that the wicked shall be cast into eternal fire, it does not render the original Idea. The greek word \u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1, means an unlimited space of time: it sometimes signifies a century, and sometimes the life of man. Reason alone, will inform us, that the Goodness as well as the power of the Almighty require that all mankind should be saved, and if the authority of the Scriptures, is not opposed to this System, the Christian religion is undoubtedly, the noblest plan, that was ever followed by men. But even after the great and admirable reformations, that have taken place within these three Centuries, there are many absurd, unnatural, and trifling articles, to which every sect of it are too much attached; great veneration is due to the holy writings, but it must be confessed, they have many Imperfections in the original Languages, and still more in the modern translations of them. The writings of Moses, subsisted, during a period of 3000 years, before the invention of printing, in the numerous Copies that were taken of them; many false words must have crept in, and in some passages may have altered entirely the original Sense. The Translators, may have mistaken, many places, and given Ideas which are not intended in the true Language. If therefore we find in the modern Translations of the Bible, Sentiments which are repugnant to Reason, we must suppose, that they are not of those, that are the truly inspired. In short Mr. Osgood said, when he first heard of Dr. Chauncy\u2019s Book, he had a great deal more to say against his System, than he had after he had read it. Although I have not seen the Book, as I have no Idea of a supreme being, that is not infinitely merciful, and good, as well as powerful, I cannot but admire every thing that tends to inculcate that Principle. Mr. Thaxter said, he fancied that opinion would gain ground very much within half a Century in this Country: and supposed it could not do any harm, if it was rightly understood.\n   [Charles Chauncy], The Mystery Hid from Ages and Generations, Made Manifest by the Gospel-Revelation: Or, The Salvation of All Men . . ., London, 1784.\n   Pretends: puts forward an explanation (OEDThe Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford, 1933; 12 vols, and supplement.).\n       Finished the Epodes of Horace, and the third book of Xenophon\u2019s Cyropaedia. There is no poem of Horace\u2019s, that has ever pleased me more, than that which closes the odes: the Carmen Saeculare. The beauty of language, and of numbers seem very well united. And of all the kinds of verse, that are used by this Poet the Sapphic, I think has the most dignity. The Saecular Games were celebrated in honour of all the Gods, but this poem, is addressed wholly, to Apollo, and Diana: at least, very little is said of any of the rest. I do not know but it may be very presuming to think that The Cyropaedia, is a very childish thing. There are now and then, it is true some noble Ideas. But I do not see that any great improvement can be derived from reading it.\n       The Weather has softened so much, that, it thaw\u2019d last Night, and has, all this day. We had nevertheless in the forenoon, a Sermon, from, Psalm CXLVII. 17. who can stand before his cold. And a cold Sermon it was. The Subject indeed was such, as that much, was not to be expected from it, nor indeed was much made of it. It was however short, which is a very good Quality at this Season of the year. The afternoon text, from I Corinthians. III. 18. Let no man deceive himself, opened a much wider field for reasoning, and morality. The discourse pleased me much better. My Brother sat up with me; I began upon the first Book of the Satires, which are upon a very different plan from the Odes. Close reasoning, sharp ridicule, and few ornaments are the Characteristics of this kind of Poetry. Ridicule, and even reasoning, may be made use of in an Ode, but it absolutely requires the most fragrant flowers of rhetoric, and Poetry to adorn it.\n   JQA apparently also made at this time a translation of Horace\u2019s Satires; there is an undated fragmentary document in M/JQA/44 (Adams Papers, Microfilms, Reel No. 239), which contains translations of Satires 1 and 3\u201310 of Book I, Satire 1 being incomplete; and Satires 1\u20138 of Book II, Satire 8 being incomplete.\n       Began upon Homer\u2019s Iliad, in the morning, and got through 50 lines. This author would be very easy to understand, was it not for the various dialects he makes use of.\n       Drank tea, and spent the Evening at Mr. McHard\u2019s; but as the Company was chiefly composed of young Ladies, of Course, there was nothing said, which may not be found in Swift\u2019s polite Conversation; and I am sure there is nothing there, that deserves to be repeated. We play\u2019d cards, till about 9, and then all retired.\n   A Complete Collection of Polite and Ingenious Conversation, published under the pseudonym of Simon Wagstaff, Esq., good-naturedly satirizes through three dialogues the inane attempts at repartee of such characters as Miss Notable, Lord Sparkish, and others. The examples of smart conversation offered, Swift\u2019s introduction declared, should fill every need of genteel people \u201cmet together for their mutual entertainment.\u201d\n       Went over, with my Cousin and brother Charles, to dine with Mr. Allen at Bradford. A lame foot prevented Tom from going with us. Last Saturday, he turn\u2019d his foot as he was walking, and disjointed three bones. So that he cannot yet walk.\n       Walker and Ebenezer Webster, formally a pupil of Mr. Shaw\u2019s dined with us: and an old gentleman by the name of Osgood belonging to Andover, a very sensible man, and by the manner in which he conversed I judged he had been a traveller. There was after dinner, another Doctor Osgood, came in: a young man very talkative I fancy: he reason\u2019d more than half an hour to prove to Mr. Allen, that a minister without a fortune, did very wrong to marry; I thought his attempt was somewhat ill-timed.\n       Returning home we met the young Ladies from Master White\u2019s going to Johnny\u2019s. We escorted them; sat there half an hour: and came off.\n   Probably Joseph Osgood Sr., a physician at Andover (Ira Osgood, A Genealogy of the Descendants of John, Christopher, and William Osgood, Salem, Mass., 1894, p. 38\u201339).\n   Possibly Dr. Isaac Osgood Jr., a son of the Haverhill merchant (Russell Leigh Jackson, \u201cPhysicians of Essex County,\u201d Essex Inst., Hist. Colls.,Essex Institute Historical Collections. 84:182 [April 1948]).\n       Dined with my Cousin, and brothers at Mr. White\u2019s; the young Captain was there, a youth, who goes by that title because, he has assumed the man somewhat young. Peggy told me to write some Verses in her Pocket book, and after hesitating between a number of silly ideas, I at length pitch\u2019d upon these, which are full silly enough.\n        Ah what avails it, to invoke the Muse,\n        To sing your praises as the Poets use,\n        Since t\u2019would exhaust the richest flow of Verse,\n        One in a thousand Beauties to rehearse.\n       If it is but insipid flattery, it is no more than what every young Lady expects from Gentlemen; and what few of the Gentlemen refuse them.\n       My Cousin went with the Ladies to spend the Evening at Major Bartlett\u2019s. My brothers and I return\u2019d home.\n   That is, Capt. Benjamin Willis Jr.; see entry of 9 Dec. (above).\n       This morning my Cousin and Brother left us, to return back to Braintree. The late thaw has made the roads very bad for them; but the weather has been agreeable, till the Evening, which is Snowy. Mr. Piper, a Clergyman, belonging to Wakefield in New Hampshire, spent the Night here; I felt not in so high spirits as I sometimes do, and much in a silent mood: so that I did not stay to hear much of Mr. Piper\u2019s Conversation.\n       Finished the first book of the Satires, and began, the 2d. These I find no difficulty in, as I have translated them before. Read in Locke\u2019s Essay upon the Understanding, in the afternoon; the whole of the first book is taken up in proving that there are no innate Ideas. A person should never pass judgment upon such points, or indeed any others that are the subjects of Contention, without hearing both sides of the Question: but he appears to reason in such a manner that I am very much inclined to think him right. It has been said, that his arguments to prove that the existence of a God is not an innate Idea, may be injurious, but they make no alteration in the reality, nor do they in the least invalidate, the evidence, of, what Nature cries aloud in all her works. This is the only idea, which I think might be contended for as innate; for as to those of a Virtue, justice &c. I conceive of nothing that can be answered to what he says upon the subject.\n   JQA began earlier a written translation of Horace\u2019s Satires, containing only Satire 1 of Book I. He first turned it into Latin prose by transposing the order of words and then translated it phrase by phrase (M/JQA/42 [1783?], Adams Papers, Microfilms, Reel No. 237).\n       Mrs. Shaw went over to Bradford in the afternoon, and pass\u2019d it at Mr. Allen\u2019s. Read Locke, upon the Question whether the Soul always thinks: he endeavours to prove that it does not: he has not however satisfied me, so well as upon the Subject of innate Ideas. His principal argument is, the improbability, that we should think several hours together, and not recollect what it was we thought of. But it is beyond dispute that some men do both walk, and talk very rationally in their sleep and yet never recollect one Circumstance of it, and are entirely ignorant of it, unless told by Persons present, at the Time. Now, this being the case, it is no unreasonable argument, to say that if we are sometimes wholly insensible after waking, of what we did while asleep, it may be so always. But I take it this matter must always be somewhat obscure, because it cannot be demonstrated either way. The author seems to think that dreams, are no proof of the soul\u2019s being active, but supposed it may be caused by some faculty like that possessed by Beasts. This Idea is ingenious, but is not sufficiently proved true, to be admitted as an argument.\n       Mr. Allen preach\u2019d here to day. In the morning from Matthew VI. 33. But seek ye first the kingdom of God, and his righteousness, and all these things shall be added unto you. I liked the Sermon well enough, all but this Sentence. The antecedent to which the pronoun relative his here refers, is God. Surely those of the hearers who had studied Grammar, were not to be told this, and those who had not were probably ignorant of the meaning affixed to the words, antecedent, and pronoun relative. I thought, his prayer was exceeding good. His afternoon discourse was from John XIV: 27: Peace I leave with you, my Peace I give unto you: not as the world giveth, give I unto you. He seems to be fond of grammatical disquisitions, and talk\u2019d about Synonimous terms, excepting that I was pleased with his speaking.\n       Very moderate weather, and exceeding fine; more adapted to the month of April, than to the present Season.\n       Rain\u2019d almost all day. Finish\u2019d the first Book of Homer\u2019s Iliad, which is far more entertaining than the Cyropaedia; there is a vast deal of simplicity in the Poetry, but at the same time great dignity, and so much Nature, that it is not without Reason, that an English Poet has said of him,\n        To Study Nature is to study him.\n       I began in the evening a Letter to my Sister.\n   JQA was undoubtedly thinking of the following lines from Pope:\n   \u201cNature and Homer were, he [Virgil] found, the same.\n   Convinc\u2019d amaz\u2019d, he checks the bold design:\n   And rules as strict his labour\u2019d work confine,\n   As if the Stagirite o\u2019erlook\u2019d each line.\n   Learn hence for ancient rules a just esteem;\n   To copy nature is to copy them.\u201d\n   (\u201cAn Essay on Criticism,\u201d lines 135\u2013140).\n   Letter not found.\n       Began upon the 4th Book of the Cyropaedia. The wind at about noon, shifted to the North West, and grew cold very fast. Assembly Night, and as all the young folks in town were there, I staid at home. Nancy return\u2019d at 12. o\u2019clock from the Assembly.\n       Finished the Satires.\n       About 2 months longer, will put an end to my Residence here, and I shall then rejoice for more than one Reason.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0002-0001", "content": "Title: Wednesday February 1st. 1786.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Slept none last Night. Felt unwell all day. Went in the evening to Mr. White\u2019s but nobody was there: from thence to Mr. Duncan\u2019s where I found Mr. Thaxter, and the young Squire, about as opposite to each other as North and South. Mr. Duncan, talk\u2019d a great deal about paper money times, and the amazing depreciation, of that Currency. Went from thence in to Mr. Osgood\u2019s, where there was all Mr. White\u2019s family. Says Mr. W. we have not seen you, before, this month. I said I had been at his house last week. But that was not this month. This was wit. Spent an hour with Mr. Thaxter at his office. Studied none in the Night.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0002-0002", "content": "Title: 2d.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Lecture day. Mr. Adams, Mr. Allen, and Master Parker, dined here. I did not go. In the afternoon Eliza, finally came, and intends to stay here, as long as she remains in Haverhill; I imagine we shall both leave town about the same time. Mr. Thaxter came and spent an hour here in the Evening, which he seldom does, as he is a little too closely engaged in other business. He often reminds me of the lines in the Conquest of Can\u00e4an quoted, in page 240, of this volume. They are I think very applicable to him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0002-0003", "content": "Title: 3d.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Drank tea at old Mrs. Marsh\u2019s. Mr. and Mrs. Shaw have, a very high opinion of this Person; and I believe a just one. She appears to me, to be ting\u2019d with Superstition, but of such as can do no harm in the world, and may be greatly conducive to her own happiness. Was about an hour at Mr. White\u2019s, and afterwards at Mr. Duncan\u2019s; a numerous Company there. Mr. Moores, and Ab: Duncan came and spent the remainder of the Evening here. Felt low spirited but tickled my spleen, by reading Young\u2019s 6th. Satire in the love of Fame.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0002-0004", "content": "Title: 4th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Dined at Mr. Osgood\u2019s in a large Company. 16 persons, at table. Mr. Larieu, a frenchman, and Mr. W. Greenleaf, were the only, that I was not before acquainted with. Mr. Larieu has been very unfortunate in losing almost all his Estate, by the failure of Mr. Fessenden, in this Town. Drank tea at Mr. White\u2019s, where, Eliza pass\u2019d the Day. In the Evening I was conversing my aunt, upon the subject of Courtship, and that of Self love. Mr. Shaw was present when I said I thought, Self, was the ultimate motive of all actions, good, bad, or indifferent. He opposed the idea, and as I persisted in my opinion, he said he thought it a little Strange, that at 19 a youth should make such positive decisions, in opposition, to persons much older, than myself. I believe in answer I shew, too much warmth, as his charge was partly true. I fear I am too tenacious of many of my opinions, and what in itself is nothing, but as to the effect it has on mankind, is all; I still own, that I have not altered them, even after hearing them Reason upon the subject; unless I have really been convinced. It has made persons suppose I was obstinate, and dogmatical, and pedantic, as Mr. Shaw expressed himself, when if my heart deceives me not, I only wish to acquire information, and own my thoughts, without ever having an Idea, to wish other persons might adopt my Sentiments; it is not unpolite to think differently from a person older than yourself, but the unpoliteness lies in combatting his opinions. I wish to be more fully Sensible of this maxim, at times, when it is necessary to put it in practice. Reverence for age, is one of the most important and necessary qualities, a young man can have: and a deference to their sentiments, ought, apparently to be shown, even although, they were absurd and ridiculous. N.B. To think more upon this Subject.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0002-0007", "content": "Title: 7th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Drank tea, and spent the evening at Mr. Payson\u2019s. His lady, who has had two daughters by a former, takes, as I believe, the shortest possible method to ruin them. She made one of them this evening, mimic, the peculiarities, of several respectable persons in town. The Child, would first examine particularly, to see if the persons she was to ape was not present, and when satisfied they were not, would imitate all their oddities, so as to raise the laughter of the Company, who must all at the same time suppose, that to morrow, they would themselves afford the same diversion to others. And this is an accomplishment! If such a Character in a person already grown up, is always hated and avoided, what ought our sentiments be, of one, who encourages it in a Child, and creates an habit which is as contemptible, as dangerous.\n       Leonard White took his leave of us. The Vacation ends to-morrow, and he returns to Cambridge.\n       Began upon the second book of the Iliad: it is something very extraordinary to me, how the fondness for Antiquity can lead men (and women) of taste and learning to such extravagant partiality for the ancients, as it has in many instances. Madam Dacier, went so far as to say that even the customs and manners of Antiquity, were as much better than those of modern times, as they were different. To be consistent she should have added religion too, for all the rest have their Source in that. I have been reading this day, that Jupiter the greatest of the Gods, revolving in his mind, how he might avenge, an injury of one man to another, by destroying thousands of innocent men, at length determines to send a deceitful dream, and frames, an impudent lye for the messenger to tell. What an idea, of the supreme being! Is it not a denial, of his wisdom, and justice, as well as of his Power? Surely our ideas of a God, are much more perfect at this Time. To say that this owing to no merit of our own, but to our having been favour\u2019d with Revelation, is no argument against us, but on the contrary assigning the cause of our improvement. I shall continue to commit my Ideas on this subject to Paper; according as I have occasion.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0002-0008", "content": "Title: 8th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       At home all day. Mr. True, was here all the afternoon. There is something extraordinary about this man: he has formerly been in a Melancholy state of mind, and appears even now to retain it, to a certain degree.\n       Finished the book of Luke in the afternoon.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0002-0009", "content": "Title: 9th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Miss Nancy, finally left us, this afternoon; and is going to board at Mr. Isra\u00ebl Bartlett\u2019s. Her going away, has given me pleasure, with respect to myself; as she was the Cause of many disagreeable little Circumstances to me. There was a Time, when I was Sensible of being more attached to her, than I should wish to be; to any young Lady, to whom I was not in any way related: but it was of very short duration; indeed her character is such, as acquires a persons affection, much easier than she preserves it. But her natural disposition which is excellent, and the many good Qualities which appear, even through the mist of foibles and errors that surround them, have given me, a friendship for her, and it appears to me, that the present step, must do her essential injury, unless she can immediately assume a fund of Prudence, which, I have never seen her make use of. With one third part of the Vanity she has, she would be exceeding amiable. All her principal faults proceed from that, which has been fostered and fanned ever since she was introduced into company; and she was then too young, not to be tickled, with the Admiration paid her by a number of real and feigned admirers, such as always follow a young Lady of Wit and personal Attractions.\n       Spent the Evening at Mr. Dodge\u2019s in Company with Mr. Thaxter, Mr. Bartlett, the two Mr. Osgoods and Major Starke. The Conversation was partly upon literary subjects, and partly upon religion, a topic Mr. D. is not averse to.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0002-0011", "content": "Title: 11th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Eliza spent the day at Mr. White\u2019s; went down and drank tea there, with Mr. Thaxter, who was here part of the Evening. Mr. Shaw preaches to-morrow at Boxford, and is to be supplied, by a Mr. Howe, who came here this Evening. An extraordinary \n        Character. He adopted a degree of familiarity, as soon as he came into the house, which, did not in any measure prejudice me in his favour. Indeed by the tenor of his Conversation I am led to Suspect his brain is a little crack\u2019d but the singularity of his behaviour may be owing to the manner in which he has been educated and the Company he has kept. It is said that he carried himself through College, by working at wages as a farmer, at different times, so as to pay his bills, and to avoid being known he went by a feign\u2019d name: this shows, a spirit of Ambition, and fondness for Study, which argue a mind above the common.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0002-0013", "content": "Title: 13th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Mr. and Mrs. Allen, came over and dined here. They carried away my Cousin with them. She purposes spending a week at Bradford.\n       Finished the second Book of the Iliad, the latter part of which is a tedious enumeration of the Ships, which might I think as well have been omitted. Pope\u2019s Translation of this, is surely an excellent Poem; but the Ideas, are often very different. There is indeed a simplicity in some Passages of Homer, which in a modern language would be ridiculous. At the description of a Sacrifice and an Entertainment Homer says, of the victim, they knock\u2019d out its brains, cut its throat, and thrust a spit through it. How different from this, Pope\u2019s paraphrase is, may be seen in his Iliad II. verse 202 &c. There are few of this Poet\u2019s original Pieces, in which it is not as plain to see imitation, as in the Homer.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0002-0014", "content": "Title: 14th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Snow\u2019d all the morning. Young Mr. Willis arrived from Boston, and informed us that a vessel will sail from Boston for London, in the Course of this Week. I wrote all the Evening, and closed a Letter to my Sister. Began the third book of the Iliad, and the Acts in the Testament.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0002-0015", "content": "Title: 15th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       The weather, very mild; it thaw\u2019d all day. Spent the Evening at Dr. Saltonstall\u2019s; the first time I have been at his house, since I came to Town. The Doctor is a very Sensible man and an able Physician; but has a very disagreeable voice; a person accustomed to it, may not take notice of it, but at first it is almost intolerable. Finished my Latin Studies with the Andrian of Terence. The Play is interesting, and many of the Sentiments are fine; but the unravelling of the Plot, is not very probable; indeed I might say it fails highly against the probability: not only in the Circumstance of the discovery itself which poets have often taken, and as it may well happen, is justifiable: but would a man, whose daughter had been shipwreckd sat silent without seeking for her. And why did not Phania, after being saved from a wreck at Andros, write to his brother, an account, of his Situation or if he could not write, inform him some other way, for Andros was not at a great distance from Athens, and probably there were often opportunities of sending from one place to another. Many other Circumstances, increase this improbability; but the Critic can never find Perfection, and the person that is willing to be pleased with what he reads, is happier than he who is always looking for faults.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0002-0016", "content": "Title: 16th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Mr. Thaxter and Miss Nancy dined here. The latter appeared very different from when she lived here. She seem\u2019d to feel under restraint, and obliged to behave with propriety, I cannot see, how persons think that provided they behave well in Company, it is of no Consequence, how they behave at home. I believe I never knew a young Lady, of whom I thought so differently at different times; and as my present disposition of mind is not much in her favour, I will say nothing.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0002-0017", "content": "Title: 17th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Began the 4th. Book of the Iliad. Here again the despicable beings, the Heathens made of their Gods appears very plainly. In a Counsel of the Gods, Jupiter begins with a bitter sarcasm, on purpose, as the Poet says, to raise the spleen of his wife. She raves like a fury, and then to appease her, he gives her the permission to destroy his favourite City, which of all others, had been the most pious to him. But he grants the favour, only upon condition that if he should take it into his head to destroy one of her beloved Cities, she should have no objection, and to this she readily assents. Enthusiasts in favour of the Ancients perhaps will say, that Religion is to be excepted, from what they admire them for and do not all relations from man to man, all our duties towards one another, and all the customs of Nations, flow from, Religion. And though it may be confessed that mankind in General, do not behave agreeable to the admirable Precepts, contained in the Christian System, yet they universally approve of them, and there are numbers of People who really follow them. A Man at this day, will not glory in avenging a trifling injury, by the slaughter of thousands. Nine men, in ten would heartily execrate the Idea. But the Reason, why such Complaints of the world\u2019s growing worse, have been made in all ages, I take to be this. Few men live long in the world without having suffered from baseness, and wickedness in others. They immediately lay to the whole race, those evil qualities they perceive in Individuals; but as they have received no personal injury from men that lived before them they form no antipathy against the race. They are prejudiced when they form the Comparison, and cannot therefore judge impartially.\n       Mr. Evans came to stay till Monday, and will preach for Mr. Shaw on Sunday.\n       Went down in the Evening to Mr. White\u2019s. There was a large Company of young ladies, and gentlemen there; for which Reason I stay\u2019d but a little while there.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0002-0019", "content": "Title: 19th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Mr. Evans preach\u2019d in the forenoon from Luke XV. 18. 19. I will arise and go to my father, and will say unto him, Father, I have sinned against heaven and before thee. And am no more worthy to be called thy Son: make me as one of thy hired Servants. In the afternoon the two ensuing verses. And he arose, and came to his father: but when he was yet a great way off, his father saw him, and had compassion, and ran, and fell on his neck, and kissed him. And the son said unto him, Father I have sinned against heaven, and in thy sight, and am no more worthy to be called thy Son. There is not perhaps in the whole Bible, a subject upon which a clergyman, can employ his talents more usefully. This Story naturally leads to the encouragement of all the virtues that adorn human Nature, and shows, in a striking light the terrible consequences of Vice. Mr. Evans had two good Sermons upon it; there was an apparent imitation of Yorick\u2019s, but I did not like them the less for that. He did not take certain heads to his discourse, as is a general custom among our Clergymen; but I think like Mr. Osgood, who said he did not see what good a parcel of heads without any bodies, could do. The discourses were moral, and practical; and I prefer hearing none at all, to hearing those of any other kind. Mr. Redington, and Judge Blodget were here in the Evening.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0002-0020", "content": "Title: 20th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Snow\u2019d almost all day. In the evening I went over to Bradford, with my brother. Eliza, thought to be sure somebody was sick, that we came in such weather; stay\u2019d a couple of hours: as I return\u2019d I stopp\u2019d in half an hour at Mr. White\u2019s.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0002-0021", "content": "Title: 21st.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       The weather cleared up in the Night; somewhat cold, and very windy. Mr. Evans set off in the afternoon for Portsmouth.\n       Finished the 4th. and began the 5th. Book of the Iliad. The 200 last lines in the 4th. are much more difficult than any thing I have met with in Greek as yet.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0002-0022", "content": "Title: 22d.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Mr. and Mrs. Allen, and Eliza, stopp\u2019d here on their way to Kittery, at about half after 8. I was not up. I cannot study in the morning, because there is always so much stirring; but when every body else in the house is in bed, I have nothing to interrupt me, so that I seldom retire before 1 in the morning, and rise, between 8 and 9. I have endeavoured to sleep less but have not been able.\n       The weather mild all day. Looks something like rain; which would make very bad travelling, and the Town less lively: Finished the second Volume of the Essay upon the human Understanding. There is much said in the latter end of the Book, concerning the real essence of things. He may be right in his conjectures, but I know not how far upon those Principles, Pyrrhonism, might be carried; and perhaps, it is not a question of great Consequence, whether we know the real essence of things or not.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0002-0023", "content": "Title: 23d.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Mr. Shaw went to the funeral of Mr. Wingate, formerly a Minister at Boxford. A Mr. and Mrs. Swift from Andover dined here. Mr. True, came home with Mr. Shaw, and will lodge here tonight. Read Guthrie\u2019s Grammar in the Evening. This is to me, at present a more entertaining study, than Locke; and does not require so close application.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0002-0024", "content": "Title: 24th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Another Snow storm; almost all day. Closed the Acts, in the Testament, and began the Romans. In the last Chapter of Acts, there is a Story, which, shows how far ignorance and prejudice, mislead the judgment of men. A Viper sticks upon St. Paul\u2019s hand, and the People, immediately suppose him to be a murderer, but as soon as they find he receives no hurt from it, they conclude he is a God. Eventus Stultorum magister, says Livy, but if all those who judge of most things from the Event, are to be comprehended under that denomination, who would escape the charge of folly. But I think it the duty of Every one, to endeavour to be, as little as possible influenced by Events. As men, and their Actions, are really, either good or bad in themselves, and not according to their success; it is unjust to judge them upon any other Principles.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0002-0025", "content": "Title: 25th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Very pleasant, all day. A curious Event happened, at the last Assembly: a misfortune befel one of the Ladies; and a few days after, an scandalous Advertisement, was fastened upon a sign post. I have as yet heard no more, but I much suspect it will be attended in the End with some disagreeable Circumstances. Some persons can be taught prudence and Caution only by bitter experience. We expected Mr. Allen, with the Ladies back this Night, but yesterdays storm, probably prevented them. Mr. Thaxter was here, about an hour in the Evening.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0002-0026", "content": "Title: 26th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       We had this day two very good Sermons, from II. Kings XXII. 20th. Behold therefore I will gather thee unto thy fathers, and thou shalt be gathered into thy grave in peace, and thine eyes shall not see all the evil which I will bring upon this place and from Romans XII. 15. Rejoice, with them that do rejoyce, and weep with them that weep. The former, was an occasional discourse; the other was practical, and properly inculcated the virtue of participating, in the happiness and the griefs of others.\n       Spent the Evening with Mr. Thaxter. He has been unwell all day.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0002", "content": "Title: [February 1786]\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n      Wednesday February 1st. 1786.\n       Slept none last Night. Felt unwell all day. Went in the evening to Mr. White\u2019s but nobody was there: from thence to Mr. Duncan\u2019s where I found Mr. Thaxter, and the young Squire, about as opposite to each other as North and South. Mr. Duncan, talk\u2019d a great deal about paper money times, and the amazing depreciation, of that Currency. Went from thence in to Mr. Osgood\u2019s, where there was all Mr. White\u2019s family. Says Mr. W. we have not seen you, before, this month. I said I had been at his house last week. But that was not this month. This was wit. Spent an hour with Mr. Thaxter at his office. Studied none in the Night.\n       Lecture day. Mr. Adams, Mr. Allen, and Master Parker, dined here. I did not go. In the afternoon Eliza, finally came, and intends to stay here, as long as she remains in Haverhill; I imagine we shall both leave town about the same time. Mr. Thaxter came and spent an hour here in the Evening, which he seldom does, as he is a little too closely engaged in other business. He often reminds me of the lines in the Conquest of Can\u00e4an quoted, in page 240, of this volume. They are I think very applicable to him.\n   Presumably Daniel Parker, the Haverhill schoolmaster.\n   See entry for 28 Dec. 1785 (above).\n       Drank tea at old Mrs. Marsh\u2019s. Mr. and Mrs. Shaw have, a very high opinion of this Person; and I believe a just one. She appears to me, to be ting\u2019d with Superstition, but of such as can do no harm in the world, and may be greatly conducive to her own happiness. Was about an hour at Mr. White\u2019s, and afterwards at Mr. Duncan\u2019s; a numerous Company there. Mr. Moores, and Ab: Duncan came and spent the remainder of the Evening here. Felt low spirited but tickled my spleen, by reading Young\u2019s 6th. Satire in the love of Fame.\n   \u201cOn Women\u201d (Edward Young, Love of Fame, The Universal Passion, In Seven Characteristic Satires, London, 1728).\n       Dined at Mr. Osgood\u2019s in a large Company. 16 persons, at table. Mr. Larieu, a frenchman, and Mr. W. Greenleaf, were the only, that I was not before acquainted with. Mr. Larieu has been very unfortunate in losing almost all his Estate, by the failure of Mr. Fessenden, in this Town. Drank tea at Mr. White\u2019s, where, Eliza pass\u2019d the Day. In the Evening I was conversing my aunt, upon the subject of Courtship, and that of Self love. Mr. Shaw was present when I said I thought, Self, was the ultimate motive of all actions, good, bad, or indifferent. He opposed the idea, and as I persisted in my opinion, he said he thought it a little Strange, that at 19 a youth should make such positive decisions, in opposition, to persons much older, than myself. I believe in answer I shew, too much warmth, as his charge was partly true. I fear I am too tenacious of many of my opinions, and what in itself is nothing, but as to the effect it has on mankind, is all; I still own, that I have not altered them, even after hearing them Reason upon the subject; unless I have really been convinced. It has made persons suppose I was obstinate, and dogmatical, and pedantic, as Mr. Shaw expressed himself, when if my heart deceives me not, I only wish to acquire information, and own my thoughts, without ever having an Idea, to wish other persons might adopt my Sentiments; it is not unpolite to think differently from a person older than yourself, but the unpoliteness lies in combatting his opinions. I wish to be more fully Sensible of this maxim, at times, when it is necessary to put it in practice. Reverence for age, is one of the most important and necessary qualities, a young man can have: and a deference to their sentiments, ought, apparently to be shown, even although, they were absurd and ridiculous. N.B. To think more upon this Subject.\n       A Snowy day.\n       Two Sermons from Hebrews XI. 1. Now faith is the Substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen. I should not conceive how one Sermon could be made out of this text, much less two. However, what with faith, and the immortality of the Soul they were made out. That ancient and celebrated Poet Homer, had taken notice of a place, which he called \u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2 and supposed it to be appointed the receptacle of good souls. Plato a great Philosopher had written a large treatise upon the Subject: and Cicero, says that if the opinion of the Souls immortality, be false, he owns himself happy to be in error. There was a great deal of Erudition shown here; but for my Part, I want neither the Authority of Homer, of Plato, nor of Tully, to be persuaded of a thing, which Nature speaks so plainly. A child was baptized, by the name of Sally Cogswell.\n   That is, Hades.\n       Finished the 4th. Book of the Cyropaedia; I shall have no more to do with this author while I remain here, and am heartily glad of it. It is not now, as in the first book. The Conquest of Empires is related, but in the same manner, that the trifles of the hero\u2019s childhood were. Gobryas appears to me to tell his story, just as a crabberly boy complains to his mother, that he has been beat, not like a sovereign, ardent to revenge the death of his Son: there appears moreover in this Romance, a very great degree of improbability. Human Nature must have been very different then from what it is now, if a short speech, could not only restrain soldiers from plundering, but make those of one Nation, tamely give up their prey to their allies.\n       Drank tea, and spent the evening at Mr. Payson\u2019s. His lady, who has had two daughters by a former, takes, as I believe, the shortest possible method to ruin them. She made one of them this evening, mimic, the peculiarities, of several respectable persons in town. The Child, would first examine particularly, to see if the persons she was to ape was not present, and when satisfied they were not, would imitate all their oddities, so as to raise the laughter of the Company, who must all at the same time suppose, that to morrow, they would themselves afford the same diversion to others. And this is an accomplishment! If such a Character in a person already grown up, is always hated and avoided, what ought our sentiments be, of one, who encourages it in a Child, and creates an habit which is as contemptible, as dangerous.\n       Leonard White took his leave of us. The Vacation ends to-morrow, and he returns to Cambridge.\n       Began upon the second book of the Iliad: it is something very extraordinary to me, how the fondness for Antiquity can lead men (and women) of taste and learning to such extravagant partiality for the ancients, as it has in many instances. Madam Dacier, went so far as to say that even the customs and manners of Antiquity, were as much better than those of modern times, as they were different. To be consistent she should have added religion too, for all the rest have their Source in that. I have been reading this day, that Jupiter the greatest of the Gods, revolving in his mind, how he might avenge, an injury of one man to another, by destroying thousands of innocent men, at length determines to send a deceitful dream, and frames, an impudent lye for the messenger to tell. What an idea, of the supreme being! Is it not a denial, of his wisdom, and justice, as well as of his Power? Surely our ideas of a God, are much more perfect at this Time. To say that this owing to no merit of our own, but to our having been favour\u2019d with Revelation, is no argument against us, but on the contrary assigning the cause of our improvement. I shall continue to commit my Ideas on this subject to Paper; according as I have occasion.\n   Sarah White and Mary Henley White (Dean Dudley, History of the Dudley Family, Wakefield, Mass., 1886\u20131894, p. 798\u2013799).\n   Anne Lef\u00e8vre Dacier, the distinguished Latin and Greek scholar and translator of the Odyssey and Iliad (Hoefer, Nouv. biog. g\u00e9n\u00e9raleJ. C. F. Hoefer, ed., Nouvelle biographie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale depuis les temps les plus recul\u00e9s jusqu\u2019\u00e0 nos jours, Paris, 1852-1866; 46 vols.). At this time JQA may have owned copies of the Dacier translation of the Odyssey, 3 vols., Amsterdam, 1717, and the Iliad, 3 vols., Amsterdam, 1712, which have his bookplate (MQA).\n       At home all day. Mr. True, was here all the afternoon. There is something extraordinary about this man: he has formerly been in a Melancholy state of mind, and appears even now to retain it, to a certain degree.\n       Finished the book of Luke in the afternoon.\n       Miss Nancy, finally left us, this afternoon; and is going to board at Mr. Isra\u00ebl Bartlett\u2019s. Her going away, has given me pleasure, with respect to myself; as she was the Cause of many disagreeable little Circumstances to me. There was a Time, when I was Sensible of being more attached to her, than I should wish to be; to any young Lady, to whom I was not in any way related: but it was of very short duration; indeed her character is such, as acquires a persons affection, much easier than she preserves it. But her natural disposition which is excellent, and the many good Qualities which appear, even through the mist of foibles and errors that surround them, have given me, a friendship for her, and it appears to me, that the present step, must do her essential injury, unless she can immediately assume a fund of Prudence, which, I have never seen her make use of. With one third part of the Vanity she has, she would be exceeding amiable. All her principal faults proceed from that, which has been fostered and fanned ever since she was introduced into company; and she was then too young, not to be tickled, with the Admiration paid her by a number of real and feigned admirers, such as always follow a young Lady of Wit and personal Attractions.\n       Spent the Evening at Mr. Dodge\u2019s in Company with Mr. Thaxter, Mr. Bartlett, the two Mr. Osgoods and Major Starke. The Conversation was partly upon literary subjects, and partly upon religion, a topic Mr. D. is not averse to.\n       Thaw\u2019d all day. The winter seems in some measure, to be gone; very little snow remaining on the ground, and the weather much like Spring.\n       Finished the Ars Po\u00ebtica of Horace, with which his works conclude. Thus I have of late dismissed several books, but shall be obliged, rather to increase my diligence, than otherwise; as Mr. Shaw received this Evening, from Mr. Williams the Professor of Mathematics, and natural History at Cambridge, a Letter informing him that his Lectures begin, the 21st. of next Month; so that I shall be obliged to go, much sooner than I expected. I have a great deal yet to do; but hope to go through it as, I have already done, so much. The Clock has just struck twelve, Consequently a new day begins, I shall therefore close this for the present.\n       Eliza spent the day at Mr. White\u2019s; went down and drank tea there, with Mr. Thaxter, who was here part of the Evening. Mr. Shaw preaches to-morrow at Boxford, and is to be supplied, by a Mr. Howe, who came here this Evening. An extraordinary \n        Character. He adopted a degree of familiarity, as soon as he came into the house, which, did not in any measure prejudice me in his favour. Indeed by the tenor of his Conversation I am led to Suspect his brain is a little crack\u2019d but the singularity of his behaviour may be owing to the manner in which he has been educated and the Company he has kept. It is said that he carried himself through College, by working at wages as a farmer, at different times, so as to pay his bills, and to avoid being known he went by a feign\u2019d name: this shows, a spirit of Ambition, and fondness for Study, which argue a mind above the common.\n   Undoubtedly, Tillotson Howe, a Dartmouth graduate and minister in several northern New England towns. As JQA\u2019s entries for 12 Feb. and 5 March (below) make clear, Howe exemplified dozens of young men trained at Eleazar Wheelock\u2019s nursery for the New Light ministry (Dartmouth College and Associated Schools General Catalogue, 1769\u20131940, Hanover, N.H., 1940; Eliza Ann Gibson Stickney, Reminiscences of Brownfield: Short Sketches from the History of the Town, East Brownfield, Maine, 1901, p. 55\u201356).\n       Mr. Howe, preached us two Sermons from John III. 3. Jesus answered and said unto him, Verily, verily I say unto thee, Except a man be born again he cannot see the kingdom of God. The text did not please me at first, and the tenets held forth, were pretty much such as I should have expected from this beginning. In the morning he said he would have us suppose, that we all wish\u2019d and desired our own Destruction. In the afternoon we were told, that without grace, we could not believe, and without believing, we could not be saved; and that we could not acquire grace of ourselves; nor if we obtained it, was it owing to merit in us. An Impious System in my opinion. He said that an unregenerate man, supposing even he was admitted into heaven, could not be happy. This was quite a new Idea, to me. He illustrated it by a simile saying, a Swine, could never be happy, was he put into a Palace, elegantly furnish\u2019d. He carried on this elegant simile for ten minutes. Another he made use of was still more ludicrous. A man could no more obtain grace, by works, than he could walk to get himself feet. At another time he said Adam\u2019s original sin, was imputed to all his Posterity. I know added he, this point is much contested, but my business is not to prove it here, and I shall therefore, take it for granted. This is a short way to prove anything, but, although he maintained a doctrine which appeared to me, opposite to common sense, as well as injurious to the supreme being; yet sometimes he would speak for a quarter of an hour at a time, with a great degree of energy and Propriety. Some parts were excellent, but the, whole, was but indifferent at best. Spent the Evening with Mr. Thaxter. Eliza, was unwell in the afternoon.\n       Mr. and Mrs. Allen, came over and dined here. They carried away my Cousin with them. She purposes spending a week at Bradford.\n       Finished the second Book of the Iliad, the latter part of which is a tedious enumeration of the Ships, which might I think as well have been omitted. Pope\u2019s Translation of this, is surely an excellent Poem; but the Ideas, are often very different. There is indeed a simplicity in some Passages of Homer, which in a modern language would be ridiculous. At the description of a Sacrifice and an Entertainment Homer says, of the victim, they knock\u2019d out its brains, cut its throat, and thrust a spit through it. How different from this, Pope\u2019s paraphrase is, may be seen in his Iliad II. verse 202 &c. There are few of this Poet\u2019s original Pieces, in which it is not as plain to see imitation, as in the Homer.\n   JQA wrote 202 for 502:\n   Their Pray\u2019rs perform\u2019d, the chiefs the rite pursue,\n   The barley sprinkled, and the victim slew.\n   The limbs they sever from th\u2019inclosing hyde,\n   The thighs, selected to the Gods, divide.\n   On these, in double cauls involv\u2019d with art,\n   The choicest morsels lie from ev\u2019ry part.\n   From the cleft wood the crackling flames aspire,\n   While the fat victims feed the sacred fire.\n   The thighs thus sacrific\u2019d, and entrails drest,\n   Th\u2019assistants part, transfix, and roast the rest.\n   (The Iliad of Homer, transl. Alexander Pope, 4 vols., London, 1759, 1:99; this edition, in JA\u2019s Library at MB, contains JQA\u2019s earliest bookplate, which is inscribed with the date 1781).\n       Snow\u2019d all the morning. Young Mr. Willis arrived from Boston, and informed us that a vessel will sail from Boston for London, in the Course of this Week. I wrote all the Evening, and closed a Letter to my Sister. Began the third book of the Iliad, and the Acts in the Testament.\n   Letter not found.\n       The weather, very mild; it thaw\u2019d all day. Spent the Evening at Dr. Saltonstall\u2019s; the first time I have been at his house, since I came to Town. The Doctor is a very Sensible man and an able Physician; but has a very disagreeable voice; a person accustomed to it, may not take notice of it, but at first it is almost intolerable. Finished my Latin Studies with the Andrian of Terence. The Play is interesting, and many of the Sentiments are fine; but the unravelling of the Plot, is not very probable; indeed I might say it fails highly against the probability: not only in the Circumstance of the discovery itself which poets have often taken, and as it may well happen, is justifiable: but would a man, whose daughter had been shipwreckd sat silent without seeking for her. And why did not Phania, after being saved from a wreck at Andros, write to his brother, an account, of his Situation or if he could not write, inform him some other way, for Andros was not at a great distance from Athens, and probably there were often opportunities of sending from one place to another. Many other Circumstances, increase this improbability; but the Critic can never find Perfection, and the person that is willing to be pleased with what he reads, is happier than he who is always looking for faults.\n   Terence\u2019s Andria: JQA probably used the Brindley edition of Terence\u2019s Comoediae Sex, London, 1744, p. 1\u201342 (at MQA), which he had purchased the previous April in Paris.\n       Mr. Thaxter and Miss Nancy dined here. The latter appeared very different from when she lived here. She seem\u2019d to feel under restraint, and obliged to behave with propriety, I cannot see, how persons think that provided they behave well in Company, it is of no Consequence, how they behave at home. I believe I never knew a young Lady, of whom I thought so differently at different times; and as my present disposition of mind is not much in her favour, I will say nothing.\n       Began the 4th. Book of the Iliad. Here again the despicable beings, the Heathens made of their Gods appears very plainly. In a Counsel of the Gods, Jupiter begins with a bitter sarcasm, on purpose, as the Poet says, to raise the spleen of his wife. She raves like a fury, and then to appease her, he gives her the permission to destroy his favourite City, which of all others, had been the most pious to him. But he grants the favour, only upon condition that if he should take it into his head to destroy one of her beloved Cities, she should have no objection, and to this she readily assents. Enthusiasts in favour of the Ancients perhaps will say, that Religion is to be excepted, from what they admire them for and do not all relations from man to man, all our duties towards one another, and all the customs of Nations, flow from, Religion. And though it may be confessed that mankind in General, do not behave agreeable to the admirable Precepts, contained in the Christian System, yet they universally approve of them, and there are numbers of People who really follow them. A Man at this day, will not glory in avenging a trifling injury, by the slaughter of thousands. Nine men, in ten would heartily execrate the Idea. But the Reason, why such Complaints of the world\u2019s growing worse, have been made in all ages, I take to be this. Few men live long in the world without having suffered from baseness, and wickedness in others. They immediately lay to the whole race, those evil qualities they perceive in Individuals; but as they have received no personal injury from men that lived before them they form no antipathy against the race. They are prejudiced when they form the Comparison, and cannot therefore judge impartially.\n       Mr. Evans came to stay till Monday, and will preach for Mr. Shaw on Sunday.\n       Went down in the Evening to Mr. White\u2019s. There was a large Company of young ladies, and gentlemen there; for which Reason I stay\u2019d but a little while there.\n       All day within; the weather uncommonly mild. Mr. Thaxter spent the Evening and supped here. Began the 2d. volume of the Essay upon the human Understanding. There are many things, somewhat abstruse, in this book, and I have not at present time to read them with sufficient attention, but there is one thing, which I never heard of, and which surprized me. He seems to adopt the opinion of the transmigration of souls; and in a very long note, where he defends himself, against the bishop of Worcester, he rather enlarges upon it. All this is upon the subject of identity, which takes up a considerable part of the book.\n       Mr. Evans preach\u2019d in the forenoon from Luke XV. 18. 19. I will arise and go to my father, and will say unto him, Father, I have sinned against heaven and before thee. And am no more worthy to be called thy Son: make me as one of thy hired Servants. In the afternoon the two ensuing verses. And he arose, and came to his father: but when he was yet a great way off, his father saw him, and had compassion, and ran, and fell on his neck, and kissed him. And the son said unto him, Father I have sinned against heaven, and in thy sight, and am no more worthy to be called thy Son. There is not perhaps in the whole Bible, a subject upon which a clergyman, can employ his talents more usefully. This Story naturally leads to the encouragement of all the virtues that adorn human Nature, and shows, in a striking light the terrible consequences of Vice. Mr. Evans had two good Sermons upon it; there was an apparent imitation of Yorick\u2019s, but I did not like them the less for that. He did not take certain heads to his discourse, as is a general custom among our Clergymen; but I think like Mr. Osgood, who said he did not see what good a parcel of heads without any bodies, could do. The discourses were moral, and practical; and I prefer hearing none at all, to hearing those of any other kind. Mr. Redington, and Judge Blodget were here in the Evening.\n   Laurence Sterne, Sermons of Mr. Yorick.\n       Snow\u2019d almost all day. In the evening I went over to Bradford, with my brother. Eliza, thought to be sure somebody was sick, that we came in such weather; stay\u2019d a couple of hours: as I return\u2019d I stopp\u2019d in half an hour at Mr. White\u2019s.\n       The weather cleared up in the Night; somewhat cold, and very windy. Mr. Evans set off in the afternoon for Portsmouth.\n       Finished the 4th. and began the 5th. Book of the Iliad. The 200 last lines in the 4th. are much more difficult than any thing I have met with in Greek as yet.\n       Mr. and Mrs. Allen, and Eliza, stopp\u2019d here on their way to Kittery, at about half after 8. I was not up. I cannot study in the morning, because there is always so much stirring; but when every body else in the house is in bed, I have nothing to interrupt me, so that I seldom retire before 1 in the morning, and rise, between 8 and 9. I have endeavoured to sleep less but have not been able.\n       The weather mild all day. Looks something like rain; which would make very bad travelling, and the Town less lively: Finished the second Volume of the Essay upon the human Understanding. There is much said in the latter end of the Book, concerning the real essence of things. He may be right in his conjectures, but I know not how far upon those Principles, Pyrrhonism, might be carried; and perhaps, it is not a question of great Consequence, whether we know the real essence of things or not.\n   The philosophical doctrine which claims the impossibility of attaining certainty of knowledge, first taught by Pyrrho of Elis, ca. 300 B.C. (OEDThe Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford, 1933; 12 vols, and supplement.).\n       Mr. Shaw went to the funeral of Mr. Wingate, formerly a Minister at Boxford. A Mr. and Mrs. Swift from Andover dined here. Mr. True, came home with Mr. Shaw, and will lodge here tonight. Read Guthrie\u2019s Grammar in the Evening. This is to me, at present a more entertaining study, than Locke; and does not require so close application.\n       Another Snow storm; almost all day. Closed the Acts, in the Testament, and began the Romans. In the last Chapter of Acts, there is a Story, which, shows how far ignorance and prejudice, mislead the judgment of men. A Viper sticks upon St. Paul\u2019s hand, and the People, immediately suppose him to be a murderer, but as soon as they find he receives no hurt from it, they conclude he is a God. Eventus Stultorum magister, says Livy, but if all those who judge of most things from the Event, are to be comprehended under that denomination, who would escape the charge of folly. But I think it the duty of Every one, to endeavour to be, as little as possible influenced by Events. As men, and their Actions, are really, either good or bad in themselves, and not according to their success; it is unjust to judge them upon any other Principles.\n   \u201cNec eventus mode hoc docet, (stultorum iste magister est),\u201d Livy, The History of Rome, Bk. 22, chap. 39 [line 10] (Titus Livius Historiarum Libri qui Supersunt Omnes, 3 vols., Leipzig, 1769, 1:742, at MQA with JQA\u2019s bookplate and inscription): \u201cnor does the event only, that instructor of fools, demonstrate it\u201d (Titus Livius, The History of Rome, transl. D. Spillan and Cyrus Edmonds, 4 vols., N.Y., 1892, 2:809).\n       Very pleasant, all day. A curious Event happened, at the last Assembly: a misfortune befel one of the Ladies; and a few days after, an scandalous Advertisement, was fastened upon a sign post. I have as yet heard no more, but I much suspect it will be attended in the End with some disagreeable Circumstances. Some persons can be taught prudence and Caution only by bitter experience. We expected Mr. Allen, with the Ladies back this Night, but yesterdays storm, probably prevented them. Mr. Thaxter was here, about an hour in the Evening.\n       We had this day two very good Sermons, from II. Kings XXII. 20th. Behold therefore I will gather thee unto thy fathers, and thou shalt be gathered into thy grave in peace, and thine eyes shall not see all the evil which I will bring upon this place and from Romans XII. 15. Rejoice, with them that do rejoyce, and weep with them that weep. The former, was an occasional discourse; the other was practical, and properly inculcated the virtue of participating, in the happiness and the griefs of others.\n       Spent the Evening with Mr. Thaxter. He has been unwell all day.\n       Finished the 5th book of the Iliad; containing, the gallant actions of Diomedes, who drives all before him; wounds two Gods, and pursues a third very closely. This part of the story is very interesting. Went in the evening, down to Mr. White\u2019s. Peggy, and Nancy Hazen, went to Salem this afternoon; to attend the Assembly there to-morrow, and return again on Wednesday.\n       Went in to Mr. Bartlett\u2019s, a few minutes. Found Eliza return\u2019d when I came home. I Was much chagrined, at something I perceiv\u2019d.\n       Company to dine. Assembly Night. Went, with Eliza, but did not dance. There were 27 Ladies present, and about 20 Gentlemen. There were a number of strangers among the Gentlemen; I might make a number of sarcastic reflections, upon the manner of dancing, and appearance of several persons there; but I do not think it is a matter of sufficient importance to induce one, to laugh, at a person who cannot show the elegance of a dancing master; and if it is; as I did not dance myself, it would be unfair to laugh at those, who had they had the opportunity might have laugh\u2019d equally at me. It is base to ridicule a person for any failing that is owing to no mental vice or foible.\n       There was one Lady present (Mrs. Payson) for whom I was anxious all the Evening: I feared she would; while she was throwing herself about, be taken with a different kind of throes. It is exceedingly imprudent for a Lady in that Situation to frequent such places. We returned home, at a little after 1. in the morning. I drank a dish of Coffee which kept me awake almost all Night. In the Evening I had some conversation with Mr. Larieu, and I was told, the Ladies, laugh\u2019d at us, for the contrast, that we appeared to make. He is exceeding thin. This is an advantage in dancing. He did not miss once; and except, about an hour of interval, he was up, all the while I was there. I ask\u2019d him, if he was not fatigued and warm; he said j\u2019ai un peu chaud, et je suis un peu fatigu\u00e9, mais il n\u2019y a pas une goutte de sueur dans mon corps.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0003-0001", "content": "Title: Wednesday March 1st. 1786.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       At home all day: Eliza, dined and passed the afternoon, at Mr. Duncan\u2019s. Mr. Thaxter went to Portsmouth upon business. Felt quite fatigued all day, though, I did not sit up, later than common last night. Retired at about 11.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0003-0002", "content": "Title: 2d.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Finished, the sixth book of Homer\u2019s Iliad in the forenoon, and shall go no further in it here. I admire this Poem, more, and more, though it must be confess\u2019d the author now and then nods. It has however more, and more confirmed me, in the opinion that the world has vastly improved, even as, to sentiments since that time. In the last book, an instance occurs where a young warrior entreats Menela\u00fcs to spare his life, but Agamemnon, kills him immediately, and old Nestor, highly approves the cruelty. Whenever the Greeks are exhorted by their chiefs, the arguments made use of, are, that if they are conquerors the wives, daughters, and fortunes of the Trojans, will be at their disposition. Now I will own, that in modern times there are examples of great Barbarity in War. But there are also many of humanity which among the ancients was thought inconsistent with war. But I will say no more, on this subject.\n       Mr. Thaxter return\u2019d this Evening, though it has been either snowing or raining all day. He was not to come home till to-morrow; but gave two reasons for coming so soon: he did not mention a third, which I fancy, was as strong, as either of the others.\n       Storm\u2019d hard in the night: was up after 1. in the morning.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0003-0005", "content": "Title: 5th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Snow\u2019d all the morning, but the air so mild, that it melted generally as it fell to the ground. Two Sermons from I. Corinthians X. 31. Whether therefore ye eat, or drink, or whatsoever ye do, do all to the glory of God. The text in itself is good, but like most other texts of Scripture, has been shamefully abused. There was in this Sermon, as in many I have heard since I have been here, little, that I admired, and little, that I disliked. Liberality of Sentiment, cannot be expected from a Pulpit, on religious points. If a Clergyman ventures, not to be quite illiberal, it is the most he can do. While they exclaim against the Palpable absurdities of the Romish Church: they themselves fall into others equally ridiculous, and the never failing resource of texts from Scripture, is continually produced. There is a new System which carries the depravity of human Nature further, than, any I ever heard of, all arising from the text which Mr. Howe, who has adopted the plan, preach\u2019d on three Sundays agone. I have several times discovered my abhorrence, of any Idea, of a divinity who should condemn men to everlasting torments, for what they could not in any measure help or prevent. I was perhaps too zealous; and a person who I suspect is inclined to the same uncharitable way of thinking, though he does not profess to be, used this Argument. Did I think it was possible I might be wrong? I did. Well; who of two Persons was most probably right, one who was merely a youth, who had not studied those things; or a man who had made them his chief (he might have said only) study for many years? But this proves nothing. Should a man, who for 50 years had studied nothing but the Proprieties and differences of colours, tell me that ebony and alabaster, were of the same colour I should think the assertion absurd, though I judge of colours only as they strike my Senses. I desire never to have an Idea, of a god, who is not infinitely good, and merciful, as well as powerful.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0003-0006", "content": "Title: 6th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Mrs. Saltonstall, Mrs. Harrod, and Betsey Duncan drank tea here. Mr. Thaxter remained part of the Evening. He is I think as much attached as I ever saw any body: and is an instance, of what has often been observed that men, free from any passion, can reason, upon them, much better than they can practice, when called to. Many times have I heard him declare his disgust at fondness shown by Husbands and Wives before Company: but now, he is behind hand to no person I am acquainted with. He cannot bear to see Parents indulgent to little children: perhaps, in three or four years I shall see him do like most other People in the same Situation.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0003-0007", "content": "Title: 7th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Fine Weather, all day and very mild, yet the river is not so weak but what Teems and slays cross\u2019d it.\n       This day Week, I am, to go to Cambridge. The nearer any Circumstance approaches; the greater is our Impatience of it. What two months ago, I did not think of once in a week; now comes to my mind almost every hour. Studied Watts in the Night.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0003-0008", "content": "Title: 8th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Mr. White\u2019s family, and Miss Sally McKinstry, drank tea here. This young Lady has been all the Winter at Boston; she is very genteel, and was it not for a little twist in the Position of her eyes, would be uncommonly handsome. Notwithstanding this blemish her Countenance, is pleasing, and frequently dimpled with a smile. She is sociable, but unfortunately I cannot be so with a stranger, and had not much Conversation with her.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0003-0009", "content": "Title: 9th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Mr. Shaw went over to Bradford, to Mr. Allen\u2019s Lecture. The river still remains in a dangerous situation; but freezes so much in the night, that the mildness of the day is not sufficient to break up the Ice.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0003-0010", "content": "Title: 10th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Clear, but cold Weather. Went, and took a walk with Eliza, just before dusk, as far as the ship yard, we pass\u2019d the Evening, at Mr. White\u2019s. Mrs. Moody and Miss Codman were there. The Latter is a Lady from Boston; not handsome, and appears to be in a poor State of Health. Mrs. Moody, is a widow, who, is fond of appearing young, and is what the french call une jeune femme de 20 \u00e0 60 ans. Miss Priscy McKinstry, and Nancy Hazen came in too in the course of the Evening. Nancy was very formal, and ceremonious to me, as she has been, uniformly, since she left this house. I was not displeased at it, and return\u2019d it as much as I could. Where a person will not be upon terms of friendly intimacy; I wish never to be behind hand with him in Ceremony.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0003-0012", "content": "Title: 12th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Went all day to hear Mr. Smith. I had never heard him before. His text for the whole day was from Solomon\u2019s song II. 14. O my dove, that art in the clefts of the rock, in the secret places of the stairs, let me see, thy countenance, let me hear thy voice; for sweet is thy voice, and thy countenance is comely. The discourse in the forenoon, was entirely taken up in a description of the Properties of the Dove, and how they Coincided with those of the Church of Christ. Its Innocence, it\u2019s Beauty chastity and cleanliness, and Swiftness, were all taken notice of, and some good practical observations were drawn from the subject in the afternoon. The remainder of the text was considered, but as he commonly is said to do, towards the latter end of the discourse he grew extremely vociferous, and it was a continued strain of declamation. As he preaches without notes, and with very little previous studying, his sermons do not shine in the disposition of his arguments. He often starts from his subject; and when embarassed with any contested point, screaming, is his only resource.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0003-0013", "content": "Title: 13th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       The Day was employ\u2019d in paying visits, and packing up my trunks. I went to Mr. White\u2019s, Major Bartlett\u2019s, Mr. Osgood\u2019s, Mr. Duncan\u2019s, and Mr. Dodge\u2019s. The weather very mild.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0003-0014", "content": "Title: 14th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       At 7 in the morning, we mounted our horses, and went about half a mile up the River where a passage for a Boat was cut through, yesterday, as the Ice was so much weaken\u2019d as made it dangerous to cross over it. We went in to Mr. Allen\u2019s, for about half an hour, and then proceeded before dinner as far as Wilmington. We arrived at Cambridge, a little after Sun set, much fatigued as the roads were but indifferent. The weather was mild.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-01-02-0008-0003", "content": "Title: [March 1786]\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n      Wednesday March 1st. 1786.\n       At home all day: Eliza, dined and passed the afternoon, at Mr. Duncan\u2019s. Mr. Thaxter went to Portsmouth upon business. Felt quite fatigued all day, though, I did not sit up, later than common last night. Retired at about 11.\n       Finished, the sixth book of Homer\u2019s Iliad in the forenoon, and shall go no further in it here. I admire this Poem, more, and more, though it must be confess\u2019d the author now and then nods. It has however more, and more confirmed me, in the opinion that the world has vastly improved, even as, to sentiments since that time. In the last book, an instance occurs where a young warrior entreats Menela\u00fcs to spare his life, but Agamemnon, kills him immediately, and old Nestor, highly approves the cruelty. Whenever the Greeks are exhorted by their chiefs, the arguments made use of, are, that if they are conquerors the wives, daughters, and fortunes of the Trojans, will be at their disposition. Now I will own, that in modern times there are examples of great Barbarity in War. But there are also many of humanity which among the ancients was thought inconsistent with war. But I will say no more, on this subject.\n       Mr. Thaxter return\u2019d this Evening, though it has been either snowing or raining all day. He was not to come home till to-morrow; but gave two reasons for coming so soon: he did not mention a third, which I fancy, was as strong, as either of the others.\n       Storm\u2019d hard in the night: was up after 1. in the morning.\n       I have often wish\u2019d to hear the following Question discussed by persons well acquainted with the human heart. Whether any Person can at the same time, Love, and despise, another, of a different sex? I think the two sentiments not only can be, but very often are united: but I may mistake. No Love can be permanent, but what is founded on esteem; but there may be a temporary attachment to a person, whom we are sensible is wholly unworthy of it, and such must be I imagine, all the Conquests of a Coquette who though she may be beloved by many, can be esteemed by none. This Character is so contemptible; that one would think no being blessed with any share of Reason ever could assume it. Vanity it is true, may be flattered for a Time; but it is soon doubly mortified, and when once the flower of Beauty is gone, they have nothing left to recommend them: but so much must suffice for the present.\n       Eliza, spent the day at Mr. White\u2019s. Mr. Thaxter was here in the Evening. The weather very mild: a farmer, who was here in the Course of the day, said the river was very ticklish.\n       Snow\u2019d all the morning, but the air so mild, that it melted generally as it fell to the ground. Two Sermons from I. Corinthians X. 31. Whether therefore ye eat, or drink, or whatsoever ye do, do all to the glory of God. The text in itself is good, but like most other texts of Scripture, has been shamefully abused. There was in this Sermon, as in many I have heard since I have been here, little, that I admired, and little, that I disliked. Liberality of Sentiment, cannot be expected from a Pulpit, on religious points. If a Clergyman ventures, not to be quite illiberal, it is the most he can do. While they exclaim against the Palpable absurdities of the Romish Church: they themselves fall into others equally ridiculous, and the never failing resource of texts from Scripture, is continually produced. There is a new System which carries the depravity of human Nature further, than, any I ever heard of, all arising from the text which Mr. Howe, who has adopted the plan, preach\u2019d on three Sundays agone. I have several times discovered my abhorrence, of any Idea, of a divinity who should condemn men to everlasting torments, for what they could not in any measure help or prevent. I was perhaps too zealous; and a person who I suspect is inclined to the same uncharitable way of thinking, though he does not profess to be, used this Argument. Did I think it was possible I might be wrong? I did. Well; who of two Persons was most probably right, one who was merely a youth, who had not studied those things; or a man who had made them his chief (he might have said only) study for many years? But this proves nothing. Should a man, who for 50 years had studied nothing but the Proprieties and differences of colours, tell me that ebony and alabaster, were of the same colour I should think the assertion absurd, though I judge of colours only as they strike my Senses. I desire never to have an Idea, of a god, who is not infinitely good, and merciful, as well as powerful.\n       Mrs. Saltonstall, Mrs. Harrod, and Betsey Duncan drank tea here. Mr. Thaxter remained part of the Evening. He is I think as much attached as I ever saw any body: and is an instance, of what has often been observed that men, free from any passion, can reason, upon them, much better than they can practice, when called to. Many times have I heard him declare his disgust at fondness shown by Husbands and Wives before Company: but now, he is behind hand to no person I am acquainted with. He cannot bear to see Parents indulgent to little children: perhaps, in three or four years I shall see him do like most other People in the same Situation.\n   Anna Treat Harrod (ca. 1752\u20131832), mother of Ann Harrod, who later married TBA.\n       Fine Weather, all day and very mild, yet the river is not so weak but what Teems and slays cross\u2019d it.\n       This day Week, I am, to go to Cambridge. The nearer any Circumstance approaches; the greater is our Impatience of it. What two months ago, I did not think of once in a week; now comes to my mind almost every hour. Studied Watts in the Night.\n       Mr. White\u2019s family, and Miss Sally McKinstry, drank tea here. This young Lady has been all the Winter at Boston; she is very genteel, and was it not for a little twist in the Position of her eyes, would be uncommonly handsome. Notwithstanding this blemish her Countenance, is pleasing, and frequently dimpled with a smile. She is sociable, but unfortunately I cannot be so with a stranger, and had not much Conversation with her.\n       Mr. Shaw went over to Bradford, to Mr. Allen\u2019s Lecture. The river still remains in a dangerous situation; but freezes so much in the night, that the mildness of the day is not sufficient to break up the Ice.\n       Clear, but cold Weather. Went, and took a walk with Eliza, just before dusk, as far as the ship yard, we pass\u2019d the Evening, at Mr. White\u2019s. Mrs. Moody and Miss Codman were there. The Latter is a Lady from Boston; not handsome, and appears to be in a poor State of Health. Mrs. Moody, is a widow, who, is fond of appearing young, and is what the french call une jeune femme de 20 \u00e0 60 ans. Miss Priscy McKinstry, and Nancy Hazen came in too in the course of the Evening. Nancy was very formal, and ceremonious to me, as she has been, uniformly, since she left this house. I was not displeased at it, and return\u2019d it as much as I could. Where a person will not be upon terms of friendly intimacy; I wish never to be behind hand with him in Ceremony.\n       Dined at Dr. Saltonstall\u2019s, with Mr. Shaw, Mr. Thaxter and Master Parker. Spent the Afternoon at Mr. White\u2019s. Mr. Thaxter was here in the Evening.\n       Went all day to hear Mr. Smith. I had never heard him before. His text for the whole day was from Solomon\u2019s song II. 14. O my dove, that art in the clefts of the rock, in the secret places of the stairs, let me see, thy countenance, let me hear thy voice; for sweet is thy voice, and thy countenance is comely. The discourse in the forenoon, was entirely taken up in a description of the Properties of the Dove, and how they Coincided with those of the Church of Christ. Its Innocence, it\u2019s Beauty chastity and cleanliness, and Swiftness, were all taken notice of, and some good practical observations were drawn from the subject in the afternoon. The remainder of the text was considered, but as he commonly is said to do, towards the latter end of the discourse he grew extremely vociferous, and it was a continued strain of declamation. As he preaches without notes, and with very little previous studying, his sermons do not shine in the disposition of his arguments. He often starts from his subject; and when embarassed with any contested point, screaming, is his only resource.\n       The Day was employ\u2019d in paying visits, and packing up my trunks. I went to Mr. White\u2019s, Major Bartlett\u2019s, Mr. Osgood\u2019s, Mr. Duncan\u2019s, and Mr. Dodge\u2019s. The weather very mild.\n       At 7 in the morning, we mounted our horses, and went about half a mile up the River where a passage for a Boat was cut through, yesterday, as the Ice was so much weaken\u2019d as made it dangerous to cross over it. We went in to Mr. Allen\u2019s, for about half an hour, and then proceeded before dinner as far as Wilmington. We arrived at Cambridge, a little after Sun set, much fatigued as the roads were but indifferent. The weather was mild.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0001-0002", "content": "Title: 16th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Rain\u2019d, a great part of the day. Walker went to Boston and brought back my bond properly filled. Dined with Mr. Dana. Returned to the College in the afternoon, and lodged with my brother. The Government have been endeavouring to discover the principal actors in the last Night\u2019s riot. The Sophimores are very much afraid, that some of them will suffer some public punishment, for it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0001-0003", "content": "Title: 17th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       This morning I finished the business of my admission. I carried the bond to Mr. Gannett the Steward. He then certified that I had complied with the Law. This certificate I went with to the President\u2019s, who thereupon signed an Admittatur, which I had to carry again to the Steward, to be filed with the College Papers. The Steward told me then I was to all intents and Purposes, generally, and in all particulars a Member of the University.\n       I then went to Boston with my Cousin, and Abbot, of the Juniors. I paid a number of Visits, and dined at my Uncle Smith\u2019s. Walk\u2019d about the Town, with Charles Storer; spent the Evening, and supped, at Deacon Storer\u2019s, lodged at my Uncle Smiths.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0001-0005", "content": "Title: 19th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Heard Mr. Wibird, preach all day from Romans VIII. 1st. There is therefore now no Condemnation to them that are in Christ Jesus, who walk not after the flesh, but after the Spirit. The Ladies complain\u2019d that it was an old one, which, had been delivered so many Times, that, they had it, almost by heart: indeed it is said Mr. Wibird has written but very few Sermons; and preaches them over and over in a continual succession. I went down to the Library, in the Evening, and got me, some books, which I shall want at College.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0001-0006", "content": "Title: 20th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       The whole forenoon, I was with my Cousin, down at our house, packing up, furniture, though many articles, are yet to be got. Mr. Cranch went to Boston in the forenoon, and Mr. Tyler, said he was very much mortified, he was obliged to attend the town meeting, but he should be at home in the Evening. It was  however so late before he return\u2019d that I could not have the Pleasure of his Company in the Evening.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0001-0007", "content": "Title: 21st.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Cold, disagreeable Weather, all the morning. In the afternoon it storm\u2019d. My Aunt and myself, sat out to go and see Mrs. Warren, in Milton, but it began to storm before we got far; so we turn\u2019d about and went down to Uncle Quincy\u2019s. We drank tea with him. I believe he would be much happier than he is, if he was married.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0001-0008", "content": "Title: 22d.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       At about 10 o\u2019clock, Lucy and I, set out from Braintree. She came with me to Boston, to purchase, the remainder of the furniture that I shall want. We stopp\u2019d at Milton, and saw Mrs. Warren; she was much affected at the news she lately received, of the Death of her Son Charles, in Spain a few Weeks after his arrival there. Nothing else was to be expected when he sailed from here, but however prepared we may be for the Death of a Friend; the tears of Nature, still must flow from the eye, and the sigh of sympathy from the heart.\n       As we passed by Milton hall, we saw the Ruins, of the Windows. On the 21st. of March the Junior Sophister Class, cease reciting at 11 in the forenoon; they generally in the Evening have a frolic; yesterday they had it, at Milton-hall, and as they are not by any means at such times remarkable for their Discretion, we saw many fractures, in the Windows of the hall they were in.\n       We got to Boston at about 1 afternoon; Mr. Cranch, and Dr. Tufts dined out. We dined with Mr. Foster; and soon after dinner, I footed it for Cambridge. When I got here I found all my things had arrived. Immediately after Prayers I went to the President, who said, \u201cAdams, you may live with Sir Ware, a batchelor of Arts.\u201d I made a most Respectful Bow, and retired. I was the greatest Part of the Evening, fixing all my things to rights.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0001-0010", "content": "Title: 24th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       No reciting, for any of the Classes, on Fridays, for the whole, Day. I wrote some Problems out of Ward to carry to Mr. Williams, next Monday Morning. After Prayers, I declaim\u2019d, as it is term\u2019d. Two Students every evening Speak from Memory, any Piece they chuse, if it be approved by the President. It was this Evening my turn, with the 2d. Abbot, and I spoke, from As you\n        like it. All the world\u2019s a stage &c. When I came to the description of the Justice, in fair round Belly with good Capon lined, Tutors and scholars, all laugh\u2019d, as I myself, truly represented the Character. But the President did not move a feature of his face. And indeed I believe, it is no small matter, that shall extort a smile from him when he is before the College. This Afternoon I took from the Library, Montesquieu\u2019s Reflections on the rise and fall of the Romans, and an Anacreon. The two elder Classes have a right, every second friday to take from the Library, each person three volumes, which he must return at the End of a fort\u2019night.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0001-0011", "content": "Title: 25th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       We had no reciting to day. Saturday mornings commonly the two elder Classes, recite to their own Tutors in Doddridge\u2019s Lectures on Divinity; but our Tutor did not hear us. The weather, warm and Pleasant. In the Afternoon Mr. Cranch, and my Cousin, came, and brought me the remainder of my furniture; I did but little to day, because the weather being so fine, we were almost all day walking, about.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0001-0013", "content": "Title: 27th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       We recited this day in Euclid, to our own Tutor, Mr. Read, as we shall do all the week. We began, at the 4th. Book, and the way of reciting is, to read the Proposition, and then without the book demonstrate it: but it is by no means a popular, book, and many of the Students, will do nothing with it. At 9 we attended Mr. Williams. He gave each of us two or three problems, to draw the Diagrams: this is a more easy, and more pleasant Study than Euclid. After Prayers, the Senior Class, had a Class meeting, in order to check the freshmen, who they suppose have taken of Late too great Liberties. By the Laws, of the College, all freshmen, are obliged to walk in the yard, with their heads uncovered, unless, in stormy Weather, and to go on any errand, that any other Scholar chuses to send them, at a mile distance. But the present freshmen have been indulged very much, with respect to those Laws; and it is said, they have presumed farther than, they ought to have done. The Seniors it is said, have determined to enforce the old Laws, send the Freshmen, and order, their hats off, in the yard.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0001-0016", "content": "Title: 30th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       My Trunks, which I have been so long expecting, came, at last this morning, from Haverhill. White, and my Brother, went to Boston; this day our Class finished reciting in Euclid. A Lesson was set us in Gravesande, for next Quarter; when we go, in to Mr. Read. It would have been best to have gone in to Gravesande before Mr. Williams, began his Lectures; but the Class was considerably delayed last year, by Mr. Howard\u2019s going away, as he was the mathematical Tutor. Mr. Cranch stopp\u2019d here, on his Return, from Lincoln. Weather fair and pleasant all day. The freshmen, are still very high. Sullivan, one of the Seniors had a Window broke, by one of them this Evening.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0001-0017", "content": "Title: 31st.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       No reciting, this day. I was not in at Prayers, in the morning. Mr. Williams gave us, his second Lecture, upon those Properties of Matter, which though not essential to it, was in a greater or smaller degree common to all. Such were Attraction, which was of 2 kinds, Cohesion, and Repulsion, and Gravitation. The Substance of the Lectures I have taken down on Separate Paper, so that I shall not repeat it here. I attended the Junior tea-Club, and signed the Regulations, as I was admitted to it, Last Evening. A Nephew of the President, by the same Name, was this day examined, and admitted, as a Junior Sophister.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0001", "content": "Title: [March 1786]\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Between 9 and 10 in the morning, I went to the President\u2019s, and was there admitted examined, before, the President, the four Tutors three Professors, and Librarian. The first book was Horace, where Mr. James the Latin Tutor told me to turn to the Carmen saeculare where I construed 3 stanza\u2019s, and parsed the word sylvarum, but called potens a substantive. Mr. Jennison, the greek Tutor then put me to the beginning of the fourth Book of Homer; I construed Lines, but parsed wrong \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03c2. I had then \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03b4\u03b7\u03bd given me. I was then asked a few questions in Watts\u2019s Logic by Mr. Hale, and a considerable number in Locke, on the Understanding, very few of which I was able to answer. The next thing was Geography, where Mr. Read ask\u2019d me what was the figure of the Earth, and several other questions, some of which I answered; and others not. Mr. Williams asked me if I had studied Euclid, and Arithmetic, after which the President conducted me to another Room, and gave me the following piece of English to turn into Latin, from the World.There cannot certainly be an higher ridicule, than to give an air of Importance, to Amusements, if they are in themselves contemptible and void of taste, but if they are the object and care of the judicious and polite and really deserve that distinction, the conduct of them is certainly of Consequence. I made it thus. Nihil profecto risu dignior, potest esse, quam magni aestimare delectamenta, si per se despicienda sunt, atque sine sapore. At si res oblatae atque cura sunt sagacibus et artibus excultis, et revera hanc distinctionem merent, administratio eorum haud dubie utilitatis est. (I take it from memory only, as no scholar is suffered to take a Copy of the Latin he made at his examination.) The President then took it, was gone about \u00bc of an hour, return\u2019d, and said \u201cyou are admitted, Adams,\u201d and gave me a paper to carry to the Steward. I had the form of a bond, which is to be signed by two persons, in the presence of two witnesses: this is what every student is obliged to do; and the bondsmen forfeit 200 ounces of silver, if the bills are not paid once a Quarter. Mr. Shaw went to Boston before dinner: I sent by him the form of the bond to Doctor Tufts to fill it. I went with my brother to Mr. Dana\u2019s, where we dined, in Company with Harris, of the Senior Class, who boards there. It is against the Laws of the College to call any under-graduate, by any but his Sir-name, and I am told, the President, who is remarkably strict in all those matters, reproved a gentleman at his table, for calling a student Mr., while he was present.\n       Spent the afternoon, and evening in College. The Sophimore Class had what is called in College, an high-go. They assembled all together in the Chamber, of one of the Class; where some of them got drunk, then sallied out and broke a number of windows for three of the Tutors, and after this sublime manoeuvre stagger\u2019d to their chambers. Such are the great achievements of many of the sons of Harvard, such the delights of many of the students here.\n       Returned to Mr. Dana\u2019s, and lodged there.\n   Eleazar James, tutor 1781\u20131789, was later a lawyer in Barre, Mass. (MH-Ar: Quinquennial File).\n   Timothy Lindall Jennison, tutor 1785\u20131788, became a Cambridge physician (Harvard Quinquennial Cat.Harvard University, Quinquennial Catalogue of the Officers and Graduates, 1636- 1930, Cambridge, 1930.  ; John A. Vinton, \u201cMemoir of the Lindall Family,\u201d NEHGR,New England Historical and Genealogical Register. 7:22 [Jan. 1853]).\n   John Hale, tutor 1781\u20131786, became a lawyer in Portsmouth, N.H. (Bell, Bench and Bar of New Hampshire,Charles H. Bell, Bench and Bar of New Hampshire, Boston, 1894. p. 413\u2013414).\n   Nathan Read, tutor 1783\u20131787, was later an inventor and served Salem in the congress, 1800\u20131803 (Essex Inst., Hist. Colls.,Essex Institute Historical Collections. 24:259\u2013262 [Oct.\u2013Dec. 1887]).\n   The World, No. 171, 8 April 1756.\n       Rain\u2019d, a great part of the day. Walker went to Boston and brought back my bond properly filled. Dined with Mr. Dana. Returned to the College in the afternoon, and lodged with my brother. The Government have been endeavouring to discover the principal actors in the last Night\u2019s riot. The Sophimores are very much afraid, that some of them will suffer some public punishment, for it.\n       This morning I finished the business of my admission. I carried the bond to Mr. Gannett the Steward. He then certified that I had complied with the Law. This certificate I went with to the President\u2019s, who thereupon signed an Admittatur, which I had to carry again to the Steward, to be filed with the College Papers. The Steward told me then I was to all intents and Purposes, generally, and in all particulars a Member of the University.\n       I then went to Boston with my Cousin, and Abbot, of the Juniors. I paid a number of Visits, and dined at my Uncle Smith\u2019s. Walk\u2019d about the Town, with Charles Storer; spent the Evening, and supped, at Deacon Storer\u2019s, lodged at my Uncle Smiths.\n   JQA\u2019s certificate of admission (Adams Papers) is described and illustrated in this volume; see the Descriptive List of Illustrations, No. 1.\n       Went with Charles Storer, and heard, the debates in the House of Representatives; and afterwards, the pleadings, at the Supreme Court. Dined at Deacon Storer\u2019s with Mr. Jackson. As Dr. Tufts was detained in Town, he let me have his horse, to go out to Braintree with. I set out between 3 and 4, with Mr. Cranch. I stopp\u2019d and drank tea at my Uncle Adams\u2019s. Got home, just before dark.\n       Heard Mr. Wibird, preach all day from Romans VIII. 1st. There is therefore now no Condemnation to them that are in Christ Jesus, who walk not after the flesh, but after the Spirit. The Ladies complain\u2019d that it was an old one, which, had been delivered so many Times, that, they had it, almost by heart: indeed it is said Mr. Wibird has written but very few Sermons; and preaches them over and over in a continual succession. I went down to the Library, in the Evening, and got me, some books, which I shall want at College.\n       The whole forenoon, I was with my Cousin, down at our house, packing up, furniture, though many articles, are yet to be got. Mr. Cranch went to Boston in the forenoon, and Mr. Tyler, said he was very much mortified, he was obliged to attend the town meeting, but he should be at home in the Evening. It was  however so late before he return\u2019d that I could not have the Pleasure of his Company in the Evening.\n       Cold, disagreeable Weather, all the morning. In the afternoon it storm\u2019d. My Aunt and myself, sat out to go and see Mrs. Warren, in Milton, but it began to storm before we got far; so we turn\u2019d about and went down to Uncle Quincy\u2019s. We drank tea with him. I believe he would be much happier than he is, if he was married.\n       At about 10 o\u2019clock, Lucy and I, set out from Braintree. She came with me to Boston, to purchase, the remainder of the furniture that I shall want. We stopp\u2019d at Milton, and saw Mrs. Warren; she was much affected at the news she lately received, of the Death of her Son Charles, in Spain a few Weeks after his arrival there. Nothing else was to be expected when he sailed from here, but however prepared we may be for the Death of a Friend; the tears of Nature, still must flow from the eye, and the sigh of sympathy from the heart.\n       As we passed by Milton hall, we saw the Ruins, of the Windows. On the 21st. of March the Junior Sophister Class, cease reciting at 11 in the forenoon; they generally in the Evening have a frolic; yesterday they had it, at Milton-hall, and as they are not by any means at such times remarkable for their Discretion, we saw many fractures, in the Windows of the hall they were in.\n       We got to Boston at about 1 afternoon; Mr. Cranch, and Dr. Tufts dined out. We dined with Mr. Foster; and soon after dinner, I footed it for Cambridge. When I got here I found all my things had arrived. Immediately after Prayers I went to the President, who said, \u201cAdams, you may live with Sir Ware, a batchelor of Arts.\u201d I made a most Respectful Bow, and retired. I was the greatest Part of the Evening, fixing all my things to rights.\n   Henry Ware, Harvard 1785.\n       I did not hear the Bell Ring this morning, and was tardy at Prayers. Every time a Student is tardy at prayers he is punished a penny; and there is no eluding that Law, so that a Student must prefer not attending prayers at all; to being \u00bd a minute too Late. After prayers we went in to Mr. James to recite in Terence. The manner of reciting this is, the Persons at the head of the Class, read an whole Scene in the Latin, and then the same into English, and when they have finished the next read another Scene and so on.\n       Cranch went to Boston in the forenoon. Thursday, is a Day which commonly both Tutors and Students take as a leisure day, and there is seldom, any reciting, except in the morning. After Prayers the President read a Paper to this effect. That on the evening of the 15th. it appeared the Sophimores had assembled at the Chamber of one in the Class, and had behaved in a tumultuous, noisy manner; that at length they sallied out, and were very riotous to the disturbance, and dishonour of the University. But as their conduct till then had been such as deserved approbation, and was submissive and, as they early shew a proper repentance for their fault having, presented an humble petition to be forgiven. Therefore, it had been voted that no further Notice should be taken of it; but it was hoped the Students, would not abuse, the Lenity of the government, but rather show that they were deserving of it. The Fresh men, who are always, as a Class, at Variance with the Sophimores, thought the government had been partial; and the Consequence was, that Mr. James, the Tutor of the Sophimore Class, and who was supposed, to have favoured them, and to have been the means of saving them from severer punishment; had four squares of glass broken in his Windows. Such was the Effect of the Lenity, which was to induce the Students to do their Duty.\n       No reciting, for any of the Classes, on Fridays, for the whole, Day. I wrote some Problems out of Ward to carry to Mr. Williams, next Monday Morning. After Prayers, I declaim\u2019d, as it is term\u2019d. Two Students every evening Speak from Memory, any Piece they chuse, if it be approved by the President. It was this Evening my turn, with the 2d. Abbot, and I spoke, from As you\n        like it. All the world\u2019s a stage &c. When I came to the description of the Justice, in fair round Belly with good Capon lined, Tutors and scholars, all laugh\u2019d, as I myself, truly represented the Character. But the President did not move a feature of his face. And indeed I believe, it is no small matter, that shall extort a smile from him when he is before the College. This Afternoon I took from the Library, Montesquieu\u2019s Reflections on the rise and fall of the Romans, and an Anacreon. The two elder Classes have a right, every second friday to take from the Library, each person three volumes, which he must return at the End of a fort\u2019night.\n   John Ward, The Young Mathematician\u2019s Guide. Being a Plain and Easie Introduction to the Mathematicks... with an Appendix of Practical Gauging, London, 1719, and other editions (Harvard, Catalogus Bibliothecae, 1790[Isaac Smith, comp.], Catalogus Bibliothecae Harvardianae Cantabrigiae Nov- Anglorum, Boston, 1790., p. 92).\n   Consid\u00e9rations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains et de leur d\u00e9cadence, Amsterdam and Leipzig, 1759; Works of Anacreon, transl., with the original Greek, by Joseph Addison, London, 1735, and other editions (A Catalogue of the Library of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Cambridge, 1830; Harvard, Catalogus Bibliothecae, 1790[Isaac Smith, comp.], Catalogus Bibliothecae Harvardianae Cantabrigiae Nov- Anglorum, Boston, 1790., p. 12).\n       We had no reciting to day. Saturday mornings commonly the two elder Classes, recite to their own Tutors in Doddridge\u2019s Lectures on Divinity; but our Tutor did not hear us. The weather, warm and Pleasant. In the Afternoon Mr. Cranch, and my Cousin, came, and brought me the remainder of my furniture; I did but little to day, because the weather being so fine, we were almost all day walking, about.\n   A Course of Lectures on the Principal Subjects in Pneumatology, Ethics and Divinity, London, 1763, by Philip Doddridge. So essential had the lectures become to the Harvard curriculum that the college treasurer ordered thirty sets of them from London to lend to such of the two senior classes as were unable to buy them (Harvard, Catalogus Bibliothecae, 1790[Isaac Smith, comp.], Catalogus Bibliothecae Harvardianae Cantabrigiae Nov- Anglorum, Boston, 1790., p. 166; MH-Ar: Corporation Records, 3:199).\n       Mr. Patten, a young Clergyman from Rhode Island, preach\u2019d in the forenoon, from Proverbs III. 17. Her ways are ways of pleasantness, and all her paths are Peace. I never felt so disagreeably, in hearing any Preacher. He look\u2019d as if he had already, one foot in the grave, and appeared plainly, to suffer while he spoke. His diction was flowery, but he spoke, in a whining manner, lowering his voice, about an octave, at the last Sylla\u00adble of every Sentence. I dined at Mr. Dana\u2019s. In the afternoon Mr. Everett, a Boston preacher, gave us a discourse, from II of Corinthians. I. 12. For our rejoycing is this, the testimony of our conscience, that in simplicity and godly Sincerity, not with fleshly wisdom, but by the grace of God, we have had our Conversation in the world, and more abundantly to you ward toward you. The Contrast in the preaching, was as great as that in the men, for Mr. Everett is quite, a large man. He pleased very generally. The weather has been uncomfortably warm all day, and the Evening, has by no means been cool.\n   Probably William Patten, minister at Newport (Historical Catalogue of Brown University, 1764\u20131904, Providence, 1905).\n   Oliver Everett, minister of New South Church, Boston, 1782\u20131792, and father of Edward Everett (Sprague, Annals Amer. Pulpit,William B. Sprague, Annals of the American Pulpit; or Commemorative Notices of Distinguished American Clergymen of Various Denominations, New York, 1857-1869; 9 vols. 1:559).\n       We recited this day in Euclid, to our own Tutor, Mr. Read, as we shall do all the week. We began, at the 4th. Book, and the way of reciting is, to read the Proposition, and then without the book demonstrate it: but it is by no means a popular, book, and many of the Students, will do nothing with it. At 9 we attended Mr. Williams. He gave each of us two or three problems, to draw the Diagrams: this is a more easy, and more pleasant Study than Euclid. After Prayers, the Senior Class, had a Class meeting, in order to check the freshmen, who they suppose have taken of Late too great Liberties. By the Laws, of the College, all freshmen, are obliged to walk in the yard, with their heads uncovered, unless, in stormy Weather, and to go on any errand, that any other Scholar chuses to send them, at a mile distance. But the present freshmen have been indulged very much, with respect to those Laws; and it is said, they have presumed farther than, they ought to have done. The Seniors it is said, have determined to enforce the old Laws, send the Freshmen, and order, their hats off, in the yard.\n   JQA actually means not laws but the college customs, nearly all of which applied only to freshmen. For the most nearly contemporary extant listing, recorded in 1781, see Josiah Quincy, The History of Harvard University, 2 vols., Cambridge, 1840, 2:539\u2013541 (MH-Ar: Faculty Records, 4:257).\n       Mr. Williams, this day, gave us, the first Lecture, upon Experimental Philosophy. It was upon the Properties of Matter, as Extension, Divisibility, Solidity, Mobility, figure, and Vis Inertiae. After the Lecture was over, he told us, the Regulations, which were, that the Door should be lock\u2019d at the beginning of the Lectures; that there should be no whispering, nor spitting on the floor, and some others. After prayers Bancroft, one, of the Sophimore Class read the Customs to the freshmen, one of whom (McNeal) stood with his hat on, all the Time. He, with three others, were immediately (hoisted,) (as the term is,) before a tutor, and punished. There was immediately after, a Class meeting of the Freshmen; who it is said determined they would hoist any scholar of the other Classes, who should be seen with his Hat on, in the yard, when any of the Government are there. After the meeting, several of the Class went and had a high go. In Consequence of which the Librarian, had a number of squares of glass broke, in his windows. Drunkenness is the mother of every Vice.\n   James Winthrop.\n       This forenoon we had a Lecture from Mr. Wigglesworth, the Professor of Divinity, upon the Question, whether Some Persons, had not carried their Ideas of the Depravity of human Nature, too far? He appeared to reason very coolly, and without prejudice upon it. He supposed that although mankind, are greatly depraved; yet that the Scriptures, show, he is not so, absolutely in capable of doing any thing good. In the afternoon Mr. Cranch, and Dr. Tufts, stop\u2019d here, on their Road to Lincoln.\n   Edward Wigglesworth, successor to his father as Hollis Professor of Divinity 1765\u20131791 (Sibley-Shipton, Harvard Graduates,John Langdon Sibley and Clifford K. Shipton, Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Cambridge and Boston, 1873- . 12:507\u2013517).\n       My Trunks, which I have been so long expecting, came, at last this morning, from Haverhill. White, and my Brother, went to Boston; this day our Class finished reciting in Euclid. A Lesson was set us in Gravesande, for next Quarter; when we go, in to Mr. Read. It would have been best to have gone in to Gravesande before Mr. Williams, began his Lectures; but the Class was considerably delayed last year, by Mr. Howard\u2019s going away, as he was the mathematical Tutor. Mr. Cranch stopp\u2019d here, on his Return, from Lincoln. Weather fair and pleasant all day. The freshmen, are still very high. Sullivan, one of the Seniors had a Window broke, by one of them this Evening.\n   Willem Jacob van\u2019s Gravesande, Mathematical Elements of Natural Philosophy, Confirmed by Experiments, Or, An Introduction to Sir Isaac Newton\u2019s Philosophy..., transl. John Th\u00e9ophilus Desaguliers, 2 vols., London, 1720\u20131721. When JQA requested JA to purchase a copy for him in England, he asked for the octavo edition because it was the one \u201cstudied here. They are very scarce in this Country, as they can neither be bought, nor borrowed out of College\u201d (JQA to JA, 21 May\u201314 June, Adams Papers).\n   Bezaleel Howard, Harvard 1781, tutor 1783\u20131785, had been minister at Springfield, Mass., since 1785 (Heman Howard, The Howard Genealogy: Descendants of John Howard of Bridgewater, Massachusetts, from 1643 to 1903 [Brockton, Mass.], 1903, p. 54; Harvard Quinquennial Cat.Harvard University, Quinquennial Catalogue of the Officers and Graduates, 1636- 1930, Cambridge, 1930.  ).\n       No reciting, this day. I was not in at Prayers, in the morning. Mr. Williams gave us, his second Lecture, upon those Properties of Matter, which though not essential to it, was in a greater or smaller degree common to all. Such were Attraction, which was of 2 kinds, Cohesion, and Repulsion, and Gravitation. The Substance of the Lectures I have taken down on Separate Paper, so that I shall not repeat it here. I attended the Junior tea-Club, and signed the Regulations, as I was admitted to it, Last Evening. A Nephew of the President, by the same Name, was this day examined, and admitted, as a Junior Sophister.\n   None of JQA\u2019s Harvard lecture notes has been found.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0002-0001", "content": "Title: Saturday April 1st. 1786.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       After having had a month of March uncommonly pleasant, and warm, the Present one begins with a Snow Storm. From about 2 o\u2019clock afternoon it has snow\u2019d, steadily till late in the Evening. Our Class recited this morning in Doddridge, but I was not in. My Chamber is so situated that the College bell, does, not sound with sufficient force to wake me, in the morning, and I have not of late been used to rise, so early as 6, which is here, the hour for prayers.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0002-0002", "content": "Title: 2d.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       The storm continued all night with unabated violence, and it blew so hard that one of our Windows was burst in. While we were fixing it up again, the bell, rang and toll\u2019d for prayers though neither of us heard it. It continued snowing as much as ever till about noon, and there was no meeting all day. After dinner, I went and spent a couple of hours at Sever\u2019s chamber, after which I returned to my own, and wrote something upon surveying.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0002-0004", "content": "Title: 4th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       The Seniors this morning, had a forensic disputation, upon the Question, whether a democratical form of Government, is the best of all. The Class in alphabetical order, alternately supported or opposed this Question. I went to Sullivan\u2019s chamber. Studied in the 7th. Book of the Iliad. I made tea, for the Club this Evening. They were all here Amory, Beale, Bridge, 3 Chandler\u2019s, Cranch, Hammond, Kendall, Little, Lloyd, Mason, Putnam, White, and Williams. After tea, and singing two or three songs, they all retired but Bridge, a very steady, and studious young fellow, who sat and had a couple of hours chat with me.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0002-0005", "content": "Title: 5th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       No reciting this morning. Cranch went to Boston, bought me a flute. We had a Lecture from Mr. Williams, upon Motion proceeding from Gravity. Williams, the Professor\u2019s son, made tea for the Club; I was a great part of the Evening, taking off, extracts from the morning Lecture.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0002-0006", "content": "Title: 6th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Fast day: I was at meeting all day, as indeed all the Students, must be, by Law, unless, excused by a Tutor. The President preach\u2019d two Sermons from Micah VI. 6, 7, 8. Wherewith shall I come before the Lord, and bow myself before the high God? Shall I come before him with burnt offerings, with calves of a year old. Will the Lord be pleased with thousands of Rams, or with ten thousands of rivers of oil? Shall I give my first born for my transgression, the fruit of my body, for the sin of my soul? He hath shewed thee O man what is good; and what doth the Lord require of thee, but to do justly and to love mercy, and to walk humbly with thy God? It is certainly a most noble Subject, and we had 2 good Sermons upon. That in the afternoon especially, I thought excellent. No flowers of rhetoric, no Eloquence, but plain common Sense, and upon a liberal plan. But the President has by no means a pleasing Delivery. He appears to labour, and struggle very much, and sometimes strains very hard. And mak\u00ading faces, which do not render his harsh countenance, more agreeable.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0002-0007", "content": "Title: 7th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Return\u2019d my books to the Library. We had the 5th. Lecture from Mr. Williams, who informed us, he should not have another till the first Monday in the next Quarter. This was upon projectile Motion, and the central Forces. Deacon Storer pass\u2019d by in a Chaise, and gave me a Letter, from my Sister which was dated December 9th. It was very acceptable, as I have not heard before, since, the beginning of January. White returned to Haverhill, by leave from the President, though the Vacation will not begin till next Wednesday. We had no Prayers.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0002-0008", "content": "Title: 8th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Dined at Mr. Tracy\u2019s, in Company, with Mr. Molyneux, Mr. Price, Dr. Cutting, Mr. Mores an Englishman, Mr. Storer and H. Otis, and Mr. Hughes. There were two sharp wits present, Mr. Hughes and Dr. Cutting; their bons-mots flew about very frequently. After Dinner I went with Mr. Storer, to Mr. Gannetts for a few Minutes. Went very early to Bed.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0002-0009", "content": "Title: 9th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Attended the meeting all day. Mr. Hilliard preached in the forenoon from Job II. 10. What? Shall we receive good at the hand of God, and shall we not receive evil. He inculcated submission to the Divine will both in Prosperity and Adversity: it was occasional, as he lost one of his Children, in the Course of the week. Dined, with Bridge, at Professor Williams\u2019s. Mrs. Williams is affable. Miss Jenny, very pretty. Sam: is one of my Classmates. The afternoon Text was from Matthew VI: 33. But seek ye first the kingdom of God, and his righteousness, and all these things, shall be added unto you. We drank tea, and spent the Evening at Bridge\u2019s Chamber. I wrote a Letter to my Father.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0002-0010", "content": "Title: 10th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       No reciting this Day, because the Government met to examine the reasons of those scholars that are absent, or have been within the two last Quarters. Went over in the Evening with the musical Club, and heard them play a number of tunes, at Mr. Tracy\u2019s Summer-house. Spent the Evening with Bridge at his Room.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0002-0012", "content": "Title: 12th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       I went down to our Office, to see if there was a Gravesande, there, but none was to be found;\u2014while we were at dinner my Cousin came in from Boston, where he went last night from Cambridge. In the afternoon Charles, and I went out fowling, but came home, as deeply laden as we went. We went in the Evening, and Cranch play\u2019d to an Echo; it has a very agreeable effect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0002-0014", "content": "Title: 14th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       We went down to General Palmer\u2019s at German town. Went to catch fish, forenoon and afternoon, but with little success; It was late before we got home, and I was very much fatigued; I have, not walk\u2019d so much in one day these 6 months.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0002-0015", "content": "Title: 15th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       At home all day; wrote to my Sister. Mr. Cranch return\u2019d, in the Evening, and brought a number of English News Papers with him. All, as common, full of nothing.\n       A Declamation to be spoken on Wednesday June 7th. 1786.\n       \u201cVarro, the most learned of the Romans, thought, since Nature is the same wherever we go, that this single circumstance was sufficient to remove all objections to change of Place, taken by itself and stripped of the other inconveniences which attend exile. M. Brutus, thought it enough, that those, who go into banishment cannot be hindered from carrying their Virtue along with them. Now, if any one judge that each of these comforts is in itself insufficient, he must however confess that both of them joined together, are able to remove the terrors of exile. For, what trifles must all we leave behind us be esteemed, in comparison of the two most precious things which men can enjoy, and which we are sure, will follow us wherever we turn our steps, the same Nature, and our proper Virtue? Believe me, the providence of God, has established such an order in the World, that of all which belongs to us the least valuable parts can alone fall under the will of others. Whatever is best is safest; lies out of the reach of human power; can neither be given nor taken away. Such is this great and beautiful work of nature, the world. Such is the mind of man, which contemplates and admires the world whereof it makes the noblest part. These are inseparably ours, and as long as we remain in one we shall enjoy the other. Let us march therefore intrepidly wherever we are led by the course of human accidents. Wherever they lead us, on what coast soever we are thrown by them, we shall not find ourselves absolutely strangers. We shall meet with men and women, creatures of the same figure, endowed with the same faculties, and born under the same laws of nature. We shall see the same Virtues and Vices, flowing from the same general Principles, but varied in a thousand different and contrary modes, according to that infinite variety of laws and customs which is established for the same universal end, the preservation of Society. We shall feel the same revolution of Seasons, and the same Sun and Moon will guide the course of our year. The same azure vault, bespangled with stars will be every where spread over our heads. There is no part of the world from whence we may not admire those planets which roll, like ours, in different orbits round the same central Sun; from whence we may not discover an object still more stupendous, that army of fixed Stars, hung up in the immense Space of the Universe, innumerable Suns, whose beams, enlighten and cherish the unknown worlds which roll around them; and whilst I am ravished by such contemplations as these, whilst my soul is thus raised up to heaven, it imports me little what ground I tread upon.\u201d\n        Bolingbroke, Reflections upon Exile.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0002-0016", "content": "Title: 16th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Mr. Weld the Minister in the middle Parish, preached for Mr. Wibirt, and took his text all day from Hebrews IV.11. Let us labour therefore to enter into that rest, lest any man fall after the same example of unbelief. I have not heard a more indifferent prayer, or Sermon, since I came home. Sermon I say, for although I was all day at meeting, yet I did not hear the afternoon one. We went down to our house in the Evening to get some Papers, and books.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0002-0017", "content": "Title: 17th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       We went out on a shooting party, and were gone all the morning. The weather quite warm all day. Mr. Tyler return\u2019d, but did not come into the House, till 11. at night. It is the last day before the setting of the Court; so that he had a great deal of Business.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0002-0018", "content": "Title: 18th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       My Uncle Cranch, and Mr. Tyler went to Boston in the morning. About noon it began to Storm; at about 5 afternoon, Mr. Tyler came up the yard, with Eliza, just returned from Haverhill and there was nothing, but how do you do? and I am so glad to see you, and when did you come? and how and so on. No news from Haverhill but bad. Mr. Johnny White\u2019s wife, after lying in the 6th. of this month, was very well for several days; but caught a cold, which produced a putrid fever, and sent her the night before last to \u201cthat Country from whose bourne no Traveller returns.\u201d It seems as if misfortunes of the severest kind, were continually the lot of this family.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0002-0019", "content": "Title: 19th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Drizzling, misty weather all day. Did not stir out of the house. Amused myself with reading, writing, and taking lessons on the flute; which I have lately begun to learn.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0002-0020", "content": "Title: 20th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       The weather continued just the Same, all day. It sets every one yawning, and keeps all within doors. But it is very advantageous for the husbandry, and has already given a great start to the grass.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0002-0022", "content": "Title: 22d.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       I went to Boston this morning, with a Chaise, for Mr. Cranch to come home. Stop\u2019d at Milton, and bespoke me a writing desk. Dined at Mr. Foster\u2019s: and at about 4 o\u2019clock set out again and got to Braintree, just after dark. Convers\u2019d on the road, with Mr. Cranch Who is always entertaining, and always instructive. Continuation of the Storm. The Sun has not appeared this week.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0002-0023", "content": "Title: 23d.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Heard old Parson Wibird, preach from Luke. XIX. 10. For the Son of man is come to seek and to save that which was lost. Mr. Cranch said he had heard it ten Times before. No one would complain if the Parson would read printed Sermons, But to hear one thing continually repeated over which does not deserve, perhaps, to be said more than once, is very fatiguing.\n       We had the Pleasure of Mr. Tyler\u2019s Company, in the morning, and at noon. It is the first Time I have seen him since I returned to Braintree.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0002-0024", "content": "Title: 24th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       It seems as if there is to be no end of this Stormy weather. It does not look more likely to clear up, than it did, a week agone; Charles and myself lodg\u2019d down at our house; it is almost 7 years since I pass\u2019d a night there before this.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0002-0025", "content": "Title: 25th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Weather still the same. Mr. Wibird spent the afternoon at Mr. Cranch\u2019s. I went with my brother down, and drank tea at my Uncle Adams\u2019s. Had some difficulty to get horses to go to Cambridge with to-morrow. Mr. H. Hayden, died last night of a wound he received by a gun going off, while he was fowling, about 3 weeks agone.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0002-0026", "content": "Title: 26th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       The Vacation being at end; Charles and I left Braintree at about 10 o\u2019clock. My Cousin has been unwell, with a bad Cough several days, and therefore intends to stay till Saturday. The weather, for the first Time these ten days was favorable, which was a lucky circumstance to us. We got to College, at about 1. just after Commons. I dined on bread and cheese; there were only 40 scholars, in at Prayers, this afternoon. Put my name in at the Buttery. At the end of each Vacation, every scholar, must go in Person, and give his name to the Butler; any scholar who stays away after the expiration of the Vacancy, unless, he gives good reasons for it, forfeits 1 sh. 6d. every night. Spent the Evening at Mr. Dana\u2019s, where I found a Mr. and Mrs. Buckminster, from Portsmouth.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0002-0027", "content": "Title: 27th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       A List of the Present, junior Sophister Class\n       William Lovejoy Abbot.\n       *Abiel Abbot\n       *John Quincy Adams.\n       Jonathan Amory\n       Samuel Angier\n       *William Amherst Baron Barron\n       *Benjamin Beale\n       *James Bridge.\n       *Josiah Burge\n       John Chandler.\n       Thomas Chandler\n       *Gardner Leonard Chandler\n       Caleb Child\n       *William Cranch\n       *Joshua Cushman\n       Peter Eaton\n       *Oliver Fiske\n       John Murray Forbes\n       Bossinger Bossenger Foster\n       **Nathaniel Freeman\n       Timothy Fuller\n       Thomas Hammond\n       *Thaddeus Mason Harris\n       Walter Hunnowell Hunnewell\n       Joseph Jackson\n       Asa Johnson\n       Ephraim Kendall\n       Nathaniel Laurence Lawrence\n       Ebenezer Learned\n       *Moses Little\n       James Lloyd\n       James Lovell.\n       William Mason\n       Daniel Mayo\n       Samuel Mead\n       Ephraim Morton\n       *Hezekiah Packard\n       Nathaniel Shepherd Prentiss.\n       Samuel Putnam\n       Isaac Rand.\n       John Sever\n       Solomon Vose\n       John Jones Waldo\n       Francis Welch\n       Leonard White\n       Richard Whitney\n       Samuel Willard.\n       Samuel Williams.\n       No reciting this day, nor indeed this week. The Scholars that live near Cambridge, commonly come and enter their names in the Buttery, and then go home again, and stay the remainder of the Week. I went down to the President\u2019s in the morning to carry a Letter to him. Spent my Time in writing, reading, and playing on the flute. Lodg\u2019d with my brother.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0002-0028", "content": "Title: 28th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       The weather fine, but rather cool.\n       Somewhat unwell, and had a bad head ache in the afternoon. My Cousin, and Leonard White, both came. We had been anxious for Leonard, as we heard he was sick: he was so in the beginning of the Week, but, has now pretty well recovered. About half the College, are now here. The bill at prayers, is not kept, till the Friday after the Vacation ends.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0002-0029", "content": "Title: 29th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Went to Mr. Dana\u2019s, in the afternoon, upon some business. There were two gentlemen, there, one of which, had a deal of small talk with Miss Almy, upon matrimony. Tea, at 3d Chandler\u2019s. Most of the Members were there. Few of the Scholars are now absent. Windy Weather.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0002-0030", "content": "Title: 30th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Heard Mr. Hilliard all day upon Acts. VII. 9. And the patriarchs moved with envy sold Joseph into Egypt: but God was with him. The Sermons were good, but there is such, a sameness in almost all the Sermons, I hear preach\u2019d, that they are Seldom very entertaining to me. Dined at Mr. Dana\u2019s, with his brother in Law Mr. Hastings, Captn. Hobby, and two Seniors, Dwight, and Harris. Mrs. Dana, always sociable and contented. Dwight and Harris, have a very good reputation in College; it is supposed they will have good Parts at Commencement, they will be distributed in about a fort\u2019night. Two young fellows from New Haven, offered themselves yesterday, for the Senior Class; but after examination, were not found qualified for admittance; this was surely losing the Substance by grasping at the Shadow; for they have not only failed getting their degree, here, but have lost the opportunity of having one, at their own College.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0002", "content": "Title: [April 1786]\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n      Saturday April 1st. 1786.\n       After having had a month of March uncommonly pleasant, and warm, the Present one begins with a Snow Storm. From about 2 o\u2019clock afternoon it has snow\u2019d, steadily till late in the Evening. Our Class recited this morning in Doddridge, but I was not in. My Chamber is so situated that the College bell, does, not sound with sufficient force to wake me, in the morning, and I have not of late been used to rise, so early as 6, which is here, the hour for prayers.\n   For a discussion of JQA\u2019s physical surroundings at Harvard, see the Descriptive List of Illustrations, No. 7.\n       The storm continued all night with unabated violence, and it blew so hard that one of our Windows was burst in. While we were fixing it up again, the bell, rang and toll\u2019d for prayers though neither of us heard it. It continued snowing as much as ever till about noon, and there was no meeting all day. After dinner, I went and spent a couple of hours at Sever\u2019s chamber, after which I returned to my own, and wrote something upon surveying.\n       We recite this Week, to Dr. Jennison in Greek. Mornings in Homer, and afternoons in the Greek Testament. Willard, first came in to recite; the Dr. ask\u2019d me by what rule \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03c9\u03bd governed \u03b3\u03bf\u03bc\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd H: 6: v. 45. I did not know, and said Verbs of Sense &c. No, it was under that long Rule; I read the long Rule, there was nothing to be found in it, that would apply. He said there was something very peculiar in it, and I sat down. He is not a very extraordinary greek scholar, but they say, he improves, as it is but of late since, he has taken that department. At 11. We had a Lecture from Mr. Williams, upon Motion; that of elastic, and that of nonelastic bodies. The Lecture was not, to me, so entertaining, as the two former. This evening, there were it is said upwards of 100 Scholars out on the common, armed with Clubs, to fight the People, belonging to the Town. A few evenings since, Lovell, a junior, got quarrelling with a man belonging to the Town, about a girl, two or three other juniors being present took Lovell\u2019s part, and a few blows were dealt on both sides. Lovell, has told his Story just as he pleased; and has raised almost all college; for this Society like most others thinks that an insult offered to one member, must be resented by all, and as in a well ordered Republic, although, some of the Classes, have of late, been so much at Variance, yet immediately upon a foreign insult they all United. The only thing wanting, to make the scholars highly praise-worthy in this Case, is a good Cause. It appears plainly that the first insult was from Lovell, and the original Cause of the quarrel an infamous girl. There would probably some very severe blows have past had not the Tutors and Professor Williams, interposed, this Evening. They perswaded both Parties to disperse; but this will perhaps be only a Suspension of arms: I doubt whether the matter will end here.\n       The Seniors this morning, had a forensic disputation, upon the Question, whether a democratical form of Government, is the best of all. The Class in alphabetical order, alternately supported or opposed this Question. I went to Sullivan\u2019s chamber. Studied in the 7th. Book of the Iliad. I made tea, for the Club this Evening. They were all here Amory, Beale, Bridge, 3 Chandler\u2019s, Cranch, Hammond, Kendall, Little, Lloyd, Mason, Putnam, White, and Williams. After tea, and singing two or three songs, they all retired but Bridge, a very steady, and studious young fellow, who sat and had a couple of hours chat with me.\n       No reciting this morning. Cranch went to Boston, bought me a flute. We had a Lecture from Mr. Williams, upon Motion proceeding from Gravity. Williams, the Professor\u2019s son, made tea for the Club; I was a great part of the Evening, taking off, extracts from the morning Lecture.\n       Fast day: I was at meeting all day, as indeed all the Students, must be, by Law, unless, excused by a Tutor. The President preach\u2019d two Sermons from Micah VI. 6, 7, 8. Wherewith shall I come before the Lord, and bow myself before the high God? Shall I come before him with burnt offerings, with calves of a year old. Will the Lord be pleased with thousands of Rams, or with ten thousands of rivers of oil? Shall I give my first born for my transgression, the fruit of my body, for the sin of my soul? He hath shewed thee O man what is good; and what doth the Lord require of thee, but to do justly and to love mercy, and to walk humbly with thy God? It is certainly a most noble Subject, and we had 2 good Sermons upon. That in the afternoon especially, I thought excellent. No flowers of rhetoric, no Eloquence, but plain common Sense, and upon a liberal plan. But the President has by no means a pleasing Delivery. He appears to labour, and struggle very much, and sometimes strains very hard. And mak\u00ading faces, which do not render his harsh countenance, more agreeable.\n       Return\u2019d my books to the Library. We had the 5th. Lecture from Mr. Williams, who informed us, he should not have another till the first Monday in the next Quarter. This was upon projectile Motion, and the central Forces. Deacon Storer pass\u2019d by in a Chaise, and gave me a Letter, from my Sister which was dated December 9th. It was very acceptable, as I have not heard before, since, the beginning of January. White returned to Haverhill, by leave from the President, though the Vacation will not begin till next Wednesday. We had no Prayers.\n   Letter not found.\n       Dined at Mr. Tracy\u2019s, in Company, with Mr. Molyneux, Mr. Price, Dr. Cutting, Mr. Mores an Englishman, Mr. Storer and H. Otis, and Mr. Hughes. There were two sharp wits present, Mr. Hughes and Dr. Cutting; their bons-mots flew about very frequently. After Dinner I went with Mr. Storer, to Mr. Gannetts for a few Minutes. Went very early to Bed.\n   Harrison Gray (Harry) Otis, who received his master\u2019s degree from Harvard in 1786 and shortly thereafter was admitted to the Boston bar (DABAllen Johnson and Dumas Malone, eds., Dictionary of American Biography, New York, 1928-1936; 20 vols, plus index and supplements.).\n       Attended the meeting all day. Mr. Hilliard preached in the forenoon from Job II. 10. What? Shall we receive good at the hand of God, and shall we not receive evil. He inculcated submission to the Divine will both in Prosperity and Adversity: it was occasional, as he lost one of his Children, in the Course of the week. Dined, with Bridge, at Professor Williams\u2019s. Mrs. Williams is affable. Miss Jenny, very pretty. Sam: is one of my Classmates. The afternoon Text was from Matthew VI: 33. But seek ye first the kingdom of God, and his righteousness, and all these things, shall be added unto you. We drank tea, and spent the Evening at Bridge\u2019s Chamber. I wrote a Letter to my Father.\n   No letter has been found written by JQA to JA between 2 April and 21 May. Internal evidence in the letters written on these two dates indicates that no other letter was written or, at least, sent during the intervening period.\n       No reciting this Day, because the Government met to examine the reasons of those scholars that are absent, or have been within the two last Quarters. Went over in the Evening with the musical Club, and heard them play a number of tunes, at Mr. Tracy\u2019s Summer-house. Spent the Evening with Bridge at his Room.\n       We recited this morning in Locke on the Understanding to Mr. Hale. A number of the scholars first read, the Lesson that has been given, and the others in their turns give an account of particular Sections. At about 10 o\u2019clock 2 horses came from Braintree for my brother and myself to go home upon. Mr. Cranch came a little before 11. At about 11 \u00bd the Government and Corporation came and seated themselves, and the President spoke very audibly, expectatur Oratio in Lingua Latina, per Andrews. It was in praise of Literary Societies, and mentioning the advantages derived from them. The next thing was a forensic dispute upon the Question, whether Error could be productive of good to mankind. Sullivan supported, and Taylor opposed it. Their parts were both very well; but Taylor, though I think he had the wrong side of the Question maintained it best. The English Dialogue, between Scipio Africanus, and Julius Caesar, was spoken by Williams, and Waldo, and I thought well. The Greek Oration by Cranch, and the Hebrew by Burge followed, and lastly the Oratio in lingua Vernacula, as the President calls it, by Gardner. It was upon the progress of the Christian Religion; was very well done, and closed with about 20 lines of very pretty, Poetry. The President then called out expectatur Symphonia, and a song was sung, after which, as all the Company was going, the musical Club play\u2019d a number of tunes upon their Instruments which closed the Scene. We soon after went into Commons, and dinner was not quite ready; there was no bread, and there was such a screaming from every part of the Hall, bread! bread! that it might be heard I suppose at a mile\u2019s distance.\n       At about 4 o\u2019clock Beale, my brother, and myself set off to re\u00adturn to Braintree. Beale left us about 3 miles from Mr. Cranch\u2019s where we arrived just at Sun set. The weather very fine.\n   This was the highly republican dialogue in George Lyttelton\u2019s Dialogues of the Dead, 4th edn., London, 1765, p. 353\u2013370 (MH-Ar: Faculty Records, 5:216\u2013217).\n       I went down to our Office, to see if there was a Gravesande, there, but none was to be found;\u2014while we were at dinner my Cousin came in from Boston, where he went last night from Cambridge. In the afternoon Charles, and I went out fowling, but came home, as deeply laden as we went. We went in the Evening, and Cranch play\u2019d to an Echo; it has a very agreeable effect.\n   That is, JA\u2019s law office, a ground-floor room in what is now known as the John Quincy Adams Birthplace.\n       Went down and staid part of the forenoon, at the Office. Drank tea at Mr. Apthorp\u2019s. A man of a strange character. I intended when I came from Cambridge to have written, a great deal during this Vacation, but I find there is continually something or other happens to prevent me; so that I begin to fear, I shall do but very little.\n       We went down to General Palmer\u2019s at German town. Went to catch fish, forenoon and afternoon, but with little success; It was late before we got home, and I was very much fatigued; I have, not walk\u2019d so much in one day these 6 months.\n       At home all day; wrote to my Sister. Mr. Cranch return\u2019d, in the Evening, and brought a number of English News Papers with him. All, as common, full of nothing.\n       A Declamation to be spoken on Wednesday June 7th. 1786.\n       \u201cVarro, the most learned of the Romans, thought, since Nature is the same wherever we go, that this single circumstance was sufficient to remove all objections to change of Place, taken by itself and stripped of the other inconveniences which attend exile. M. Brutus, thought it enough, that those, who go into banishment cannot be hindered from carrying their Virtue along with them. Now, if any one judge that each of these comforts is in itself insufficient, he must however confess that both of them joined together, are able to remove the terrors of exile. For, what trifles must all we leave behind us be esteemed, in comparison of the two most precious things which men can enjoy, and which we are sure, will follow us wherever we turn our steps, the same Nature, and our proper Virtue? Believe me, the providence of God, has established such an order in the World, that of all which belongs to us the least valuable parts can alone fall under the will of others. Whatever is best is safest; lies out of the reach of human power; can neither be given nor taken away. Such is this great and beautiful work of nature, the world. Such is the mind of man, which contemplates and admires the world whereof it makes the noblest part. These are inseparably ours, and as long as we remain in one we shall enjoy the other. Let us march therefore intrepidly wherever we are led by the course of human accidents. Wherever they lead us, on what coast soever we are thrown by them, we shall not find ourselves absolutely strangers. We shall meet with men and women, creatures of the same figure, endowed with the same faculties, and born under the same laws of nature. We shall see the same Virtues and Vices, flowing from the same general Principles, but varied in a thousand different and contrary modes, according to that infinite variety of laws and customs which is established for the same universal end, the preservation of Society. We shall feel the same revolution of Seasons, and the same Sun and Moon will guide the course of our year. The same azure vault, bespangled with stars will be every where spread over our heads. There is no part of the world from whence we may not admire those planets which roll, like ours, in different orbits round the same central Sun; from whence we may not discover an object still more stupendous, that army of fixed Stars, hung up in the immense Space of the Universe, innumerable Suns, whose beams, enlighten and cherish the unknown worlds which roll around them; and whilst I am ravished by such contemplations as these, whilst my soul is thus raised up to heaven, it imports me little what ground I tread upon.\u201d\n        Bolingbroke, Reflections upon Exile.\n   Letter not found. One letter, printed in AA2, Jour. and Corr.,Journal and Correspondence of Miss Adams, Daughter of John Adams,... edited by Her Daughter [Caroline Amelia (Smith) de Windt], New York and London, 1841-[1849]; 3 vols. [3]:106\u2013112, bears the date 15 April \u2013 16 May 1786, but the substance of the letter under the initial date shows that it was begun on 25 April.\n   Henry St. John, Viscount Bolingbroke, Letters on the Study and Use of History, London, 1770, p. 445\u2013448 (MQA).\n       Mr. Weld the Minister in the middle Parish, preached for Mr. Wibirt, and took his text all day from Hebrews IV.11. Let us labour therefore to enter into that rest, lest any man fall after the same example of unbelief. I have not heard a more indifferent prayer, or Sermon, since I came home. Sermon I say, for although I was all day at meeting, yet I did not hear the afternoon one. We went down to our house in the Evening to get some Papers, and books.\n   Ezra Weld, minister of the First Congregational Church, Braintree, 1762\u20131816 (Weis, Colonial Clergy of N.E.Frederick Lewis Weis, comp., The Colonial Clergy and the Colonial Churches of New England, Lancaster, Mass., 1936.).\n       We went out on a shooting party, and were gone all the morning. The weather quite warm all day. Mr. Tyler return\u2019d, but did not come into the House, till 11. at night. It is the last day before the setting of the Court; so that he had a great deal of Business.\n       My Uncle Cranch, and Mr. Tyler went to Boston in the morning. About noon it began to Storm; at about 5 afternoon, Mr. Tyler came up the yard, with Eliza, just returned from Haverhill and there was nothing, but how do you do? and I am so glad to see you, and when did you come? and how and so on. No news from Haverhill but bad. Mr. Johnny White\u2019s wife, after lying in the 6th. of this month, was very well for several days; but caught a cold, which produced a putrid fever, and sent her the night before last to \u201cthat Country from whose bourne no Traveller returns.\u201d It seems as if misfortunes of the severest kind, were continually the lot of this family.\n   Hamlet, Act III, scene i, lines 79\u201380.\n       Drizzling, misty weather all day. Did not stir out of the house. Amused myself with reading, writing, and taking lessons on the flute; which I have lately begun to learn.\n       The weather continued just the Same, all day. It sets every one yawning, and keeps all within doors. But it is very advantageous for the husbandry, and has already given a great start to the grass.\n       Same Story over again. Chilly, and misty. This is but a poor way of dragging out an existence; I want much to be doing something: here, every minute something turns up to prevent me, from writing. I could do more in two days at Cambridge, than I have in the whole vacation here. Next Wednesday we shall again return to our Business.\n       I went to Boston this morning, with a Chaise, for Mr. Cranch to come home. Stop\u2019d at Milton, and bespoke me a writing desk. Dined at Mr. Foster\u2019s: and at about 4 o\u2019clock set out again and got to Braintree, just after dark. Convers\u2019d on the road, with Mr. Cranch Who is always entertaining, and always instructive. Continuation of the Storm. The Sun has not appeared this week.\n       Heard old Parson Wibird, preach from Luke. XIX. 10. For the Son of man is come to seek and to save that which was lost. Mr. Cranch said he had heard it ten Times before. No one would complain if the Parson would read printed Sermons, But to hear one thing continually repeated over which does not deserve, perhaps, to be said more than once, is very fatiguing.\n       We had the Pleasure of Mr. Tyler\u2019s Company, in the morning, and at noon. It is the first Time I have seen him since I returned to Braintree.\n       It seems as if there is to be no end of this Stormy weather. It does not look more likely to clear up, than it did, a week agone; Charles and myself lodg\u2019d down at our house; it is almost 7 years since I pass\u2019d a night there before this.\n       Weather still the same. Mr. Wibird spent the afternoon at Mr. Cranch\u2019s. I went with my brother down, and drank tea at my Uncle Adams\u2019s. Had some difficulty to get horses to go to Cambridge with to-morrow. Mr. H. Hayden, died last night of a wound he received by a gun going off, while he was fowling, about 3 weeks agone.\n       The Vacation being at end; Charles and I left Braintree at about 10 o\u2019clock. My Cousin has been unwell, with a bad Cough several days, and therefore intends to stay till Saturday. The weather, for the first Time these ten days was favorable, which was a lucky circumstance to us. We got to College, at about 1. just after Commons. I dined on bread and cheese; there were only 40 scholars, in at Prayers, this afternoon. Put my name in at the Buttery. At the end of each Vacation, every scholar, must go in Person, and give his name to the Butler; any scholar who stays away after the expiration of the Vacancy, unless, he gives good reasons for it, forfeits 1 sh. 6d. every night. Spent the Evening at Mr. Dana\u2019s, where I found a Mr. and Mrs. Buckminster, from Portsmouth.\n       A List of the Present, junior Sophister Class\n       William Lovejoy Abbot.\n       *Abiel Abbot\n       *John Quincy Adams.\n       Jonathan Amory\n       Samuel Angier\n       *William Amherst Baron Barron\n       *Benjamin Beale\n       *James Bridge.\n       *Josiah Burge\n       John Chandler.\n       Thomas Chandler\n       *Gardner Leonard Chandler\n       Caleb Child\n       *William Cranch\n       *Joshua Cushman\n       Peter Eaton\n       *Oliver Fiske\n       John Murray Forbes\n       Bossinger Bossenger Foster\n       **Nathaniel Freeman\n       Timothy Fuller\n       Thomas Hammond\n       *Thaddeus Mason Harris\n       Walter Hunnowell Hunnewell\n       Joseph Jackson\n       Asa Johnson\n       Ephraim Kendall\n       Nathaniel Laurence Lawrence\n       Ebenezer Learned\n       *Moses Little\n       James Lloyd\n       James Lovell.\n       William Mason\n       Daniel Mayo\n       Samuel Mead\n       Ephraim Morton\n       *Hezekiah Packard\n       Nathaniel Shepherd Prentiss.\n       Samuel Putnam\n       Isaac Rand.\n       John Sever\n       Solomon Vose\n       John Jones Waldo\n       Francis Welch\n       Leonard White\n       Richard Whitney\n       Samuel Willard.\n       Samuel Williams.\n       No reciting this day, nor indeed this week. The Scholars that live near Cambridge, commonly come and enter their names in the Buttery, and then go home again, and stay the remainder of the Week. I went down to the President\u2019s in the morning to carry a Letter to him. Spent my Time in writing, reading, and playing on the flute. Lodg\u2019d with my brother.\n   JQA\u2019s classmates are identified under the \u201ccharacter sketches\u201d which he included in the diary entries of his senior year. In addition to those listed here, the class of 1787 included three other students\u2014William Samuel Judd, Samuel Kellogg, and John Phelps, who were transfer students from Dartmouth and Yale. They entered Harvard in the months following this entry. The asterisks apparently denote members of the Harvard chapter of Phi Beta Kappa inducted before 11 Dec. 1786. Putnam and White were also members, but their names are unmarked and were presumably missed because the list continues on the verso of the Diary page. The meaning of the double asterisk before Freeman\u2019s name is uncertain (MH-Ar: Phi Beta Kappa Records, 1 :passim).\n       The weather fine, but rather cool.\n       Somewhat unwell, and had a bad head ache in the afternoon. My Cousin, and Leonard White, both came. We had been anxious for Leonard, as we heard he was sick: he was so in the beginning of the Week, but, has now pretty well recovered. About half the College, are now here. The bill at prayers, is not kept, till the Friday after the Vacation ends.\n   That is, bills of absence and tardiness. See entry of 19 Aug., note 1 (below).\n       Went to Mr. Dana\u2019s, in the afternoon, upon some business. There were two gentlemen, there, one of which, had a deal of small talk with Miss Almy, upon matrimony. Tea, at 3d Chandler\u2019s. Most of the Members were there. Few of the Scholars are now absent. Windy Weather.\n   Presumably a daughter of Benjamin and Mary (Gould) Almy, of Newport; Mrs. Elizabeth Dana\u2019s family, the Ellerys, were intermarried with the Almys (Vital Record of Rhode Island. 1636\u20131850. First Series...., ed. James N. Arnold, 20 vols., Providence, 1891\u20131911, 4: Part II: 80; Joris Janssen De Rapalj\u00e9, William Almy, of Portsmouth, Rhode Island, 1630, Chicago, 1897, p. 35, 82).\n       Heard Mr. Hilliard all day upon Acts. VII. 9. And the patriarchs moved with envy sold Joseph into Egypt: but God was with him. The Sermons were good, but there is such, a sameness in almost all the Sermons, I hear preach\u2019d, that they are Seldom very entertaining to me. Dined at Mr. Dana\u2019s, with his brother in Law Mr. Hastings, Captn. Hobby, and two Seniors, Dwight, and Harris. Mrs. Dana, always sociable and contented. Dwight and Harris, have a very good reputation in College; it is supposed they will have good Parts at Commencement, they will be distributed in about a fort\u2019night. Two young fellows from New Haven, offered themselves yesterday, for the Senior Class; but after examination, were not found qualified for admittance; this was surely losing the Substance by grasping at the Shadow; for they have not only failed getting their degree, here, but have lost the opportunity of having one, at their own College.\n   Timothy Hilliard, minister at the First Church, Cambridge (Sibley-Shipton, Harvard Graduates,John Langdon Sibley and Clifford K. Shipton, Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Cambridge and Boston, 1873- . 16:59\u201363).", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0003-0002", "content": "Title: 2d.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Our Tutor, gave us this morning, a most extraordinary, construction of a passage in Homer. Abbot 1st. was beginning to construe, the 181st. line of the 6th Book. \n          \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5 \u03bb\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd, \u03bf\u0308\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd, \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03ad \u03c7\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\n         He said, a Lion, before, but the Dr. corrected him, by saying it meant superior to a Lion; Abbot immediately took the hint, and made it, superior to a Lion, inferior to a Dragon, and equal to a wild boar. I confess I should never have had an Idea, of giving such a Translation of this passage, though it always appeared to me a plain, easy one. I was pretty confident too, that comparative adjectives, governed a genitive; but now it is plain that it is no matter what case, a word is in and with this manner, it is much easier to read the ancient authors; because, you may render, any Latin or Greek word, by any English one you chuse.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0003-0003", "content": "Title: 3d.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Wednesday, and Monday, are our two busiest days in the Week. Every minute is employ\u2019d. This morning at 6. We went into Prayers after which we immediately recited. This took us till 7 \u00bc. At 7 \u00bd we breakfasted, at 10, we had a Lecture on Divinity from Mr. Wigglesworth. It was upon the Wisdom of all God\u2019s actions, and justifying those parts of Scripture which some, have reproached, as contrary to Justice. At 11. we had a Philosophical Lecture, from Mr. Williams, upon the mechanical Powers, and particularly, the Lever, and the Pulley. At 12 \u00bd Dinner. At 3. an Astronomical public Lecture upon the planet Mercury, a very circumstancial, account of all its transits over the Suns Disk, since the first discovery of it by Kepler, to this day May 3d. 1786. when it will again pass the disk of the Sun, the 15th. Time since its first Discovery. Unfortunately it will pass in the Night so that it cannot be observed in this Country. Mr. Williams told us of all its different periods which are 6 or 7. from 3 years to more than 260. In the Course of this Century, it will pass twice more, in 1789, and in 1799.\n       At 4. again we recited, and at 5, attended prayers again, after which there are no more exercises for this day, but we are obliged in the evening to Prepare our recitation for to-morrow morning. This I think is quite sufficient employment for one day, but the last three days in the week we have very little to do. Thursdays and Saturdays, reciting only in the morning, and Fridays, a Philosophical Lecture.\n       4th. A Cart came this day from Braintree, and brought us some things. We had after Prayers a Class meeting, about making a present to our Tutor. It is customary at the end of the freshman year to make a present to the Tutor of the Class: but it has been delay\u2019d by ours to the present Time, and many would still delay it, and lay it wholly aside. The Custom, I think is a bad, one, because, it creates partialities in a Tutor, because it increases the distinction between the wealthy, and the poor Scholars, because it makes the Tutor in some measure dependent upon his Class, and because to many that Subscribe it is a considerable expence but the Salaries of the Tutors, being so low, \n         and it having been for many years an universal custom, I am sorry to see our Class so behind hand, and several, who could well afford it, and have really subscribed, meanly endeavouring, to put off the matter from Quarter to Quarter, till they leave College. Bridge, was chosen moderator, and it was finally voted that those who chose to give any thing, should deliver it to Kendall, on or before the 20th of this month: and another Class meeting was appointed for the 22d. to consider how the money should be laid out: the meeting was then dissolved.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0003-0004", "content": "Title: 4th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       No reciting this morning, on account of the last Nights Class meeting. This is a privelege, that all the Classes, and joy, and I am told there have been in our Class fellows, so lazy, and so foolish, as to call a Class meeting merely for that Purpose.\n       I went to Boston this morning, with Leonard White. Sauntered about Town; almost all the forenoon. Dined at My Uncle Smith\u2019s. In returning, Leonard, and I, were all the Time, disputing, upon Love, and Matrimony. Upon the whole, his System, is the best I believe, though, it might be carried to extremes, that would be very hurtful.\n       I saw to day in the News Papers, of a duel fought between Mr. Curson, (who is mentioned: p: 115) and a Mr. Burling, in which the former was kill\u2019d. The Circumstances, that caused it, were not honourable, to the Person, that fell, and if ever a duel, was justifiable, it is surely, in such a case as this.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0003-0005", "content": "Title: 5th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       We had, this morning, a Philosophical Lecture, from Mr. Williams, in which he concluded the Subject of the mechanical powers. This is not so entertaining a subject, as some others but it is a very important one as all the instruments that mankind make use of: of what kind so ever, are upon the principle, of one or more of these Powers. There was a Lecture, at the meeting house in the afternoon; I did not attend: but went, and stay\u2019d at Williams\u2019s till about 4 o\u2019clock. Kendall, got quite high. We went to his Chamber with him. I made tea for the Club in the Evening. They stay\u2019d with me, till about 9 o\u2019clock. A number of the Seniors too, got very high this afternoon.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0003-0007", "content": "Title: 7th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Sacrament day. Mr. Hilliard, preach\u2019d in the morning from 1st. of Corinthians. I. 30. But of him are ye, in Christ Jesus, who of God, is made unto us, wisdom, and righteousness, and sanctification and redemption. I do not remember all his arguments; What I did remember, was not so pleasing to me, as his afternoon, discourse, which was from Acts. XI. 26. And the disciples, were called Christians, first in Antioch. This was, I thought, a very good one; he recommended to his hearers, to consider themselves, as Christians and not particularly belonging to any sect. He introduced, very properly, an excellent passage from Scripture, against Schisms. I: Cor: III. 4,5. For while one saith, I am of Paul, and another I am of Apollos, are ye not carnal? Who then is Paul; and who is Apollos, but ministers, by whom ye believed, even as the Lord gave to every man? His argument was, if a particular attachment, to such men as Paul, and Apollos, was reproved in the Scriptures, how much then must particular sects at this day, or enthusiasm for the opinions of men, much inferior to Paul or Apollos, be displeasing to God.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0003-0008", "content": "Title: 8th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       We recite this week in Terence, and Caesar to Mr. James. This is the tutor of the oldest standing in College. He is very well ac\u00adquainted with the branch he has undertaken, and Persons, that are not Students, say that he is much of a Gentleman. But it seems almost to be a maxim among the Governors of the College, to treat the Students pretty much like brute Beasts. There is an important air, and a haughty look, that, every Person, belonging to the government, (Mr. Williams excepted) assumes, which indeed it is hard for me to submit to. But it may be of use to me, as it mortifies my Vanity, and if any thing, in the world, can teach me humility, it will be, to see myself subjected to the commands of a Person, that I must despise.\n       Mr. James is also accused of having many Partialities, and carrying them to very great length and moreover, that those partialities do not arise from any superior talents or Virtues, in the Student, but from closer, and more interested motives. There are some in our Class with whom, he has been peculiarly severe, and some he has shown more favour, than any Tutor ought to show to a Student. I wish not his favour, as he might prize it too high, and I fear not his Severity, which he can never display, if I do my Duty. Mr. Williams, gave us a mathematical Lecture at 9. Still on Surveying. About two thirds, of the Class are behind hand, and the rest are obliged to wait for them till they come up.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0003-0010", "content": "Title: 10th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       We finished the Andria of Terence this morning. The Class began it last Feby. I went through it at Haverhill in 3 Evenings, however it must be said, here they Study it only 1 week in 4, and that week, only 4 mornings, but even in that way, it has taken 12 lessons to go through this one play. At 11. we had a Lecture from Mr. Williams, upon hydrostatics. He keeps exceeding close to Gravesande\u2019s. Definitions, experiments; nearly all the same. We recite afternoons, the Latin Week, in Caesar, but I have had nothing to say this Week: the Class is so numerous, that he, cannot hear more than one half of them recite at once, and so he takes turns. Mr. I. Smith and Dr. Welch, were here in the afternoon. There was a Concert, by a number of Performers from Boston; Several of the Ladies and Gentlemen, of the Town were present, as well, as many of the Students, but I did not attend. Bigelow, a Senior came, and spent an hour after the Concert. He told me, that his mother, went to school to my father, about 30 years ago.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0003-0011", "content": "Title: 11th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       There has been no reciting this day. Cranch, went to Boston, in the morning, and will not probably return this Night. I have been employ\u2019d almost all day in writing off, Mr. Williams\u2019s yesterday Lecture; perhaps I spend too much time, at this, but I think it may be of considerable advantage, for the Study of S\u2019Gravesande\u2019s; and the whole must be over before the 21st. of June; on that day, the Seniors leave the College. It is Customary, for every Class, as soon as they commence Seniors to choose, among themselves, a person to deliver a Valedictory Oration on the 21st. of June. But by the Intrigues of several of the present Seniors, who wanted to have it, and saw no prospect of obtaining it, the Class, had delay\u2019d hitherto, choosing any one, and it was thought there would be None; but they had this afternoon a Class meeting upon the Subject, and at length chose Fowle, to deliver a Valedictory Poem. The President was inform\u2019d of it by a Committee, who also told him it was the unanimous desire of the Class, that Fowle, might, have another Poem, as a Part, for Commencement. He answered that he approbated their Choice, and would consider upon the other matter.\n       Was Part of the Evening at Waldo\u2019s chamber.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0003-0013", "content": "Title: 13th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       No reciting, this morning: was employ\u2019d all day in mathematical Studies, of which I begin to grow exceeding fond. After dinner, I had Bridge, Kendall, Little and Sever about an hour at my Chamber. Bridge, and Little are two of the best Scholars in our Class, and moreover very clever fellows. Sever has a strong natural genious, and genuine Wit. But his morals are loose, and he is not by any means fond of studying.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0003-0016", "content": "Title: 16th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       We had this morning, a forensic dispute, upon the Question, Whether the immortality of the human Soul be probable from natural Reason. My Inclination coincided, with my duty, and I read the following piece in the affirmative.\n          \u201cThat there is in Man, an interior Power, far different, and vastly superior, to that possess\u2019d by any other being, of the animal Creation, no one I believe will deny to be highly probable from natural Reason. Indeed, it is so obvious, and there are such continual proofs of it, that all Nations seem to consider it as a moral certainty, rather than a probability. Our bodies we have in common, with every other being of the animal Creation, and like them we are subjected to pain, disorders, and to final dissolution by Death. It is therefore natural to Conclude, that the faculty, which we alone possess, and which raises the vast distinction between man, and all other animals, is totally independent of the body; and if so, I know not of one reason, why we should suppose, it began with the body, or that it will end with it. The Soul it is true, while it is in Connection, with the Body, has no natural proof of its own immortality. But the supreme Being, in all whose works, an infinite wisdom, is display\u2019d, when he saw that it was best to leave the Soul, thus in Suspense, at the same time has made, all its hopes, all its desires to centre in immortality. We know of no animal in the Creation (man excepted) that has if I may so express myself an Idea of Immortality; man himself neither expects nor wishes, that his body might remain forever; there are indeed frequent instances of his being so weary of it, as to become himself, the willing instrument of its destruction. But, is there a man in Nature, who if he had it in his power, would annihilate his own Soul, unless a consciousness of its crimes, had joined the idea of eternal damnation, to that of eternal existence. For what Reason, can we suppose this abhorrence of a dissolution, and this fond desire for immortality has been implanted in the Soul, if there is no foundation for them?\n          Perhaps some one may say; if a man had nothing but natural Reason, to assist him in this Enquiry, he would not know, where to draw the line of distinction. There is perhaps a complete gradation of genius from a Newton, to the meanest insect in Creation; where then shall, we stop, or shall we also, grant immortality to the beasts? I answer, that I see not the necessity of this although I confess it will be difficult to distinguish aright. But would it not equally puzzle, the most skilful geometrician, to ascertain the limits between an angle, and a right Line. For although we can make an Angle, verging as near as we please, to a right line, yet a right Line never can be an angle. No two things can be more distinct, than these, yet no one knows where one begins, or where the other ends.\n          But the most convincing proof of the probability, natural Reason affords, that the human Soul is immortal, is the opinion, of those nations, which having never been favoured with the blessings of a divine Revelation, could have no other standard. The Greeks and Romans, undoubtedly, generally believed in the Soul\u2019s immortality: almost all the authors extant in these two Languages, are fully perswaded of it. It may be said, that the opinion of a few, writers, does not in any Country form that of the whole Nation, and that the greatest parts of the Greeks, and Romans, might believe the contrary. Supposing this to be the Case, must we not confess, that men whose Reason was enlightened, and cultivated, were more proper judges of what is proba\u00adble, than the common herd of mankind, who derive but little advantage, from the Soul, that is given them. But these men, were universally admired; their writings were sought for with the utmost eagerness. Homer and Virgil were considered as Oracles, and in many Places, they went so far even as to deify the Greek Poet. They do not raise a doubt concerning the immortality of the Soul: one book of the Odyssey, and one of the AEneid, are founded entirely upon this belief: there is no reason to think, that, when their Countrymen, consulted those Poems as Oracles, they excluded the nth. book of the Odyssey, or the 6th. of the AEneid.\n          But this perswasion of an eternal future State, is not confined to the Greeks, and Romans: if we look among Nations where Reason had made, but little progress, we shall still find the same belief. The northern parts of Europe, were unknown to the Greeks, and to the Romans in the days of their Republic; they had a System of Religion, and gods peculiar to themselves. As they were continually at War, their delight was, to slaughter their fellow creatures, and they believed that after death, their Souls would enjoy an eternal happiness, in drinking the blood of their enemies, from their skulls. Even at this Day, in the west India islands, the enslaved African, bending under the weight of oppression, and scourged by the rod of tyranny, sighs for the Day, when Death, shall put a period to his woes, and his Soul again return to be happy in his native Country.\n          But to mention all the Nations that believe in the Soul\u2019s immortality from natural Reason, would be to enumerate, almost every People, that is or has been known on Earth. Happy the People, who to confirm this Opinion, have been favoured, with a Revelation from above.\u201d\n       At 11 o\u2019clock, when the Bell rung for Mr. Williams\u2019s Lecture, several had not read their Parts. Angier and Mason who had done theirs, went and requested leave to retire, and attend the Philosophical Lecture. He flatly denied them; probably, merely for the sake of showing his tyrannical Power. The Class shew how much they were out of humour, by shuffling with their feet, and when he had kept us there about a Quarter of an hour; and at length dismiss\u2019d us. If Mr. Williams had not waited all that Time for us, we must infallibly have lost a great part of as Important a Lecture, as we have yet had upon Pneumatics. After commons as Hale, was going through the alley, an universal hiss, was heard from the juniors. This is almost the only way, that the Students here have, to keep the Tutors within any bounds. With all their pedantic despotism, they affect Popularity, and I believe the fear of hissing, or shuffling often prevents them from being so arbitrary as they would otherwise be. I receiv\u2019d this afternoon Letters from Europe, as late as March 20th.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0003-0018", "content": "Title: 18th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       This morning I received two very long Letters from my Mamma, and Sister; at length the whole mystery is revealed, and explain\u2019d. We had from Mr. Williams a Lecture of an hour and an half, with which he finished the Subject of air.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0003-0019", "content": "Title: 19th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       I was informed, that Captain  will sail to-morrow for Europe; went to Mr. Reed, and requested to be excused from reciting to-morrow morning, in order to write, to my friends. Studied Algebra, and wrote off part of the Lecture. Sullivan a Senior Sophister, spent an hour with me, in the afternoon. The Class are in the greatest anxiety, and Suspense, concerning the Parts, which are expected to be given out, every hour.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0003-0022", "content": "Title: 22d.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       We recite this week to our own Tutor Mr. Reed, in Gravesande\u2019s experimental Philosophy. This gentleman, is not much more Popular, than the rest of the Tutors; he is said to be prejudiced, and very vindictive. He is liked in general by the Class, however; and this may be a Reason why I have not heard, as much said against him, as against the others. We had a Class meeting, this evening about making him a Present: but there had been scarcely anything collected; and it was determined, that it should be put off till next Quarter, and I suppose the Class will go on in this manner, having two or three Class meetings every Quarter, and finally do nothing. We endeavoured to get the Class to recite, to morrow morning, and a number have agreed they would.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0003-0023", "content": "Title: 23d.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       We could not recite this morning, because Mr. Reed, was not in at prayers. This morning a number of the Seniors were sent for, by the President, to go to his House at 8 o\u2019clock. They went, and the parts were distributed thus. Thompson+ English Oration A:M: Champlin Latin Oration A:M: Fowle and Gardner 2d. each a Poem. Blake English and Andrews+ 1st. Latin Oration\u2019s P.M. Harris, Dwight+, Hubbard\u00d7, and Parker+ a Conference, Bigelow and Crosby+, Lowell and Taylor, Loring and Sullivan Forensics. Lincoln and Warland, a Greek dialogue, Bradford, Norton, Simpkins+, and Wyeth, Respondents in Syllogistics, and all the rest opponents to the same. These Syllogistics, are very much despised by the scholars, and no attention seems to be paid to them by the Company at Commencement. The scholars in general think that the Government, in giving them those Parts write on their foreheads DUNCE in capital Letters. Notwithstanding this some of the most learned men, in the Country, had syllogistics, when they graduated here. The good Parts, as they are called, are more numerous this year, than they ever have been. Before this there has been only one English, and one Latin Oration, and no Poems. It is a doubt, whether they intend, to establish this as a Precedent or whether it is only a distinguished favour, to the present Class who pretend to be the best Class for learning, and genius that ever graduated here. It is said, that the Parts have been exceedingly well distributed; and all the College, are pleased. There is only one person, who is said to have a part he did not deserve\u00d7, and one or two are mentioned, as deserving others than Syllogistics. However that may be, the syllogists all got together this Evening, and drank, till not one of them could stand strait, or was sensible of what he did. A little after 9 they sallied out, and for a Quarter of an hour made such a noise, as might be heard, at a mile distant. I was then up in Freeman\u2019s chamber, upon a certain affair, he was informing me of. The Tutors went out, and after a short time, perswaded them to disperse. Mr. Reed had two squares of his Windows broke.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0003-0024", "content": "Title: 24th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       It is feared that some bad consequences, will ensue, from the high-go, of the Syllogists last evening. Borland, it seems, was the most active of them all; he collar\u2019d Mr. Reed, and threw an handful of gravel, in his Face, and was rather disrespectful to Mr. James; He went this morning to the former, to make an apology for his Conduct, but was told, it could not be received, as the matter was already laid before the Government. Thus those fellows play the Tyrants here; they have no regard, no allowances for youth, and Circumstances; they go out, when they are almost certain of being insulted, and then bring the scholar, for a crime of which he knew nothing, under public censure. They cannot with any face, say that a scholar ought to be so severely punished for depriving himself of his Senses. For there are here, in College persons, who have seen Mr. Reed, as much much intoxicated, as Borland was yesterday; and behaving quite as ill. But Compassion is too great a Virtue, ever to be admitted into the breast of a Tutor, here. It is supposed however that Borland\u2019s punishment will not be very severe, because it requires an unanimous Vote among the Governors of the College to punish a Student, and they are said to be at such Variance one with the other, that they can very seldom all agree.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0003-0025", "content": "Title: 25th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Government met, and were assembled, almost all this day, to determine what Punishment to inflict upon Borland, he was informed of it in the evening, and the Class petitioned, that it might be mitigated; but probably without much success.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0003-0026", "content": "Title: 26th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       This morning after Prayers, Borland, was called out to read an humble Confession, signifying his repentance of his Conduct &c. The President read, the Votes of the Government; the affair was stated, and it was said, that Borland, had insulted in a flagrant manner, two of the Governors of the University, whereupon it was voted, that he read a Confession, and 2dly. that he be degraded to the bottom of his Class, and that he take his place there accordingly. The other Scholars, were warn\u2019d by this example, not to run into such excesses, and to behave respectfully. I wanted I think neither of these warnings, but the event has warn\u2019d me, to alter my Opinion concerning Reed; I thought him, the best of the Tutors, but now, I do not think he is a jot better than the Rest: Reed said, as I have heard that he should not have complained of any other scholar, but Borland, had always treated him disrespectfully. This makes the blame in the Tutor much greater, for it displays, a partiality, which every governor of the University ought to be free from.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0003-0027", "content": "Title: 27th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       No reciting this morning. I was employed all day in studying mathematics, which are the most pleasing to me, of any of our studies. Spent, a couple of hours at Bridge\u2019s chamber after dinner. Rain in the Evening.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0003-0028", "content": "Title: 28th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Parson Hilliard preach\u2019d us a Sermon in the morning from Isaiah LIV. 14. In righteousness shalt thou be established; thou shalt be far from oppression; for thou shalt not fear, and from terror; for it shall not come near thee, and in the afternoon, from Galatians IV 27: For it is written, Rejoyce thou barren, that bearest not, break forth, and cry thou that travailest not; for the desolate hath many more children, than she which hath an husband. I have heard the substance of one Sermon, with a Variety of texts ever since I have been, here; it is with him, as with most of the preachers I have heard: there is one favourite point, (often self evident) which they labour, to prove, continually; and beyond which they seldom, have much to say.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0003-0029", "content": "Title: 29th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       We recite this week to Doctor Jennison, but he was not in this morning.\n       Je fus ce soir a l\u2019assembl\u00e9e, d\u2019une Societ\u00e9, etablie, depuis deux ans, par quelques jeunes gens de la presente premiere Classe, qui voulaient se perfectionner, le stile, et se donner reciproquement des conseils vrais, et sinceres. Les assembl\u00e9es ordinaires sont une fois dans trois semaines. Chacun y lit une piece de sa composition, et au bout de chaque phrase, les autres membres font des observations, et lui disent, ce qu\u2019ils en pensent. Les membres de la premiere Classe sont, Andrews 1r. Crosby, Dwight, Parker, Simpkins, et Thompson, qui etait president de la Societ\u00e9, l\u2019ann\u00e9e pass\u00e9e. Ils on quitt\u00e9 la Societ\u00e9 parcequ\u2019ils s\u2019en vont bient\u00f4t; Les membres de notre Classe sont, Abbot 2d. Bridge, Burge, Chandler 3me. Cranch, Fiske, Freeman, (president) Harris (qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 admis, \u00e0 la derniere assemblee en m\u00eame terns que moi.) Little et Packard. Le President fit un discours, \u00e0 l\u2019occasion de son election, qui se fit \u00e0 la derniere assembl\u00e9e. Ensuite chaque membre lut sa piece; apr\u00e9s quoi chacun re\u00e7ut un sujet, pour la prochaine assembl\u00e9e ordinaire. Enfin chacun se retira, sur les onze heures.\n       Rain\u2019d almost all day, we had a mathematical Lecture in the morning from Professor Williams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0003-0030", "content": "Title: 30th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       The weather cleared up, in the afternoon. A number of the Class have had leave to be absent till the end of the week, on account of Election day. My Cousin, set off, at about 4 afternoon to go on foot to Braintree, We had a Lecture from Mr. Wigglesworth at three.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0004-0001", "content": "Title: Thursday June 1st. 1786.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       We had this forenoon a Lecture from Mr. Williams. Upon the reflection and the refraction of light. It is not usual for him to give Lectures on Thursdays, as many of both the Classes, are always absent on that day; as was the Case to day, not above half being present. But he has been so long prevented, by the weather, from giving any, that he is obliged to take the first fair day that happened: he has yet given but fourteen Lectures, it is said he has ten more to give, and must finish before the 21st. of this month. The Lecture was not to me so entertaining as some have been.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0004-0002", "content": "Title: 2d.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       We had another Lecture from Mr. Williams to day, with an explanation of the different optical Instruments, that are most commonly made use of. But there was such, a flocking to see through the microscope, and the magic Lantern, and the camera obscura, that something got broke, and Mr. Williams, shew nothing more after it. Weather very warm, several of us, bath\u2019d in the River this afternoon.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0004-0003", "content": "Title: 3d.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       We had a Lecture this morning upon Electricity; we received two small shocks, which however, gave me such a stroke in the joints at my elbows that I could not write after it; The weather very warm indeed. Fahrenheits\u2019 thermometer I am told was at 87: 80 is the common summer heat. We did not recite in Doddridge, this morning.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0004-0004", "content": "Title: 4th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Attended meeting all day. It was very uncomfortable, the weather being so warm, and we are crowded there so thick. The Parson for our Comfort was very short. In the forenoon he preach\u2019d from I Ep: John V. 11. And this is the record, That God, hath given to us eternal Life, and this Life is in his Son, and in the afternoon from, I Corinthians VII. 31. And they that use this world, as not abusing it: for the fashion of this world passeth away.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0004-0005", "content": "Title: 5th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       We had a Lecture from Mr. Williams, concerning heat, proper Lecture for the weather. Je fus le soir \u00e0 l\u2019assembl\u00e9e de n\u00f4tre petite Societ\u00e9, ou nous e\u00fbmes, Burge, Chandler, Harris, et moi une petite dispute impromptue, sur la Question, si l\u2019Europe est plus favorable au genie que l\u2019amerique. Moi, je soutins, le contraire, et je le soutiendrai toujours. Apr\u00e8s avoir fait quelques autres petites affaires, chacun se retira.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0004-0007", "content": "Title: 7th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       We had this morning a continuation of Mr. Williams\u2019s System; by which, he pretends to account for the aurora borealis, in a manner different from any that has yet been started. His Hypothesis appears to be very plausible, and I hope, that if it is not wholly true, it may lead on to further discoveries concerning a Phenomenon, which has not yet been well accounted for.\n       I declaim\u2019d in the Chapel this afternoon. (See page 318.)\n       Immediately after prayers, the Parts for exhibition, were given out. Little, has the English Oration, Beale, the Latin, Abbot 1st. and Burge the Forensic. It is a matter of surprize, that Beale, should have an Oration as he is not considered, as very extraordinary either as a scholar or, a speaker.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0004-0008", "content": "Title: 8th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       A very warm day again. I was in the morning with Mr. Williams, at the Philosophy Chamber. I made tea for the Club this afternoon. We were at Beale\u2019s chamber in the afternoon.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0004-0010", "content": "Title: 10th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       The Course of Philosophical Lectures was closed, with one, giving an explanation of the Orrery, and as an Introduction, to the astronomical Course, which we shall have next Quarter. I went also, and heard a Lecture from Dr. Waterhouse, upon digestion. I have nearly Lost this day; strol\u2019d about with White in the afternoon. Cranch went to Boston. After Tea, we walk\u2019d, half, an hour and then return\u2019d and spent the rest of the Evening at Bridge\u2019s Chamber.\n       Mr. Williams closed his Lectures, with these Verses from Pope\n        All are but parts of one stupendous whole,\n        Whose Body, Nature is, and God, the Soul;\n        That, chang\u2019d through all, and yet in all the same;\n        Great in the Earth, as in th\u2019aethereal frame;\n        Warms in the Sun, refreshes in the breeze,\n        Glows in the stars, and blossoms in the trees,\n        Lives through all Life, extends through all extent,\n        Spreads undivided, operates unspent;\n        To him no high, no low, no great, no small;\n        He fills, he bounds, connects and equals all.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0004-0011", "content": "Title: 11th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Mr. Howard a Minister from Boston, preach\u2019d in the forenoon from, Proverbs I. 20. Wisdom crieth without; she uttereth, her voice, in the Streets. 21. She crieth in the chief place of concourse, in the openings of the gates: in the City she uttereth her words saying. 22. How long ye simple ones, will ye love simplicity?, and the scorners delight in their scorning, and fools hate knowledge? And in the afternoon from Luke XII. 48. For unto whomsoever much is given, of him shall be much required. I like the last much the best. There was a liberality of Sentiment, in his System, which is very seldom, found among preachers in this Country. Those of Boston, however are distinguished, in general for this Quality.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0004-0012", "content": "Title: 12th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Recite this week to Hale, who was absent this afternoon. Je n\u2019ai rien fait de toute la journ\u00e9e, qu\u2019ecrire pour n\u00f4tre Societ\u00e9, voici une piece, que je finis hier.\n          \u201cNil tarn difficile, quod non Solertia vincat.\u201d\n          I must inform those of my hearers, that have never studied, the Latin Language, that the meaning of this is \u201cnothing is so difficult, but it may be overcome by Industry.\u201d\n          In a litteral Sense this Proposition is false. There are doubtless certain bounds, which the supreme being has placed to the faculties of man, and beyond which, it must always be impossible for us to penetrate. A man who should endeavour by industry, to live upon air, or to be immortal, would not succeed better, than the monks of a Certain Convent, who having read in Scripture, that faith as big as a grain of mustard seed would be sufficient to remove a mountain, were determined to pray without ceasing, untill a very inconvenient hill, that stood before the Convent should disappear. After they had spent, 3 or 4 days in displaying their faith; they were greatly surprized to see the mountain standing as firm as ever. They consulted together, to know what was the Reason, of their being so unsuccessful; one of them finally said, he imagined there was some mistake in the Translation, and that it ought to be, Faith, as big as a mountain, would be sufficient to remove a grain of mustard seed: But had those monks ever studied the writings of celebrated authors in any Language, they would often have met with this figure of rhetoric.\n          Nor is this Proposition strictly true, in a moral Sense; for if a man, is born with small abilities, the utmost stretch of Industry, will not enable him to equal one, who, possess\u2019d of more genius, does not cultivate it, with so much assiduity. But when we consider that Industry without genius, is sufficient to carry a man thro\u2019 Life, with honour, that Genius without Industry, serves only to increase the fault of the Person, who is possess\u2019d of it, and that they produce such surprizing Effects, when they are united, we must conclude, that the Poet has Reason to say, Industry, can overcome all Things.\n          If we look into history, we shall find; that this Virtue, has been productive, of greater effects, than any other. Those stupendous works, which struck every beholder with amazement, and which for that Reason were styled the wonders of the world, display\u2019d, and those of them, that are yet extant, still display, the Industry of mankind, in the Infancy of Creation. But, while we admire the Principle, which enabled them, to execute such surprizing undertakings, we must lament their want of judgment for spending so great a portion of their Time, in erecting a Colossus, a mausoleum, and Pyramids, which could afford only a momentary pleasure to the Eye of the beholder, who could acquire neither wisdom nor Virtue from the contemplation of them. It is not necessary to mention, that the republics of Greece, and Rome, owed their grandeur, more to their Industry, and Perseverance, than to any other Cause; but the Republic of Holland, furnishes perhaps, the most striking and most brilliant advantages, produced, by these Virtues. Placed on a small, insignificant portion of the Earth, which is continually subjected to the impetuous attacks of the Ocean, and which cannot produce even the necessaries of Life, for a tenth part of its Inhabitants; they have been enabled by their Industry not only to withstand the encroachments of the Sea, but to rise to the Summit of national glory, and take their Seat among the most powerful Empires on Earth. Such are the benefits, which accrue, from Industry, to nations. Its benign Influence, is not less advantageous to Individuals. It is one of those Virtues, which is equally to be esteemed and admired, in all ages, in all places, and at all Times, and next to Innocence, it is perhaps the most amiable quality, that can adorn the characters of Men.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0004-0013", "content": "Title: 13th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       No reciting this morning.\n       This reciting in Locke, is the most ridiculous of all. When the Tutor enquires what is contained in such a section; many of the Scholars repeat the two first Lines in it, which very frequently say? nothing to the Purpose, and leave the rest for the Tutor to explain, which he commonly does, by saying over again the words of the author. The only advantage, which can, I think be derived from this, is that it forces some of the Students, whether they will or not, to know, the opinion of the author, whom they are presumed to study: this, may be of some use to the idle, but can be of none, to any youth, who is fond of study.\n       I began Robertson\u2019s History of Scotland, which I took last Friday from the Library.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0004-0014", "content": "Title: 14th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       The Freshmen, by their high Spirit of Liberty, have again involved themselves in difficulties. The Sophimores, consider themselves as insulted, by them, and in a Class meeting, last evening determined, to oblige all the Freshmen, to take off their hats in the yard, and to send them on errands?. There has been a great deal of business between them to day; Mr. Hale, has had several of them before him. Isaac Adams among the rest, a daring, insolent fellow, who has too much Influence in that Class, and who will not, perhaps, take his degree with them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0004-0015", "content": "Title: 15th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       We did not recite this morning. The struggle between the Freshmen and Sophimores still continues. They have been mutually hoisting one another all day. I went with Andrews 1st and Dwight, and spent, part of the Evening at Mr. Dana\u2019s.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0004-0016", "content": "Title: 16th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Warm weather. Nous e\u00fbmes une assembl\u00e9e extraordinaire de n\u00f4tre Societ\u00e9; Dwight y fit un discours, au nom de sa Classe, en prenant Cong\u00e9 de la Societ\u00e9. C\u2019est une Loi que lorsqu\u2019une Classe, quitte l\u2019Universit\u00e9, un membre de la Societ\u00e9 et de cette Classe, fera un discours; on le choisit un an d\u2019avance; mais comme, ce furent les membres de la presente premiere Classe, qui ont institu\u00e9 le Societ\u00e9, le discours de ce soir, fut le premier dans ce genre. Le Discours fini ces messieurs, se retirerent, et nous fimes Choix, de Freeman, pour faire le discours de l\u2019anniversaire, l\u2019ann\u00e9e prochaine, et de Bridge, pour celui du Cong\u00e9. Apr\u00e9s avoir fait quelques autres affaires nous nous retir\u00e2mes, ch\u00e9z nous.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0004-0017", "content": "Title: 17th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       This day, the Bridge over Charlestown Ferry was compleated, and as the same day 11 years agone, was mark\u2019d at Charlestown, with dreadful Scenes, of Slaughter and Destruction, the managers, and directors of the Bridge, determined, that this day should be mark\u2019d with Pleasure and festivity. I do not think however that the scheme, was good. A Dinner was provided for 600 People, on Bunker\u2019s hill: the havoc of oxen, sheep, and fowls of all kinds, was I suppose as great to day, as that of men upon the former occasion and I dare say, there was as much wine drank now, as there was blood spilt then, and to crown the whole, The head of the table, was I hear placed on the very spot where the immortal Warren fell. I think however, that the ground which had been the scene, of such an awful Day, should not, be made a scene, of revels, and feasting. What must be the feelings of a man of Sensibility, who, would naturally say to himself \u201cperhaps, I am now seated on the grave of my dearest friend. Perhaps this is the Spot where he drew his last gasp; and I may now be treading down his bones.\u201d All this may be called prejudice, but they are feelings natural to the heart, and such as ought not I think to be rooted from it. Three or four Songs were composed upon the occasion, by different persons, in every one of which Charlestown was compared, to a Phoenix, rising from its ashes. All the Tutors were gone, so that we had no Prayers in the afternoon, and there were not more than 30 persons in to Commons. For my Part, I did nothing all day in Consequence of it. After dinner we bathed in the River.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0004-0018", "content": "Title: 18th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       The Weather extremely warm, all day. I Dined at Mr. Dana\u2019s. Parson Hilliard gave us two Sermons, from Philippians II. 15. Among whom ye shine as lights in the world. It is customary for the minister to preach an occasional Sermon, to the Senior Class, the Sunday preceding the 21st. of June, and this was such. By changing the indicative mood ye shine into the Imperative shine ye: he made it quite applicable; in the afternoon he addressed them in particular, and they all rose, as is customary. He paid them many Compliments, and concluded with many good wishes for their welfare. The only fault, I heard found with his address, was that he dwelt too much upon divinity, and too little upon the other Professions.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0004-0019", "content": "Title: 19th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Doctor Waterhouse gave, what he called his Valedictory Lecture containing a comparative view of Reason, and Instinct. I thought it an exceeding good one; and it pleased very generally. We had a meeting of the A B this Evening. Only four members attended. Three of them read their Pieces, I did not, on account of my speaking one next Monday; at one of the last meetings it was enacted, that one member at every meeting should speak an Oration, and two at every occasional meeting, read a forensic disputation. It is to go round alphabetically, and the first Oration fell to me; but by this Law, the person that speaks at the occasional meeting shall be excused from reading a piece the meeting before. The weather being rainy, prevented I suppose, many of the Society from attending.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0004-0021", "content": "Title: 21st.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       This day the Seniors leave, College; there is no recitation in the morning, and prayers are deferred till 10 o\u2019clock. The Class then went down in procession two by two, with the Poet at their head, and escorted the President to the Chapel. The President made a very long prayer, in which in addition to what he commonly says he pray\u2019d a great deal for the Seniors: but I think he ought to get his occasional prayers by heart before he delivers them. He bungled always when he endeavoured to go out of the beaten track, and he has no talent at extempore Composition. The Poem was then delivered, by Fowle, who paid most tremendous Compliments to the President but his addresses, to the Professors and Tutors, to the other Students, and to his own Class, were excellent. The Seniors soon after it was over set out, on their party.\n       In the afternoon I was admitted with Burge, and Cranch to the \u03c6\u1fd6\u03b2\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c0\u03c0\u03b1 Society. It is established to promote friendship, and Literature, in several of the Universities of America. The initials of the words \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, are on one side of the medal, and on the other S. P. which means Societas Philosophica Philosophicae. They had met in Harris and Dwight\u2019s Chamber, and there was in the admission a considerable degree of Solemnity. Mr. Paine, the butler, was present as vice president, Mr. Burr, and Mr. Ware, as members, Andrews, and Harris of the Seniors, and Bridge, Fiske, Freeman, Little, and Packard, who were admitted some time Since, from our Class.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0004-0023", "content": "Title: 23d.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       I made tea, for the Club: only four attended: many of them being out of town. I answered for no absences, this morning. Almost all the Seniors are now gone.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0004-0026", "content": "Title: 26th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       A. B. N 2. (but was spoke first).\n          Destitute of Abilities which might induce you gentlemen, to overlook my want of experience, and of experience to conceal my want of talents; it is with the utmost Diffidence, that I address a number of Characters so respectable, as those that are now before me. But I have frequently observed, that those Persons, who excel the most in any art or Science, are possessed of the greatest share of Candour, and are the readiest to encourage those who endeavour to follow their example; my greatest fear therefore is that not only your candour, but your Patience also, will be put to trial.\n          The advantages which are derived from Education is one of the most important subjects that can engage the attention of mankind; a subject on which the welfare of States and Empires, as well as of small Societies, and of individuals in a great measure depends. It has long been an opinion generally received, that the Situation which should afford the greatest degree of happiness to mankind, would be the most eligible; and the Poet appears to be of this Opinion when he says\n           \u201cFor forms of government let fools contest\n           Whate\u2019er is best administer\u2019d is best.\u201d\n          But with due reverence, to the Sentiments of mankind in general, and of a person so celebrated in particular I must beg leave to think otherwise, and to suppose, that happiness, should not be the criterion by which to judge of the excellency of a government or of the Situation of men. I do not know whether I am singular in the Idea; but I believe there is nearly an equal Sum, of felicity, and of unhappiness, as to Individuals, spread all over the Earth; and that whatever difference there may be is in a great measure owing to the difference of dispositions which in some men, are much easier and happier than in others: but that it depends neither upon a good form of Government, nor upon civilization.\n          We who have had the good fortune to be born under a free government frequently exclaim, with Reason, against despotism. Yet in one of the most despotic monarchies on Earth, I have seen more sprightliness, more cheerfulness, and contentment, than in any other Country in Proportion: because, as they have no Ideas of the blessings of Freedom, they can neither desire to possess it, nor lament their being deprived of it, and I am perswaded that a man perfectly in a State of Nature, would enjoy as much, and perhaps more real happiness, than another with all the learning of a Newton. Ideas of happiness appear always to be local, and always adapted to the Situations of men. The inhabitants of the East naturally of warm Constitutions, place the Summit of felicity in being forever buried in the Embraces of perpetual Virgins, without ever finding their Vigour impaired. The North american Savage, whose Life is one continued Scene, of slaughter and destruction, considers it, as his supreme delight to prolong the Torments of a Captive enemy, and his pleasure is always increased in proportion to the Pain which he Causes. The original inhabitants of the West India Islands, placed their chief happiness, in being stretch\u2019d from morning to night, under the shadows of their Trees, and enjoying a Perpetual and undisturb\u2019d repose. In short it appears plain that what would be the Summit of bliss to one man, would make another very wretched.\n          Civilization is to a State what Education is to an Individual. When men become civilized they alter their Ideas of happiness, their object is more noble, more exalted, and more reasonable; but desires remain, and as they are more refined, and have their Source in the mind, they are not so easily gratified, as the desires of Sense and thus in the progress of human Life. The youth despises the Pursuits of the Child; the man slights the desires of the youth; and he whose forehead is furrow\u2019d by the brazen finger of Time, and whose head is sprinkled with the Snow of the winter of Life, looks to his God, as the object of his happiness, and concludes with Solomon, that all else is but vanity and Vexation of Spirit. May we not therefore conclude, that civilization does not increase the Sum of happiness among Men? And if this is to be the Standard by which we must judge, it appears to me Clear that education can be of little or no Service to mankind, and that it were better to be a beast of the Fields than the Lord of the Creation.\n          But Nations and Individuals, are I think to be esteemed and admired, according as they fulfill the Purpose of the Deity in creating them; according as their Virtues are great and numerous, and their Vices small and few. And here we shall find that all depends entirely upon civilization and Education: for it is I suppose beyond all doubt, that the progress of every virtue, and of every amiable Quality in a Nation, or an individual, is always in Proportion to the progress of civilization. If we take a view of Man, merely as nature forms him, what a despicable figure will he make, in comparison with man in a State of civilization. Endowed by nature with abilities greater than those of any other animal, he soon extends his Empire over them all: his ingenuity furnishes him, with arms to destroy them, and by this means he accustoms himself to view with indifference, the agonies of Death in another. Bound to his fellow Creatures by no tie of Society, whenever his Interest or his Passion prompts he is as ready to kill a man as any other animal. Violent in his Passions as all men naturally are, and never having been taught that it was his Duty to restrain them, the least irritation hurries him on to the highest pitch of Fury, and he commits the greatest outrages, without being troubled with a Conscience which might reproach him, when his Passion subsides. Society first lays him under restraints, and in Proportion as he advances in that he learns the Duties which he owes to those that surround him, and his heart improves with his understanding.\n          I have neither Time, nor a Capacity sufficient to trace the progress of civilization, to the pitch, at which it has arrived in most parts of the Earth at present. The advantages of Education are so well known that they need not to be mentioned: nor is it necessary to observe that youth is the Time for the improvement of the heart, and of the understanding. At that time of Life the mind, like wax readily receives every impression that is applied to it: A Good Education inspires the Soul with those exalted, and divine Sentiments, which form, the Patriot and the Sage; which warm the breast of the Hero, cause him to spurn every Idea of fear, and to think with the Roman Poet, \u201cDulce et decorum est pro patria mori,\u201d which raise the voice of the Orator to speak in thunder, for the Cause of his Country, and which shew Man, at the highest degree of Perfection, to which the supreme being is pleased he should arrive. Or as it has been beautifully expressed in Verse.\n           In the pure mind at those ambiguous Years,\n           Or Vice, rank weed! first strikes her poisonous Root\n           Or haply, Virtue\u2019s opening bud appears,\n           By just degrees, fair bloom, of fairest Fruit.\n           For if on youth\u2019s untainted thought imprest,\n           The generous Purpose still, shall warm the manly breast.\n       Besides this we had an extempore disputation on the Question; whether a public Education, was more advantageous, than a private one?\n       We had this morning a mathematical Lecture from Mr. Williams, and a public one from Mr. Pearson, in the afternoon, on the origin of Language.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0004-0027", "content": "Title: 27th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       No reciting this afternoon. A number of the Scholars are forming themselves into a military Company, and sent a Committee to the Governor, for some arms.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0004-0029", "content": "Title: 29th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Went to Boston, and attended my aunt Smith\u2019s funeral. Sat about an hour with my old Companion Johonnot who shew me some more of his Poetry. We returned to Cambridge, in the midst of the Rain in the Evening.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0004", "content": "Title: [June 1786]\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n      Thursday June 1st. 1786.\n       We had this forenoon a Lecture from Mr. Williams. Upon the reflection and the refraction of light. It is not usual for him to give Lectures on Thursdays, as many of both the Classes, are always absent on that day; as was the Case to day, not above half being present. But he has been so long prevented, by the weather, from giving any, that he is obliged to take the first fair day that happened: he has yet given but fourteen Lectures, it is said he has ten more to give, and must finish before the 21st. of this month. The Lecture was not to me so entertaining as some have been.\n       We had another Lecture from Mr. Williams to day, with an explanation of the different optical Instruments, that are most commonly made use of. But there was such, a flocking to see through the microscope, and the magic Lantern, and the camera obscura, that something got broke, and Mr. Williams, shew nothing more after it. Weather very warm, several of us, bath\u2019d in the River this afternoon.\n       We had a Lecture this morning upon Electricity; we received two small shocks, which however, gave me such a stroke in the joints at my elbows that I could not write after it; The weather very warm indeed. Fahrenheits\u2019 thermometer I am told was at 87: 80 is the common summer heat. We did not recite in Doddridge, this morning.\n       Attended meeting all day. It was very uncomfortable, the weather being so warm, and we are crowded there so thick. The Parson for our Comfort was very short. In the forenoon he preach\u2019d from I Ep: John V. 11. And this is the record, That God, hath given to us eternal Life, and this Life is in his Son, and in the afternoon from, I Corinthians VII. 31. And they that use this world, as not abusing it: for the fashion of this world passeth away.\n       We had a Lecture from Mr. Williams, concerning heat, proper Lecture for the weather. Je fus le soir \u00e0 l\u2019assembl\u00e9e de n\u00f4tre petite Societ\u00e9, ou nous e\u00fbmes, Burge, Chandler, Harris, et moi une petite dispute impromptue, sur la Question, si l\u2019Europe est plus favorable au genie que l\u2019amerique. Moi, je soutins, le contraire, et je le soutiendrai toujours. Apr\u00e8s avoir fait quelques autres petites affaires, chacun se retira.\n   The A.B. Club. See entry for 29 May (above).\n       Mr. Williams gave us another Lecture upon heat; and introduced a new System of his own. But the heat being increased in the Chamber, by a small fire, which was necessary for making the experiments, and by the breath of an hundred Persons, as\u00adsembled in it, became almost insupportable, Thompson fainted completely, and was carried away to his chamber.\n       We had this morning a continuation of Mr. Williams\u2019s System; by which, he pretends to account for the aurora borealis, in a manner different from any that has yet been started. His Hypothesis appears to be very plausible, and I hope, that if it is not wholly true, it may lead on to further discoveries concerning a Phenomenon, which has not yet been well accounted for.\n       I declaim\u2019d in the Chapel this afternoon. (See page 318.)\n       Immediately after prayers, the Parts for exhibition, were given out. Little, has the English Oration, Beale, the Latin, Abbot 1st. and Burge the Forensic. It is a matter of surprize, that Beale, should have an Oration as he is not considered, as very extraordinary either as a scholar or, a speaker.\n   That is, in entry of 15 April (above).\n       A very warm day again. I was in the morning with Mr. Williams, at the Philosophy Chamber. I made tea for the Club this afternoon. We were at Beale\u2019s chamber in the afternoon.\n       Quite unwell almost all day. We had a Lecture from Mr. Williams, upon magnetism. The weather has altered so much that it is now very cool.\n       The Course of Philosophical Lectures was closed, with one, giving an explanation of the Orrery, and as an Introduction, to the astronomical Course, which we shall have next Quarter. I went also, and heard a Lecture from Dr. Waterhouse, upon digestion. I have nearly Lost this day; strol\u2019d about with White in the afternoon. Cranch went to Boston. After Tea, we walk\u2019d, half, an hour and then return\u2019d and spent the rest of the Evening at Bridge\u2019s Chamber.\n       Mr. Williams closed his Lectures, with these Verses from Pope\n        All are but parts of one stupendous whole,\n        Whose Body, Nature is, and God, the Soul;\n        That, chang\u2019d through all, and yet in all the same;\n        Great in the Earth, as in th\u2019aethereal frame;\n        Warms in the Sun, refreshes in the breeze,\n        Glows in the stars, and blossoms in the trees,\n        Lives through all Life, extends through all extent,\n        Spreads undivided, operates unspent;\n        To him no high, no low, no great, no small;\n        He fills, he bounds, connects and equals all.\n   \u201cAn Essay on Man,\u201d Epistle I, lines 267\u2013274, 279\u2013280.\n       Mr. Howard a Minister from Boston, preach\u2019d in the forenoon from, Proverbs I. 20. Wisdom crieth without; she uttereth, her voice, in the Streets. 21. She crieth in the chief place of concourse, in the openings of the gates: in the City she uttereth her words saying. 22. How long ye simple ones, will ye love simplicity?, and the scorners delight in their scorning, and fools hate knowledge? And in the afternoon from Luke XII. 48. For unto whomsoever much is given, of him shall be much required. I like the last much the best. There was a liberality of Sentiment, in his System, which is very seldom, found among preachers in this Country. Those of Boston, however are distinguished, in general for this Quality.\n   Simeon Howard, minister of the West Church, Boston, 1767\u20131804, and holder of Arian and Arminian views. JQA described another sermon of his as \u201cexcellent... full of candor, benevolence, and piety, with the most liberal sentiments\u201d; attending the Dudleian lecture given by Howard in Sept. 1787, he found the minister\u2019s views \u201creplete with sound sense and a wholesome doctrine, as all the sermons that I ever heard from this gentleman, have been\u201d (Sibley-Shipton, Harvard Graduates,John Langdon Sibley and Clifford K. Shipton, Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Cambridge and Boston, 1873- . 14:279\u2013288; entries for 18 April, 5 Sept. 1787, below).\n       Recite this week to Hale, who was absent this afternoon. Je n\u2019ai rien fait de toute la journ\u00e9e, qu\u2019ecrire pour n\u00f4tre Societ\u00e9, voici une piece, que je finis hier.\n          \u201cNil tarn difficile, quod non Solertia vincat.\u201d\n          I must inform those of my hearers, that have never studied, the Latin Language, that the meaning of this is \u201cnothing is so difficult, but it may be overcome by Industry.\u201d\n          In a litteral Sense this Proposition is false. There are doubtless certain bounds, which the supreme being has placed to the faculties of man, and beyond which, it must always be impossible for us to penetrate. A man who should endeavour by industry, to live upon air, or to be immortal, would not succeed better, than the monks of a Certain Convent, who having read in Scripture, that faith as big as a grain of mustard seed would be sufficient to remove a mountain, were determined to pray without ceasing, untill a very inconvenient hill, that stood before the Convent should disappear. After they had spent, 3 or 4 days in displaying their faith; they were greatly surprized to see the mountain standing as firm as ever. They consulted together, to know what was the Reason, of their being so unsuccessful; one of them finally said, he imagined there was some mistake in the Translation, and that it ought to be, Faith, as big as a mountain, would be sufficient to remove a grain of mustard seed: But had those monks ever studied the writings of celebrated authors in any Language, they would often have met with this figure of rhetoric.\n          Nor is this Proposition strictly true, in a moral Sense; for if a man, is born with small abilities, the utmost stretch of Industry, will not enable him to equal one, who, possess\u2019d of more genius, does not cultivate it, with so much assiduity. But when we consider that Industry without genius, is sufficient to carry a man thro\u2019 Life, with honour, that Genius without Industry, serves only to increase the fault of the Person, who is possess\u2019d of it, and that they produce such surprizing Effects, when they are united, we must conclude, that the Poet has Reason to say, Industry, can overcome all Things.\n          If we look into history, we shall find; that this Virtue, has been productive, of greater effects, than any other. Those stupendous works, which struck every beholder with amazement, and which for that Reason were styled the wonders of the world, display\u2019d, and those of them, that are yet extant, still display, the Industry of mankind, in the Infancy of Creation. But, while we admire the Principle, which enabled them, to execute such surprizing undertakings, we must lament their want of judgment for spending so great a portion of their Time, in erecting a Colossus, a mausoleum, and Pyramids, which could afford only a momentary pleasure to the Eye of the beholder, who could acquire neither wisdom nor Virtue from the contemplation of them. It is not necessary to mention, that the republics of Greece, and Rome, owed their grandeur, more to their Industry, and Perseverance, than to any other Cause; but the Republic of Holland, furnishes perhaps, the most striking and most brilliant advantages, produced, by these Virtues. Placed on a small, insignificant portion of the Earth, which is continually subjected to the impetuous attacks of the Ocean, and which cannot produce even the necessaries of Life, for a tenth part of its Inhabitants; they have been enabled by their Industry not only to withstand the encroachments of the Sea, but to rise to the Summit of national glory, and take their Seat among the most powerful Empires on Earth. Such are the benefits, which accrue, from Industry, to nations. Its benign Influence, is not less advantageous to Individuals. It is one of those Virtues, which is equally to be esteemed and admired, in all ages, in all places, and at all Times, and next to Innocence, it is perhaps the most amiable quality, that can adorn the characters of Men.\n   That is, JQA\u2019s first speech before the A.B. Club.\n       No reciting this morning.\n       This reciting in Locke, is the most ridiculous of all. When the Tutor enquires what is contained in such a section; many of the Scholars repeat the two first Lines in it, which very frequently say? nothing to the Purpose, and leave the rest for the Tutor to explain, which he commonly does, by saying over again the words of the author. The only advantage, which can, I think be derived from this, is that it forces some of the Students, whether they will or not, to know, the opinion of the author, whom they are presumed to study: this, may be of some use to the idle, but can be of none, to any youth, who is fond of study.\n       I began Robertson\u2019s History of Scotland, which I took last Friday from the Library.\n   William Robertson, The History of Scotland During the Reigns of Queen Mary and of King James VI till his Accession to the Crown of England..., 2 vols., London, 1759.\n       The Freshmen, by their high Spirit of Liberty, have again involved themselves in difficulties. The Sophimores, consider themselves as insulted, by them, and in a Class meeting, last evening determined, to oblige all the Freshmen, to take off their hats in the yard, and to send them on errands?. There has been a great deal of business between them to day; Mr. Hale, has had several of them before him. Isaac Adams among the rest, a daring, insolent fellow, who has too much Influence in that Class, and who will not, perhaps, take his degree with them.\n       We did not recite this morning. The struggle between the Freshmen and Sophimores still continues. They have been mutually hoisting one another all day. I went with Andrews 1st and Dwight, and spent, part of the Evening at Mr. Dana\u2019s.\n       Warm weather. Nous e\u00fbmes une assembl\u00e9e extraordinaire de n\u00f4tre Societ\u00e9; Dwight y fit un discours, au nom de sa Classe, en prenant Cong\u00e9 de la Societ\u00e9. C\u2019est une Loi que lorsqu\u2019une Classe, quitte l\u2019Universit\u00e9, un membre de la Societ\u00e9 et de cette Classe, fera un discours; on le choisit un an d\u2019avance; mais comme, ce furent les membres de la presente premiere Classe, qui ont institu\u00e9 le Societ\u00e9, le discours de ce soir, fut le premier dans ce genre. Le Discours fini ces messieurs, se retirerent, et nous fimes Choix, de Freeman, pour faire le discours de l\u2019anniversaire, l\u2019ann\u00e9e prochaine, et de Bridge, pour celui du Cong\u00e9. Apr\u00e9s avoir fait quelques autres affaires nous nous retir\u00e2mes, ch\u00e9z nous.\n       This day, the Bridge over Charlestown Ferry was compleated, and as the same day 11 years agone, was mark\u2019d at Charlestown, with dreadful Scenes, of Slaughter and Destruction, the managers, and directors of the Bridge, determined, that this day should be mark\u2019d with Pleasure and festivity. I do not think however that the scheme, was good. A Dinner was provided for 600 People, on Bunker\u2019s hill: the havoc of oxen, sheep, and fowls of all kinds, was I suppose as great to day, as that of men upon the former occasion and I dare say, there was as much wine drank now, as there was blood spilt then, and to crown the whole, The head of the table, was I hear placed on the very spot where the immortal Warren fell. I think however, that the ground which had been the scene, of such an awful Day, should not, be made a scene, of revels, and feasting. What must be the feelings of a man of Sensibility, who, would naturally say to himself \u201cperhaps, I am now seated on the grave of my dearest friend. Perhaps this is the Spot where he drew his last gasp; and I may now be treading down his bones.\u201d All this may be called prejudice, but they are feelings natural to the heart, and such as ought not I think to be rooted from it. Three or four Songs were composed upon the occasion, by different persons, in every one of which Charlestown was compared, to a Phoenix, rising from its ashes. All the Tutors were gone, so that we had no Prayers in the afternoon, and there were not more than 30 persons in to Commons. For my Part, I did nothing all day in Consequence of it. After dinner we bathed in the River.\n   The Battle of Bunker Hill, which JQA viewed from Braintree, and the death of Dr. Joseph Warren left a vivid impression on JQA which remained throughout his life. As late as 1846, he wrote of the events of that day: \u201cI saw with my own eyes those fires, and heard Britannia\u2019s thunders in the Battle of Bunker\u2019s hill and witnessed the tears of my mother and mingled with them my own, at the fall of Warren a dear friend of my father, and a beloved Physician to me. He had been our family physician and surgeon, and had saved my fore finger from amputation under a very bad fracture\u201d (Adams Family Correspondence,Adams Family Correspondence, ed. L. H. Butterfield and others, Cambridge, 1963- .1:29, 223\u2013224; JQA to Joseph Sturge, March 1846, Dft, Adams Papers).\n   For an account of the opening of the Charles River Bridge, which attracted a crowd of 20,000, see the Boston Independent Chronicle, 22 June.\n       The Weather extremely warm, all day. I Dined at Mr. Dana\u2019s. Parson Hilliard gave us two Sermons, from Philippians II. 15. Among whom ye shine as lights in the world. It is customary for the minister to preach an occasional Sermon, to the Senior Class, the Sunday preceding the 21st. of June, and this was such. By changing the indicative mood ye shine into the Imperative shine ye: he made it quite applicable; in the afternoon he addressed them in particular, and they all rose, as is customary. He paid them many Compliments, and concluded with many good wishes for their welfare. The only fault, I heard found with his address, was that he dwelt too much upon divinity, and too little upon the other Professions.\n       Doctor Waterhouse gave, what he called his Valedictory Lecture containing a comparative view of Reason, and Instinct. I thought it an exceeding good one; and it pleased very generally. We had a meeting of the A B this Evening. Only four members attended. Three of them read their Pieces, I did not, on account of my speaking one next Monday; at one of the last meetings it was enacted, that one member at every meeting should speak an Oration, and two at every occasional meeting, read a forensic disputation. It is to go round alphabetically, and the first Oration fell to me; but by this Law, the person that speaks at the occasional meeting shall be excused from reading a piece the meeting before. The weather being rainy, prevented I suppose, many of the Society from attending.\n       Bridge obtained leave of absence till Commencement. He intends to pass the Summer Vacation here, and supposes he shall be able to Study with much more advantage, when he is not continually called away by the College exercises, than he can now: and I think he is quite right.\n       This day the Seniors leave, College; there is no recitation in the morning, and prayers are deferred till 10 o\u2019clock. The Class then went down in procession two by two, with the Poet at their head, and escorted the President to the Chapel. The President made a very long prayer, in which in addition to what he commonly says he pray\u2019d a great deal for the Seniors: but I think he ought to get his occasional prayers by heart before he delivers them. He bungled always when he endeavoured to go out of the beaten track, and he has no talent at extempore Composition. The Poem was then delivered, by Fowle, who paid most tremendous Compliments to the President but his addresses, to the Professors and Tutors, to the other Students, and to his own Class, were excellent. The Seniors soon after it was over set out, on their party.\n       In the afternoon I was admitted with Burge, and Cranch to the \u03c6\u1fd6\u03b2\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c0\u03c0\u03b1 Society. It is established to promote friendship, and Literature, in several of the Universities of America. The initials of the words \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, are on one side of the medal, and on the other S. P. which means Societas Philosophica Philosophicae. They had met in Harris and Dwight\u2019s Chamber, and there was in the admission a considerable degree of Solemnity. Mr. Paine, the butler, was present as vice president, Mr. Burr, and Mr. Ware, as members, Andrews, and Harris of the Seniors, and Bridge, Fiske, Freeman, Little, and Packard, who were admitted some time Since, from our Class.\n   \u201cPhilosophy is the governess, rule or guide of life.\u201d Because of the rising criticism of secret societies, JQA was instrumental in 1831, at a time of anti-Masonic feeling, in helping expose the secrets of Phi Beta Kappa to the world (JQA, Memoirs,Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, Comprising Portions of His Diary from 1795 to 1848, ed. Charles Francis Adams, Philadelphia, 1874-1877; 12 vols.   8:383\u2013387, 389\u2013392, 394\u2013399; Oscar M. Voorhees, The History of Phi Beta Kappa, N.Y., 1945, p. 184\u2013191).\n   Joshua Paine, Harvard 1784, M.A. 1787 (Harvard Quinquennial Cat.Harvard University, Quinquennial Catalogue of the Officers and Graduates, 1636- 1930, Cambridge, 1930.  ).\n   Jonathan Burr, Harvard tutor, 1786\u20131787 (same).\n       White and Cranch went to Brain tree this morning, and intend to stay there till Saturday night. Weather cool, and in the afternoon rather disagreeable.\n       I made tea, for the Club: only four attended: many of them being out of town. I answered for no absences, this morning. Almost all the Seniors are now gone.\n       My Cousin return\u2019d from Braintree this Evening. We had no reciting this morning. Weather comfortable all day.\n       Mr. Mellen, preach\u2019d here: he was a Tutor two or three years since. His forenoon discourse was from Psalm, c. 3.Know ye that the Lord, he is God: it is he that hath made us and not we ourselves; we are his People, and the sheep of his Pasture. The afternoon, from Acts X. 2. A devout man, and one that feared God with all his house, which gave much alms to the people, and prayed to God alway.\n       Mr. Mellen\u2019s manner is more affected, than that of any preacher I ever saw. His Sentiments were more liberal than is common, and his composition good; but all is entirely spoilt by his manner of speaking.\n   John Mellen was minister of the first parish of Barnstable (Sibley-Shipton, Harvard Graduates,John Langdon Sibley and Clifford K. Shipton, Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Cambridge and Boston, 1873- . 17:405\u2013409).\n   That is, Psalms 100:3.\n       A. B. N 2. (but was spoke first).\n          Destitute of Abilities which might induce you gentlemen, to overlook my want of experience, and of experience to conceal my want of talents; it is with the utmost Diffidence, that I address a number of Characters so respectable, as those that are now before me. But I have frequently observed, that those Persons, who excel the most in any art or Science, are possessed of the greatest share of Candour, and are the readiest to encourage those who endeavour to follow their example; my greatest fear therefore is that not only your candour, but your Patience also, will be put to trial.\n          The advantages which are derived from Education is one of the most important subjects that can engage the attention of mankind; a subject on which the welfare of States and Empires, as well as of small Societies, and of individuals in a great measure depends. It has long been an opinion generally received, that the Situation which should afford the greatest degree of happiness to mankind, would be the most eligible; and the Poet appears to be of this Opinion when he says\n           \u201cFor forms of government let fools contest\n           Whate\u2019er is best administer\u2019d is best.\u201d\n          But with due reverence, to the Sentiments of mankind in general, and of a person so celebrated in particular I must beg leave to think otherwise, and to suppose, that happiness, should not be the criterion by which to judge of the excellency of a government or of the Situation of men. I do not know whether I am singular in the Idea; but I believe there is nearly an equal Sum, of felicity, and of unhappiness, as to Individuals, spread all over the Earth; and that whatever difference there may be is in a great measure owing to the difference of dispositions which in some men, are much easier and happier than in others: but that it depends neither upon a good form of Government, nor upon civilization.\n          We who have had the good fortune to be born under a free government frequently exclaim, with Reason, against despotism. Yet in one of the most despotic monarchies on Earth, I have seen more sprightliness, more cheerfulness, and contentment, than in any other Country in Proportion: because, as they have no Ideas of the blessings of Freedom, they can neither desire to possess it, nor lament their being deprived of it, and I am perswaded that a man perfectly in a State of Nature, would enjoy as much, and perhaps more real happiness, than another with all the learning of a Newton. Ideas of happiness appear always to be local, and always adapted to the Situations of men. The inhabitants of the East naturally of warm Constitutions, place the Summit of felicity in being forever buried in the Embraces of perpetual Virgins, without ever finding their Vigour impaired. The North american Savage, whose Life is one continued Scene, of slaughter and destruction, considers it, as his supreme delight to prolong the Torments of a Captive enemy, and his pleasure is always increased in proportion to the Pain which he Causes. The original inhabitants of the West India Islands, placed their chief happiness, in being stretch\u2019d from morning to night, under the shadows of their Trees, and enjoying a Perpetual and undisturb\u2019d repose. In short it appears plain that what would be the Summit of bliss to one man, would make another very wretched.\n          Civilization is to a State what Education is to an Individual. When men become civilized they alter their Ideas of happiness, their object is more noble, more exalted, and more reasonable; but desires remain, and as they are more refined, and have their Source in the mind, they are not so easily gratified, as the desires of Sense and thus in the progress of human Life. The youth despises the Pursuits of the Child; the man slights the desires of the youth; and he whose forehead is furrow\u2019d by the brazen finger of Time, and whose head is sprinkled with the Snow of the winter of Life, looks to his God, as the object of his happiness, and concludes with Solomon, that all else is but vanity and Vexation of Spirit. May we not therefore conclude, that civilization does not increase the Sum of happiness among Men? And if this is to be the Standard by which we must judge, it appears to me Clear that education can be of little or no Service to mankind, and that it were better to be a beast of the Fields than the Lord of the Creation.\n          But Nations and Individuals, are I think to be esteemed and admired, according as they fulfill the Purpose of the Deity in creating them; according as their Virtues are great and numerous, and their Vices small and few. And here we shall find that all depends entirely upon civilization and Education: for it is I suppose beyond all doubt, that the progress of every virtue, and of every amiable Quality in a Nation, or an individual, is always in Proportion to the progress of civilization. If we take a view of Man, merely as nature forms him, what a despicable figure will he make, in comparison with man in a State of civilization. Endowed by nature with abilities greater than those of any other animal, he soon extends his Empire over them all: his ingenuity furnishes him, with arms to destroy them, and by this means he accustoms himself to view with indifference, the agonies of Death in another. Bound to his fellow Creatures by no tie of Society, whenever his Interest or his Passion prompts he is as ready to kill a man as any other animal. Violent in his Passions as all men naturally are, and never having been taught that it was his Duty to restrain them, the least irritation hurries him on to the highest pitch of Fury, and he commits the greatest outrages, without being troubled with a Conscience which might reproach him, when his Passion subsides. Society first lays him under restraints, and in Proportion as he advances in that he learns the Duties which he owes to those that surround him, and his heart improves with his understanding.\n          I have neither Time, nor a Capacity sufficient to trace the progress of civilization, to the pitch, at which it has arrived in most parts of the Earth at present. The advantages of Education are so well known that they need not to be mentioned: nor is it necessary to observe that youth is the Time for the improvement of the heart, and of the understanding. At that time of Life the mind, like wax readily receives every impression that is applied to it: A Good Education inspires the Soul with those exalted, and divine Sentiments, which form, the Patriot and the Sage; which warm the breast of the Hero, cause him to spurn every Idea of fear, and to think with the Roman Poet, \u201cDulce et decorum est pro patria mori,\u201d which raise the voice of the Orator to speak in thunder, for the Cause of his Country, and which shew Man, at the highest degree of Perfection, to which the supreme being is pleased he should arrive. Or as it has been beautifully expressed in Verse.\n           In the pure mind at those ambiguous Years,\n           Or Vice, rank weed! first strikes her poisonous Root\n           Or haply, Virtue\u2019s opening bud appears,\n           By just degrees, fair bloom, of fairest Fruit.\n           For if on youth\u2019s untainted thought imprest,\n           The generous Purpose still, shall warm the manly breast.\n       Besides this we had an extempore disputation on the Question; whether a public Education, was more advantageous, than a private one?\n       We had this morning a mathematical Lecture from Mr. Williams, and a public one from Mr. Pearson, in the afternoon, on the origin of Language.\n   In the speech which follows, JQA\u2019s second before the A.B. Club, paragraphing has been editorially supplied.\n   \u201cAn Essay on Man,\u201d Epistle III, lines 303\u2013304.\n   \u201c\u2019Tis sweet and glorious to die for one\u2019s fatherland.\u201d\n       No reciting this afternoon. A number of the Scholars are forming themselves into a military Company, and sent a Committee to the Governor, for some arms.\n       I received a letter from Mr. W. Smith, informing me of my aunt Smith\u2019s Death. She was here this Day week. Coll. Thatcher, the representative, for this Town, fell instantaneously dead, yesterday in Boston Streets. I went to Mr. Wigglesworth, to Mr. Sewall, and to Mr. Pierson, in the afternoon. Almost all the Class met at Amory\u2019s chamber this morning.\n   Letter not found; Mrs. Elizabeth Storer Smith, wife of Isaac Smith Sr. and sister of Deacon Ebenezer Storer, had died the previous day (Malcolm Storer, Annals of the Storer Family, together with Notes on the Ayrault Family, Boston, 1927, p. 48; Isaac Smith Jr. to AA, 8 July, Adams Papers).\n   Stephen Sewall had been Hancock Professor of Hebrew and Oriental Languages from 1764 until 1785, when he was dismissed for intemperance. TBA lived at his house during his freshman year (Sibley-Shipton, Harvard Graduates,John Langdon Sibley and Clifford K. Shipton, Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Cambridge and Boston, 1873- . 15:107\u2013114; JQA to JA, 30 Aug., Adams Papers).\n       Went to Boston, and attended my aunt Smith\u2019s funeral. Sat about an hour with my old Companion Johonnot who shew me some more of his Poetry. We returned to Cambridge, in the midst of the Rain in the Evening.\n       Mr. and Mrs. Cranch, Mr. W Smith, and Miss Betsey, came up here this afternoon and drank tea.\n       Fine Weather.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0005-0002", "content": "Title: [Titlepage]\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Paris. J. Q. Adams. Aug: 20th 1783.\n       Ephemeris.\n       From July 1st. 1786 to October 31st. 1787.\n        Tempora labuntur, tacitisque senescimus annis,\n        Et fugiunt, fraeno non remorante dies.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0006-0001", "content": "Title: Saturday July 1st. 1786.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       The military company, having obtained a promise of 60 stand of arms, met immediately after Dinner, and chose their officers, and agreed to a Code of Laws. They were upon the business more than two hours. Vose, was chosen Captain, Fiske, and Packard lieutenants, and Chandler 1st. Ensign.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0006-0004", "content": "Title: 4th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Anniversary of American Independence; an Oration was delivered in the morning at Boston, by Mr. J. Loring Austin; many scholars went to hear it, I was not of the number. It was said to be very good.\n       We have had fair weather several days, and the ground begins to be very dry. This morning Borland was restored, because, as the President, said his conduct had been circumspect, and he had shown a due sense of the Enormity of his Crime. This was indeed enormous.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0006-0005", "content": "Title: 5th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Dull, and low spirited, somewhat, but it did not last long.\n       Mr. James, gave us a piece of Latin to make: the first the Class have had since I have been here. This is the last week that we attend the Latin Tutor, and last week we closed with Mr. Jennison. In the Senior year there are no languages, studied in College. It is very popular here to dislike the Study of greek and Latin, but it appears to me, that the recitations in these branches are much easier than in S\u2019Gravesande\u2019s.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0006-0006", "content": "Title: 6th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n          Whether civil discord is advantageous to Society.\n          There cannot be perhaps a Question, which at first view presents an aspect so unfavourable, as this does to the Person, who must support the affirmative. That discord, so frequently term\u2019d a fiend of Hell, so heartily execrated by all mankind, though she possesses the breasts of so many of them; so generally allowed to be one of the greatest evils to which human Nature is subjected; that discord I say should be advantageous to Society, is what a superficial observer, must conclude to be impossible. It would be perhaps, to the honour of human Nature, if all the benefits which Society enjoys, were produced by good and virtuous Causes; but continual, nay, I may say perpetual experience, convinces us, that this is not the Case, and as it sometimes happens, that the best intentions are attended with very unhappy Circumstances, so, it is very common, that the most detestable principles are productive of the most beneficial effects.\n          Whatever is, is right. This maxim, I take it, holds good in the moral, as well as the physical world; there is no Passion, however base, that has been planted in the mind of man, which was not placed there to answer good Purposes; and when man was made, so prone to disagree with his fellow creatures, it was intended, that this Quality like all the rest should work for his general good: but men being seldom blessed with judgment, sufficient to Point out to them, how far they may suffer their Passions to lead them, without being detrimental to them, are in this Case, as in many others, sometimes hurried on to such a degree of discord, and hatred, as becomes highly prejudicial.\n          A Ship has frequently been used as the Emblem of an Empire, and the metaphor is very applicable here. When the Serenity of the ocean is ruffled by a moderate gale, the vessel pursues its course steadily, and is in perfect Security; but a total Calm, is almost always the forerunner of an outrageous tempest. In a State where the opposite Parties have any moderation; the heads of Government are never wholly in Peace, but the Empire is safe. But the Nation in which a perfect unanimity prevails is always threatened, with most violent commotions. Where there is no discord, there is no jealousy; and where there is no Jealousy, an ambitious intriguing man, and such there always are in all Nations, may pursue his schemes, without meeting any obstacle to prevent the execution of them. But where there are two parties, or more, continually watching each others Conduct, always endeavouring to pry into each others secrets, and the interest of each of which is to detect and bring to light, any evil design that may be form\u2019d by the other, it will be very difficult to carry on an intrigue against the State, without being discovered. Which so ever of the Parties, is at the head of government, is sensible, that the other will take advantage of every error, every mistake, and even every ill success, that may attend the administration; and will consequently make more exertions to preserve, and increase the favour of the People in general, than if it was perfectly secure in Power. Besides this; emulation which in a well ordered government, is the primum mobile of all that is good and virtuous, will inspire the members of each party, with the desire of distinguishing themselves, by their Services to their Country; and every great action on one side lays an obligation on the other to equal it. Thus far Reason can teach us; if we consult facts, I believe they will coincide with these observations.\n          Let us single from ancient History, the Romans, whose fame has been extended further than that of any other Nation. From the expulsion of the Kings to the establishment of Augustus at the head of the Empire, we have one continued scene, of discord, and strife between the two great bodies which composed the republic, the Patricians, and Plebeians. In fact it was not civil discord, which brought such evils upon the republic, under the usurpations of Marius, of Sylla, and finally of Caesar; there were two Parties it is true; but each was violent against the other only because, it was too much attached to one individual. They acted as Puppets, as mere machines; set to work, by their leaders; and there was therefore no more discord between them, than there is between two sticks, which are struck one against the other. Any more Instances would be unnecessary; but I suppose the same Conclusion might be drawn from the history of every Nation antient and modern, and I think it may be inferred that as discord, sometimes proceeds so far as to be very injurious to Society, so when it is kept within proper bounds it is productive of the happiest Consequences.\n       There were only five of us present. Burge read a dissertation on the theme \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03b8\u1fd6 \u03c3\u03ad\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd,, like most other People severe upon the Lawyers. While we were about it Mr. Packard came in. He affects to be very easy in his manners, but it is not natural ease. I made tea this Evening for the Club.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0006-0007", "content": "Title: 7th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       The Palladian band, have begun to exercise, and Captain Vose, feels quite important. I do not know, that I ever saw a man more gratified, with a distinction, of so little Importance. But ambition has almost always a trifle for its aim, and rattle for rattle, I do not see why this should not be as good as any other. I have not join\u2019d this Company, because I fear there will be such disputes, and disorders, arising from it, as will make it disagreeable, if not wholly abolish it in a short Time: another Reason is, that it will employ more time, than I should wish to spend in mere amusement.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0006-0008", "content": "Title: 8th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       At length we have some rain, the fruits of the Earth, have long been drooping for the want of it. There were two or three showers, in the morning after which it cleared up; but at about 5 in the afternoon, there arose some of the blackest Thunder clouds that I ever saw. Mr. Ware, who read a dissertation after prayers could scarcely distinguish, his own writing, it was so dark. There was no heavy thunder, but a very fine shower, which lasted about an hour; in the evening it cleared up again.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0006-0010", "content": "Title: 10th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       We recite this week to Mr. Hale; with whom we shall probably finish Locke: and next Quarter we begin in Reid on the mind. It is said at present that Mr. Hale, does not intend to leave College: and he is determined to see what direction the Storm, that has lately been raised by Honestus, will take, before he goes upon the practice of the Law. It is not very agreeable news here; though there will never be a Tutor I believe, who will be so easily satisfied at recitations, as he is. Mr. Williams brought some Letters for me, up, from Boston, dated as late as May 26th.\n       We had a meeting of the A B. Gardiner Chandler, gave us an Oration on Patriotism. Harris read an indifferent piece of Poetry, and the others read essays. There were only six of us Present.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0006-0012", "content": "Title: 12th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       The freshmen carry their enmity against the Sophimores, a great deal too far. They injure themselves both in the eyes, of the other Class, and in those of the government. This afternoon while Cabot, was declaiming, they kept up a continual groaning, and shuffling, and hissing as almost prevented him from going through. The freshmen, in the end will suffer for their folly, and before they get out of College, will repent it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0006-0013", "content": "Title: 13th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       We finished with Locke this morning, and were told to begin next Quarter, in Reid. In the afternoon we set off for Braintree, where we shall remain till commencement. All the Scholars, are put out of commons every year, the Friday before, so that the dinner may be prepared. We got home at about 6 o\u2019clock. We found Mr. Weld, and Mr. Wibird here, and Miss Hannah Hiller, a friend of Miss Betsey\u2019s. About 15 I fancy, a beautiful countenance, and fine shape; but very unsociable owing either to too much diffidence, or to a phlegmatic constitution; which her countenance seems to express. The generality of our young Ladies are so apt to fall into the other extreme, that this now pleases me because it gives some variety, and furnishes matter for observations of a different kind.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0006-0015", "content": "Title: 15th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Read part of the volume of anecdotes concerning Dr. Johnson. He appears to have been a brute; a mere cynic, who thought himself the greatest Character of the age, and consequently, that he was entitled to do just as he pleased and to assume the lawgiver in Sentiments and opinions as well as in Literature, but neither his good opinion of himself, nor all his writings put together will ever place him in the first rank of authors. He is represented as very charitable, and doing much good to People in Want, but the principle, seems to be no better motive than fear: and in one particular he was very remarkable; he could pity the poor and relieve them; but if a rich man, was upon any occasion peculiarly unfortunate, Johnson would sooner insult his distress than feel for it. He is represented as being in certain cases greatly biass\u2019d by prejudices which would disgrace a school boy, and his Soul had not a spark of generous liberty in it. In short from what I have before heard of this man, and what I have now read of him, my opinion with respect to him, is a mixture of admiration and contempt.\n       We walk\u2019d in the evening about a couple of miles with the young Ladies. Mr. Cranch returned this Evening from Boston.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0006-0016", "content": "Title: 16th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Mr. Wibird preached all day upon the Same Subject. His text was in I Corinthians XV. 55, 56, 57. O! Death! where is thy sting? O grave where is thy victory. The sting of death is sin; and the strength of Sin, is the Law. But thanks be to God, which giveth us the victory through our Lord Jesus Christ. I did not hear much of it: and indeed I very seldom do. However it was said, that Mr. W. has not preach\u2019d this Sermon so often, as he does some others.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0006-0017", "content": "Title: 17th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Mr. Cranch went to Boston. Miss P. Storer, N. Quincy and B. Apthorp, pass\u2019d the afternoon, we play\u2019d on the flute, on the harpsichord, and sung. There is always some fine music of one kind or another, going forward in this House. Betsey, and Miss Hiller finger the harpsichord Billy scrapes the Violin, Charles and myself blow the flute. Parson Wibird, was here all the evening.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0006-0019", "content": "Title: 19th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       At about 7 1/2 in the morning I set out for Cambridge, and arrived there just as the Clock struck ten. I found the Crowd large. At about half after eleven the procession arrived and took their Seats in the meeting house. The performances began, with a Salutatory Latin Oration by Champlin, which was followed by a Poem on Commerce by Fowle, which was very good. A Syllogistic on the Question whether the Soul thinks between Death and resurrection. Bradford respondent. A Forensic, \u201cwhether religious disputation promotes the interests of true Piety,\u201d supported by Crosby, and denied by Bigelow extremely well. A Poem, containing a sketch of the history of Poetry, by S. Gardiner, well written, and well delivered. A Syllogistic, \u201cwhether virtue consists in benevolence alone,\u201d Norton respondent. A greek dialogue, between Lincoln, and Warland. A Forensic between Lowell and Taylor. \u201cWhether the happiness of a People depends upon the Constitution, or upon the administration of it.\u201d Lowell had as many antic tricks, and made as many grimaces, as any ape could have done. A Syllogistic, whether the mosaic account of the creation respects the solar System only. Simpkins respondent. A Conference upon History, Metaphysics, Poetry and natural Philosophy, between Parker, Dwight, Harris, and Hubbard, this Closed the morning performances, though it was past 3 o\u2019clock. I returned to the meeting house, at half past four, but the procession did not come till near 6. There were then. A Latin Oration by Andrews, a Forensic \u201cWhether the Powers of Congress ought to be enlarged\u201d between Sullivan and Loring, who maintained the wrong side of the Question by far the best. A Syllogistic Whether the heavenly bodies produce certain changes upon animal bodies. Wyeth respondent. Part of this was omitted which caused a pretty general clap, and finally an English Oration by Blake; which did him credit.\n       The candidates for Master\u2019s degrees then came on, and an English Oration upon the present situation of affairs, was delivered by Mr. H. G. Otis, and after they had gone through the ceremony of receiving the degrees, a valedictory Latin Oration was spoken by Mr. Townsend. The president then wound all up with a prayer. The house was as full as it could hold, and there was a little disturbance happened in the afternoon about some places. The Class are rather disappointed by the absence of their favor\u00adite Thomson who is so unwell, as prevented him from appearing this day.\n       I spent great part of the evening with Bridge. The new Sirs, got quite high, at Derby\u2019s chamber, and made considerable of a noise.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0006-0020", "content": "Title: 20th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n     A List of the Class that graduated yesterday. \n      John Andrews\n      Divinity.\n      Samuel Andrews\n      John Bartlett\u2004\u2004died in 1786.\n      Timothy Bigelow\n      Joseph Blake\n      Samuel Borland\n      Nathaniel Bowman\n      Physic.\n      Alden Bradford\n      Divinity\n      Christopher Grant Champlin\n      Daniel Colt\n      Amos Crosby +\n      William Cutler\n      Physic.\n      John Derby\n      Commerce\n      William Dodge\n      Josiah Dwight\n      Robert Fowle\n      Divinity.\n      Elias Elisha Gardener\n      Samuel Pickering Gardener\n      Commerce\n      John Gibaut\n      Sailor\n      Robert Gray Settled at Dover\n      Divinity.\n      James Gray\n      William Harris\n      Divinity.\n      Ebenezer Hill\n      Nathaniel Howe\n      Dudley Hubbard\n      Jonathan Leonard\n      Henry Lincoln\n      Divinity\n      Joseph Loring\n      Physic\n      John Lowell\n      Porter Lummus\n      Jacob Norton + Settled at Weymouth\n      Divinity.\n      Isaac Parker\n      David Pearce\n      Commerce.\n      Thaddeus Pomeroy\n      Jonathan Edwards Porter\n      Isaac Rand\n      John Simpkins\n      Divinity\n      James Sullivan + died in 1787.\n      John Taylor\n      Joseph Thomas\n      Thomas Thompson\n      John Eugene Tyler\n      John Warland died in 1788\n      Joseph Warren\n      Tapley Wyeth +\n      Physic\n   I set out from Cambridge between eight and nine. Stop\u2019d and dined at General Warren\u2019s in Milton; and got home at about 4 o\u2019clock. Mr. Shaw and my brother Tom, arrived soon after me.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0006-0021", "content": "Title: 21st.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Spent great part of the day in my fathers library, reading, and writing.\n       This day and to-morrow the Government of the College, are employ\u2019d in examining, those that intend to enter the University this year. Tom waits till the end of the vacation.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0006-0022", "content": "Title: 22d.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Mr. Shaw went over to Weymouth. Mr. Cranch returned from Boston, and Mr. Standfast Smith came with him. My brothers and myself pass\u2019d the night at the bottom of the hill.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0006-0023", "content": "Title: 23d.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Mr. Davies preach\u2019d in the forenoon from Matthew V, 20. For I say unto you, that except your righteousness shall exceed the righteousness of the Scribes and Pharisees, ye shall in no case enter into the kingdom of heaven, and in the afternoon from I Corinthians I, 23, 24, 25. But we preach Christ crucified, unto the Jews a stumbling block, and unto the Greeks foolishness; But unto them which are called, both Jews and Greeks, Christ, the power of God, and the wisdom of God. Because the foolishness of God, is wiser than men; and the weakness of God, is stronger than men. This gentleman\u2019s composition appears to be very good, and his delivery, tho\u2019 not excellent, better than the common. He is the first preacher who has engaged my attention these many weeks. Coll. Waters and Mr. Foster came from Boston in the morning. The Coll. has a Son who entered College yesterday. There have been 35 admitted; two turn\u2019d by for the vacation, and one for the year. We had a thunder shower came up, in the Evening, quite refreshing to the fields.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0006-0024", "content": "Title: 24th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       The young gentlemen went down to Germantown: it was too hot for me. I spent almost the whole day in the library. Mr. Shaw and Miss Lucy went for Haverhill, in the morning; Mr. Smith, and Mr. Cranch for Boston after dinner.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0006-0026", "content": "Title: 26th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       At about 6 this morning we set out I on horseback, Charles and Tom in a Sulkey; we got to Cambridge, at about 9. Went down to the President\u2019s to know what Chamber they had given me; he told me I could not have that which I have hitherto occupied because I was going to live with a Sophimore; so that I must put up with N: 6 which was held last year by Bigelow and Lowell, a senior Chamber, but a poor one in comparison, with that I am obliged to give up to Bridge, and Foster. I do not consider it as a mark of politeness in them to have petitioned for it; and I should have suspected almost any one in the Class rather than Bridge.\n       N. B. Bridge and Foster did not petition for the Chamber.\n       Stay\u2019d about an hour in Cambridge, after which we proceeded on our Journey, and at about half past two got to Wilmington, where we dined, at about 9 in the evening we arrived at Haverhill; with our horses almost tired out in coming 46 miles, a long day\u2019s Journey for this Country, and in this hot Season.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0006-0027", "content": "Title: 27th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       I perceive Charles has been guilty of a trick which I thought he would despise; that of prying into, and meddling with things which are nothing to him: and ungenerously looking into Papers, (which he knew I wished to keep private,) because I could not keep them under lock and key. If he looks here, he will feel how contemptible a spy is to himself, and to others.\n       I visited Mr. Thaxter and Mr. White\u2019s. Mrs. Allen, and Mrs. Welch, and Mr. Smith dined at Mr. Shaw\u2019s with us. There was a Company of Ladies drank tea here. Mr. Thaxter came in the Evening.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0006-0028", "content": "Title: 28th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Captain Wyer, arrived a few days since from Ireland, and had caught a couple of Turtles in the course of his voyage; he presented one of them to the owners of his ship, Mr. White, and Captain Willis. They invited a large Company to dine upon it, in an island about two miles down the River. A little after one o\u2019clock, we all went on board a flat bottom\u2019d Boat, which had been prepared for the purpose, with a Tent over it, and we row\u2019d to the Island where we landed at about 2. At about 30 Roods from the Banks of the River We found an elegant arbour about 50 feet long and 20 wide, with 14 arches form\u2019d with boughs of trees, in such a manner that the leaves only could be seen. A number of flowers and grape vines were entwined with them, so that clusters of grapes were hanging over our heads. Beneath this romantic booth, four tables were spread with 20 plates at each. A number of stakes driven into the ground, with planks lain upon them served as seats. We sat down just before 4. Besides the Turtle, there were cold roast fowls and sallads. 74 Persons were seated at the Tables. One Toast only was drank after dinner, (\u201cCaptain Wyer, and all generous commanders at Sea\u201d). By 5, all the company rose, rambled over the island, after which they returned to the Tables, and a number of songs were sung. Before 7 o\u2019clock the whole Company returned to the Boat, several songs were sung on the way, and just after Sunset we landed at the Bottom of Christian Hill. There certainly never was a Party, composed of more than 70 Persons, conducted, with more decency and regularity; no one circumstance turn\u2019d up, that could be disagreeable to the company, or any person in it, and I believe every individual return\u2019d well pleased with the day.\n       I went to Mr. White\u2019s where I found Mr. Andrews who is going to Newbury to-morrow.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0006-0029", "content": "Title: 29th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Dined at Mr. White\u2019s, in Company, with Mrs. White of Boston, Mrs. Willard, Mrs. Parkman, and My Classmate Bil: Abbot, who belongs to Andover. Walk\u2019d in the afternoon, and at Mr. Shaw\u2019s heard crazy Temple, talk an hour or two. He will not talk long to any body.\n       Fine weather.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0006-0030", "content": "Title: 30th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Mr. Shaw preach\u2019d in the forenoon from Proverbs I. 5. A wise man will hear, and will increase learning, and a man of understanding shall attain unto wise counsels. A great deal was said about neglect in attending public worship on the Sunday. I rather doubt whether it be a matter of so much consequence as was supposed. It is however very proper for a minister to remind his People of their Duties from time to Time. The Sermon in the afternoon, was from Job I. 1. There was a man in the land of Uz, whose name was Job; and that man was perfect and upright, and one that feared God, and eschewed evil. As Job is here said to be perfect, Mr. Shaw proved, that no man ever was perfect, and shew that Job, himself, had grossly failed. He explained what was to be understood by the word perfection here; and that it was the Duty of every one to endeavour at attaining it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0006-0031", "content": "Title: 31st.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       I paid a few visits in the morning. Dined with a pretty large Company at Mr. Duncan\u2019s. After Dinner I went with Mr. W. White, and Leonard, and paid a visit to Mrs. Stoughton. Miss N. Sheaffe, was there, a celebrated Belle. Her appearance does not strike me; as extraordinary; she has a fine eye which gives her countenance a degree of animation. But her complexion is not clear, and she has no colour at all. She is supposed to be married to a Mr. Irving, but it is kept secret, because he depends upon an old uncle, who would not approve of the marriage at all. We drank tea at Mr. Harrods.\n       There appears a very considerable alteration in the behaviour of P. White within these 4 months. She is soon to be married to Mr. Bartlett, and has already adopted the course of behaviour which will be necessary: there is such a material difference in the manners of married and unmarried Ladies, that in a numerous company a person might I suppose easily distinguish them, though he should not be personally acquainted with any.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0007-0002", "content": "Title: 2d.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       We Lodged at Hamstead last night: it storm\u2019d so all this morning, that, we could not think of returning. After dinner it was not quite so bad and we all return\u2019d to Haverhill.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0007-0004", "content": "Title: 4th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Went in the forenoon, and pick\u2019d blackberries with the young Ladies. Lucy Cranch tells me I have no Complaisance in me, and I suspected as much before. And for a person who has it not naturally, it is much too hard a task to undertake to be complaisant. Visited Dr. Saltonstall, and Mr. Bartlett in the afternoon. Drank tea at Mr. White\u2019s. Mr. N. Blodget was there; I knew him formerly but have not seen him before, these seven years.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0007-0005", "content": "Title: 5th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       We were up at four in the morning; but were so long in preparing our things that we did not set out till the Clock had struck six, and before we started from the banks of the river on the Bradford side the clock had struck seven. Mr. C. Blodget was going to Boston on horseback, and we rode together as far as Mystic. He was in the army, almost all the late war, and told a number of anecdotes, which he was witness to in the course of it. I dined at Captain Brooks\u2019s in Mystic. Stopp\u2019d about half an hour at Cambridge, and got to Mr. Cranch\u2019s at Braintree at about half after eight in the evening, as much fatigued as I ever was in my life.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0007-0007", "content": "Title: 7th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       I could not sleep last night. Lay restless till about 3 in the morning. Then got up, and read one of Bishop Berkeley\u2019s Dialogues against matter, a curious System, and rather a new one to me. At day light I went again to bed, and slept till eleven o\u2019clock. In the afternoon I went down to see my Grand-mamma, but she was not at home.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0007-0008", "content": "Title: 8th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Read through the remainder of the Dialogues, which Reid says, \u201cprove by unanswerable arguments, what no man in his Senses can believe.\u201d There are however, great objections to the System which are not mentioned. This work appears to me, to confound the cause with its effect for ever. Thus if I burn my fingers, they say, the fire by which I burnt them is in my mind, because, the Sensation which it produced is there. Reasoning in the same manner might I not conclude, that there is a Bottle in this wine glass, because the wine that is in it was poured from a bottle? Every one readily agrees that the Sensations, which heat or cold, hardness or softness, solidity, extension, motion &c, raise in his mind, are not in the inanimate matter, which causes them but they are causes which produce those effects in our mind. But says Bishop Berkeley, no being, can communicate that which it hath not, which is as much as saying that a hone, cannot whet a razor, because, it is not sharp itself: in short if the ideal System be true, either every animal in creation has an immortal Soul, or else, man must have two; for I take it a horse, and a dog, have as clear ideas of heat and cold, and even of a tree or a river as man. The conclusion is evident, and for my Part, if ever I doubt of the existence of matter, I will likewise doubt of my own existence, and of that of every thing else, nor do I see, how one can be given up with out the other.\n       I went down in the afternoon, and drank tea at my uncle Quincy\u2019s. Charles Went to Cambridge yesterday to move our things, and returned this afternoon. Mrs. Apthorp and her Daughters spent the afternoon at Mr. Cranch\u2019s.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0007-0011", "content": "Title: 11th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       I went down with Charles and Billy to Mrs. Quincy\u2019s, in the afternoon. Mr. and Mrs. Gannett were there, Captain Freeman of Dorchester, and Mrs. Edwards, an antiquated Coquet, who was about half a century gone. Very much such a thing as Narcissa is at present; and if her face did not give the lye to her behaviour I should suppose her now to be 17 rather than 70.\n        Her grisled locks assume a smirking grace,\n        And art has levell\u2019d her deep furrow\u2019d face.\n        Her strange demand no mortal can approve,\n        We\u2019ll ask her blessing, but can\u2019t ask her love.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0007-0012", "content": "Title: 12th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Charles and myself went over to Weymouth, and dined at Doctor Tufts\u2019s. We were overtaken by a violent thunder shower. The lightening fell at a very small distance from an house where we took shelter while the Cloud pass\u2019d over. When we return\u2019d to Braintree we found Mr. Dingley at my uncle\u2019s.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0007-0014", "content": "Title: 14th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Mr. Cranch went to Boston in the morning. My aunt and Miss Betsey, are both of them unwell. The weather being rainy and disagreeable Mr. Dingley determined to stay till to-morrow. Mrs. Apthorp, spent the afternoon here.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0007-0015", "content": "Title: 15th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Mr. Dingley return\u2019d to Duxbury: he proposes returning here next Friday, to spend a fortnight. The weather was fine all day. We have had but very few disagreeable dog days.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0007-0016", "content": "Title: 16th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Charles came to Cambridge last Monday in order to move into our new Chamber. My Cousin and myself came from Braintree at about 9 o\u2019clock, and arrived here just at Commons time. I found the Chamber all in Confusion, and it will be so probably all the rest of this Week, for Lowell and Bigelow, who lived in it last year were two of the greatest slovens in their Class. The studies must both be paper\u2019d, which is a very disagreeable piece of Work. Leonard White came in the evening from Haverhill and brought me a couple of Letters.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0007-0017", "content": "Title: 17th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       The Scholars are coming in very fast, and are almost all of them busy, in putting their new chambers in order, and moving. Very busy all day in papering Charles\u2019s study, and part of mine, but before we finish\u2019d the Paper fail\u2019d us. Drank tea with Mead in his Chamber which is contiguous to mine. The Club are quite in a Dilemma, how to do since the boys are sent off. They are unwilling to send Freshmen, and think it beneath their dignity to go themselves for what they want. At about 10 o\u2019clock this evening, Stratten, a crazy fellow came, and knock\u2019d at my door; just as I was going to bed; I opened it, and he ask\u2019d me for some water; I told him I had none, and shut the door upon him: \u201cDamn you, says he, do you refuse a man a little water.\u201d After thumping two or three minutes at the door, he went away, knock\u2019d at all the doors in the entry; ran up and down stairs, came again, to my door and stamp\u2019d at it, and finally ran to the window in the entry, push\u2019d it up, and leapt immediately out of it. I instantly got out of my bed, went to my window, and saw him lying on the ground. After 3 or 4 minutes he began to groan \u201cOh! I\u2019ve broke my leg.\u201d Charles had not gone to bed; I desired him to go and call up Dr. Jennison; who immediately came out. The fellow complain\u2019d in the most doleful manner. However, after examining his leg, (for he was not at all hurt any where else) the Doctor said, there might be a bone crack\u2019d but that none was displaced. It was with a great deal of difficulty that we were able to get Stratten, into one of the lower Rooms which is empty. He persisted for two hours in attempting to walk, for in addition to his State of mind, he was then as drunk as a beast. At length however he was carried into the Room, and laid on a Straw bed. The Doctor, although the man was insulting him continually dress\u2019d up his leg, and we left him just before 12 o\u2019clock, at Night, upon which I immediately retired to bed again.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0007-0018", "content": "Title: 18th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       They were obliged to carry off Stratten this forenoon, as he could not possibly walk. I finished papering my study this forenoon, and in the afternoon put the Chamber in order. I engaged Sullivan 2d. for my freshman. Bridge made tea this afternoon for the Club, in Kendall\u2019s turn. Somehow or other we made out without employing a freshman finally.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0007-0019", "content": "Title: 19th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Leonard White Came from Boston, and Cranch return\u2019d from Braintree this day. Almost all the College, have got here now, and the new monitors, (who must always belong to the junior Class) took their Seats yesterday. They are Adams 2d. and Underwood, who is about 35 years old. I have done little or nothing this day. The first week is almost always loitered away.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0007-0020", "content": "Title: 20th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Mr. Deane, of Falmouth preach\u2019d here this day, in the forenoon from Matthew. XI. 29. Take my yoke upon you, and learn of me; for I am meek and lowly in heart; and ye shall find rest unto your souls, and in the afternoon from Luke XVI. 31. And he said unto him, If they hear not Moses and the prophets, neither will they be persuaded though one rose from the dead. A whining sort of a Tone was employ\u2019d by Mr. Deane, which would have injured the Sermons if they had been good. \n          For what\u2019s a Sermon, good or bad\n          If a man reads it like a lad,\n         but Mr. Deane\u2019s Sermons, were not hurt by his manner of speaking them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0007-0021", "content": "Title: 21st.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       We recite this week, and the next to Mr. Read; The juniors have now a leisure week; Mr. Hale having resign\u2019d, and no other tutor being chosen in his stead. Every tutor when he resigns his office, has a right to nominate a person, for his successor; Mr. Hale nominated Mr. Paine the former Butler but they say he is too Popular among the scholars, to be chosen, there are four other gentlemen in nomination, three of whom (Mr. Abbot, Mr. Burr, and Mr. Webber) are his Class mates. The other Mr. Prescott, was in the Class before him.\n       This afternoon after Prayers Charles read the Customs to the Freshmen in the Chapel: they are read three mondays running in the beginning of every year, by the three first in the Sophimore Class, who are ordered to see them put in execution, immediately after prayers. The two Classes went out to have their wrestling match, a Custom which has for many years been established here. From 6 o\u2019clock till twelve they were constantly at the work. They went on so close that the two Champions of each Class were fresh to take hold; but in less than five minutes Mitchell, the Sophimore, threw Babbitt and Fay, the Freshmen hero\u2019s. The Sophimores then set up a cry for three or four minutes, which resounded through the Colleges, for the Classes here make it a matter of great consequence.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0007-0022", "content": "Title: 22d.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Mr. Shaw came last evening with my brother Tom, who was examined this morning for the freshman Class, and admitted. He soon after set off for Braintree, where he is going to stay untill, a place is found for him to board at. I declaim\u2019d this afternoon Collins\u2019s Ode on the Passions. Coll: Waters and Mr. Cranch came up from Boston. I spent an hour in the evening with them at Waters\u2019s Chamber.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0007-0024", "content": "Title: 24th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Went down to the President\u2019s, for an order to take a book from the Library, but he did not know whether he could give it me without leave from the Corporation. Mr. Thaxter was here a few minutes; but was on his return to Haverhill. Mr. and Mrs. Cranch, Dr. Tufts, Mr. Isaac Smith, and his Sister Betsey were here at Tea.\n       Was at Bridge\u2019s chamber in the Evening.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0007-0025", "content": "Title: 25th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Mr. Read made a mistake, in calling over the Freshmen this morning, as it is customary to except them, the first week. Doctor Tufts was here this morning, and has engaged a boarding place for Tom, at Mr. Sewall\u2019s. I have not begun as yet to Study, with any Closeness, though it is full Time. Had Tea, and pass\u2019d the evening at Williams\u2019s Chamber.\n       William Lovejoy Abbot, was 21 January 18th. He belongs to Andover, and is the head of our Class. He purposes studying Physic. A very steady sober lad, he appears fond of being thought a dry, humourous fellow, and has acquired a great command of his Countenance. His wit would not please in the mouth of any other Person; but his manner of producing it seldom fails of raising the laugh. He is a very good speaker, especially such Pieces, as conceal the features of mirth under the mask of gravity.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0007-0026", "content": "Title: 26th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Rainy weather all day. I had a number of the Class at my Chamber in the Afternoon. Immediately after Prayers we had a Class meeting for the Purpose of choosing a Valedictory Orator, and Collectors of Theses. Eaton was moderator. A motion was carried that a majority of the votes of Class should be necessary for an Election. When the votes were collected it was found there was no choice. There were five votes, for Jackson, the last Person, that would have been suspected of obtaining any. A second attempt was made, equally fruitless. Jackson had ten Votes. It was then resolved, that the choice of an Orator should be deferred; and that the Class should proceed to that of the Collectors. The one for Technology, Grammar, and Rhetoric was first ballotted. Waldo, had 20 Votes; but as a majority of all the Votes was required there was no Choice. It was voted then, that the Person who should have for the future, the greatest number of Votes, should be duly elected. Waldo said, he was sensible of the honour done him by those gentlemen, that had voted for him; but that he wished to be excused. He was taken at his word, and Abbot 2d. was chosen. His modesty and diffidence were such that he earnestly requested to be excused; but with great difficulty was prevailed upon to accept. The second Collector for Logic, Metaphysics, Ethics, Theology, and Politics, was then Chosen. Fiske was the Person. The Mathematical Part fell to Adams, and the Physical to Johnstone. The choice of those was not so judicious as that of the others. Cranch and Abbot 1st would undoubtedly have been more proper Persons, but neither of them would probably have accepted, a second choice. The meeting at about 7 o\u2019clock was adjourned till Monday evening, when we shall proceed to the Choice of an Orator. The Club then came, and drank tea at my Chamber. Fay was there, and entertained us with singing till 9 o\u2019clock.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0007-0027", "content": "Title: 27th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Mr. Hilliard preach\u2019d in the morning from Philippians, IV. 11. Not that I speak in respect of want; for I have learned in whatsoever state I am, therewith to be content. And in the afternoon from Luke XIX. 8. And Zaccheus stood and said, unto the Lord; Behold, Lord, the half of my goods I give to the Poor; and if I have taken anything from any man by false accusation, I restore him four fold. They say Mr. H. has had his Corn stole from him lately, and that he preached this Sermon to perswade the thieves to return it.\n       I went after meeting to Williams Chamber, and remained there till almost prayer Time.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0007-0029", "content": "Title: 29th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       We had no recitation in the afternoon. After Prayers, we had a meeting of the \u03a6BK at Freeman, and Little\u2019s Chamber; Mr. Ware presided in the absence of Mr. Paine. Abbot 2d. was received. Freeman read a short Dissertation upon the love of our neighbour; Little and Packard a Forensic on the Question, whether the present scarcity of money in this Commonwealth be advantageous to it. Harris and Andrews, were the extempore disputants. Chandler 3d. and Cushman were admitted. Several others were proposed, but an universal Vote, could not be obtained for them. The meeting was finally adjourned to Packard\u2019s Chamber tomorrow morning, immediately after Commons in Order to receive the two Persons, just admitted, and to make another attempt to admit others.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0007-0030", "content": "Title: 30th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       The Society met, this morning at Packard\u2019s Chamber agreeable to their Resolution. Mr. Paine presided. Chandler and Cushman were received. Beale and Harris were at length admitted; and it was resolved that they should be received, the morning of the anniversary, which will be next Tuesday. But all attempts to admit two others that were proposed were found useless. It is a misfortune, that small and trifling prejudices, should be the means of excluding worthy young men from a Society, which might be of Service to their Reputation. But of two evils the smallest should always be preferred, and the Consequences would undoubtedly be more dangerous, if every member of the Society had not the privilege of excluding any other Person.\n       We had no recitation this afternoon; Bridge was at my Chamber in the Evening. We had this afternoon from Mr. Williams, one of the best Lectures, that I ever heard him deliver: it was upon the importance of the mathematical Sciences. His Style was nervous, but too negligent. Such a Sentence as this, \u201cThere is something in the Nature of Truth, which naturally is Pleasing to us,\u201d ought not to proceed from the Pen of a Professor at any University.\n       We had likewise a Lecture in the morning from Dr. Wigglesworth.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0007-0031", "content": "Title: 31st.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Charles went to Boston in the morning. I began upon Trigonometry in my mathematical manuscript. We had a Class meeting immediately after Prayers. The Committee of the Class that was appointed to inform the President of the choice, for an Orator &c. reported, that the President had not given his consent to have the Oration in English, because he thought it would show a neglect of classical Learning. I motioned that the Vote, for having it in English should be reconsider\u2019d, but there was a considerable majority against it. It was then voted that the President should be informed that the Class had determined to have an English Oration, or none at all. The former Comittee all declined going again. Johnstone, Fiske, and Welch, were chosen, but declined. It was much like AEsop fable of the mice, who determined to have a bell tied round the Cat\u2019s neck: they were all desirous that it should be done; but no one was willing to undertake the Performance of it. The meeting was finally adjourned till monday next.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0007", "content": "Title: [August 1786]\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n      Tuesday August 1st. 1786.\n       There was a meeting of an association of ministers here this day; but there were only three present. Mr. Adams preach\u2019d the Lecture, and was a whole hour in Sermon, endeavouring to prove, the Trinity, and the existence of hell. After all I believe he left all his hearers where he found them, and he was certainly much too long. After dinner I went with Mrs. White, Miss P. M\u2019Kinstry, and Leonard to Hamstead Hampstead, N.H., a clever ride although the road is bad for a Carriage.\n   Nice, pleasing (OEDThe Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford, 1933; 12 vols, and supplement.).\n       We Lodged at Hamstead last night: it storm\u2019d so all this morning, that, we could not think of returning. After dinner it was not quite so bad and we all return\u2019d to Haverhill.\n       Spent part of the forenoon at Mr. Thaxter\u2019s Office. Mr. Dodge was there. I went with Mr. Thaxter and paid a visit at Judge Sargeant\u2019s. The young Ladies lately return\u2019d from Rye, where they went last week to accompany their new married Sister Mrs. Porter. Mr. T. Leonard White and S. Walker dined at Mr. Shaw\u2019s. In the afternoon Mrs. Shaw and B: Smith, Mr. Thaxter and Miss Duncan, Leonard White and P. Stevenson, Miss Lucy and myself took a ride in four chaises, round the great Pond, Charles and Tom went on horseback. Miss Duncan and Miss Stevenson, pass\u2019d the remainder of the afternoon at Mr. Shaws. We went down in the evening for an hour to Mr. White\u2019s. P. Stevenson, is not more than 16 I imagine, slender, not tall, a fine complexion, rather, too large a mouth, black eyes not quite enough animated, and a tout ensemble, which shows all the candour, and modest assurance of Innocence. But this is all outside. One trait only in her character I think I have seen more than once, which differs very much from her looks and indeed from her reputation, a contemptuous disposition, apt to ridicule small defects in the person or behaviour of other People. But this may be mere conjecture.\n       Went in the forenoon, and pick\u2019d blackberries with the young Ladies. Lucy Cranch tells me I have no Complaisance in me, and I suspected as much before. And for a person who has it not naturally, it is much too hard a task to undertake to be complaisant. Visited Dr. Saltonstall, and Mr. Bartlett in the afternoon. Drank tea at Mr. White\u2019s. Mr. N. Blodget was there; I knew him formerly but have not seen him before, these seven years.\n       We were up at four in the morning; but were so long in preparing our things that we did not set out till the Clock had struck six, and before we started from the banks of the river on the Bradford side the clock had struck seven. Mr. C. Blodget was going to Boston on horseback, and we rode together as far as Mystic. He was in the army, almost all the late war, and told a number of anecdotes, which he was witness to in the course of it. I dined at Captain Brooks\u2019s in Mystic. Stopp\u2019d about half an hour at Cambridge, and got to Mr. Cranch\u2019s at Braintree at about half after eight in the evening, as much fatigued as I ever was in my life.\n       I felt so stiff all day that I did not go to meeting. I was unfit for almost every thing, and only read a few pages in the course of the day.\n       I could not sleep last night. Lay restless till about 3 in the morning. Then got up, and read one of Bishop Berkeley\u2019s Dialogues against matter, a curious System, and rather a new one to me. At day light I went again to bed, and slept till eleven o\u2019clock. In the afternoon I went down to see my Grand-mamma, but she was not at home.\n   Presumably George Berkeley, Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous..., London, 1713.\n       Read through the remainder of the Dialogues, which Reid says, \u201cprove by unanswerable arguments, what no man in his Senses can believe.\u201d There are however, great objections to the System which are not mentioned. This work appears to me, to confound the cause with its effect for ever. Thus if I burn my fingers, they say, the fire by which I burnt them is in my mind, because, the Sensation which it produced is there. Reasoning in the same manner might I not conclude, that there is a Bottle in this wine glass, because the wine that is in it was poured from a bottle? Every one readily agrees that the Sensations, which heat or cold, hardness or softness, solidity, extension, motion &c, raise in his mind, are not in the inanimate matter, which causes them but they are causes which produce those effects in our mind. But says Bishop Berkeley, no being, can communicate that which it hath not, which is as much as saying that a hone, cannot whet a razor, because, it is not sharp itself: in short if the ideal System be true, either every animal in creation has an immortal Soul, or else, man must have two; for I take it a horse, and a dog, have as clear ideas of heat and cold, and even of a tree or a river as man. The conclusion is evident, and for my Part, if ever I doubt of the existence of matter, I will likewise doubt of my own existence, and of that of every thing else, nor do I see, how one can be given up with out the other.\n       I went down in the afternoon, and drank tea at my uncle Quincy\u2019s. Charles Went to Cambridge yesterday to move our things, and returned this afternoon. Mrs. Apthorp and her Daughters spent the afternoon at Mr. Cranch\u2019s.\n   Thomas Reid, An Inquiry into the Human Mind, p. 21\u201322.\n       All the forenoon down in the Library; reading and writing. Pass\u2019d the afternoon at my uncle Adams\u2019s. There was some conversation concerning Mr. T\u2014\u2014r. He has not many friends I believe in Braintree. I believe him at best a very imprudent man, or as Horace says of a character something like him\n        Nil fuit unquam, sic impar sibi.\n   Royall Tyler.\n   \u201cNever was a creature so inconsistent,\u201d Horace, Satires, Bk. I, Satire 3, lines 18\u201319 (Satires, Epistles and Ars PoeticaHorace: Satires, Epistles and Ars Poetica with an English Translation, by H. Rushton Fairclough, Cambridge, 1947., transl. Fairclough, p. 32\u201333).\n       Spent the whole day in my father\u2019s library; wrote but little, I cannot indeed write half so much as I wish to, for if I leave off two minutes, I take up some book as if by instinct, and read an hour or two before I think what I am about. I intended to have written a great deal this vacation; it is now almost gone and I have not written twenty Pages.\n       I went down with Charles and Billy to Mrs. Quincy\u2019s, in the afternoon. Mr. and Mrs. Gannett were there, Captain Freeman of Dorchester, and Mrs. Edwards, an antiquated Coquet, who was about half a century gone. Very much such a thing as Narcissa is at present; and if her face did not give the lye to her behaviour I should suppose her now to be 17 rather than 70.\n        Her grisled locks assume a smirking grace,\n        And art has levell\u2019d her deep furrow\u2019d face.\n        Her strange demand no mortal can approve,\n        We\u2019ll ask her blessing, but can\u2019t ask her love.\n   Edward Young, Satire V, \u201cOn Women,\u201d from \u201cLove of Fame, The Universal Passion. In Seven Characteristical Satires\u201d (Poetical Works, 2 vols., Boston, 1854, 2:120).\n       Charles and myself went over to Weymouth, and dined at Doctor Tufts\u2019s. We were overtaken by a violent thunder shower. The lightening fell at a very small distance from an house where we took shelter while the Cloud pass\u2019d over. When we return\u2019d to Braintree we found Mr. Dingley at my uncle\u2019s.\n       Mr. Weld preach\u2019d all day from Micah VI. 8. He hath shewed thee O man, what is good, and what doth the Lord require of thee, but to do justly, and to love mercy, and to walk humbly with thy God. Mr. Weld proved, that to do justly, was to practice, all the Christian Virtues, and that a man who did not so, took things, for what they were not, and he likewise inculcated humility. The Sermon was as good as our President\u2019s from the same text the last fast day.\n   See entry for 6 April (above).\n       Mr. Cranch went to Boston in the morning. My aunt and Miss Betsey, are both of them unwell. The weather being rainy and disagreeable Mr. Dingley determined to stay till to-morrow. Mrs. Apthorp, spent the afternoon here.\n       Mr. Dingley return\u2019d to Duxbury: he proposes returning here next Friday, to spend a fortnight. The weather was fine all day. We have had but very few disagreeable dog days.\n       Charles came to Cambridge last Monday in order to move into our new Chamber. My Cousin and myself came from Braintree at about 9 o\u2019clock, and arrived here just at Commons time. I found the Chamber all in Confusion, and it will be so probably all the rest of this Week, for Lowell and Bigelow, who lived in it last year were two of the greatest slovens in their Class. The studies must both be paper\u2019d, which is a very disagreeable piece of Work. Leonard White came in the evening from Haverhill and brought me a couple of Letters.\n   Letters not found.\n       The Scholars are coming in very fast, and are almost all of them busy, in putting their new chambers in order, and moving. Very busy all day in papering Charles\u2019s study, and part of mine, but before we finish\u2019d the Paper fail\u2019d us. Drank tea with Mead in his Chamber which is contiguous to mine. The Club are quite in a Dilemma, how to do since the boys are sent off. They are unwilling to send Freshmen, and think it beneath their dignity to go themselves for what they want. At about 10 o\u2019clock this evening, Stratten, a crazy fellow came, and knock\u2019d at my door; just as I was going to bed; I opened it, and he ask\u2019d me for some water; I told him I had none, and shut the door upon him: \u201cDamn you, says he, do you refuse a man a little water.\u201d After thumping two or three minutes at the door, he went away, knock\u2019d at all the doors in the entry; ran up and down stairs, came again, to my door and stamp\u2019d at it, and finally ran to the window in the entry, push\u2019d it up, and leapt immediately out of it. I instantly got out of my bed, went to my window, and saw him lying on the ground. After 3 or 4 minutes he began to groan \u201cOh! I\u2019ve broke my leg.\u201d Charles had not gone to bed; I desired him to go and call up Dr. Jennison; who immediately came out. The fellow complain\u2019d in the most doleful manner. However, after examining his leg, (for he was not at all hurt any where else) the Doctor said, there might be a bone crack\u2019d but that none was displaced. It was with a great deal of difficulty that we were able to get Stratten, into one of the lower Rooms which is empty. He persisted for two hours in attempting to walk, for in addition to his State of mind, he was then as drunk as a beast. At length however he was carried into the Room, and laid on a Straw bed. The Doctor, although the man was insulting him continually dress\u2019d up his leg, and we left him just before 12 o\u2019clock, at Night, upon which I immediately retired to bed again.\n       They were obliged to carry off Stratten this forenoon, as he could not possibly walk. I finished papering my study this forenoon, and in the afternoon put the Chamber in order. I engaged Sullivan 2d. for my freshman. Bridge made tea this afternoon for the Club, in Kendall\u2019s turn. Somehow or other we made out without employing a freshman finally.\n   James Sullivan, the second of three brothers to graduate in that class, and son of Gen. John Sullivan. College customs enforced a system of freshman servitude under which any upperclassmen could demand personal services from first-year men. The well-advised freshman sought to attach himself to a senior \u201cwho protected him from the importunities of juniors and sophomores, and allowed him to study in his chamber, in order to be handy for personal errands\u201d ([Thomas C. Amory], \u201cMaster [John] Sullivan of Berwick [Maine]\u2014His Ancestors and Descendants,\u201d NEHGR,New England Historical and Genealogical Register. 19:304 [Oct. 1865]; Morison, Three Centuries of Harvard,Samuel Eliot Morison, Three Centuries of Harvard, 1636-1936, Cambridge, 1936. p. 105\u2013106).\n       Leonard White Came from Boston, and Cranch return\u2019d from Braintree this day. Almost all the College, have got here now, and the new monitors, (who must always belong to the junior Class) took their Seats yesterday. They are Adams 2d. and Underwood, who is about 35 years old. I have done little or nothing this day. The first week is almost always loitered away.\n   Monitors were appointed by the college president to keep bills of absence and tardiness at devotional and other exercises (Benjamin Homer Hall, A Collection of College Words and Customs, Cambridge, 1856, p. 325\u2013326).\n   Solomon Adams, a sophomore, was regarded as \u201cAdams 1\u201d by the college until the end of July 1786 when he became \u201cAdams 2.\u201d On the other hand, JQA, who entered late in his junior year, was first classified \u201cAdams 3,\u201d but he became \u201cAdams 1\u201d by the beginning of his senior year (MH-Ar: Faculty Records, 5:228, 233, 237\u2013238).\n       Mr. Deane, of Falmouth preach\u2019d here this day, in the forenoon from Matthew. XI. 29. Take my yoke upon you, and learn of me; for I am meek and lowly in heart; and ye shall find rest unto your souls, and in the afternoon from Luke XVI. 31. And he said unto him, If they hear not Moses and the prophets, neither will they be persuaded though one rose from the dead. A whining sort of a Tone was employ\u2019d by Mr. Deane, which would have injured the Sermons if they had been good. \n          For what\u2019s a Sermon, good or bad\n          If a man reads it like a lad,\n         but Mr. Deane\u2019s Sermons, were not hurt by his manner of speaking them.\n   Samuel Deane was minister of the First Congregational Church, Falmouth (now Portland, Maine), from 1764 (Sibley-Shipton, Harvard Graduates,John Langdon Sibley and Clifford K. Shipton, Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Cambridge and Boston, 1873- . 14:591\u2013598).\n       We recite this week, and the next to Mr. Read; The juniors have now a leisure week; Mr. Hale having resign\u2019d, and no other tutor being chosen in his stead. Every tutor when he resigns his office, has a right to nominate a person, for his successor; Mr. Hale nominated Mr. Paine the former Butler but they say he is too Popular among the scholars, to be chosen, there are four other gentlemen in nomination, three of whom (Mr. Abbot, Mr. Burr, and Mr. Webber) are his Class mates. The other Mr. Prescott, was in the Class before him.\n       This afternoon after Prayers Charles read the Customs to the Freshmen in the Chapel: they are read three mondays running in the beginning of every year, by the three first in the Sophimore Class, who are ordered to see them put in execution, immediately after prayers. The two Classes went out to have their wrestling match, a Custom which has for many years been established here. From 6 o\u2019clock till twelve they were constantly at the work. They went on so close that the two Champions of each Class were fresh to take hold; but in less than five minutes Mitchell, the Sophimore, threw Babbitt and Fay, the Freshmen hero\u2019s. The Sophimores then set up a cry for three or four minutes, which resounded through the Colleges, for the Classes here make it a matter of great consequence.\n   Jonathan Burr was eventually appointed to this position. Samuel Webber was chosen to replace another tutor, Nathan Read, in Aug. 1787, and two years later was made Hollis Professor of Mathematics and of Natural and Experimental Philosophy, succeeding Samuel Williams, who resigned in disgrace; he held that po\u00adsition until elected president of the college (in preference to Eliphalet Pearson) in 1806 (NEHGR,New England Historical and Genealogical Register. 35:289\u2013290 [July 1881]; entry for 23 Aug. 1787, below; Morison, Three Centuries of HarvardSamuel Eliot Morison, Three Centuries of Harvard, 1636-1936, Cambridge, 1936., p. 190).\n   See note for entry of 27 March (above).\n       Mr. Shaw came last evening with my brother Tom, who was examined this morning for the freshman Class, and admitted. He soon after set off for Braintree, where he is going to stay untill, a place is found for him to board at. I declaim\u2019d this afternoon Collins\u2019s Ode on the Passions. Coll: Waters and Mr. Cranch came up from Boston. I spent an hour in the evening with them at Waters\u2019s Chamber.\n   The Poetical Works of William Collins..., London, 1786, p. 83\u201386 (MQA).\n       Went to Mr. Dana\u2019s in the forenoon. He proposes going to Maryland, to meet in a Federal convention. We had the Club, at Mason\u2019s chamber this evening. Fay the Freshman was there, and sung a number of Songs extremely well. He also plays sweetly on the violin. He entertained us there charmingly for a couple of hours; and appears to be quite an agreeable companion.\n   On 29 Aug. Dana and four others received commissions from Gov. James Bowdoin to represent Massachusetts at the Annapolis Convention, but neither Dana nor his colleagues arrived in time (MHi: Cushing-Orne Papers; Edmund C. Burnett, ed., Letters of Members of the Continental Congress, 8 vols., Washington, 1921\u20131936, 8:469).\n       Went down to the President\u2019s, for an order to take a book from the Library, but he did not know whether he could give it me without leave from the Corporation. Mr. Thaxter was here a few minutes; but was on his return to Haverhill. Mr. and Mrs. Cranch, Dr. Tufts, Mr. Isaac Smith, and his Sister Betsey were here at Tea.\n       Was at Bridge\u2019s chamber in the Evening.\n   For Harvard\u2019s numerous and detailed laws regarding the borrowing of books, see Col. Soc. Mass., Pubns.Colonial Society of Massachusetts, Publications., 31 [1935]:370\u2013375.\n       Mr. Read made a mistake, in calling over the Freshmen this morning, as it is customary to except them, the first week. Doctor Tufts was here this morning, and has engaged a boarding place for Tom, at Mr. Sewall\u2019s. I have not begun as yet to Study, with any Closeness, though it is full Time. Had Tea, and pass\u2019d the evening at Williams\u2019s Chamber.\n       William Lovejoy Abbot, was 21 January 18th. He belongs to Andover, and is the head of our Class. He purposes studying Physic. A very steady sober lad, he appears fond of being thought a dry, humourous fellow, and has acquired a great command of his Countenance. His wit would not please in the mouth of any other Person; but his manner of producing it seldom fails of raising the laugh. He is a very good speaker, especially such Pieces, as conceal the features of mirth under the mask of gravity.\n   \u201cAbbot 1st\u201d later practiced medicine in Amesbury until 1794, when he moved to Haverhill (Russell Leigh Jackson, \u201cPhysicians of Essex County,\u201d Essex Inst., Hist. Colls.,Essex Institute Historical Collections. 83:163 [April 1947]).\n       Rainy weather all day. I had a number of the Class at my Chamber in the Afternoon. Immediately after Prayers we had a Class meeting for the Purpose of choosing a Valedictory Orator, and Collectors of Theses. Eaton was moderator. A motion was carried that a majority of the votes of Class should be necessary for an Election. When the votes were collected it was found there was no choice. There were five votes, for Jackson, the last Person, that would have been suspected of obtaining any. A second attempt was made, equally fruitless. Jackson had ten Votes. It was then resolved, that the choice of an Orator should be deferred; and that the Class should proceed to that of the Collectors. The one for Technology, Grammar, and Rhetoric was first ballotted. Waldo, had 20 Votes; but as a majority of all the Votes was required there was no Choice. It was voted then, that the Person who should have for the future, the greatest number of Votes, should be duly elected. Waldo said, he was sensible of the honour done him by those gentlemen, that had voted for him; but that he wished to be excused. He was taken at his word, and Abbot 2d. was chosen. His modesty and diffidence were such that he earnestly requested to be excused; but with great difficulty was prevailed upon to accept. The second Collector for Logic, Metaphysics, Ethics, Theology, and Politics, was then Chosen. Fiske was the Person. The Mathematical Part fell to Adams, and the Physical to Johnstone. The choice of those was not so judicious as that of the others. Cranch and Abbot 1st would undoubtedly have been more proper Persons, but neither of them would probably have accepted, a second choice. The meeting at about 7 o\u2019clock was adjourned till Monday evening, when we shall proceed to the Choice of an Orator. The Club then came, and drank tea at my Chamber. Fay was there, and entertained us with singing till 9 o\u2019clock.\n   Theses collectors prepared propositions, or arguments to be advanced and defended, in four branches of knowledge, basing them on subjects studied in the undergraduate curriculum. Hypothetically, if challenged, any senior was expected to defend these theses in Latin. The president, professors, and tutors chose from those submitted by the collectors a sufficient number suitable for publication on the theses sheet. For the 1787 sheet and JQA\u2019s mathematical theses, see the Descriptive List of Illustrations, Nos. 9 and 10 (Benjamin Homer Hall, A Collection of College Words and Customs, Cambridge, 1856, p. 458\u2013459; entry for 8 May 1787, below).\n       Mr. Hilliard preach\u2019d in the morning from Philippians, IV. 11. Not that I speak in respect of want; for I have learned in whatsoever state I am, therewith to be content. And in the afternoon from Luke XIX. 8. And Zaccheus stood and said, unto the Lord; Behold, Lord, the half of my goods I give to the Poor; and if I have taken anything from any man by false accusation, I restore him four fold. They say Mr. H. has had his Corn stole from him lately, and that he preached this Sermon to perswade the thieves to return it.\n       I went after meeting to Williams Chamber, and remained there till almost prayer Time.\n       We recite again to Mr. Read this week, but he did not attend in the afternoon because, we had a Lecture from Mr. Williams, at 3 o\u2019clock. After Prayers the Class met by adjournment, and Fiske was chosen moderator. It was then resolved that if after the first ballot, there was not a majority for any one Person; the Class should the 2d. Time confine their Votes to the 3 Persons who should have the most votes. I supposed that the greatest contest would lay between Bridge and Little, but to my great surprise, the second ballot Was between Freeman, Little, and Waldo. The third was between Freeman, and Little, who finally carried it by a considerable majority. The Class then all went to his Chamber, but did not stay there more than an hour.\n       After tea we had a meeting of the A. B. Beale and Cushman were admitted. Fiske, gave us a very good Oration, upon Ambition, closing with a number of very pretty Poetical Lines. We came to several New Regulations. There were two or three Pieces read. I had written the following, which I forgot to carry with me, and was excused from reading till the next meeting.\n            Trifles light as air\n            Are to the jealous Confirmation strong\n            As proofs of holy writ.\n          The Tragedy from which these lines are a Quotation, is such a complete History of the progress of Jealousy, that it would be the greatest presumption in me, to pretend saying anything new upon the subject. I shall therefore confine myself to a few remarks upon this play, which furnishes a more fruitful source than the trite and I may say worn out subject of Jealousy, which I suppose no person present is acquainted with, except merely by Speculation.\n          This Play is by many considered as the most perfect of all, that we owe to the immortal Shakespeare, and if we attend merely to the conduct of it, we may readily confess that few dramatic performances are better; but the very foundation upon which the whole fabric is erected appears injudicious, disgusting, and contrary to all probability. Who can believe that the Senate of Venice, would give the government of an island belonging to the State, to a moor, when it is known how constantly the Venitian nobility have always enjoy\u2019d every employment in the State? And how tenacious they have ever been of this Prerogative? And is it natural that a young Lady so virtuous and Chaste as Desdemona is represented would as Brabantio expresses it, \n             \u201cRun from her guardage to the sooty Bosom\n             of such a thing as him, to fear, not to delight.\u201d\n            In short I never could conceive what induced the Poet to take a negro for an example of Jealousy. But from this defect great Beauties are derived. In particular the speech of Othello to justify himself before the Senate \n             \u201cMy Story being done\n             She gave me for my pains a world of sighs,\n             She swore in faith twas strange, twas passing strange\n             Twas pitiful, twas wondrous pitiful.\n             She wish\u2019d she had not heard it; yet she wish\u2019d\n             That heaven had made her such a man. She thank\u2019d me\n             And bade me, if I had a friend that loved her,\n             I should but teach him how to tell my Story\n             And that would woo her. On this hint I spake,\n             She loved me for the dangers I had past\n             And I loved her that she did pity them.\u201d\n            This is to perfection, the artless, and rough, but winning eloquence of a Soldier.\n          The manner in which Iago raises the jealousy of Othello, at first by, obscure hints and insinuations, and afterwards by direct accusations shows the nicest acquaintance with human nature. I wish however to doubt, whether man be capable of the consummate villainy which is display\u2019d in the character of Iago.\n          The Reasons which he gives for all his malice against Othello and Cassio is, that he suspects they have both intrigued with his wife, and moreover that Cassio was promoted before him. Jealousy, and disappointed Ambition, will easily prepare a man for committing crimes; but Iago appears to care very little for his Wife, and without love there cannot be much Jealousy. The other Circumstance, I do not think sufficient to induce a man to perpetrate such detestable deeds. For it may be considered as a maxim that no man does evil for evil\u2019s sake, nor will any one injure his fellow creature unless it be to gratify Interest or Passion. It is a fault too general with the writers of novels, Romances and Plays, that their characters are either too good or too bad. Nature deals not in extremes, and as the best man is he who has the least faults, so the worst, is he who has the least virtues. An author may indeed in drawing a good character, represent it more perfect, than is commonly found in real Life; because it may serve as a model for others to imitate; but to represent men worse than they really are, can be of no service, that I know, and, it is degrading human Nature.\n          It must however be confess\u2019d that the character of Iago is abso\u00adlutely necessary in order to work up the mind of Othello to such a pitch of Jealous fury as leads him to murder his wife, and herein consist the chief Beauties of the Play. But besides these, there are detached beauties of Sentiment and expression as in all the Plays of this inimitable author.\n          There is an energy and force in these Lines \n             \u201cThe tyrant custom\n             Hath made the flinty, and steel couch of war\n             My thrice driven bed of down.\u201d\n            There is a consummate hypocrisy in the following observation of Iago, which can escape the notice of no Sensible Reader \n             \u201cWho steals my purse, steals trash; \u2018t\u2019is something, nothing.\n             T\u2018was mine! t\u2019is his, and has been slave to thousands.\n             But he that filches from me, my good name,\n             Robs me of that, which not enriches him\n             And makes me, poor indeed.\u201d\n            But to show all the excellencies of this Tragedy would almost be to transcribe it.\n          The Cloven foot was ascribed by the vulgar to the Devil, in Shakespeare\u2019s days as well as in our\u2019s, which appears from Othello\u2019s saying when he has full proof of his wife\u2019s innocence, and of the villainy of Iago. \n             I look down tow\u2019rds his feet; but that\u2019s a fable.\n            The 13th. Scene of the second Act, may I think be recommended to the serious attention of every young man. We may perceive how much the author detested a Vice, (which at this day is too common) by his representing it as attended with the most fatal consequences.\n   Othello, Act III, scene iii, lines 324\u2013326. Editorial citations to Othello are from Shakespeare\u2019s Works, ed. Quiller-Couch and others.\n   Despite JQA\u2019s lifelong interest in the theater, so amply demonstrated in these early years, his critical, indeed damning, views of Othello became hardened at this young age and persisted throughout his life. They were publicly ridiculed in 1835 in Fanny Kemble\u2019s Journal and were published in several articles the following year. For a detailed account, see CFA, DiaryDiary of Charles Francis Adams, Cambridge, 1964- . Vols. 1-2, ed. Aida DiPace Donald and David Donald; vols. 3-6, ed. Marc Friedlaender and L. H. Butterfield., 5:84\u201387.\n   Act I, scene ii, lines 70\u201371.\n   Act I, scene iii, lines 158\u2013168.\n   Act I, scene iii, lines 229\u2013231.\n   Act III, scene iii, lines 159\u2013164.\n   Act V, scene ii, line 288.\n   From the context, JQA was most likely using the Warburton edition of Pope\u2019s The Works of Shakespear in Eight Volumes..., London, 1747, which divided Act II into 15 scenes. This was the edition JQA had previously used for long quotations in his Diary while in Holland (entry for 9 June 1781, note 3, above); no copy of this edition exists, however, in the Adams\u2019 libraries. In the Quiller-Couch edition of Shakespeare, this scene is scene iii, lines 254\u2013328 of Act II. The \u201cVice\u201d JQA is referring to is \u201cthe devil drunkenness,\u201d for which Cassio berates himself.\n       We had no recitation in the afternoon. After Prayers, we had a meeting of the \u03a6BK at Freeman, and Little\u2019s Chamber; Mr. Ware presided in the absence of Mr. Paine. Abbot 2d. was received. Freeman read a short Dissertation upon the love of our neighbour; Little and Packard a Forensic on the Question, whether the present scarcity of money in this Commonwealth be advantageous to it. Harris and Andrews, were the extempore disputants. Chandler 3d. and Cushman were admitted. Several others were proposed, but an universal Vote, could not be obtained for them. The meeting was finally adjourned to Packard\u2019s Chamber tomorrow morning, immediately after Commons in Order to receive the two Persons, just admitted, and to make another attempt to admit others.\n       The Society met, this morning at Packard\u2019s Chamber agreeable to their Resolution. Mr. Paine presided. Chandler and Cushman were received. Beale and Harris were at length admitted; and it was resolved that they should be received, the morning of the anniversary, which will be next Tuesday. But all attempts to admit two others that were proposed were found useless. It is a misfortune, that small and trifling prejudices, should be the means of excluding worthy young men from a Society, which might be of Service to their Reputation. But of two evils the smallest should always be preferred, and the Consequences would undoubtedly be more dangerous, if every member of the Society had not the privilege of excluding any other Person.\n       We had no recitation this afternoon; Bridge was at my Chamber in the Evening. We had this afternoon from Mr. Williams, one of the best Lectures, that I ever heard him deliver: it was upon the importance of the mathematical Sciences. His Style was nervous, but too negligent. Such a Sentence as this, \u201cThere is something in the Nature of Truth, which naturally is Pleasing to us,\u201d ought not to proceed from the Pen of a Professor at any University.\n       We had likewise a Lecture in the morning from Dr. Wigglesworth.\n   Powerful, vigorous (OEDThe Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford, 1933; 12 vols, and supplement.).\n       Charles went to Boston in the morning. I began upon Trigonometry in my mathematical manuscript. We had a Class meeting immediately after Prayers. The Committee of the Class that was appointed to inform the President of the choice, for an Orator &c. reported, that the President had not given his consent to have the Oration in English, because he thought it would show a neglect of classical Learning. I motioned that the Vote, for having it in English should be reconsider\u2019d, but there was a considerable majority against it. It was then voted that the President should be informed that the Class had determined to have an English Oration, or none at all. The former Comittee all declined going again. Johnstone, Fiske, and Welch, were chosen, but declined. It was much like AEsop fable of the mice, who determined to have a bell tied round the Cat\u2019s neck: they were all desirous that it should be done; but no one was willing to undertake the Performance of it. The meeting was finally adjourned till monday next.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0008-0001", "content": "Title: Friday September 1st. 1786.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Studied Algebra all the forenoon. Took books from the Library, Brydone\u2019s Tour vol: 2d. Ossian\u2019s Poems, and Boswell\u2019s Corsica. The weather begins to grow quite cold. This morning I shivered, almost all prayer Time. It is however to be hoped it will not set in, so soon.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0008-0002", "content": "Title: 2d.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       I have been too busily employ\u2019d, to have much to say. Study, does not afford, a rich source for description. We had a moot Court in the afternoon at Fiske\u2019s Chamber. Packard was condemned. Mr. and Mrs. Cranch were here.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0008-0003", "content": "Title: 3d.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Mr. Hilliard gave us a Sermon in the forenoon from Isaiah LV. 6. Seek ye the Lord while he may be found, call ye upon him while he is near, and in the afternoon from John V. 22. For the Father judgeth no man; but hath committed all judgment unto the Son. I do not believe that Mr. H. has one new idea, in ten Sermons upon an average. Some of his argumentation this afternoon appeared to militate with the Trinitarian System. He said we ought to take it a peculiar favour, that we were to be judged by Christ, because he had a practical knowledge of our natures, and would make allowance for the frailty of humanity. Now this appears to bring the Question to a Point. If Christ was God he was omniscient and consequently wanted no practical knowledge of mankind. But as he was not omniscient, the Consequence is plain, and may be easily deduced from Mr. H\u2019s own Concessions. But all religious sects have their absurdities. It is with them as with man. That which has the least faults is the best.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0008-0006", "content": "Title: 6th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       This day the annual Dudleian Lecture was preach\u2019d by Mr. Symmes of Andover; the subject was the validity of Presbyterian Ordination. There are four subjects which are alternately treated the first Wednesday in September. They are Natural Religion, Revealed Religion, The errors of the Romish Church, and that above mentioned. The founder was Mr. Dudley: who gave a Sum the annual interest of which is 12\u00a3 and is given to the Person who preaches the Lecture. The person is appointed by the President, the Professor of Divinity, the Senior Tutor, and the Minister of Roxbury, but they cannot choose a Person under 40 years old. Mr. Symmes\u2019s Lecture was a very good one, and the Sentiments he expressed were very liberal, though he was extremely severe in some places upon the Church of England.\n       Mr. Cranch was here all the afternoon.\n       I was admitted into the Handel Sodality; and attended in the evening at Cranch\u2019s Chamber.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0008-0008", "content": "Title: 8th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       I went in the evening to see Mrs. Dana; there was a large Company there, and I escaped as soon as I could. I intended to make a number of Sage Reflections, this evening, but I feel so ill-natured, that I will not attempt it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0008-0009", "content": "Title: 9th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       The inferior Court, is to sit according to Law, next Tuesday, at Concord; it is said, that the same People, who stopp\u2019d it at Worcester, are determined to join others, and proceed in the same manner at Concord. And they will probably carry their Point; for the People that are sensible, what evil Consequences must attend these disorders, yet are unwilling to use any exertions for putting a stop to them. We are now in a perfect State of Anarchy. No laws observed, and no power to Punish delinquents; if these treasonable practices, are not properly quelled, the Consequences must be fatal to the Constitution, and indeed to the Common-wealth.\n       The Parts for the next exhibition, were given out this afternoon. Freeman, has the English Oration, Bridge the Latin, Adams and Cranch, a Forensic disputation, on the Question Whether inequality among the citizens be necessary, to the preservation of the Liberty of the whole?Beale, Burge, Fiske, Harris, Little, and Packard have the mathematical Parts. The President told us to be ready, by a fortnight from next Tuesday, as the Corporation might possibly meet, then.\n       We had a beautiful Evening; I walk\u2019d out with Cranch, round the Common, and on the Road till near 11.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0008-0010", "content": "Title: 10th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Mr. Porter the Minister of Roxbury, preach\u2019d here; he is a pretty good Speaker. His discourse in the forenoon was from Revelations XI. 17th. We give thee thanks O, Lord God Almighty, which art, and wast, and art to come; because thou hast taken to thee thy great Power, and hast reigned. And in the afternoon from John I. 45, 46. Philip findeth Nathanael, and saith unto him, We have found him of whom Moses in the Law, and the Prophets, did write, Jesus of Nazareth, the Son of Joseph? And Nathanael said unto him, Can there any good thing come out of Nazareth? Philip saith unto him, Come and See. Mr. Por\u00adter\u2019s Language is Good, and his manner of preaching better than Common. But I suppose him not to be very deep, as a divine; he is indeed yet a young Man. Cranch and myself dined at the President\u2019s. Mrs. Willard is as different in her manners, from the President, as can be. They form quite a contrast. Mrs. W. is easy, and unaffected: and appears not to be made for Cerimony. He is stiff and formal; attached to every custom, and trifling form; as much as to what is of Consequence; however, he was quite sociable; much more so indeed than I should have expected.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0008-0012", "content": "Title: 12th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Rain\u2019d hard almost all day. We had a Class meeting, after Prayers for determining the matter, concerning a Valedictory Oration. By dint of obstinate impudence, Vociferation, and noise; the minority so wearied out those on the other side, that several of them went out, after which, a Vote was pass\u2019d, ratifying the proceedings of the last meeting. Johnson, Sever, and Chandler 3d. were then chosen as a committee to inform the President of the proceedings in the Class, and the meeting was dissolved. We had a meeting of the \u03a6BK, at Burge\u2019s Chamber. Bridge, and Abbot, read a forensic, on the Question, \u201cwhether internal tranquillity, be a proof of Prosperity in a Republic.\u201d Freeman and myself Adams were the extemporaneous disputants. The Society then adjourned till this day fortnight, when they are to meet at Little\u2019s Chamber, immediately after Prayers.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0008-0014", "content": "Title: 14th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       White went to Haverhill. I determined with Little upon two Pieces, to publish in the next Magazine for the A B. Concluded my Forensic, for the exhibition. Weather begins to be quite cold.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0008-0016", "content": "Title: 16th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Copied off my Forensic for the Exhibition, and prepared it, to carry for Approbation to the President. I received in the fore\u00adnoon, a Letter from Delia. White return\u2019d this Evening from Haverhill.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0008-0017", "content": "Title: 17th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Mr. Hilliard preach\u2019d in the forenoon from Isaiah V. 12. But they regard not the work of the Lord, neither consider the Operation of his hands. It might be a political Subject, and relate, to the Times, but I know not whether it really was. His Text in the Afternoon, was from Hebrews XII. 1. Wherefore seeing we also are compassed about with a great Cloud of Witnesses, let us lay aside every weight, and the Sin, which doth so easily beset us, and let us run with Patience the Race that is set before us. I seldom hear much of Mr. H\u2019s Sermons, except the Texts. Dined at Mrs. Dana\u2019s. She laugh\u2019d at a certain Class mate of mine, who all at once, wears green silk before his Eyes, as if they were injured by hard Study. But certainly every one, who knows him, will exculpate Study from that fault.\n       After Prayers I went with Mead, and pass\u2019d the evening at Professor Pearson\u2019s. Mr. and Mrs. Rogers were there. The Professor, is a much more agreeable, and indeed a more polite Man, than I should have suspected, from what I have heard. I have not seen any Person belonging to the Government, so polite to Scholars, or show so few Airs. Mrs. Pearson is likewise very agreeable.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0008-0018", "content": "Title: 18th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       I have been so unwell all Day, that I have not been able to attend to any Studies at all. We had a Class meeting after Breakfast. The Committee that was Sent to inform the President of the proceedings of the Class, informed that he had said he feared he should be obliged to direct the Class to have the Oration in Latin; notwithstanding this it was voted by a majority of two, that the Class should still persist. I went in the forenoon to the President\u2019s to have my forensic approbated. I rode over the Bridge through Boston, and returned by Roxbury, before dinner. The Sodality met in the Evening at Abbot\u2019s Chamber, to play over the Tunes for exhibition.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0008-0020", "content": "Title: 20th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       This Evening, immediately after prayers, the President inform\u2019d us that the Government, and Corporation, had chosen Mr. Jonathan Burr, for a Tutor, he had accepted the Office, and was to be attended accordingly. I went with Sever, to Mr. Tracy\u2019s and to Mr. Gerry\u2019s, but neither of them was at home. Attended the musical Society at Mayo\u2019s chamber, till 9 o\u2019clock.\n       Jonathan Amory, was 16. the 7th. of last July. His disposition is good and very easy. But he is too young to be possess\u2019d of that steadiness and Reflection, which a Person just going into the world, ought to have. From the instances of Persons now in College, that came so very young, I think it may be concluded, that in general, it is a disadvantage to enter College before the age of fifteen; very few of those that come, before that age, make any considerable figure, in a Class.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0008-0021", "content": "Title: 21st.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       I really do not know what I have done this day. I am always sensible, that what with one trifle and another I lose too much of my Time, and yet I do not know how to employ more of it. I believe it is a disadvantage to have so many public exercises to attend. It is impossible to get seriously and steadily fixed down to any Thing. As soon as I get in a way of thinking or writing upon any Subject, the College Bell infallibly sounds in my Ears, and calls me, to a Lecture, or to recitation or to Prayers. This cannot certainly suffer any one, to engage in profound Study of any kind.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0008-0022", "content": "Title: 22d.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Mr. Read sent for me this morning, informed me, that the Exhibition was to come on next Tuesday; and offered to excuse me, from the recitations till then, in Case, I was not prepared, as the Time, that had been given for getting ready was so short. But as it happened I was not in want of more Time. I made tea for our Club.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0008-0023", "content": "Title: 23d.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       I have done nothing all this Day. Every Day thus lost doubles the obligation of improving the next; but I fear if I was held to perform the Obligation, I should soon become a Bankrupt. Pass\u2019d the Evening at Bridge\u2019s Chamber. We had considerable Conversation, as we frequently have, concerning our future Prospects. He is ambitious, and intends to engage in Politics. He expects more happiness from it, than he will ever realize I believe. But he is form\u2019d for a political Life, and it is he will? probably show to advantage in that Line.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0008-0025", "content": "Title: 25th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Almost all this Day was employ\u2019d in preparing for the exhibition. The musical Parts take up some time. We had in the afternoon a Lecture from Mr. Pearson, upon Philosophical Grammar.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0008-0026", "content": "Title: 26th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       The exhibition began at about a quarter after 12, with, the Latin Oration by Bridge, it was a Panegyric upon the military institution which has lately been established. The forensic between Cranch, and me, came next. I read as follows. The second Part refers, to Cranch\u2019s reply.\n          \u201cConscious of the insufficiency of my ability to perform the task allotted to me, I would fain implore the Indulgence, and Candour of this respectable Audience. But Apologies of this kind, are seldom of much avail, especially when they have any foundation: I shall therefore without any further Preamble, introduce the Question, Whether inequality among the Citizens, be necessary to the Preservation of the Liberty of the whole?\n          There are two views in which the word Inequality, as relating to the Citizens of a State, may be considered. Inequality, of Fortune, or of Rights, Privileges and Dignities. In the Case of Riches, the Inequality arises in the natural Course of Things; Nor is there an Instance of a State of any Consequence, subsisting without it. There were indeed several sharp Contests in the Roman Republic, with Respect to an equal distribution of Lands; but they were never of any Service, to the People, and were always attended, with the most unhappy Consequences. The Question appears therefore to be, in other Words, whether a pure democracy be the most favourable Government to the Liberties of a People.\n          It is a very general political maxim, that Men can never possess a great degree of Power without abusing it. Hence, so few Instances of despotic Monarchs, who have not been the scourges of their People. In an aristocratic government, the Power being in a number of hands, this tyrannical disposition becomes more dangerous, and extends wider its baneful Influence. But of all Tyrannies, the most dreadful, is that of an whole People; and in a Government, where all men are equal, the People will infallibly become Tyrants. What Protection can any Laws afford a Citizen in a State where every individual, thinks he has a right of altering and annulling them at his Pleasure, and where nothing is wanting, but the capricious whim of a vile Rabble, to overturn all Laws and Government? If a Prince is oppressive, at least he has been taught in some measure, the Art of governing an Empire, and has commonly been educated, for it. The same may be said of an Aristocracy, they will at least endeavour to support the Dignity of a State, and will take proper Measures for the safety of the majority, of the People, though they may be unjust to individuals. But when the Passions of a People, conscious of their Liberty and strength are raised, they hurry them into the greatest extremities: an enraged multitude, will consult nothing, but their fury; and their Ignorance serves only to increase their Obstinacy, and their Inconsistency.\n          The most simple forms of Government, are probably the most ancient: But Mankind soon perceived, the great inconveniences which naturally arise from a despotic Monarchy, an arbitrary Aristocracy, and an inconstant Democracy. They endeavoured therefore to form Constitutions, which might unite all the advantages, severally possessed by each of those Systems, without having their Defects. Such was the Constitution which raised a petty Village of Italy to the Empire of the World; and such in more modern Times was the Constitution which enabled Great Britain, to make such a splendid figure, in three Quarters of the Earth, and to prescribe terms of Peace to two combined Kingdoms, whose natural Advantages were so much superior to her own: happy would it have been for her, if Prosperity had not introduced Luxury and Corruption, which have undermined the Pillars of her excellent Constitution, and exposed her to the Contempt and Derision of those very Nations by whom she was formerly view\u2019d with Terror.\n          I am sensible, my Friend, that you have the popular Prejudice in your favour; and that in declaring against equality I am combating the Sentiments, of perhaps a large majority of the Inhabitants of this Common wealth. It is the Duty of every Person, and more especially of an unexperienced Youth, to show a proper Deference, and Respect for the Opinions of Mankind in general, and of his Countrymen in particular. But when his Reason tells him that these Opinions would lead him to a manifest absurdity, I think he has a Right to refuse his Assent to them, at least untill sufficient Arguments are brought to support them. Now, as Nature has in every other Particular, created a very great inequality among Men, I see not upon what grounds we can found the Supposition, that they ought all to share an equal degree of Power. And that too great a degree of equality among the Citizens, is prejudicial to the Liberty of the whole, the present alarming Situation of our own Country will I think afford us a sufficient Proof.\n          It appears, my Friend, that you yourself are sensible of the weakness of your Cause, by your endeavouring to prove, what I never pretended to dispute, what I am as firmly persuaded of as you are, and indeed what I have already granted viz. That the People cannot be free in a despotic Monarchy, nor under an aristocracy; and that if the Proportion of wealth, possessed by Individuals, be unequal to a great degree, the Liberty of the Nation will be in Danger. I plead not for an excess of inequality, but I still maintain that a perfect equality is contrary to Nature and to Reason.\n          \u201cIn this Commonwealth\u201d you say \u201cThe People apprehend some Persons have amassed too large a Proportion of Wealth, and acquired too large a share of Power, and thinking themselves injured have arisen, and demanded Satisfaction?\u201d\n          But why do they think themselves injured? Is it because they have suffered Tyranny or Oppression? No! It is because other Persons have been more industrious, more prudent and more successful than they. When, regardless of every Principle which binds Man to Man, they laid violent hands on Justice herself, by stopping the proceedings of the Courts of Law, in diverse Places, was it because they had been injured by those Courts, and could not obtain Redress? No. It was because they were conscious they had injured others; and they wished therefore to put a stop to all means of obtaining redress. Now had the Notions of those People concerning equality been a little lower, and had there been really a greater degree of inequality among the Citizens, the Commonwealth would not have been thrown into a State of anarchy and Confusion, and instead of rebelling against the Laws and Government, those People would have sought in Oeconomy and Industry, that relief which they now endeavour to wrest by Violence.\n          If by Equality among the Citizens could be meant an equal right to Justice, and to the Protection of the Laws, certainly no Person, whose Soul is not debased by Slavery could object to it; but this construction cannot be put upon the word; it must be considered as relating to wealth or Dignity and in both Senses, I still must think inequality absolutely necessary for the Liberties of a People.\n          But here I would not be considered as an Advocate for hereditary Distinctions. Wealth may with Propriety be transmitted from Father to Son. But Honour and Dignities, should always be personal. The Man who to the greatest natural and acquired Abilities unites the greatest Virtues, should certainly not be view\u2019d as on a Par with a vicious Fool, but the absurdity would I confess be equally great, if any one was obliged to enquire who were the Ancestors of a Citizen, to know whether he be respectable.\n          The History of Lacedemon certainly can produce no Argument in favour of equality. For 1st. it was an hereditary Monarchy. Two branches of a Family descended from Hercules were in Possession of the Throne for nine hundred years. 2dly. There was a Senate composed of 28 persons who formed an aristocratic Body with Power equal to that of the Kings; and 3dly. the Authority of the Ephori, who were chosen annually among the People was superior even to that of the Monarchs. So that in this Respect, the Spartan Constitution was similar to the Roman, and the British, which, I have already agreed were excellent. But Heaven forbid there should ever arise in our Country a Legislator to establish by Force, a Constitution which could form nothing but Warriors. The fine feelings of the Heart which render human Nature amiable, were entirely excluded from the System of Lycurgus. Many of his Laws, display a barbarous Cruelty, and beauteous Science, whose persuasive Voice, calms the impetuous Passions of Youth, sooths the cares, and asswages the infirmities of age, was discarded from within the walls of Sparta by this savage Legislator.\n          I doubt whether these arguments have convinced you, my Friend, of the necessity of inequality; but however we may differ in Opinion in this Respect, I am sure you will unite with me, in addressing to Heaven the most fervent Petition, that whatever the Constitution of our own Country may be, she may enjoy genuine Liberty and real Happiness forever.\u201d\n       After I read this Part Cranch concluded with a reply. The next Thing that came on, was the Syllogistic dispute, by the Juniors Grosvenor, Dodge, Clark, and Adams 3d. It was on the Question, Whether there is a Sense of morality innate in the human Mind. A Dialogue upon Eloquence from Fenelon by Gordon and Lincoln succeeded, and after that the Greek Oration by Abbot 3d. the Hebrew by Gardiner, and finally the English by Freeman, which obtained an universal Clap, the first, known at an Exhibition. It was upon the political Situation of our affairs, and was delivered extremely well. The Oration would not read so well as Little\u2019s, but taken altogether would please almost any audience better.\n       We had Commons immediately after the exhibition. There were no Tutors Present, and there was a sad Noise in the Hall.\n       After Commons the Martimercurean band, escorted the President, with the Committee of the Overseers, over to the Steward\u2019s, where they performed the manual exercise. I pass\u2019d part of the afternoon at Freeman\u2019s Chamber. Sullivan who took his degree this year was there.\n       I had Company to tea at my Chamber. Deacon Smith and his Son, Dr. Welch, and his Lady. Mrs. Otis. Mrs. Cutts, and Betsey Smith.\n       The Tea Club, who have formed a small Society for dancing, were here in the Evening till 9.\n       I had a very bad head ache, and retired to rest immediately after they went away.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0008-0027", "content": "Title: 27th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       I feel quite indolent as I have finally got rid of the affair which has kept me employ\u2019d this fort\u2019night. Was part of the forenoon at Bridge\u2019s Chamber. The Sodality met in the Evening, at Putnam\u2019s. Rather Unwell.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0008-0028", "content": "Title: 28th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       We had a meeting of the \u03a6BK, in the morning at Little\u2019s Chamber. Chandler read a Dissertation, Harris and Cushman a Forensic. Bridge and Cranch were the extempore disputants. Went with Freeman to Boston: paid a number of Visits; we dined at Mr. Sullivan\u2019s, in Company with Mr. Bartlett, Mr. Johonnot, and George Warren. Took a long walk with Johonnot in the afternoon. Return\u2019d to Cambridge with Freeman, before 8. We had a very good supper at Mason\u2019s Chamber, after which we took a walk, and return\u2019d there again; finally retired, between 11 and 12 o\u2019clock.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0008-0029", "content": "Title: 29th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       It is a most unhappy Circumstance, for a Man to be very ambitious, without those Qualities which are necessary to insure him Success in his Attempts. Such is my Situation, \n          If it be a Sin to covet Honour\n          I am the most offending Soul alive.\n         But I have not the faculty of convincing the persons that compose the small Circle in which I move, that my deserts are equal to my pretentions and disappointment must naturally follow. I often wish I had just Ambition enough to serve as a Stimulus to my Emulation, and just Vanity enough to be gratified with small Distinctions. But I cannot help despising a fellow of such a Character. I esteem a Man who will grasp at all, even if he cannot keep his hold, but one who in the fifth or sixth Station can be content, whilst he has an equal Chance of obtaining the first must be despicable. May that Spirit, which inspires my Breast never be bent into an evil Course; and above all may Envy never find a corner of my Heart to lurk in!\n       These Lines have been suggested by an Event which happened this Day: If any one should read them except myself; I request he would not consider them as a proof, of my intolerable Vanity and self-conceit; but that he would think my heart is sometimes so full, that it spontaneously dictates to my hand Sentiments, which many would endeavour to conceal, with the utmost Care, and for which I must at Times condemn myself.\n       I went with Sever, passed the Evening, and supped, at Mr. Gerry\u2019s. Mrs. Gerry was not at home, Mrs. and Miss Thompson were there, and a Coll: Glover, a very curious sort of a Man. Miss Thompson, has a very Innocent Countenance, is pretty, and sensible of it, like all other fine Women.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0008", "content": "Title: [September 1786]\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n      Friday September 1st. 1786.\n       Studied Algebra all the forenoon. Took books from the Library, Brydone\u2019s Tour vol: 2d. Ossian\u2019s Poems, and Boswell\u2019s Corsica. The weather begins to grow quite cold. This morning I shivered, almost all prayer Time. It is however to be hoped it will not set in, so soon.\n   Patrick Brydone, A Tour Through Sicily and Malta..., 2 vols., London, 1774; The Works of Ossian, The Son of Fingal, Transl. from the Gaelic by James MacPherson, London, 1762, or 3d edn., London, 1765; James Boswell, An Account of Corsica, The Journal of a Tour to that Island...., London, 1768 (Harvard, Catalogus Bibliothecae, 1790[Isaac Smith, comp.], Catalogus Bibliothecae Harvardianae Cantabrigiae Nov- Anglorum, Boston, 1790., p. 73, 143, 55).\n       I have been too busily employ\u2019d, to have much to say. Study, does not afford, a rich source for description. We had a moot Court in the afternoon at Fiske\u2019s Chamber. Packard was condemned. Mr. and Mrs. Cranch were here.\n       Mr. Hilliard gave us a Sermon in the forenoon from Isaiah LV. 6. Seek ye the Lord while he may be found, call ye upon him while he is near, and in the afternoon from John V. 22. For the Father judgeth no man; but hath committed all judgment unto the Son. I do not believe that Mr. H. has one new idea, in ten Sermons upon an average. Some of his argumentation this afternoon appeared to militate with the Trinitarian System. He said we ought to take it a peculiar favour, that we were to be judged by Christ, because he had a practical knowledge of our natures, and would make allowance for the frailty of humanity. Now this appears to bring the Question to a Point. If Christ was God he was omniscient and consequently wanted no practical knowledge of mankind. But as he was not omniscient, the Consequence is plain, and may be easily deduced from Mr. H\u2019s own Concessions. But all religious sects have their absurdities. It is with them as with man. That which has the least faults is the best.\n   That is, \u201clacked.\u201d\n       We were to have had a Class meeting, by Rights: but no one thought to obtain Leave. As we have no metaphysical Tutor, here at present, we supposed, that, for the ensuing fortnight we should have no reciting. But the government have determined that we should continue to attend Mr. Reed in S\u2019Gravesande\u2019s. This is not an agreeable Circumstance; a Person who does not belong to the University, and hears only the word reciting, naturally concludes, that the Scholars are an idle set of fellows, because they are always averse to recitations. Now the Fact is just the Contrary. A Person fond of study, regards the Time spent in reciting as absolutely lost. He has studied the Book before he recites, and the Tutors here, are so averse to giving ideas different from those of the author, whom they are supposed to explain, that they always speak in his own words, and never pretend to add any thing of their own: Reciting is indeed of some Service to idle fellows; because it brings the matter immediately before them, and obliges them, at least for a short Time, to attend to something. But a hard Student will always dislike it, because it takes time from him, which he supposes might have been employ\u2019d to greater advantage.\n       We had a mathematical Lecture from Mr. Williams, this afternoon, upon Dialling. Probably the last we shall have this Quarter, as he Proposes setting out in the Course of this week upon a Journey. He expects to be gone about six weeks. I was at Little\u2019s Chamber in the Evening somewhat late. Freeman came from Sever\u2019s Chamber, and display\u2019d such a brilliancy of wit, that I could scarcely come away. Beale and White endeavoured obtaining leave to go to Providence; to Commencement; but were refused.\n   Tutor John Hale had resigned (entries for 6 May and 21 Aug., above).\n   A method of surveying.\n       Anniversary of the \u03a6BK, Society. The members were, on that account excused from reciting. At 11. we met at The Butler\u2019s chamber. Harris and Beale were received, after which we proceeded on business. Mr. Paine, and the Orator, went first, and the others after them according to the order of admission. Mr. Andrews gave us a spirited, and well adapted Oration upon friendship. After it was finished, we returned to the Butler\u2019s Chamber. Packard then informed the Society, that there was in Town, a young Gentleman from Dartmouth College, by the name of Washburne; a Senior Sophister; who was very desirous of having the Society established there, and he was commissioned also, to express the same desire from several others of the same Class. It was questioned whether we had any right to grant a charter without consulting the Fraternities at New Haven, and Williamsburg. A number of arguments were used on both sides, and when it was put to vote there were 8 for consulting them, and 8 against it. It was again debated for some time, and, finally determined, by a considerable majority, that we should consult the brethren at New Haven, and Williamsburg; and at the same Time enquire whether it is their Opinion that each fraternity has a right to grant Charters out of their respective States. These debates took up more than an hour; after this we pro\u00adceeded to choose our Officers. Mr. Paine was elected President, Mr. Ware Vice President, Little Secretary, and Fiske Treasurer. At about half past Two, we went to Mrs. Nutting\u2019s, and had a very good Dinner. Wit and Wine, the Bottle and the Joke, kept nearly an equal Pace. When the Prayer Bell rung we broke up, and attended Prayers.\n       We dansed in the evening at Mason\u2019s chamber till 9 o\u2019clock.\n   Harvard\u2019s chapter was incorporated 5 Sept. 1781 (Catalogue of the Harvard Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa..., Cambridge, 1912, p. 100).\n   A letter, dated 20 Nov., was sent to New Haven, asking for their opinion on the subject, but it was not received until the following May; in the meantime, the Yale chapter sent Harvard a similar letter (CtY: Phi Beta Kappa Records; Catalogue of the Harvard Chapter, p. 111; entry for 21 Feb. 1787, below).\n       This day the annual Dudleian Lecture was preach\u2019d by Mr. Symmes of Andover; the subject was the validity of Presbyterian Ordination. There are four subjects which are alternately treated the first Wednesday in September. They are Natural Religion, Revealed Religion, The errors of the Romish Church, and that above mentioned. The founder was Mr. Dudley: who gave a Sum the annual interest of which is 12\u00a3 and is given to the Person who preaches the Lecture. The person is appointed by the President, the Professor of Divinity, the Senior Tutor, and the Minister of Roxbury, but they cannot choose a Person under 40 years old. Mr. Symmes\u2019s Lecture was a very good one, and the Sentiments he expressed were very liberal, though he was extremely severe in some places upon the Church of England.\n       Mr. Cranch was here all the afternoon.\n       I was admitted into the Handel Sodality; and attended in the evening at Cranch\u2019s Chamber.\n   Paul Dudley, a provincial Massachusetts judge, willed to Harvard \u00a3133 6s. 8d. for an endowment to be known as the Dudleian lectures (Sibley-Shipton, Harvard Graduates,John Langdon Sibley and Clifford K. Shipton, Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Cambridge and Boston, 1873- . 4:52\u201353).\n   Unlike most other Dudleian lectures, Symmes\u2019 was never printed (same, 12:586).\n       No reciting. Cranch went to Boston.\n       The Commonwealth is in a State of considerable fermentation. Last week at Northampton, in the County of Hampshire, a body of armed men to the number of three or four hundred, pre\u00advented the Court of common Pleas from sitting, and bruised the high-sheriff dangerously, as it is reported. The same Court was likewise stopp\u2019d the day before yesterday, at Worcester by 400 men. The Court went to a Tavern, and adjourned till yesterday. They were again prevented from proceeding yesterday, and adjourned without a day. The militia it seems could not be raised to quell them. The Governor issued a Proclamation, calling upon the People at large to support the Constitution, attacked in such a flagrant manner, and directing the State\u2019s Attorney, to prosecute the abbettors of these Riots. The Militia in the Town of Boston, have already offered their Services, and declared their determination to support the government with their Lives and Fortunes. Where this will end Time alone, can disclose. I fear, it will not before some blood is shed. The People complain of grievances; the Court of Common Pleas, the Senate, the Salaries of Public Officers, the Taxes in general, are all grievances, because they are expensive: these may serve as pretences, but the male-contents, must look to themselves, to their Idleness, their dissipation and extravagance, for their grievances; these have led them to contract debts, and at the same time have, rendered them incapable of paying them. Such disturbances if properly managed may be productive of advantages to a Republican Government, but if they are suffered to gain ground, must infallibly lead to a civil war, with all its horrors. This will not I believe be the Case at present; but such struggles seldom end without the loss of some Lives. Such commotions, are like certain drugs, which of themselves are deadly Poison but if properly tempered may be made, highly medicinal.\n   This event marked the first violence in what was to become Shays\u2019 Rebellion.\n   Printed in Massachusetts Centinel, 6 Sept.\n       I went in the evening to see Mrs. Dana; there was a large Company there, and I escaped as soon as I could. I intended to make a number of Sage Reflections, this evening, but I feel so ill-natured, that I will not attempt it.\n       The inferior Court, is to sit according to Law, next Tuesday, at Concord; it is said, that the same People, who stopp\u2019d it at Worcester, are determined to join others, and proceed in the same manner at Concord. And they will probably carry their Point; for the People that are sensible, what evil Consequences must attend these disorders, yet are unwilling to use any exertions for putting a stop to them. We are now in a perfect State of Anarchy. No laws observed, and no power to Punish delinquents; if these treasonable practices, are not properly quelled, the Consequences must be fatal to the Constitution, and indeed to the Common-wealth.\n       The Parts for the next exhibition, were given out this afternoon. Freeman, has the English Oration, Bridge the Latin, Adams and Cranch, a Forensic disputation, on the Question Whether inequality among the citizens be necessary, to the preservation of the Liberty of the whole?Beale, Burge, Fiske, Harris, Little, and Packard have the mathematical Parts. The President told us to be ready, by a fortnight from next Tuesday, as the Corporation might possibly meet, then.\n       We had a beautiful Evening; I walk\u2019d out with Cranch, round the Common, and on the Road till near 11.\n   The exhibition was given on 26 Sept. At this time Harvard held exhibitions semiannually, and the various parts were assigned by the college government to members of the junior and senior classes. As the program outlined in JQA\u2019s entry here and that of 26 Sept. suggests, participants displayed their oratorical skills as well as their literary, classical, and mathematical learning. The exhibitions were open to all in the college and to interested outsiders and parents; about four hundred later attended the exhibition (Benjamin Homer Hall, A Collection of College Words and Customs, Cambridge, 1856; Mary Smith Cranch to AA, 28 Sept., Adams Papers).\n   JQA spoke on the side affirming the necessity of inequality for liberty. Speakers were apparently given strips of paper each with the title of his part. See entry for 26 Sept., note 1 (below).\n       Mr. Porter the Minister of Roxbury, preach\u2019d here; he is a pretty good Speaker. His discourse in the forenoon was from Revelations XI. 17th. We give thee thanks O, Lord God Almighty, which art, and wast, and art to come; because thou hast taken to thee thy great Power, and hast reigned. And in the afternoon from John I. 45, 46. Philip findeth Nathanael, and saith unto him, We have found him of whom Moses in the Law, and the Prophets, did write, Jesus of Nazareth, the Son of Joseph? And Nathanael said unto him, Can there any good thing come out of Nazareth? Philip saith unto him, Come and See. Mr. Por\u00adter\u2019s Language is Good, and his manner of preaching better than Common. But I suppose him not to be very deep, as a divine; he is indeed yet a young Man. Cranch and myself dined at the President\u2019s. Mrs. Willard is as different in her manners, from the President, as can be. They form quite a contrast. Mrs. W. is easy, and unaffected: and appears not to be made for Cerimony. He is stiff and formal; attached to every custom, and trifling form; as much as to what is of Consequence; however, he was quite sociable; much more so indeed than I should have expected.\n   Eliphalet Porter was ordained at Roxbury in 1782 and remained there throughout his life (Walter Eliot Thwing, History of the First Church in Roxbury, Massachusetts, 1630\u20131904, Boston, 1908, p. 178, 184).\n       We recite again to Mr. Read this week, and shall probably the whole of this Quarter. I finished the first part of my forensic. We had in the Evening, a meeting of the A. B. We had no Oration, Abbot 2d. being necessarily detained. Little and Cranch gave us a Forensic. I read my N: 3. (p: 38.) Several other Pieces were read, after which we determined to admit Abbot, Gordon, and Dodge, of the Junior Class; and finally adjourned to next Monday, evening.\n   Punctuation in the preceding two sentences has been editorially supplied.\n   See entry for 28 Aug. (above).\n       Rain\u2019d hard almost all day. We had a Class meeting, after Prayers for determining the matter, concerning a Valedictory Oration. By dint of obstinate impudence, Vociferation, and noise; the minority so wearied out those on the other side, that several of them went out, after which, a Vote was pass\u2019d, ratifying the proceedings of the last meeting. Johnson, Sever, and Chandler 3d. were then chosen as a committee to inform the President of the proceedings in the Class, and the meeting was dissolved. We had a meeting of the \u03a6BK, at Burge\u2019s Chamber. Bridge, and Abbot, read a forensic, on the Question, \u201cwhether internal tranquillity, be a proof of Prosperity in a Republic.\u201d Freeman and myself Adams were the extemporaneous disputants. The Society then adjourned till this day fortnight, when they are to meet at Little\u2019s Chamber, immediately after Prayers.\n       Finished my Trigonometry.\n       Immediately after Prayers in the Evening, the military Company, assembled, on the Common, and Captain Vose harangued them. He gave them a pretty Oration upon Patriotism. It contained several brilliant thoughts, and a well adapted Quotation from Cicero. After the Speech, the Company, went through the manual exercise, which was very well performed. After Commons the Sodality met, at Foster\u2019s Chamber; and play\u2019d several Tunes. Broke up, as is customary at 9 o\u2019clock.\n       White went to Haverhill. I determined with Little upon two Pieces, to publish in the next Magazine for the A B. Concluded my Forensic, for the exhibition. Weather begins to be quite cold.\n       I copied a part of Fiske\u2019s Oration, upon Patriotism, to be printed in the next Boston Magazine, from the A B. Finished reading Jenyns\u2019s Disquisitions. I think they show great judgment and deep penetration. I know not that I ever read, so small a volume that gave me greater Pleasure.\n       Abiel Abbot, was 20. the 14th. of last December. He is one of the good scholars in our Class, and a pretty writer. His disposition is amiable, and his modesty so great, that it gives him a poor opinion of himself, which he by no means deserves. He proposes for the Pulpit, and has I believe every Qualification necessary to make him, a good Preacher: and his example, I have no doubt, as well as his Precepts, will recommend all the moral Duties.\n   The Boston Magazine ceased publication with a combined November-December issue and without Fiske\u2019s article.\n   Soame Jenyns, Disquisitions on Several Subjects, London, 1782.\n   \u201cAbbot 2d,\u201d after studying theology in Andover, returned to Harvard as tutor, 1794\u20131795. Following some years of preaching in Coventry, Conn., he became principal of Governor Dummer Academy, Byfield, Mass., in 1811 and later was minister at Peterborough, N.H. (Abiel Abbot and Ephraim Abbot, A Genealogical Register of the Descendants of George Abbot..., Boston, 1847, p. 7\u20138).\n       Copied off my Forensic for the Exhibition, and prepared it, to carry for Approbation to the President. I received in the fore\u00adnoon, a Letter from Delia. White return\u2019d this Evening from Haverhill.\n   Letter not found. Delia was the name JQA gave to Nancy Hazen in his poem, \u201cAn Epistle to Delia,\u201d which he completed on 12 Dec. 1785 after resolving to put an end to his feelings toward her. The name may have been derived from the collection of 16th-century sonnets by Samuel Daniel about another Delia, the love of the poet\u2019s youth (M/JQA/28, Adams Papers, Microfilms, Reel No. 223).\n       Mr. Hilliard preach\u2019d in the forenoon from Isaiah V. 12. But they regard not the work of the Lord, neither consider the Operation of his hands. It might be a political Subject, and relate, to the Times, but I know not whether it really was. His Text in the Afternoon, was from Hebrews XII. 1. Wherefore seeing we also are compassed about with a great Cloud of Witnesses, let us lay aside every weight, and the Sin, which doth so easily beset us, and let us run with Patience the Race that is set before us. I seldom hear much of Mr. H\u2019s Sermons, except the Texts. Dined at Mrs. Dana\u2019s. She laugh\u2019d at a certain Class mate of mine, who all at once, wears green silk before his Eyes, as if they were injured by hard Study. But certainly every one, who knows him, will exculpate Study from that fault.\n       After Prayers I went with Mead, and pass\u2019d the evening at Professor Pearson\u2019s. Mr. and Mrs. Rogers were there. The Professor, is a much more agreeable, and indeed a more polite Man, than I should have suspected, from what I have heard. I have not seen any Person belonging to the Government, so polite to Scholars, or show so few Airs. Mrs. Pearson is likewise very agreeable.\n   Mrs. Daniel Denison Rogers was a sister of Henry Bromfield Jr., whom JQA met in Amsterdam. Their sister Sarah was the wife of Prof. Eliphalet Pearson (Daniel Denison Slade, \u201cThe Bromfield Family,\u201d NEHGR,New England Historical and Genealogical Register. 26:38\u201339, 142 [Jan., April 1872]).\n       I have been so unwell all Day, that I have not been able to attend to any Studies at all. We had a Class meeting after Breakfast. The Committee that was Sent to inform the President of the proceedings of the Class, informed that he had said he feared he should be obliged to direct the Class to have the Oration in Latin; notwithstanding this it was voted by a majority of two, that the Class should still persist. I went in the forenoon to the President\u2019s to have my forensic approbated. I rode over the Bridge through Boston, and returned by Roxbury, before dinner. The Sodality met in the Evening at Abbot\u2019s Chamber, to play over the Tunes for exhibition.\n       Unwell again, so that I have not been able to Study. I have felt a kind of dizziness, which very much resembles Sea-sickness. I have been however much better than I was yesterday. Rain\u2019d almost all day.\n       This Evening, immediately after prayers, the President inform\u2019d us that the Government, and Corporation, had chosen Mr. Jonathan Burr, for a Tutor, he had accepted the Office, and was to be attended accordingly. I went with Sever, to Mr. Tracy\u2019s and to Mr. Gerry\u2019s, but neither of them was at home. Attended the musical Society at Mayo\u2019s chamber, till 9 o\u2019clock.\n       Jonathan Amory, was 16. the 7th. of last July. His disposition is good and very easy. But he is too young to be possess\u2019d of that steadiness and Reflection, which a Person just going into the world, ought to have. From the instances of Persons now in College, that came so very young, I think it may be concluded, that in general, it is a disadvantage to enter College before the age of fifteen; very few of those that come, before that age, make any considerable figure, in a Class.\n   Amory became a Boston merchant. He was first in the countinghouse of his uncles Jonathan and John Amory, then engaged in business with James Cutler, and finally went into partnership with his eldest brother, Thomas Coffin Amory (\u201cMemoir of the Family of Amory,\u201d NEHGR,New England Historical and Genealogical Register. 10:64 [Jan. 1856]).\n       I really do not know what I have done this day. I am always sensible, that what with one trifle and another I lose too much of my Time, and yet I do not know how to employ more of it. I believe it is a disadvantage to have so many public exercises to attend. It is impossible to get seriously and steadily fixed down to any Thing. As soon as I get in a way of thinking or writing upon any Subject, the College Bell infallibly sounds in my Ears, and calls me, to a Lecture, or to recitation or to Prayers. This cannot certainly suffer any one, to engage in profound Study of any kind.\n       Mr. Read sent for me this morning, informed me, that the Exhibition was to come on next Tuesday; and offered to excuse me, from the recitations till then, in Case, I was not prepared, as the Time, that had been given for getting ready was so short. But as it happened I was not in want of more Time. I made tea for our Club.\n       I have done nothing all this Day. Every Day thus lost doubles the obligation of improving the next; but I fear if I was held to perform the Obligation, I should soon become a Bankrupt. Pass\u2019d the Evening at Bridge\u2019s Chamber. We had considerable Conversation, as we frequently have, concerning our future Prospects. He is ambitious, and intends to engage in Politics. He expects more happiness from it, than he will ever realize I believe. But he is form\u2019d for a political Life, and it is he will? probably show to advantage in that Line.\n       Mr. Hilliard gave us an occasional Sermon, occasioned by the Death of Mr. Warland, a young Man, belonging to this Town. His Text was from Job. XIV. 1. 2. Man, that is born of a Woman, is of few days, and full of Trouble. He cometh forth like a flower, and is cut down; he fleeth also as a Shadow, and continueth not. It was one of the best Sermons I have heard from Mr. H: The idea that the diseases of the Body, are so many arrows taken from the Quiver of God Almighty, appears however, to be an instance of the Bathos.\n       In the afternoon, a Mr. Foster preach\u2019d from Isaiah LIII. 1. Who has believed our report? And to whom is the arm of the Lord revealed? I never heard a more extravagant fellow. His Discourse was a mere Declamation, without any connection, or train of Reasoning. He said that Religion, ought never to be communicated by raising the Passions, and mentioned it as a peculiar advantage of the Christian System, that it speaks to the un\u00adderstanding. Yet he made an Attempt, (a most awkward one I confess) to be Pathetic: talk\u2019d, of a Grave, a winding sheet, and a Place of Skulls, all of which amounted to nothing at all, which was likewise the Sum total, of his whole Sermon. Yet this Man, is a Popular preacher, in the Place where he is settled. For the maxim of Boileau will hold good in all Countries, and in all Professions\n        Un Sot trouve toujours, un plus sot qui l\u2019admire.\n   Probably Jacob Foster, minister at Nelson, N.H., 1781\u20131791. Foster was regarded as a moderate Calvinist (Sibley-Shipton, Harvard Graduates,John Langdon Sibley and Clifford K. Shipton, Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Cambridge and Boston, 1873- . 13:407\u2013410).\n   Nicholas Boileau-Despr\u00e9aux, \u201cL\u2019art po\u00e9tique\u201d from Oeuvres choisies, 2 vols., Paris, 1777, 2:[11]. JQA quotes the last line of the first song.\n       Almost all this Day was employ\u2019d in preparing for the exhibition. The musical Parts take up some time. We had in the afternoon a Lecture from Mr. Pearson, upon Philosophical Grammar.\n       The exhibition began at about a quarter after 12, with, the Latin Oration by Bridge, it was a Panegyric upon the military institution which has lately been established. The forensic between Cranch, and me, came next. I read as follows. The second Part refers, to Cranch\u2019s reply.\n          \u201cConscious of the insufficiency of my ability to perform the task allotted to me, I would fain implore the Indulgence, and Candour of this respectable Audience. But Apologies of this kind, are seldom of much avail, especially when they have any foundation: I shall therefore without any further Preamble, introduce the Question, Whether inequality among the Citizens, be necessary to the Preservation of the Liberty of the whole?\n          There are two views in which the word Inequality, as relating to the Citizens of a State, may be considered. Inequality, of Fortune, or of Rights, Privileges and Dignities. In the Case of Riches, the Inequality arises in the natural Course of Things; Nor is there an Instance of a State of any Consequence, subsisting without it. There were indeed several sharp Contests in the Roman Republic, with Respect to an equal distribution of Lands; but they were never of any Service, to the People, and were always attended, with the most unhappy Consequences. The Question appears therefore to be, in other Words, whether a pure democracy be the most favourable Government to the Liberties of a People.\n          It is a very general political maxim, that Men can never possess a great degree of Power without abusing it. Hence, so few Instances of despotic Monarchs, who have not been the scourges of their People. In an aristocratic government, the Power being in a number of hands, this tyrannical disposition becomes more dangerous, and extends wider its baneful Influence. But of all Tyrannies, the most dreadful, is that of an whole People; and in a Government, where all men are equal, the People will infallibly become Tyrants. What Protection can any Laws afford a Citizen in a State where every individual, thinks he has a right of altering and annulling them at his Pleasure, and where nothing is wanting, but the capricious whim of a vile Rabble, to overturn all Laws and Government? If a Prince is oppressive, at least he has been taught in some measure, the Art of governing an Empire, and has commonly been educated, for it. The same may be said of an Aristocracy, they will at least endeavour to support the Dignity of a State, and will take proper Measures for the safety of the majority, of the People, though they may be unjust to individuals. But when the Passions of a People, conscious of their Liberty and strength are raised, they hurry them into the greatest extremities: an enraged multitude, will consult nothing, but their fury; and their Ignorance serves only to increase their Obstinacy, and their Inconsistency.\n          The most simple forms of Government, are probably the most ancient: But Mankind soon perceived, the great inconveniences which naturally arise from a despotic Monarchy, an arbitrary Aristocracy, and an inconstant Democracy. They endeavoured therefore to form Constitutions, which might unite all the advantages, severally possessed by each of those Systems, without having their Defects. Such was the Constitution which raised a petty Village of Italy to the Empire of the World; and such in more modern Times was the Constitution which enabled Great Britain, to make such a splendid figure, in three Quarters of the Earth, and to prescribe terms of Peace to two combined Kingdoms, whose natural Advantages were so much superior to her own: happy would it have been for her, if Prosperity had not introduced Luxury and Corruption, which have undermined the Pillars of her excellent Constitution, and exposed her to the Contempt and Derision of those very Nations by whom she was formerly view\u2019d with Terror.\n          I am sensible, my Friend, that you have the popular Prejudice in your favour; and that in declaring against equality I am combating the Sentiments, of perhaps a large majority of the Inhabitants of this Common wealth. It is the Duty of every Person, and more especially of an unexperienced Youth, to show a proper Deference, and Respect for the Opinions of Mankind in general, and of his Countrymen in particular. But when his Reason tells him that these Opinions would lead him to a manifest absurdity, I think he has a Right to refuse his Assent to them, at least untill sufficient Arguments are brought to support them. Now, as Nature has in every other Particular, created a very great inequality among Men, I see not upon what grounds we can found the Supposition, that they ought all to share an equal degree of Power. And that too great a degree of equality among the Citizens, is prejudicial to the Liberty of the whole, the present alarming Situation of our own Country will I think afford us a sufficient Proof.\n          It appears, my Friend, that you yourself are sensible of the weakness of your Cause, by your endeavouring to prove, what I never pretended to dispute, what I am as firmly persuaded of as you are, and indeed what I have already granted viz. That the People cannot be free in a despotic Monarchy, nor under an aristocracy; and that if the Proportion of wealth, possessed by Individuals, be unequal to a great degree, the Liberty of the Nation will be in Danger. I plead not for an excess of inequality, but I still maintain that a perfect equality is contrary to Nature and to Reason.\n          \u201cIn this Commonwealth\u201d you say \u201cThe People apprehend some Persons have amassed too large a Proportion of Wealth, and acquired too large a share of Power, and thinking themselves injured have arisen, and demanded Satisfaction?\u201d\n          But why do they think themselves injured? Is it because they have suffered Tyranny or Oppression? No! It is because other Persons have been more industrious, more prudent and more successful than they. When, regardless of every Principle which binds Man to Man, they laid violent hands on Justice herself, by stopping the proceedings of the Courts of Law, in diverse Places, was it because they had been injured by those Courts, and could not obtain Redress? No. It was because they were conscious they had injured others; and they wished therefore to put a stop to all means of obtaining redress. Now had the Notions of those People concerning equality been a little lower, and had there been really a greater degree of inequality among the Citizens, the Commonwealth would not have been thrown into a State of anarchy and Confusion, and instead of rebelling against the Laws and Government, those People would have sought in Oeconomy and Industry, that relief which they now endeavour to wrest by Violence.\n          If by Equality among the Citizens could be meant an equal right to Justice, and to the Protection of the Laws, certainly no Person, whose Soul is not debased by Slavery could object to it; but this construction cannot be put upon the word; it must be considered as relating to wealth or Dignity and in both Senses, I still must think inequality absolutely necessary for the Liberties of a People.\n          But here I would not be considered as an Advocate for hereditary Distinctions. Wealth may with Propriety be transmitted from Father to Son. But Honour and Dignities, should always be personal. The Man who to the greatest natural and acquired Abilities unites the greatest Virtues, should certainly not be view\u2019d as on a Par with a vicious Fool, but the absurdity would I confess be equally great, if any one was obliged to enquire who were the Ancestors of a Citizen, to know whether he be respectable.\n          The History of Lacedemon certainly can produce no Argument in favour of equality. For 1st. it was an hereditary Monarchy. Two branches of a Family descended from Hercules were in Possession of the Throne for nine hundred years. 2dly. There was a Senate composed of 28 persons who formed an aristocratic Body with Power equal to that of the Kings; and 3dly. the Authority of the Ephori, who were chosen annually among the People was superior even to that of the Monarchs. So that in this Respect, the Spartan Constitution was similar to the Roman, and the British, which, I have already agreed were excellent. But Heaven forbid there should ever arise in our Country a Legislator to establish by Force, a Constitution which could form nothing but Warriors. The fine feelings of the Heart which render human Nature amiable, were entirely excluded from the System of Lycurgus. Many of his Laws, display a barbarous Cruelty, and beauteous Science, whose persuasive Voice, calms the impetuous Passions of Youth, sooths the cares, and asswages the infirmities of age, was discarded from within the walls of Sparta by this savage Legislator.\n          I doubt whether these arguments have convinced you, my Friend, of the necessity of inequality; but however we may differ in Opinion in this Respect, I am sure you will unite with me, in addressing to Heaven the most fervent Petition, that whatever the Constitution of our own Country may be, she may enjoy genuine Liberty and real Happiness forever.\u201d\n       After I read this Part Cranch concluded with a reply. The next Thing that came on, was the Syllogistic dispute, by the Juniors Grosvenor, Dodge, Clark, and Adams 3d. It was on the Question, Whether there is a Sense of morality innate in the human Mind. A Dialogue upon Eloquence from Fenelon by Gordon and Lincoln succeeded, and after that the Greek Oration by Abbot 3d. the Hebrew by Gardiner, and finally the English by Freeman, which obtained an universal Clap, the first, known at an Exhibition. It was upon the political Situation of our affairs, and was delivered extremely well. The Oration would not read so well as Little\u2019s, but taken altogether would please almost any audience better.\n       We had Commons immediately after the exhibition. There were no Tutors Present, and there was a sad Noise in the Hall.\n       After Commons the Martimercurean band, escorted the President, with the Committee of the Overseers, over to the Steward\u2019s, where they performed the manual exercise. I pass\u2019d part of the afternoon at Freeman\u2019s Chamber. Sullivan who took his degree this year was there.\n       I had Company to tea at my Chamber. Deacon Smith and his Son, Dr. Welch, and his Lady. Mrs. Otis. Mrs. Cutts, and Betsey Smith.\n       The Tea Club, who have formed a small Society for dancing, were here in the Evening till 9.\n       I had a very bad head ache, and retired to rest immediately after they went away.\n   Between leaves of JQA\u2019s Diary at this point there is inserted a loose piece of paper, written in Joseph Willard\u2019s hand, which reads: \u201c2. A forensic disputation upon this question\u2014\u2018Whether inequality among the citizens be necessary to the preservation of the liberty of the whole\u2019? By Adams and Cranch.\u201d Presumably this strip of paper was handed out by President Willard at the time parts were distributed on 9 Sept.\n   Cranch\u2019s reply and rebuttal have not been found.\n   F\u00e9nelon, Fran\u00e7ois de Salignac de La Mothe, Dialogues Concerning Eloquence in General; and Particularly, That Kind Which is Fit for the Pulpit..., transl. William Stevenson, London, 1722 (Harvard, Catalogus Bibliothecae, 1790[Isaac Smith, comp.], Catalogus Bibliothecae Harvardianae Cantabrigiae Nov- Anglorum, Boston, 1790., p. 149). According to the faculty records, Gordon and Lincoln 1st were to give \u201can English dialogue between Demosthenes and Cicero, from [F\u00e9nelon, Archbishop of] Cambray\u2019s dialogues of the dead\u201d [Dialogues des morts anciens et modernes, avec quelques fables..., 2 vols., Paris, 1752] (MH-Ar: Faculty Records, 5: 237).\n       I feel quite indolent as I have finally got rid of the affair which has kept me employ\u2019d this fort\u2019night. Was part of the forenoon at Bridge\u2019s Chamber. The Sodality met in the Evening, at Putnam\u2019s. Rather Unwell.\n       We had a meeting of the \u03a6BK, in the morning at Little\u2019s Chamber. Chandler read a Dissertation, Harris and Cushman a Forensic. Bridge and Cranch were the extempore disputants. Went with Freeman to Boston: paid a number of Visits; we dined at Mr. Sullivan\u2019s, in Company with Mr. Bartlett, Mr. Johonnot, and George Warren. Took a long walk with Johonnot in the afternoon. Return\u2019d to Cambridge with Freeman, before 8. We had a very good supper at Mason\u2019s Chamber, after which we took a walk, and return\u2019d there again; finally retired, between 11 and 12 o\u2019clock.\n       It is a most unhappy Circumstance, for a Man to be very ambitious, without those Qualities which are necessary to insure him Success in his Attempts. Such is my Situation, \n          If it be a Sin to covet Honour\n          I am the most offending Soul alive.\n         But I have not the faculty of convincing the persons that compose the small Circle in which I move, that my deserts are equal to my pretentions and disappointment must naturally follow. I often wish I had just Ambition enough to serve as a Stimulus to my Emulation, and just Vanity enough to be gratified with small Distinctions. But I cannot help despising a fellow of such a Character. I esteem a Man who will grasp at all, even if he cannot keep his hold, but one who in the fifth or sixth Station can be content, whilst he has an equal Chance of obtaining the first must be despicable. May that Spirit, which inspires my Breast never be bent into an evil Course; and above all may Envy never find a corner of my Heart to lurk in!\n       These Lines have been suggested by an Event which happened this Day: If any one should read them except myself; I request he would not consider them as a proof, of my intolerable Vanity and self-conceit; but that he would think my heart is sometimes so full, that it spontaneously dictates to my hand Sentiments, which many would endeavour to conceal, with the utmost Care, and for which I must at Times condemn myself.\n       I went with Sever, passed the Evening, and supped, at Mr. Gerry\u2019s. Mrs. Gerry was not at home, Mrs. and Miss Thompson were there, and a Coll: Glover, a very curious sort of a Man. Miss Thompson, has a very Innocent Countenance, is pretty, and sensible of it, like all other fine Women.\n   King Henry V, Act IV, scene iii, lines 28\u201329.\n   Mrs. James Thompson, wife of a New York merchant and mother of Ann Thompson Gerry (entry for 9 Aug. 1785, note 3, above).\n   John Glover, Marblehead merchant, brigadier general in the Continental Army, and political intimate of Elbridge Gerry (George A than Billias, General John Glover and His Marblehead Mariners, N.Y., 1960, p. 35\u201337, 131).\n       I see not why I should not relate what anecdotes I can collect concerning myself; and why I should not be at Liberty to record the Panegyrical speeches, that I hear made, by Chance. Grosvenor the Junior told my Class mate and neighbour, Abbot 1st., (without thinking I heard him,) that in his Opinion, Adams\u2019s forensic at the last Exhibition was the meanest that was ever delivered in the Chapel. It would not have been easy to express the Sentiment with more Energy, however I must bear it and only hope, that the generality of the Audience were more favourable.\n       Mr. and Mrs. Cranch were here in the Afternoon, the weather has been uncommonly warm ever since last Sunday. Learned was with me part of the Evening, and paid me several Compliments, which had they been true might have consoled me for the ill Opinion of Grosvenor.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0009-0001", "content": "Title: Sunday October 1st. 1786.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Mr. Paine, preached here, in the forenoon from Acts IV. 12. Neither is there salvation in any other, and in the afternoon from I of Corinthians XVI. 14. Let all your things be done with Charity. The morning discourse was doctrinal, and therefore not so pleasing a Subject as the other; which was excellent. His arguments in favour of Charity, were such as naturally arise from the Subject, but well arranged, and in a very agreeable Stile. His delivery is good, but his length of Stature is such, as prevents his appearing so graceful as he otherwise might. Upon the whole he drew my attention more than any preacher I have heard for several months.\n       Bridge passed the evening in my Chamber.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0009-0002", "content": "Title: 2d.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       We recite this week to Mr. Burr the new Tutor; but he was absent this Day. The A B Society met this Evening. The Juniors Bancroft and Lincoln were received; Abbot, and Dodge, were received the last meeting. The first Piece read, was the forensic between Fiske and myself upon the Question whether, a republican Government, be the most favourable for the advancement of Literature. I denied it, and read the following Arguments in the negative:\n          There is no Proposition however absurd, that will not be adopted and defended by some Man or other: and when an assertion is made contrary to all Sense or Reason, an ingenious Man can sometimes convince an Audience, that it is true, by representing only one side of the Question, and using only those arguments which incline towards that Side.\n          These Reflections naturally arise in my Mind, when I see you, Sir, endeavouring to show that a Republican Government, is the most favourable to Literature. You begin by laying down several of the most extraordinary premises that I ever heard: from these you draw natural Conclusions it is true, but which prove Nothing; for the Scriptures you know, tell us that an house built on the sand, must fall at the first blast. Your whole System seems to stand upon this maxim, that the very Idea of a republican Government presupposes the Inhabitants in the highest State of Civilization. I am willing my good friend, that you should presuppose whatever you please, if you will confess the fact to be far otherwise.\n          Without recurring to Athens or Sparta, Carthage or Rome, for Common Place arguments, as is too frequently done, let me ask whether at the present day the most civilized Nations are not subjected to Despotic monarchs: and whether Republics are not rather remarkable for being backward in the progress of civilization? And as to the scope, which a popular form of Government gives to Ambition, I should conceive that Circumstance more proper to form wise Politicians than men of deep learning. There cannot be in popular governments encouragements to literary genius equal to those which are given by Princes, who have themselves a Taste for the fine arts. They grant such rewards as kindle the latent sparks of genius, and enable it to shine with the brightest splendor. This is so consonant with experience, that the most distinguished aera\u2019s in the History of Literature are found in the Times and Countries of an Augustus, a Charles the 2d., and a Lewis the 14th. Indeed the prospect which every citizen in a free Government, has, of obtaining Offices of State, appears to me rather prejudicial than advantageous to Literature. A Man engaged in the Affairs of his Country can pay but little attention himself to the Art and Sciences; but when the desire of shining as a Statesman, or as a general is entirely restrained, and an ambitious man, has no other method to render his Name illustrious, than by his literary productions, all his attention will of Course be turned that way, and it must naturally follow, that his Exertions will be attended with Consequences more favourable to Literature than in a State where it is but a secondary Object, or (if I may so express it) an Instrument by which the Citizens raise themselves to public Employments.\n          I have always supposed, my worthy Friend, that however certain a young Man might be of any Proposition, Decency and Modesty required he should not make it, with all that assurance, and confidence, which might be proper in a man of years and experience. I likewise suppose when I made the Question, which, I know not for what Reason, has not, I think been answered, that the Fact itself was so plain and Evident, as would oblige you yourself to answer in the affirmative. Had you done this your System must consequently have fallen; but rather than contradict a Proposition, which is next to self-evident, you have prudently avoided giving any answer at all, and have rested your Cause upon a Distinction, which would better suit a pleading at the Bar, than a candid Enquiry after Truth, viz. that a Question is no Argument. But since you can be convinced with nothing but positive assertions, I willingly indulge your inclination; and affirm, that the Idea of a republican government does not presuppose the highest degree of Civilization, and I trust I can prove it from your own Concessions. You grant that the most civilized Nations extant are governed by despotic Monarchs. It must follow that republics are not so much civilized; how then can you say, that republics have the greatest degree of civilization? It is just as reasonable, as if you should say, a yard is longer than a foot, but yet a foot, is longer than a yard.\n          To my other Question you reply, that had I confined my Attention to America, I must be sensible the answer would be in the negative: but Sir, suffer me to observe, that America, is not the only Republic now extant, and that the Question is not concerning the American but the republican form of government. You think my Distinction between a man of deep learning and a wise Politician is something new; I am happy to find that in the course of our Dispute, one new Idea has arisen, and I believe most of our hearers will agree that it is a just one. Politics and Literature are as different from one another as war and Literature; Nor is a very extensive acquaintance with the fine arts, more requisite for a Statesman, than for the general of an Army. You seem to think that Literature is like any particular Science, and that a small acquaintance with it is sufficient, if it can raise a Citizen to public Employments. I agree, it is sufficient for the Purpose of an ambitious citizen, but it is not sufficient for the promotion of Literature itself. Let us run a parallel between the progress of a man of genius in a republic and in a Monarchy. In both Cases, he will be employ\u2019d while young in the pursuit of literature. In the republic, he will soon be called upon to serve the public, and from that time forth, he will be obliged to relinquish the Study of the Arts and Sciences, because the affairs of the Nation will employ all his Time. But in a Monarchy, his Talents will acquire him respect, reputation, and perhaps fortune, but they will not introduce him to a Situation which shall in\u00adduce him to neglect the Sciences. On the contrary he will be continually improving his literary faculties, and his productions will do honour to himself and to his Country. This is my idea of the promotion of literature, and this is what a republic can seldom boast of. There is only one more argument of your\u2019s, that I shall endeavour to refute: (for I fear our friends that are present, will think I have taken too much time to prove a thing so evident.) You say we must not judge of the improvements of a nation by a few individuals, but by the People at large, and reasoning from this principle you conclude, that the progress of literature is greater in America than in any other country on earth. Let us examine your train of reasoning. \u201cIn America the common people can make out to read a chapter in the Bible by spelling about half the words. In Europe nine tenths of them cannot read at all. Here they can most of them write their names, there they are obliged to make a mark. Therefore, literature has made greater progress here than in Europe.\u201d If literature consisted in reading the Bible, or in writing a name, I should certainly concur in Opinion with you; but as the life of Man is barely sufficient to form a person deeply versed in literature, its progress must be the greatest, where there are Men, who can employ all their days, in cultivating the Arts and Sciences.\n       One or two Dissertations were read, and a character of Mr. James by Bridge, extremely well done. Abbot gave us an Oration upon Patriotism. We determined for the future to meet Sunday evenings, and then we all retired.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0009-0004", "content": "Title: 4th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       We had this morning a forensic given out, to be read next week, on the Question whether the diversities in national characters arise chiefly from Physical Causes. I am to support the affirmative, and think upon the whole it is the best side of the Question.\n       Our musical Society met in the evening at Vose\u2019s chamber.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0009-0005", "content": "Title: 5th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       A very bad cold, has prevented my studying much, this day.\n       In the morning we finished reciting in Reid. We went over more than 300 Pages at this recitation. The next book we are to study, is Burlamaqui, which is said to be very good. I made tea for the Club. Bridge had a small dispute with me, upon the nature of Physical Causes. He thought the effects produced by sensual Appetites, could not be attributed to physical causes. I was of opinion that they must be. We appealed to Mr. Burr, and his Sentiments confirm\u2019d mine.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0009-0007", "content": "Title: 7th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       I have been studying almost all day what to write for a Forensic; the subject is so copious, that I find a great difficulty, in shortening my arguments, and making them concise. Charles went down to the Castle.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0009-0008", "content": "Title: 8th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Mr. Hilliard preached in the morning from Ephesians V. 1. Be ye therefore followers of God, as dear children. A poor subject. His afternoon text was from Psalm XXX. 7. Thou didst hide thy face, and I was troubled. The Sermon appeared like an address to lunatic People; and to tell those who were so despondent, as to think they had committed the unpardonable Sin. There is not I believe much danger on that side; and that his Cautions were quite unnecessary.\n       Dined at Mr. Dana\u2019s. He got home from the Southward yesterday.\n       The A B, met in the Evening. We had several essays, and Orations from Beale and Harris, both upon, writing and Eloquence. We finally chose officers. Fiske president again. Little and Harris Secretaries. We adjourned before 9 o\u2019clock to the first Sunday next quarter.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0009-0009", "content": "Title: 9th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       No reciting. Mr. Burr is engaged to preach several Sundays at Hingham, and does not return early enough for the next morning recitation. We had a Lecture from Mr. Pearson, upon words and Letters: he enumerated all the different sounds of the 26 letters of the English alphabet. Mr. Williams who returned yesterday from his Journey, gave the Class a Lecture, upon Trigonometry. Pass\u2019d the evening with Bridge.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0009-0010", "content": "Title: 10th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       The \u03a6BK. met at Burge\u2019s chamber at 11 o\u2019clock. Beale and Burge read dissertations. The extempore disputants were Packard and Chandler. We voted to admit White. Mr. Wigglesworth gave a Lecture in the afternoon. Several fellows in the two lower Classes were very indecent and noisy. The dancing Club met at Bridge\u2019s Chamber. After they broke up, I remained there; took a walk by the fine moon-light; and retired at about 11.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0009-0011", "content": "Title: 11th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       The Class from 9 to near twelve were reading their forensic; I read in the affirmative as follows.\n          \u201cWhether the diversities of national character, (taking the word, character, in its most extensive Sense) arise chiefly, from physical Causes ?\u201d\n          The many Arguments which naturally present themselves to defend each side of this Question, created in my mind, (and perhaps not in mine alone) a small difficulty. That many of the diversities of character, which distinguish so much one Nation from another, proceed from Religion, Government, or the intercourse between neighbouring States is what no Person can deny. That many others derive their origin from physical Causes, is what every man of sense and Candor must acknowledge: whether the moral or the physical are predominant, is an enquiry worthy the discussion of men of more experience and judgment, than are to be found among the students of this university: every one however must chuse one side of the question; and I have therefore adopted that which appears to me, to be the most probable. National character is the assemblage of those qualities which are predominant in the minds of the individuals who form a Nation; and by diversities are here meant (I imagine) those peculiar traits which distinguish so greatly the inhabitants of one Country from those of any other on Earth.\n          Should we consider the question, as relating to primary and original Causes, it would appear that there are none but physical; for a short reflection will convince us that moral Causes themselves are but the Effects of physical causes. A proof of this may be drawn from the national character of the Hollanders. Should the question be put to any one of our opponents, whence the three great characteristics of that Nation, (cleanliness, industry, and avarice) arose? probably he would answer, from moral Causes; and he would alledge the great power of education and habit. These I confess may at this day, serve to maintain, and may have served heretofore to increase those qualities; but they never can be said to have been the original Causes. The situation of the country, which is continually exposed to the encroachments of the surrounding Ocean, and the Climate which is so moist as causes, every thing that is not constantly kept clean, to moulder, absolutely require great neatness, industry and econ\u00adomy; and I am convinced in my own mind, that were the present inhabitants to migrate, and in their stead was a colony from any other nation to settle there, in the course of one century the new settlers would be distinguished by the same virtues and Vices, which now form the dutchman\u2019s character. But without taking all the advantages which the question seems to present, I will consider only the immediate causes of diversities in national characters, and even these, are, I believe, chiefly physical.\n          Let us single out from the european nations two, which notwithstanding their proximity to each other, and notwithstanding the constant intercourse between them, are so remarkable for their difference of character. The characteristics of the french nation are, contentment, vivacity, and a certain degree of levity; those of the English are thoughtfulness, melancholy, and a continual restless, uneasy disposition, whatever, their situation may be: In this case, we cannot imagine the difference to be owing to moral causes; for it would be natural to suppose, that a form of government which insures to every man his property, and personal safety, and a religion founded upon humanity and toleration, was calculated to make a nation happy, and contented; and on the other hand; that a Government in which the fortune, and even the Life of every individual depends upon the caprice of a despot, and a religion which enervates the mind, and corrupts the heart would render a nation miserable if it could be effected by moral causes. But when we consider the different physical causes which operate upon the minds of the French and English we can easily account for the facts as they stand.\n          Few Nations are favoured with a sky so serene, and a climate so temperate as the French. The air which they breathe is pure, and they are exempted from both the extremes of heat and cold. Their diet is generally light and salubrious; and from the Throne to the Cottage they are remarkably temperate. But the atmosphere of England is almost always loaded with vapours, there, the heart is seldom cheered, the spirits are seldom enlivened by the genial rays of the Sun; and the climate is so variable and unsteady; that frequently the resolution of the Seasons seems to be performed in the course of a day. The diet of the inhabitants is heavy and oppressive to the stomach; and they are too much addicted to the use of spiritous liquors: in both these instances it is evident, that the physical and moral causes counteract each other. But the contest is too unequal; the physical are so powerful that they destroy the influence of the moral, and yet appear to act, with as much force, as they could do, even if they met with no opposition. Arguments of a similar nature might be applied to other nations; but they could not be more conclusive, and would carry me beyond the limits prescribed to exercises of this kind. I shall therefore endeavour to refute some other objections which might be raised against the influence of physical causes.\n          It is evident that the characters of the same nations, have been very different at different periods. The modern Greeks and Romans, for instance are supposed to be as different from the ancient, as they possibly could be even if they did not live in the same countries. The alteration has been undoubtedly produced by a concurrence of physical and moral causes; and at first sight we should be led to think, the latter were chiefly influential: but it must be remembered that the physical causes have undergone a great change: the diet is extremely different, and the climates are most probably, far from being the same: if we were to judge of the Campania di Roma, from the enthusiastic accounts given of it by Pliny and Florus, we should suppose it to be a terrestrial Paradise; but this self same spot is now so unhealthy that it is intirely uninhabited, although the soil be as fruitful as any in Italy. This last Circumstance affords a presumption that the present situation of the country was the effect, not the cause of the alteration in the climate. If physical causes have operated so surprising a change upon one part of the country, we may reasonably conceive that the climate of the whole, has been in some measure effected by them. Why then should we expect to find in the Greeks and Romans of the present day, those characteristics, which distinguished the masters of the World?\n          I shall take notice but of one argument more, which might be used on the opposite side of the question. It respects the Jews. They have been for many Centuries, and still are dispersed all over the earth, yet they maintain to a great degree the same national character; but admitting that they have uniformly preserved the same peculiarities, whether the causes be moral or physical, they cannot be applied to any other Nation: it is by a particular dispensation of the Deity who for wise purposes has seen fit to keep them seperate and distinct from the rest of the world. But in fact the immediate causes may properly be called physical. They never mingle with other Nations, by intermar\u00adriages, which probably produce great effects, on the bodily frame, and they never make use of any animal food but what is prepared in their own peculiar manner.\n          But after all, it is in vain for Man, to attempt separating what the God of nature has united; the connection between the human mind and body is so intimate; that possibly whatever affects the one must necessarily have influence over the other; and perhaps after investigating the matter clearly and deeply, we should have reason to conclude, that physical and moral causes are really and essentially the same\u201d\n       Johnson, whose great pride is in being singular, found fault with the question; and said he could not understand it. The only conclusion I can draw from his confession is that he is a very stupid fellow.\n       Mr. Shaw was here in the forenoon. Mr. Williams gave us a lecture upon the dimensions of the Earth.\n       The sodality met at Baxter\u2019s chamber in the evening. White brought me a couple of letters up from Boston. One from my mother, and the other from my Sister, signed A. Smith. She was married it seems the 12th. of June.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0009-0013", "content": "Title: 13th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Had a great deal of fuss about some Tea spoons, which I lost some days since. I have found most of them however in an extraordinary manner. But it made me in manner lose all this day; as great part of it has been employ\u2019d in making researches.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0009-0015", "content": "Title: 15th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Was excused from attending meeting this day: being somewhat unwell. Finished the first volume of Burlamaqui in the forenoon. Bridge was at my chamber after dinner.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0009-0016", "content": "Title: 16th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       We recite two or three times more, in s\u2019Gravesande\u2019s, but next quarter, we shall begin upon Ferguson\u2019s Astronomy. Mr. Williams had a lecture, upon Trigonometry, very few of the Class attended. Charles went to Boston in the morning, and at length, brought the books, which are mostly upon philosophical subjects. Mead was at my Chamber in the evening. About half the Class are gone. I declaimed this Evening, a piece from Blair\u2019s Lectures vol. 1. p: 14, 15, 16. on the cultivation of taste.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0009-0017", "content": "Title: 17th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Charles and my Cousin, went away in the morning, immediately after commons. Tom, went to Boston, and brought back Dr. Tufts\u2019s Chaise. Soon after dinner we set off, in the midst of the rain. We got to Braintree, just at five o\u2019clock. We found Mr. and Mrs. Shaw here.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0009-0018", "content": "Title: 18th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Loitered away, a great part of my Time, as I most commonly do in vacation Time. I intend however to read considerable, before I return to College. Mr. Shaw and his Lady, this morning, left us to return homeward. Was down in my father\u2019s library part of the afternoon. The weather begins to be quite cold, and the leaves are all falling from the trees.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0009-0019", "content": "Title: 19th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Spent the day, in alternately reading, writing, walking, and playing. This is dull life, and convinces me, how grossly the whole herd of novel and romance writers, err, in trumping up, a Country life. Let them say what they will: the most proper situation for man, is that which calls forth the exertion of faculties, and gives play to his passions. A negative kind of happiness, like that of the brutes, may be enjoyed in the Country, but the absence of pain or anxiety is not sufficient for a man of sensibility. The passions of the mind, are what chiefly distinguish us from the brute creation, and as a country life tends to diminish their influence, it brings us nearer a par with them, and is therefore derogatory to the dignity of human nature.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0009-0020", "content": "Title: 20th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       My two brothers were gone all the morning on a gunning party. My cousin and I went, in the afternoon, but we were unsuccessful. All kinds of game are scarce here, as there are several persons in the town that persecute the animals so much, that they have driven them all away.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0009-0021", "content": "Title: 21st.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Mr. Thaxter stop\u2019d about half an hour, this morning, on his return from Hingham, where he has been this week. In the afternoon I went with my cousin, and drank tea, at my uncle Quincy\u2019s. Just after we return\u2019d, Leonard White and his Sister came in. Mr. and Mrs. Cranch arrived about an hour after. Leonard brought me a letter.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0009-0022", "content": "Title: 22d.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Mr. Tread well, preach\u2019d in the forenoon from Matthew XI. 15 \u201che that hath ears to hear, let him hear;\u201d and in the afternoon from Psalm IV. 4. commune with your own heart. Mr. T. appears to be a sensible man; but by no means a good speaker. In common conversation his voice, and manner of speaking is agreeable; but if he begins to pray or to preach, he immediately assumes a most disgusting cant. He spent the evening here; and talk\u2019d of his Son, who is at college, in the junior class. He appears to have juster ideas of him, than parents commonly have of their children.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0009-0023", "content": "Title: 23d.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Mr. Cranch went this morning to Boston. His Son, went with him, and will proceed to Haverhill, for his Sister Lucy. Leonard and Peggy White, return\u2019d to Boston. Thayer one of Charles\u2019s classmates, dined here, and after dinner they both set off to go to Scituate. Thus from a numerous company, we are all at once reduced to a very small party; I went down in the afternoon to the library. Miss Betsey Apthorp spent the evening here.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0009-0025", "content": "Title: 25th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Thayer and Charles returned from Scituate this afternoon. Mr. and Mrs. Hilliard came to pass the night here. Mr. H appears much more to advantage in private conversation than he does in the pulpit. He appears to be a very sensible man.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0009-0027", "content": "Title: 27th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Mr. Read came here in the afternoon, to spend a day. Though he cannot entirely lay aside the Tutor, but retains a little of the collegiate stiffness, yet he endeavours to be affable, and is very sociable. These people when distant from their seat of Empire, and divested of that Power, which gives them such an advantageous idea, of their own superiority, are much more agreeable, than, they are, when their dignity puts them at such an awful distance from their pupils. Mr. Read conversed much upon several subjects and with a great deal of complaisance; but with most ease, and pleasure upon subjects which form part of the studies at the university.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0009-0029", "content": "Title: 29th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Mr. Wibird preach\u2019d all day from John I, 47. Jesus saw Nathanael coming to him, and saith of him, Behold an Israelite indeed in whom is no guile! Mr. W. is said to be so fond of his ease, that he seldom writes new Sermons, but preaches his old ones over and over, frequently. But this was new, and one of the best that I ever heard him deliver, full of judicious reflections, and wise instructions, which proves that if he is not of great service to the People, of this parish, as a moral teacher, it is not for want of sufficient abilities. The family here, are in affliction, on account of the Death of Mr. Perkins in Virginia, a young gentleman, who resided in the house some months, and endeared himself to the whole family. A more particular attachment between him, and Eliza, renders his loss more distressing to her, than to the rest; and her great sensibility deepens the wound. Her grief is silent, but is painted expressively on her countenance.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0009-0030", "content": "Title: 30th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Snow\u2019d all the morning. Mr. Cranch went to Boston and Charles with him: he return to Cambridge. As the supreme judicial Court is to sit there this week, there will be two or three companies of militia, in order to prevent riots; for the insurrections of this kind, are not yet quelled, and indeed I know not when they will be. There is not sufficient energy in the government, and the strength of the party opposed to it is increasing. Unless some vigorous measures are taken the constitution of the commonwealth must infallibly fall.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0009", "content": "Title: [October 1786]\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n      Sunday October 1st. 1786.\n       Mr. Paine, preached here, in the forenoon from Acts IV. 12. Neither is there salvation in any other, and in the afternoon from I of Corinthians XVI. 14. Let all your things be done with Charity. The morning discourse was doctrinal, and therefore not so pleasing a Subject as the other; which was excellent. His arguments in favour of Charity, were such as naturally arise from the Subject, but well arranged, and in a very agreeable Stile. His delivery is good, but his length of Stature is such, as prevents his appearing so graceful as he otherwise might. Upon the whole he drew my attention more than any preacher I have heard for several months.\n       Bridge passed the evening in my Chamber.\n       We recite this week to Mr. Burr the new Tutor; but he was absent this Day. The A B Society met this Evening. The Juniors Bancroft and Lincoln were received; Abbot, and Dodge, were received the last meeting. The first Piece read, was the forensic between Fiske and myself upon the Question whether, a republican Government, be the most favourable for the advancement of Literature. I denied it, and read the following Arguments in the negative:\n          There is no Proposition however absurd, that will not be adopted and defended by some Man or other: and when an assertion is made contrary to all Sense or Reason, an ingenious Man can sometimes convince an Audience, that it is true, by representing only one side of the Question, and using only those arguments which incline towards that Side.\n          These Reflections naturally arise in my Mind, when I see you, Sir, endeavouring to show that a Republican Government, is the most favourable to Literature. You begin by laying down several of the most extraordinary premises that I ever heard: from these you draw natural Conclusions it is true, but which prove Nothing; for the Scriptures you know, tell us that an house built on the sand, must fall at the first blast. Your whole System seems to stand upon this maxim, that the very Idea of a republican Government presupposes the Inhabitants in the highest State of Civilization. I am willing my good friend, that you should presuppose whatever you please, if you will confess the fact to be far otherwise.\n          Without recurring to Athens or Sparta, Carthage or Rome, for Common Place arguments, as is too frequently done, let me ask whether at the present day the most civilized Nations are not subjected to Despotic monarchs: and whether Republics are not rather remarkable for being backward in the progress of civilization? And as to the scope, which a popular form of Government gives to Ambition, I should conceive that Circumstance more proper to form wise Politicians than men of deep learning. There cannot be in popular governments encouragements to literary genius equal to those which are given by Princes, who have themselves a Taste for the fine arts. They grant such rewards as kindle the latent sparks of genius, and enable it to shine with the brightest splendor. This is so consonant with experience, that the most distinguished aera\u2019s in the History of Literature are found in the Times and Countries of an Augustus, a Charles the 2d., and a Lewis the 14th. Indeed the prospect which every citizen in a free Government, has, of obtaining Offices of State, appears to me rather prejudicial than advantageous to Literature. A Man engaged in the Affairs of his Country can pay but little attention himself to the Art and Sciences; but when the desire of shining as a Statesman, or as a general is entirely restrained, and an ambitious man, has no other method to render his Name illustrious, than by his literary productions, all his attention will of Course be turned that way, and it must naturally follow, that his Exertions will be attended with Consequences more favourable to Literature than in a State where it is but a secondary Object, or (if I may so express it) an Instrument by which the Citizens raise themselves to public Employments.\n          I have always supposed, my worthy Friend, that however certain a young Man might be of any Proposition, Decency and Modesty required he should not make it, with all that assurance, and confidence, which might be proper in a man of years and experience. I likewise suppose when I made the Question, which, I know not for what Reason, has not, I think been answered, that the Fact itself was so plain and Evident, as would oblige you yourself to answer in the affirmative. Had you done this your System must consequently have fallen; but rather than contradict a Proposition, which is next to self-evident, you have prudently avoided giving any answer at all, and have rested your Cause upon a Distinction, which would better suit a pleading at the Bar, than a candid Enquiry after Truth, viz. that a Question is no Argument. But since you can be convinced with nothing but positive assertions, I willingly indulge your inclination; and affirm, that the Idea of a republican government does not presuppose the highest degree of Civilization, and I trust I can prove it from your own Concessions. You grant that the most civilized Nations extant are governed by despotic Monarchs. It must follow that republics are not so much civilized; how then can you say, that republics have the greatest degree of civilization? It is just as reasonable, as if you should say, a yard is longer than a foot, but yet a foot, is longer than a yard.\n          To my other Question you reply, that had I confined my Attention to America, I must be sensible the answer would be in the negative: but Sir, suffer me to observe, that America, is not the only Republic now extant, and that the Question is not concerning the American but the republican form of government. You think my Distinction between a man of deep learning and a wise Politician is something new; I am happy to find that in the course of our Dispute, one new Idea has arisen, and I believe most of our hearers will agree that it is a just one. Politics and Literature are as different from one another as war and Literature; Nor is a very extensive acquaintance with the fine arts, more requisite for a Statesman, than for the general of an Army. You seem to think that Literature is like any particular Science, and that a small acquaintance with it is sufficient, if it can raise a Citizen to public Employments. I agree, it is sufficient for the Purpose of an ambitious citizen, but it is not sufficient for the promotion of Literature itself. Let us run a parallel between the progress of a man of genius in a republic and in a Monarchy. In both Cases, he will be employ\u2019d while young in the pursuit of literature. In the republic, he will soon be called upon to serve the public, and from that time forth, he will be obliged to relinquish the Study of the Arts and Sciences, because the affairs of the Nation will employ all his Time. But in a Monarchy, his Talents will acquire him respect, reputation, and perhaps fortune, but they will not introduce him to a Situation which shall in\u00adduce him to neglect the Sciences. On the contrary he will be continually improving his literary faculties, and his productions will do honour to himself and to his Country. This is my idea of the promotion of literature, and this is what a republic can seldom boast of. There is only one more argument of your\u2019s, that I shall endeavour to refute: (for I fear our friends that are present, will think I have taken too much time to prove a thing so evident.) You say we must not judge of the improvements of a nation by a few individuals, but by the People at large, and reasoning from this principle you conclude, that the progress of literature is greater in America than in any other country on earth. Let us examine your train of reasoning. \u201cIn America the common people can make out to read a chapter in the Bible by spelling about half the words. In Europe nine tenths of them cannot read at all. Here they can most of them write their names, there they are obliged to make a mark. Therefore, literature has made greater progress here than in Europe.\u201d If literature consisted in reading the Bible, or in writing a name, I should certainly concur in Opinion with you; but as the life of Man is barely sufficient to form a person deeply versed in literature, its progress must be the greatest, where there are Men, who can employ all their days, in cultivating the Arts and Sciences.\n       One or two Dissertations were read, and a character of Mr. James by Bridge, extremely well done. Abbot gave us an Oration upon Patriotism. We determined for the future to meet Sunday evenings, and then we all retired.\n       A number of the Students have been very ill in consequence of eating cheese from the Buttery. It operated very violently as an emetic.\n       We recited this morning to Mr. Burr in Reid on the Mind. The Tutor seems to be very unfavourable to the author, and treated him very cavalierly. He tells us we are to spend only this week upon the book, and that we shall go into Burlamaqui, upon natural Law immediately.\n       There was a horse Race here in the afternoon, which prevented our reciting. The dancing Club met at Beale\u2019s in the Evening.\n   Jean Jacques Burlamaqui, The Principles of Natural and Political Law, transl. Thomas Nugent, 2 vols., London, 1763 (Harvard, Catalogus Bibliothecae, 1790[Isaac Smith, comp.], Catalogus Bibliothecae Harvardianae Cantabrigiae Nov- Anglorum, Boston, 1790., p. 83).\n       We had this morning a forensic given out, to be read next week, on the Question whether the diversities in national characters arise chiefly from Physical Causes. I am to support the affirmative, and think upon the whole it is the best side of the Question.\n       Our musical Society met in the evening at Vose\u2019s chamber.\n       A very bad cold, has prevented my studying much, this day.\n       In the morning we finished reciting in Reid. We went over more than 300 Pages at this recitation. The next book we are to study, is Burlamaqui, which is said to be very good. I made tea for the Club. Bridge had a small dispute with me, upon the nature of Physical Causes. He thought the effects produced by sensual Appetites, could not be attributed to physical causes. I was of opinion that they must be. We appealed to Mr. Burr, and his Sentiments confirm\u2019d mine.\n       A stormy day. Very unwell, especially in the former part of the Day. I have had several Times little contests with Bridge, upon the Subject of our forensic. He is to support the negative side of the Question, and will write very ingeniously. He is the only person in the Class who is fond of discussing questions of this kind in Conversation: we frequently dispute, and it always, increases my acquaintance with the Subject. The objections he raises are commonly weighty, and they lead me to look further than I should otherwise do, into the point in debate; and our difference of opinion is attended with no bad Effects, as all acrimony, and ill humour is excluded from our Conversations.\n       I have been studying almost all day what to write for a Forensic; the subject is so copious, that I find a great difficulty, in shortening my arguments, and making them concise. Charles went down to the Castle.\n   That is, Castle Island, situated off Dorchester in Boston Harbor, and formerly the site of the fortified post Castle William, burned down by the British in 1775.\n       Mr. Hilliard preached in the morning from Ephesians V. 1. Be ye therefore followers of God, as dear children. A poor subject. His afternoon text was from Psalm XXX. 7. Thou didst hide thy face, and I was troubled. The Sermon appeared like an address to lunatic People; and to tell those who were so despondent, as to think they had committed the unpardonable Sin. There is not I believe much danger on that side; and that his Cautions were quite unnecessary.\n       Dined at Mr. Dana\u2019s. He got home from the Southward yesterday.\n       The A B, met in the Evening. We had several essays, and Orations from Beale and Harris, both upon, writing and Eloquence. We finally chose officers. Fiske president again. Little and Harris Secretaries. We adjourned before 9 o\u2019clock to the first Sunday next quarter.\n       No reciting. Mr. Burr is engaged to preach several Sundays at Hingham, and does not return early enough for the next morning recitation. We had a Lecture from Mr. Pearson, upon words and Letters: he enumerated all the different sounds of the 26 letters of the English alphabet. Mr. Williams who returned yesterday from his Journey, gave the Class a Lecture, upon Trigonometry. Pass\u2019d the evening with Bridge.\n       The \u03a6BK. met at Burge\u2019s chamber at 11 o\u2019clock. Beale and Burge read dissertations. The extempore disputants were Packard and Chandler. We voted to admit White. Mr. Wigglesworth gave a Lecture in the afternoon. Several fellows in the two lower Classes were very indecent and noisy. The dancing Club met at Bridge\u2019s Chamber. After they broke up, I remained there; took a walk by the fine moon-light; and retired at about 11.\n       The Class from 9 to near twelve were reading their forensic; I read in the affirmative as follows.\n          \u201cWhether the diversities of national character, (taking the word, character, in its most extensive Sense) arise chiefly, from physical Causes ?\u201d\n          The many Arguments which naturally present themselves to defend each side of this Question, created in my mind, (and perhaps not in mine alone) a small difficulty. That many of the diversities of character, which distinguish so much one Nation from another, proceed from Religion, Government, or the intercourse between neighbouring States is what no Person can deny. That many others derive their origin from physical Causes, is what every man of sense and Candor must acknowledge: whether the moral or the physical are predominant, is an enquiry worthy the discussion of men of more experience and judgment, than are to be found among the students of this university: every one however must chuse one side of the question; and I have therefore adopted that which appears to me, to be the most probable. National character is the assemblage of those qualities which are predominant in the minds of the individuals who form a Nation; and by diversities are here meant (I imagine) those peculiar traits which distinguish so greatly the inhabitants of one Country from those of any other on Earth.\n          Should we consider the question, as relating to primary and original Causes, it would appear that there are none but physical; for a short reflection will convince us that moral Causes themselves are but the Effects of physical causes. A proof of this may be drawn from the national character of the Hollanders. Should the question be put to any one of our opponents, whence the three great characteristics of that Nation, (cleanliness, industry, and avarice) arose? probably he would answer, from moral Causes; and he would alledge the great power of education and habit. These I confess may at this day, serve to maintain, and may have served heretofore to increase those qualities; but they never can be said to have been the original Causes. The situation of the country, which is continually exposed to the encroachments of the surrounding Ocean, and the Climate which is so moist as causes, every thing that is not constantly kept clean, to moulder, absolutely require great neatness, industry and econ\u00adomy; and I am convinced in my own mind, that were the present inhabitants to migrate, and in their stead was a colony from any other nation to settle there, in the course of one century the new settlers would be distinguished by the same virtues and Vices, which now form the dutchman\u2019s character. But without taking all the advantages which the question seems to present, I will consider only the immediate causes of diversities in national characters, and even these, are, I believe, chiefly physical.\n          Let us single out from the european nations two, which notwithstanding their proximity to each other, and notwithstanding the constant intercourse between them, are so remarkable for their difference of character. The characteristics of the french nation are, contentment, vivacity, and a certain degree of levity; those of the English are thoughtfulness, melancholy, and a continual restless, uneasy disposition, whatever, their situation may be: In this case, we cannot imagine the difference to be owing to moral causes; for it would be natural to suppose, that a form of government which insures to every man his property, and personal safety, and a religion founded upon humanity and toleration, was calculated to make a nation happy, and contented; and on the other hand; that a Government in which the fortune, and even the Life of every individual depends upon the caprice of a despot, and a religion which enervates the mind, and corrupts the heart would render a nation miserable if it could be effected by moral causes. But when we consider the different physical causes which operate upon the minds of the French and English we can easily account for the facts as they stand.\n          Few Nations are favoured with a sky so serene, and a climate so temperate as the French. The air which they breathe is pure, and they are exempted from both the extremes of heat and cold. Their diet is generally light and salubrious; and from the Throne to the Cottage they are remarkably temperate. But the atmosphere of England is almost always loaded with vapours, there, the heart is seldom cheered, the spirits are seldom enlivened by the genial rays of the Sun; and the climate is so variable and unsteady; that frequently the resolution of the Seasons seems to be performed in the course of a day. The diet of the inhabitants is heavy and oppressive to the stomach; and they are too much addicted to the use of spiritous liquors: in both these instances it is evident, that the physical and moral causes counteract each other. But the contest is too unequal; the physical are so powerful that they destroy the influence of the moral, and yet appear to act, with as much force, as they could do, even if they met with no opposition. Arguments of a similar nature might be applied to other nations; but they could not be more conclusive, and would carry me beyond the limits prescribed to exercises of this kind. I shall therefore endeavour to refute some other objections which might be raised against the influence of physical causes.\n          It is evident that the characters of the same nations, have been very different at different periods. The modern Greeks and Romans, for instance are supposed to be as different from the ancient, as they possibly could be even if they did not live in the same countries. The alteration has been undoubtedly produced by a concurrence of physical and moral causes; and at first sight we should be led to think, the latter were chiefly influential: but it must be remembered that the physical causes have undergone a great change: the diet is extremely different, and the climates are most probably, far from being the same: if we were to judge of the Campania di Roma, from the enthusiastic accounts given of it by Pliny and Florus, we should suppose it to be a terrestrial Paradise; but this self same spot is now so unhealthy that it is intirely uninhabited, although the soil be as fruitful as any in Italy. This last Circumstance affords a presumption that the present situation of the country was the effect, not the cause of the alteration in the climate. If physical causes have operated so surprising a change upon one part of the country, we may reasonably conceive that the climate of the whole, has been in some measure effected by them. Why then should we expect to find in the Greeks and Romans of the present day, those characteristics, which distinguished the masters of the World?\n          I shall take notice but of one argument more, which might be used on the opposite side of the question. It respects the Jews. They have been for many Centuries, and still are dispersed all over the earth, yet they maintain to a great degree the same national character; but admitting that they have uniformly preserved the same peculiarities, whether the causes be moral or physical, they cannot be applied to any other Nation: it is by a particular dispensation of the Deity who for wise purposes has seen fit to keep them seperate and distinct from the rest of the world. But in fact the immediate causes may properly be called physical. They never mingle with other Nations, by intermar\u00adriages, which probably produce great effects, on the bodily frame, and they never make use of any animal food but what is prepared in their own peculiar manner.\n          But after all, it is in vain for Man, to attempt separating what the God of nature has united; the connection between the human mind and body is so intimate; that possibly whatever affects the one must necessarily have influence over the other; and perhaps after investigating the matter clearly and deeply, we should have reason to conclude, that physical and moral causes are really and essentially the same\u201d\n       Johnson, whose great pride is in being singular, found fault with the question; and said he could not understand it. The only conclusion I can draw from his confession is that he is a very stupid fellow.\n       Mr. Shaw was here in the forenoon. Mr. Williams gave us a lecture upon the dimensions of the Earth.\n       The sodality met at Baxter\u2019s chamber in the evening. White brought me a couple of letters up from Boston. One from my mother, and the other from my Sister, signed A. Smith. She was married it seems the 12th. of June.\n   AA to JQA, 13 June; AA2 to JQA, 22\u201323 July (Adams Papers).\n       Mr. Burr gave out this morning a subject for our next forensic. \u201cWhether an extorted promise be obligatory.\u201d The affirmative is not so favourable, as in the last question. Though in many cases, it may be true.\n       The weather, extremely dull, which causes a very general depression of spirits.\n       Had a great deal of fuss about some Tea spoons, which I lost some days since. I have found most of them however in an extraordinary manner. But it made me in manner lose all this day; as great part of it has been employ\u2019d in making researches.\n       Went to Boston, in order to get some books which were sent by Callahan; but I could not get them: dined at Deacon Smith\u2019s. Mr. Otis\u2019s family were there. Harry and his father had a dispute concerning the Roman toga. I came up with Beale; in the evening we held a Court of Law. Putnam, and myself were condemned to pay a bottle of wine each.\n   JQA had earlier asked his father to send copies of \u201cNew Testaments in Greek and Latin\u201d from JA\u2019s personal library, and Desaguliers\u2019 translation of van\u2019s Gravesande\u2019s Mathematical Elements (JQA to JA, 2 April, Adams Papers). In addition to these volumes, JQA received others which he had not requested, \u201cmostly upon philosophical subjects\u201d (AA to JQA, 21 July, Adams Papers; entry for 16 Oct., below). Among these was Fran\u00e7ois Soul\u00e8s, Histoire des troubles de l\u2019Am\u00e9rique..., London, 1785, now at MQA among JQA\u2019s books, which contains notes by JA in the second volume (JQA to AA, 30 Dec. 1786\u201311 Jan. 1787, Adams Papers).\n       Was excused from attending meeting this day: being somewhat unwell. Finished the first volume of Burlamaqui in the forenoon. Bridge was at my chamber after dinner.\n       We recite two or three times more, in s\u2019Gravesande\u2019s, but next quarter, we shall begin upon Ferguson\u2019s Astronomy. Mr. Williams had a lecture, upon Trigonometry, very few of the Class attended. Charles went to Boston in the morning, and at length, brought the books, which are mostly upon philosophical subjects. Mead was at my Chamber in the evening. About half the Class are gone. I declaimed this Evening, a piece from Blair\u2019s Lectures vol. 1. p: 14, 15, 16. on the cultivation of taste.\n   James Ferguson, Astronomy Explained Upon Sir Isaac Newton\u2019s Principles, And Made Easy to Those Who Have Not Studied Mathematics...., London, 1756. JQA requested of his father a copy of this work in his letter of 30 Aug. (Adams Papers), and his copy, 7th edn., London, 1785, is at MQA.\n   Hugh Blair, Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres, 2 vols., London, 1783; Harvard had the 3-vol., 2d edn., London, 1785 (Catalogus Bibliothecae[Isaac Smith, comp.], Catalogus Bibliothecae Harvardianae Cantabrigiae Nov- Anglorum, Boston, 1790., 1790, p. 149).\n       Charles and my Cousin, went away in the morning, immediately after commons. Tom, went to Boston, and brought back Dr. Tufts\u2019s Chaise. Soon after dinner we set off, in the midst of the rain. We got to Braintree, just at five o\u2019clock. We found Mr. and Mrs. Shaw here.\n       Loitered away, a great part of my Time, as I most commonly do in vacation Time. I intend however to read considerable, before I return to College. Mr. Shaw and his Lady, this morning, left us to return homeward. Was down in my father\u2019s library part of the afternoon. The weather begins to be quite cold, and the leaves are all falling from the trees.\n       Spent the day, in alternately reading, writing, walking, and playing. This is dull life, and convinces me, how grossly the whole herd of novel and romance writers, err, in trumping up, a Country life. Let them say what they will: the most proper situation for man, is that which calls forth the exertion of faculties, and gives play to his passions. A negative kind of happiness, like that of the brutes, may be enjoyed in the Country, but the absence of pain or anxiety is not sufficient for a man of sensibility. The passions of the mind, are what chiefly distinguish us from the brute creation, and as a country life tends to diminish their influence, it brings us nearer a par with them, and is therefore derogatory to the dignity of human nature.\n       My two brothers were gone all the morning on a gunning party. My cousin and I went, in the afternoon, but we were unsuccessful. All kinds of game are scarce here, as there are several persons in the town that persecute the animals so much, that they have driven them all away.\n       Mr. Thaxter stop\u2019d about half an hour, this morning, on his return from Hingham, where he has been this week. In the afternoon I went with my cousin, and drank tea, at my uncle Quincy\u2019s. Just after we return\u2019d, Leonard White and his Sister came in. Mr. and Mrs. Cranch arrived about an hour after. Leonard brought me a letter.\n   Letter not found.\n       Mr. Tread well, preach\u2019d in the forenoon from Matthew XI. 15 \u201che that hath ears to hear, let him hear;\u201d and in the afternoon from Psalm IV. 4. commune with your own heart. Mr. T. appears to be a sensible man; but by no means a good speaker. In common conversation his voice, and manner of speaking is agreeable; but if he begins to pray or to preach, he immediately assumes a most disgusting cant. He spent the evening here; and talk\u2019d of his Son, who is at college, in the junior class. He appears to have juster ideas of him, than parents commonly have of their children.\n       Mr. Cranch went this morning to Boston. His Son, went with him, and will proceed to Haverhill, for his Sister Lucy. Leonard and Peggy White, return\u2019d to Boston. Thayer one of Charles\u2019s classmates, dined here, and after dinner they both set off to go to Scituate. Thus from a numerous company, we are all at once reduced to a very small party; I went down in the afternoon to the library. Miss Betsey Apthorp spent the evening here.\n       Went down to my uncle Adams\u2019s in the afternoon, and spent a couple of hours. Finished reading Burlamaqui, upon natural and political Law. I am much pleased with the principles established by this author. The stile of the english translator is not agreeable.\n       Thayer and Charles returned from Scituate this afternoon. Mr. and Mrs. Hilliard came to pass the night here. Mr. H appears much more to advantage in private conversation than he does in the pulpit. He appears to be a very sensible man.\n       We have been left alone again this day. Mr. and Mrs. Hilliard went away this morning. I employ most of my time at present in reading the Abb\u00e9 Millot\u2019s elements of history. They are well written but very concise. He is quite philosophical: in some pas\u00adsages perhaps too much so. At least he calls in question many historical facts; without sufficient reason, I think. His reflections which seem to form the greatest part of his work, are for the most part just, and display, much humanity, which is an essential requisite in a historian.\n   Claude Fran\u00e7ois Xavier Millot, Elemens d\u2019histoire g\u00e9n\u00e9rale..., 9 vols., Switzerland, 1778. JQA\u2019s copy, at MQA, was purchased in 1781.\n       Mr. Read came here in the afternoon, to spend a day. Though he cannot entirely lay aside the Tutor, but retains a little of the collegiate stiffness, yet he endeavours to be affable, and is very sociable. These people when distant from their seat of Empire, and divested of that Power, which gives them such an advantageous idea, of their own superiority, are much more agreeable, than, they are, when their dignity puts them at such an awful distance from their pupils. Mr. Read conversed much upon several subjects and with a great deal of complaisance; but with most ease, and pleasure upon subjects which form part of the studies at the university.\n       Mr. Read set out in the afternoon to return to Cambridge. In the Evening Mr. Cranch returned from Boston, and Lucy and her brother from Haverhill.\n       Mr. Wibird preach\u2019d all day from John I, 47. Jesus saw Nathanael coming to him, and saith of him, Behold an Israelite indeed in whom is no guile! Mr. W. is said to be so fond of his ease, that he seldom writes new Sermons, but preaches his old ones over and over, frequently. But this was new, and one of the best that I ever heard him deliver, full of judicious reflections, and wise instructions, which proves that if he is not of great service to the People, of this parish, as a moral teacher, it is not for want of sufficient abilities. The family here, are in affliction, on account of the Death of Mr. Perkins in Virginia, a young gentleman, who resided in the house some months, and endeared himself to the whole family. A more particular attachment between him, and Eliza, renders his loss more distressing to her, than to the rest; and her great sensibility deepens the wound. Her grief is silent, but is painted expressively on her countenance.\n   Thomas Perkins, of Bridgewater, had been a preceptor of the Adams boys and the Cranch children during 1781\u20131782, then left for Virginia to keep a private school. He returned the following year and studied law with Royall Tyler, but soon went south, to Kentucky, to return again once he had made his fortune. He died in Aug. 1786 (Adams Family Correspondence,Adams Family Correspondence, ed. L. H. Butterfield and others, Cambridge, 1963- .4:309; Book of Abigail and John,The Book of Abigail and ohm Selected Letters of the Adams Family, 1762-1784, ed. L. H. Butterfield, Marc Friedlaender, and Mary-Jo Kline, Cambridge, 1975. p. 367; Mary Cranch to AA, 22 May\u20133 June 1786; Elizabeth Smith Shaw to AA, 1\u20133 Nov. 1786, Adams Papers).\n       Snow\u2019d all the morning. Mr. Cranch went to Boston and Charles with him: he return to Cambridge. As the supreme judicial Court is to sit there this week, there will be two or three companies of militia, in order to prevent riots; for the insurrections of this kind, are not yet quelled, and indeed I know not when they will be. There is not sufficient energy in the government, and the strength of the party opposed to it is increasing. Unless some vigorous measures are taken the constitution of the commonwealth must infallibly fall.\n       Miss B. Palmer, came from Germantown, this afternoon, to spend the night here. We prepared to return to Cambridge as our vacation closes this day.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0010-0003", "content": "Title: 3d.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Reading, Reid on the Mind. This author in some places pleases me very much; but in others he is disagreeable especially when he attempts to be humorous. His Chapter upon seeing which fills three quarters of the book, contains, a long detail upon the construction of the eye, and a very curious dissertation upon squinting, but which seems, to have very little to do with the Mind. This and a laborous attempt to prove a proposition which no body can deny (viz, that there is no similarity between the cause of a sensation in the mind, and the sensation itself) takes up almost all this inquiry into the human mind.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0010-0006", "content": "Title: 6th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       We recited this morning for the first time in Ferguson\u2019s astronomy. The part which I have read is pleasing, and the study in itself is as agreeable, as it is useful and important. Mr. Williams began his course of astronomical Lectures this morning. The class attend in two divisions. He gave us the Theory of the earth\u2019s motion. We observed the Sun through a telescope; and saw several clusters of those spots which are mentioned in astronomical books. Mr. W told us, that he once saw one of them divide in two, while he was looking through the glass. He was to have given us a view of the moon this evening but could not because the weather was cloudy.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0010-0008", "content": "Title: 8th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Mr. Williams gave a public astronomical lecture this afternoon, relating to the different theory\u2019s of the planetary System; he gave an account of the Ptolemean, the Tychonic, and the Copernican. There was little more than what may be found in most astronomical books; but the lecture was entertaining and was very \u00e0 propos, as it relates to the public course, and, to the book, which we have just begun to study.\n       Weather very comfortable.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0010-0011", "content": "Title: 11th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       We had another Lecture at 11 from Mr. Williams, to give us the theory of solar and lunar eclipses. In the evening after tea, we held a court at Foster\u2019s chamber, and tried a number of causes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0010-0012", "content": "Title: 12th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Very unwell with a sore throat, so that I did not attend meeting. Dined with White at my chamber. We had in the evening a meeting of the A B. I read the following piece.\n           Without a sign, his sword the brave man draws\n           And asks no omen, but his country\u2019s cause.\n          Superstition is a quality, which in all ages of the world, has had peculiar sway, over the human mind: it seems to have been implanted there by the hand of Nature: when two uncommon events happen in the same place, and in a short space of Time, the ignorant vulgar will immediately conclude, the one to be the effect of the other: Imagination usurps the place of Reason, and forms very extravagant hypotheses, in which she herself places an implicit faith. Philosophy has always attempted to destroy this power of Fancy, and never fails convincing when she is heard; but she disdains courting the common herd of mankind, and the others are so few, that they are overpowered by the superior number of Fancy\u2019s votaries; and thus, many are obstinately fixed in error, till nothing can restore them.\n          I have often endeavoured to account for this proneness in the human mind, to whatever is marvelous, and I believe it can be attributed only to a strange combination of the powers of imagination and reason. It is a fundamental maxim, that nothing can exist without a cause: to gratify the curiosity of knowing those Causes, which is inherent in the human mind, is the business of natural, and moral philosophy: but their progress is always extremely slow; and as they can judge only from the concurrence of so many circumstances, as prove a fact to demonstration, they are upon every new and extraordinary occasion, forced at least to suspend their decision for a time; they are frequently obliged, to acknowledge, their ignorance, and the impossibility of obtaining a clear and distinct view of many things. But our Imagination is too impatient to be contented with a partial knowledge of any thing: if she cannot discover the real causes of things, she is ever ready, to invent fictitious; and she has almost always sufficient influence in the human mind, to induce it to adopt her own chimaera\u2019s. From these causes, arose probably, the ideas of ghosts, spirits, fairies, witches, and all those imaginary beings, of whose existence, the ignorant, (and consequently superstitious), of all ages, have never doubted. Hence likewise the fictions of astrology, and the confidence, placed in dreams, even by men, whose minds enlightened by Science, should soar, above those Clouds of the imagination, into the serene atmosphere of truth: hence the still more extravagant belief, that the flight of birds, or the entrails of an ox or a sheep, would discover, what should be the success attending any enterprize; and although mankind in general, at this day, are no longer imposed upon by these absurdities, yet it must be confessed, they are influenced by others equally contrary to reason, and common Sense. See a party at cards! If one of them be very unlucky, he will wish to change his seat, as if the chair he sit in, had any connection with the cards he is playing; ask the captain of a vessel, all ready to sail, and with an excellent wind, why he remains in the port? Because he is afraid to set sail, on a Friday; as if the success of the voyage, was to depend, upon the day of the departure. These, and many other notions of the same kind, of which we are daily made witnesses, sufficiently evince, that superstition is far from being entirely exploded, or even from being confined to the most ignorant and illiterate class of people; if we examine ourselves, with a severe, and impartial eye, few of us, I believe, will be able to say, that we are never influenced by this disorder of the imagination: but as it can never be serviceable, either to ourselves or to any of our fellow creatures, as it may be essentially injurious to society, and as it must infallibly tend to make us unhappy, it ought constantly to be our endeavour, to overcome every weakness of this kind, and to reduce, not only our conduct, but likewise our opinions and sentiments to the standard of unerring Reason.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0010-0013", "content": "Title: 13th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       The Class recite this week to Mr. Burr: but I was so unwell this morning that I did not attend. We had in the afternoon the last lecture upon Trigonometry. Mr. W. recommended to us to proceed upon the projection of the sphere and, upon conic sections. Mrs. Cranch and Miss Betsey were here in the afternoon. The parts for the next exhibition were distributed. Putnam has the English oration, Lloyd the Latin, Chandler 3d. and White the forensic; and Learned, Mayo, Prentiss, Vose, Welch, and Willard the mathematical parts. The class are pleased with all except the first, which could not possibly, have been given more to the surprize, of almost every one. Mr. Williams in the evening pointed out to us, a number of the constellations in the Heavens.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0010-0014", "content": "Title: 14th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       We had a meeting of the \u03a6BK immediately after Commons in the morning, and received White. The meeting was then adjourned till twelve o\u2019clock, as we were obliged to retire at 9. to read our forensic in the chapel. I made the following piece answer two purposes; but as I disliked the Question, I was quite short upon it.\n          Whether an extorted promise be obligatory?\n          The Question must be considered as relating only to such promises as are unjustly extorted; for if reason approves of the claim, of a man, who is reduced to the necessity of employing violence to obtain it, she will undoubtedly likewise justify that violence. The laws of nature, and the customs of all civilized nations justify it. It cannot therefore be made a question: under the head of promises justly extorted, must be taken, all contracts with an open and public enemy, whether made by a nation at large, or, by individuals. A doubt can be raised therefore, only when the person by whom the promise is extorted, acts contrary to the Laws of nature and of nations, and I am sensible that most moral writers agree, that in cases of this kind, all promises, are null of themselves and consequently cannot be obligatory. As it would argue the most unjustifiable arrogance in me, to maintain an opinion in opposition to that of many persons, whose productions have done honour to human nature, I shall only beg leave, to question, whether the consequences which must attend the breach of extorted promises, might not be very prejudicial to the interests of mankind in general? And whether the man who should not prefer enduring, the greatest evils, even Death itself, rather than make a promise with the design never to fulfill it, would not be blameable for loosening the bonds of Society.\n       We danced in the evening, at Tom Chandler\u2019s chamber; but I was unwell, and came away before nine. Cranch went to Lincoln, to day with his Mamma.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0010-0015", "content": "Title: 15th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Mr. Burr went to an Ordination, and consequently we had no reciting in the afternoon. Mr. Williams had a Lecture to demonstrate the truth of the copernican System, at 3, and in the evening: he shew us the planet Venus, which through a telescope, appears shaped like the moon, and was this evening horned. She is quite small view\u2019d through our glasses, which magnify objects 90 Times.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0010-0016", "content": "Title: 16th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       The weather begins to grow very cold: it has been remarkably fine all this fall. Mrs. Cranch return\u2019d from Mystic, and will pass the night at Mrs. Hilliard\u2019s. Mr. Williams gave us in the evening a view at Jupiter, through the telescope. He appears like the moon when full, and attended with his four Satellites, at different distances. They are quite bright though invisible to the naked eye.\n       Bridge pass\u2019d an hour with me after lecture.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0010-0017", "content": "Title: 17th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Took books from the library. Hammond\u2019s algebra; Burke, on the sublime and beautiful, and Smith\u2019s theory of moral sentiments. Was employ\u2019d a great part of the day, in calculating the Elements for a solar Eclipse. Snow.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0010-0019", "content": "Title: 19th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       I was very sick with a sore throat, and head ache; so that I could not attend meeting. Dined in my chamber with Bridge, and Cranch. There was in the evening a meeting of the A B, but I could not attend. The weather quite cold.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0010-0020", "content": "Title: 20th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Snow\u2019d almost all day. White set out early in the morning for Haverhill; his sister is to be married to-morrow. The Class recite to Mr. Burr, this week. I did not attend this morning. Mr. Pearson, gave a lecture, upon the analogy between philosophical grammar, and the human body. His divisions of Sentences, are those of Harris. Sentences of assertion and volition. Mr. Williams gave a lecture upon the projection of the sphere but not one in the Class, had done any thing in it, as there are very few manuscripts upon the subject in college.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0010-0021", "content": "Title: 21st.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       The second division of the Class, read a forensic, upon the Question, whether the destroying of inferior animals, be a violation of the Laws of nature. Where so much may be said on one side, and so little on the other, there cannot I believe, be derived, much instruction from a debate. The pieces were almost all short, and I do not recollect, that any thing new was said. Mr. Wigglesworth, gave us in the afternoon, a lecture, and in the evening Mr. Williams, gave us a view at Saturn, through the telescope. The planet did not appear more than an inch in diameter, but the ring was quite plain. I could just perceive one of the Satellites, which appeared quite near the planet. We danced at Chandler 2d\u2019s chamber.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0010-0022", "content": "Title: 22d.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       We had a lecture in the forenoon from Mr. Wigglesworth. Wrote off something upon conic Sections; for Mr. Williams\u2019s next Lecture. For the future it is left at the option of every individual in the class to attend him or not. The sodality met this evening, but I could not attend. Williams was part of the evening at my chamber.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0010-0023", "content": "Title: 23d.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Snow\u2019d all the forenoon. We had tea at Cranch\u2019s chamber; Whitney arrived in the evening; he comes from Petersham, in Worcester county, and says the insurgents threaten coming to prevent the setting of the court of common pleas, in this Town, next week.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0010-0027", "content": "Title: 27th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Recite in Ferguson this week. Mr. Williams, this forenoon concluded his course of astronomical lectures, by explaining the or\u00adrery, and the cometarium. I have not received from these lectures either the entertainment or the instruction, which I expected from them. Except having acquired a clearer notion of the figures of the different planets by viewing them through the telescope, I believe I have not attained one new idea, by the ten Lectures. However I do not know that more could be said than has been. In Sciences of this kind, little novelty is now to be expected. Few discoveries are probably left to be made, and those will be owing perhaps, rather to chance, than to any extraordinary effort of genius.\n       This evening, just before prayers about 40 horsemen, arrived here under the command of Judge Prescott of Groton, in order to protect the court to-morrow, from the rioters. We hear of nothing, but Shays and Shattuck: two of the most despicable characters in the community, now make themselves of great consequence. There has been in the course of the day fifty different reports flying about, and not a true one among them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0010-0029", "content": "Title: 29th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       No appearance yet of any body to prevent the sitting of the court; the reports have not yet ceased however. Had tea at my chamber this evening, and several of the club past the evening with me. Lovell, a classmate of mine, is half crazy, at hearing so much news. He wants to be doing something, and is determined by some means or other to fight the insurgents. He says he is no politician, he was made for an active life, but he cannot live in a place, where there is so much news.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0010-0030", "content": "Title: 30th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       The reports of Shays, and Shattuck coming, at the head of thousands to stop the Court, grow more rare. It is now almost too late to spread any more stories of that kind. Shattuck instead of attacking, will have to defend himself, for, about 150 young volunteers, from Boston, under the command of Coll. Hitchborn went through here this forenoon, on horseback, and are gone, with the design to seize two or three of the ring leaders of the mob, and bring them down to Boston. The Roxbury artillery company, under Major Spooner: went likewise from here in the evening. They would not say, which way they were going, but it is supposed they have the intention of seizing Wheeler and Smith, two of the leaders in the County of Worcester. There seems to be a small spark of patriotism, still extant; it is to be hoped, that it will be fanned, and kindled by danger, but not smothered by sedition. A republic must very frequently be called back to the principles of its government, and so long as it has sufficient virtue for that, its constitution will stand firm.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0010", "content": "Title: [November 1786]\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n      Wednesday November 1st. 1786.\n       We returned through Boston, to Cambridge. The road from Charlestown was full of carriages coming here, to see the review of the militia of the County, under the command of General Brookes. I found my chamber full of Ladies, who had a view of part of the troops from the windows: there were I believe about 2000 men, composed of the Cadet, and light infantry Company\u2019s, and the independent volunteers, which consist entirely of young gentlemen residing in Boston, the artillery companies of Charlestown and Roxbury, and about 60 companies of militia, from the different Towns in the County. The Governor, Lieutt. Governor, and Council, first went round them, after which, they all march\u2019d by his excellency, who stood on the steps of the Court house door; after dinner they all march\u2019d away except two companies which remained for the protection of the court. They have been here since monday, and stationed themselves in the college hall, and chapel. The Court sat in the afternoon. I went in but a short time before they adjourned, and heard Judge Dana deliver his opinion to the jury, upon a small case: he spoke extremely well.\n   John Brooks, a veteran of the Revolution, led a militia division against Shays\u2019 forces (Charles Brooks, History of the Town of Medford, Middlesex County, Massachusetts, Boston, 1855, p. 129\u2013134).\n       Attended the court in the forenoon, and afternoon, but there were no causes of any consequence tried. Pass\u2019d the evening at Bridge\u2019s chamber, in company with Mr. Andrews, and Mr. Harris.\n       Reading, Reid on the Mind. This author in some places pleases me very much; but in others he is disagreeable especially when he attempts to be humorous. His Chapter upon seeing which fills three quarters of the book, contains, a long detail upon the construction of the eye, and a very curious dissertation upon squinting, but which seems, to have very little to do with the Mind. This and a laborous attempt to prove a proposition which no body can deny (viz, that there is no similarity between the cause of a sensation in the mind, and the sensation itself) takes up almost all this inquiry into the human mind.\n       Charles and Cranch went to Boston. Wrote part of my forensic; and as I was obliged to support a side of the question, which I cannot believe; I found it very difficult to write any thing, and shall finally be very short.\n       Mr. Hilliard preach\u2019d in the morning from Matthew XXIV 13. But he that shall endure unto the end, the same shall be saved. I have no observations to make upon his Sermon, several of those I have made heretofore will apply. In the afternoon, Mr. Burr, the Tutor preach\u2019d from Titus II, 11, 12. For the grace of God that bringeth salvation hath appeared to all men. Teaching us, that denying ungodliness and worldly lust, we should live soberly, righteously, and godly in this present world. Mr. B. preaches well, but altho: it is but so short a Time since he begun, yet he has acquired a tone in speaking which approaches too near a cant. He paid the most attention to the last verse, which indeed is more proper to be expatiated upon.\n       We recited this morning for the first time in Ferguson\u2019s astronomy. The part which I have read is pleasing, and the study in itself is as agreeable, as it is useful and important. Mr. Williams began his course of astronomical Lectures this morning. The class attend in two divisions. He gave us the Theory of the earth\u2019s motion. We observed the Sun through a telescope; and saw several clusters of those spots which are mentioned in astronomical books. Mr. W told us, that he once saw one of them divide in two, while he was looking through the glass. He was to have given us a view of the moon this evening but could not because the weather was cloudy.\n   JQA\u2019s interest in astronomy was to continue throughout his life. In 1816 he gave a set of celestial charts to Harvard and a few years later contributed money for building an observatory for the college. The need for a national observatory was included in his presidential inaugural address (Andrew Oliver, Portraits of John Quincy Adams and His Wife, Cambridge, 1970, p. 226\u2013227 and references there).\n       We had a lecture from Mr. Wigglesworth in the afternoon, and in the evening the weather being fair, we look\u2019d through the telescope at the moon. The objects were not so much magnified as I expected, nor so plain, as they are represented in books. We held a court at Beale\u2019s chamber after tea.\n       Mr. Williams gave a public astronomical lecture this afternoon, relating to the different theory\u2019s of the planetary System; he gave an account of the Ptolemean, the Tychonic, and the Copernican. There was little more than what may be found in most astronomical books; but the lecture was entertaining and was very \u00e0 propos, as it relates to the public course, and, to the book, which we have just begun to study.\n       Weather very comfortable.\n   A via media between the Ptolemaic and Copernican systems, devised by the 16th-century Dutch astronomer Tycho Brahe, who believed that five planets rotated about the sun, which in turn circled around the immobile earth.\n       Had the whole day to myself; as I did not attend the afternoon recitation. Spent my Time in reading Ferguson, and Saunderson.\n   Nicholas Saunderson, The Elements of Algebra, In Ten Books..., 2 vols., Cambridge, England, 1740 (Harvard, Catalogus Bibliothecae, 1790[Isaac Smith, comp.], Catalogus Bibliothecae Harvardianae Cantabrigiae Nov- Anglorum, Boston, 1790., p. 1). JQA may have used his personal copy of Saunderson, recorded among his books in 1784, which is no longer in his or the other Adams\u2019 libraries ([Christian Lotter], Inventory of JQA\u2019s books, 6 Nov. 1784, Adams Papers).\n       We had a Lecture at 10 this forenoon from Mr. Williams, explaining the theory of the motion of the Earth and Moon. The astronomical lectures that we have already received, do not entirely answer my expectations; I have as yet got from them very little more than I knew before.\n       We had another Lecture at 11 from Mr. Williams, to give us the theory of solar and lunar eclipses. In the evening after tea, we held a court at Foster\u2019s chamber, and tried a number of causes.\n       Very unwell with a sore throat, so that I did not attend meeting. Dined with White at my chamber. We had in the evening a meeting of the A B. I read the following piece.\n           Without a sign, his sword the brave man draws\n           And asks no omen, but his country\u2019s cause.\n          Superstition is a quality, which in all ages of the world, has had peculiar sway, over the human mind: it seems to have been implanted there by the hand of Nature: when two uncommon events happen in the same place, and in a short space of Time, the ignorant vulgar will immediately conclude, the one to be the effect of the other: Imagination usurps the place of Reason, and forms very extravagant hypotheses, in which she herself places an implicit faith. Philosophy has always attempted to destroy this power of Fancy, and never fails convincing when she is heard; but she disdains courting the common herd of mankind, and the others are so few, that they are overpowered by the superior number of Fancy\u2019s votaries; and thus, many are obstinately fixed in error, till nothing can restore them.\n          I have often endeavoured to account for this proneness in the human mind, to whatever is marvelous, and I believe it can be attributed only to a strange combination of the powers of imagination and reason. It is a fundamental maxim, that nothing can exist without a cause: to gratify the curiosity of knowing those Causes, which is inherent in the human mind, is the business of natural, and moral philosophy: but their progress is always extremely slow; and as they can judge only from the concurrence of so many circumstances, as prove a fact to demonstration, they are upon every new and extraordinary occasion, forced at least to suspend their decision for a time; they are frequently obliged, to acknowledge, their ignorance, and the impossibility of obtaining a clear and distinct view of many things. But our Imagination is too impatient to be contented with a partial knowledge of any thing: if she cannot discover the real causes of things, she is ever ready, to invent fictitious; and she has almost always sufficient influence in the human mind, to induce it to adopt her own chimaera\u2019s. From these causes, arose probably, the ideas of ghosts, spirits, fairies, witches, and all those imaginary beings, of whose existence, the ignorant, (and consequently superstitious), of all ages, have never doubted. Hence likewise the fictions of astrology, and the confidence, placed in dreams, even by men, whose minds enlightened by Science, should soar, above those Clouds of the imagination, into the serene atmosphere of truth: hence the still more extravagant belief, that the flight of birds, or the entrails of an ox or a sheep, would discover, what should be the success attending any enterprize; and although mankind in general, at this day, are no longer imposed upon by these absurdities, yet it must be confessed, they are influenced by others equally contrary to reason, and common Sense. See a party at cards! If one of them be very unlucky, he will wish to change his seat, as if the chair he sit in, had any connection with the cards he is playing; ask the captain of a vessel, all ready to sail, and with an excellent wind, why he remains in the port? Because he is afraid to set sail, on a Friday; as if the success of the voyage, was to depend, upon the day of the departure. These, and many other notions of the same kind, of which we are daily made witnesses, sufficiently evince, that superstition is far from being entirely exploded, or even from being confined to the most ignorant and illiterate class of people; if we examine ourselves, with a severe, and impartial eye, few of us, I believe, will be able to say, that we are never influenced by this disorder of the imagination: but as it can never be serviceable, either to ourselves or to any of our fellow creatures, as it may be essentially injurious to society, and as it must infallibly tend to make us unhappy, it ought constantly to be our endeavour, to overcome every weakness of this kind, and to reduce, not only our conduct, but likewise our opinions and sentiments to the standard of unerring Reason.\n   Homer, Iliad, ed. Pope, Bk. XII, lines 283\u2013284. JQA\u2019s copy, 4 vols., London, 1759, with his bookplate and bearing the inscription \u201cJ.Q. Adams, 1781\u201d is among JA\u2019s books at MB.\n       The Class recite this week to Mr. Burr: but I was so unwell this morning that I did not attend. We had in the afternoon the last lecture upon Trigonometry. Mr. W. recommended to us to proceed upon the projection of the sphere and, upon conic sections. Mrs. Cranch and Miss Betsey were here in the afternoon. The parts for the next exhibition were distributed. Putnam has the English oration, Lloyd the Latin, Chandler 3d. and White the forensic; and Learned, Mayo, Prentiss, Vose, Welch, and Willard the mathematical parts. The class are pleased with all except the first, which could not possibly, have been given more to the surprize, of almost every one. Mr. Williams in the evening pointed out to us, a number of the constellations in the Heavens.\n   Given on 8 Dec. The parts and performers are discussed in more detail in JQA\u2019s entry for that day.\n       We had a meeting of the \u03a6BK immediately after Commons in the morning, and received White. The meeting was then adjourned till twelve o\u2019clock, as we were obliged to retire at 9. to read our forensic in the chapel. I made the following piece answer two purposes; but as I disliked the Question, I was quite short upon it.\n          Whether an extorted promise be obligatory?\n          The Question must be considered as relating only to such promises as are unjustly extorted; for if reason approves of the claim, of a man, who is reduced to the necessity of employing violence to obtain it, she will undoubtedly likewise justify that violence. The laws of nature, and the customs of all civilized nations justify it. It cannot therefore be made a question: under the head of promises justly extorted, must be taken, all contracts with an open and public enemy, whether made by a nation at large, or, by individuals. A doubt can be raised therefore, only when the person by whom the promise is extorted, acts contrary to the Laws of nature and of nations, and I am sensible that most moral writers agree, that in cases of this kind, all promises, are null of themselves and consequently cannot be obligatory. As it would argue the most unjustifiable arrogance in me, to maintain an opinion in opposition to that of many persons, whose productions have done honour to human nature, I shall only beg leave, to question, whether the consequences which must attend the breach of extorted promises, might not be very prejudicial to the interests of mankind in general? And whether the man who should not prefer enduring, the greatest evils, even Death itself, rather than make a promise with the design never to fulfill it, would not be blameable for loosening the bonds of Society.\n       We danced in the evening, at Tom Chandler\u2019s chamber; but I was unwell, and came away before nine. Cranch went to Lincoln, to day with his Mamma.\n       Mr. Burr went to an Ordination, and consequently we had no reciting in the afternoon. Mr. Williams had a Lecture to demonstrate the truth of the copernican System, at 3, and in the evening: he shew us the planet Venus, which through a telescope, appears shaped like the moon, and was this evening horned. She is quite small view\u2019d through our glasses, which magnify objects 90 Times.\n       The weather begins to grow very cold: it has been remarkably fine all this fall. Mrs. Cranch return\u2019d from Mystic, and will pass the night at Mrs. Hilliard\u2019s. Mr. Williams gave us in the evening a view at Jupiter, through the telescope. He appears like the moon when full, and attended with his four Satellites, at different distances. They are quite bright though invisible to the naked eye.\n       Bridge pass\u2019d an hour with me after lecture.\n       Took books from the library. Hammond\u2019s algebra; Burke, on the sublime and beautiful, and Smith\u2019s theory of moral sentiments. Was employ\u2019d a great part of the day, in calculating the Elements for a solar Eclipse. Snow.\n   Nathaniel Hammond, The Elements of Algebra in A New and Easy Method..., 4th edn., London, 1772; Edmund Burke, A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and the Beautiful..., London, 1761; Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments..., 2d edn., London, 1761 (Harvard, Catalogus Bibliothecae, 1790[Isaac Smith, comp.], Catalogus Bibliothecae Harvardianae Cantabrigiae Nov- Anglorum, Boston, 1790., p. 1,93,95).\n       Unwell, so that I could not do much all day. Finished my elements for an eclipse, and finally found it would be here before Sunrise, and consequently not visible.\n       I was very sick with a sore throat, and head ache; so that I could not attend meeting. Dined in my chamber with Bridge, and Cranch. There was in the evening a meeting of the A B, but I could not attend. The weather quite cold.\n       Snow\u2019d almost all day. White set out early in the morning for Haverhill; his sister is to be married to-morrow. The Class recite to Mr. Burr, this week. I did not attend this morning. Mr. Pearson, gave a lecture, upon the analogy between philosophical grammar, and the human body. His divisions of Sentences, are those of Harris. Sentences of assertion and volition. Mr. Williams gave a lecture upon the projection of the sphere but not one in the Class, had done any thing in it, as there are very few manuscripts upon the subject in college.\n   Peggy White, Leonard\u2019s sister, married Bailey Bartlett (Haverhill, Vital RecordsVital Records of Haverhill, Massachusetts to the End of the Year 1849, Topsfield, 1910-1911; 2 vols.).\n   James Harris, Hermes: Or, A Philosophical Inquiry Concerning Language and Universal Grammar..., London, 1751, p. 17 (Harvard, Catalogus Bibliothecae, 1790[Isaac Smith, comp.], Catalogus Bibliothecae Harvardianae Cantabrigiae Nov- Anglorum, Boston, 1790., p. 135).\n       The second division of the Class, read a forensic, upon the Question, whether the destroying of inferior animals, be a violation of the Laws of nature. Where so much may be said on one side, and so little on the other, there cannot I believe, be derived, much instruction from a debate. The pieces were almost all short, and I do not recollect, that any thing new was said. Mr. Wigglesworth, gave us in the afternoon, a lecture, and in the evening Mr. Williams, gave us a view at Saturn, through the telescope. The planet did not appear more than an inch in diameter, but the ring was quite plain. I could just perceive one of the Satellites, which appeared quite near the planet. We danced at Chandler 2d\u2019s chamber.\n       We had a lecture in the forenoon from Mr. Wigglesworth. Wrote off something upon conic Sections; for Mr. Williams\u2019s next Lecture. For the future it is left at the option of every individual in the class to attend him or not. The sodality met this evening, but I could not attend. Williams was part of the evening at my chamber.\n       Snow\u2019d all the forenoon. We had tea at Cranch\u2019s chamber; Whitney arrived in the evening; he comes from Petersham, in Worcester county, and says the insurgents threaten coming to prevent the setting of the court of common pleas, in this Town, next week.\n       This evening, just after tea, at Chandler 1st\u2019s chamber, we were all called out by the falling of a fellow, from the top to the bottom of the stairs. He was in liquor, and tumbled in such a manner, that his head was on the lower floor, and his feet two or three steps up. When we first went out, the blood was streaming from his head, his eyes appeared fixed, and he was wholly motionless. We all supposed him dead. He soon recovered however so as to speak, and was carried off, about an hour after he fell.\n       Mr. Williams gave us a lecture this forenoon, to explain several astronomical instruments. Nothing new however. There are many flying reports concerning the coming of the insurgents next week. They have even been expected to arrive this evening, but none as yet have appeared.\n       Attended meeting for the first time these three weeks. Dined at Judge Dana\u2019s. Captain Hobby, who was an officer in the late war, is there, and remains in town, by the desire of Genl. Lincoln, who will take the command on Tuesday, to oppose the rioters, in case they should appear, and who wishes to place experienced officers, at the head of those companies of militia, that are not organized.\n       We had a meeting of the A B in the evening. Fiske had an Oration, one essay was read, and I spoke the following piece.\n          \u201cTo a friendly, to an indulgent audience, instead of a formal discourse, of which I feel myself utterly incapable, I shall beg leave to offer only a few observations upon a subject, in which, as a member of Society, as a friend to the interests of mankind in general, and more particularly, as an inhabitant of this commonwealth, I feel myself deeply interested.\n          It is a trite observation, but no less true than solemn, that not only man himself, but the works of his hands, and the productions of his mind, while connected with his body, carry within themselves the principles of their destruction. All the arts and sciences, like our bodily frames, from an impotent and feeble infancy, generally rise gradually to that degree of perfection, by which, whatever pertains to humanity is bounded; after which, they imperceptibly decline, and finally return to nothing from whence they sprung.\n          We are however easily reconciled to these ideas, because we know, that such are the unalterable Laws, which have been established by the god of nature. But when by some unforeseen or unexpected accident, an individual is brought to an untimely end, we feel an involuntary pang, and lament the fate of one, who was not suffered to perform the course allotted to human nature. But if our hearts are thus taught by nature to sympathize for the misfortune of an individual, how painful, how distressing must our feelings be, when we behold a deadly blow aimed at the vitals of a constitution upon which our own happiness and that of millions depends; a constitution, purchased by the treasures, and sealed with the blood of our countrymen. These sentiments are dictated, gentlemen, by the present situation of public affairs in this commonwealth. At a time, when our property, our precious rights and privileges, and even our lives are threatened with destruction, it is undoubtedly, highly proper, for young men, about to enter upon the theatre of the world, to enquire, what were the causes of our present evils, what remedies, should at such a critical juncture be applied, and, what measures might be taken, in future to prevent the renewal of such dangers.\n          It must be universally agreed, that within these few years, there has been an astonishing decay of public virtue among us. Posterity will scarcely believe, that in the short compass of ten years, the same nation should have exhibited repeated examples of the most exalted heroism, and of the most abject pusilannimity\u2014Young as we are, we all remember with what a noble ardor, and with what an undaunted fortitude, our countrymen resolved to support their liberty attacked by an arbitrary and powerful Tyrant: unacquainted, with the art of war, destitute of every kind of ammunition, without an army, and without a treasury to support one, the citizens of the united States resisted the forces of the most powerful nation on the face of the earth, assisted by an army of barbarous mercenaries, sold to the british monarch, by their more barbarous Princes\u2014After suffering from the parent country, injuries, more than sufficient to weary the most enduring patience, the americans, perswaded, that as subjects, they could never obtain justice, finally declared themselves a free and independent nation: this action, was the result of cool reason, and mature deliberation. The declaration of independence drawn by the nervous and eloquent pen of a Jefferson, and the constancy, with which, for two years, they maintained a war, without the assistance of foreign powers, convinced the European Nations of the justice of their cause, and will convince posterity that their conduct was not dictated by the rage of party, or the temporary frenzy of enthusiasm.\n          The disadvantages under which, our countrymen laboured were such as precluded all possibility of raising immediately forces sufficient to oppose the veterans of Europe. The British armies were every where successful, and desolation, and rapine attended them, wherever they went. The invincible resolution display\u2019d by the americans in the time of their greatest distress was never surpassed by the sublimest exertions of Roman magnanimity. At length, Fortune adopted the cause of Virtue, and after a struggle of seven years, the independence of America, was acknowledged by Britain herself. It is not necessary to mention, that during the whole course of the war, this State was particularly distinguished for her zeal, and spirited exertions in the common cause\u2014But Oh! how altered is the scene! Instead of that noble spirit of freedom, which animated the breasts of our countrymen, we now hear of nothing but riots, and insurrections. Instead of an attachment to good order, and the Laws, we now behold nothing but violent attempts upon the administration of Justice, and so far have we degenerated, from that sacred regard to honour, which ought always to influence the conduct of individuals, and of nations, that thousands among us, publicly pretend to an abolition of all debts, whether public or private.\n          These evils are generally allowed to have proceeded from that luxury and dissipation, which have been introduced into our country since the Peace: and undoubtedly many of them originated from those Causes. But it is of little service to be acquainted with the disease, unless proper remedies are prescribed, and applied; what avails it, that public orators should lament our fondness for foreign frippery, our extravagance, and idleness unless, they recommend, by their precepts and example, the opposite virtues of industry and oeconomy? If but a few individuals of fortune and reputation, would agree, to confine themselves to the real necessaries and conveniencies of life, and to discard those superfluities, which have brought our Country on the verge of her ruin; their example would soon be followed by the generality of the People, and all complaints of imaginary grievances, with their lawless and destructive consequences would soon be at an end. What I propose, gentlemen, is not impossible: for the two or three first years of the late war, our intercourse with foreign nations was almost entirely interrupted, and the People lived upon the produce of their own Country, more happily than they could have done with all the imported fopperies of Europe. What has once been attempted with success can surely be performed again, and every one will allow that some measures of this kind, are as necessary at this time, as they ever were, in any period of our history. In short, unless some measures are soon adopted more effectual, than any that have yet been taken, we must soon submit to the most detestable of all tyrannies, that of a lawless, and unprincipled rabble. Our history will cast an indelible stain upon the annals of mankind. The name of american will be sufficient to brand any man with infamy, and our nation instead of holding, as they might have done, a distinguished rank, amongst the sovereigns of the Earth, will become, the scorn, the reproach, and the derision of mankind. Should this be the case, \n             \u201cShould men, for freedom born, renounce her cause,\n             Refuse, her guidance, violate her Laws,\n             Lose, first their Country\u2019s rights, and then their own,\n             And bend before, a haughty despot\u2019s throne:\n             Should liberty, desert this wretched land,\n             And fly from fierce oppresion\u2019s iron hand;\n             Secure, I follow where she leads the way,\n             To shun a tyrant\u2019s arbitrary sway,\n             Where\u2019er the goddess chuses her abode,\n             There too shall dwell, my tutelary god;\n             Ignoble slavery, my soul disdains,\n             My only country, is where freedom reigns.\u201d\n   Benjamin Lincoln (1733\u20131810), of Hingham, had been appointed commander of the Massachusetts militia in April 1786. He raised $20,000 to finance the expedition against the insurgents which began in mid-Jan. 1787, when he marched westward to protect the Springfield arsenal (Sibley-Shipton, Harvard GraduatesJohn Langdon Sibley and Clifford K. Shipton, Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Cambridge and Boston, 1873- ., 12: 416\u2013438).\n       Recite in Ferguson this week. Mr. Williams, this forenoon concluded his course of astronomical lectures, by explaining the or\u00adrery, and the cometarium. I have not received from these lectures either the entertainment or the instruction, which I expected from them. Except having acquired a clearer notion of the figures of the different planets by viewing them through the telescope, I believe I have not attained one new idea, by the ten Lectures. However I do not know that more could be said than has been. In Sciences of this kind, little novelty is now to be expected. Few discoveries are probably left to be made, and those will be owing perhaps, rather to chance, than to any extraordinary effort of genius.\n       This evening, just before prayers about 40 horsemen, arrived here under the command of Judge Prescott of Groton, in order to protect the court to-morrow, from the rioters. We hear of nothing, but Shays and Shattuck: two of the most despicable characters in the community, now make themselves of great consequence. There has been in the course of the day fifty different reports flying about, and not a true one among them.\n   A mechanical device for illustrating the motion of comets in their elliptical orbits.\n   General Oliver Prescott, the Groton physician, military officer, and justice of the peace who, upon hearing of Shattuck\u2019s intention of preventing the court from sitting, rode into Cambridge with a body of forty horsemen and secured the courthouse. Receiving word of the reception prepared for them, the rebels melted away (Sibley-Shipton, Harvard GraduatesJohn Langdon Sibley and Clifford K. Shipton, Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Cambridge and Boston, 1873- ., 12: 569\u2013573).\n   Daniel Shays, Revolutionary officer, Pelham farmer, and local officeholder, prominent in the rebellion which bears his name. Shays, by this time the leader of the insurgents in western Massachusetts, had two months earlier established an agreement with the Hampshire co. militia to prevent the Supreme Judicial Court, meeting at Springfield, from hearing cases involving indictments against the insurgents or concerning debts (DABAllen Johnson and Dumas Malone, eds., Dictionary of American Biography, New York, 1928-1936; 20 vols, plus index and supplements.).\n   Job Shattuck, Revolutionary officer, large Groton landowner, and prominent townsman, who had participated in the Groton riots of 1781, which involved the collection of taxes in specie. On 12 Sept., Shattuck assembled about one hundred men from Groton and nearby towns to prevent the sitting of the court of common pleas in Concord. Successful there, they decided to march to Cambridge, where the court was to meet on 28 Nov. The plan to join up with other rebel forces failed, and Shattuck was later captured, tried in Boston the following May, and sentenced to be hanged. After two temporary reprieves, he was unconditionally pardoned and retired to Groton (Samuel A. Green, \u201cGroton during Shays\u2019s Rebellion,\u201d MHS, Procs.,Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections and Proceedings. 2d ser., 1 [1884\u20131885]:298\u2013312).\n       The weather very cold. No appearance of rioters as yet, tho\u2019 it is this evening reported that there are 1500, within four miles of Cambridge. We dansed this evening at Chandler ists. Last night the \u03a6BK met at Burge\u2019s chamber. Little and Cranch read disser\u00adtations. Freeman and Packard, a disputation upon the Question, whether good order is promoted more by the rewarding of virtue, than by the punishment of vice. Mr. Ware and Mr. Harris disputed extempore. Baron was admitted, after which the meeting was adjourned for a fort\u2019night.\n       No appearance yet of any body to prevent the sitting of the court; the reports have not yet ceased however. Had tea at my chamber this evening, and several of the club past the evening with me. Lovell, a classmate of mine, is half crazy, at hearing so much news. He wants to be doing something, and is determined by some means or other to fight the insurgents. He says he is no politician, he was made for an active life, but he cannot live in a place, where there is so much news.\n       The reports of Shays, and Shattuck coming, at the head of thousands to stop the Court, grow more rare. It is now almost too late to spread any more stories of that kind. Shattuck instead of attacking, will have to defend himself, for, about 150 young volunteers, from Boston, under the command of Coll. Hitchborn went through here this forenoon, on horseback, and are gone, with the design to seize two or three of the ring leaders of the mob, and bring them down to Boston. The Roxbury artillery company, under Major Spooner: went likewise from here in the evening. They would not say, which way they were going, but it is supposed they have the intention of seizing Wheeler and Smith, two of the leaders in the County of Worcester. There seems to be a small spark of patriotism, still extant; it is to be hoped, that it will be fanned, and kindled by danger, but not smothered by sedition. A republic must very frequently be called back to the principles of its government, and so long as it has sufficient virtue for that, its constitution will stand firm.\n   Benjamin Hichborn was called on 29 Nov. to lead a corps of cavalry volunteers into northern Middlesex co. against the insurgents (Sibley-Shipton, Harvard GraduatesJohn Langdon Sibley and Clifford K. Shipton, Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Cambridge and Boston, 1873- ., 17:36\u201344).\n   Capt. Adam Wheeler, of Hubbardston, who with about one hundred men had kept the Worcester courts from meeting in September and again in November (Ellery B. Crane, \u201cShays\u2019 Rebellion,\u201d Worcester Society of Antiquity, Procs. . . . For the Year 1881, p. 72\u201373, 81\u201382).\n   JQA may be referring to Nathan Smith of Shirley, Middlesex co., who was with Wheeler on 12 Sept. when the insurgents kept the Middlesex courts from opening at Concord (same, p. 74\u201376).", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0011-0001", "content": "Title: Friday December 1st. 1786.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       It was on Wednesday, that the troop of horsemen from Boston went up in search of Shattuck. They succeeded in their attempt, and this forenoon at about 11 o\u2019clock, they return\u2019d through this town, with two besides Shattuck; by the names of Parker, and Page. These were taken by the horsemen, from Groton, before, the arrival of those from Boston. The circumstances of Shattuck\u2019s capture, are variously related, but the following are the most authenticated. The gentlemen pass\u2019d the night on Wednesday at Concord; and yesterday morning, at about seven, they went to Shattuck\u2019s house. He was gone from thence but they could not discover which way. They then came about a mile on this road, and met a man, who by threats and promises was induced to tell them, that he had parted from Shattuck, but a short Time before, but he would not say where. They proceeded a little further, and saw in the snow the tracks of a man, going from the common road. They suspected them to be his, and followed them. Mr. Sampson Read, first saw him, on the opposite bank of a small river, and immediately cross\u2019d it on the ice; Shattuck then came to a stand, and said to Read: \u201cI know you not; but whoever you are you are a dead man.\u201d Read ascended the bank; a scuffle between them ensued. Read fell over the Bank, and the other, in making a violent push, at him, lost his sword, and fell upon him. He recovered his sword however, and was just about to pierce his antagonist with it, when Dr. Rand of Boston, arrived, and drew the sword from his hand, backwards by the hilt; at the same time Fortescue Vernon aimed at Shattucks arm, but the sword glanced, and wounded him dangerously in the knee, upon which he immediately surrendered himself; but said he should be rescued in half an hour: the gentlemen, were not molested however in bringing him off; but had every where every assistance given them, that they were in want of, and the apparent good will of every one, wherever they went.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0011-0002", "content": "Title: 2d.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       The party from Roxbury under the command of Major Spooner, which went from here, thursday evening, were not so successfull in their pursuit of Wheeler, and Smith, as those who went for Shattuck. They mistook the house where he was, and he got information of their being in quest of him, before they could find him, so that he made his escape. The Court adjourned from hence this afternoon, and Cambridge is not at present in danger of being the immediate scene of action. These rebels have for these three months, been the only topic of conversation all over the Commonwealth.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0011-0003", "content": "Title: 3d.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       A number of the Class drank tea in the morning at Bridge\u2019s chamber. Attended meeting, all day; Mr. Hilliard preached in his ordinary stile in the morning, but after dinner he gave us, a sermon against swearing; the best I ever heard him deliver.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0011-0004", "content": "Title: 4th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       We had after prayers a class-meeting, upon the subject of a private commencement. Freeman read the Petition, which he was desired by the class to draw up; it was voted that it should be carried up this week. I went with Sever, and pass\u2019d the evening at Mr. Gerry\u2019s. Just before we went it began to snow, but when we return\u2019d, we had a violent storm, with the wind in our faces all the way. Sat with Sever about an hour after we got back.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0011-0005", "content": "Title: 5th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       The storm continued with unabated violence, a great part of the day. In the evening however it cleared up, and is now very cold. This day had been appointed for exhibition, but the weather was such as prevented it. Several of the Class had invited a number of the young ladies in town, to a dance, but were obliged to postpone it likewise for several days.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0011-0006", "content": "Title: 6th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       The Weather fair, but the Snow, which drifted a great deal, is in some places so deep, that it is impossible to get through it. We danced in the club this evening at Foster\u2019s chamber.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0011-0007", "content": "Title: 7th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       I have been rather idle, this week, and this day entirely so. This evening I went down with Mr. Andrews to Judge Dana\u2019s, and spent a couple of hours there. Invited Miss Ellery and Miss Nancy Mason, to the dance to\u2019morrow.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0011-0009", "content": "Title: 9th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Very little fatigue, by the last night\u2019s party: but much fatigued by the weather. For there came on this morning a second snowstorm which has raged all day with as much violence, as that which came in the beginning of the week. All the former paths, are filled up, and in some places the snow is more than 6 feet deep, and what is worse than all; I am entirely destitute of wood, and am obliged, to go about, and live upon my neighbours. The storm is so violent, that it was with the greatest difficulty, we could get to Williams\u2019s, where we drank tea this evening.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0011-0010", "content": "Title: 10th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       The weather cleared up this morning; but the wind was so high, and the snow so deep; that Mr. Hilliard could not get out to meeting. The breakfast club were at my chamber, in the morn\u00ading; and at noon we all went down and dined at Bradish\u2019s. We pass\u2019d the afternoon, and supp\u2019d there. Bridge, and I, made an attempt to go down to Professor Wiggles worth\u2019s in the evening, but the snow was so deep we could not succeed.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0011-0011", "content": "Title: 11th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       We recite this week in Burlamaqui, to Mr. Burr, but he did not attend this day. I am reduced to the necessity of being idle; for I have no wood left, and must live where I can. Foster went off this morning to Boston, and I have for the present taken up my quarters with Bridge, who has a little wood left. Meeting of the \u03a6BK, this evening at Burge\u2019s chamber; the performers were absent: so there was nothing done except admitting Barron, and appointing performers for the next meeting, which is to be at Cranch\u2019s chamber this day fort\u2019night.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0011-0012", "content": "Title: 12th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       The government, this morning, determined that if more than half the students should be destitute of wood, the college should be dismiss\u2019d. The president went to Boston, to consult the corporation, upon the subject, and he informed Little, who went this evening to request leave to go home, that the students would be permitted to disperse, to-morrow morning. Club danced at Little\u2019s chamber this evening.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0011-0013", "content": "Title: 13th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       This morning, immediately after prayers, the president informed us that the vacation would begin at present, and be for 8 weeks, and hinted that the spring vacation, might on that account be omitted. As I thought I should be able to study much more conveniently here than any where else; I obtained leave to remain in town. Bridge proposes staying likewise, and we shall live together. In the afternoon we went down to Professor Wigglesworth\u2019s; found Miss Ellery just going home; I went with her, and pass\u2019d half an hour at the judge\u2019s. Bridge engaged for us both to board at Mr. Wigglesworth\u2019s. Spent the evening at Mr. Pearson\u2019s.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0011-0015", "content": "Title: 15th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Many families in town are distressed for want of wood; the snow, is so deep, that, the people in the Country cannot get into the woods, and there have been but two or three loads in town, since, the first storm. We begin to be shortened for it; and, are therefore prevented from studying, with any application, for the present.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0011-0016", "content": "Title: 16th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Tom, came from Boston this forenoon. Fifteen persons were buried there this afternoon, who perished, by different shipwrecks in the late storms. The weather quite moderate; and so calm that we could hear the bells in Boston toll, as plain, as we can that in Town, from the chambers in Hollis.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0011-0017", "content": "Title: 17th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Chandler 1st. went off this morning; there are about 20 of the scholars, who have not yet been able to get home. They are however going off, one by one. Attended meeting all day. Mr. Hilliard preached in the morning, a sermon, which I have heard him deliver before. Thanksgiving sermon I suppose took up all his Time this week. Mr. Burr preach\u2019d in the afternoon, and saved the Parson, the trouble, of reading another old piece. The young preachers are generally the most liberal minded; Mr. Burr was very particular, upon the insufficiency of faith without works, and strongly recommended morality.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0011-0018", "content": "Title: 18th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       The young Ladies at Mr. Wigglesworth\u2019s, dined at Judge Danas, I went down there with Bridge; to tea, and pass\u2019d the evening, very sociably. The conversation turn\u2019d upon diverse topics, and among the rest upon love which is almost always the case when there are Ladies present. Peggy came away at about 10, but Miss Jones, concluded to stay there, to-night.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0011-0019", "content": "Title: 19th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Foster, and Lovell, and Cranch were here to day; all came for their cloaths &c. Several of the Class still remain, and untill they are gone, it will be impossible for us to study much. As they expect to go every day, they are rather dissipated, and more or less make us so. We got this day a load of wood. It is however still very dear.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0011-0020", "content": "Title: 20th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       I have been rather more attentive this day, than for this week, past, and have written considerably. This evening a slay came from Petersham for Baron and Whitney. The person, who came with it informs us, that the insurgents have all disbanded, that numbers of them suffered extremely in the late storms, one or two perished, and several still remain, very ill at Worcester. They have had time to reflect on their conduct, and for their enthusiasm to cool down; I wish it may reform them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0011-0022", "content": "Title: 22d.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Miss Cutts\u2019s misfortune, last night, has been a subject of much diversion, to the Ladies; to Miss Jones especially, who is inclined to be satirical, and appears to take no pains to restrain that disposition; whence I conclude, she considers it as an accomplishment. This is a very common error, especially among the female sex. Satire they suppose, always includes wit, and many a severe reflection has been made, not from a principle of disapprobation, but with a view of appearing brilliant. Miss Jones, I fancy is not entirely faultless in that respect: she is but 18, rather giddy, and unexperienced. She has a very fair complexion, and good eyes, of which she is sensible; her face, is rather capricious than beautiful, and some of her features, are not handsome; of this she is not so well apprized; her shape is not inelegant, but, her limbs are rather large: she is susceptible of the tender Sentiments; but the passion, rather than the lover is the object of her affection; she is perhaps too sarcastic, but her real disposition which is good natured will excuse that; and a few more years may correct the foible.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0011-0025", "content": "Title: 25th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Christmas day; and one of the coldest, we have had this Season. The snow which has fallen, will be very useful in the roads: it fell very even, and has filled up the bare spots; we spent the evening at the professor\u2019s with Mr. Ware, and Mr. Andrews. Had a good deal of chat with Peggy. Mr. Ware sung.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0011-0026", "content": "Title: 26th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Bridge went to Boston. Mason finally took his leave, and left us to ourselves; so that we shall henceforth, be able to study, with much less interruption than we have hitherto done.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0011-0028", "content": "Title: 28th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Studying Saunderson; Mayo was here in the afternoon. Mr. Ware likewise paid us a visit and sat about half an hour. The weather has been very good for several days, but the weatherwise foretell a snow storm.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0011-0029", "content": "Title: 29th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Continuation of the same course. We got us some wood, this afternoon. Bridge, pass\u2019d the evening with the Ladies, at Mr. Mason\u2019s; but for particular reasons I preferr\u2019d staying at home. Lloyd was here in the forenoon. Bridge, and Freeman return\u2019d late from Mr. Mason\u2019s. Freeman pass\u2019d an hour with us, after he came back.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0011-0030", "content": "Title: 30th.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       The week has closed as it began, and I shall be content if for the six remaining weeks of the vacation I can make, an equal progress, in my present course of studies. Williams spent the evening with us. The weather is quite moderate; and has the appearance of rain.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/03-02-02-0001-0011-0031", "content": "Title: 31st.\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: \n       Sacrament day. Mr. Hilliard preach\u2019d an occasional sermon in the forenoon; and in the afternoon from Acts IV. 28. We pass\u2019d the evening at the professors, in company with Mr. Andrews.\n       This day completes two years, since, I attempted to commit to paper, the transactions, which daily occurr\u2019d, in which I was concerned. It is a question, whether amidst the quantity of trivial events, to which I have given place, and the heap of trash which I have here inserted, there is sufficient matter worthy of remembrance, to compensate for the time I have spent in writing. For these 15 months, the Scenes before me have been so much alike, that these pages have not even the small merit of variety: but to myself I have always spoken, for myself I have always written, and to myself only, I am accountable for the nonsense, and folly in this and the preceding Volume.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0002", "content": "Title: Elizabeth Storer Smith to Abigail Adams, 3 January 1786\nFrom: Smith, Elizabeth Storer,Storer, Elizabeth\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n     Notwithstanding the unconquerable aversion I ever had to writing I cannot forbear taking up my Pen, to Congratulate my dear Neice on the new year, and to thank her for her favour by the Welcome hand of my Nephew, who is return\u2019d I hope uncorupted, I do not wonder you wisht to keep him with you, I think he is very agreable. Your Journal and Letters to your friends have ever afforded me great Pleasure, and I look on my self under greater Obligation as your Correspondence is so large.\n     I am glad to find you still retain such an affection to your Native Place, notwithstanding the number of gay Senes which sorounde you, I make no doubt it would be pleasing to you, as well as to all your Conections, to have you with Mr and Miss A return to us again. I have slept but three nights at Brantree since my dear friend absence, it realy looks so Melancholy, I cannot take that pleasure I used to when you was their, I hope you will enliven it again with your Company, the pleasure we feel at seeing our Friends return, in a great measure make up for the pain of separation.\n     I wish it was in my power to write any thing entertaining, but as I seldom go abroad in Winter, I know but little besides what passes in my one familey, and there is no Matches going on the too Old Bacheldors still continue so.\n     Mrs Gill has latly had a letter from Mrs Hollowell informing her Capt H. and she had been a Journey and there health is much better, I am sorry their is any impedient in the way to your visiting Mrs H. as I know you would both be happy in each others acquaintance.\n     Please to remember my love to Miss Hobart, I am much obliged to her for enquiering after me, she is Sister to Mrs Vasal and formaly lived with Madam Steel one of my most agreable Neighbours, I should be glad to see her and Mr Vasal\u2019s familey in Boston again.\n     So our friend Thomas B. begins to think he shall not live here always, as he has so good an opinion of your Uncle I wish he would leave him a handsome legasy, I think he ought to for the care he took of his intrest when he was out of town.\n     How does my good friend Mrs Rogers has she recovered her health, give my love to her, I sinserely sympathize with her in the death of her amiable Mama: O how many kind friends have we been calld to part with since you left us, and whose turn it may be next God only knows, but may we all be prepared for this Change and meet again in the World above to part no more is the sinsere wish of Your Affectonate Aunt\n      Elizabeth Smith\n      PS. Mr and Mrs Otis are well and send their love to you and Mr and miss Adams. My love to Cousin Nabby I sinserely wish her happy.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0003", "content": "Title: Cotton Tufts to Abigail Adams, 5 January 1786\nFrom: Tufts, Cotton\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n      Dear Cousin\n      Weymouth Boston Jany 5. 1786\n     I have to thank you for your Communications of Sept and Octob. which came to Hand. And I have many Things which I wish to write but must confine myself to some few matters that have relation to your Affairs. Your Bro Adams informs me that he has your Note for \u00a330. I wish to know whether you would have me discharge it. I this day paid your Mohr. Hall 5 Dolrs. for the ft. Quarter having deferered it to this Time in order to begin the Payments with the Year. Your Tenant Mr Pratt has been so unfortunate in the Year past as to lose with the Horn Distemper one of the largest Oxen\u20142 Cows, and one Hog with a Distemper of which a Number have died. I have thoughts of making him a Consideration in the Settlement of Acctts. as the loss will be heavy to him and I presume it will not be disagreable to you. I have received the 17 Guineas by Mr Charles Storer (5 delivered him and 12 by the Way of Dr. Crosby). I informed you that I had laid out for Mr Adams Upwards of \u00a3100 in Consoledated Notes\u2014and have followed your Directions by your Son John, a more particular Acctt. of the whole, I shall give you in my Next. I wish you to attend to the matter relative to Doanes Acctt. and send me an Answer\u2014and from Time to Time give me a dish of Politices for I assure you that your Intelligence is very acceptable. What shall I do should it be found necessary to call for a Surrender of Account Books Papers &c in the Hands of a certain Attorney. I have found it necessary for a long while to call for the Completion of this and that Business &c which is not very pleasing to one who wishes to have Business dispatched with Care and punctuality and Speed. However I hope I have got Matters into a tolerable good Train. There is not a little rejoicing here at the Breaking off a Correspondence between the young Folks. As soon as I get Leisure I shall write you a long Letter which the Necessity of my returning home this Forenoon and a Snow Storm coming on prevents.\n     Be so kind as to forward the Letter to Mr Elwerthy. Remember me to Mr Adams and Cousin. Charles is well\u2014now at Braintree being the Winter Vacation, your other Children were well last Week. Adieu. Yr Friend &c\n      C Tufts", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0006", "content": "Title: Edward Baldwin to Abigail Adams, 17 January 1786\nFrom: Baldwin, Edward\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n      Madam\n      Saint James\u2019s Market 17th. January 1786\n     Understanding that through the means of some improper and unjust Conduct in your Servants you have had reason to doubt the honesty of some of your Trades-people and as such have come to a determination of changing them. I beg leave to observe, that, truly sensible of my own Integrity throughout the whole time I have had the satisfaction of serving you, the very first moment that I heard of your being dissatisfied with me, which was about Ten days since and which was respecting a deficiency in the Weight of some Meat which your Cook came down to my Shop and informed me of I immediately sett off to your House to re-weigh the same when I found missing a piece of Brisket of Beef and a piece of Gravey Beef which prevented my reweighing the Meat, but the fact really is, that, at that time as well as all others ever since I have had the pleasure of serving you the Weight was full and just and every Article charged hath been at all times truly and faithfully delivered agreeable to the Orders I have received\u2014I have endeavourd, personally to have the satisfaction of Acquitting myself to you in this Business but could not obtain an opportunity, your Servants seemed averse to it, however I hope and trust I shall acquire such my wish herein, as, whether you shall be kind enough to continue to indulge me with the happiness of serving your House or not, it behoves me as a Trades-man to support the Character of an Honest Man. Begging pardon for the Trouble I here give you, and thanking you for the favours I have already received, take the liberty to Subscribe myself, Madam, Your much Obliged and very humble Servant\n      Edward BaldwinButcher", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0007", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams 2d to John Quincy Adams, 22 January 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail (daughter of JA and AA)\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n       Sunday January 22d. 1786\n     I have taken my pen, to frame an appology to you my Dear Brother. There are so many that offer themselvs to me, that I am almost at a loss, which to avail myself of as most sattisfactory to you\u2014should I tell you that no opportunity of forwarding my Letter to you had been the cause of my silence since the 9th of December or that not having received any answer to my many long Letters I had determined to wait till I should hear again from you, or, that time and opportunity had not rendered it possible for me to write, or that my acquaintance had become so numerious and my time so much employd in visitting and festing them that I could find no moment unoccupied enough to collect my scattered ideas and arange them for your perusal. Some of these and many of the Like I could collect and perhaps you might be sattisfied but to none of these causes is my silence to be attributed, but has arrisen, from not knowing how to explain the cause to you, in such a manner as to gaurd you from surprise\u2014and I am even at this moment equally at a loss\u2014so I will enclose you a profile of a friend of your sisters as an introduction to the Gentleman to your acquaintance and perhaps he may tell you the Whole Story.\n     My journal has been a little interrupted but I shall indeavour to continue it, as well as relate to you whatever may have passd worth your knowing since my Last. We have formd some new ac\u00adquaintances, but none that are very interesting. We dined once at a Mr Penns, who was formerly Governor of Pensylvania and who Married a Lady in America. She has a sister Miss Masters who Lives with her, that is much celebrated for her beauty, and much admired for her expectations and an American Gentleman told me he thought her the handsomest Women he had sien in England. With these prepossessions in her favour, I went into Company where She was. I did not arraign the taste of the Gentleman, but I had sat half an hour before I could be convinced that Miss Masters was present. It is said that She is a fine bold beauty, two ideas that in my mind are incompatiable; I thought this description applicable to her.\n     But bold her Mien unguarded roved her Eye, and her flushd cheek confessd at nearer view the borrowd blushes of an artfull die.\n     I am sure she would not have please your fancy. She is a particular friend of Mrs Binghams and you may judge of her.\n     Miss Hamilton of whom I have spoken to you, was, present at the same time and the contrast much in her favour, but this Lady with all the delicate softness and sweetness of unconscious beauty, will not attract the admiration of your sex, half so much as the other whom I have described to you. It must be acknowledged that your tastes are strongly degenerated. Mr P\u2014 seems to affect more roughness of Character than you even find general in this County, but professes to be an American in his principles. Mrs P, as ugly, Masculine and withot one trait of the amiable femal Character. In fine I was dasgusted with their manners, and appearance, and a gentleman observd, to me that he had not heard, such Language, in Thre years, as he had at table in one hour\u2014yet it was polite fashionable and in Short without it they would have thought themselvs unGenteel. The Company were the family we visitted Mr and Mrs Pen, Mrs and Miss Masters Mr Hamilton and Miss H, Mr Chew, Pappa Mamma myself Mr Smith and Mr Humphries.\n     We have been visitted by a Mrs Lamar as an American, and we received an invitation to a small party at her House the week before last. To give you some idea of society here, I will describe this visit, at Eight o clock we went, Mamma myself and Col S. Pappa did not choose to go. The Lady received us at the Doer, inquired after our Health lamented her disappotment in not seeing his Excellency, ordered us a Cup of tea, and askd whether we would play Whist or Commerce. In this way She receives the Whole Company, you take your seat, drink your tea, and must soon conclude to play either Whisth or Commerce or subject yourself to an inquirey from every person in Company why you do not. I long attemted to plead ignorance of Cards, or of any Game, and in every company but this I have kept to my resolution of not playing, but I found it singular, and if the Company was small the Lady of the House thought herself obliged to set still to keep me company, so this Eve I engaged in Commerce, and fortunately, in this circle of fifty People, got seated at a table with Mr and Ms West Miss Hamilton and Mr Smith. In the course of the evening you are offerd cake and lemonade, and at Ten or Eleven your Carriage is announced, you finish your Game, make a curtsey to the Lady of the House and come away, without noticeing any other Person in Company, or perhaps, knowing any creature only you go, with company. This is the manner of visitting, and a most stupid one it is, yet it may be unavoidable. Where one is obliged to have a large acquaintance it is impossible not to mix your Company, and in such numerous circle, any general conversation is impossible. You must get into parties and, where you are all strangers, they must substitute cards for amusement. They do not oblige you to play high, tho every one must play something, half a crown a game is the usual sum, at some Houses Half a Guinea. But young Ladies play Commerce, which is tottally a game of Chance and a most insipid One too. Here you put one two or three shillings to the Pool and run your chance of gaining or loosing. There are no other games, at present fashionable.\n     This is the most fashionable Way of visitting here for these People who cannot afford to give dinners may make a figure in this way. It costs you only a little Cake and lemonade, fire and Candeles. Your company pays a shilling a Person for the Cards, that is, they who ever Leave a shilling a Person under the candelestick for the Cards, which is a perquisite of the servants who supply them. Custom reconciles any thing in this Way, but to me it appears a most abominable one.\n     More than a week ago, I made an effort to continue my journal, and succeeded thus far when I was interrupted by Madame Binghams being anounced and every day since I have thought of resuming my pen, but waited in hopes to hear from you by the arrival of Young. And to our great joy we received a Number of Letters by his ship, but those which he has in his possession, we have not yet re\u00adcieved. I have one from you my Dear Brother but it is no latter than the 3d. of September and tho I was extremely gratified with it yet I was not sattisfied that there was none Later, and hope yet I shall find one. I will go on with my journal till the receipt of Your Letter, and then notice it.\n     Mr and Mrs Bingham called to pay their respects. I allways used to observe in Paris that when this Gentleman had any point to sollicit he allways discovered it by his attention to visit, &c\u2014 and from his movements now I judge that he wishes to be presented at Court. They say, they shall go to America in the Month of March. Mr B. called one Morning last week and told us, that Mrs B. was perfectly sattisfied with going, indeed she would not stay if she were to follow her own wishes, that all her ideas were American. This Morning we congratulated her upon, the change of her inclination from last year, but she, denied it all, and declared that necessity was her only motive. They have spent three Months at the Hague and she is very much charmed and delighted with it. To be sure the Publick amusements are not equal to Paris but then there is so much good society, and She so much admired, that it would be ingratitude not to be pleased. He wonders, that Congress shold make so many appointments there, without being sure of there being accepted, thinks it a great disadvantage to our Country, and such is his Patriotism, that were it offered to him, I guess he would not refuse.\n     This Evening Mamma, myself, Mr Smith and Mr Humphryes, went to visit Mrs Paradise, at one of her Evening parties. There were I believe forty People crouded into two rooms, not too large for a dozen. Ladies and Gentlemen, Stars and Garters, ribbands, and Medals\u2014in Short such a collection as, might be descriptive of the Tower of Babel, for there were some from all Nations English Americans Spanish French Portugeese Polloneesse Venetians Russians, and, the duce knows who. We arrived rather late and had not a choice of seats. I took one next to a Mrs Coswey, an Italian who is rather a singular Character she paintts and her subjects are the most sungular that one can imagine. I saw the last year in the Exbition of painting several of her performances. One was a Dream, another the deludge, the most extreordinary things, that imagination could form. She speaks English Italian and French vastly well, it is said, Plays and sings, well, but has nevertheless, the foibles, which attend these accomplishments. I sat by her the Evening and was witness to sollicidute from all most Every Person in the room, to her to Play, and sing, and of her absolute refusall. She was sick had a voilent Cold and had not sung for a forght night. At last after every one had given over there sollicitude she, followed her own inclincation and play and sang till she came away. Now I think a Woman is never excuseable for such a Conduct uless like Miss Mayhew, she has an ineshaustable fund of Wit and good Humour to display upon the occasion, which this Lady had not. She is one of those soft gentle pretty Women, whose Compliance with the request of the company would please more than her Airs could possibly give her importance. She has Musical parties at her own House on Monday Evenings. We have no acquaintance tho General Pauolia, whom you know from report I suppose was there. He appears to be about sixty years of age, light Complexion red Hair, and discovers no simtoms of greatness, or Extraordinary quallities. But were I to attempt to describe the various Characters that were present I shold tire myself, and you also.\n     When one wishes to see singularity in all its forms it is only necessary to visit this family, for in themselvs they are, extremely so, and we find like all others of their acquaintance that civility is only to be preserved by ceremony and distance.\n      Monday the 23d.\n     Pappa and Mr Smith dined at Mr Penns. This was a Political dinner, at the request of, Lord Shelbure who was present with Lord Abingdon. These People you know are supposed to be in the oppossition and this was the day before the meeting of Parliament. I believe Pappa was not extremely sattisfied, with thier sentiments with respect to US at least. He thinks they have no decided system. But this is Politicks.\n      Tuesday, 24th.\n     This day the Parliament meets and the King delivered his speach from the Throne. Sir Clement Cottril Domir Dormer Master of the cerimonies, sent your Mamma word that if she wished to see this cerimony he would secure her places. But we had engaged company to dine and feared we should be detaind too late, but we might have gone for his Majesty came out at half after three. Our Company were Mr and Mrs West Mr West Junr Mr Trumble, who has finished his battle of Bunkers Hill, and I assure you it is a most terible thing if the expression may be allowed to express, a good performance. I went to see it the other Morning and I was frozen, it is enough to make ones hair to stand on End. The moment of the Piece is when General Warren is slain and the scene, is dreadfully beautifull, or rather dreadfully expressive. It is to be engraved, and will secure to him imortal reputation. He is now upon the Dath of Montgomory. Mr and Miss Hamilton Miss Hollowell, and a Mr Ansty an Englishman, a Lawyer and a Member of Parliament, who is appointed to go out to America to assertain the claims of the Royalists. He was introduced to Pappa by My Lord Carmarthen and Pappa has given him letters to the Governors of all the states, and others to Members of Congress. He has calld upon Pappa once before but I did not then see him and today was the first time and without Hessitation I can say that he is the handsomest, politest best bred Englishman I have yet seen. In short I doubted whether he really was an Englishman his manners were perfectly easy and polite and he was the admiration of the Company. I was sorry that I had not any letter written for you to forward by him as he intends visiting Boston soon after his arrival. Your Mamma has written by him to your Aunt Cranch. If I had have thought more of it I would at least have given him a Letter of introduction to you, for I really think him a Phenominon. His family live at Bath and he leaves London on sunday, for thence and goes in the Packet which will sail the first Wedensday in Februry. Mr Humphrys and Mr Smith finishd our circle. These gentlemen however we call a part of our own family for they dine with us, every day when they are not otherwise engaged. I often wish for you my Brother to make a sixth, at Table and in every scene. I miss you and wish for you, but to no purpose. I have not had a game of romps since the 12th of May and doubt whether I ever shall again. We amuse ourselvs with battledoors, Chess, Cards and &c. Mr Humphries is having his last Poem published if he should present one to me I shall forward it to you. He says that he likes Engld better than he expected he has met with no incivilities of any kind, and he finds them a civiler People than he expected. He now waits for Mrs Siddons to appear and to hear the debates in Parliament before he makes his exit. Pappa tills him he shall be quite in the deepts when he goes\u2014and sometimes proposes to him in jest that they should go together to Algiers to make a Treaty. Mr Barclays movements are so slow that it does not appear that he will get there before next summer, he was appointed in October, and he had not left Paris the begining of January. Lamb and Randall, are I suppose nearly arrived, at Algiers, but from all accounts there does not seem to be much prospect of their succeeding, from the total incapacity of the former. Indeed all who are con\u00adcernd in the affair, fear that this effort will be inaffectual which is very unfortunate. Pappa says, that he suspects that the Emperior of Morroco, will suppose his dignity insulted by receiving only persons deputized by those who Congress Commisioned, and he does not know but he shall have to go himsellf in the spring if this should be the case. I confess I am not sure that he would not go. I have offered to accompany him but you know I did to Madrid, but I suspect I shall see no more of the One than the other. This however is entree Nous.\n      Wedensday 25th\n     Mamma and myself were out in the Morning to visit Mr Smith at Clapham, whom I have mentioned formerly to you, as an agreeable family who have shown us many civilities. We had an invitation to a ball and supper at ther House the last week. Pappa you know, dislikes going himself into such companies and Mamma nor myself do not like to go by ourselvs, so we did not accept the invitation. Mrs Smith was so polite as to request Mamma to put me under her Care, for the Eve, but I thought it best not to go. Mr Humphryes and Mr Smith were there and gave us a very cleaver account of it. The latter does not dance, but Plays, and. On our return we called at Madame Binghams but were not admitted and I suppose were we to go every day in the week it would be the sam thing. They have taken a small House, but by no means, superb, and I suppose do not propose seeing Company at all.\n      Fryday 27th\n     Mamma and myself were out all the Morning. We are much engaged at present in preparing our dresses for the Birth day, which has been put off from the 18 of jany, to the 9th of February on account of the long Mourning for the Queens Brother and sister which has kept al London in sable for two Months past. The Princess Elizabbeth has been very much indisposed for a long time her Life has been dispaird of but She is better at Present. Appropo I believe I have never yet told you, that the Publick papers have sent the Prince of Whales to sup with us, about 2 Months since. And it was believed by many People, some who were acquainted in this family really supposed it. It was I suppose a pareigraph to answer their own Ends. And Mrs Right who was not much pleased at it tho She really belived it till we told her the truth, says that the Princes servants did not deny it, and he said himself in Princely Language\u2014Dam it\u2014it is time to go\u2014and be friends\u2014this is entree Nous.\n      Saturday 28th.\n     To day your Pappa dined at a Mr Wilmots, one of the Commisioners, to judge of the Claims of the American Refugees. Mr Humphryes and Mr Smith dined at Mr Binghams so Mamma and myself were alone, till Even.\n      Sunday 29th.\n     We went to Church, and herd an Excellent sermon from Dr Price, upon the chain of Universal being. He tells us, that we all have, good and bad Angells, Gaurding over us, and that all our actions are under their influence and . His system is that that this chain of being also exists from animate matter in gradation up to Man (and which many suppose there stops) goes still further and that Man is only one link, which is persued, to infinite perfection. And I recollect in one of his sermons he has given this sentiment that we have existed before, our present state and that when we make our exit from hence we shall asscend by gradual stages, and become more and more perflect provied we are good and virtuous. These cannot be speculative opinions from him whith which he only amuses, the Minds and pleases the imagination. They must be his real sentiments, or he would not deliver them from the Pulpit.\n     After we returnd from Church I left a Card with Miss H. Mr Bridgen called upon Pappa, and Mr R R Randall Brother to the Gentleman you know. As we had engaged a company of Americans to dine to day Pappa askd him to stay which he did. He is not so agreeable as his Brother. Mr Anstly calld this Morn, to take leave of Pappa he expected to have gone before. My former opinion was confirmed of him as much as it could be. Our Company to dine were, Mr Forrest an American Merchant settled here. He was formerly an officer in the Army, where he lost his Leg, but he has got into business and seems to be a worthy Man. Dr Bancroft you know. There were four Gentlemen from Carolina, Mr Heyward, Mr Gibbs, Mr Shewbreck and Mr Readhead. Mr Murry was invited with Mr Forrest but he has lately been extremely ill and has not recoverd enought to go into Company. The Death of his father has distressed him very much and his Mother is in a Maloncholy state of Mind. The former event renders it absolutely necessey for him to go out in the spring. He is now recovering his Health. Did you receive a Letter from him which was enclosed by Charles Storer to my Uncle Tufts or Cranch? It went by a ship, which saild about a week before Lyde. As you have inclosed no letter for him I fear it has missd you. Most all the Americans, who are here seem to be going in the spring. Mr and Mrs Bingham Mr and Mrs Rucker Miss Ransey Mr and Miss Hamilton Mr Chew, and indeed most that I am acquainted with, will make theier exit. Some I shall very much regret, and others I shall not think of, at all. There seems to be but little Communication at present between Ouer state and this Country, and Politicians say there will be still less, that the Trade of America is stopd to this Country never to begin again, that France will receive more and more every day. You will hear perhaps, that Mr Boylston has sold his Oil in Paris at a very great advantage 30 per cent clear gain, and that Mr Barret has made a Contract to send so much Oil, and to receive French Goods. The Marquis, has his influence and it has had its affect. The Person who has the lighting of the 30 Citties, prefers our Oil to ether Dutch or Any other. These are things with which your Father is pleased.\n      Monday 30th.\n     This afternoon I received your letter by Young, but I was not a little surprised to find it no later than the 7th of september, and can only account for it by supposing there must be another in Capt Youngs Care.\n      Tuesday 31st.\n     Pappa went at three o clock this Morn to the House of Parliament. Mr Wilmot with whom he dined a saturday and who is a member of P\u2014 introduced him. He had spoken to Mr Pit and some other Gentlemen, and they were very sivil. The Person on whose particular department it is to admit Gentlemen, said, that sometimes Member of P\u2014 introduced Counts and Barons, under the title of Foreign Ministers, which makes him allways carefull, to know who he admited but we all know Mr Adams, and I shall be happy to see him whenever he chooses to come. But the House ajournd, and Pappa got home before four much pleased with the marks of civility shown him. He walkd home with Mr Penn, who is very polite and told Pappa that if we wanted to go to the Play at any time Mrs Pen, would accommodate us, with places, for by some means or other She has so much influence with the Box keepers as to have a Box whenever she pleases. We have been trying for some time to get a Box, but it is impossible unless you bribe the Box keepers, and we have never yet done that. But there are Ladies who go so far as to give twenty Gueaneas a years, as a present to the Box keepers, for which they have places whenever they apply. it is not so in F They manage this matter better in France said yorick\u2014upon some other occasion. A Gentleman may Generally get accommodated with seats. Pappa ges often with Mr Humphries. This Evening he went to Covent Garden to see the Distressd Mother, in which Miss Brunton playd. She is a very promising Actress, a little more than seventeen, and for her age really surprizing. I saw her in juliet of Shakespear, and was much pleased, she plays with the greatest judgment. I thought She was deficient in sensibility but I am told that She does not in other Characters. She hasnt such a countenance as Mrs siddons but in time she may approach There have appeard several new peices, lately one calld the Heiress, which is said to be written by Genl Burgoine, and Mr Smith says, He has not seen so delicate a Comedy since he has been in England. I have not seen it yet.\n      Wedensday Februry the 1st. 1786.\n     Mr and Mrs Bingham askd Pappa to present them at Court on the Birth day, but as this is contrary to etiquette, they must be presented this week or stay till the Week after the Birth day. This was not a little disappointment. Last Eve Pappa received a Card from Mr B. telling him that Mrs B. would defer her presentation but that his anxiety was so great to pay his respects to the King that he begd he might be presented to day at the levee insted of Thursday at the drawing room. These were his own words and this Morning by Pappas appointment he called at half past twelve, accompanied by his Dear friend Mr Crawford, with whom they returnd from Paris. When they got to the levee your Pappa says, he teized him till he got him to introduce him to Lord Carmarthen, and in this way it is that he forces himself upon People\u2014ridiculous being.\n     We dined to day at Mr Copelys, the Company were only Pappa Mamma myself Mr Smith Mr Humphryes Mr and Mrs Roggers. I passd an agreeable day. Mr and Mrs C\u2014 look as if bowed down under affliction they lost two Lovely Chrildren, about, two Months since with the inflamatory soar throat. No one can wonder at their dejection they seeem to exert themselvs to appear chearfull. We came away at Nine oclock.\n      Thursday Feb 2d.\n     Pappa and Mr Smith went to the Drawing room. Mr B. was presented to her Majesty. Mr Crawford went with Mr Bingham and\n     Pappa yesterday to the levee, from here in our Carriage, and to day, the papers say Mr Crawford was presented by your Pappa to the King tho he was presented a forghtmight since. The Foreign Ministers were rallying your father about it to day. Mr Eden, is appointed to make Commercial arangments and Treaty with France. It is said he is going to Paris soon. The Papers have been full of this matter for this Month, but tis thought that he will meet no better success than Mr Craufurd. Tis said he has the sallary of an Ambassador. The Duke of Dorset has returnd to Paris, and tis said that Conpt D\u2019adamah d\u2019Adh\u00e9mar, is on his rout to London.\n      Fryday 3d.\n     Mamma and myself went down and passd the day with Mrs Roggers. Pappa was going to Parliament and the Gentlemen dined from home.\n      Saturday 4th.\n     We were at home all day. We rode in the Park in the Morning the weather was very fine indeed. In the Evening Mr Voss a Virginian and Mr Trumble called upon us.\n      sunday 5.\n     Pappa and Mamma went to Meeting. I stayd at home to write to you. The Gentlemen dined with us. Mr Brown called in the Evening. Mr Humphryes went to Mrs Paradises. The Baron de Lynden and Mr Duker called upon us. The Baron to invite us to dine on Wedensday with Madame Bingham.\n      Monday 6th.\n     We were out in the Morning. Mr S and H dined in the City. In the Evening Mrs and Miss Paradise called upon us, and appeard more ridiculous than ever. The Chavalier Dolombieu, a Knight of the order of Molta who has been here some time and was introduced to Pappa by Mr Jefferson, called and pasd an hour. Mr Jefferson, gives him credit for being a sensible Man, but his manners which are all that one can judge from at first do not prejudice in his favour, tho there is nothing particuliarly disagreeable.\n      Tuesday 7th.\n     We had a party of Gentlemen and Ladies to dine. Mr and Mrs Pen, Mrs and Miss Masters Mr and Mrs Bingham, Mr Crawford Mr Wilmot Mr Chew. I have described to you already, those of this Company who you are not acquainted with. They were singular and extraordinary Characters la tout.\n      Wedensday\n     Pappa presented Mr Hamilton and Mr Chew at Court to day. Now the ice is broken I suppose there will be no end\u2014to presentations. We went to dine with the Baron de Lynden at 4 because Mr Hamilton has been so obliging as to offer us seats in a Box he had engaged at Covent Garden. Our Company at dinner were Pappa Mamma myself Mr Smith Mr and Mrs B. an oald German Baron Bowd down under the smiles of fortune, or with age, the Baron seckingdorf, Mons. Jeanneret de Luniac, the Baron de Lynden and Mr Duker. The dinner was neat rather than elegant. There was no display of Luxury, except in a Large silver tereen which was very elegant. Madame B. shone away in all her splendor, her dress was that she wore last Winter black and Pink, and I have not seen so elegant a Woman, since I have been in England. A Gentleman who sat next me at table Told me I was in Love with her. O it is true that I never see her without admiration in the highest degree. We being engaged to go to the Play were obliged to leave the Table, at the desert. I was not much gratified with the Play neither. It was the Comedy of the provoked Husband. There were two celebrated Actresses apperd, but I was not charmed with them neither. Pappa went to see Mrs siddons who made her firt appearance in Tragedy since her Confinement and in Jane Shore, two. We could not get a Box, and therefore could not go. Mamma myself and Mr Smith, went to Mr Hamiltons Box, he was there with his Neice.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0008", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Mary Smith Cranch, 26 January 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Cranch, Mary Smith\n      My Dear Sister\n     A mr Anstey who is appointed by the British Goverment to visit the different States; for the purpose of assertaining the claims of the Loyalists, is going out in the Newyork packet. He dinned here on twesday. His manners are much in his favour, he appears well bred sensible and modest, a real Gentleman in his appearence. He was so kind as to offer to take Letters for us. As mr Adams and col Smith have large packets to charge him with I must be modest in mine, and can only write you one Letter. Of this too I must be circumspect, as it is probable it must have a post conveyance from Newyork to Boston.\n     I know not of any other opportunity whereby I can transmit you a line, to acquaint you that we have past through the Gloomy months of November and December without falling a sacrifice either to the cord, or Bullet, that we have all enjoy\u2019d a comfortable share of Health. For myself I have had fewer headaches and less of the Rheumatisem than last winter.\n     Your Letters by captain Cushing came safe to hand, but those by Fletcher were drownded, some scattering fragments were however sent us. My Friends will wait the return of cushing for answers to their kind Letters. He talks of sailing next month.\n     The Court and indeed the whole city of London have been two Months in mourning for the Queens Brother and a sister in Law. Tho Cloathed in Sable my mind has not corresponded with my dress untill last week; when I read in a Boston paper an account of the death of my dear and amiable Aunt. From your last letters, I feared the event, but hoped that she would gragele through as winter approachd. The melancholy news afflicted me with that real sor\u00adrow which flows from tender affection; and Sympathetick feelings for those whom she has left to mourn an affectionate wife, a most tender parent; a kind Aunt, and a truly benevolent Friend. Every tie which heretofore endeard the place of my Nativity to me is broken, and I think I should feel more reluctance at visiting it, than any other spot upon the Globe.\n      \u201cWhen Heaven would kindly set us free\n      And Earths enchantments end\n      It takes the most effectual way\n      And robs us of our Friends.\u201d\n     Poor Lucy has again lost a Mother, may she imitate her virtues, which will ever endear to me, her memory.\n     I fear my dear sister that you will think the time very long before you will get any Letters from us. No opportunity has offerd except by way of Newyork. I wrote one Letter by the last packet, but had my reasons for writing no more.\n     We have been looking for Capt Young untill we are quite anxious for his fate. I wisht him to arrive before I replied to your Letters. I expect to learn by him what has been said respecting the decision upon a certain affair: I suppose it will be the cause of much Speculation and I know that no arguments will now convince the Gentleman that the conduct of the Lady with respect to him, originated and resulted from his neglect of her. The World too I expect will asscribe to her fickleness and perhaps infidility. I know that she does not deserve the censure. I find mr \u2014\u2014 is desirious of keeping the matter Secreet. In justice to her character it ought to be known that with respect to him she considers herself perfectly free. I could have wisht that a longer period of time might have elapsed, that the World might have had no shadow for censure. At any rate the Gentleman in America can have no hope left, and I should sincerely rejoice to hear that he was married or upon the point of being so, and let him not asscribe his dissapointment to you, to me, or to any person but himself. He has been too liberal in his censure, he is totally mistaken. You have been as tender as I know you ought to have been. I wish him no harm, but every happiness in his power to obtain. I value his good qualities, and I feel not a little for the Situation in which he has placed himself.\n     I know I leave you in a puzzel. I cannot be more explicit at present, but rest assured that I have papers in my possession which will convince all concernd, that no dishonorable conduct has been practised.\n     I hope long before this time mr Storer has reach\u2019d his Friends in Boston. We learn by the Newspapers only of his arrival at Newyork. We wonder he did not write. We mist him much, and the more, because col Smith did not return from his Tour to Berlin Vienna and Paris, till some time in december. Col Humphries came with him from Paris and has been here ever since. Col Humphries is a Gentleman of Learning wit and Humour with a benevolent disposition and a good Heart, united with perhaps the best poetical Genious our Country can boast. I dare say you have seen his poem addrest to the American Army. He is now publishing an other poem here; one of which I will send you by the first opportunity. In short I do not know two Worthyer characters than the two Secretaries of Legation who are very intimate Friends, yet very different in their manners and accomplishments.\n     You wish to know how I pass my time, my acquaintance my amusements &c.\n     Those matters I must leave for more direct conveyances. I thank you my dear sister for all your kind attention to my children. I have no anxiety on their account, what I feel arises from a fear of burdening my Friends and not having it in my power to make them compensation. I fear I shall not be able to write only to you, so kindly remember me to all my dear Friends and believe me ever your affectionate Sister", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0009", "content": "Title: John Quincy Adams to William Cranch, 6 February 1786\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Cranch, William\n      My dear Friend\n      Haverhill Feby: 6. 1786\n     Although I have been writing a long Letter to Charles, I still must find something to say to you, as I believe, I am in your debt. I hope however you will not stand upon ceremonies, but write whenever you can. Your benevolence will induce you to take the will for the deed, if I am not quite so punctual, as I should wish to be. I have just this moment shook hands with one Mr. Xenophon, that put out a book once, consarning history. I have finished four books, and shall therefore have nothing more to do with him here. I got through the first book of the Iliad, three or four days, after you left us, and shall attempt the second, tomorrow, I wish you would inform me exactly where you are, and where you suppose, you may be at the end of the ensuing Quarter. I think you said you had just begun the sixth book, do you think, you shall more than go through it? If not I hope to be up with you, by that time. But above all, be kind enough to remember, and enquire of Mr: Williams, whether he begins his Lecture, in March, or not till the end of the spring Vacancy.\n     Sister Eliza came from Master White\u2019s last Thursday, and we shall now be favoured with her Company, during the remainder of her stay here; our friend Leonard, will carry you a letter from her.\n     The nearer we approach to any thing we desire, the greater is our impatience, to obtain it. I think more and more every day of being with you, and am pleased to see the time continually shortening. I had almost said like a certain gentleman expert in similies, that to be with you is as necessary to my Nature as a \u2014\u2014.\n     On Wednesday the 15th: day of February, of the current year 1786, do you William Cranch, between the hours of 8 and 10, in the Evening, write me a Letter, in which you will in a rational, Philosiphical, and Mathematical, (ay and a Logical) manner, prove that the green ends of asparagus, were designed by Nature, to be eat by man; and mind, upon what foundation your System shall stand, for as I mean to oppose it, with all the zeal, that the importance of the matter requires; I shall take every possible advantage, to support my plan: which is that the white ends were designed by nature for the food of man. However if you are of my opinion, I would not force you to maintain the Contrary; because I always stand up for Liberty of Conscience, and I exhort you, in the discussion of this Question, to be cool; because, violence never can do good to any System, upon a contested point. I might enlarge upon this subject, but will wait for your answer, first.\n     I intend to fill this page, before I close this Sentimental, poetical, and affecting Letter of mine, and I have been rubbing my skull to bring something out of it; but it tells me, it has nothing to say, and that I must e\u2019en close the Letter, as I have carried it on, without the help of the brain.\n     You will write back by the first opportunity, and tell me how all the folks in Braintree &c do; and especially, that sweet gentleman, who expressed so much indignation, to think a youth who had made the tour of Europe, should study closely after returning.\n     Have you look\u2019d into that piece of Poetry put out some time ago by one Cleanthes. If you have let us hear how he talks in English. Thy loving friend", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0010", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams 2d to John Quincy Adams, 9 February 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail (daughter of JA and AA)\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n       Feb. 9th. 1786 Thursday\n     This my Brother is the day appropriated for the celebration of the Queens Birth day. It really comes in june but as the Kings is in that Month they defer its celebration to this season. Kings and Princess you know may do any thing which their power will permit with impunity. But to tell you\u2014at 2 oclock we were dressd, Mamma in a sattin of the new fashiond Colour which is Called the spanish fly, trimed with Crepe and Gold fringe. My dress was pink sattin trimmed with Crepe and silver fringe and some Persons of taste told me that tho they saw more expensive and more superb dresses at Court they did not see one, more elegant and neat than my Ladyships. Now who think you this was. Why Mr Humphryes\u2014and for all the World his taste is excellent. At two oclock, Mamma and myself got into the Carriage, and proceeded, on our way to st James\u2019s. The Curiossity of People was so great having never seen any thing of the kind before. That the road from, Piccadilly to the Pallace was so obstructed by Carriages full of People to look at the Ladies who might pass on their Way, that there was no such thing as getting through. So we went through st James park and found no difficulty. Mr Humphryes attended us. Every thing is upon so independant a scale here that the attendance of a Gentleman is Considered almost unpolite. The Ladies, assume all the Roughness, and Assureance necessary to support them upon every occasion, and in General I think they look like Giant apes. But tho we found no difficulty till we got to the 2d room, here commenced such a scene as I was never, Witness to before. Their Majestys had gone in before we arrived. At the dore of the 2d room, I was, struck with the appearance of a figure which at first sight I took to be King Brant or Joseph Brant an Indian Cheif, who has, been here sometime from America. He was engaged against us in the late War. It is a matter of speculation what can be his erand here at present. Some suppose it is to get payd for the scalps he took in the War, and to get Compensation for his services. He has been presented to the King and Queen and has appeard at the drawing Room, in the dress of his Nation with that pretty plaything his Tommy Hawk in his hand. The Ladies admired his figure, and saw in his Countenance something Good. He has indeed been noticed by some People of importance. There was a feast made for him by, some Persons of distinction at Which the Company all were drunk, except himself. He observed it would not do for him to Get drunk in this Country, tho it would in his own. But to adone with Joseph Brant after telling you one anecdote more which is that Colln Smith was upon an expedition against him during the Ware when Brant and Butler had like to have been taken. He is celebratd for his Cruelty at Yomen. And to return to the Personage whom I was presented with, it was no less than the Minister from Tripoli, with two pages, dressd in the Habit of his Country a turban upon his Head and his long baird, and his dress otherwise as singular and such a dirty set of creatures I never saw. I was absolutely frightened. He is an addition to the singularity of the Corps diplomatick. I hear the Foreign Ministers donot intend to have any intercourse with him\u2014but more of him by and by. At the entrance of the door of the third appartment where the drawing Room is held, I thought for all the World that I should have been squeezed to death between the post of the door, and half a dozen great Hoops. Indeed you can have no idea at all of the croud. I am sure I never was in such a one before. This you must suppose excellent for the Ladies dresses. We at last got into the room, and situated ourselvs, so that the King spoke to us very soon. He has askd me one question for these three Months\u2014(do you get out much this weather) instructive, improving, indeed. After this ceremony was over we attempted to put ourselvs in the Way of the Queen, but the room was so croudd that was two Hours before we could find out in what part of it she was. Finally your Mamma was spoken to, and I made my escape as quick as I could. The King was very richly dressd the Queen very plain. The Prince of Waless cloaths were Coverd with silver. I dare not venture to say how much I heard they Cost, but I did not think them elegant. The Princesses were not so elegant as many other Ladies, present. The dressing were very various there was no prevailing Colour or fashion, everyone seemd to have exerted their own fancy. But such was the crowd that the floor was covered with fragments of triming and lookd as if the Ladies had been paling Caps. We got home at five, not a little fatigued but however as it was the first time we were told it was essential that we should go to the Ball, and as there were seats for the families of the Foreign Ministers and I had an inclination to see it we went. Pappa dined with Lord Carmarthen Mr Humphrys and Mr Smith with us. At half after seven we set off again, and arrived before the Ball Room was open, which was an advantage as we could get in before the croud. At the door of the Ball room we met the Master of the Cerimonies, Mr Cottril, who was very polite and seated us in the Foreign Box. There was no person in it except the Tripolian, who I described in the Morning, the singularity of Whose appearance attracted the eyes of all the Ladies. There was a Gentleman who was an interpreter to him, for he speaks not a Word of English. In describing the Ball room to you I shall easily find words to convey to you an idea of its elegance. Consert Hall is as much superior to it, as you can conceive, the room is as large again as Concert Hall. You know the palace was formerly an oald Abby and I suppose this was the Chapell. There is a galery above which is Called the Lord Chamberlins Box, where Persons are admitted as spectators. It is generally very crouded. As you enter the door upon the right hand is half a dozen rows of seats for the Lords and Ladies attending upon their Majesties. Upon the other side of the room, are the seats for the Foreign Ministers. At the Corner are seats for the Pearesseses. And upon the opposite side are seats for any Persons who may choose to go provided they wear a ball dress. For their is no distinction any body may go to the Ball\u2014in bal dress\u2014which is a singular arangment I think. These seats are all inclosed, by rails, and you are let in like a turnpike. Sir Clement Cottril Master of the Ceremonies, came and placed himself, next Mamma, as he said to keep the turnpike and to be sure it had the appearance, these rails, you see faced also the inclosure. At the Head, there were placed two oald Chairs for their Majesties. Before the seats of the Foreign Ministers were seats for the Ladies attending upon the Princesses, and before them were three seats, for the Prince of Wales and Princesses. Within this, were seats for the Ladies who were to dance. There were a Dozen I believe. In this way the Company were seated. A little before Nine the Prince came staggering in. I dont mean he was in Liquaur, but his manner was, careless drowliry. He chatted with the Ladies who were to dance. There is a good deel of good Humour in His Countenance and you know it is the fashion to think him the Criterion of perfection. At Nine their Majestys entered, with the 2 princesses. The Company all rose, the King and Queen went round the Circle and spoke to the Ladies who were to dance. When they Came to the seats of the Foreign Ministers, they spoke to the Spanish, who is a great favourite at Court as it is said, to the dutch and to the French. I was seated next del Campo who is allways very polite, and the King came Laughing and grining and addressd him as Mrs Wright say What What What What in a breath. At last they sat down, and the Company also. The Prince opened the Ball with the Princess Royal, and danced a second minuet with the princess Augusta after which there were many minuets danced, till I was quite tired. Each Gentleman and Lady when they came up to dance, made a bow and Curstey first to their Majestys, and then danced ther minuets, and I am sure without prejudice I have seen better minuets in America. The Princesses do not dance so well as many other Ladies. When the minuets were finished six People stood up as for County dances, the Prince and Princess Royal, at the Head. There were three dances danced and the Prince askd the Quen, if He shold be permitted to dance another, but She nodding dissent, the Royal Family retird at Eleven. At the 3d dance the Prince some how, I dont know how, had a fall, and the first that we saw was he Laed flat on his back. But fore we could think he recoved himself and continued, his dance. And now I must repeat that I have seen Gentlemen and Ladies dance better in America. But it would be dreadfull to say so, nor shold I be beleived so Ill save my opinion for some other time. We came away immediately, and got home 20 minutes past Eleven, drank tea and retired. And here you have an accout of the Birth day Ball. I hope it will amuse you. I am quite sattisfied I assure you with seeing it once, and am sure that my own inclination will never carry me there again, tho every thing was as we could have wishd. Mr Smith took Care of us.\n      10\u201312 February\n     Fryday Saturday and sunday, we were alone, and at home.\n      Monday 13th of Feb.\n     Mr Humphryes breakfasted with us and soon after sett off for Paris. He proposes returning to America in April, the reason he gives is that he has written to Mr Jay that he should return early in the Spring if he did not hear from him. Pappa advises him to stay till the expiration of his Commision which is not till june, but He thinks the season will be too far advanced and I believe, his real intention is to return and spend some time with General Washington to Collect what materials he can for, the History of America. At least from a Letter of the Generals Which He shew a friend: wherein this wish was exprest, I am led to judge it, and He told the same friend that He would go home and shut himself up for six months to write prose. He has risen much in our esteem, since this visit, and is a very worthy Good Man, not possessd of all the elegances of appearance, but has all the essentials of a Worthy character and is an amiable Man. We were much amused with his Wit and good Humour, and we shall miss him much. Mr Shot goes out with him to America. Mr Jefferson will be left alone.\n     Mrs Bingham called upon us very early, to request Mamma to present her at Court on thursday, where I suppose she will make a figure. I went at twelve to visit, Call upon Mrs Roggers at Mrs Copelys, where she is setting for her picture. And in the Evening we went to Drury Lane Theatre, we took a Box a week ago, and offerd Mrs Rucker seats. This Evening we went, there were Mamma Pappa myself Mr Smith Mr and Mrs Rucker Miss Ramsay. Mrs R. is much disappointed by Mr Ruckers concluding to continue here 18 Months longer. She had made some great dependance upon returning this spring. The peices given were the Strangers at home, and the Romp. In both Mrs Jordon a favourite Actress playd a principle part. She is small, and pets the romp, in imitably. I never saw so much vivacity in any Countenance or in any action before. She received the greatest applause, and very deservedly. I think her stile of play is in Wild Characters, and She supports them better than any of the American Ladies, who displease you so much. The romp represents a young West Indian sent to England for her Education. Her Gaurdian prepares to Marry her to his as an oald Miser who has a Nephew who is a Grocer, and a fool, his Name is Potty. He \n        makes Love to her and proposes going off with her. And she sees a young officer, who pleases her and she determines to run of with him. To affect this she proposed to go off with potty and to meet the Captain who is to take her from him and marry her himself, but in this she is detected and brought back to her Guardian. The Whole is very comick, and her Acting makes it very amusing. The Character as a West Indian is Well supported. She has a little Negro called Washeball, and her treatment of her is, quite, as a West I.\n      Tuesday 14th.\n     Agreeable to invitation we went to dine at Mr Blakes from Carolina. His family has been in this Country many years. He was in Boston about 18 Months since and would have purchased General Warens House at Milton but they differed in the Price. He is the first fortune in America. His income is fiteen thoussand, a year. Mrs Blake appears to be a worthy amiable Woman. She reminded me of aunt Smith in Person and manners. They have one Daughter about fifteen years oald. She is a pretty figure but not a handsome face, agreeable in her manners, plays vastly well, and draws very prettyly. They live very elegantly. The Company was, Pappa Mamma myself Mr Smith a Mr Hayward and Mr Gibbs, from Carolina and Mr Bridgen. The dinner was elegant and every thing very cleaver. Miss Blake playd to us after dinner. We sat till Nine and came home. They are regular Folks. Mrs B. does not seem to be fond of the kind of Life in vogue here. And we had no Cards.\n     When we got home we found upon the table a budget of letters which kept us employd from Nine oclock to twelve in reading. You know the pleasure of such a feast. Yours No 9 10 11, gave me great pleasure. I shall indeed be very loth to give up, so much gratification but however, I leave you to act as your time will permit knowing that nothing but necessity will induce you to omit this attention. In my turn I will indeavour to be as Constant in my diary as I have been, and shall omit no opportunity when it is avoidable, for you have appeald to a very interested principle for desicion. I can write to you, always, and never take my pen, not knowing what to say but to my other Correspondents I am often at a loss, and sometimes neglect to write for want of a subject, or rather from not knowing what will please them. Pappa asks to see your journal, and I cannot refuse him. He appears allways gratified with it, and told me that he can excuse your not writing to him, as your diary to me is so particular and entertaining. He is often pleased when you have mentioned his oald friends. Mamma, derives equal pleasure from it, and says, you must not discontinue it: she cannot allow it, that you must spare half an hour a day to it, and When you get to Cambridge, you will have time enough to continue it. To me you must know my Dear Brother that it is one of the greatest Gratifications I can receive. You have been very good hithertoo and, I know if it is possible you will continue. Your observations upon Characters is not only entertaining but improving, and my pleasure must be lessened when you curtail your observations. Your letters I submit also, to the perusal, of Mr Smith, who is equally pleasd. Donot tell me I am wrong\u2014you must not think so. He is interested in what gives me pleasure, and you would not refuse an opportunity to return it. He says sometimes that he will write you, and I believe it will not be long before you receive a letter. Mamma I suppose will tell you in what relation this Gentleman is Considered in this family, and you my Brother know that your approbation is dear to me. I will now begin and Notice your letters reguliarly.\n      Wedensday, 15th.\n     Mr Barthlemy and Mr and Mrs Bingham Called in the Evening they had dined with Lord Lansdown, and called to let us know it I suppose.\n      Thursday, 16th.\n     Mamma went to Court to present Madame Bingham\u2014and Pappa presented Mr Chew. Mrs B. is comeing quite into fashion here, and she is gretly admired. The Hair dresser who dresses us upon Court days, inquired of Mamma whether she knew the Lady so much talkd of here from America\u2014Mrs Bingham. He had heard of her from a Lady who saw her at Lord Lucans, where she was much admired. At last speaking of Miss Hamilton, he said, with a twurl of his Comb, Well it does not signify but the American Ladies to beat the English all to nothing. I did not attend her, for going to Court is not so agreeable to me. Perhaps, admiration might heigten the pleasure, but as it is what I never wishd nor have no pretentions to I shall not be mortified by silence: Mamma says, if admiration could make this Lady happy she must be so, for she never saw one so much stared at. There she goes cried one, what an elegant Woman, another as she passd. And some Gentlemen told mamma she had got to present one of the finest Women he ever saw. I dare say she is not void of vanity and if not must have been gratified. She is indeed a fine Woman.\n     Thursday Eve Pappa went out to make some visits, and Mamma myself and Mr Smith were soberly seated at a Game of Cards when Mr Crawford, came in, and soon after Lady Juliana Pen. They passd, an hour and went of. But now to give you some account of a visit Pappa made this Evening. It was to no less a Personage than the Ambassador from Tripola. As the Foreign Ministers had many of them left Cards at his Excellencys door, Pappa thought proper to do so too, and as he was making a Number of visits in this Way, stopped at his door, intending only to leave a Card, but the servants announced his Turkship to be at home. So Pappa went in and by a little Italian and French with some Langua Franca, they got into Conversation, and understood each other wondrously. There were to pages present and a servant soon brought too long Pipes, one for Pappa and the other of Monsieur la Turke, with two cups of Coffe. Pappa took both and resting the bowl of the Pipe upon the floor, while the stem was in his mouth smoaked away, taking a sip of Coffe and a Whif at his pipe. The Abassador did the same. At last one of the secretaries cried out in ectacy, to Pappa\u2014Monsieur vous etes un veritable Turk. When the pipe was out Pappa left him. We were much amused with this account of the visit.\n      Sunday 19 February.\n     The Ambassador from tripola sent a mesage to Pappa that he wished to return his visit in the same friendly stile which he had made his, and begd him to appoint an hour. At twelve they came, I only saw them getting out of the Coach. The Ambassador, was dressed as usual, and his secretary both as described in the former part of my letter. He brought with him an interpreter of his own, not choosing the one appointed by this Court. He was attended by two servants in the habit of their Country there dress was a kind of orange Colour, loose, tied round the Waiste, with a kind of turban on their heads, and sandals on their feet. He was here two Hours, but Pappa could not offer him a long Pipe, so that was dispenced with. This must not be communicated in America, something favourable may arrise from these Conferences. But we are not at liberty to say, what. Thus much I may say to you, as sacred, that the Treaties with the 4 states Algiers Morrocco Tripoli and Tunis will cost two hundred thousand Guineas, at least. The Ambassador is known to many of the Foreign Ministers and they all agree that he is a very good Man. There were several Gentlemen dined with us to day. Capt Lyde Mr Jenks, and a Capt Beaudinoit from NY, Mr Trumble and a Dr Lions, a virginian agreeable in his manners. He reminded me of Mr Short. Now you will laugh, and say I am always, finding resemblances, where they donot exist. I think that I can observe a simularity in the looks and manners of all the Virginians. The rest of our Company you know. In the Evening Pappa and Mr Smith went to see Dr Jebb, who has been confined for some time by indisposition and this Evening Poor Mrs Wright died. Her zeal I beleive for America, has ended her days.\n      Monday 20th.\n     Pappa and Mr Smith dined with Mr William Vaughan, and made a third visit in the Evening to his Turkship.\n      Tuesday 21st.\n     Coll Smith set off for Paris to persuade Mr Jefferson to come over upon matters of importance but his real erand is not to be made known here\u2014it is upon the subject of the late Conferences. What arrangements they will produce I know not at present. The Baron de Linden called in the Evening. Did you ever see this Genious, he has strong traits of National Character, which are very appearant and he is profuse in nothing but Compliments which cost him nothing, not even a tax upon his sincerity, for they are not esteemed of more value by the receiver than the doner. He sat an hour, and drank tea parcque les belles mains du Mademoiselle le fait.\n      Wedensday 22 February.\n     In the Evening a Mr Peters from Philadelphia, who was formerly in the War office with your father and a friend of his, called upon us. He had just arrived, and this was the first visit he had made. His first appearance was not very promising, but he soon discovered the character which I had heard of him. He is rather rough in his manners, but he is sensible, and has a great del of Wit, which soon appeard, and made us very mery. It seems his erand to this Country is to see his father who has lived here many years, and he has one Brother who has been with him and has had influence enough over him in his oald age to induce him to make a Will so much in his favour, as to be very injurious to this Gentleman as well as all his other Chrildren and he has I think nine sisters. This Gentleman has been with him and dispairs of any alteration, which has made him very low spiritted, he says. He does not regret it for himself, because he is one of those extraordinary Men who think they have enough but it is for others that he is interested. He has not neither heard from his family since he left them, which Oh, Dear, When shall I hear from my Wife, said he, taking a packet he had just received out of his pocket to search for a letter and finding a very long one from some friend after looking it over, oh, I had rather have one line from my Wife than the Whole of these pages. Pappa told him he had been seperated from Madame 4 or 5 years. Ah said he you are a Politician and I am a domestick man, who takes pleasure only in my family. He made many good observations upon this Country, and would not live in it for half the Kingdom. Said he was disappointed he had thought more highly of it than he found it deserved. Pittied Pappas situation and advised him to go home. Scolded at Congress, at the states &c. He left us at Eleven.\n     Pappa went to the drawing Room, and afterwards to dine with Lord Carmarthen. Mamma was very much indisposed, all day.\n     I went out in the Morning and called on Mrs Roggers, passd two hours with her, and then made a visit to Mrs Rucker, at the Adelphi. Mr R has determined to spend another year here, and Mrs R is much disappointed in not going home this Spring. Miss Ramsay is quite Sick of England, since she came from Paris, and they seem to be much retired. Mr Peters dined with us, and Pappa proposed going to the Play with him. The Carriage was ordered, but they got engaged in Conversation till it was too late, for we dine so late here that one must Hurry to be in season.\n      Saturday 25th.\n     Mamma and miself went and drank tea with Mrs Roggers.\n      Sunday 26th.\n     To-Day we had three Gentlemen to dine. Mr John Boylstone from Bath you know, He is a tired oald Bachelor, and was very sociable. A Capt Biglow from Boston and Mr Peters, who seems to be in a disagreeable situation of Mind, he calls it the Blue Devils. I never saw a Person so much agitated without any known cause. He told us after dinner that he felt much better for the Hermitage and Maderia, which he had drank. You ask in one of your letters about Pappas Wine. That from the Hague came very well and secure. But that from Paris got piladged at the Custom House and as much more as there was, above the quantity permitted to the Foregn Ministers we had to pay duties for, and it happend to the Wine ordinaire, which was intolerable. Pappa often recollects what you used to say, that when he got to England he wold think all his Wine good. Mr Boylstone inquired after, you. Pappa told him that you were gone home to go to Colledge. What said he as Professor of something I suppose. No, you was gone as a student to pass one year. Why he knows more than students Tutors, Governors and all. What he is gone to teach them then, and seemd very much surprizd and said you had begun at the wrong end first, and in his Way, payd your Honour these Compliments. He gave us some very pressing invitations to Come to Bath. Capt Biglow, I dont recollect having seen in Boston yet his Countenance was not that of a stranger.\n     Mr Bingham called this Morn. There Baggage is all on Board and they are only waiting for a fair Wend. He made a declaration this Morning that if he got safely to America, there was nothing in this World that should induce him to come again to Europe. He was heartily sick and tired of a wandering Life and longed to get home and settled in Business. But after all I guess there was a mental reservation in all this\u2014What think you!\u2014I have lately heard that he is connected with some Houses in America which owed large sums to this Country. But there is no danger but he will take Care of himself.\n      Monday, Feb 27th.\n     We have had the last Night and it continues to day, as severe a snow storm as, we have in america at this season. The weather has been as cold since last tuesday so we have it with us, and the Wind East and so high, that it has been impossible to pass from Dover to Calais. Colln Smith has been detained there ever since tuesday, and there is no prospect of its discontinueance. It now snows with all violence. The weather for a forghtnight before was, as uncommonly fine. Indeed too warm to be agreeable for the season, which renders this sudden change particuliarly disagreeable.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0011", "content": "Title: Mary Smith Cranch to Abigail Adams, 9 February 1786\nFrom: Cranch, Mary Smith\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n      My dear Sister\n      Braintree February 9th 1786\n     The vacancy is up and our Sons are just return\u2019d to their Studies at college. Were they Brothers they could not be fonder of each other than they now are. They have spent eight or Ten days at Haverhill, and have rov\u2019d about visiting their Friends till they both long\u2019d heartily for the methodical Life they left at Cambridge. I have promiss\u2019d them a chamber and a Fire too themselves if they should live to see another winter vacancy In which they may study as much as they please. It is impossible they should do it amidst the business of a Family. We have had our Hands full ever since they came home, for notwithstanding we mend their Linnen and stockings every week yet their other clothing wants abundance of repairing. Yesterday we loaded them away stores and all. Cousin charles says \u201cAunt I am sure you must hire a waggon, to convey us and our Baggage when we all get to college.\u201d I know you wish to hear how cousin charles behaves. As well I believe as a youth possible can. I can neither hear off nor see any thing that looks like extravagance in him. He has the Love of his class and the approbation of his Tutors. He is exceedingly fond of mr James whos Freshman he is. I keep a good look out upon the children, and I think I am not deceiv\u2019d in any of them. As for Cousin John, He has not lost his studious disposition by coming to america. I was almost affraid to let our children visit Haverhill this vacancy least it should interrupt him as I knew he had little time enough to prepair for his admission, but Mr Shaw Said they must come to inform him of some things, which he had forgot or never knew. Billy sat with him several nights till one o clock. He never retires for sleep till this Hour. He must not do so long, if he does he will soon wear out both Body and mind. Sister speaking of him in a Letter to me says, \u201cHe esteems knowledge as a hidden Treasure and searches it out a choice Gold: as one who expects to stand before Princes\u2014Neither the Gaities of Life nor the most pressing invitations can allure him from the grand object he has in pursuit. He is as regular in his Division of time as a well regulated Clock. He has great strides to make in order to be receiv\u2019d by the university as he wishes. For this purpose he woos the fair Goddess of Science with uncommon ardor, and never suffers himself to retire for rest till the clock strikes one. He has not I believe one vacant moment, and his Zeal and diligence has been exceedingly benificial to His Brother Tommy. He finds that his Brother is highly esteem\u2019d by all for the closeness of his application to things of the greatest importance and that he himself is daily reaping the advantage of it.\u201d Judgeing you by my self my dear sister, I thought I could not more acceptably fill my Paper than by transcribing the above: If mr Williams begins his lectures in March Cousin will enter then if he does not he will omit it till April.\n     Betsy has not yet return\u2019d from Haverhill she and all our Freinds were well last week. Mr and Mrs Allen were well also. She is as Happy I beleive as she expected to be and he much more so if I may judge by his recommending the state to those who have not yet enterd it.\n     Captain Leyde sail\u2019d about twenty four days since. It is not likely he has reach\u2019d London yet. I hear by mr Storer that mrs Palmer has written to my Niece upon the subject she wish\u2019d no one to write to her upon. She ask mr Storer if the report was true, said that mr \u2014\u2014 was terrible hurt but was intirly ignorant of the cause of her conduct and had written to her to know what had caus\u2019d such a change in her mind. \u201cThat mr was as worthy a young Fellow as liv\u2019d. That he had a great deal of business and was very attentive to it. That he had many enemies but did not know who they were. That Somebody had been writing against him, and had influens\u2019d her to do as She had done.\u201d He suspects me mr Storer told me. I am more thankful than ever that I have been so cautious in what I said about him. If you look over your Letters I think you will find that I have not written any thing with a design to lessen him in your Esteem. I have never willingly misrepresented any thing. As to his oddities I do not mind them I am too much us\u2019d to them to care any thing about them but I should were I connected with him. I hear several piople have told him that they have heard that the connection is broke between him and a certain Lady. He denys it and says tis only a story rais\u2019d by her D\u2014sh relations. The letters nor any thing else are yet deliver\u2019d up. I am told that neither Miss Gray nor miss Braadstreet could ever get their Letters from him. He is now I am told erecting a very large wind-mill: tis to be set by the schoole House mr Prat is Fraiming it. I hear also that he is going to housekeeping in the spring, in his own House. Mrs Vesey is to keep it. Servants he has already at mrs Veseys. Mrs church has hire\u2019d mrs Veseys House. All this I hear abroad not a word of it have I heard from him. I wonder if he thinks he mortifies us by such an air of secrecy. He is most certainly mistaken we have not a wish to know his business any further than to be able to serve him. We are very civil to each other but nothing more. He eats his breakfast at home, and we seldom see him again till after Eleven at night.\u2014Mrs Church is an agreable woman, and keeps a very good Table.\n     I wish there was a Law against Grog Shops that was sufficient to prevent any being set up. They are sinks of scandle. If they would make people cautious they might do some good but if they do not they had better never exist. I do not know a Town where there are any of them in which a Gentleman can gallant a Lady and be very particular to her, if her Husband is absent or present, but what her character will be tore to peices in them.\n     I hope you will keep this Letter in your strong Box and I beg you would do the same by those I sent by Lyde, for although I have not said any thing but what is true, yet if my Niece should change her mind she would always think I ought to have been silent: and had I thought she could have been anything like happy with one of his peculiar Temper I should have been. I have been as much if not more concern\u2019d about you through the whole affair than her. I wrote to you once to beg you to let mr. Adams know his true character that if he should not be such as he expected to find him: that he might not blame you for decieving him but I burnt it. I was affraid to send it, and my dear Neice has sav\u2019d us all by her prudent conduct and whether she perseveres or not she shall always find me an affectionate Friend. Next to my own children those of my sisters are dearest to me and as they increase in years I find my affection increase also.\n     A vessal has arriv\u2019d from London she has had a Passage of twenty nine days only but not one Letter can I hear off for us. I am sadly dessapointed. I hope there is another not far behind which has a large Pacquet for us. I have been concern\u2019d least this vessall should slip away without a line for you. I have been so busy I could not write before.\n     We all din\u2019d with your Brother Adams last week your mother Hall looks very well for so aged a person. The Family were all well.\n     Weymouth have given Mr Evans a call. They are better united than I ever expected they, would be. He is a worthy sinsible man much of a gentleman and as spritly as our dear Father was and his composetion not unlike his. He is very Pathetick. His ruling Passion is benevolence. He has seen much of mankind being chaplain in the Army during the whole of the war has given him an opportunity of studying human nature. He is a good Bell Letter Schooler and is exceeding fond of Sterns writings. I believe he can repeat every fine Sentiment in them. He brought Hulda Kent here and was keept by a Storm from returning above three days. He is quite a Domestick man and we spent our time very agreably.\n     Mrs Alleyne has been here this afternoon. She found me writing and desires me to give her Love to your Familly. Mrs Hunt says pray give my kind Love to her and tell her I have seen her a Hundred times since she went away, \u201cbut I wish she was Bodyly in her own House,\u201d pray say something about her she is always asking if you have not.\n     Do you remember Hannah Nightingale who wanted a gown that look\u2019d like a rainbow. She is Divorcd from her Husband. He has turn\u2019d her almost naked and near lying in upon this town. He is a sad Fellow and she is not a good woman.\n     I wish you would send a Peice or two of Linnen for your sons and some course enough for Drawers &c. They are very high here now, course Linnen is sold at vendue for twenty per cent above the sterling cost. How is cambrick with you? We cannot get any fit to wear under sixteen shillings or three Dollars a yard. We have taken the Piece of unglazed for your Sons. I hope we have done right.\n     Uncle Quincy has his Health much better this winter than the last. Our Germantown Friends are well as usual, their affairs yet in great uncertainty.\n     I design to write again by cap callahan. He will sail the last of this month. Yours affectionatly\n      Mary Cranch", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0013", "content": "Title: Charles Storer to Abigail Adams, 12 February 1786\nFrom: Storer, Charles\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n      Dear Madam\n      Boston. 12th. February. 1786\n     Times without number have I been questioned on the history you communicated to me just before I left London, and which I touched upon in my last, by Capn: Lyde. I find that all our friends are anxiously interested in the matter, and I must confess I find in my heart to join with them. Though we all highly applaud what has lately been done, yet many are fearfull of an accommodation. \u201cThe Gentleman talks of going to England, the Lady has been deceived by some ill-natured friend and prejudiced against him, she was once partially fond of him, may there not remain a tender sentiment that will plead in his behalf, he is artfull and insinuating, may she not swerve from her new resolution.\u201d Thus concludes almost every Conversation on the subject, and I know but one person (a lady) of all our acquaintance and I might say more too, who wishes it might so happen. I have been at Haverhill since my last, where I was closeted by Mrs: Shaw. She was much pleased with the little information I was able to give her, and was willing to draw pleasing inferences from it. She in return, and also several other friends have let me into the history of the transactions on this side of the water: so that I have now a pretty good idea of the affair. It appears to me altogether a Farce. I cannot call it anyway a Tragedy, however serious some, who are concerned, may think it, for I am sure the catastrophy will be no more than a Puff, at least on one side, and on neither side do I think there will be much harm done: on the contrary I am inclined to think there will be good.\n     Here now Charles, you will say, is a page and an half on a subject that you have no business with. Indeed, Madam, I have as much as other friends, and the Communication you made to me in London gives a degree of right to say thus much. I would by no means abuse your Confidence, however; for I esteem it highly flattering. Pardon me therefore upon the principle that I meant no harm.\n     I mentioned having been at Haverhill, and have to add that I am extremely pleased with Mrs: Shaw. Her friendly reception was highly flattering, and so agreable to my own feelings, that, though the family were all strangers to me, I felt myself as much at home as I should in Grosvenor-Square. John I found as studious as an Hermit. Though he is not a very early riser, yet \u201che trims the midnight taper,\u201d and that\u2019s the only way to become a great man, as Mr: Adams told me once. He is to pass examination next April, and wishes it over, as also that he was already through College. Charles I saw a few days ago at Braintree for the first time since my return. He bids very fair. I hope he will call on us when he comes to town, at least I have invited him. But I should have mentioned Son Thomas, tho\u2019 I might easily overlook him, since I did not know him at Haverhill. He was somewhere in the room without my recognising him, for he has not the least resemblance to any one of your family. Mr: Shaw speaks well of him and says he is a very good Boy. Thus you have the history of all the family. I might however among the number mention Betsey Smith, who is a clever, fine Girl.\n     Before I close I would mention to you that I have paid the 5. Guis:, you were kind enough to lend me, to Dr: Tufts, and also that he has received the 12. Guis: due from Dr: Crosby to Mr: Adams. I hope Dr: T. will write you respecting his Commission tho\u2019 I am sorry he has not better accounts to give you. \u201cAt it again, Charles?\u201d No, Madam, therefore pray do not be angry with Yrs:", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0014", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams 2d to Elizabeth Cranch, 14 February 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail (daughter of JA and AA)\nTo: Cranch, Elizabeth,Norton, Elizabeth Cranch\n      Grosvenor Square Feb 14th 1786\n     Mr Smith informed me last Evening of an opportunity of writing by Way of N York and as I know of no immediate Conveyance to Boston I shall accept it to acknowledge the receipt of your two last letters by Capts Cushing, and Lyde, and to assure you that tho I have been negligent of writing, I have not been unmindfull of my friends. Indeed I have several times attempted writing you and have began several letters: but I could not please myself, nor produce any thing worth your perusal so I threw them aside, and have not writen for many Months. \u201cYorick says it is not every hour nor day of ones life that is a fit season for the duties of friendship, sentiment is not all ways at hand\u2014and without sentiment what is friendship.\u201d\n     Contentment and Happiness my Dear Eliza I begin to think more in our own power than we often suppose, and that they are immediately dependant upon the arangements of our own Minds. Surely it is best to look on the bright side of every subject, and there are none that will not admit of some Consolation, and if our happiness is often ascertained by Comparison with the situations of others, as is sometimes said, and I believe in some instances with truth, you and I my friend have but little cause to be otherwise. If we look into the circle of our own acquaintance we shall find but few who have less cause for unhappiness than we. Tis true that a benevolent heart is ever sensible to the sufferings of those around it, and when it is not in our power to releive those, we are in a degree unhappy. But it would be wrong, to embitter our own Lives by this want of power. If we do as much as our ability enables us, we must be Content with the reflection. We sometimes Complain of the unfeelingness of the World, but we may generally find, some trait in every character to admire. Why not please ourselvs with those, and pass over their foibles in silence. They are not injurious to us, but to themselvs. Happiness must result from Contentment and Contentment arrises from our sattisfaction with ourselvs. From this scource you must be happy, and I am sure you can never have cause to be otherwise, because the rectitude of your heart precludes the Possibility.\n     On your list of Marriages the precipitancy of Miss A\u2014\u2014s was a little suprizing. You ask what I think of sudden Matches; I am not fond of extremes of any kind and it appears to me that a delicate mind must revolt at the idea of forming a Connection in which its happiness is so greatly dependant, so very precipitately, and with a Gentleman who was a perfect stranger, not only to herself and family, but to her Country. Indeed to tell you the truth what excites my surprize more than any thing is that the Ladies of our Country should be so fond of Connecting themselvs with Foreigners. If the Gentleman had been an Americin whose Character was known and approved it would have been a very different case. But we sometimes see persons who on the other Hand Consider, and reconsider, and delay, till they are doubtfull what they would do. I join with you in wishing Mrs N happy; you justly say let us not pretend to determine what will make another so.\n     I have a Letter by Lyde from Mrs Russell wherein she tells me that she is the Happiest of Mortals, and I am allways gratified to hear this acknowledgement from my friends in whatever degree they make it. I was glad to hear that your visit to Haverhill was so agreeable to you, a knowledge of Musick with so good a taste for it as you have, must be a scource of pleasure, and prove a great amusement. That you found a sattisfaction in the society of my Brother I can never doubt, I know him capable of contributing to the happiness of his friends, and I am sufficiently sensible of his worth to regret his absence, but it was for the best. The seperation of our Family has been the greatest, I may say only cause for anxiety that I ever knew, and I see no prospect that it is to be otherwise, for any length of time in future. My Brothers are now of an age when their education would prevent their being with us if we were in America. When they leave Colledge it is probable that their future persuits will engage most of their attention. But there would be times when we should meet and enjoy each others society, which we are now debared from. As to myself Eliza I am equally uncertain as to my future movements. How long I may be continued in Europe is impossible to say. I make no arangements beyond the present period, and shall take every thing as it arrises, and derive great sattisfaction from knowing my Conduct and my sentiments meet the approbation of my friends.\n     Were I to tell you how much I often wish for you, it would I am sure increase your desire of visitting us. A sister I was never blessd with and for near two years I have had no intimate, or Companion. My happiness would have been greatly augmented by the society of a female friend, it would have sweetened many a lonely hour. Society here is not as with us. A large acquaintance is unavoidable but at the same time you meet with none of that friendly social intercource which sweetens Life. Forms, and ceremony are considered so essential that they have become universal, and you may make ten visits in a Morning every day in the week and I would venture to say, you would not find one Lady in a day at home. It is not that they would be out of their Houses, but they are never visible unless you are invited to dinner or to Evening visits, where you are set down to Cards as soon as possible, and it is unavoidable. There are several very amiable American Ladies here, who are not attached to the follies predominant. Mrs Roggers is a very amiable friendly Woman, her greatest pleasure seems to be in obliging her friends. There is, I find, from my observations, upon others, some thing strangely facinating in Europe, and I have seen but very few of either sex who do not quit it with regret. I think myself perfectly safe upon this subject and I can assure you that I am well convinced my happiness is not to be promoted by the amusements Conveniences or Gayeties of Europe. I should be gratified to pass a few years in visitting many parts of it, but I would not Consent upon any Conditions to settle here for Life, and I shall look forward with pleasure to the period when I may return. Tho I may form transient acquaintances who may be capable of amusing, and with whom I may be gratified, the ties of relationship, the friends of my earliest years, cannot be replaced. I feel an interestedness in whatever concerns them, that cannot be excited by those I may form at this distance. But do not suppose my Dear Eliza that there may not be some one individual that may interest my Mind, and whom my judgment and reason may approve\u2014but this may prove an additional incitement to my return to America. But I shall Confess too much if I dont take care, least I should I subscribe myself yours affectionately,\n      Amelia", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0015", "content": "Title: Elizabeth Smith Shaw to Abigail Adams 2d, 14 February 1786\nFrom: Shaw, Elizabeth Smith,Peabody, Elizabeth Smith Shaw\nTo: Adams, Abigail (daughter of JA and AA)\n      Haverhill February 14th 1786\n     Yours My Dear Niece, of October 2d came safe to hand, and as I read, I could not but admire the justness of Thought, and the propriety and Elegance of Expression. My Heart assented to the truth of every Sentiment, but if you make the frequent writing to you, the Scale by which you judge of the love and affection of your Friends, I fear I shall be found wanting, through a multiplicity of Cares and the opinion I entertain of my own Letters being incapable of affording any entertainment, or pleasure, only what arises from the Idea, that they were dictated by a sincere, faithful, and affectionate Heart. This is not a fit of Humility, which has this moment siezed me, but is what very sensibly affects me whenever I peruse the Letters of my Friends, more espicially those of my sister and my Nieces. Often while I have been impressing the Seal, the thought of its little worth, the triffling and insignificant Matter it contained, has forced out an humble Sigh, and called up a conscious blush. And if it were not for some encouraeging candid, kind expression of regard from my Correspondents as if they some how were gratified, I veirily believe I should not venture to do any thing more than copy after, an Original, that sometime since fell into my Hands. Dear Friend These few Lines come hoping, you are well, and all in good Health, as I am at this present writing. Send me word of all the good news, such as Deaths and marriages, &cc. So I remain your loving Friend till Death. AB.\n     Now this short Letter gave the person it was written to as much real satisfaction, as if it had been in the sweet and elegant stile of King. So I conclude the pleasure is derived from the good, and kind Intentions, of the Writer, more than from any other Cause. and From their being kindly interested in every thing that befalls us, from their often talking and thinking of us, and in Idea fondly accompanying us in our Amusements, Entertainments, inthe domestick and more retired walk of Life And will therefore without further hesitation proceed to tell you in my own way that Mr and Mrs Allen made us a visit yesterday, that he said he was forced to come with her, for she would not rest without seeing us. He told us, he was loth to recount the Tears that she had shed last Friday and Saturday because he could not accompany her over. This was all said in perfect good humour, nor did I love her the less, you may be sure, for this tender Evidence of her affection for us. Indeed I was more pleased with his Behaviour to her yesterday than I have ever been before. Though there was nothing really censurerable, in his Conduct, yet there was a great deal wanting. There was not that polite attention, that complacency which so much delights me and is ever the result of Hearts meeting heart recreprocally kind. The formal phelegmatic Lover, and the cold, indiferent Husband, are equally the Objects of my aversion. Not that I wish to see one, like the \u201crapt Seraph, that adores and burns,\u201d For Such a Flame must soon decay, such an enthusiastic Fire must of consequence soon be extinguished and meet with an early check, for a Life of rapture, is not the Life of Man. If Virtue, good sense, Benevolence, and the kindest affections will ensure me but peaceful, tranquil Days, kind Heaven, I ask, no more.\n     Eliza Cranch left Mr Whites\u2019 hospitable and amiable Family the 5th of February, and came to tarry with us, but upon finding Mrs Allen very desirous of her going home with her, the gentle creature has taken her flight last evening from us, and perchd upon the other side of the River, where she stands this moment, I suppose, in a kind of triumph, looking at our Candle, for she, like your Brother, is a Bird of Night, as well as Wisdom. Your Uncle, Brother, nor I, did not like to have her leave us, and we could not help frowning upon her, for it, but at last concluding it was wrong to be so selfish, we gave our Consent, provided she would come back again next monday.\n     It is with greif that I find the time so nearly approached, that your Brother JQA, must leave our Family. The 21st of March Mr Williams begins his phylosophical Lectures. Mr Shaw has written to Dr Williams upon the Subject, and he thinks it is of importance that he should be there upon the first opening of them. We have really been happy in his company this winter, but his close application to his studies, has not given us an Opportunity of enjoying it so much as we otherways should. His Candle goeth not out by Night, I really fear he will ruin his Eyes. Upon my word, I never was half so afraid of any young Man in my Life. These Journal of his are a continual Spy, upon our Action and your Brother is exceedingly severe upon the Foibles of Mankind. He has no patience to see people, degrading, and debasing themselves beneath the Rank, which the God of Nature assigned them, in the Scale of Being. And as to our Sex, but little Mercy is shown them. \u201cThanks to our Faults, for such a fruitful Theme,\u201d that have furnished him with so many wise and witty observations. The other Day I very candidly mentioned to him those Lines of Prior, \u201cBe to their Virtues very kind, be to their Faults a little blind,\u201d and do you believe it, he had the politeness to place them in his Journal, in a most satyrical point of view. And if any one says to him, Mr Adams you are too satyrical\u2014Not more severe than Just, I have never disapproved or censured Things lovly and amiable\u2014My Aunt thinks as I do, and assents to what I say. So he finds a fine shelter for himself, under my Wing.\n     Indeed my Dear Neice, it mortifies me to look around and see how few Ladies there are, who are capable of making agreeable, or fit Companions to Gentlemen of Education, and Literature. Some I have seen who could neither join in Conversation, and who were not possessed with sufficient discernment, to know when to be silent, but would interrupt by the most triffling question, Affairs of the greatest Concern. Ladies who have Leisure, and Opportunities should endeavour to furnish themselves, with something more than what is merely Ornamenttal. They should study to render themselves agreeable Companions, ever keeping this one thing in view, that it is of little importance to engage unless they have qualities to preserve affection.\n     I hear a Vessel has been Shipwrecked near France, I fear there were Letters in her for you. But that is nothing, when we think of the poor Souls, lost in her. Cousin Billy, and Charles spent a week with us this winter Vacation. I think Charles grows more, and more agreeable. He sustains a good Character in Colledge, and is greatly beloved. Thomas is A fine Lad, and does not run so often to look of his Doves in studying Hours, since Mr Adams has been here. Mr Shaw, and my Children are well. Your Brother relates every thing in so much better manner than I can, that it not worth while for me to say any thing more than that I am, your ever affectionate Aunt\n      E Shaw", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0016", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Charles Adams, 16 February 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Adams, Charles\n      Dear Charles\n     Your Letters of october 23 and your last by capt Lyde gave me great pleasure, and the account your uncle Aunt and other Friends give me of your conduct and behaviour makes me very happy. A perceverence in the same steady course will continue to you the regard and Esteem of every worthy character and what is of infinate more importance your own peace of mind and the Approbation of your Maker. I am very glad you have engaged in the reading of History. You recollect I dare Say how often I have recommended to you an acquaintance with the most important events both of ancient and modern times. You have begun properly by attending to that of your own Country first. It would not be amiss if you was to read Hubbards history of the Indian Wars and Neals history of America Massa. Those with Hutchinsons will give you a just Idea of the first Settlement of America and the dangers perils and hardships which our Ancestors encounterd in order to establish civil and Religious Liberty. As there was no settlement on any part of the continent Northward of Maryland except in Massachusets for more than fifty years after the landing of our ancesters at Plimouth. That state may be considerd as the parent of all the other new England states, altho the first setlers fled to obtain liberty of conscience. They appear to have carried with them much superstition and bigotary, which may be attributed in some measure to the Spirit of the times in which they lived and the percecution they had sufferd, which always tends to narrow the mind and to make it more tenacious of its principals. At the same time they possessd that zeal for religion and that Strickt Piety together with the principals of civil Liberty which enabled them to brave every hardship and to build them up as a people, and laid the foundation for that Noble Structure which the present generation have founded, and which Ranks us as an Nation and which if we depart not from the first principals of our ancestors will in a course of years render us the admiration of future ages. Tho as individuals each may think himself too unimportant to effect so desirable an event, yet every one is accountable for his conduct and none so insignificient as not to have some influence. Ever keep in mind my Dear Son that virtue is the dignity of Humane nature. As you peruse history, remark the characters their views persuits, and the concequence of thir actions. See what an influence justice honour integrity and Reverence for the deity had upon the Nations and kingdoms when ever they predominated either in the Rulars or the people. Behold the Havock and devastation of Rapine cruelty Luxery avarice and ambition; there is an other course of reading which I would recommend to your attention. I mean moral Philosophy. There are a number of valuable Books upon this subject, Grove Butler Smith. Dr Watts upon the improvement of the Mind is particularly calculated to assist a Young Studient. This Book I advise you to an immediate attention to. I think you must find them all in the library.\n     By the time this reaches you your Brother will also become a student at Colledge. He will advise you with judgment. I hope you will preserve the Strickest Friendship for each other. If you can get time to pay Some attention to your handwriting it will be an advantage to you. This part of Your Education has been too much neglected in your Perigrinations oweing to Your commencing traveller too Young.\n     I am very happy to find that you have a studious youth for your companion. The enlargment of knowledge should be the constant view and design of every studient, reflection and observation must form the judgment. We must compare past event with the present in order to form a just estimate of Truth never taking any thing merely from the opinion of others, but weigh and judge for ourselves.\n     Your sister will write to you I suppose. She is well and so is your Pappa. Your uncles and Aunts are so kind to you that they releive me from any apprehension of Your being any ways neglected. I have sent a peice of Linnen which your Aunt will apply to those of you who stand most in need of it, and I have seald you a Small present in the corner of the Letter. Remember me to Mrs Dana and family and to your cousin Cranch and believe me your most affectionate Mother", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0018", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Cotton Tufts, 21 February 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Tufts, Cotton\n      My Dear sir\n      London Febry 21 1786\n     Captain Lyde arrived a week ago, and yesterday, he and mr Jenks dinned with us. By the latter we received your kind favour of December and Janry. I had just closed a Letter to you, which I have sent by way of Newyork, and requested mr King to Frank for you; the comunication directly to Boston is like to become much less frequent, than formerly, and the more it lessens, the better it will be for our Country. For the mines of Spanish America exist not in our northern climate, yet every vessel brings such quantities of specie, as is sufficient to allarm all those who wish well to our Nation, as there is not the least present appearence of a more liberal System being adopted towards us. It is time to shake of the strong propensity we have, of loveing our enemies better than our Friends, which is going a step further than Christianity itself enjoyns. It appears to be the object of this Country; or rather the ministry to keep us, as much as possible out of Sight; and whenever they are obliged to look at us, to view us as surrounded with clouds and Darkness, enveloped with fogs, which the Glorious sun of our independance can neither dispell, or shine through. But they will find e\u2019er long that the Cloud by day, may prove a pillar of fire by night, and lead us from a worse than Egyptian Bondage, that of becomeing devoted to their Luxeries, their venality and profligacy. Our intercourse with any other Country cannot for a long time have so great a tendency to injure our morals and manners, as this, for speaking the same language, descended from the same ancesstors, professing the same Religion, with all our habits and prejudices in favour of it, its very vices, like those of our near kindred, we wish to cover and extenuate.\n     By the paper inclosed you will see what the sentiments of Mr Jenkingson are, \u201cthat we cannot unite in our measures, and that at any rate they are sure of our commerce.\u201d The Americans are so much secreetly feard, but openly hated, that no man dares risk his popularity, which is the Deity all in Power worship, by avowing any liberality of sentiment towards them. A little longer time will more fully devellope their system. The Posts have been demanded. Some replie must be the result.\n     Mr Barrets success in France will give a spring I hope to our Whale fishery, and there is a good prospect of a speedy conclusion of the treaty with Portugal as the minister here has lately received full powers to setle it with Mr A. I wish I could say as much with respect to the Barbery powers but Congress have done in regard to them, as they have with most of there other foreign affairs, delay\u2019d and neglected them, till common danger has forced them into action.\n     The sending out such a \u2014\u2014 as Lamb is represented to be, not only from America, but from those who saw him in France, is truly astonishing. Mr Jefferson was distresst and so was Mr Adams, but neither of them thought themselves at Liberty to prevent his going, as he was sent by Congress expressly for that purpose. A whole year has elapsed since his appointment and he has got no further than Madrid yet. All that could be done here was to find some American of learning and prudence to appoint as Secretary to him. Mr A, accordingly prevaild upon a mr Randle who was here from New York to undertake the office, which he did without seeing his associate. But when he arrived in France, and saw his principal, he was throughly sick of his engagement. Yet the less capacity one possesst, the more necessity there was for the other. What Idea must these Barbarians entertain of the American Character, when a greater one than themselves is sent to treat with them. Besides the Algerines are said to be the most difficult power to treat with, and all the money which Congress have assigned to treat with the different states, will be found insufficient for one. What then can be done? If we war with them: the expence and horrours are inconceiveable, and after all we must make a peace at a Greater expence than it is probable it will cost us now. The more captives they take and the more property they acquire, the greater will the difficulty be. Yet will our Country be astonishd at the sums which must be given. There is at this Court a minister lately arrived from Tripoli. I have seen him twice at Court. He is of a copper coulour and was drest in the stile of his own Country, with a Turban upon his Head sandles upon his feet and a Mantle with a Beard of no small length. He was attended by two secretaries, who were permitted to wear only whiskers. They do not keep a minister stationd at any Court, but he travells from Court to Court, leveying his contributions upon the powers he visits. By his interpretor he appears a sensible candid well disposed Man. I am not at liberty to say more respecting him at present. Tripoli is one of the largest of the Barbery states, and has great influence with the rest, but the Money, the Money, where can it be had.\n     Whilst too many of our Countrymen are dancing, and playing, they think not of the perplexityes in which there publick ministers are involved, nor how many sleepless nights it costs them to plan for them, nor of the reproaches to which they expose them; by neglecting to take measures for the fullfillment of their engagements, but they can cavill at a minister even in C\u2014ss, if through hurry or inattention, he happens to be inelegant in his stile. It lies wholy with our Country to determine whether they will be a respected or a despiced Nation\u2014thus having given you a political dish, not a very palatable one I fear, I must turn my thoughts to domestick affairs. The Books and papers you speak of, you will call for whenever you may think it proper. I found the same Dilatory disposition which you complain of and a disposition to keep the knowledge of my affairs wholy from me. So that I was sometimes obliged to demand explanations, and on that account I had all my notes &c registerd in the Book which I gave you. I would have taken them all away, if I had not been particularly situated when I left America.\n     The Letters which were so long detained, I have not a doubt, were all copied before they were deliverd to you; but as no improper Ideas I dare say were ever communicated, and such Sentiments of Regard only exprest as a modest young Lady need not blush to avow where the object is really worthy. He must retain them to his own shame and confusion, and as She is now like to become the wife of an other Gentleman, I should think he would not wish to recollect what he has lost.\n     I have had an Idea that he will sell his place at Braintree, nothing likelier from the instability of the Man. If he should, Mr A would wish to purchase it. I question whether it has all been paid for. This you will not hint to any one. If he should not design it, it might look indelicate to mention the Idea, and if he should, it would be better for some other person to negotiate the buisness. Mr Adams says you may draw upon him for a hundred pounds whenever you think proper. Bills upon him ought to sell better than those which are doubtfull, as there is no danger of a protest and there is always prompt payment. Mr Rogers told me that his Brother Mr Bromfeild gave 7 pr cent by the last vessels. If you should find that an other hundred would be advantageous laid out in certificates you will draw again; but never for more than a hundred at a time. I hope our state will not be so distracted as ever to make paper money again. The note you will take up immediately. Inclosed is Doans account, not a copper of which was ever paid to my certain knowledgd. I never would have it tenderd to mr Doan during the paper currency as I knew it to be a good Debt. The Portsmouth buisness was setlled one Day at our door in Braintree without mr Doans getting of his Horse. So no charge was made of that.\n     With regard to mr Pratt; mr Adams request you would make him such an allowance as in like circumstances you would do for yourself; at the same time be so good as to let him know that he must let Pheby have some manure for her Garden, but you will limit her to a certain quantity, and what She wants more abdee must collect from the Street. There are some Records for the state which Mr Adams has procured here, for which he has paid 15 Guineys. He has forwarded them to mr King, Leiut. Govenour cushing wrote for them. Mr A has desird that the money may be paid to you.\n     I shall send some linnen by captain Lyde, but if linnen is to be had at Milton Hill I wish it may be taken there, as it is an article always usefull. I thought I left that account with you, but if I did not, Mrs Warren has one which I gave her a few Days before I Saild. The Gentleman you inquire after, visits us frequently, and is a very great hypocrite if he Loves the English any better than his Neighbours. He has danced a very faithfull attendance upon the great, without yet being able to get any answer from them. Be sure he is a little elated when a Lord sends him a card, or a great man notices him, but in this he only resembles some other of our Countrymen who are here. He says but little when in mixd company upon politicks, because he does not wish to offend those with whom his buisness lies. But I never saw any thing which gave me any reason to doubt his attachment to His Country, or its interests, and I do not think he would interest himself to serve this, in the Whale buisness.\n     Your Nephew I have made inquiries about and do not find that he is in England. I own I was sorry to see the Senate more strenuous than the House with Regard to the return of the Refugees. It is impossible to describe how happy many of them were; with the prospect, and it was considerd here as a master stroke of policy, many of them would be our fast Friends, and gratefull to us forever. They have seen and felt the difference between the two Countries. They would be glad to take the property given them here, and lay it out with us. Those at Shelburne are wretched, what greater injury can they do with us than from us? The worst Spirits will never return, but hundreds who fled through fear and folly are repentant sinners, and would become good citizens. I hope the Senate will be both magnanimous and generous with respect to them.\n     Mr Adams\u2019s best Regards attend you, he says I write so much that I leave him nothing to say. My daughter joins me in Love to Mr Tufts and a remembrance to all our Friends. I shall write to mrs Cranch if not by this vessel, by the next packet. I am dear sir with the sincerest Regard Your affectionate Neice.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0019", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to William Stephens Smith, 25 February 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Smith, William Stephens\n      Dear sir\n     Last evening col Forrest sent a servant with a Letter addrest to me, but upon opening it, I found I was honourd only with the cover. The inclosed I deliverd the Lady who sat next me but as I could not prevail with her to communicate a word more than \u201cthat the cake was good\u201d I threatned her with opening the next unless I should find something in the cover to appease me. But I did not keep my word, for I deliverd two others which came this day. I foretold at Breakfast, every morning since your departure, that you could not cross. I therefore commissirated your situation, and wished you back again; mr Peters arrived the day you set of. He has spent two evenings with us, and I enterd into the mans character from one single circumstance. There were several letters here for him, which when I gave them to him he rose and went to the lights unseald them, then threw them upon the table, and with an honest bluntness broke out\u2014not one line from my wife. I have lost two letters from her. The d\u2014\u2014l, I had rather have found two lines from her, than ten folios from any one else, you know the man.\n     I forgot to desire you to present my compliments to mr Jefferson and desire him to bring Patty with him and let her tarry with me whilst he is London. I designd to have askd you to have got me a certain article in France. I had the memorandum, and money in my hand, but first tried you with respect to yourself, and you lookd so solemn, and hesitated so much to serve yourself, that I put my money again into my pocket, and threw the memo into the fire. Adieu, yours &c &c\n       compliments to all good folks", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0021", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Elizabeth Smith Shaw, 4 March 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Shaw, Elizabeth Smith,Peabody, Elizabeth Smith Shaw\n      My Dear Sister\n      London March 4 1786\n     I seldom feel a sufficient stimulous for writing untill I hear that a vessel is just about to sail, and then I find my self so deep in debt, that I know not where to begin to discharge the account. But it is time for me to be a little more provident for upon looking into my list I find I have no less than 18 correspondents who have demands upon me. One need to have a more fruitfull fund than I am possessed of, to pay half these in Sterling Bullion. I fear many will find too great a Quantity of alloy to be pleased with the traffic.\n     I think in one of my letters to you last fall I promised to give you some account of the celebrated actress Mrs Siddons, who I was then going to see; you may well suppose my expectations were very high, but her circumstances were such then as prevented her from exerting that force of passion, and that energy of action, which have renderd her so justly celebrated. She was  in the  of her pregnancy. You will suppose that she ought not to have appeard at upon appeard at all upon the stage; I should have thought so too if I had not seen her.  contrived her dress in such a manner as wholy to disguise her situation and have only those tragedies where little exertion was necessary. The first peice I saw her in was Shakspears Othelo. She was interesting beyond any actress I had ever seen: but I lost much of the pleasure of the play, from the Sooty appearence of the Moor. Perhaps it may be early prejudice, but I could not Seperate the affrican coulour from the man, nor prevent that disgust and horrour which filld my mind every time I saw him touch the Gentle Desdemona, nor did I wonder that Brabantio thought some Love portion or some witchcraft had been practised, to make his Daughter \u201cfall in Love with what she scarcly dared to look upon.\u201d I have been more pleasd with her since in several other characters particularly in Matilda in the Carmilite, a play which I send you for your amusement. Much of Shakspears language is so uncooth that it sounds very harsh. He has beauties which are not equald, but I should suppose they might be renderd much more agreeable for the Stage by alterations. I saw Mrs Siddons a few Evenings ago, in Macbeth a play you recollect, full of horrour. She supported her part with great propriety, but She is too great to be put in so detestable a Character. I have not yet seen her in her most pathetick Characters, which are Jane Shore, Belvedera in venice preservd and Isabela in the fatal marriage, for you must make as much interest here, to get a Box when she plays, as to get a place at Court, and they are usually obtaind in the same Way. It would be very difficult to find the thing in this Country which money will not purchase, provided you can bribe high enough.\n     What adds much to the merit of Mrs Siddons, is her virtuous Character, Slander itself never having slurd it. She is married to a Man who bears a good character, but his Name and importance is wholy swallowd up in her Fame. She is the Mother of five children, but from her looks you would not imagine her more than 25 years old. She is happy in having a Brother who is one of the best tragick actors upon the Stage, and always plays the capital parts with her, so that both her Husband, and the virtuous part of the audience can see them in the tenderest scenes without once fearing for their reputation. I scrible to you upon these subjects, yet fear they do not give you the pleasure I wish to communicate for it is with the Stage, as with Yoricks Sentimental journey, no person can have an equal realish for it, with those who have been in the very place described. I can however inform you of something which will be more interesting to you because it is the work of one of our own Countrymen, and of one of the most important events of the late War. Mr Trumble has made a painting of the battle at Charstown and the Death of Generall Warren. To speak of its merit, I can only say; that in looking at it, my whole frame contracted, my Blood Shiverd and I felt a faintness at my Heart. He is the first painter who has undertaking to immortalize by his Pencil those great actions; that gave Birth to our Nation. By this means he will not only secure his own fame, but transmit to Posterity Characters and actions which will command the admiration of future ages and prevent the period which gave birth to them from ever passing away into the dark abiss of time whilst he teaches, mankind, that it is not rank, or titles, but Character alone which interest Posterity. Yet notwithstanding the Pencil of a Trumble, and the Historick Pen of a Gorden and others, many of the componant parts of the great whole, will finally be lost. Instances of Patience perseverence fortitude magninimity courage humanity and tenderness, which would have graced the Roman Character, are known only to those who were themselves the actors, and whose modesty will not suffer them to blazon abroad their own fame. These however will be engraven by Yoricks recording Angle upon unfadeing tablets; in that repositary where a just estimate will be made both of principals and actions.\n     Your Letters of Sepbr 7 and Jan\u2019ry, I have received with much pleasure and am happy to find that the partiality of a Parent, with regard to a very dear son, had not lessned him in the Eyes of his Friends, for praises are often so many inquisitors and always a tax where they are lavishd. I think I may with justice say, that a due sense of moral obligation integrity and Honour are the predominant traits of his Character, and these are good foundations upon which one may reasonably build hopes of future usefullness. The longer I live in the world, and the more I see of mankind, the more deeply I am impressd with the importance and necessity of good principals and virtuous examples being placed before youth; in the most amiable and engageing manner whilst the mind is uncontaminated and open to impressions. Yet precept without example is of little avail, for habits of the mind are produced by the exertion of inward practical principals. \u201cThe Souls calm Sunshine\u201d can result only from the practise of virtue, which is conjenial to our natures. If happiness is not the immediate concequence of virtue, as some devotees to pleasure affirm, Yet they will find that virtue is the indispensible condition of happiness, and as the Poet expresses it,\n      \u201cPeace o virtue! Peace is all thy own.\u201d\n     But I will quit this Subject least my good Brother should think I have invaded his province.\n     I was much gratified by the account you gave me of the marriage of my Loved Friend and companion of many of my solatary hours. What ever can increase her happiness will augment mine, for I loved her as my Friend as well as Relation. I always found her Sincere in her professions, constant in her attachments, benevolent in her disposition, and disposed to do all the Good in her power. Such Characters deserve well of mankind tho they may be deficient in less essential qualifications. I hope she will meet with every attention and tenderness in her connection which I know her to be deserving of. I think She is calculated for the station and relation in which she is placed, and I dare say it will not be her fault if she does not fill it, with reputation to herself and Friends. My Love to her and my best wishes attend her. I know she will rejoice with me in the dissolution of a Connextion the circumstances of which She has been more acquainted with, than any other of my Friends. Her sentiments and opinions were well founded, and she never kept from me a truth however dissagreeable that she thought it of importance to communicate, tho she knew and experienced the displeasure of one, whom time and her own experience; has taught, who were her disinterested Friends. Your Neice has always been more communicative to you, than to any other of her Friends. Your gentle soul taught her confidence. She will perhaps inform you that she has partialities better founded than those she has escaped from: may she have occasion to bless the day, that a sense of duty and fillial affection, overpowerd every other consideration; Sanctiond now by the voice of reason judgment and her Parents. She can look forward with happier prospects.\n     I must hasten to a close, as the watch which ticks upon the table points to two oclock, and I am not yet drest. I will however first inquire whether you ever received a peice of calico which I sent my little neice by mr Gardner for a slip, or whether he kept it as mr Remington did the shoes two months after he got home. People are sometimes very ready to offer their service, but think no more of the matter afterwards.\n     I have purchased of the best Italian lutestring I could find, sufficient for a Gown for my sister which I request her acceptance of. The coulour is quite new and perfectly the mode but it does not follow from thence that it is very handsome; I think however it will look well when made up.\n     We have had for this fortnight past, the severest weather we have known for the whole winter, and the most snow. It frezes hard in the House, the wind constant at east, many vessels for Newyork that were to have gone out 15 days ago, are yet detaind. I frown on account of it because I wrote by them to Dr Tufts my son John and mrs Cranch. Cushing will be ready to sail as soon as any of them. The Young Man by the Name of Wilson I sent to inquire for and should have askd him to have dined with us, when captain Cushing did but he staid only one day in London.\n     You will be so good as to remember me to good old Madam Marsh and family, to judge Sergants and to mr Whites. Tell mrs White I have a gratefull sense of her kindness to all my sons, they express to me her maternal regard to them. I am rejoiced to hear of miss Pegys recovery.\n     Mr Adams desires his Love to mr Shaw to you and yours. Adieu my dear sister and believe me at all times Your affectionate Sister,\n      I hope my youngest son has out grown the Rheumatisim. This cold weather has stird up mine, but I am better now than I have been.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0022", "content": "Title: John Adams to Richard Cranch, 11 March 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Cranch, Richard\n      My dear Brother\n      Grosvenor Square March 11. 1786\n     I am very much obliged to you, for your Friend Ship to my Brother Adams, and hope that his Conduct in his new office, will do no dishonour to his Appointment but he will stand in need sometimes of your Advice.\n     Inclosed with this is a Book of my Friend Jefferson, which, you will entrust to none but faith full Friends. It is not yet to be published.\n     We are at War with Morocco, Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli. By the Laws of those Nations all Nations are at War, who have no Treaties with them. It is of vast importance to us to make Peace with them. But Congress uninformed of the sums necessary to be given, have limited us to 80,000 Dollars, which is not one quarter Part of what will be found indispensible.\n     The English are so happy, in our Indolence and Simplicity which yeilds up to them with so much patient good Nature the entire Markett of Italy, Portugal and Spain, which tamely throws into their Hands the Fisheries of Cod and Whales, and all our own carrying Trade and Navigation, that they have nothing to do but laugh at us. To treat with us, would be an affront to their understandings, as they think. What! give us our own carrying trade, when We are willing to give it to them? It would be an Affront to us too, not to accept of our Generosity.\n     But my Countrymen will not always be so lazy and so Silly. If they are they will deserve!. . . . We are so good as to fill their Coffers, give them surpluses of Revenue, Ballances of Exchange, let them build Men of War, multiply sailors\u2014all to be poured in Vengeance upon us, ten or twelve years hence! But Mass., N.H. and R. Island have more sense. Let them persevere and convert the rest.\n     We must and will rival the English in the Cod and Whale Fisheries; in the carrying Trade of Italy, in the East India Trade\u2014in the Aff\u00adrican Trade, and in all other Trades. Since they will consider and treat us as Rivals, Rivals we will be; and in naval Power too. Navigation Acts will make Us Rivals to some Purpose.\u2014Twenty Years will show this Nation if it pursues its present Course, its own Nothingness, and the mighty Power of America.\n     But We must not be afraid of two hundred Thousand Pounds to procure Treaties with the Barbary Powers which will be worth two Millions. We must not be afraid of laying Twenty Pounds Bounty upon oil, if necessary, nor of laying round Duties upon British Articles. We must encourage Merit. The publick Mind must be generous, not mean and niggardly. Such a Disposition Stints the Growth and Damps the ardour of Genius and Enterprize. If there is meanness of soul enough, to wear fine Cloaths, keep Country seats, and ride in Carriages, upon Money borrowed of English Merchants and Manufacturers, We must be content to be poor and vain and despised. I will not say proud, one grain of Pride would scorn the Base situation.\n     What is become of the 300 Pieces of brass Coin, which were found in Medford? Will the Accademy, publish an Account of them? They are pronounced here not to be Phoenician but Moorish.\n     What is become of the Art of making salt Water fresh? Will the Discoveror, communicate his secret to the state or to Congress? I hope he will not dishonour his Country so much as to come here, to sell his Art.\n     My Love to sister and the Children, to my ever honoured Mother, to my Brother and his Family, to Uncle Quincy, Mr Wibirt and all Frids. Your affectionate Brother\n      John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0023", "content": "Title: John Adams to Cotton Tufts, 11 March 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Tufts, Cotton\n      Dear Sir\n      Grosvenor Square March 11. 1786\n     Your kind Favours of Nov 12. and 24. and Decr 21 are before me. I Sympathize with you, under the Loss of your amiable Mrs Tufts, who was Innocence and Charity itself and Innocence and Charity can never put off the Flesh but for an happier state.\n     It gives me great Satisfaction to be informed that my Sons Behaviour is approved, by you. As they must labour for their Lives, I hope they will acquire early habits of Application to study, which is an excellent Preservative against the Dissipation which is so fatal to Youth, as well as a foundation for Usefulness in more advanced Years.\n     I hope to Send the Books you desire by this Vessell. I have employed a Book seller to look for them, upon the best Terms, and hope he will find them in Season.\n     I received from Dr Holyoke, the President of the Medical Society, a polite and obliging Letter, inclosing a Vote of Thanks from the society, very honourable to me: but as the subject did not seem to require any further Attention on my Part, I never answered it. I know nothing of the Answer to the Royal society at Paris. The original Vote of the society, copy of which I transmitted is somewhere among my Papers: but I have so often removed that my Papers are packed up in Trunks, and I know not how to come at it, at present.\n     The Sentiments in yours of Decr 21. have great Weight, and from all that appears, in this Country, your Maxims will have full opportunity to come into Fashion: for there is no Disposition to a Treaty, and certainly never will be as long as our states will Suffer this Kingdom to monopolize the Navigation of both Countries. They now think us simple enough to let them be carriers for us as well as themselves, and they love us so well as to take Pleasure in obliging us in this Way.\n     My Correspondent Mathew Robinson Esqr, Author of a Pamphlet in 1774 intituled Considerations on the Measures carrying on &c has published lately the inclosed Address which contains the first honest View of the State of this Nation that has appeared since the Peace. This is an honest and Sensible Old Man of Fortune, and formerly Member of Parliament. The Minister upon reading the Pamphlet said \u201cif John Adams had given the author five hundred Pounds for writing it, he could not have laid out his Money to more Advantage.\u201d But that \u201cif the state were true, it was a d\u2014\u2014d wicked thing to publish it.\u201d\n     Alass poor John Adams has no Money to lay out, in hiring Englishmen to save themselves from Destruction, and if he had any it would be his Duty to give it to the Algerines, first. My Love to Mr Quincy, Your son and all Friends\n      John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0024", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Mary Smith Cranch, 15 March 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Cranch, Mary Smith\n      My dear Sister\n      London March 15 1786\n     Mrs Hay call\u2019d upon me a sunday whilst I was gone to meeting to let me know that She expected to Sail in a few days for Newyork. When I saw her before she determined to go out in captain Lyde who will not go till the middle of April, but Captain Cooper is a British Bottom, and on board of him they will not have algerines to fear. I cannot but think She is right. I freely own I should be loth to risk myself, as American vessels are unsecured. I shall call upon her in a day or two, and get her to take in her trunk a peice of silk which I have procured for you, and Mrs Shaw, and which I had determined to send by Cushing. You requested that it might be dark, the coulour is new and fashionable, I think dark enough. I never had any great affection for dark coulours but the observation of Pope Gangenella, that the Lady who talkd Scandle was in an ill humour, or Pevish against mankind, was commonly drest in a brown habit, has put me quite out of conceit of Dark Cloaths. Besides I am of opinion that they do not suit Dark complexions. I have sent my Mother silk for a Gown which you will present her with my duty, and some waistcoat patterns for our sons upon commencment day whom I have directed to drink my Health upon the occasion. These things my dear Friends will do me the favour to accept of, as a small token of my regard for them. I have made a peice of linen up for my older Son having his measure here, and I have bought an other peice both of which I shall send by cushing or Lyde and Mrs Quincys silk too, but I dare not encumber mrs Hay with any thing more. Since I began writing have received a card from mrs Hay informing me that she expects to sail on saturday.\n     I have written to you by way of Newyork and requested mr King to forward the Letters to you. I shall write again by Lyde, what Letters I have by me I shall commit to Mrs Hay. I will write to my neices and other Friends soon. I have received the chocolate by Lyde and give you a thousand thanks for it.\n     I have nothing of importance to inform you of at present, I have written largely to you so lately. My best regards Love &c attend you all from your affectionate Sister\n      There is a peice of calico for Louissa sent to your care. I have not written to her but shall soon.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0026", "content": "Title: Elizabeth Smith Shaw to Abigail Adams, 18 March 1786\nFrom: Shaw, Elizabeth Smith,Peabody, Elizabeth Smith Shaw\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n      Haverhill March 18th 1786\n     Should I my Dear Sister, too much alarm the Heart of an affectionate Mother, solicitous for the welfare of her Children if I were to say plainly, that I wish Mr JQA had never left Europe. That he had never come into our Family. Then we should not have known him. Then we should not have been so grieved. Then we should not have this ocasion of Sorrow.\n     His leaving it.\u2014Indeed my Sister, our House looks gloomy now he has left it. Mr Shaw and I feel the loss of him more than of any Pupil that has ever lived with us. He used to read to me in the Evening in his leisure Moments, which always gave me pleasure, for his manner of reading was a good comment upon the Subject, and did honour to his Author. He had imbibed some curious Notions, and was rather peculiar in some of his Opinions, and a little to decisive, and tenacious of them. Mr Thomas said to him one Day, \u201cI think Brother you seem to differ most always from every one else in company.\u201d And I used to tell him that I had seen People, while they thought they were possessed of, and adopting the most liberal Sentiments grow contracted and illiberal. And that though I was willing to allow him every advantage, which I knew he was possessed of above his cotemporaries, yet there was more than a probability that he would think differently, at different periods of Life. Most young People of his Age, are apt to think they are certainly right. It is a Fault which at the early period of eighteen, (if I may be allowed the expression) that generally arives at its greatest perfection. But it is what good-sense, Time, and Experience will naturally expell.\n     In company Mr JQA was always agreeable, pleasing, modest, and polite, and it was only in private Conversation, that those imperfections of Youth, were perceivable, and I should not have mentioned them now, if I had not have supposed you would wish to know every thing about him.\n     His Father is hisDelphic Oracle. There never was a Son who had a greater veneration for a Father, and none (perhaps) who have more reason than yours.\n     I think my sisters very happy in their Children for they all appear to be blessed with Talentes, superior to what we commonly meet with in those of their Age. It is our wish that they may improve them to their honour, their own real good, and to their Countries Service.\n     In Mr JQA, I see an high sense of honor, great Abilities well cultivated, and improved by critical Observation, and close attention to the Tempers, and dispositions of People, the Laws, the Customs, and the Manners of those Countries where he has travelled.\n     In him I see the wise Politician, the good statesman, and the Patriot in Embrio.\n     In Charles I behold those Qualities that form the engaging, the well accomplished Gentleman, the Friend of Science, the favorite of the Muses, and the Graces, as well as of the Ladies.\n     In Thomas B A, I discern a more martial, and intrepid Spirit. A fine natural Capacity, a love of Buisiness, and an excellent faculty in dispatching it. Indefatiguable in everything that shall render him a useful member of Society, and independant of the World.\n     And as to my Dear, dear lovely Niece, I consider her, as a mere Phoenix, as exhibiting to the world greatness, and strength of Mind, and coolness of Judgment which has few examples. Possessed with those Sentiments, with which she left America, her Conflict must have been great.\n     Mr Atkinson, Mr Storer, and Mr Smith kept Sabbath here, this winter, and brought with them your Letter dated October 2d. which you sent by Callihan, accompanied with a kind present of a pair of Shoes, which are full large, and fit me very well. I receive every Token of Love, from my Sister, to me, or mine, with more than a grateful Heart.\n     I wrote Mr Storer a Billet upon his arrival, begging the favour of a Visit from him. I wanted to ask questions, to hear him talk about you and yours. He was so good as to gratify me, and I think him a fine agreeable, sociable, modest Man.\n     Your Son Charles, and Cousin William Cranch made us a Visit in the Winter Vacation. They both are studious, behave well, and have the approbation of their Tutors, and the love of their Classmates.\n     I assure you it made us happy to see your Children. They chose to lodge together in our great Bed, though there was another in the Chamber. I went up after they were abed to see if they were warm, and comfortable as I told them, but really to enjoy the satisfaction of seeing the three Brothers embracing each other in Love, Innocence, Health, and Peace. All my Sister rose within me\u2014Joy\u2014Love\u2014Gratitude, and maternal Tenderness sparkled in my Eye.\n     \u201cWhat said I, would your Mother give to look upon you all, and see you happy as I do.\u201d\n     Would she were here.\n     I know that you can have no greater pleasure, than to hear that your \u201cChildren walk in the Truth.\u201d\n     Mr JQA was accepted by the Proffessors without the lest dificulty, and Mr Shaw procured him a Chamber in the University with a Graduate, with whom he is to live till after Commencment. Mr Thomas B A, the Dr says, must enter the University next July. He has been with us so long that it hurts me to think of parting with him. But his advantage must be consulted more than my pleasure.\n     Both my Children always ask me, whether I am writing to their Aunt Adams, and beg I would give their Love to you, for they have no Idea of any-thing better.\n     Mr Shaw best, kindest wishes attend you. He feels not a little proud of his Pupils I assure you.\n     Thomas presents his Duty, has nothing new to tell you, and so omits writing.\n     Betsy Smith wishes she may have a few Lines from her cousin Nabby, and begs her Duty and Love may be accepted.\n     My Dear Sister, believe me most affectionately yours.\n      Eliza Shaw\n     This Letter I intended to have sent by the first Opportunity this Spring, but was not apprized of Callihans sailing soon enough for the purpose.\n     I will send it to Mr Smith however, to go by the first Vessel, hoping it will be accepted, because I know it was dictated by the greatest Love, and Affection of Your Sister\n      Eliza Shaw\n      I am impatient to hear from you.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0027", "content": "Title: John Adams to John Quincy Adams, 19 March 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n      My dear son\n      Grosvenor Square March 19. 1786\n     This Letter, I presume, will find you at the University, where I hope you will pass your time both pleasantly and profitably. Let Us know how you find Things, and take care of your health. You have in your Travels had so much Exercise, that it is not Safe to discontinue it, and indulge your self too much in a Sedentary Life. Never fail to walk an hour or two every day.\n     I have read the Conquest of Canaan and Vision of Columbus, two Poems which would do honour to any Country and any Age. Read them, and you will be of my mind. Excepting Paradise lost, I know of nothing Superiour in any modern Language. What Success they will have in England is uncertain, at least for some years.\n     I will Say thus much in favour of our Country that in Poets and Painters, She is not at present outdone by any nation in Europe.\n     Your Letters to your sister are a great Refreshment to Us. Continue the Correspondence as often as you can without interfereing with your Studies.\n      I am my dear son, with the tenderest Affection your Father\n      John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0028", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to John Quincy Adams, 20 March 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n      My Dear Son\n      March 20th 1786 London\n     Altho I have written you a very long Letter by way of Newyork, yet should one vessel go to Boston without a few lines from me, I flatter myself you would be dissapointed.\n     Captain Cushing and Lyde both dined here yesterday. Each of them expect to sail in all this month, but Cushing in the course of the present week. By him I send you a set of shirts, as we had your measure I supposed it was as well to send them made up, as to trouble our Friends to do it for you. I have also sent a peice of linen which mr Jenks has engaged to pack up with some things which he is sending to mr Tufts, and which is to be deliverd to your Aunt Cranch for the use of your Brothers. By mrs Hay I have sent several little bundles to my Friends (She is gone in a British bottom by way of Newyork,) amongst which is silk for a waistcoat for you and your Brother Charles, which you are to have made for commencment day. The Books you requested are also sent by Captain Cushing. If there is any thing more you wish, write me word and I will procure it for you, because I know you will circumcribe your wish to my ability. If that was more ample, many should I rejoice to benefit by it. But if we are not the favorites of fortune, let us be; what is of much more importance to us, the Votaries of Virtue, and consider that being denied the former we are secured from many temptations that always attend upon that fickle Dame. The Prayer of Augur, was that of a wise Man, who was aware that Poverty might expose him to acts of injustice towards his fellow creatures, and riches, to ingratitude towards his Maker. He therefore desird that middle state which would secure him from the temptation of the first, and Gaurd him from the impiety of the latter. And in that middle State, I believe the largest portion of Humane happiness is to be found. Riches always create Luxery, and Luxery always leads to Idleness Indolence and effeminacy which stiffels every noble purpose, and withers the blossom of genious which fall useless to the ground, unproductive of fruit.\n     Your Sister has written you so many pages that I suppose she has not left me any thing material to write to you but as I am very rarely honourd with a sight of any of them I shall venture, tho I repeat what has already been written, to inform you that mr Jefferson is here from Paris, and that the treaty with portugal will be compleated in a few days. Conferences have been held with the Tripoline minister who is here. The subject terms of Treaty &c been all transmitted to Congress, and it is for them to decide whether they will purchase a Peace, or whether they will submit to a War which will cost them 3 times as much as a peace, provided they had Ships for the purpose, and after all, will be obliged to make a peace, redeem their prisoners, and pay a still larger tribute than is at present demanded, tho that is very great, or will they take an other whole year to decide upon the subject. This month compleats one, since the appointment of Lamb, who is not yet got to Algiers and when he does, get there, by all accounts, he will not find a greater Barbarian than himself. Is this for the Honour of our Country to send such characters as a specimin of our Nation!\n     Do the united States wish to become the Scorn of Europe and the laughing Stock of Nations, by withholding from Congress those powers which would enable them to act in concert, and give vigor and strength to their proceedings. The states dishearten many able Men from joining in their counsels, whose years and experience teach wisdom, and send their beardless Boys to cavil at words, with all the pedantick and shallow Pierian draughts which intoxicate the Brain, who know perhaps how to place their comas and points, but to the weighty matters of the State are quite incompetent, who know no more of the nature of Goverment, or possess any clearer Ideas of the politicks of nations than the Member of Parliament understood of the Geography of America when he talkd of the Island of Virginia.\n     Heaven forgive me if I form too unfavourable an opinion of them, but many of the states do not certainly attend sufficiently to the experience and abilities of those to whom they commit, not only their own most important Interests, but those of generations yet to come. Nor are the states fully represented, seven are not competant to Money Matters. Nor do they chuse to transact any buisness of importance. By this means their affairs lag on from Month to Month, even when their is the greatest call for desicion. To those who love their Country and wish to serve her, this conduct becomes burdensome and puts them out of all Patience. But why should I preach, it will do no good. As to this Country\u2014\n      \u201cFull soon, full soon their envious minds shall know\n      our Growth their ruin, and our Peace their woe\u201d\n     and thus I take my leave of them.\n     With respect to the conference with the Tripoline, you will mention that circumstance cautiously. Write me as often as possible & believe me ever Your affectionate Mother\n      PS. inclosed is a triffle.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0029", "content": "Title: John Adams to Richard Cranch, 20 March 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Cranch, Richard\n      Grosvenor Square March 20. 1786\n     In a Letter to R. R. Livingston, Secretary of state for foreign Affairs, dated The Hague July 23. 1783, I gave him an account of Conversations with Mr. Van Berckel and others, in which I learn\u2019d that there were in holland a great Number of Refineries of Sugar; \u201cthat all their own Sugars were not half enough to employ their Sugar Houses, and that at least one half of the sugars refined in Holland were the Production of the French West India Islands. That these Sugars were purchased chiefly in the Ports of France. That France, not having sugar-Houses, for the refinement of her own sugars, but permitting them to be carried to Amsterdam, and Rotterdam, for Manufacture She might be willing that they should be carried to Boston New York and Philadelphia, from her own Ports in Europe in American Bottoms.\u201d\n     That the Sugars which America might purchase, would be paid for in Articles more advantageous to France, than the Pay which is made by the Dutch. That if any Sugars refined in Holland are afterwards sold in France, it would be less against her Interest to have them refined in America, because the Price, would be laid out in french Produce and Manufactures. That there is a difference between us and the Dutch and all other nations, as We Spend in Europe all the Profits We make and more. The others do not. That if French Sugars refined in Holland, are afterwards Sold in other Parts of Europe (as they are in Petersbourg and all round the Baltic in Germany and Italy) We have Sugar Houses as well as the Dutch and it would be as Well that We should sell them, because our sugarhouses ought not to be more obnoxious to french Policy or Commerce, than theirs. That as there is in America a great Consumption of sugar, it is not the Interest of any Nation who have sugars to sell, to lessen the Consumption, but on the contrary they should favour it, in order to multiply Purchasers and quicken the Competition by which the Price is raised. None.\n     That if the worst Should happen, and all the nations who have Sugar Islands, should forbid Sugars to be carried to America, in any other, than their own Bottoms, We might depend upon having enough of this Article at the Freeports, to be brought away in our own ships, if We should lay a Prohibition or a Duty on it, in foreign ships. To do either, the States must be united, which the English think cannot be. Perhaps the French think so too, and in time they may perswade the Dutch to be of the same Opinion. It is to be hoped We shall disappoint them, all in a Point so just and reasonable, When We are contending only for an equal Chance for the Carriage of our own Productions, and the Articles of our own Consumption: When We are willing to allow to all other Nations, even a free Competition with Us, in this Carriage, if We cannot Unite; it will discover an Imperfection and Weakness in our Constitution, which will deserve a serious Consideration.\n     I had begun to write you upon this Subject, but concluding to write particularly to Govr Bowdoin, I beg leave to refer you to him.\n     I have given him an History of Mr Boylstons Voyage to France, Sale of a Cargo of Oil and Purchase of sugars. It is the first Attempt, or Experiment of the Plan which I mentioned frequently in my Letters to Mr Livingstone 3 years ago But every Thing written to Congress is lost. Our Merchants have not discovered so much Industry and Ingenuity as was expected. The Idea of sending to Europe from America for Sugars is odd, but We must come to it and shall find our Account in it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0033", "content": "Title: John Quincy Adams to Elizabeth Cranch, 23 March 1786\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Cranch, Elizabeth,Norton, Elizabeth Cranch\n      Cambridge March 23d: 1786\n     I came yesterday as far as Boston with Sister Lucy, who is employ\u2019d in fixing me off: I came here in the afternoon finally to settle. Your Brother goe to Boston this morning, and I have but a few minutes to write. All at Braintree are well, Mr. Tyler\u2019s Windmill is to be raised this day. There\u2019s another thing, that you would never let me know. I have got a number of articles of impeachment, which you are to answer next Court. How do all the good folks at Haverhill? Present my best respects to Uncle and Aunt Shaw; I would write to Madam, but have not Time at present. Remember me to all friends, but especially to Mr: White\u2019s family, for whose many kindnesses to me, while I was at Haverhill, I shall ever retain the most grateful remembrance. Your\u2019s\n      J. Q. Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0034", "content": "Title: John Adams to Richard Cranch, 24 March 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Cranch, Richard\n      My dear Brother\n      Grosvenor Square March 24th. 1786\n     In yours of the 10th. of Novr. you desire me to give you the Connection between the Premises and conclusion, when I said that the Navigation act would compell all the other states to imitate it. If they do not the Massachusetts will soon get so much of their carrying Trade as will richly compensate her for any present Inconvenience.\n     I take it for granted that the United States will make peace with the States of Barbary altho\u2019 it may cost them two or three hundred thousand Pounds that the fears of our Sailors and Premiums of Insurance may not make a difference between our Navigation and European Navigations.\n     I take it for granted too, that the New England States, and such other as come into the same measure and even that New Hamp\u00adshire and Massachusetts if they should be alone, will take care that their Laws shall not be eluded by carrying their Produce to other states to be exported in European Bottoms.\n     These postulates being premised, I am of opinion the Massachusetts can build Ships and carry the produce of the southern States to markett, cheaper than the English can do it, or french, or any other Nation.\n     I know it is the opinion of some, that the Britons especially from the Northern and Western Parts of their Island, can sail their ships as cheap as we can, but this opinion I think is ill founded, and will appear so more clearly now, than it did before the late War for two reasons, one is the increase of taxes in Britain the other, that they do not now purchase our ready built ships, but must build them at home at a much dearer rate. I may now add, it is impossible for the English to furnish ships for the exportation of the Southern States, who will be obliged to make navigation acts to encourage their own shipping, or to hire ours which will increase the Ballance against them too much in our favour.\n     Let it be considered further, that if we can purchase raw sugars in France with our Oil, refine them in Boston and then send them to Petersburgh to purchase Hemp and Duck, Navigation will support our oil trade and that our Navigation.\n     If any thing can prevent this conclusion it must be the want of Industry, and the Excess of luxury in our Merchants and others. But if Luxury and Idleness are more prevalent in the Massachusetts, than in England at present, they will not be so long, for the unbounded Credit which gave rise to it, is at an End. Yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0036", "content": "Title: John Quincy Adams to Abigail Adams 2d, 1 April 1786\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Abigail (daughter of JA and AA)\n      Cambridge, April 1st, 1786\n     What shall I say to my sister? Indeed, I am quite at a loss. I spend much more time in thinking what I shall say to you than I do in writing. I find here continually the sameness which I complained of at Haverhill. To give an account of one day, would give one of a month. Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday, every minute of our time is taken up. The rest of the week, any person that chooses may loiter away doing nothing. But a person fond of studying will never want for employment. Now, for the want of some thing better to say, you shall have a long detail of the distribution of our time at present. One week we recite to Mr. James, the Latin tutor. The next to Mr. Read, in Euclid. The third to Mr. Jennison, in Greek; and the fourth to Mr. Hale, in Locke. Then begin again. Monday morning at six, bell for prayers; from thence reciting; half after seven, breakfast; at nine, go to Mr. Williams\u2019, upon practical geometry; at eleven, a lecture upon natural philosophy; half after twelve, dinner, and reciting again; five, prayers. Tuesday, instead of practical geometry, at nine, it is a lecture from the Hebrew professor; at two in the afternoon, a lecture from the professor of divinity. Wednesday, at nine, another lecture upon divinity; at eleven, lecture on philosophy; two, afternoon, lecture on astronomy. Thursday, reciting in the morning. Friday, nothing but a lecture on philosophy. Saturday, reciting in the morning to Mr. Read, in Doddridge\u2019s Lectures on Divinity, a pretty silly book, which I wonder to find among the books studied here. So we go on from day to day, and if there is once a week an episode, such as going to Boston, or dining out, this is the greatest show of variety that I can make. Now where, from this story, can I possibly find materials for letters? If I had the art of writing half-a-dozen pages upon nothing, at least I should be enabled to fulfil my engagements with you. But I scarcely know what to say when a continued variety of scenes was rising before me; much less can I now that, like a horse in a mill, I am going continually the same round.\n     We had a very uncommon month of March, fine weather almost all the month; but the first day of this, at about noon, it began to snow, and for twenty-six hours it stormed with great violence. In some places there was more than five feet of snow.\n     The senior class have had, this forenoon, a forensic disputation upon the question whether a democratical form of government was the best. It went through the class\u2014one supporting that democracy was the best of all governments, and the next that it was the worst. This is one of the excellent institutions of this University, and is attended with many great advantages.\n      7th, Friday.\n     Yesterday was fast day. We had two sermons from the president, who bewailed a great many things. He labors a great deal in preaching, shows much good sense, but no eloquence.\n     This forenoon, just as I was going to the lecture upon experimental philosophy, Mr. Storer gave me a letter, upon which I saw your superscription\u2014it contained your account till the ninth of December. But only think how I was tantalized. I was obliged, before I could read a line in your letter, to go in and listen for almost an hour and a half, to projectile motion and the central forces. At any other time Mr. Williams would have entertained me very much; but now I lost half the lecture, and was so impatient that every minute seemed ten. As soon as I came out I did not wait to get to my chamber, but walked there reading as I went. It was almost four months since I had received a line from you, and if ever expectation made the blessing dear, I had that to perfection. I have received all your letters except No. 2, which was the first you wrote me from England. Of that I never heard a word but what you wrote me.\n      Saturday, 8th.\n     I dined this day at Mr. Tracy\u2019s. He has been here ever since he returned from Europe, but intends to go to Newbury in May. Our company was Mr. Molyneux, Mr. Price, Mr. Moses Mores, an Englishman, H. Otis, C. Storer, and Dr. Cutting. Were you ever in company with two professed wits? I don\u2019t know that I was ever more diverted with such a circumstance, than this day. Dr. Cutting and Mr. Hughes were very smart upon each other, and let fly their bonmots as fast as they could pass; and they appeared both to be as sensible of their wit as any body present. Mr. Price you remember. He proposes coming and settling in Boston. He, you know, is quite solid. Mr. Molyneux appears to be quite a gentleman. You know, from the first appearance of a gentleman, that nothing is perceived that can be taken notice of. I believe that every person has something in his character peculiar to himself. But as these peculiarities are, most commonly, disagreeable, the gentleman endeavors, as much as possible, to be free from them, and so far succeeds that an intimate acquaintance with him is necessary to perceive them.\n     Tuesday, 11th.Braintree.\n     The spring vacancy begins tomorrow. We had horses sent for us this day; and this afternoon we came. We had an exhibition this morning; there are three every year. You have doubtless heard of them, probably been present at one. We had an English, a Latin, a Greek and an Hebrew oration; a syllogistic and a forensic disputation; an English dialogue; and last of all, some vocal and instrumen\u00adtal music. There are none of the exhibitors that you know, except your cousin Cranch, who spoke the Greek oration. We came home in company with Beale, one of my classmates, who belongs to Braintree. About thirty years since, your father taught navigation to his father.\n     In the course of the next quarter, I shall attempt to give you my opinion of the different members of our government. I shall write as freely as I think, and if you should find me too saucy in speaking of my superiors, at least you will have my real sentiments, unterrified by authority, and unabridged by prejudice.\n      Saturday, 15th.\n     Yesterday we went down to Germantown and spent the day. The \u2014family are pretty well, but their spirits are broken by adversity\u2014their misfortunes seem to come upon them in a rapid succession. The first, the greatest of the general\u2019s misfortunes was a vast ambition, which deprived him of the substance by inducing him to grasp at the shadow. Mr. Cranch came home from Boston, and brought a large parcel of English newspapers, and a short note from mamma. All are complaining here that you write no oftener, except myself. I have had such proofs of your punctuality, that although I was near four months without having a line from you, yet I did not suffer myself to doubt a minute of your exactness. Captain Cushing is expected hourly, and I hope to have another continuation of your journal. You ask me to find \u201cfault with the length of your letters,\u201d indeed, my dear sister, there is not a line, in any of your letters, that I could spare, and if I complain at all it is that they are not as long again. I have been quite out of humor with your colonel on that account, as I supposed it took so much of your time to serve as secretary, that my letters were considerably shortened; but now he has returned, you will have much more leisure, and I hope I shall profit by it, (as the Dutchman says.)\n     This afternoon, in the midst of the rain, who should come in but Eliza, who, in the beginning of October last, went to spend six weeks at Haverhill, which have been spun out to seven months. There was talking all together, the eyes of one glistened and the face of another looked bright, and all were happy\u2014such scenes as these might cure the spleen of a misanthropist\u2014the word is not English, but that is nothing to the purpose.\n     Mr. I. was married in the winter at New-York to Miss T. This is another victory of the ladies over the old bachelors. Mr. R. was married three weeks ago to Miss A. I have mentioned her in a former letter. I was surprised very much when I first heard this, but \u00a320,000 sterling will cover almost as great a number of faults as charity.\n     I shall write to both our parents by this opportunity, and have therefore only to subscribe myself yours.\n      J. Q. Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0037", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Elizabeth Cranch, 2 April 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Cranch, Elizabeth,Norton, Elizabeth Cranch\n      My dear Neice\n      London April 2. 1786\n     I think my dear Betsy that some Letter of yours must have faild, as I have none of a later date, than that which you sent me from Haverhill by mr Wilson, by which I find that you are studying Musick with Miss White. This is an accomplishment much in vogue in this Country, and I know of no other civilized Country which stands in so much need of harmonizing as this. That ancient Hospitality for which it was once so celebrated, seems to have degenerated into mere ceremony. They have exchanged their Humanity for ferocity and their civility, for, for; fill up the blank, you can not give it too rough a name.\n     I believe I once promised to give you an account of that Kind of visiting call\u2019d \u201cLadies Route.\u201d There are two kinds, one where a Lady sets apart a particular day in the week to see Company, these are held only 5 months in the Year it being quite out of fashion to be seen in London during the summer. When a Lady returns from the Country she goes round and leaves a Card with all her acquaintance, and then sends them an invitation to attend her Routes during the season. The other kind are where a Lady sends to you for certain Evenings and their Cards are always addrest in their own names both to Gentlemen and Ladies. Their Rooms are all set open and card tables set in each Room. The Lady of the House receives her company at the door of the drawing Room, where a set number of Curtizes are given; and received, with as much order, as is necessary for a soldier who goes through the different Evolutions of his excercise. The visotor then proceeds into the Room without appearing to notice any other person and takes her Seat at the Card table.\n      \u201cNor can the Muse her aid impart\n      unskild in all the terms of art\n      Nor in harmonious Numbers put\n      the deal the shuffle and the cut\n      Go Tom and light the Ladies up\n      It must be one before we Sup.\u201d\n     At these Parties it is usual for each Lady to play a rubber as it is termd, where you must lose or win a few Guineas; to give each a fair Chance, the Lady then rises and gives her seat to an other set. It is no unusual thing to have your Rooms so crouded that not more than half the company can sit at once, Yet this is calld Society and Polite Life. They treat their company with Coffe tea Lemonade orgee and cake. I know of but one agreeable circumstance attending these parties which is that you may go away when you please without disturbing any body. I was early in the winter invited to Madam de Pintos the Portegeeze Ministers. I went accordingly, there were about 200 persons present. I knew not a single Lady but by sight, having met them at Court, and it is an establishd rule tho you was to meet as often as 3 Nights in the Week, never to speak together or know each other unless particularly introduced. I was however at no loss for conversation, Madam de Pinto being very polite, and the foreign ministers being the most of them present, who had dinned with us and to whom I had been early introduced. It being Sunday evening I declined playing at Cards. Indeed I always get excused when I can.\n      \u201cHeaven forbid, I should catch the manners living as they rise\u201d\n     Yet I must Submit to a Party or two of this kind. Having attended Several, I must return the compliment in the same way.\n     Yesterday we dinned at mr Paridices. I refer you to mr Storer for an account of this family. Mr Jefferson, col. Smith, the Prussian and Venitian Ministers were of the company, and several other persons who were strangers. At 8 oclock we returnd home in order to dress ourselves for the Ball, at the French Ambassadors to which we had received an invitation a fortnight before. He has been absent ever since our arrival here till 3 weeks ago. He has a levee every Sunday evening at which there are usually several hundred persons. The Hotel de France, is Beautifully situated, fronting St James park, one end of the House standing upon Hyde park. It is a most superb Building. About half past nine we went, and found some Company collected. Many very Brilliant Ladies of the first distinction were present. The Dancing commenced about 10, and the rooms soon filld. The Room which he had built for this purpose, is large enough for 5 or 6 hundred persons. It is most elegantly decorated, hung with a Gold tissue ornamented with 12 Brilliant cut Lustures, each containing 24 candles. At one end there are two large Arches, these were adornd with wreaths and bunches of Artificial flowers upon the walls; in the Alcoves were Cornicup loaded with oranges sweet meats &c coffe tea Lemonade orgee &c were taken here by every person who chose to go for it. There were coverd seats all round the room for those who did not chuse to dance. In the other Rooms card tables and a large Pharo table were Set. This is a New kind of game which is much practised here. Many of the company who did not dance retired here to amuse themselves. The whole Stile of the House and furniture is such as becomes the Ambassador from one of the first Monarchs in Europe. He had 20 thousand Guineas allowd him, in the first instance to furnish his House and an anual sallery of 10 thousand more. He has agreeably blended the magnificence and splendour of France with the neatness and elegance of England. Your cousin had unfortunately taken a cold a few days before and was very unfit to go out. She appeard so unwell that about one we retird without staying Supper, the sight of which only I regreeted, as it was in a stile no doubt superiour to any thing I have seen. The Prince of Wales came about eleven oclock. Mrs Fitzherbet was also present, but I could not distinguish her. But who is this Lady methinks I hear you say? She is a Lady to whom against the Laws of the Realm the Prince of Wales is privately married, as is universally believed. She appears with him in all publick parties, and he avows his marriage where ever he dares. They have been the topick of conversation in all companies for a long time, and it is now said that a young Gorge may be expected in the Course of the Summer. She was a widow of about 32 years of age whom he a long time percecuted in order to get her upon his own terms, but finding he could not succeed, he quieted her conscience by Matrimony, which however valid in the Eye of Heaven, is set asside by the Law of the Land which forbids a Prince of the Blood to marry a subject.\n     As to dresses I believe I must leave them to describe to your sister. I am sorry I have nothing better to send you than a sash and a vandike ribbon, the narrow is to put round the Edge of a hat, or you may trim what ever you please with it. I have inclosed for you a Poem of col Humphriess. Some parts you will find perhaps, too high seasond. If I had observed it before publication, I know he would have alterd it.\n     When you write again tell me whether my fruit trees in the Garden bear fruit, and whether you raisd any flowers from the seed I sent you. O I long to be with you again, but my dear Girl, Your cousin, must I leave her behind me? Yes, it must be so, but then I leave her in Honorable Hands.\n      Adieu I have only room to Say Your affectionate\n      Aunt A A", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0039", "content": "Title: John Quincy Adams to John Adams, 2 April 1786\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, John\n      Honoured Sir\n      Cambridge April 2d: 1786\n     After having suffered so long an interval of Time to pass, since I wrote you last, it is absolutely necessary, for my own justification, to give you, an account of my Studies, since my return home, and if it is not sufficient, to exculpate me intirely, I hope, at least it will induce you to forgive me. When I arrived here, I found, that I had far more to go through, than I had an Idea of before I left France. For such is the Institution of this College, that if a Person, has studied certain books, he may be admitted; but those, I had not studied, and although my Vanity might have lead me, to suppose, I was as well prepared as many of the Class into which I was to enter, yet as I had not acquired knowledge from the Same Sources, the Government of the College, could not admit me, untill I had in some degree become acquainted, with those particular Authors, which had been studied by the junior Sophister Class. I went to Haverhill the 30th: of last September. The Class had then gone through 4 books of Homers Iliad, 2 of Xenophon\u2019s Cyropaedia, the Greek Testament. In Latin they had gone thro\u2019 the Odes, and Satires of Horace, and were in the Epistles. In English, they had finished the Study of Geography, and that of Logic, and had entered, upon Locke on the understanding. It so happened, that when I was examined, the only book, which, I was tried in, that I had studied, before, I came to America was Horace.\n     Immediately upon going to Mr: Shaw\u2019s I began, upon the Greek Grammer, which I learnt through, by heart. I then undertook the Greek Testament, in which I went before, I came here, as far, as the Epistle to Titus. In this I was not so far as the Class. I went through 6 Books of the Iliad, and four of the Cyropaedia; 1 book in each further than the Class. I also finished Horace, and the Andria, of Terence. In Logic, I was equal with the Class and in Locke, about 70 Pages behind them. Guthrie\u2019s Geography I had also finished. On the 15th: of last Month, I was examined before, the President, 3 Professors, and four Tutors. 3 Stanza\u2019s, in the Carmen, Saeculare, of Horace, 6 Lines in the 4th: Book of the Iliad, a number of Questions in Logic, and in Locke, and several in Geography, were given to me. After which, I had, the following Piece of English to turn into Latin. \u201cThere cannot certainly be an higher ridicule, than to give an air of Importance, to Amusements, if they are in themselves contemptible, and void, of taste. But if they are the object, and care of the judicious and polite, and really deserve that distinction, the conduct of them is, certainly of Consequence.\u201d\u2014I rendered it thus. \u201cNihil profect\u00f3, risu dignior potest esse, quam magni aestimare delectamenta; si per se, despicienda sunt atque sine sapore. At si res oblatae atque cura sunt sagacibus, et artibus excultis, et rever\u00e0 hanc distinctionem merent, administratio eorum, haud dubi\u00e9, utilitatis est.\u201d The President soon after informed me, that I was admitted; and, what I had not expected, that I might Live in the College, as there was one Vacant Place; the Chamber is one of the best in College, and is one of those that are reserved for the resident Batchelors. Johonnot, had left College, a few weeks before, and I now Live with his Chum; Mr: Ware, who graduated last year, and was one of the best moral, and Literary Characters in his Class. He spoke the English Oration, when he took his Degree, and that is considered as the most honourable Part, that is given. I shall remain with him till Commencement, and next year, I believe; I shall Live, with my brother.\u2014I went to Braintree, to get some furniture, and returned here the 22d: of last Month. On Tuesday last, the 28th: Mr: Williams, gave the 1st: Lecture of his Course of Experimental Philosophy. He did not begin Last Year till 6 weeks after this: and that has hurried me, at Haverhill more than any thing; for till within these 2 months I did not expect to enter till the Latter part of this Month.\n     Our Studies are, at present, one week in Latin to Mr James, Caesar, and Terence, the next to Mr: Read in Euclid; but we finish that this week, and go into Gravesande\u2019s Philosophy, the next Quarter. If you could make it Convenient to send me, the 8vo: Edition, of Desagulier\u2019s translation of Gravesande I should be happy; as I believe it is not in your Library at present, and there are none to be bought in Boston, there are two Volumes of it. I should wish to have it by next August if Possible. The third week, we recite to Mr Jennison, in Homer, and the Greek Testament; and, the fourth to Mr: Hale, in Locke on the understanding. This is as particular an Account of our Studies, as I can give, and perhaps it will be, so much so, as to become tedious. There are many great advantages derived, from being a member of this Society; but I have already seen many, things which, I think might be altered for the better. One is, that there is not sufficient Communication between the Classes: they appear to form four distinct orders of beings, and seldom associate together. I have already become acquainted, with every one of my own Class; and I do not, know four Persons in any one of the other Classes. Another is, that the Tutors, are so very young, they are often chosen among batchelors, that have not been out of College, more than two years, so that their acquirements are not such, as an Instructor at this University ought to be possess\u2019d of: another disadvantage of their being chosen so young; is that they were the fellow scholars of those they are placed over, and consequently do not command so much Respect, as they seem to demand. However take it all in all, I am strongly confirmed, in your Opinion, that this University is upon a much better plan, than any I have seen in Europe.\n     I believe you have with you, four or five New Testaments in Greek and Latin. Could you spare a couple of them? I wish to have one for the use of my brothers and myself, and to present another to Mr: Shaw who has none.\n      With my Duty to Mamma, and Love to Sister, I remain, your affectionate Son.\n      J.Q. Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0040", "content": "Title: John Adams to Cotton Tufts, 3 April 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Tufts, Cotton\n      Dear sir\n      Grosvenor Square April 3. 1786\n     Inclosed with this is a Letter to Dr Holyoke and all the original Papers from the Royal Society of Medicine.\n     You will be so good as to inclose and direct them to him.\n     I hope Mr. John is, or will soon be at Colledge. You may draw upon me for two hundred Pounds st. and invest it as before, to help you pay the Expences of my Boys. Yours\n      John Adams\n      Inclosed is a Note from my Friend Count Sarsefield. Will you be so good as to enquire and write me any Intelligence you can obtain of these Mac Auliffes, at Boston.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0042", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Mary Smith Cranch, 6 April 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Cranch, Mary Smith\n      My dear sister\n      London April 6 1786\n     Altho I was at a stupid Route at the sweedish ministers last Evening, I got home about 12 and rose early this morning to get a few thinks ready to send out by Lyde. When a Body has attended one of these parties; you know the whole of the entertainment. There were about 2 hundred persons present last evening, three large rooms full of card tables. The moment the ceremony of curtsying is past, the Lady of the House asks you pray what is your Game? Whist Cribbage or commerce, and then the next thing is to hunt round the Room for a set to make a party. And as the company are comeing and going from 8 till 2 in the morning, you may suppose that she has enough to employ her from room to room. And the Lady and her daughter, last night, were most fatigued to death, for they had been out the Night before till morning, and were toiling at pleasure for Seven hours, in which time they scarcly Set down. I went with a determination not to play, but could not get of, so I was Set down to a table with three perfect Strangers, and the Lady who was against me stated the Game at half a Guiney a peice. I told her I thought it full high, but I knew she designd to win, so I said no more, but expected to lose. It however happend otherways. I won four Games of her, I then paid for the cards which is the custom here, and left her, to attack others, which she did at 3 other tables where she amply made up her loss; in short she was and old experienced hand, and it was the luck of the cards rather than skill, tho I have usually been fortunate as it is termd. But I never play when I can possibly avoid it, for I have not conquerd the dissagreeable feeling of receiving money for play. But such a set of Gamblers as the Ladies here are!! and Such a Life as they lead, good Heavens were reasonable Beings made for this? I will come and shelter myself in America from this Scene of dissipation, and upbraid me whenever I introduce the like amongst you. Yet here you cannot live with any Character or concequence unless you give in some measure into the Ton.\n     I have sent by captain Lyde a trunk the key inclosed containing some Cloaths of mr Adams\u2019s which may serve for the children, and if you can find any thing usefull for cousin Cranch pray take it. I thought of the lappeld coat. By Jobe I have sent my neices chintz for a Gown, tell them to be Silent, for reasons which I once before gave you. Some Books you will find too. Will you see that they are Sent as directed.\n     Mr Adams is gone to accompany mr Jefferson into the Country to some of the most celebrated Gardens. This is the first Tour he has made since I first came abroad, during which time we have lived longer unseperated, than we have ever done before since we were married. Cushing I hope will be arrived, and mrs Hay also before this reaches you. By both I sent some things and Letters. Adieu a terible pen as you see obliges me to write no further than to add your affectionate Sister", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0043", "content": "Title: John Quincy Adams to Elizabeth Cranch, 7 April 1786\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Cranch, Elizabeth,Norton, Elizabeth Cranch\n      Cambrige April 7th: 1786\n     My things, are yet pretty much in Confusion, and I do not expect to get well settled till the next Quarter. I find much more, to do here than I expected; it is true that every persons who chooses, may be idle 3 days in the 6; but every one may also, find full sufficient employment if he chooses. Mr: Williams\u2019s Philosophical Lectures, began, Tuesday the 28th: of last month; we have already, had four, and shall have another this day. This alone takes up, between 3 and 4 hours of my time, each day, that he gives us a Lecture. I am contented with my Situation, as indeed I almost always am, and if I was not obliged to lose so much of my time, in attending to the mere ceremonies here, I should be still more happy. I have computed that between 5 and 6 hours are taken up, every day, at Prayers and recitations; but we can\u2019t have all things to our will. So much for myself; now let me assume a better subject. We do not know yet whether your brother will go immediately to Haverhill, at the beginning of the Vacation, or wait till the week after; to speak as an egoist, I say, the sooner the better; though others would doubtless have as good a right to say the contrary. I want very much to see Haverhill, but suppose I shall not till the Summer Vacation.\n     In your Last you promised, to raise a smile, and I have been expecting it ever since: but there was one part of your Letter which I could not understand: you talk about raising a frown, which you cannot do; and as I know you have too much Sense, to pretend to perform impossibilities, I suppose, that from some mistake, or absence of mind, you put that word instead of some other.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0044", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Isaac Smith Sr., 8 April 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Smith, Isaac Sr.\n      Dear sir\n      London April 8th. 1786\n     The Barrel of Cramberries you was so kind as to send me in the fall never reachd me till this week, oweing to Captain Youngs long passage and being obliged to put into port to repair the ship, he did not get up to London till about a Week ago. The Cramberries I believe were very fine by the Appearance of the few which remain; and would have proved a most acceptable present if they had arrived in season. We are not however less obliged to you for them, but I would just mention to those who wish to send presents of this kind to their Friends, that Casks about as large as raison casks, made water tight, with just water sufficient to cover the cramberry, preserves them best. This I found by a cask of that kind which col Smiths Friends sent him, and which were as fine as if they had just been gatherd. Captain Lyde has a cask of Split peas on Board addrest to you. If you will be so good as to send Mrs Cranch a peck of them, and accept the remainder, you will do me a favour.\n     I wish Sir I could give you a pleasing account of affairs here, as they respect America but the reluctance which the States Shew to give Congress powers to regulate commerce, is to this nation a most agreeable event. They hold it up as a proof that a union of counsels is not to be expected, and treat with contempt the Authority and measures of the different States. There have been however some motions lately, within a few days past, and mr Pitt has requested that an other project of a Treaty might be offerd. It was agreed to, and is now before the Cabinet, but whether any thing is meant to be done, time only can unfold. You will see by the publick papers that mr Pitt\u2019s Surpluss, is much doubted, and it is Said that the Mountain is in Labour, whilst the people are trembling through fear of new burdens.\n     Letters have been received from Mr Randle at Madrid. He and his principal expected to arrive in Algiers some time in March. From mr Barclay, no intelligence has yet come. The embassy of these Gentleman may serve this good purpose, the terms of each Barbery State may be learnt. Congress may then compare them, With those transmitted to them from hence. But the Sum required is so much beyond the Idea of our Countrymen that I fear they hazard a War rather than agree to pay it. They will I hope count the cost of a war first, and consider that afterwards they must pay them a larger Subsidy. Portugal is treating with them and they will soon be at Peace with all other powers and at Liberty to prey upon us. The Tropoline minister who is here, and with whom mr Adams has had several conferences, appears a Benevolent sedate Man. He declares his own abhorrence of the cruel custom of making Slaves of their prisoners. But he says, it is the law of their great Prophet that all christian Nations shall acknowledge their power, and as he cannot alter their Law, he wishes by a perpetual Peace with the Americans to prevent the opperation of it. He swore by his Beard that nothing was nearer his Heart, than a speedy settlement with America, which he considerd as a great Nation, and a people who had been much oppresst and that the terms which he had mentiond were by one half the lowest which had ever been tenderd to any nation. He could answer for Tunis also, and he believed for the other powers with whom the Tripolines had great interests. He said that Spain could not get a Peace with Algiers, untill, tripoli interposed, and he was willing and ready to do every thing in his power to promote a Peace. Every circumstance has been transmitted to Congress, and they must determine.\n     You will however Sir mention this only to particular Friends, as the Tropoline has been cautious to keep all his transactions from this People, would never have the english interpretor which is allowd by this Court, present.\n     Be so good as to present my Duty to my Aunt from whom I received a kind letter, and to whom I design soon to write. Regards to the two mr Smiths. Love to cousin Betsy mrs Otis Mrs Welch, and all other Friends. I am dear Sir affectionately Yours\n      A Adams\n      My daughter thanks you for your kind mention of her in your Letter and presents her duty to you and her Aunt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0045", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Cotton Tufts, 8 April 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Tufts, Cotton\n      Dear sir\n      April 8th 1786 London\n     Captain Lyde talks of leaving London tomorrow. I just write a line by him to inform you that we are all well. Mr Adams and mr Jefferson are gone a little, journey into the Country, and it is the only excursion mr Adams has ever made since he first came to Europe without having publick buisness to transact.\n     I have nothing particular to communicate, but what I have mentiond in a letter to uncle Smith which he will shew you.\n     The Last letters from Congress inform us, that not more than seven states were, or had been for some time represented; concequently no buisness of any great importance could be transacted; thus every wheel in the machine, is retarded both at Home and abroad.\n     Mrs Quincy will pay you Eight pounds, two shillings sterling on my account. This you will be so good as to add to the Sum I Sent by my son, and dispose of it in the same way. Regards to all Friends from your affectionate Neice\n      A Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0046", "content": "Title: Richard Cranch to Abigail Adams, 13 April 1786\nFrom: Cranch, Richard\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n      My dear Sister\n      Boston April 13th 1786\n     Last Evening I received a few Lines from you dated the 23d of Decr., with Newspapers to the 4th. of January 1786. The shortest Note from a Friend, when it contains an Information with which our Happiness is intimately connected, must be highly esteemed. Yours informs me that you and your most amiable Daughter are well.\n     I have also, pr favour of Mr. King, received Bror. Adams\u2019s Letter of the 12th. of December, for which I most sincerely thank him. I shall endeavour, as far as my small Sphere extends, to forward every Measure that tends to free us from that mercantile Dependance on G: Britain into which we have foolishly fallen. I think I can plainly see that the People at large in this State are convinced of their Error in suffering themselves to be led away by the finery and accidental Cheapness of English Goods, to the neglecting of their own more substantial Manufactures; which, under all the Disadvantage and Calamity of War, had been carried on with a Spirit and to a Degree scarcely to be credited by those who were not Eye-Witnesses of the Fact. With a View to the Enlargement of our home-Manufactures, Government in the last Session took up the Subject of encreasing by publick Encouragement the raising and keeping larger Flocks of Sheep. A number of other Bills also, under the Auspices of our worthy Governor, are under Consideration for encouraging the rais\u00ading of Hemp and Flax. A Committee of the Academy has also been appointed for the special Purpose of promoting Improvements in Husbandry and Agriculture. A Bill is also in contemplation for encouraging the Manufacture of Salt-Petre, by making it receivable instead of Money in a certain Proportion of the publick Taxes. This will soon set our Powder Mills a going once more, which since the Peace have been stupidly neglected. We are also putting our Militia on a better footing by dividing the State into nine military Districts, each of which is to be under the immediate Care and Inspection of a Major-General. The Persons chosen to this high Office are Gentlemen who have born an important and active Part in the late War, and have proved themselves worthy of such important Trusts; such as Genl Lincoln for Suffolk, Genl Brooks for Middlesex, Genl. Cobb for Bristol &c.\n     I must now pass to a little domestick Information. Our young Family at Colledge behave so as to make a most agreeable Part of our present Connexions. I visited them last Tuesday in a publick Capacity, as one of the Committee of the Board of Overseers, appointed to examine into the State of the University. We met in the Philosophy Room, and after Enquiery had been made of the President, Professors and Tutors, respecting the Behaviour of the Youth under their Care, and the Proficiency they had made in the several Branches of Science; the Committee, of which the Lt. Governor was Chairman, proceeded to the Chapple of Harvard-Hall. On our Entrance we were entertained with a Concert of instrumental Musick, performed by the under-Graduates. The President, in his collegiate Uniform, being seated in the Pulpit, an ellegant latin Oration on the Advantages of Education enjoy\u2019d by the Students of that University under the fostering Care of the Governors of it, was deliver\u2019d by one of the junior Class; next an english Dialogue; then a Dialogue of the Dead between Julius Cesar and Scipio. Mr. Waldo\u2019s Son, of Bristol, who came from England to receive his Education at this University, performed the Character of Julius Cesar in a manner that did him Honor as a Speaker and an Actor. After this a greek Oration was spoken by my Billy, and was said to be well performed. Then followed an Oration in the hebrew Tongue; which preceded an English Oration. And last of all a well-sung Anthem finished the publick Exercises. After Dinner your truly worthy and amiable Sons John and Charles went to Braintree, your Sister Cranch having sent them Horses for that purpose; and Billy went there next Day. The Friendship that subsists between our Children will make the Vacancy run off pleasantly\u2014they are to be at home a Fortnight. Your Sister Cranch writes you by this Ship (Capt. Callahan).\n     We are all as well as usual in the several Families of our Connexions, except Doctr. Simon Tufts, who is in a very declining State, and is not expected to continue long. Please to give my kindest Regards to Mr. Adams and my dear Niece; and believe me to be, with the warmest Sentiments of Esteem and Friendship, your affectionate Brother\n      Richard Cranch", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0048", "content": "Title: Cotton Tufts to Abigail Adams, 13 April 1786\nFrom: Tufts, Cotton\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n      My dear Cous.\n      Boston April 13. 1786\n     In some of my former Letters I mentioned the Probability, that Belchers Place would shortly be on Sale. Mr. Morton Atty. to C. W. Apthorp Esq has offered it to me but has not as yet set his Price. As I conceive it to be Your Wish to purchase it\u2014If it can be obtained at a reasonable Price, I shall secure it. I have frequent offers of Salt Marsh and other Lands, in Braintree, some of them adjoining to yours, that of the late Widow Veazies adjoyning to Belchers, will shortly be sold. But as Lands bring in but very little Profit, It can not be adviseable to engage very far in the Purchase of them. The Scarcity of Specie and the Danger of being forced into a Paper Medium to supply the Want, together with the Weight of Taxes, Conduce greatly to lessen the Profits of real Estate. Payment of Rents dayly become more difficult and I find them to be slow. This will oblige me to depend on Draughts on Mr. Adams for defraying the Expences of Your Childrens Education. We propose to offer your Son Thomas for Admission in to our University at the next Commencment, unless you should direct otherwise. Mr John was admitted in March last into the Junior Class and is well seated in a Chamber with a Graduate. The Expences of your Three Sons cannot be estimated I apprehend at less than \u00a350 sterlg each Pr. Ann.\u2013supposing them to conduct with Oeconomy. And I have the Satisfaction to inform You, that there does not appear in them any Disposition to Extravagance. The parental Attention of Mr and Mrs Cranch to them, would do much to prevent it, were they inclined to excess; and their Attachment to their Cousin Wm. Cranch, who is an amiable Youth, of great Steadiness and Prudence makes their Station agreable to them and I flatter my self that they will form a little Circle distinguished for their good order and attention to their Studies.\n     Mr. T\u2014\u2014 I fear will give me much Trouble; for Twelve months past or more I have found it difficult to see him. His frequent Absence from his office, for a long Time, I imputed to necessary Calls and Business. And though I have of late made repeated Journeys to Braintree as well as wrote to him, in order to get an Account of Your Affairs and what Money he may have collected, yet nothing ensues but Messages that he will at such a Time or such a Time wait on me. Whether his Conduct has proceeded from a natural Versatility of Mind, his Fondness for Intrigue or more latterly from Resentment or a Wish to avoid a strict Compliance with the Demands of a former Correspondent or to a moveable Spirit caught from his Windmill lately erected\u2014I do not pretend to determine\u2014but I shall not long be content to feed on Uncertainties.\n     In my former Letter I requested you to let me know to what Amount in the Course of the Year I might draw for, You will express your Mind on this and also let me know what may be said on Doane\u2019s Account. I mean with respect to its having been paid or not.\n     It is expected, that Cap. Callihan will sail this Day or to morrow. I shall write further by him if Time will permit, but I must refer You to Bro Cranch for Politicks and Domestic Intelligence, and I hope You will not refrain from giving me the Politics of the Country where You reside although I should in my Letters confine myself merely to Matters that relate to Your private Interest. The various Trusts with which I am charged, engross almost the whole of my Time during the Recesses of the General Court, that but very little is left for my own particular Concerns and does almost entirely prevent me from expatiating on Subjects other than those that have immediate Reference to Matters of Trust. My Compliments and Love &c to my Cous. Nabby. I shall shortly write her a Line\u2014at present I can only tell her, that I have made no further Progress in my Embassy, than what she has already had information of. When will My Friend Mr. Adams his Lady and Daughter return to Braintree! Should the Answer be, Shortly it would give Pleasure to Your Affectionate Friend\n      Cotton Tufts\n      P.S. Since I wrote the above, I have drawn a Bill on Mr Adams for \u00a350. sterlg in favour of Ebenr Storer Esq @ 7 Pr Ct. above par, which I found necessary, the produce of the last Bill having laid out (the greater part of it) in public Securities and expended a considerable Sum beyond what your Rents and other Means have produced, and no present Prospect of an adequate Supply for future Demands other by a Draught.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0050", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to John Quincy Adams, 24 April 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n      My dear son\n      London April 24 1786\n     Your Father and Col Smith are gone to Night to Covent Garden theatre to See the School for Scandle represented, it being a Benifit Night, no places for Ladies who would not lavish Guineys. Now as I can See it at any other time at a common price I did not think it worth my while to gratify my curiosity at the expence of my purse, tho it is one of the best modern plays which has appeard upon the Stage. Scandle is the fort of this nation and a school in which they have arrived at great experience. That and lyeing make the greater part of their daily publications, as their numerous gazets fully testify.\n     I thank you for the entertainment afforded me in the perusal of your journal to your sister, which is always pleasent till I get to the last page. There indeed I experience some regreet, from its finishing.\n     I presume from your Aunt Shaws Letter, that this will find you at Cambridge. I hope you will not be obliged to such late and close application, as you have follow\u2019d through the last six Months. Your Health may suffer by it.\n     You will receive some letters from me which give you a state of the Situation and prospects of your sister that will I hope occasion you less anxiety, than what you have heitherto experienced upon her account. I think however that they would be better off, if they were to postpone their union to an other Year, for as the Play Says, \u201cmarriage is chargable,\u201d and we cannot do for them what we should be glad too. Such is the continued Parsimony of . . . I Sometimes think we should do better at Home, yet fear for my poor Lads whose education is very near my Heart, and who knowing the circumstances of their Parents will study economy in all their movements. I hope you will gaurd your Brother against that pernicious vice of gameing, too much practised at the university.\n     I would not let mr Jenks return without a few lines from me tho I have written You largly very lately. Your Friend Murry dined with us last week and always mentions you with regard. I think he is consumptive, he looks misirably. You must correct as you read, or be so intent upon the matter, as to neglect the manner. Col Humphries is returnd to America in the April Packet which was to sail on the 15th. Mr and Mrs Rogers are also on board the Same vessel. If you want any thing I can supply you with, let me know. I have Sent you some shirts by captain Cushing.\n     Your sister who is writing at the same table with me, is filling up page after page and I suppose tells you all the News of the day. Mr Jefferson has made us a fine visit, but leaves us on wednesday. After the Birth day we are to Set out upon some excursions into the Country; which will probably find us some entertainment. My Love to your Brother. I shall not have time to write him now, as tomorrow I am engaged with company, and it is now Eleven oclock. Your Letter to your Sister came to day noon. We found it upon the table when we returnd from a ride which we had been taking. Not a line for Mamma! Yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0052", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Elizabeth Smith Shaw, 24 April 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Shaw, Elizabeth Smith,Peabody, Elizabeth Smith Shaw\n      My Dear sister\n      London April 24th 1786\n     Mr jenks is suddenly obliged to return to America and I have only time to write you a few lines, to inform you of my Health. I yesterday heard that Captain Davis is arrived at Plimouth. By him I hope to hear again from all my Dear Friends. I have written you lately by mrs Hay who went to Newyork and by Captains Cushing and Lyde, all of whom I hope will arrive Safe.\n     In the political World Matters remain much as they were. I expect to spend this summer chiefly in making excursions into the Country, which will afford me an ample fund to entertain my Friends with. We went out last week to visit a Seat of the Duke of Northumberlands calld Sion House. It was formerly a Monastry, and was the first which was surpressed by Henry 8th. As we had not tickets we could not see the House, but were admitted to the Gardens and pleasure grounds which are very extensive and beautifull. The pleasure Grounds in this Country contain from 2 hundred to a thousand acres and are ornamented and kept up at a vast expence. We askd the Gardner how many hands were employ\u2019d in this Seat at Sion which is about 2 hundred acres. He told us 15. We have since received tickets and shall visit it again. Woods grottos meandering waters templs Statues are the ornaments of these places\u2014one would almost think themselves in Fairy land. Mr Adams and mr Jefferson made an excursion of 3 hundred miles and visited Several of the most celebrated Seats. They returnd charmd with the beauties of them, and as soon as the spring is a little further advanced, I shall begin upon them. Amongst the places they visited was the house and Spot upon which Shakspear was born. They Sat in the chair in which he used to Study, and cut a relict from it.\n     Is my son admitted colledge, I am anxious to know? My Tommy will be left quite alone. Mr Adams some times wishes him here, but I never can join him in that wish. I am more satisfied with his pre\u00adsent situation, tho it would give me pleasure to have him here if I thought it for his benifit. The Young Gentleman here is so very Zealous to be married that I Suppose it will take place in the course of a few months, and they chuse to keep House. I Shall be much engaged very soon in preparations for this matter.\n     Mr Adams bought a few days ago at second Hand; dr Clarks Sermons, which he desires me to present to mr shaw in his Name: and I have requested mr Jenks to take Charge of them for him. Remember me to all Friends & believe me Dear Sister most affectionatly Yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0053", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams 2d to John Quincy Adams, 25 April 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail (daughter of JA and AA)\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n      London April 25th 1786\n     Last night I Closed my Letter to you and shall send it to Mr Jenks\u2019s care this Morning. I determine not to delay writing from day to day, till it becomes urkessome, but to finish my story and then go on regularly\u2014theres a good resolution\u2014I shall now begin by telling you a peice of News\u2014Call all your fortitude to your aid before you proceed\u2013here pause a moment . . . do you think yourself sufficiently guarded\u2014be sure of that\u2014and then attend\u2014Mr Bowdoin, the Gentleman you left in Paris, proceeded from thence to Holland, where he has been till within a few weeks: when he returnd to this place, proposing to go from hence to America. He called to pay us his respects one Morning. We inquired after your friends at the Hague, and he told us that he had heard Miss Dumas was soon to be very well Married.I do not here ask any Confession of your Faith. You will I dare say be happy to hear so pleasing an account of a Lady for whom you have so much respect and Esteem.\n     I just mentiond the letter I received yesterday, in my Letter last Eve, and shall now notice it particularly. Your Letters my Dear Brother afford me more pleasure than you can beleive. I expect them with impatience, and am allways, made happy at their arrival. Do not discontinue them. I am sure you will not. I do not wonder that your meeting with our Dear Brothers after so long a seperation, put you in such Spirits. Could our family meet in some such moment, I should consider it as a happy period. But I have, said enough upon this subject to convince you that it is one of the first wishes of my heart. But I dare not think how long it may be, before it arrives.\n     I think my Brother that you do not discover Candor enough for the foibles, of others especially the Ladies. The best dispositions are not Convinced by Severity, and austerity. Only reflect upon your own disposition, and I am sure you will be convinced of this. And remember that if a young Lady is Capable of inconsistencys if she is deficient in judgment prudence &c, that the fault is not half so much her own as, those who have had the Care of her education. We are like Clay in the Hands, of the Artist, and may be moulded to whatever form, they please. The more knowledge and judment they possess, the fewer faults will be found in their productions. I believe that the earliest impressions of the Mind are too generally neglected, and it is those which often have the greatest affect. You may if you attend to it, observe in many of your acquaintance, habits and fauts, which have from not being early enough attended to, Grown up, and proved so forcible as to resist all future attempts to Correct them. You may observe it in the most trifling circumstances and you may generally decide, by hearing a Person converse an hour, what has been their early education. You may judge from their Language, the very frases they use to express their ideas. And tho they may be sensible in some degree of those faults, I am inclined to beleive it is not in their power to correct them. A Gentleman who is severe against the Ladies, is also, upon every principle very impolitick. His Character is soon established, for a Morose severe ill Natured Fellow. And upon my word, I think it the most Convincing proof that he can give, that He feels their Power importance, and equallity Superiority. It is I assure you a want of Generosity, and I will challenge you to produce one instance of a Person of this disposition who did not at some period of his Life, acknowledge his dependance upon them. Persons who are conscious, of their superiority in any subject, are generally diffident in proclaiming their own merrit. They will prefer to prove it by their actions and Conduct, rather than discover their own knowledge of it. I would never dispute with you, were you to assert that we were your inferiors incapable even of those improvements which you would the superiors\n     Miss Hamilton of whom I wrote you quits England in a few days, and not with out regret. She has got a little attached to the amusements and pleasures of this place, tho she behaves perfectly well upon the Subject. She is a sweet amiable Girl. I shall regret her more than any other Lady of my acquaintance.\n     Your account of Mrs Duncans Death is very melancholy. It must have been a great shock to her family. I have I think noticed most of your letter. I presented your respects to Mr S\u2014\u2014 and he desird me in return to say every thing to you for him which you could wish\u2014he says he will write you and tell you that I dont keep, a strict journal.\n     I want much to hear from you from Cambridge, and to know how you like your new Situation. I hope now to receive later letters from you for do you know that five months have passd since the date of your last N 12, which leads me to hope that I shall receive another by Davis.\n     Your friend Winslow Warren has returd, to Milton we hear. Pappa wrote him and forwarded to him letters from his father in December, but they did not reach him, before his departure from thence, and have been since returnd, and forwarded to him at Boston. Pappa had promised him his interest as Consull to Lisbon. It was then supposed that Congress would have impowerd their Ministers to appoint Consulls, but they have not received any commission for it. Mr Gerry wrote Pappa that Congress had resolvd to appoint him Consull General to this County and Mr Jefferson in France, but they have heard nothing further of it. I suppose they meant it to save any sallery with the Commission, but Pappa determines that it is not possible for him to Act in it. It would be a scene of trouble and vexation withot any reward. This how ever seems to be expected by Congress, that every Body in their service shold submit to. The March Packet has not yet arrived, and the 2 or thre last Months Packets have brought nothing New. There were but Seven states represented by the last accounts and Mr\u2014\u2014 the Presidents Health did not permit him to attend. The Commercial Commissions you know Expire in a few days. So that nothing more can be done with any Power, till it is either renewd or something done by Congress. Soon after Pappa arrived here he proposed the plan of a treaty to Mr Pitt. It was taken no notice of. When Mr Jefferson arrived, they informd Lord Carmarthen of it and likewise that their Commissions would expire soon. His Lordship then desird another Plan, might be proposed, merely Commercil. The Gentlemen drew up, a Treaty in 5 articles, giveing equal Libertys rights &c, to the two Nations, since which not a word of answer has been receivd, and Mr J\u2014 Leavs London tomorrow, so that tis plain they will do nothing. They pretend to doubt the Powers of Congress, in short their Conduct appears Consistently ridiculous. What time will produce we know not. Pappa Complains and sometimes talks of going home, but I doubt it I Confess, till Congress recall him, which perhaps they will if there is no Minister appointed to them from hence. Before Bingham went away he told a friend, that the Cabbinet had now determined upon sending a Minister to America and he beleived it was in Consequence of a Conversation he had had a few days before with Mr Eden, and went off perhaps in the beleif. Hower his Mourtion Motion has as yet prodouced nothing. If you see the English papers you will see that Mr Eden is sent to Paris to form a finish, Crawford Commercial arangements which perhaps were never began\u2013but enough of Politicks.\n     We had a Company to dine to day. Mrs Smith from Carolina Mr Ridley who goes to America in a few weeks, Dr Bancroft Colln Forrest Mr Brown the Painter, Mr Drake from Connecticut who brought a Letter of introduction from your friend Mr Brush, to Pappa, he does not appear to be any thing extra. Mr Barthelemy the Charge d\u2019Affairs de France le Comt de Baigelin and le Compt de Gramond, 2 young French officers who brought Letters-of introduction from the Marquis de la Fayette. Mr Jefferson and Pappa went after dinner to the Chevalier de Pintos to put their Names to the Treaty with Portugal.\n      Wedensday 26th\n     Mr Jefferson left London, to our regret. He has dined with us whenever he has not been otherwise engaged, and made this House a kind of Home which you will know must have been very agreeable to us all. He has given Mr Trumble an invitation to go to Paris and keep at His House, where he intends to have his pictures engraved. He is acquiring great reputation by the subjects he has taken up. In the Evening we went to one of the little Theatres here to see Tumbling Rope dancing and wondrous feats of various kinds performed some of Which were really astonishing\u2014but cannot be described.\n      Thursday 27th.\n     We went for the first time this season to the Opera, and I imagine it will be the last. The English Boast of this House as superior to any the French have. It may be larger, but for Elegance of artichetere there is no Comparison. It was the benefit of Md Mason, one of the principle dancers who fearing I suppose that the House would not be full went round and left Tickets, asking your attendance at her benefit. We accordingly went, the House was not full, the Company were highly dressd. The performance is all in Italian you know, and People never go to the Opera to understand what they hear. The Instrumental Musick was very good but there was no singing extraordinary. The Dancing was fine. Vestris is here this Winter, and Bacthell, who was last winter at the Duke of Dorsetts Hotell. She is a good figure and Dances, as well as Vestris I think. After the Opera, the greatest Curiossity is to go into the Coffee Room, where the Whole Company resort to wait for their Carriages and take some refreshment if they Choose, for you know, the English have no amusement where eating and drinking, is not introduced. The Prince of Wales, the Duke d\u2019Orleans and the Duke de Fitz James, just made their appearance, for ten minutes I suppose, to sett the Whole House a staring and then went off. The Princes followers might all be distinguished by their dress, a blue frock with Gold frogs. There were several of them in his suit this Eve. They appeard all about the same size, and so delicate, effeminate and Languid, just fit for Companions for a Prince who professs to make pleasure is only pursuit.\n      Saturday 29th.\n     We have dined to day with an oald Bacheller, Mr Wm Vaughan. He had invited us to make a little excursion out of Town about Seven miles, to see a celebrated House and Garden belonging to Lord Tylney, and we intended to have gone, but the weather for several days has been disagreeable and we deferd it to some other time. The Company were our family Mr B Vaughan and Lady, Dr Priestly who has been in Town a few weeks, upon a visit, Dr Price, Dr Keppis, Dr Reives, and one or two other Gentlemen who I did not know. 5 of the Company were dissenting Ministers and opsd Libereal Men, all of them are writers of Eminence. The two first you know by Character Dr Priestly is a little stiff trig Man, his Countenance as Calm and unruffled as a summers sea. He was the most silent Person in Company. Mr B V\u2014\u2014 who has no objection to talking Dr Price took a seat between Mrs Vaughan and myself, and Dr Keppis, upon the other side of Mrs Vau, and Mamma. Some person observed that those two Gentlemen were very happily situated. Dr P\u2014\u2014 said he had the best seat, Mr Wm V\u2014\u2014 told him that ought to have been his place, but the Dr refused to Change, and said Mr V. had told him before we came that he was to have a young Lady to dine with him to day. The Dr answered he did not know what young Lady would trust herself with him, but he said she had come with her Mother. Mr V. said the Dr after gave him some kind admonitions about Marrying, yet said Dr Price, I never think a young Man safe till he is Married. The Conversation was very sprightly among the oald Gentlemen who all Commended Dr P\u2014\u2014 galantry. Balloons, Messmarism Witchcraft &c &c, were the subjects of general Conversation, and I had like to have obserd that I thought that Foolish Folks could talk quite as well as Wise ones.\n     We came home about eight oclock, and Called upon Mrs Shipley the Wife of the Bishop of St Asaph, who\u2019s family has visitted us, but were not at home this Eve.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0054", "content": "Title: John Quincy Adams to Abigail Adams 2d, 25 April 1786\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Abigail (daughter of JA and AA)\n      Braintree, April 15i.e. 25th, 1786\n     This is the eighth day it has rained and stormed without intermission, the weather is worse than that of England commonly is.\n     The parson has been here to-day. Smoked some pipes, was sometimes witty, and always ready to laugh at his own flashes. The vacancy expires tomorrow. The weather has been such that we could not stir out of doors. I have employed my time in reading, writing and taking lessons on the flute, for you must know we are all turning musicians. I never had before an opportunity of paying any steady attention to any musical instrument, now I am settled, in one place for fifteen months, vacancies excepted, and shall be glad for a relaxation from study, to amuse myself with a little music, which you know\n      When the soul is press\u2019d with cares\n      Awakes it with enlivening airs.\n     Cambridge, Saturday 29th.\n     Charles and I came up on Wednesday. I spent the eve on Wednesday at Mr. D.\u2019s, and was again there this afternoon. I saw there a gentleman and heard his name, but do not recollect it, who had a vast deal of small talk with Miss E. upon matrimony and so forth. I think the conversation of this kind is still more ridiculous in this country than it is in Europe; there, the theatres furnish subjects, and there is an opportunity, now and then, of hearing some good critical remarks; but here, complete nonsense is a word not expressive enough of the insipidity and absurdity that reigns in our polite conversation.\n     The class to which I belong recite this week to the Greek tutor. His name is Jennison; a youth who was chosen tutor before he had been three years out of college; he is not more than twenty-four now: and is very far from being possessed of those qualities which I should suppose necessary for a tutor here. He is so ignorant in Greek, that he displays it sometimes in correcting a scholar that is right, and other times suffering the most absurd constructions to pass unnoticed. We had a capital instance of this no longer ago than this morning, but notwithstanding these circumstances, he is not so unpopular in college as some other characters are, because he is not fond of punishing; he has, upon many occasions, shown his lenity in this way.\n     My room is directly over his, and am obliged to take the greatest caution to make no noise, for fear of a message from him. The other day a person came into my chamber, and seeing my flute on the table, took it up, and played about a dozen notes. I had immediately a freshman, who came to me with orders to go to Mr. Jennison; he said he would inform me once for all, that he desired I would confine myself for my amusements, to the hours allotted for that purpose. To tell him I did not play would have been of no service, for here you are responsible, not only for what you do yourself, but for whatever is done in your chamber. I have not been used to such subjection, but I find I can submit to it with as good a grace as any body. If there was not such an awful distance between a tutor and a scholar, I should submit to them with equal pleasure and be much better satisfied, but a Turkish bashaw could not be more imperious than they are; nor will they, in any manner, mix with the students so as to give them information upon any subject.\n      Tuesday 9th.\n     We attend this week Mr. James, the Latin tutor. He is not very popular, and indeed it would be difficult to point out more than one person belonging to our government that is, that one is Professor Williams; but to return to Mr. Jones James; no one doubts of his literary qualifications, but he is accused of great partiality towards his own class in general, and towards particular persons; and what makes this more disagreeable to the students is, that his partialities are not in favor of good characters, but are owing rather to interested views. But in this I am only the herald of public fame. Since I have been here, he has shown me no favor, nor any partiality against me. The tutors here, have a right to lay pecuniary punishment on the students for misbehaviour of any kind, and this is the greatest cause of their unpopularity. The tutors often show a fault in their judgment or their justice. If they have a pique against any particular scholar, they will gratify it by punishing him as often as they can possibly find opportunity, and sometimes without any valid reasons at all; but any one who is favored by a tutor, may do almost anything and it will pass by unnoticed; and when the students see one punished for a trifle, and another running into every excess with impunity, it is very natural they should dislike the tutor\u2019s conduct. But people out of college say Mr. James is much of a gentlemen, which we have no opportunity of discovering here; for it is entirely inconsistent for a tutor to treat a scholar like a gentleman. How do you think this sets upon your brother\u2019s stomach? My chum, who has already graduated, often has the tutors in the chamber. He always informs me of it a short time before, and I never fail of being absent at the time; for if I was to stay, I might be three hours in the room with them, without having a word said to me, or a look at me, unless one of a proud superiority. Such are these giants, who, like the Colossus, bestride the whole length of Harvard College. But you will think it does me good, as it will mortify my vanity and teach me a little humility. I wish it may have this good effect.\n      Saturday, 13th.\n     Nothing extraordinary has happened in the course of the week\u2014the same scene continually repeated. My time is taken up much more than I expected it would be. I have adopted a system, which you will immediately see leaves no time: six hours of the day are employed in the public exercises of the college; six for study, six for sleep, and six for exercise and amusements; the principal of which now is my flute. I very seldom go into company out of college, and have been but once to Boston since I came here.\n     It is usual for every class, in the beginning of the senior year, to choose one of the class, to deliver a Latin valedictory or farewell oration, before the government of the college and the other classes, on the 21st of June next ensuing, the day when the seniors leave college, but this has been neglected by the present senior class till two days ago, when they appointed a youth by the name of Fowle to speak, not a Latin oration, but an English poem, he is quite young but a very pretty poet, I have heard some lines of his read which would do honor to any young man.\n      Tuesday, 16th.\n     We recite this week to Mr. Hale, the metaphysical tutor; it would be difficult for me to name one student that loves this man; he is cordially hated even by his own class, which is not the case with the other tutors. Nobody accuses him of partialities in favor of any one; he is equally morose, surly and peevish to all; he has got the nickname of the cur. We this day experienced his ill nature, we had this morning to dispute upon a certain question that he gave out some time since; this is called a forensic. We began at 9 1/2, at 11 Mr. Williams had a philosophical lecture, when the bell rung two or three of those who had read their parts applied for leave to go out and attend Mr. Williams\u2019 lecture, and he refused them, so that we must infallibly, have lost a lecture, had not Mr. Williams been so kind as to wait near half an hour for us.\n      Remember me to all friends, and believe me yours.\n      J. Q. Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0055", "content": "Title: Mary Smith Cranch to Abigail Adams, 7 May 1786\nFrom: Cranch, Mary Smith\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n      My Dear Sister\n      Braintree May 7th 1786\n     Yes my dear Sister I have thought it very long since I have receiv\u2019d a Letter from you and thought it very Strange that you should not write me one line by the January Pacquit when mr cranch receiv\u2019d one from mr Adams. You say you wrote but one Letter by it, but do not tell me who it was too none of your Friends here have receiv\u2019d any, and mr King directed a number of other pioples to mr cranchs care. I have a suspician it was to mr T\u2014\u2014l\u2014\u2014r, but I have not heard a word about it. Pray tell me who it was too? You Surely did not call the three Lines you inclos\u2019d in the Bundle of news papers a Letter. Your Letter by the Febry. Pacquit came last evening by the Post. Mr King could not find a Private hand to send it by, and truly my Sister, it contains wonderful things. A few more dashes and marks under names would have render\u2019d it more intiligible. I cannot help thinking that mr \u2014\u2014 has receiv\u2019d its counterpart, for last evening he came home before nine, and went immidiately to Bed. He seldom comes home till after we are abed. I was Saying yesterday morning to Betsy, that nothing would afford me more pleasure than to hear that a cousin of hers was married to a worthy american who would come and settle among us. You have mention\u2019d three in your Letter. If I am to guess among those, I Should Say that Colln H\u2014\u2014m\u2014\u2014s is the favor\u2019d Man. Eliza says \u201cno. He has been with you but a month!\u2013what then.\u201d This is not their first acquaintance. She recolects a mr murray of whom you have given a fine character and whose Letters to Cousin JQA She has seen and admir\u2019d. I hope you do not design to keep us in this Suspence long. It is now very generally known that my Niece has dismiss\u2019d mr T and what it is for, and such universal rejoicing I beleive there never was before upon such an occation. I have thought it my duty to let it be known that she was not influenc\u2019d to do it by any of her Friends, but that his neglect of her had open\u2019d her eyes and made her think with the rest of the World that he was not calculated to make her so happy as she once thought he was. I want to know what Letters were pick\u2019d up from Fletchers wreck. I thought I had not sent one by him. Young and he or cushing Sail\u2019d So near together that I do not know whether some of my Letters might not be put aboard the ceres. Mr T writ by one of them. If you know what, I wish you would tell me. I know he was jealous of us at that time, but without a cause. He in general denys his being dismiss\u2019d. Says there has been some little misunderstanding between them, that some Fiend or other on this side the water has occation\u2019d it. That as soon as he gets his mills going and his Business into good order, he Shall visit you, and shall Settle the matter in half an hour. But what does He mean by keeping the things and Letters She desir\u2019d him to deliver to Doctor Tufts? Will he wish to keep and wear the Picture when the origanal is in the possession of another?\n     I have written you largly by capn. Calhahan and hope they will reach you Safe but we have many fears about him. His vessel was So crank when She went out that many have thought she would overset if She Should meet with a heavey storm. The importance of Doctor Gordons History may save it. He and his History are on board. His Lady is with him also, and several other Ladies. Your Sons were well a few days ago. The two colegians spent an agreable vacancy here, for us it was so and I hope for themselves. They look\u2019d very happy. I had miss N Marsh here all the time to help us. It is no small job to keep three Such Lads in repair. Eliza says she is sure she came home in the right time to make Gowns and wastcoats for them. Cousin charles must be equipt for the expiration of his Freshmanship. I have got him a Gown too. I was determin\u2019d to please my Fancy if it could be done in Boston and I have done it. I hope he will think it as handsome as I do.\n     Mr Evans was married last thursday. He set out on monday for Philadelphia upon a visit to his Friends. His Lady goes with him. He will return to his charge in about two months.\n     I hope you will not forget to send some linnen both course and fine for your sons. Charles Storer is going to Settle at the eastward there is nothing to be done at Boston to any purpose. We have not had a line from mr Perkins Since the Letter I mention\u2019d to you last Fall. Mr Storer had some thoughts of going to Kentucky some time past, but he has alter\u2019d his plan. He is indeed a fine youth. I could have wisht to have keept him among us. I do not recollect the Poem address\u2019d to our army which you mention but I will inquir for it. Pray send me any thing that you approve of. We Want Something new. We go out but Seldom and want Something to vary our scene. Mr \u2014\u2014 is nothing to us, he Sleeps here and that is all. My dear Niece need not fear that the world will charge her with fickleness or infidelity. Mrs P\u2014\u2014l\u2014\u2014r may and will I know. She means well but is not always judicious. I wish cousin to be very cautious in writing to her.\n     I long to have cushing come in. We begin to be anxious about him. We are all well, your Mother Hall and Brothers Family also. Our children will write as soon as they recieve Letters. What is the reason that cousin Nabby has not written to any of us for so long a time. Tell Ester her Freinds are in general Well. Ned Baxters wife has been sick but is better. Yours affectionatly\n      M Cranch", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0056", "content": "Title: John Quincy Adams to Abigail Adams, 15 May 1786\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n      My Dear Mamma\n      Cambridge May 15th 1786. Monday\n     Several months have again elapsed, since, I wrote you, but I shall henceforth, be able to spare more Time, than I could since I went to Haverhill before this. There is now neither the Necessity, nor indeed the possibility, for me to keep as close, as I was in the Winter. I was obliged in the Course of 6 months, to go through the studies, which are perform\u2019d here, in 2 years and 9 months. So different had my Studies been, from those, at this Place, that I had not before last October look\u2019d into a book, that I was examined in except Horace. Had I arrived here 3 months earlier, it would have been easier to enter into the Class, which graduates next Commencement, than it has been to enter the one I am in. This would have advanced me, one year, but there are a number of public exercices here, that I should not have performed and which I think may be advantageous. Such is speaking in the Chapel, before all the Classes; which I shall have to do in my turn 4 or 5 times, before we leave College. Such also, are the forensic disputations, one of which we are to have tomorrow. A Question is given out by the Tutor in metaphysics, for the whole Class to dispute upon; they alternately affirm or deny the Question; and, write each, two or three pages, for or against it, which is read in the Chapel before the Tutor, who finally gives his opinion concerning the Question. We have two or three of these Questions every Quarter; that for tomorrow is, Whether the immortality of the human Soul is probable from natural Reason. It comes in Course, for me, to affirm; and in this Case, it makes the task much easier. But It so happens, that whatever the Question may be, I must support it; I shall send a Copy of my Piece, to my Father, although I doubt it will scarcely be worth reading.\n     You will be perhaps desirous to know, how I am pleased with my Situation, how I like my fellow Students, and what acquaintances I have formed. I am very well pleased, as to the first matter. There are a few inconveniences, and some necessary loss of Time, that I must be subjected to; but I never was able any where to Study, more agreeably, and with so little interruption, (excepting the exercices of the College) as I am here. I cannot now attend so much to any particular branch, as I have done formerly. The languages, natural Philosophy, mathematics, and metaphysics; all together, will employ any one sufficiently, without making a rapid progress in either of them. We are now attending a Course of Lectures upon experimental Philosophy, by Mr. Williams. They will be finished by the 21st: of June, when the Senior Sophister Class, leave College; they will consist of 24 Lectures, 9 of which we have already had. As to the Students, I find, a confused medley of good, bad, and indifferent. There is but little intercourse, between the Classes. I am acquainted with very few of the other Classes. I know all, that belong to my own. I have endeavoured to find out those, that have the best Reputation, both, as Students, and moral Characters. Those will be my Companions; and fortunately I am left to my choice, for we are not obliged to associate with those, who are dissolute or negligent. These two Qualities I perceive most commonly go together: the instances, are very rare, where a person of a loose Character, makes any figure as a Scholar.\n      Friday. May 19th:\n     I received your favour of March 20th: the day before yesterday, and I receiv\u2019d a hint of a certain Circumstance, by a Letter from Aunt Cranch, to my Cousin, at the same Time. I do not know, that ever in my Life, I felt so much anxiety, and impatience, as I have, from that Time, till this Afternoon, when your\u2019s of Feby. 16th: was delivered into my hands, with my Sister\u2019s Diary to Feby. 15th: nor did I ever feel such strange Sensations, as at reading the first Page of my Sister\u2019s Letter, where in the most delicate, manner possible, she inform\u2019d me of the Connection. I laid it down immediately, and for 5 minutes, I was in such a Confusion of thoughts, as berieved me of almost every feeling. It would be as impossible for me now to account for my Situation, as it was then to form an Idea. I could not read a word further there, and I took up your\u2019s, in which I found an ample account of the affair, and indeed, as you observed the Contrast was striking. Surely, if there is a providence, that directs the affairs of mankind, it prompted your Voyage to Europe. I intended in this Letter to have given you an account of the late Conduct of a certain person, but we may now throw a veil over the errors of a Man, whose folly, has deprived him, of the Advantages which Nature, with a liberal hand, had bestow\u2019d upon him. The Gentleman, you mention, enjoys a Reputation, which has always commanded my Respect; I wish henceforth to esteem him as a friend, and cherish him as a brother: as Circumstances have prevented me, from enjoying a personal acquaintance with him, his connection, with a Sister, as dear to me as my Life, and the Opinion of my Parents, will stand in lieu of it. Will you be so kind, as to remember me affectionately to him? The Books I have not received, nor any Letter from my Sister, by Lyde, or Cushing, who both arrived, last Tuesday.\n     I believe you have Reason, to think it fortunate for me, that I did, not go to London. Your description of Miss Hamilton, and that of my Sister, who mentions her in almost every Letter I have received, since their first acquaintance, are almost enough, to raise a Romantic, Knight Errant flame; what then would have been the Consequence, had I seen her often; but what with a little Resolution, and some good luck, your young Hercules, has till now escaped, the darts of the blind Deity: and will be for 15 months very secure: there is now no Lady, with whom I am acquainted around here, that I consider, as dangerous; Study is my mistress, and my endeavours will be to\n      \u201cListen to no female, but the Muse.\u201d\n     By the bye, you know I am now and then addicted to the rage of rhyming. I shall enclose to my Sister a short speciman, of my loss of Time in that way. If your candour and indulgence, is such, as to think it worth crossing the Atlantic I shall be fully satisfied.\n     But it is now midnight, and I must be up by 6. and this as well as my Paper bids me, come to the Conclusion of my Letter; my Duty to my Father. I fear I shall not get a Letter for him by this opportunity. Your dutiful Son.\n      J. Q. Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0057", "content": "Title: John Quincy Adams to Abigail Adams 2d, 18 May 1786\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Abigail (daughter of JA and AA)\n      Cambridge, Friday, May 18, 1786\n     I received this afternoon your No. 11 and I never received a letter which caused such a variety of sensations. I will only say, that I received the profile with pleasure, and the person for whom it was taken will for the future be very dear to me.\n     It is very disagreeable to be continually making apologies for having nothing to write; but it is really so, I am more than ever out of a situation to write anything that you can think worth reading. I have heretofore sometimes had recourse to giving you sketches of character, and sometimes to moralizing, but I am now deprived even of those sources. Pedants like most of the characters among the government of our college, and of boys, as a great part of the students are, could afford you but a pitiful entertainment, and you have given me such a rap on the knuckles with respect to proverbs and wise sayings, that I must take care how I show my gravity. I believe, upon the whole, that the philosophy of Democritus, who laughed at all the world, was preferable to that of Heraclitus, who was always weeping. The follies of the world made one very unhappy, while they rather increased the enjoyments of the other; for my part, when I reflect upon all the plans and schemes, the ceremonious nothings, the pompous trifles which men are always employed about, it sometimes raises a smile, and sometimes a sigh, when I behold vices and follies which lessen the natural dignity of human nature and which injure society, then I cannot restrain my indignation; but when they are only such as the little greatness of a self-conceited coxcomb, or such as have their source in vanity, I can then indulge all the ludicrous ideas which naturally arise in my mind; these have sometimes assisted me to fill up a letter to you; but as to proverbs and wise sayings, I am not ambitious of producing any. I will endeavor henceforth to change my style, and follow your example, in employing satirical irony, and leave you to your own reflections.\n      Tuesday, 23d.\n     I have, in former letters, given you a short sketch of the characters of two or three members of this government. The next that comes in course is Mr. R., the tutor of my own class. This man, too, like all the rest, is very much disliked by the scholars. He has a great deal of modesty, and this is a disadvantage to him here. He is pas\u00adsionate and vindictive; and those are qualities which do not fequently inspire love or esteem. In short, our four tutors present as ridiculous a group as I ever saw. They appear all to be in a greater necessity of going to school themselves than of giving instruction; and one of them, at least, is below par as to genius. He is, however, the best of the tutors. He possesses a sweet simplicity, which creates a great deal of mirth among the students; and as he has observed that the other tutors command respect by maintaining an awful distance between themselves and the students, he likewise assumes an air of dignity, which is quite becoming. You would suppose that this immense distance between tutors and scholars was impolitic; but in fact it is quite the contrary. Were these gentlemen to be frequently in company with some of the good scholars among the students, the comparison would be too much to their disadvantage not to be mortifying and humiliating.\n     We have been in somewhat of a bustle this day. The parts for next commencement were given out this morning. It is curious to observe how the passions of men are adapted to the situations in which they are placed. You must know that about two-thirds of every class have to read syllogisms when they take their degrees. Now, these syllogisms are held in abomination by the students, because the other parts are commonly given to the most distinguished scholars. A syllogism is considered as a diploma, conferring the degree of dunce to all to whom it is given. All the senior sophisters have been waiting the giving out of the parts for three weeks, with as much impatience and anxiety as if their lives and fortunes depended upon it; and there are not, I suppose, now more than half-a-dozen in the class that are satisfied. This time twelve-months the case will be the same with the class to which I belong. But I must inform you, that the president, who distributes the parts, is by no means infallible; that he gives good parts sometimes to bad scholars, and syllogisms to good ones. So, you must not hastily conclude that I am a fool, or an ignoramus, in case I should have to read a syllogism; which, for two or three reasons, I think is probable enough. But it is not necessary to look so far before us.\n      Saturday, 27th.\n     I have been thinking, I believe a full hour what to say to you, and am now as much at a loss as when I first began.\n     I have been out of town but once this quarter, and I see no company out of college. I have nothing to draw me from my studies, (but the college exercises,) and I keep as close to them as I can conveniently; but it is the same thing continually repeated, and can therefore furnish very little matter for a journal.\n     The next character, which follows in course among the governors of the college, is the librarian, Mr. W. He is a man of genius and learning, but without one particle of softness, or of anything that can make a man amiable, in him. He is, I am told, severe in his remarks upon the ladies; and they are not commonly disposed to be more favorable with respect to him. It is observed that men are always apt to despise, what they are wholly ignorant of. And this is the reason, I take it, why so many men of genius and learning, that have lived retired and recluse lives, have been partial against the ladies. They have opportunity to observe only their follies and foibles, and therefore conclude that they have no virtues. Old bachelors too are very apt to talk of sour grapes; but if Mr. W. ever gets married, he will be more charitable towards the ladies, and I have no doubt but he will be more esteemed and beloved than he is now, he cannot be less.\n      Wednesday, 31st. Election day.\n     This, you know, is the only day in the year, which resembles what in France is called a jour de f\u00eate. Almost all the college went to Boston. I have no great curiosity to see such things and therefore remained at home. The elections have been in general the same with those of the last year, excepting that in Boston they have turned out Mr. Hitchborne from the House of Representatives, and Mr. Lowell from the Senate. This is supposed to be in consequence of some writings which have appeared in the newspapers under the signature of Honestus, against the lawyers. They were written by Mr. Benjamin Austin, a merchant, and it is supposed will considerably injure the practice of the law. They are intended to rouse and inflame the passions of the people. His proposals are in general as extravagant and absurd as they can be, yet to a certain degree they have been successful, and they may be still more so.\n      Saturday, June 10th.\n     This day Mr. Williams closes his course of lectures on Natural Philosophy. He has given us of late two or three lectures upon fire, containing a system of his own with respect to Northern Lights. This is a phenomenon which has never yet been well accounted for. This new system is specious and may lead to further discoveries on this subject. Mr. Williams is more generally esteemed by the students, I think, than any other member of this government. He is more affable and familiar with the students, and does not affect that ridiculous pomp which is so generally prevalent here. The only complaint that I have heard made against him was of his being too fond of his ease, and unwilling to make any great efforts for acquiring a perfect knowledge of the branch which he professes. I believe he is a very good man, but I must see more proofs of genius than I have yet observed before I shall think him a great man.\n     I am very glad his lectures are over. The weather is now so warm that to be shut up in a room with a hundred people, is enough to stifle one. At one of the lectures, two or three days since, Thompson, the most distinguished character in the senior class, fainted away, and has been ill ever since.\n     As to news, I can only inform you of two marriages and one courtship. I have heard Mr. G. is humbly paying his addresses to your friend Miss Q. So, you see, I shall probably be supplanted, notwithstanding my prior claim, and he has great advantages over me, as it is against the law for me to look at a young lady till the 20th of July, 1787, and then I suppose it will be too late. Indeed, I am almost determined to write one of your lamentable love songs, talk of flames, darts, perjured vows, death, and so on, according to custom. Death, you know, in romances and love-songs, is one of the most busy actors. When lovers are happy, they say death only can part them; when they are unsuccessful, death is always ready immediately to relieve them from pain. In short, death appears to be a jack-of-all-trades, but I have never been able to discover who or what he is. However, I don\u2019t see why I should not invoke him, upon occasion, as well as any body; for in poetry he is the most innocent being on earth.\n      Saturday, June 17th.\n     This day the bridge between Boston and Charlestown was completed. An entertainment was given upon the occasion by the proprietors, to six hundred people, on Bunker\u2019s Hill. It is the anniversary of the famous battle fought there. It is better, to be sure, that oxen, sheep, calves, and fowls be butchered than men; and it is better that wine should be spilled than blood; but I do not think this was a proper place for revelling and feasting. The idea of being seated upon the bones of a friend, I should think would have disgusted many. Such feelings may be called prejudices, but they are implanted by nature, and cannot, I think, be blamed. You will see in the papers how the poets have been exerting their talents upon the occasion. I have seen five different sets of verses, not one of which has escaped the simile of the Phoenix rising from its own ashes, applied to Charlestown.\n     I have written to papa and mamma lately. You will present my duty to them.\n      Yours,\n      J. Q. Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0059", "content": "Title: Richard Cranch to John Adams, 20 May 1786\nFrom: Cranch, Richard\nTo: Adams, John\n      Dear Bror\n      Boston May 20th. 1786\n     We have received the Favour of your Letters and those from Sister Adams, by the Captains Cushing and Lyde. Cushing arrived on Sunday last and Lyde on Monday.\n     I thank you for the further explanation of your Sentiments respecting the probable Operation of our Navigation Act, and think they are well founded. I think what you mention about the Sugar Trade with France in return for our Oil, is a matter of vast Importance to the N England States, and may be prosecuted to great Advantage by our Merchants. The Vessell said to belong to Tom: B\u2014\u2014 is this week arrived at Boston with a Cargo of Sugars from France; and, it is reported, will make a fine Voyage. I have not time at present to write on publick Matters\u2014a great Cry in some Parts of the State for Paper Money\u2014great aversion to it in others\u2014probably it will be warmly agitated in the lower House, perhaps carried there: But I think it will not pass the Senate. R: Island has just passed an Act for making an Emission of Paper Money, to be on landed Security, but it is greatly opposed and remonstrated against by their principal Towns.\n     The Votes for Govr. and Lt. Govr. in this State are returned, and are said to be full in favour of Govr Bowdoin and Lt Govr Cushing. Senators are much the same thro\u2019 the State as last Year. In this County all but Mr. Lowell came in by the People. Mr Lowell and Mr. Ben: Austin (the Father of J: L: Austin) are the Candidates. In Worcester is one Vacancy, Mr Sprague the Lawyer did not come in by the People. He and Genl. Ward are the Candidates. Our Friend Doctr. Tufts is unanimously chosen for Member for Weymouth, as well as Senator by the highest number of Votes in the County. Your Sons at the University, and Master Tom: at Haverhill are well. Cous: Charles was here this Week. They behave unblameably as far as I can learn, and follow their Studies with the greatest Attention. I have not heard a Complaint or Suggestion against either of them. They and Billy make an agreeable young Triumvirate, and are very happy together. My Kinsman Mr. Wm: Bond, who married Mrs. Elworthy\u2019s Sister, arrived here safe from Bristol with his Wife and two Children and her Sister Ebut, after a very agreeable Passage, on Saturday last. The Ladies and Children went up to Braintree last Wednesday, where they are at present at our House. They expect to sail for Falmouth in Casco Bay the first fair Wind. You will please to let Cousn Elworthy know this. Your Hond. Mother and your Bror. and Family are all well, as are all the Circle of our near Connections.\n     Since writing the above we have received your favours by Mrs. Hay who is safe arrived at Boston. I thank you for the learned and very valuable account of Virginia by Govr. Jefferson, which you sent me, and shall follow your injunctions respecting it. I have diped into it in various places, and find his Natural History of that Country to be very curious, and his Observations on the Varieties among the Human Species, particularly with respect to the Indians and Blacks, to be ingenious and worthy of a Philosopher. His Argument drawn from Fact in favour of american Genious, would be greatly strengthened, if, to a Washington, a Franklin and a Rittenhouse, we should add a Jefferson.\n     Your favour of the 11th. of March contains Matters of vast moment to all the United States, but more especially to those concerned in the Cod-Fishery. I mean the american Commerce with Britain, and the War with the Moors. But as I am in hourly expectation that Capt. Barnard will sail for London, and fearing lest I should loose this Oportunity of acknowledging the receipt of your and Sister Adams\u2019s obliging Favours, I must postpone the Consideration of those important and interesting Matters for the present.\n     You ask what is become of the Art of making Saltwater fresh? I think it is come to nothing, and that our old Friend Pater West has been imposed on by a worthless Fellow, who is now said to be run off and left him in the lurch. Mr West like many other recluse Men, tho\u2019 very learned, is credulous and open to Imposition. I hear he is greatly mortified.\n     The Coins, if they be so called, found at Mistick, have been a Subject of Speculation. They are extremely inelegant in their Form, and the impressions very few and clumsy. I rather think they are neither of Phoenician nor Moorish Original; but that they were a kind of Substitute for the Indian Wampum, and used by our first Settlers in their Trade with the Natives while in their rude and most simple State. I will endeavour to send you some of them.\n     I herewith send you a Packett of Letters from our Family to yours, and shall only add my most affectionate Regards to your deservedly dear Partner, and most amiable Daughter; assuring you that I am with the highest Esteem your obliged Friend and Brother.\n      Richard Cranch", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0060", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Mary Smith Cranch, 21 May 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Cranch, Mary Smith\n      My Dear sister\n     Your kind Letter of Feb\u2019ry came safe to hand, and proved my assertion, that I was sure you had written to me tho it did not reach me by the post. As Letters are always Subject to inspection when put into the bag, it is not best to trust any thing improper for a News paper by that conveyance unless addrest to some merchant, which address prevents curiosity. In writing to you, I am not under that apprehension, my Letters going immediately to the place of their destination. I had as leaves trust them in the Bag as by a private hand.\n     I presume before this reaches you you will be fully satisfied with regard to the Subject you wrote me upon, and can have no apprehensions of Change of mind. It is not unlikly that when I write again to you, you may add another Nephew to the list of your Relatives. A House is taken and I have been for the last week employd in buying linnen china Glass &c. In other respects the House is ready furnishd. I wish I had one of my Neices with me, whilst I remain in this Country, but it will not be long before I shall quit it. Not ten days ago I expected to have taken my passage in the july packet, in concequence of some intelligence which afterwards wore a different appearence; things are so fluctuating upon both Sides the water that it is really difficult to draw up conclusions. Prussia has treated; Portugal has treated; and the Emperours minister has just received Powers to treat also; but very unfortunatly the joint commissions of the American ministers expired this month So that nothing can be concluded till new powers arrive. Whoever has any thing to do with Courts, must have Patience, for their first Second; and third requisites. I wish I was well out of the Way of all of them. My object is to return to America early next Spring, if nothing arises to oblige us to take this step Sooner. I cannot think of a fall passage, of this I shall be better informd in a few weeks. But there is no office more undesirable than Minister of the united States, under the present embarrasments, there is no reputation to be acquired, and there is much to lose.\n     Negotiations with other powers may be, and have been effected, but with England there is not the least probability of a treaty untill the States are united in their measures, and invest Congress with full powers for the regulation of commerce, and a minister here can be of very little service untill that event takes place. It is true he may be invested with other powers, and one more important than treating with this Country, is making peace with the Barbery States. But as mr A foretold so it has turnd out, Lamb is returning without being able to effect any thing, the dey would not even see him and the demand for the poor fellows who are in captivity is a thousand Dollars pr Man and there are 21 of them. The sum allotted by Congress is so inadaquate to the thing, that we must look only for war upon us. Unless Congress endeavour to borrow the sum demanded, and treat immediately, their demands will increase in proportion to the Captures they make, but of all this they are regularly and fully informd. You will not however make these matters known till you hear them from some other quarter. These are droll subjects for one Lady to write to an other upon, but our Country is so much interested in these affairs that you must excuse me for troubleing you with them, and you can communicate with discretion.\n     I thank you most Sincerely for all your kindness to my dear sons and hope they will ever bear a gratefull remembrance of it. The account you give of their behaviour and conduct is such as I hope they merit. The Idea that their success in Life depends upon their diligence and application to their studies, to a modest and virtuous deportment, cannot be too Strongly impresst upon their minds. The foolish Idea in which some of our Youth, are educated: of being born Gentleman is the most ridiculous in the world for a Country like our. It is the mind and manners which make the Gentleman and not the Estate. There is no Man with us, so rich as to breed up a family in Idleness with Ideas of Paternal inheritance, and far distant may that day be from our Land: he who is not in some way or other usefull to Society, is a drone in the Hive, and ought to be Hunted down accordingly. I have very different Ideas of the wealth of my Countrymen, to what I had when I left it. Much of that wealth has proved falacious and their debts exceed their property. Economy and industery may retrive their affairs. I know that the Country is capable of great exertions but in order to this, they must curtail their Ideas of Luxery and refinement, according to their ability. I do not believe any Country exceeds them in the article of dress. In Houses in furniture in Gardens and pleasure Grounds and in equipage, the wealth of France and England is display\u2019d to a high pitch of Grandeur and magnificence. But when I reflect upon the thousands who are Starving, and the millions who are loaded with taxes to support this pomp and shew, I look to my happier Country with an enthusiastick warmth, and pray for the continuance of that equality of Rank and fortune which forms so large a portion of our happiness.\n     I yesterday dinned at the Bishop of Saint Asaphs, in company with dr Preistly and Dr Price and some Strangers. The Bishops Character is well known and respected as a Friend to America, and justly does he deserve the Character of a liberal Man. He is polite affable and concequently agreeable. He has a Lady and an unmarried daughter, both of whom are well bred according to my Ideas. According to British Ideas good Breeding consist in an undaunted air, and a fearless, not to say, bold address and appearence. The old Lady is both sensible and learned, quite easy and social. The Young one is modest and attentive. This is a family, the friendship and acquaintance of which I should like to cultivate.\n     Dr Priestly is a Gentleman of a pale complexion spair habit, placid thoughtfull Countanance, and very few words. I heard him preach for dr Price, his delivery is not equal to the matter of his discourses. I dinned twice in company with the Dr. and was mortified that I could not have more of his company at our own House, but he was engaged every moment of his time whilst in London.\u2013I believe I have frequently mentiond Dr Price. He is a good and amiable Man, a little inclined to lowness of spirits, which partly arises from the melancholy state of Mrs Price who two years ago had a paralytick stroke, and has been helpless ever Since.\n     Captain Bigolew has promised to take this Letter From your ever affectionate Sister", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0064", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Elizabeth and Lucy Cranch, 22 May 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Cranch, Elizabeth,Norton, Elizabeth Cranch,Cranch, Lucy,Greenleaf, Lucy Cranch\n      Dear Girls\n     Excuse me I have time only to tell you that I designd to have written, but the captain sails sooner than I expected. I send you some magizines to amuse you, and will continue them to you. Give my Duty to my Honourd Mother and Love to my cousins, to the Germantown family remember me. I have a letter too for milton Hill partly finishd. See what procrastination does, but I wanted to have my letters late, and so I am dissapointed of sending any. I am much hurried just at present. Dont you pitty your cousin, not a female companion of her age. Miss Hamilton, the only one she has had in England, is saild for Philadelphia. I wish for you I am sure every day of my Life. Adieu dear Girls. Love me always as I do you, & believe me ever your affectionate Aunt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0065", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Charles Storer, 22 May 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Storer, Charles\n      Dear Charles\n     It is a very pleasent morning Sir, and I have risen a little after five, that I might have the pleasure of writing you before Captain Bigolew Sails, so Sir I have seated myself at a desk near the window of the Chamber in which you used to lodge, from whence you know the square has a beautifull appearence, delightfully green it is, but the weather continues so cold that we still keep fires. As I have informd you of my present position, I will go on to relate that in which your letter found me, (know then, tis a fortnight since) that I was Sitting in the drawing room upon the Settee earnestly engaged in conversation with Miss Macauley, daughter to the celebrated Lady of that Name, and a very fine young Lady She is, present Miss Hamilton of Philadelphia. O Charles it is fortunate that you did not know that young Lady. Since you left us she has been very intimate in the family. So modest so Sweet and amiable, affable and engageing, so Beautifull, and yet so unconscious of it, in short she is \u201call that Youthfull poets fancy when they Love.\u201d She has an uncle whose adopted child she is, and he almost worships her. He was obliged to come abroad about 2 years ago, and brought her with him then only sixteen years old. He has carrid her into company publick and private, shewn her the world under his own Eye, and preserved her from growing giddy at the view. After having introduced her here, he requested my protection for her and accordingly I have frequently taken her with me to publick places. For this purpose she had come to drink tea with me and go to Ranaleigh. Col Smith Col Norten mr Trumble Dr Bancroft mr Ridley were all present, when mr Adams came into the room and presented me your Letter. I wishd to open it, but so much company present I could not, so I put in my pocket. The company staid till ten. The Carriages were then ready at the door and it was time to go to Rana\n        and will you believe it, mr A went with us for the first time. About eleven we got there, and expected to meet a party from Clapham. They did not however come till 12. The room not being very full, and we old fashiond people, we retired at one, but your fashonable Friend mrs Paridice, staid a few Evenings since till four oclock. Altho I practised so much self denial, I did not go to bed till I had read your Letter, for which accept my thanks, tho you were very neglegent in it, not a word of Mrs Atkinson nor the children not a syllable of Mamma or Sister Polly. It is true you were very good in giving me a minute account of my own Children, and your visit to Haverhill which gratified me much. You are a Young Gentleman of taste, so could not be otherways than pleasd with mrs Shaw. The three Sisters are all clever, I am really at a loss to know which is most so, something different in their manners be sure, but the same principals of Benevolence actuates them all.\n     You see I write you with the same freedom and confidence as if you was one of us. Let me then assure you that there cannot be any change of mind in the Lady for whom you have exprest an anxiety. She will soon be the wife of a Worthy Man, by her own free and unbiassed Choice; a House is engaged, and I am buisy in prepairing matters for an event not far distant. I understood by dr Tufts that he was in possession of the papers some months ago. I cannot Suppose the Gentleman would be so dishonorable as to wish to retain them, when all hopes of the Lady are annhialated. She has never written him a line since that Letter which past through the hands of Dr Tufts and I presume never will again. I wish the Gentleman well. He has good qualities, indeed he has, but he ever was his own Enemy.\n     As to politicks my dear Charles, when a people have not ability to go to War, why they must be at Peace if they can. But there is not a less Hostile Spirit here against America than there was during the administration of Lord North. They Hate us and the French equally, and every effort to crush us, to breed ill will amongst us, to ruin our commerce, to destroy our navagation will be, and is studiously practised. The Laws of Nations require civility towards Publick Ministers. This we receive, but our Country is vilifye\u2019d by every hireling scribler, and will be so untill the States invest Congress with Powers which shall convince them that we are still united. I can give you a very recent instance of the illiberal prejudice of those who call themselves Men of Science and abilities, and no doubt are such. It is customary for the Royal Society of accademicians to have an Annual dinner and to invite all the Foreign Ministers and Strangers of distinction. But this Year to shew their servility to crowned Heads and their hatred of Republicks, they voted to invite only the foreign ministers from crowned Heads, and by that means you see they could exclude the Minister from America, with three others to keep him company, so that the distinction should not amount to an open affront. Yet these are the Men of Letters, Men of Science!!! O Britain Blush, that these are the degenerate Sons of thy Sydney, Hamden, Pym, and Russel.\n     As to the Algerines, why mr A\u2014\u2014s Prophesy is but too true, and Lamb is returning having effected\u2014nothing. Mr Barclay I suppose will be in the same situation, and now what is to be done? You was long enough in the political line to see and feel perplexities of various kinds. You know how much they affect mr A. They surround him from all quarters, and sometimes it is palpable darkness, then a Gleam of light breaks out. There are many things you know, which cannot and must not be told. The honour of America requires silence. I wish all her Sons were as carefull of it. But I wish, what? that I was safe in my little rustick cottage at the foot of pens Hill. Do you hear, when you write again dont tell us one dismall Story. Let us have sun shine from some quarter, if it is only imaginary.\n     I cannot tell you any more about Lamb untill mr Randle arrives, who we daily expect. I do not know that any other person would have met with a more favourable reception, but he had not half money enough to procure him an audience. This is to ourselves do you mind. Let us keep it from the English as long as we can, tis enough that congress are informed of every thing\u2014politicks adieu.\n      Remember me to all inquiring Friends, uncles Aunts & cousins, believe me ever your Friend\n      xxxxxxx\n      PS If you will only put this letter into Your own hand writing, what an improvement it will be.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0066", "content": "Title: Mary Smith Cranch to Abigail Adams, 22 May 1786\nFrom: Cranch, Mary Smith\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n      My dear Sister\n      Braintree May 22d 1786\n     I have been almost frighted out of my senses this afternoon. Your Mother Hall and Polly Adams came to spend the day with me, but had like to have been kill\u2019d before they return\u2019d. As they were geting into the chaise to go home, the Horse took a fright and although he was fastind to the hook in the Tree, he broke the Bridle and a way he went. Mr Wibird had just help\u2019d in miss Polly and had turn\u2019d round to help mrs Hall as he started. I saw the Horse run but as the gate was shut I suppos\u2019d that would stop him, but I was mistaken he jump\u2019d over it, but the chaise not being so nimble as he was it tore the gate all to peices. Polly had no command of him as she had not the reins. She jump\u2019d out against the office without doing her self any harm except spraining her back a little. Nobody could Stop the Horse till he had got almost home. When they did and to the astonishment of every body the chaise was found not the least hurt. I was very thankful that mrs Hall was not in it. She was much frighted. The Horse is not fit for a woman to drive. This is the third time he has ran away. Sister Shaw her good man and Daughter are just arrived. Adieu I must run and welcome them.\n     I went down and found my Friends well. They say your son is so also. O! my Sister now we wish for you. Pleasures and pains will be mix\u2019d in this world. What a painful visit shall we make to weymouth. I have not been there since I follow\u2019d my dear Aunt to the Silent Grave. We are happier for receiving our Letters about this time. It adds greatly to our happiness when we can communicate it.\n      Satturday 26th i.e. 27th\n     Mr Shaw and Sister are gone to weymouth to keep Sabbath and uncle and aunt Smith are come to spend it with me but my Sister, I fear we shall soon be call\u2019d to mourn the loss of this good Aunt. She appears to me not to have many months to Stay with us. Her countenance is bad and she is so weak and feeble that She can scarcly walk about the House. She is Sensible of her own decay and think she has not long to stay with us. A Lethergy is what I am aprehensive of. She falls asleep in her chair as she sets in company one arm is half of it turnd purple. She is going to princtown to an ordination. She is not able I am sure. She is not to go into so much company, but her heart is set upon it. I would have her come and stay with me instead of going into so much confution. She will she says after she returns.\n      June 24th\n     I have had so much to do and have been so unwell ever since I wrote the above that I have not had time nor health to continue my Journal of events as I intended. I have had a very bad cold and cough which has made me quite sick. I hope I am better but I am far from well. The Soreness upon my Lungs and a little cough still remains. If I could have had an oppertunity of sending you what I have already written you would have been in some measure prepair\u2019d to have heard the sad news I have now to tell you. Doctor Tufts has just inform\u2019d us that Aunt Smith was last night taken with convultion Fits and is now if living in that Lethargick State I have long expected she would sooner or later be in. This was the day that she was to have set out for her Journey to Princtown. She had got all her cloaths put up and went to beg bed as well as She had been for several days, by no means fit to go as the Doctors thought. About two a clock uncle was wak\u2019d by the shaking of the Bed. He found her in a voilent convultion. The Docr. was soon there and bled her before she came out of it. She has had four and when the Doctor came away he thought her dying. The poor Family my Heart achs for them. She has no senses, but She was ready I have no doubt we that know her piety must think so. Such a loss my dear Sister, but the will of Heaven be done.\n      Teusday 28th i.e. 27th\n     Our dear Aunt is no more an inhabitant of this earth. She dy\u2019d about three a clock this morning. Her Reason never return\u2019d. They are a most affeected Family, but they are not the only one I am call\u2019d to mourn with. Uncle Thaxter has lost his youngest Daughter mrs Cushing. She has not been well for several years, but has been better sinc she was married. She was brought to Bed about Ten days since and liv\u2019d but six and thirthy Hours. She left an infant Daughter to supply her place. I have not heard any particulars. I did not hear of it till after she was bury\u2019d and I have not had time to go thire since. It is a dreadful Shock to the Family I am sure. How one Friend drops after another. May we be ready our turn cannot be very far off.\n      June July 3d\n     I return\u2019d last night from the House, the melancholy House of my dear uncle Smith. I found the Family in deep afflection, uncles sorrow of that kind which will not soon wear off. It is tender yet manly. I Staid with him two days after aunt was bury\u2019d. He wish\u2019d it and I could not deny hime. Betsy is very sorrowful but does not know her loss. Cousin Billy is Steady but afflictted, but the Gentle the amiable Preachers Heart is almost broken. He talks of his dear Parent till sobs interupt his speech. He is appointed chaplain at the castle with as good a Salary at least as any country minister and much more independant, but it is mortifying too see those who have not half his abilities prefer\u2019d before him.\n     Mrs Otis is no stranger to afflection but she is oppress\u2019d with Grief. Her circumstances in life makes the stroke doubly severe. You can scarcly concieve how tender how attentive and how affectionate uncle appears to his children and Friends. Betsy wants a companion Lucy is going to spend a few days with her. I must not forget Nabby who is as much affected as if it had been her own mother. There never was a Family where the loss of the mistress of it would make so little alteration as in this, Nabbys faithfulness and faculty the cause of it all.\n     We have not heard from mr Perkins Sinc I wrote you last summer till about a fortnight since. He has written but his letters did not reach us. He is well and in good business as a Lawyer. He is determind not to see N England again without a Fortune sufficient to set him above want and tis not he says so easey a matter as some may think to gain a Fortune suddenly without sacrificing principles in which he has always liv\u2019d and is determind to dye, whether he is poor or rich.\n     I was at cambridge mr cranch and Eliza with me last friday our sons were well. Cousin JQA has not been in Boston but once untill he attended his Aunts Funireal since this term began. I think he does not use exercise enough. I told him he wanted his Papa to take him out. You will see by the Papers that the under graduates are all to have a uniform. Your Blue coats &c come in good time. Lucy is gone with Betsy Apthorp this day to make a visit to her Brothers as She calls them. Our children live sweetly, the most perfect harmony and Brotherly Love Subsists between them.\n     Not one word of Politicks have I written nor shall I have time to do it now. If I had I would tell you what wonderfull things the House are doing with the Lawyers the court of common Pleas &c but the news papers will do it for me. I am thankful there is a senate as well as a House. What has congress done? any thing to detain you in Europe. I love my country too well to wish you to return yet, much as I wisht to see you. I did design to write to my dear Niece by this vessel but fear I shall not have time. My sincere Love and good wishes attend her and hers. Tis very late good night my ever dear Sister and believe me, yours Affectionatly\n      M Cranch", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0067", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Mercy Otis Warren, 24 May 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Warren, Mercy Otis\n      My dear Madam\n     The affliction under which you are now labouring has been protracted to a much longer period, than I feard when I first left America. It was then I Buried the Dear and amiable Youth, for whose loss your Maternal Bosom heaves the sad Sigh, and over whose urn, all who knew him must drop a tear of affectionate remembrance.\n      \u201cLong at his Couch Death took his patient stand\n      And menanc\u2019d oft and oft withheld the blow\n      To give Reflection time with lenient art\n      Each fond delusion from his soul to steal\n      Teach him from folly peaceably to part\n      And wean him from a World, he lov\u2019d so well.\u201d\n     Nor were the admonitions given in vain. The last visit which I made him, I saw in his languid countanance, the Smile of complacent resignation to the will of Heaven.\n      What ever farce the Boastfull Hero plays\n      Virtue alone has Majesty in death.\n     Be this your consolation that tho young in Years, he was Mature in virtue, that he lived beloved and died lamented, and who that lives to riper Years can ensure more to themselves.\n     Let not the populor torrent which at present Sets against your Worthy Partner distress you, time will convince the World who are their approved and unshaken Friends, whatever mistaken judgments they at present form. I foresaw this when I so earnestly pressd the general to accept his last appointment and attend Congress, if only for a few Months.\n     All that is well intended is not well received, the consciousness of doing our duty is however a support, but the designing Jack daw will somtimes borrow the plumes of the Jay, and pass himself off to those who judge only by appearences.\n     You appear to think your Friend at the height of prosperity, and swallowd up by the Gayetyes of Europe, but the estimate is far from the truth. I am much less addicted to them than most of my Fair countrywomen whom I have left behind me. I do not feel myself at all captivated, either with the Manners or politicks of Europe. I think our own Country much the happiest spot upon the Globe, as much as it needs reforming and amending. I should think it still happier, if the inclination was more wanting than the ability, to vie with the Luxeries and extravagance of Europe.\n     Be so good my dear Madam as to present my best respects to your worthy Partner; and affectionate remembrance to Your Sons, and be assured I am at all times Your Friend\n      Abigail Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0068", "content": "Title: Thomas Welsh to Abigail Adams, 24 May 1786\nFrom: Welsh, Thomas\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n      Madam\n      Boston May 24th 1786\n     I have wrote your Daughter on the Head of common Intelligence. As to political I hardly know how to give a summary of that; as relates to this Commonwealth however I think that altho the Legislature of the last Year deliberated long they at last concluded like the Representatives of a wise People and have taxed smartly. This will operate in a few Years to reduce their public Debt greatly.\n     The People have shewn their good sense in their Elections for the next Year. They have given 4 Votes in 5 for Mr Bowdoin through the Commonwealth. Many Towns have determined to send no Representatives upon the Plan of Oconomy. Others have set aside some of the most troublesome Members three or four have come to my knowledge. Deacon Chamberlin, Mitchellof Bridgewater and Fessenden of Rutland are all omitted a saving this of 800 or 1000\u00a3 for the next year.\n     Britain too has done as much for us as we have for ourselves. She has drained us of our Cash the accursed Mean of Extravagance and Luxury henceforward from Necessity our Farms must be cultivated our Herds must be increased our Flocks which had been suffered astonishingly to diminish will be multiplied. These things will make Provisions and Labour low. Our Fishery supplied low will prove proffitable and the Merchant enabled to navigate his Ships at a more moderate Rate will be encouraged to enterprize which will call for large Supplies from the Farmer and both find themselves richer in the End by an Increase of their Assiduities.\n     It was not from a Want of Zeal in our Merchants that their Trade has not been more productive; it is true that they have been enterprizing in the Path which they and their Fathers had persued in the Routine of British Remittances, they have been to the West Indies for Freight for Europe and have almost ruined themselves.\n     Some of them however have made large Fortunes by other Persuits. Mr Thomas Russell particularly by the Russian Trade.\n     I understand by Mr Cranch that Mr Adams proposes that the americans should import raw Sugars from France and manufacture them. The owners of Sugar Houses in this Town have been very attentive this two or three Years past to repair their Works so that there is scarcely one in the Town but what is in better order than has been known these twenty Years. This is partly the Effect of great Duties on British Loaf Sugr. These Sugar Houses are owned by able and spirited young Men capable of making the most of any Project in the Line of their Business.\n     The Rope Walks are in great improvement and by the Supply of Materials would be able to furnish the whole Navy with Cordage.\n     The President of Congress has never gone on altho he has been wrote to in a public and private Way and has not deigned to make any reply, he was appointed if I remember right last Novr. Many Acts of Congress long unfinished waiting his Arrival.\n     The Time of Mr Ramsay\u2019s Election having expired about the 15th. Mr Gorham was appointed Chairman in his Place.\n     If you will be kind enough to procure for Mrs: Welsh 9 Yds: 1/4 of Black lace of a width of the inclosed and send the Cost thereof to Dr: Tufts I will pay him for it, and Mrs W. will feel herself once more obliged by you. She desires to be remembered to you and your\u2019s to whom please to present my Compts and accept the same from your\u2019s &\u2013\n      Thomas Welsh\n      PS: I forgot to inform you that Mr I Smith is appointed Chaplin to the Castle.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0069", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Mary Smith Cranch, 25 May 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Cranch, Mary Smith\n      My dear sister\n     Captain Callihan arrived yesterday at Portsmouth and to day your letter came safe to hand. A thousand thanks my dear sister for all your intelligence. No you have not been too particular, every thing however trivial on that Side the water interests me. Here\u2014nothing. I go into the midst of thousands who I know not, and behold all the Boasted Beauty of London with a cold indifference. I sometimes attend the theaters or other places of publick amusement, and have by particular invitation attended several Routes, which of all Senseless things are the most Supreemly Stupid to me; to visit in a croud because it is the mode, to make play a science and follow it as a daily occupation is spending the most precious Gift of the Deity, to very bad purpose. How can a Nation of Gamblers be a respected Nation? I mean by the Nation, the Nobility and Gentry who are the leading Members of it, and direct its counsels. The Morals of Europe are depraved beyond conception, Love of Country and publick virtue, mere visions.\n     Can there be any pleasure in mixing in company where you care for no one, and nobody cares for you? This is a feeling I never experienced untill I came to Europe. I have derived more real pleasure from one afternoon with my Friend Mrs Rogers, than in all the ceremonious visits I have made in the Country. That was the only family I could visit in without reserve. Before this time, I hope they are, safe in America, as they saild early in April. Many hard things have been said of mr Rogers, since he left London, on account of his going away privattly, but he knew what he was doing, and meant it for the best as I wish it may prove, for nobody questions his integrity. I hope you will be intimatly acquainted with her. She is one of the most amiable of women. Mrs Hay is I hope safe, the account you give of the April storm, makes me apprehensive for her, By her I Sent several articles for my Friends, Cushing and Lyde each had a few also. My inclination would lead me to Send much more than I find my ability competant to, the expences of living in this Country are enourmous.\n     I am happy to hear by you, that your Nephew was admitted college in March. As yet no letter is come to hand from him. His sister complains, but I know his main object has been, the persuit of his Studies that he might enter colledge with reputation, which I hope he has accomplishd. I think Tommy full young but it will be a benefit to him, to have his Brothers care and advice. You will have your Hands full my sister to take charge of them all. May they all do credit to themselves and their connections. What a tasteless insipid life do I lead here in comparison with what I used to in Braintree, looking after my children and family\u2014seeing my Friends in a Social way, loveing and being beloved by them. Beleive me I am not in the least alterd, except that I wear my Hair drest and powderd, and am two years older, and somewhat fatter which you may be sure is no addition to my looks. But the Heart and the mind are the Same.\n     Be still sir. Nabby dont talk. I am writing at the table and Col S. is sitting upon the Settee, and prating so fast that he disturbs me. I told him I would write about him. He is talking of his old Friend Evans, who he says is a good Soul. He is inquiring about the Lady mr Evans is going to Marry. Nabby is informing him. Pray Madam he says, write my respects to him.\n     The dissagreeable Situation of our Milton Friends, I have long feard, and much more since I came abroad than before, as I have learnt that several debts were contracted abroad. In short I am led to question the circumstances of almost every person in the Mercantile line. No judgment can be formed of their property by the appearence they have made and the difficulties which they labour under with respect to their commerce with this Country. Daily adds to their difficulties, and I See not the least prospect of releaf, for this Country had rather lose thousands, than we should gain hundreds.\n     The death of the amiable Charles was not unexpected to me. I think him happy in being releasd from Scenes which would have greatly distresst him.\n     Mrs Warren in her letter to mr Adams complains that they have no political Friends in Braintree or Weymouth, and is quite at a loss to divine the reason of it. How different do some people estimate their motives and actions from what the world forms of them. Judge of the Supreem Court, Liut Govenour, and 3 times chosen Member of Congress, these are offices that ought not to be subject to repeated Refusal. And why should a people continue to chuse a Gentleman, and Subject themselves to constant refusals, untill it suited his conveniency to serve them. As to sacrifices, what honest Man who has been engaged in publick Services, in the perilious times through which we have past, is there, but what has made them, both of time and property? Had Genll W\u2014\u2014n been appointed commissoner at the Court of France, instead of mr A\u2014\u2014s would she, think you, have consented that he should have hazarded the Dangers of the sea in the midst of winter, and all the horrors of British Men of war to have served his Country, leaving her with a Young family, without even the means of giving them an Education, had any misfortune befallen him, at the same time relinquishing a profittable profession. If I may judge by what has taken place, I think she would not. Why then should the publick be deemed ungratefull? I believe no body has ever doubted his attachment to his Country, or his integrity in office and I wish the people would again chuse him, but not without an assureance from him that he would Serve. I have ever considerd him as a Gentleman of a good Heart, estimateing himself however higher than the World are willing to allow, and his good Lady has as much family pride as the first dutchess in England. This is between ourselves. Poor Mrs Brown, who was Betsy Otis, had all her Grandfather left her, in the Hands of Mr Allen otis and Genll Warren. She has written several Letters to mr Adams upon the subject requesting his advice what to do. Her Father left her nothing. It is very hard she Should lose what her Grandfather left her.\n     As to our Germantown Friends I am Grieved for them. There distresses are great. The age of some and the ill Health of others, puts it out of their power to extricate themselves. Those who undertake great Scheems should have great abilities, and great funds. Blessed is a little and content therewith. I hope every one of my family will gaurd them selves against that ambition which leads people to relinquish their independance and subject themselves to the will of others, by living beyond their circumstances, as I know our own to be very moderate, for we are not able to lay up any thing here. I ex\u00adpect whenever we return, to have a hard struggle to get our Lads through their Education.\n     We expect to return in the Spring, for there is not the least prospect of doing for our Country what is expected. Mr Adams has represented every thing to congress, and his opinion with regard to every thing. Yet his Country look for a redress of Grivences from his exertions, which the conduct of the States have renderd it impossible to effect. He cannot lay these things open to the world, concequently many will censure him and clamour against him. I am prepaird to expect it.\n     Unstable as Water, said the old Patriarch to his son, thou shalt not excell. Such an assemblage in one Character, as the Windmill builder exhibits, is seldom to be met with. The abilities of that Man applied to one point might have made him respected in it. He will triffel upon a thousand scheems, till like Icarus, his waxen wings melt, and he falls headlong to the ground. The Man who fears not debt, is not to be trusted. How is it, that he Still retains the picture? It was Demanded with the papers, and his own sent in lieu of it. I wrote him a letter by the packet which had the Newspapers you mention. I dare say he kept the contents of it a Secreet, but I did not write any other letter at that time. By the next packet I wrote to Dr Tufts and to you. I hope you have got, and will soon have; many letters from me. What will be his conduct when he finds he has lost for ever the Girl he once pretended to doat on?\n     Alass my sister, I feel strong ties of affection for our unhappy connection, and hearing of his Sickness affected me much. Poor Man. I wonder what his circumstances are, whether he gets a comfortable support or whether he addicts himself to intemperance.\n     As to his wife we all know her, she has read too many Romances. Ambitions to excess\u2014She did not think of the force of her expressions, and a well turnd period, had charms for her whether founded in fact or not. Her whole method of writing, is always in that Stile. There is always a necessity of saying, Stop, Stop, to her. She makes enchanted Castles, and would send all her children to live in them if she had but the ability. I am glad Louissa has been in the families you mention. I love the dear Girl who had a sweet temper. I hope she will not be spoilt. When ever I return she must be mine again. The Cloaths I sent her and what I left her, have made her decent I presume. If she wants a skirt and a winter gown, be so good as to get some red tammy from my trunks. I have sent her calico for one dress by mrs Hay and I shall send her an other and some linnen the first opportunity. Captain Biggolow sent me word on monday morning that my Letters must go that very morning, and I thought he was gone till last evening. When I returnd from a ride to Hamstead, I found a Gentleman by the name of Drake, who was introduced here not long ago and dinned with us, had calld in my absence, and left word that he should not go till tomorrow and that he would take any letters we had.\n     I was glad of this opportunity of replying so soon to your Letter of March and April. I think this Gentleman belongs to connecticut, he is to drink tea with us this afternoon.\n     Tell charles Storer, I have never been to Hamstead since he left it till yesterday, and then the coachman without any orders, stopt at the House Mrs Atkinson used to live in. We gave him orders to drive on, got out and walkd over the old Spot where we once rambled, talkd of him and wishd him with us; and mrs Atkinson in the old habitation that we might Breakfast with her again.\n     How have you been able to spair Cousin Betsy all winter So. Does the Parson visit you often? My Regards to him, to uncle Quincy to mrs Quincy, Mrs Alleyn, and all my Neighbours. Tell Mrs Hunt I have not forgotton her, my Love to her. I shall not be able to write to Sister Shaw I fear, you will however communicate to her always if I do not write.\n     I will send more linnen by the first opportunity. Cambrick is as dear here as with you. I would not have you use my best peice of Cambrick, it is too good. Adieu my dear sister, always remember me kindly to mr Cranch & believe me ever your truly affectionate Sister", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0070", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Mary Smith Cranch, 25 May 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Cranch, Mary Smith\n      My Dear Sister\n     After I had closed my letter to you of yesterday I went into the city four mils distant I am from St Pauls, beyond which the New England coffe House is; where I usually Send to inquire for our Boston Captains. I found the vessel was not yet gone. I went to a shop where I buy almost every thing in the Linnen Draper way and purchased a peice of linnen for Tommy, and some calico, which is done up with it, and directed to mr Cranch. The calico of ten yd and half is to be divided between you and sister Shaw, the 5 yd is for Polly Adams and the 4 /2 for Louissa, which you will be so good as to dispose of accordingly. I also send some corded Dimity to make each of our sons a waistcoat, I consider cousin Billy in the Number. I know white increases washing, but nothing so cool and pretty for summer. You write for some cloth to make draws for them, this I will endeavour to procure for the next vessel.\n     I hope my dear Neices like\u2019d the Gowns I Sent them by Jobe Field. Let me know if any thing in particular is wanted either for yourself or children and I will do my utmost to procure it for you.\n     How is mr otis\u2019s family, is he yet confined? She has been a doubly unfortunate Woman.\n     How is Mrs Welch and family, is She Still increasing it? I am indebted to our Good Aunt Smith for a Letter, but tis a sad thing to write to a person when you know not what to say to them; and are forced to bite your pen for a subject. What does cousin Isaac? A Parish I fear he must despair of obtaining, so much for . . . fear.\n     Is not Sister Shaw just making her anual visit to you? O how I envy you, believe me my dear sister, there is nothing can compensate for the vacancy of those Social feelings, or supply their pleasures, and every person who knows their value must feel alone tho in the midst of the world, a world where cold ceremony is in lieu of friendly Salutations and greetings.\n     Man was not made to be alone. There is more force in that expression than I once conceived there was, for I did not then suppose a person might be alone tho in a croud. Breakfast waits once more adieu with Love to cousins Lucy and Betsy, remember me also to mrs Hay and Mrs Rogers. I Saw mr and mrs copley yesterday who were both well. I am buisy I believe I told you before making linnen &c for House keeping. Nabby has written to her cousins by this opportunity and presents her Duty both to her uncle and you. Pray how are my sable tennants. You have not said a word about them for some time.\n     To one & all of my Neighbours remember me kindly & believe me as ever your affectionate Sister\n      I wrote you by mr Jenks who saild from France.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0071", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams 2d to Lucy Cranch, 25 May 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail (daughter of JA and AA)\nTo: Cranch, Lucy,Greenleaf, Lucy Cranch\n      Grosvenor Square May 25th 1786\n     Yesterday my Dear Lucy I received your kind favour of the 9th of April, and it was the only Letter for me, in Pappas packett. However I hope there are others on Board. My Brother I am sure must have written. Indeed my Dear Cousin I feel under great obligations to you for your repeated attentions to me, and only lament that it is not in my Power to make you more frequent returns. I have really so many Correspondents that I find it impossible to be so particular to any of them as I wish. You my Cousin are in the first Class of my Esteem and Love and it gives me pleasure whenever you favour me with your Letters. If I should not answer them so punctually as I ought you will not attribute it to any want of affection, but necessity. I wrote you a long Letter by Mrs Hay which I hope you have received er\u2019e this. She sailed from hence in March, and we hope has had a good passage.\n     Mrs Warren, must, have been greatly afflicted by her sons Death, and tho not unexpected, yet his being absent must have added, to her Grief. We cannot but lament that the most amiable and Worthyest Characters are thus early removed from this Theatre. But so little do we know, that even to lament may be wrong.\n     Can you tell me my Dear Lucy what has become of my friend Polly Otis Mrs Lincoln that now is. I have not heard a word from her since I left America. I wrote to her soon after my arrival here, from America, and I heard through Mrs Dana, that she had received my Letter but not a line from herself have I ever been favourd with. I will not however Condemn her, for she may have written, and even now may think I neglect her. But If she has, I have not received her Letter.\n     Next Saturday compleats a year since our arrival in this City time has flown strangely, I can scarce realize it I assure you. We have been very much confined to this place, and have not made but one or two excursions of a day at a time. I wish much to go into the Country and enjoy its beauties after having been shut up, in this Noisy smoky Town for so long a time. We propose Leaving Town for a few weeks soon after the Birth day, which will be celebrated next Monday week. We talk of going to Devonshire, or to Lincolnshire, if to the former I shall it is probable be able to give you some account of your friends there, which will give me great pleasure.\n     We went a few days ago, about Nine Miles out, to Aysterly to see the seat of Mrs Child, which, exceeded any ideas I had formd of Beauty Elegance neatness, and taste. If I had time I would attempt a particular decription of it, for your amusement. To day it is not in my power, as I have several Letters to get ready for a Gentleman who is to Call this Evening for them, and who perhaps my Cousin may see when he arrives in Boston. All I know of him is that his name is Drake, that he is an American, and has dined with us twice, and has now offered to take our Letters to Boston as he is going in Biglow.\n     We were very happy to hear that my Brother J Q A, had entered the University. The account you give of our Brothers is very pleasing. That they may Continue to merit the approbation of their friends, is my ardent and Constant wish.\n     Be so good my Cousin, as to remember me to all our friends, your Uncle Palmers family, Miss Paine, from whom I received a Letter that I have not yet answerd, but intend to soon, to Uncle Thaxters family, to all our Cousins particularly, they are most of them Married I suppose. I find if I were to attempt to particularize every one, I should fail, therefore must request you to remember me to all. Adieu my Dear Cousin, write me as often as you can and continue to Love yours very sincerely\n      A Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0074", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Isaac Smith Sr., 27 May 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Smith, Isaac Sr.\n      Dear sir\n     Dr Gordon call\u2019d upon us this morning and deliverd me a letter from mr Storer. The dr is very mild, looks as if he had not recoverd quite from the Mortification under which he labourd in Boston. I know not what Success his History will meet with here, but this I can tell him, neither Americans or their writings are much in fashion here, and the Dr cannot boast the Honour of being born an American. I fancy there will be found as forcible objections against him.\n     Mr Ramseys History which is written in a cool dispassionate Stile and is chiefly a detail of facts, cannot find a Bookseller here who dares openly to vend the ready printed coppies which are sent him.\n     A Gentleman by the Name of Drake will hand you this, he is from conneticut. Any civilities you may shew him will oblige him, as he is a Stranger in Boston. My best Regards to all Friends. I am calld of to wait upon Dr Price who is come to make a morning visit. Yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0075", "content": "Title: John Adams to Charles Adams, 2 June 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Charles\n      My dear Charles\n      London June 2. 1786\n     I thank you for your Kind Letter of the 9th. of April, and congratulate you on the admission of your Brother, which must add much to your happiness. Thomas I suppose will join you in the fall, my Heart will be often with my treasure, at the University. My friends in their Letters give me favourable accounts of all my sons and of my Nephew Mr. Cranch, Your Characters are fair take care to keep them so. I may be near you, sooner then you imagine\u2014the sooner the better, but this is all uncertain.\n     What Profession, Charles do you thing of? You need not decide irrevocably, but it is not amiss to turn the subject in your thoughts. The Youth who looks forward and plans his future Life with judicious foresight, commonly succeeds best and is most happy\u2014trust the Classics for History\u2014they contain all that is worth reading. Mathematicks and Natural Philosophy you should attend to with earnestness.\n     Tell your Brother John, that I think it is worth while for him and you, to take your Lessons in Hebrew\u2014it will require an hour of a few mornings\u2014and the Letters &c are worth knowing so far, that you may be able in future Life by the help of a dictionary and Grammar to Know the true meaning of a word or a sentence, I leave it however to your Inclinations.\n     You have in your nature a sociability, Charles, which is amiable, but may mislead you, a schollar is always made alone. Studies can only be pursued to good purpose, by yourself\u2014dont let your Companions then, nor your Amusements take up too much of your time.\n     Read all the Books that are commonly read by the Schollars with patience and attention, but I must not enlarge. Your tender father", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0076", "content": "Title: John Adams to John Thaxter Jr., 2 June 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Thaxter, John\n      Dear Sir\n      London June 2d. 1786\n     Yours of 22. Jan. reached me, but yesterday. You would have entertained and obliged me, by an account of Grumblections and Prognostications, one wants them sometimes. They are of use, They sometimes enlighten and often fortify.\n     Give yourself no anxious moments about me nor my Mission, confine your anxiety wholly at home. My Mission will never be worth a groat to my Country unless it should be by persuading her to do her Duty, by fullfilling the treaty of Peace and preserving her faith. Much is well said, lately in favour of keeping faith with public Creditors abroad and at home, but nothing or very Little has appeared to excite a regard to the sacred faith of treaties solemnly sworn before the holy trinity. Britain it is true is as culpable, but this is no excuse for us.\n     As to me personally you know that success does me no more good than no success, I get nothing by it but abuse and I could get no more than abuse by ill success or no success. This will not abate however my Industry or Zeal to do all in my power.\n     I will stake all my Credit on this, that Britain will never fulfill the treaty, on her part unless we fulfill it on ours, nor open her Colonies in the W. Indies or the Continent to our Commerce, untill we shew that we have sense and spirit enough and are a Nation. The Burthen of Proof all now lies upon my Countrymen, the Labouring oar is in their Hands, and there is nothing that I can do but wait patiently and obey orders.\n     The Measures taking in America to promote and improve agricul\u00adture and Manufactures, do honor to the Understandings of the People and will have lasting good effect.\n     Let us for mercy sake be independent of the world for ships and Arms.\n     Let us discover too the important Mathematical Demonstration, that it is a saving to pay two hundred thousand pounds sterling, for a perpetual Peace with the five Nations of Turks, rather than to pay two hundred thousand pounds a Year, to more cruel Turks at Loyds Coffee House for insurance. Let us learn too that our trade with spain and Portugul and up the straights is worth something to add to the tribute at Loyds. When are you to be married? Do you get money fast enough. Yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0079", "content": "Title: Elizabeth Smith Shaw to Abigail Adams 2d, 4 June 1786\nFrom: Shaw, Elizabeth Smith,Peabody, Elizabeth Smith Shaw\nTo: Adams, Abigail (daughter of JA and AA)\n      Haverhill May June 4th 1786\n     Pray Madam, are you married? Nay then the wonder ceases. No matter now how loose your affections are towards every other Object. No matter now if every former friend, lies neglected, and forgot. But is Love really a narrower of the Heart? Does it as, Mr JQA asserts, \u201cdiminish general benevolence, and particular Friendships\u201d? Does it like a Vortex draw all into one point, and absorb every stream of social Affection? If so\u2014Why then I have been a long while mistaken\u2014For I have ever considered it as an Emmanation from the almighty Mind. Though like a variety of other Passions, it may operate differently, upon different Characters. Yet when this divine Spark, is lighted up in a virtuous Bosom, and directed to a worthy Object, how is it productive of every generous, and noble Deed. How does it enlarge the Heart, give elegance to Thought, and refine the Taste, and from believing one Object deserving of our best affections, find ourselves drawn out in universal benevolence, and Complaceny towards the whole human Race.\n     Here is the opinion of your Aunt, and your Brother upon the same Subject, you see how opposite they are. I assure you, we did not always differ so much in our judgment. But in this matter we were always opposed. I would never allow, it was so base, and sordid, a Passion as he thought it. I told him however wise he was in other things, yet he was but a novice in this\u2014that he was no judge and that in a few years, I should hear quite another Language from him.\n     I have a recent instance of the change of Persons with Time, and Circumstance in Mr Thaxter. Who ever spurned more at the Idea of being in Love than he\u2014yes, I will say, in Love. And where can we now find a greater Votary. Where can we see a more tender, attentive, fond Lover than in him. Who ever looked his Soul away more than he.\n     So that I have great hopes of your Brother. His time is not yet come. Minerva will I hope for a while shield him from the fascinating Charms of Calipso a Eucharis, or any of the wood Nymphs. His Business now is quite of another nature. To woo fair Science, in her secret Walks, he must now hardly indulge the Idea of anything else, or view it only, as a beautiful Landscape, whose original he may one day, probably reach.\n     Miss Hazen after whom you enquire, left our Family last February. The frequent Assemblys occasioned her being out at so late hours as made it very inconvenient. You may possibly recollect that in America, late Hours were considered as greatly prejudicial to Health, and as incompatible with the Peace, and good Order of Families. And any deviation from those good and wholsome Rules, would be viewed as more criminal in our Family than in Others. This with some other things made me feel very desirious, that she should remove her lodgings.\n     Nature has indeed been very bountiful to this young Lady, and lavished her Favours (I had almost said) with too liberal a Hand. She appears at the first Acquaintance \u201cMade to engage all Hearts, and charm all Eyes.\u201d I wish I could proceed with my Lord Littleton. It is with grief that I find myself necessitated to forbear. At the first interviews my Neice would have thought her a precious Vine, that would have yielded the choicest Fruit, under the kind, fostering hand of Education. Unhappy girl! She lost a Parent in Infancy, feign would I, have endeavoured to supply the place\u2014but alas! Her opinions were formed and her Mind had received a Bias, intirely inconsistent with my Ideas of a wife, amicable Woman, before she came into Haverhill. Gay company Scenes of dissapation, and the adulation payed by the other Sex, had called of her attention from things of real importance, and every worthy pursuit; and two years at A boarding School had induced her to think that to dress, to dance, to Sing, to roll the Eye, and to troll the Tongue were the only essential, and the highest Qualifications of a Lady. She has quik Wit, a fine flow of Spirits, and good humour, a lively imagination and an excellent natural Capacity. Too lovely and too charming to be given up, and lost. Yet with all these Endowments I found it utterly impossible to establish those Sentiments of Sincerity, Delicacy, and Dignity of manners, which I consider as so essential to the female Character. As she was a Lady of leisure I wished her to appropriate certain portions of time, to paticular Employments. To read with attention and methodically\u2014but you might as easily have turned the Course of Merimac from East to West, as perswaded her to have wrote, read, or worked only as her volatile Spirit, and inclination prompted her. Words which would turn a double Construction, a double entendre, that subtle and base corruptor of the human Heart she was no ways averse to. She did not fully consider that an ungaurded look, or gesture would excite familiarities from the Libertine, and in the Eyes of a sensible, delicate Youth, forever tarnish her Reputation. Accus\u00adtomed to the voic of adulation, the Language of sober Truth, was too bitter an ingredient for her to relish, and was never received without many Tears, which always grieved me, for it is much more agreeable to my feelings to commend, than to reprove.\n     And now, my dear niece, I will plainly tell you that I feel hurt that so many vessels have arrived without one line to your aunt Shaw, who loves you so tenderly, and feels as interested in every thing that befalls, or can happen to my dear friend, as any one in America. I am sorry if you want assurances of this. I wrote to you twice in the course of the winter. One was a particular answer to yours of October the 2d, and August 3d. As they have not been noticed I fear they are lost. I cannot believe my niece so wholly devoted to scenes of dissipation as to forget her friend; nor will I believe that her new connection has engrossed all her time and attention. If I thought this to really be the case, I would petition Colonel Smith to permit you to appropriate a certain portion of your time to write and to think of me. I assure you your descriptions, your sentiments, your reflections, constituted a great part of my pleasure and happiness. And as I would wish you, for your own comfort, to be a most obliging wife, I would tell him that it was really an act of benevolence to write to your aunt; that the mind gained strength by exercise; that every benevolent act sweetened the temper, gave smiles and complacency to the countenance, and rendered you more fit and disposed for the kind and tender offices of that new relation which, I presume, ere this you have entered into.\n     But in whatever relation, situation, or circumstances of life this may find you, Mr. Shaw joins me in wishing you \u201chealth, long life, long youth, long pleasure, and a friend,\u201d to heighten joy and soften the sorrows of this uncertain state.\n      Adieu! my ever dear niece, and believe me most sincerely and affectionately Your Aunt,\n      Eliza Shaw", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0080", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to John Quincy Adams, 13 June 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n      Grosvenour Square London June 13 1786\n     And so my Dear son your sister is really and Bona fida married, as fast as the Bishop and a Clerk could tie them, in the ceremony too of the Church of England with all its absurdities about it, and that through necessity, for you know that Such is the liberality of this enlightned Country that the disenting Clergy are not permitted to Marry. To your Aunt Cranchs Letter I must refer you for particulars.\n     When I used to visit your Chamber at Autieul, and converse with you, and mutually express our anxiety with respect to future events, neither of us Dreemt of what has now taken place. You was then frequently witness to a regard and attachment, which repeated proofs of neglect, happily I presume for her, finally dissolved. Instability of conduct first produced doubt and apprehension which in silence she Sufferd. Time and reflection dispelld the mist and illusion and has united her to a Gentleman of a very different character, possessing both honour and probity, without duplicity either of mind or manners, esteemed and beloved both in his publick and private Character, and sufficiently domestick to make a worthy woman happy.\n     Your sister was much dissapointed that she did not receive a line from you by dr Gorden and the more so as mr Storer wrote her, that you had received hers by way of Newyork. The Letter to your Pappa gave us great pleasure. We are constantly Solicitious to hear from you, and your Brothers to whom present my Love.\n     We are anxious to hear whether Newyork can have been so unjust and stupid as to rise without passing the impost. Such is the rumour here. If she has, adieu to publick faith. How is the forfeit to be avoided. I should think Congress would do well to recall all their publick ministers and dissolve themselves immediately. It is too much to be so conspicuously ridiculous. As to this Nation, it regards neither its own interest or that of any other people.\n     This Letter will go by way of Newyork, or first to Baltimore. Lamb and Randle are upon their return! Alass! Affectionately yours.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0081", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Mary Smith Cranch, 13 June 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Cranch, Mary Smith\n      My Dear Sister\n      four oclock morg Grosvenour Square London june 13. 1786\n     Any agitation of mind, either painfull or pleasureable always drives slumber from my Eyes. Such was my Situation last Night; when I gave my only daughter, and your Neice to the man of her choice, a Gentleman esteemed by all who know him, and equally beloved by his Friends and acquaintance. A Man of strict honour, unblemish\u2019d reputation and Morals, Brave modest and delicate, and whose study through life will be I doubt not, to make her whom he has chosen for his companion happy. Yet Satisfied as I am with the person, the event is too Solemn and important not to feel an agitation upon the occasion, equal to what I experienced for myself, when my own lot was cast. God bless them, and make them as happy through Life as their Parents have heitherto been.\n     When I wrote you last I informd you that the marriage would be in the course of a Month or two, but it was hastned on account of the Bishop of St Asaph going into the Country, and the ceremony can be performd but in two ways in this Country, either by regular publication, or a licence Speicial from the arch Bishop of Canteburry. A Licence from him dispences with going to Church, but they are only granted to Members of Parliament, and the Nobility. When col Smith applied, the arch Bishop said it was a new case, (for you know we are considerd as foreigners) and he wisht to ask advice upon it. The next Day he wrote a very polite Letter and said that considering mr Adams\u2019s Station, he had thought proper to grant the Licence, and mentiond in a friendly stile the forms which it was necessary for col Smith to go through previous to it. And as the Lady was not 21 a Notary publick must wait upon mr Adams for an attestation of his consent. All forms being compleated, the Bishop of Saint Asaph, and the Clerk of St Gorges Parish in which we live; yesterday afternoon being sunday, performd the ceremony in presence of mr, mrs and Miss Copley, mr Parker of Watertown whom you know, and Col Forest, two intimate Friends of col Smiths. It was the wish and desire of both mr Smith and your Neice, to have as few persons present as with any decency could be. I really felt for her because upon this occasion, however affectionate a Parent may feel a companion of their own Sex and age must be preferable. Miss Hamilton the only Young Lady with Whom she was intimate, was gone to America, and next to her the amiable Mrs Rogers, but both were gone. Mr and Mrs Copley were the next persons with whom we were intimate, each of them of delicate manners, and worthy good people. The ceremony has some things which would be better left out; and the Bishop was so liberal as to omit the grosest, for which we thankd him in our Hearts.\n     In what a World do we live, and how Strange are the visisitudes? Who that had told your Neice two years ago, that an English Bishop should marry her, and that to a Gentleman whom she had then never seen; who of us would have credited it? Had Such an Idea been Started, she would never have consented to have come abroad, but the Book of futurity is wisely closed from our Eyes. When the ceremony was over, the good Bishop came to me and told me that he had never married a couple with more pleasure in his life, for he was pleas\u2019d to add, that from the knowledge he had of the Parties, he never saw a better prospect of happiness. Heaven grant that his words may be prophetick. Think of Dr Bartlets Character, and you will know the Bishops. He is a fine portly looking Man, mild in his manners and Speach, with a Grace and dignity becomeing his Character. The arch Bishop is a still finer looking Man.\n     I feel a pleasure in thinking that the person who has now become one of our family, is one whom all my Friends will receive a Satisfaction in owning and being acquainted with. Tell my cousins Betsy\n     and Lucy, that they would Love him for that manly tenderness, that real and unaffected delicacy both of Mind and Manners which his every sentiment and action discovers.\n     On Saturday night Some evil Spright sent mr T. to visit me in a dreem. I have felt for him I own, and if he really had any regard for the person whom he profest so much, he must be chagrined. Sure I am that his conduct in neglecting to write to her as he did for months and Months together, was no evidence of regard or attachment. Yet I have repeatedly heard her tell him, that she would erase from her Heart and mind every sentiment of affection how Strong so ever, if she was conscious that it was not returnd and that She was incapable of loveing the Man, who did not Love her. And Such has been the conduct of mr T. Since her absence, that I hope every step she has taken with respect to him, will justify her conduct both in the Sight of God and Man.\n     Much and many Months did she suffer before She brought herself to renounce him for ever, but having finally done it, she has never put pen to paper since. When she received a Letter from him this last fall, it was before she had given any incouragement to col S. and during his absence, she laid the Letter before her Father and beggd him to advise her, if upon perusing it he considerd it as a satisfactory justification, she would receive it as such. May he never know or feel, half the Misiry She sufferd for many days. Upon perusing the Letter mr A. was much affected. I read it\u2014but I knew the Hyena too well, I knew his cant and grimace, I had been too often the dupe of it myself. I then thought it my duty to lay before mr A. Some letters from you, which he had never seen and he returnd the Letter of mr T\u2019s to your Neice and told her the Man was unworthy of her, and advised her not to write him a line. At the same time he thought it proper that I should write to him. I did so by the same conveyance which carried some letters and News papers in December. Since which not a line has come from him, and I hope never will again.\n     I wish I Could send a Balloon for one of my Neices. I shall want a female companion Sadly. My desires will daily increase to return to Braintree. We shall take a journey soon and then the young folks go to Housekeeping in wimpole Street. I have made them agree to Dine every day with us, so that only occasionally will they be obliged to keep a table by themselves. Adieu my dear Sister there are parts of this Letter which you will keep to yourself. There is one ceremony which they have got to go through at Court, which is a presentation to their Majesties upon their marriage. This is always practised.\n     Mr and Mrs Smith present their regards to all their Friends and mine. We hope for an arrival from Boston daily, this Letter col Smith Sends for me by way of Newyork. I hope all the vessels which have saild from hence have arrived safe, if So you will find that I have not been unmindfull of you. Ever yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0082", "content": "Title: Elizabeth Smith Shaw to Abigail Adams, 18 June 1786\nFrom: Shaw, Elizabeth Smith,Peabody, Elizabeth Smith Shaw\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n      My Dear Sister\n      Haverhill June 18th. 1786\n     Your Letter March 24th. by Capt Cushing, with the Apron, came safe to Hand 2 Days after his Arrival at Boston. Lyde, and Cushing got in the same Day. Mrs Hays Baggage could not be broke till she came from Newyork, so that I did not get that Token, and Expression of your Love, and kindness, till a fortnight after.\n     I cannot think what is become of a Letter I sent you last November, giving you an account of my Fall Visitation.\u2014Of my Dear Aunts Tufts\u2019s Sickness, and of her christian Resignation, and Death.\u2014I sent it to Boston, and cannot tell you what Capt. it went by, accompanied with one for my Neice. If you had received it, you would not have enquired whether the things you sent me were safe. For in that I acknowledged the Receipt, and presented my Childrens thanks to their good Aunt; for they think you are very good indeed to remember them.\n     My dear Sister your kindness oppresses me, I know that not any thing new is purchased for your Sons, and I cannot bear to think you should do it for me, perhaps there may sometimes be things that with you are out of Date, which if they are not in too high a Stile, may be of great service to me, and will not be valued the less by your Sister, for there dear Owner\u2019s sake. Mr Isaac Smith supplies the Pulpit at Weymouth, for Mr Evans, who married our Cousin Hulda Kent upon a Thursday and the next monday, they set of upon a Tour to new York, Philadelphia, &cc. Mr Smith purposed an exchange with Mr Shaw the last Sabbath in May, which was very agreeable, as we wished to visit our Friends. Accordingly we took Betsy Quincy, and journed on till we came to Cambridge. At the University we stoped, and spent an agreeable hour with our foster Sons. There was a Paragraph in your Letter by Capt Cushing that I received a week before, that surprised me, or rather excited my Curiosity. I thought of a Mr Murry, Col. Smith, and Col. Humphries. Did you think we should not want to know the Name of this favoured youth? or did you think we were high priests this year, and could divine? I did not know but you sent me that Phamplet of Col. Humphries, to anounce, and deleniate the Man. But of Mr JQA, I demanded immediate Satisfaction which was readily complied with by puting your Letter into my Hands, which informed him of the Rise and progress of this late Attachment. Love founded in virtue, and approved by Reason, must rise, or fall in proportion as the Object is deserving. However she may be represented to the World, in my view she stands free from the charge of Fickleness, and Inconstancy. For what affection can withstand the force of continued, studied neglect.\n     I consider the human Mind something like a musical Instrument, where if any of the Notes are silent, or out of tune, it produces a vacuum, a discord, which interrupts the harmony of the whole Machine. So the Mind when once touched by the tender Passion of Love, and set to a certain number of Ideas, will never after be in Unison, unless it find some Object capable of vibrating those delicate Keys. And experience informs us, that it does not require so great an Artist to put an Instrument in Tune, as it did at first to form one.\n     We pursued our Course from Cambridge, to Milton where we stoped, and drank Tea, with General Warren and, Lady. It was here, that I was first informed of my Neices Marriage. And as I had but just heard of the Choice, it rather hurried my Spirits, and I could not but consider the News as premature, and without sufficient foundation, to announce a matter of so much Importance, as it must really be to Mr T\u2014\u2014. I found the Story was spread far, and wide, and I could see no person, but what would accost me\u2014\u201cYour Neice is married then, what will Mr. T\u2014\u2014 do, and say.\u201d You, who know Mankind, and particular Persons so well, can easily imagine what each one will say. I heard but one person say they were sorry, and they gave this reason, \u201cthat now he would direct his distructive Course, and disturb some other peaceful Family.\u201d I could not but recollect that Line in Young,\n      \u201cPoor is the friendless Master of the World.\u201d\n     Yet the Man has a Capacity that would ensure him buisiness, and Talents, which if Virtue was their Basis, would endear him to the whole World.\n     I felt\u2014I cannot tell you how for him. He came home late, and rose by day light\u2014and avoided us, as he would a Pestilence. Mr Shaw sought for him at Mrs Vesseys, at Mr Thayers, at the windmill, but all in vain. I cannot bear to see a person unhappy, even though I know it is the inevitable Consequence of evil, and wrong Conduct. I never could triumph over a dissappointed Person, but whether he is really so, I cannot tell. But some tenderness is always due, to those who have ever expressed regard, and have been esteemed by us. The least said, I verrily believe is best. I know my Neice must feel happy in her Choice, as she has now the sanction of both Parents. I have enquired, and his Character is good here. William Smith is a Name, which from my earliest Infancy, I have been taught to revere, and love. It is the Name of my only Son. Your Daughter now ties my affections, with more than a threefold Cord. May they for Days, and years to come dwell together as \u201cthe pleasant Roe and as the loving Hind.\u201d But when\u2014O when shall I see you all again. Your Son Thomas is in good health, grows tall and thin. I hardly think he will enter the University this year. I have taken for him the light silk Camblet Coat, and have provided a Taylor in the house, I can have greater prudence used, and the things done to suit me better, than if I put them out.\n      Adieu\u2014ever yours\n      Write often, and scrible you always please your Sister. You will excuse my not coppying. I hope you will be able to read.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0083", "content": "Title: John Adams to Isaac Smith Sr., 20 June 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Smith, Isaac Sr.\n      Grosvenor Square June 20. 1786\n     Yesterday I received yours of Ap. 18. Via Leverpool. Money may be sent to the East, to purchase Tea and other Commodities for which We now send it to London, and pay double Price. Besides Tobacco Peltries and Ginzeng, may be procured.\n     Our Oil might easily find a Market in almost any great Town in Europe. Nothing is wanting but to make known the superiour Qualities of our Sperma Caeti Oil, by Samples and Experiments. This Method Boylston took and Succeeded. But Indolence always sees a Lion in the Way.\n     If there is a third less of real Property now, in Boston than there was in 1775, what is become of it?\n     Some of it is banished, I suppose with the Tories, and would return if that Banishment were taken off. Some of it has been spent in a more elegant and convenient mode of living perhaps, and some say that much of it has been consumed in sloth and Idleness. If this is true Industry and Frugality may restore it.\n     In all Events, I am convinced, that We shall find no kind of Relief from this Country, untill We repeal all the Laws that bear hard upon the Treaty of Peace, nor Shall We then find an effectual Relief, but in Measures calculated to encourage, our own navigation Agriculture and Manufactures, the Commerce of the states with one another, and transferring our foreign Commerce from Great Britain to other Countries.\n     On Sunday the 11th. of this Month, Miss Adams was married to Mr William S. Smith, a Name forever to be respected in this Family. My Regards to all our Friends. With great Respect your most obedient\n      John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0084", "content": "Title: Lucy Cranch to Abigail Adams, 24 June 1786\nFrom: Cranch, Lucy,Greenleaf, Lucy Cranch\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n      Braintree June 24. 1786\n     How good you are my dear Aunt, to favour me so often with your charming Letters, you cannot think how proud I am of them. I read them very often. I hope I shall even be the better for the instructions contained in them, and catch some of that warm regard for honour and virtue which shows itself in every sentence.\n     What an idea do you give us of high life in Europe. Is it possible that beings who call themseves reasonable, can so far relinquish every mental pleasure, and wast their lives in a continual round of dissapation, and dignify it with the name of happines, of enjoyment: what a perversion of terms! Well may our Country dread every step to luxury, every step we advance towards it, we are farther from the path of happiness. Yet their are many who sigh for the dissapations of foreign courts, for routs, and draws. A number of families in Boston are indeavouring to bring them into fashion. We must be obliged to fortunes fickle wheel, for preventing them.\n     You my Aunt have given me an account of a Ball: I will endeavour to give you a discription of the parade at the opening of Charlestown Bridge. If I had your discriptive pen: I might give pleasure. I am sure you would have felt as much interested in it as you do at a Birth night Ball.\n     It was: on the 17th. of June, the aniversary of the day which beheld Charlestown in flames. Sister and I went to town to see. The proprietors, of the Bridge, invited each branch of the legislature, the Governors of the College, the Clergy the Lawyers, and a large number of Gentlemen besides, to an entertainment on Bunker hill on the very spot where the memorable battle was, fought and where the military glory of our country began.\n     We went to Charlestown in the morning that we might have a full view of the procession. It went frome the state house in Boston. The appearence the most pleasing to me was that of the artificers who had been employed on the Bridge. They walked derectly after the artillery, each of them carring one of the instruments they had ussed, in forming that stupendious work.\n     What a striking contrast to that day eleven years when every mecanick threw down the harmless instruments of industry, and caught hold of the sword, and rushed impetuous to the fight. After the artificers followed the proprietors then the Govenor Leunt Govenor, Councel, Senate, representitives, &c. &c. &c: to near a thousand Gentlemen who dined upon the Hill. When the procession came to the draw, which was then first passed, the Cannon were fired and the Bells rang. After, diner 13 toasts were drank a ussial, and a number of patriotick songs were sang accompanied by a band of music: the one composed on the occation I, will, enclose you. I never saw such a vast crowd of people in my life, they poured in from every part of the country. The Bridge looks beautifully in the evening, there are 40 lamps on it.\n     Cousin Charles and my Brother were with us. Mr. J.Q.A is too much of the philosopher, and student to be at such a frolick, it could not draw his steadiness aside. We sometimes fear that he will injure his health by his very great attention to his studies. He is determined to be great in every particular.\n     Our good Aunt Smith has been declining fast all this summer. She is now very ill her life is dispaired of even for a day. Her truely pious life gives us assurence the change for her must be for the better. She will leave an afflicted family. Mrs Cushing she that was Lucy Thaxter, is numbered with the silent dead. She has been married but littel more than a year. She lived but a day and a half after the birth of her child. She died last week. We did not know of it till to day. It must have been a great shock to the family. It is by these afflictive strokes, that heaven weans from a world we Love too well, and by taking from us our friends, bids us be also ready.\n     Where is my dear Cousin Nabby, what can be the reason that her pen has been so long silent. It is almost a year since her last Letter to me was wrote. I have wrote to her four of five times since. I will not write again \u2019till I am certain by what name to address her. I hope to find the same friend in Mrs S\u2014\u2014th that I ever have in my Cousin Nabby. Remember me most affectionatly to her. She has my sincer wishes for her happiness. Since I wrote last we have had the pleas\u00adure of seeing some of our English friends, and relations. We are much pleased with them, I wishe they could have settled in Braintree. They would in some measure have supplied the place of your dear family.\n     Mr Evans is married to Huldah Kent, they are to live in our house at Weymouth. We shall yet have one inducement to visit it.\n     Be pleased my dear Madam to make my respects acceptable to my Honoured Uncle; and receive yourself, the sincerest Love and respect of your ever obliged\u2014\n      Neice Lucy, Cranch\n      Sunday July 2.\n     We have lost the paper that had the song in, which I intended to have enclosed you, Papa will send the Papers you will see it in them. I have just made these ugly blots. I am asshamed to send such a slovenly Letter. I have not time to coppy it as papa must take it to town tomorrow. I must beg your condour. I am made obbliged for my Gown and ribbon. It will never be in my power to return your goodness to me.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0085", "content": "Title: Elizabeth Cranch to Abigail Adams, 1 July 1786\nFrom: Cranch, Elizabeth,Norton, Elizabeth Cranch\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n      My dear Aunt\n      Boston July 1st. 1786\n     I have this moment heard that Cushing will sail for London in 3 days, It mortifies me to let one oppertunty pass unimprovd that might convey to my Aunt the assurances of my grateful affection, and earnest wishes for her happiness; Time nor absence have abated that (may I not call it) filial regard which your tender kindness, early inspired my heart; the recollection of inumerable instances of it call forth, many a time the trickling tear; when I am fondly indulging myself in contemplating the pleasing past! and cherishing the chearful hope that those days of happiness, repose and friendship may soon return; In the future plan of happiness which fancy has portray\u2019d, your return makes so essential a part, that it would be quite incomplete without it. But, the melancholy occasion that has brought me to town, warns me to beware of placing too strong an attachment on any future Scheme, nothing can be more uncertain; The sudden death of our Aunt Smith is an afflictive stroke to us all. You will have accounts probably before this reaches you. The day before Yesterday, I followd her to the silent Tomb!\n      \u201cThe sweet remembrance of the just\n      Shall flourish when they Sleep in dust.\u201d\n     Sure then this good Woman will live forever in the hearts of her Friends; her unaffected piety, threw a continual serenity and chearfulness over her whole Life, and disrobed Death of all its Terrors! Another, a more striking proof of deaths power to \u201ccull his Victims from the fairest Fold,\u201d we have in the sudden exit of Mrs Cushing (Lucy Thaxter). This day week she was buried, and left a little infant, one day old! What changes have been made in the Circle of your friends since your absence by this all powerful conqueror! And ah! I tremble at what may be!\n     Yesterday, PM, being very pleasant, induced Papa, Mama, Cousin Wm: Smith, and myself, to take a ride over the Bridge to Charleston and Cambridge, to drink Tea, with my Brother, Your two Sons, and Leonard White; they always appear so happy to see us, that I know not any Visits that I recive so much pleasure from.\n     We could not help regretting, that you and my dear Cousin, should lose so much satisfaction. Before Thomas, leaves, Colledge, tho, we thougth, we hoped, we might all assemble yet, at his Chamber.\u2014I could not help laughing at Cousin john, for the learned dirt, (not to say rust) he had about and around him. I almost scolded, however we seized his gown and Jackett and had a clean one put on. I took my Scissars and put his Nails into a decent form, and recommended strongly a Comb and hair-string to him. He invited me to come once a Quarter, and perform the like good services for him again.\u2014Charles was a contrast, but nottoo strikingly so, he is naturally and habitually neat. But they are all good\u2014as yet. I feel proud of my Brothers, they are beloved and respected.\n     Tis dinner time and I am engaged to dine at my Uncles. My dear Cousin, I long to write to, but feel so awkward, at addressing, I know not whom, that I shall only ask her acceptance and belief of my sincerest Love, of my real joy, at the prospect of her happy Connexion, and my constant wishes, that each day may encrease her enjoyment, that she may ever feel the self-approbation, of a steady uniform perseverence in the path of consious rectitude.\n      Please to present my Uncle with my most respetful and affectionate regards, and accept the Dutiful and grateful affection of your\n      Sister Lucy is at home and has been writing you.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0086", "content": "Title: John Quincy Adams to Thomas Boylston Adams, 2 July 1786\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Thomas Boylston\n      My Dear Brother\n      Cambrige July 2d: 1786\n     I have not written to you before, since I left you, because my Studies and European Letters have engrossed all my Time. But as you will probably soon enter this University, I wish to give you a few hints which you may improve as you please. You will consider them, not as the commands or instructions of a Preceptor, but as the advice of a friend, and a Brother.\n     Your intimate acquaintances will probably be in your own Class, at least almost all of them; and let me strongly recommend to you great caution, and Prudence in the choice of them for on this in a great measure depends your reputation in College and even all through Life. If the Class which you will belong to is numerous, you will undoubtedly, find in it a great variety of Characters. Some will be virtuous and studious. These two Qualities are most commonly united, as are also their opposites, vileness and vice. It is not necessary to tell you that those of the first sort  will be proper Companions for you, and such as you may always call your friends without a blush. It is probable you will perceive that those, who are the most officious, the most complaisant, and perhaps the most agreeable, on a short acquaintance, will after some time prove unworthy of your friendship. Like paintings in crayons, which look very well at a distance, but if brought close to the eye, are harsh and unpleasing, the most amiable characters are often the most reserved, as wisdom, and prudence require, that we should establish an intimacy, with those only whose characters we have had opportunities to study, and who have given us proofs, of their attachment to honour, morality and religion. I could wish you to be upon good terms with all your Classmates, but intimate with few, endeavour to have no Enemies, and you can have but few real friends. Never be induced by ridicule or by flattery to depart from the Rule of right which your own Conscience will prescribe to you. There are some persons, who make it a practice to laugh at others whose principle is to  of Virtue, but you may be persuaded, that whatever such fellows may pretend they will always esteem you, for behaving well. Vice will sometimes condescend to beg for respect, but Virtue commands it, and is always sure to obtain it.\n     Next to the Ambition of supporting, an unblemished moral Reputation, that of excelling as a Scholar, should be nearest your heart. These two Qualities are not frequently united: four or five is as great a number as a Class can generally boast of. But you will find, that they, are always the favourites of the Class, and never fail meeting with esteem, not only from their fellow Students, but likewise from the Government of the University. I have heard one of the most respectable Characters in the Class, which is now about to graduate, say, that he has made it a Rule, ever since he entered College, to study upon an average six hours in a day. If you feel yourself capable of this I would recommend it to you as an example. There is no difficulty in it, and I am persuaded that after a short Time it would be more agreeable to you than to be idle, and it would be a determination which you would remember, all the remainder of your Life with Pleasure; and you would soon, very soon perceive the advantages deriving from it. But if you would put such a resolution into execution, you should determine, not to content yourself merely with studying for recitations, and you will never be at a loss what to Study. In short that both your moral and your Literary character, be set as an example for your own Classmates and the succeeding classes to imitate, is the sincere, and express wish of your ever affectionate friend & brother\n      J.Q. Adams\n      P.S. Present my best respects to our Uncle and Aunt and to Mr: Thaxter, my Compliments wherever you please.\n      N.B. I have requested of Dr: Jennison, that he would take you for his freshman, he did not give a positive answer, but you will not enter into any engagement contrary to it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0087", "content": "Title: Mary Smith Cranch to Abigail Adams, 2 July 1786\nFrom: Cranch, Mary Smith\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n      My dear Sister\n      Braintree July 2d 1786\n     I did not receive your last Letter by the way of new york till after the vessail had Sail\u2019d with my Letters. I was much diverted to think the few Lines coll: smith wrote in your name should have produce\u2019d you So long a Letter from Mr Cranch. The coll really counterfitted your hand writing very well. Betsy said as soon as she saw it, that it did not look just like aunts hand. If it was hers She had mended it greatly.\n     I rejoice, I greatly rejoice with you in your agreable connection. I hear a very good character of him from every Person who has any knowledge of him, a perfect contrast to the other, but why my sister did you not tell us when and where they were married. Some of her Friends wish it had not been so sudden, but it is best, I believe as it is. Mr T would have given her not a little uneasiness while she remain\u2019d single, but whether from Love or vanity I shall not pretend to say. I hear he says he is sure it is not her own doings, her Friends have been the wicked instruments. He was so sure of her that he thought he might treat her as he pleass\u2019d. I want much to know what you have written him. I hope you have clear\u2019d me and her other corrospondents from being the cause of his dissapointment. I have not said one word to him my self upon the Subject. He does not now live with us. He had not for above two months eat with us, excepting that he Breakfasted and din\u2019d with us, a Sundays. He would come in after we were abed, and go out before we were up. I did not like such kind of Boarding, and last May I told him one morning, \u201cthat as he did not eat here, I thought it would be more convinient for him to sleep where he eat, and that I should want the chamber for my Nephews.\u201d He made me no answer but never has been in the House Since till yesterday morning before we were up. He came and took some of his Cloaths. He has not only forsook our House, but the publick worship also he has not been in the meeting house since he left us although he boards almost next to it. I believe he has not been out of Braintree Since. His mill and his Farm keep him fully imploy\u2019d. He is finishing his office and repairing his House. He is dismally mortified, but I am sure he ought not to blame any body but himself. I cannot help pitying him a little although he has told so many Fibs about me.\n     I have just heard he is gone to see his mother, went yesterday morning. Will you believe it sister, His Sister is dead and bury\u2019d and I am told he neither visited her in her sickness nor attended her Funeral, altho he was Sent for to do both. The poor woman dy\u2019d of a broken heart. Her Husband has spent her fortune at the Tavern and Gameing Table, and is become quite a Sot I hear. Her poor Mother will now have two more little ones to take care off. She has Johns three and himself into the bargain. How unhappy that poor woman is, not to have one child in whome she can take much comfort. How much of the comforts of our Lives may be distroy\u2019d by the ill conduct of our near connections.\n     I have not yet been to Hingham. I design it, in a day or two, they must be very melancholy. I have not yet heard the perticulars of my Cousins Illness. Uncle Quincy has not been off his Farm since December. He fancys he cannot ride, and we cannot perswaid him to try. He walks about his Farm and is well excepting that he has the Rhumatism in one Leg sometimes, but not so bad but I found him one morning walking at five o clock after his sheep which had got into the Town land. I would have had him get into the chaise and rid home or took a littel ride, but I could not prvail with him to do it. I am affraid he will be as whimsical as our dear Aunts have been. Aunt Thaxter has not been in the meeting house for above four years. So many Breaths she thinks would Stiffle her. What a pity she does not live in Braintree. She never would have that difficulty here.\n     Our good Parson thinks that variety is as hurtful to the heads as the Stomacks of his Audience and therefore continues to feed us with the same simple Fish Food you have so often partook off. He never fails making inquierys about you when he comes here, and his visits are not less frequent for your Family being absent I assure you.\n     Madam Quincy and Daughter as well. Mrs Q is well pleass\u2019d with her Silk and desires me to present your Love and many thanks for your care about it. As for me my dear Sister I want words to express my gratitude to you for your kindness to me and my children. Indeed my sister I fear you will do too much for us we cannot return the obligation. Billy is greatly oblig\u2019d for his coat and wastcoat. They are made and look very handsome. The coat is rather Short for him he is I believe as tall as his Papa. The wastcoat is not to be put on till commencment when your Healths and that of the colln. and his Ladys will be drank.\n     I wonder if any body has told you that Bill Bracket dy\u2019d last Summer and that his wife has left her Husband Vesey, and he has been in Jail three or four times for some of his mischeif. Your mother Hall was well yesterday. She has her Silk you sent made, and it looks beautifully. Your Brother Adams and Family are well. Our Haverhill Friends are well. Cousin Thomas, will not go to college this commencment, he will be fitted, but his Brothers think he had better stay till one year is added to his age, and that his Studys with his uncle will be of greatter Service to him than going So young would be. I shall write again by the next vessel.\n      Yours affectionatly", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0089", "content": "Title: John Adams to Richard Cranch, 4 July 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Cranch, Richard\n      My dear Brother\n     I have recd your Favour of 20 May. The Southern States will be forced to co operate with the Middle and northern ones, in measures for encouraging Navigation, because otherwise they will not be able to obtain ships for the Exportation of their Produce. The English have not and cannot obtain Ships, at a rate cheap enough for the purpose. The Ships taken from the Dutch, French Spaniards and Americans, during the War, which are now employed will Soon be worn out, and English oaks will not be found inexhaustible, and in all Cases the Freight in European ships will be too dear.\n     I have been Scribbling four years to Congress on the subject of Raw Sugars, but never was attended to. All the Sugar Houses you have and as many more might be employed, and the sugars sent to the Cape of good Hope as well as Rum for what I know, sold to Italians when they come for Fish or sent to the Baltic.\n     The Cry for Paper Money is downright Wickedness and Dishonesty. Every Man must see that it is the worst Engine of Knavery that ever was invented. There never will be commerce nor Confidence, while Such Systems of Villany are countenanced.\n     I see by the Cases of Lowell and Sprague, there is a Pique against Lawyers. A delusion, which will hurt our Country. Other Orders of Man, who are introducing Luxury, and Corruption, disgracing Us in the Eyes of foreign nations and destroying all Confidence at home, leading Us to innumerable Breaches of public Faith, and destroying in the Minds of the People the Sacred Regard to honour, are popular. This will not wear well.\n     Jefferson might have added to his Catalogue of American Genius\u2019s, Copley West, stuart, Trumbull, and Brown as Painters, Trumbull Dwight and Barlow as Poets, and many others. A Pack of Cox-comical Philosophers in Europe have made themselves ridiculous by doubting and disputing a Point that is as clear as day light. Jefferson has treated them with too much Ceremony. He should have treated their Insolence with scorn.\n     I have given my Daughter to New York. The Ceremony was performed by My Friend the Bishop of St Asaph, by a Special Licence from the Archbishop of Canterbury. Dissenting Ministers have not authority to marry. All Denominations of Dissenters are married here by the Clergy of the Chh of England, and without the Licence the Rite must have been performed in a Church, by Virtue of the Licence the Ceremony was performed in my House.\n     Colonel Smith is a Man of Sense and Spirit, Taste and Honour. I am very well satisfied with his Character Conduct, Circumstances and Connections: but my only Daughter must probably be soon seperated from me, for Life, as she will return to N. York and I to Braintree. This is an unpleasant Thought but it is the only one, and I ought to rejoice that there is no other. My Love to all our Friends. Your affectionate Brother\n      John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0090", "content": "Title: John Adams to Cotton Tufts, 4 July 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Tufts, Cotton\n      Dear sir\n      London July 4. 1786\n     I have accepted your Bill in favour of Storer, of 50\u00a3. and paid that in favour of Mr Elworthy of 40\u00a3.\n     I wish you to buy that Bit of an House and Land, which you mention, but am afraid they will make you give more for it than it is worth, it lies so to me that I must have it. The Pieces of Marsh adjoining to mine, I wish you to buy likewise. Draw upon me for the Money to pay for them. Let Thomas enter Colledge if you think him fit.\n     As to Politicks, all that can be said is Summarily comprehended in a few Words. Our Country is grown, or at least has been dishonest. She has broke her Faith with Nations, and with her own Citizens. And Parties are all about for continuing this dishonourable Course. She must become Strictly honest and punctual to all the World before she can recover the Confidence of any body at home or abroad.\n     The Duty of all good Men is to join, in making this Doctrine popular, and in discountenancing every Attempt against it. This Censure is too harsh I suppose, for common Ears, but the Essence of these Sentiments must be adopted throughout America, before We can prosper. Have our People forgotten every Principle of Public and Private Credit? Do We trust a Man in private Life, who is not punctual to his Word? Who easily makes Promisses, and is negligent to perform them? especially if he makes Promisses knowing that he cannot perform them; or deliberately designing not to perform them? Yours\n      John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0091", "content": "Title: Richard Cranch to Abigail Adams, 5 July 1786\nFrom: Cranch, Richard\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n      My dear Sister\n      Boston July 5th: 1786\n     Capt. Cushing having informed me that he shall sail tomorrow, I have requested him to take the Charge of a small Packquett containing a few Letters and News-Papers, which he has promised to deliver with his own Hands. You will see in the Papers an Account of the surprizing progress of Art, and effect of Industry, exhibited in the Completion of the Bridge across Charlestown Ferry, which was opened on the 17th. of June. I have enclosed a particular account of the Dimentions of this cellebrated Structure. This Bridge renders our communication with Cambridge much easier than formerly, and gives us the Happiness of more frequent Visits to our dear Boys at the University. Your Sister Cranch and I went over the Bridge to see them a few Days ago, and my Lucy visited them yesterday. Your Son John and my Billy live in Hollis-Hall, and have very pleasant Chambers, up two pair of Stairs, in the Entry next to Harvard-Hall. Master John\u2019s Chamber is on the south side of the Entry next to Harvard, and commands a fine Prospect of Charlestown and Boston and the extensive Fields between. Master Billy\u2019s Chamber is on the other side of the Entry fronting the Common and has a fine View of the Country towards Watertown. Master Charles has the corner Room next to Holden-Chapple on the lower Floor of the same Colledge. This little Fraternity with their Chums (who are also very clever) live in the greatest Harmony, and behave so as to do honour to the Families from whome they sprung. I have never heard of a single Blemish on either of their Characters since they entered the University. I wish you could look in upon them: I assure you they live with great \u201cdecency and regularity\u201d; not Sharp and his Master more so.\n     I saw your Hond: Mother Hall and your Bror. Adams and Children last Sunday, who are all well. Uncle Quincy is often affected with rhumatick Pains so that he seldom goes abroad. Uncle Smith is left a sincere Mourner for the Loss of our worthy Aunt, who died a few Days ago as you will see by the Papers. Cousin Isaac is appointed Chaplain to the Castle, which will give him a decent Living while he continues a Batchelor. Colonel Thaxter\u2019s Family have lately met with a great Affliction in the Death of his Daughter Cushing who died in Child-bed about 48 Hours after the birth of her first Child. The Child is living.\n     I am uncertain in what manner to present my Regards to your most amiable Daughter, whether to congratulate her as a Bride or not. If that happy Relation has taken place, I send her my warmest Congratulations, and best Wishes that every Blessing may be attendant on her and the worthy Partner of her Life. Please to give my kindest Respects to Brother Adams, and excuse this merely domestick Letter from your ever obliged and affectionate Brother\n      Richard Cranch\n      Cousin Tommy, and our Friends at Haverhill, were well a Day or two ago, when I heard from them.\n      My dear Partner you will hear from by the inclosed Letters. We are all as well as usual.\n      July 6th:\n     Capt. Cushing not gone yet. I have enclosed a very good Election Sermon.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0092", "content": "Title: Cotton Tufts to Abigail Adams, 6 July 1786\nFrom: Tufts, Cotton\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n      My Dear Cousin\n      Boston July 6. 1786\n     I recd. yours of Jan. 10. Feby 21 and April the 8th And am obliged to you for your affectionate Letter of Condolance and also for the Intelligence conveyed in the several Letters.\n     The State of our Country is uncomfortable, if not hazardous. The Scarcity (real I rather think than artificial) of Gold and Silver prompts People to seek a Remedy in Paper Money, already has Rhode Island issued Paper, New York also and Newhampshire has made specific Articles a Tender. The Fear of a paper Currency in this State, prevents those who have Specie from parting with it. And the Distresses of People are undoubtedly great for want of a sufficient Quantity of circulating Cash. Attempts have been made in the Genl Court the present Session to introduce a paper Medium, Many of the Representatives came instructed for that Purpose and for three Weeks it was agitated at Times and it was difficult to guess how the Question would turn in the House. An Act making Property both real and personal a tender for the Satisfaction of Executions was also for a long while in Debate, but at Length on a Decision there appeared 100. and upwards against it, immediately the Question on the former was put this faild also\u2014the Number for it not exceeding 20. At present our Fears are in some Degree removed, but in the next Sitting of the Court I expect the Attempt will be renewed and unless before that Period (which will not be untill January next) something favourable should turn up, I suspect that Paper Money or an Act for making Property a tender, will be carried. New York is now the only State that has not made some Provision for a general Impost. What will be the Issue of our Delays and Inatten\u00adtion to our National Faith and Honor God only knows. Where the Money is to be obtained for satisfying the lawless Demands of Algerines, is not in my Power to guess. It will not come from the Treasury of the United States, for there is not sufficient there (I suspect) to answer dayly Exigencies.\n     In former Letters I hinted to you the Probability of my meeting with Difficulties from Mr. Tylers Delay in accounting with me for Business done &c. I have not been deceived. I have frequently made Journeys to Braintree, repeatedly wrote to Him and although He has for a long while had Moneys in his Hand, I cannot get him to settle. What shall I do\u2014must I break with Him and have recourse to Law. If Mr. Adams should think Proper, I wish He would specially order the Delivery of all Books Papers &c into my Hands, such an order to be used as Prudence may direct.\n     As I have not Time to write to Cousin A\u2014\u2014 I would just mention that I have received no Direction from Her, relative to the Trunk of Letters which Mr. T\u2014\u2014r delivered to me as those Letters referred to in Hers to me which accompanied her Packet conditionally to be delivered to him\u2014the Miniature Picture and morrocco Pocket Book I have not as yet received.\n     Is your Daughter married? a little Circumstance led your Friends at Braintree to suppose that the Connection was closed before your last Letter of April. Among the Letters sent was found a Card from a Mr. and Mrs. Smith to Mr and Mrs. Adams requesting their Company at Dinner, whether our Young Ladies have construed it right or not, Youll give us Information in your next.\n     Mrs. Quincy has discharged the order on her, but I have not heard a Word from the Lt. Governor relative to the Monies advanced by Mr. Adams for certain Copies mentioned in yours. Would it not be best to send me a particular Account of the Disbursement. I find it exceeding difficult to get any Money from your Debtors and am obliged to depend principally on my Draughts on Mr. Adams for supplying your Children and defraying their Expences. Newhall has not paid any Thing for 3/4 of a Year\u2014in case he neglects much longer, I must remove him. I have not settled with Doane as Tyler keeps the Papers in his Hands and tho repeated application has been made for the Account, I cannot get it.\n     On the 13th. of April last I drew a Bill on Mr Adams in favour of Mr Storer for \u00a350 on which I recd. 7 Ct. discount and have since drawn an order in favour of Mr Elworthy on my own Acctt. for \u00a340\u2014May the 17th.\u2014of which I have given You an Acctt. Mr. Morton has several Times urged me to buy Belchers Place but I find his Expectations of Price do not conform to my Ideas. He has offered to leave to Three Men such as we may chuse the Determination of the Price, but I have not as yet complied with the Proposal. That Side of the House in which Belcher lives is out of Repair, the Roof near one half of it gone and lays open to the Heavens\u2014the Land is much worn. However it would be a convenient Addition to your Estate could it be purchased at a reasonable Price. I wish You to write to me on this Matter. In last Thursdays Paper a Billet from Ld. Gordon to the Marquiss of Carmathaen was published, informing the Latter from what Quarter Mr. Adams received his Quarterly pay, and as receiving his Intelligence from a Mr. Tufts. What Was the Design of Lord Gordon in giving the Intelligence and what Mr. Tufts was it that he refers to?\n     Our Friends like Leaves in Autumn drop off one after another. Our good Aunt Smith not long since compleated the Journey of Life and has reached as I trust, the Regions of Bliss and Immortality. With our kindred Spirits who have reached the Goal before us, May We one Day join, receive their Welcome and be secured in their Friendship and in the Joys of that better World. Adieu My Dear Friend and believe me to be with sincere Affection Your H Sert\n      C. Tufts", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0093", "content": "Title: Isaac Smith Jr. to Abigail Adams, 8 July 1786\nFrom: Smith, Isaac Jr.\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n      Dear Mrs Adams\n      Boston July 8. 1786\n     Tho\u2019 it is probable you will hear of it from some other of your friends, yet as I know the interest my dear Mother had in your affections, and that you will not fail of sympathizing with us, I Could not avoid the opportunity by Mr Gardner of acquainting you with the loss of her, and am sorry that the first occasion I should have of writing you since your residence in England should be of such a nature. She had been for some time apparently on the decline, but was not thought to be so near the period of her earthly Cares and sufferings, and had prepared for a journey as far as Princeton in hopes of its Contributing to her health, but such is the uncertainty of life, on the morning of the 24., the day she meant to have set out, she was seized with a fit of the apoplectic kind, which was followed by others, and threw her into a lethargy, in which she remained insensible of her situation, \u2019till the night of the 27., when she expired. I need not tell you how much the feelings of her family were excited by her Removal from us in such a way, or what an affliction it must be to my father; he is supported under it however, as well as my sisters, to a degree beyond what I expected. I have lost Connections, whom I loved, esteemed and valued, but this stroke comes nearer to my heart, than any I had felt before, and I feel thankful that I was not Called to bear it in a different situation, tho\u2019 we o\u2019t I own always to cultivate the temper of Resignation, since we know not where or when we may have need of the exercise of it.\n     You will hear from Braintree it is probable of a distressing event in your Uncle Thaxter\u2019s family at Hingham, and Dr Tufts I suppose will inform you of the critical situation of his brother at Medford.\n     It gives me pleasure to hear of the new and agreable Connection lately formed in your family, and hope it will long afford you the same degree of comfort and satisfaction, as at present.\n     I presume it will be some time before we may expect the pleasure of seeing you here again with Mr Adams. But as you have more frequent opportunities of hearing from your family and your friends on this side, than I Could have during the Course of the war, it renders I imagine your absence from home less unpleasant than mine was.\n     I beg My Respects to Mr Adams, Mrs Smith, (the name I suppose Miss A. wears by this time)  accept my best wishes. With the greatest esteem, I am, my dear Mrs A., Your\u2019s sincerely\n      I Smith jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0094", "content": "Title: Mary Smith Cranch to Abigail Adams, 10 July 1786\nFrom: Cranch, Mary Smith\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n      My dear Sister\n      Braintree July 10th 1786\n     I have within this Hour receiv\u2019d your Letters by captain Bigelow and have also heard that cushing is not sail\u2019d. He has one Letter on board for you already but tis not so long a one as I have generally sent you. The Subject was So melancholy that I could not mix any thing with it. I expected every hour that Cushing would sail and had not time to write more.\n     I began to write you last night but my eyes were so poor that I could not continue it. I am now risen with the sun to thank you for the charming Budget you have Sent me. Such frequent communications shortens the Idea of distants by many miles. I believe there have been Letters constantly upon the water for each other ever since you lefts us. The Idea of your returning soon to your dear Freinds here would be a much more joyfull one if this country would suffer you first to do all the good your inclinations lead you too, and what they really wish you to do tho they put it out of your Power to do it. I hope they will come to their Sensces before winter. The court is adjournd to next January. The House have been disputing half this Session whether we should have Paper money, any Lawyers or any Court of Common Pleas. They voted finally, against Paper money, Sent up to the senate a curious Bill with regards to Lawyers and the Infiriour Court. A committee of five of from the Senate have it to consider of till next term. Mr cranch is one of them. Thus do they spend their time in curtailing Tea Tables while they are suffering thousand to be wrested from them for want of giving ampler Powers to Congress. It is dreadful to those who See the necessity of different measures to stand by and see such pursue\u2019d as they fear will ruin their Country. Ask no excuse my dear Sister for writing Politicks. It would be such a want of publick Spirit not to feel interested in the welfair of our country as the wives of ministers and Senaters ought to be asham\u2019d off. Let no one say that the Ladies are of no importance in the affairs of the nation. Perswaide them to renounce all their Luxirys and it would be found that they are, and beleive me there is not a more affectual way to do it, than to make them acquainted with the causes of the distresses of thier country. We do not want spirit. We only want to have it properly directed.\n     I have been long convinc\u2019d of the Jealous disposion of our Milton Freinds. What would they have us do? Mr Cranch has tried every method in his Power to get the G\u2013n\u2013l into office. As to the chief Seat he will always use his influence for those Whome he thinks the best quallefied for it. The g\u2013n\u2013l has so often refuse\u2019d what has been repeatedly offer\u2019d him that think as he pleases it is impossible now to get him into anything. There was a counseler wanted lately. Mr cranch use\u2019d his utmost influence to procure the Seat. He call\u2019d out members from every county and talk\u2019d with them seperatly. Mr C\u2019 had the G\u2013n\u2013l put up two more were put up. At the first voting he had votes within six or seven of enough, as many however, as the others, and all of mr C\u2014hs procuring, upon the secound voting he lost it and so there was no thanks due to mr C\u2014h nor any influence ascrib\u2019d to him. There is nothing harder to remove from the mind than Jealousy, and the most ambitious are the most apt to be tormented with it.\n     By my last letters you will See your were right in your conjecture that Sister Shaws was with me and we were also right in ours, for we thought that you would suppose it and we took a peculiar pleasure in supposing that we were at one time all thinking of the same thing. I had a Letter last week from Sister they were all well. She is prepairing Thomas to make his appearince at commencment, and is very anxious least she should not make him appear as smart as his Brothers. It is concluded I think that he should Stay another year with his uncle. Cousin JQA as well as his other Freinds think it will be best, and Thomas himself I hear thinks so too. The summer vacancy begins the day after to morrow. Miss Nabby Marsh is bespoke. A uniform must be prepair\u2019d. The Blue cloths you sent will answer the purpose if the young Gentleman will think So. Your Sons are all well, their behavior unexceptionable. Oh! how happy we are thus far in our children. What has become of my dear Nieces Pen. Why Still So long? Her Happiness is near my Heart and I rejoice in the prospect of it. Introduce me my dear Sister to Colln. Smith. His character is such as intitles him to my utmost esteem.\n     I shall write again soon I have not half done and mr cranch calls and Says he cannot wait one moment for my Letter. So adieue yours most affectionately\n      Mary Cranch\n      Love to mr Adams.\n      Thanks a Thousand thanks for my callaco\u2014oh my sister what shall I do with you\u2014or for you\u2014I cannot lay under the weight of so many obligations.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0096", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Elizabeth Cranch, 18 July 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Cranch, Elizabeth,Norton, Elizabeth Cranch\n      London july 18th 1786\n     I thank you my dear Neice for your last kind Letter. There are no days in the whole year so agreable to me nor any amusements this Country can boast so gratifying to my Heart and mind as those days which bring me Letters from my Dear Friends. In them I always find the law of kindness written, and they solace my mind in the seperation.\n     Could I, you ask, return to my (Rustick) cottage, and view it with the same pleasure and Satisfaction I once enjoy\u2019d in it? I answer I think I could, provided I have the same kind Friends and dear Relatives to enhance its value to me. It is not the superb and magnificient House nor the rich and Costly furniture that can ensure either pleasure or happiness to the possessor. A convenient abode Suteable to the station of the possessor, is no doubt desirable, and to those who can afford them, Parks, Gardens, or what in this Country is call\u2019d an ornamented Farm, appears to me an Innocent and desirable object. They are Beautifull to the Eye, pleasing to the fancy, and improveing to the Imagination, but then as Pope observes,\n      \u201cTis use alone that sanctifies Expence,\n      And Splendor borrows all her rays from Sense.\u201d\n     I have lately visited several of the celebrated Seats within 20 Miles of this City, Sion place, Tilney House, and park, osterley, and Pains Hill. The last place is about 12 Miles distant from London. I must describe it to you in the words of the Poet.\n      \u201cHere Wealth enthron\u2019d in Natures pride\n      With taste and Beauty by her side\n      And holding plenty\u2019s Horn\n      Sends Labour to persue the toil\n      Art to improve the happy soil\n      And beauty to adorn.\u201d\n     My dear Neice will feel loth to believe that the owner of this Beautifull spot, (a particular account of which she will find in the Book I send her,) neither lives here or scarcly looks upon it; once a Year. The former proprieter enjoyd it as the work of his own hands: 38 years ago he planted out all the Trees which are now one of its chief, and principal ornaments. But dyeing about 3 years ago left it, to a tasteless Heir. The Book I send you is written by a mr Whately, he has treated the Subject of Gardning scientifically. I should have overlookd many of the ornaments and Beauties of the places I have seen if I had not first perused this writer. Mr Apthorp I imagine would be pleased in reading this Book, and I wish you may derive as much entertainment from the perusal of it as it afforded me.\n     I dare say your imagination will present you with many places in Braintree capable of makeing with much less expence than is expended here, ornamented Farms. The late Col Quincys, Uncle Quincys, Germantown, all of them, Nature has been more liberal to, than most of the places here: which have cost the labour of successive Generations, and many of them half a Million of Money. Improvement in agriculture is the very science for our Country, and many times ornament and Beauty may be happily made subservient to utility, but then to Quote Pope again,\n      \u201cSomething there is more needfull than Expence\n      And Something previous ev\u2019n to Taste\u2014\u2019tis Sense.\u201d\n     When you have read Whateley, read Popes fourth essay addresst to the Earl of Burlington, and I think you will see Beauties in it unobserved before.\n     You might suspect me of partiality if I was to say that nature shews herself in a stile of greater magnificence and sublimity in America than in any part of Europe which I have yet seen. Every thing is upon a Grandeur scale, our Summers heats and Winters colds, form a contrast of great Beauty. Nature arising from a temporary death, and bursting into Life with a sudden vegatation yealding a delicious fragrance and verdure which exhilirates the spirits and exalts the imagination, much more than the gradual and slow advance of Spring in the more temperate climates, and where the whole summer has not heat sufficient to sweeten the fruit, as is the case of this, climate. Even our Storms and tempests our thunder and lightning, are horibly Grand. Here nothing appears to leap the Bounds of Mediocrity. Nothing ferocious but Man.\n     But to return to your Letter, you have found that you was too early in your conjectures respecting your cousins marriage. She will write you herself, and inform you that she has commenced housekeeper, very soon after her Marriage. It would add greatly to her happiness, judging her by myself, if she could welcome her American friends often within her Mansion. Persons in the early stages of Life may form Friendships; but age grows more Wary, more circumspect and a commerce with the World does not increase ones estimation of its inhabitants. There is no durable basis, for friendship, but Virtue, disinterestedness, Benevolence and Frankness.\n     This is the Season of the Year in which London is a desert, even fashion languishes. I however inclose you a Print of the Bosom Friends. When an object is to be ridiculed, tis generally exagerated. The print however does not greatly exceed some of the most fashionable Dames.\n     Pray does the fashion of Merry thoughts, Bustles and protuberances prevail with you. I really think the English more ridiculous than the French in this respect. They import their fashions from them; but in order to give them the mode Anglois, they divest them both of taste and Elegance. Our fair Country women would do well to establish fashions of their own; let Modesty be the first, ingredient, neatness the second and Economy the third. Then they cannot fail of being Lovely without the aid of olympian dew, or Parissian Rouge.\n     We have sent your cousins Some Books, amongst which is Rosseau upon Botanny, if you Borrow it of them, it will entertain you, and the World of flowers of which you are now so fond, will appear to you a world of pleasing knowledge. There is also Dr Preistly upon air and Bishop Watson upon Chimistery all of which are well worth the perusal of minds eager for knowledge and scientifik like my Elizas and Lucy\u2019s. If they are not the amusements which females in general are fond of: it is because triffels are held up to them in a more important light, and no pains taken to initiate them in more rational amusements. Your Pappa who is blesst with a most happy talant of communicating knowledge will find a pleasure in assisting you to comprehend whatever you may wish explaind. A course of experiments would do more, but from thise our sex are almost wholy excluded.\n     Remember me affectionately to Your Brother and to all my Neighbours. Inclosed is a Book upon Church Musick which be so good as to present to Mr Wibird with my compliments. It was publishd here in concequence of an application of Dr Chancys Church for an organ, of mr Brand Hollis.\n      Adieu my Dear Neice and Believe me affectionately Yours\n      A Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0097", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams Smith to Elizabeth Cranch, 18 July 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail (daughter of JA and AA)\nTo: Cranch, Elizabeth,Norton, Elizabeth Cranch\n      Wimpole Street London July 18th 1786\n     In your Letter to Mamma my Dear Eliza of \u2014\u2014 May you are strangely puzled to know in what manner to address your Cousin. Your suppositions at that time were rather premature, and the Card on which they were founded was from a family by the Name of Smith who have been vastly civil to us since our residence in this Country. But at this period, a Letter addressd to your friend under the title of Mrs Smith would not be improper, for in truth Eliza, Poor Abby Adams is no more\u2014her friends took Leave of her on the 11th of June\u2014about eight oclock in the Evening, and \u201ctwas such a solemn scene of Joy\u201d\u2014&c. She is at this moment settled in Wimpole Street, whare could you look in upon her, you would find her perfectly Contented, and would add to her happiness, which the additional society of a friend will ever do.\n     If your friend has any cause for anxiety, it arrises, from being obliged to Leave her Parents to whom she finds herself every day more attached, and more and more sollicitious to promote their Happiness. The seperation has but enlarged the scene to them, for we meet every day either with them, or with us, and Harmony and affection preside over our Circle; yet I wish Mamma could call in some one of her young American friends as a Constant Companion; but it is so uncertain how long we may all stay in this Country or how soon we may return to our own, that it is not possible to make any arangements for the future\u2014all we can do is to wait patiently till the decissions of others mark out our future destination. In the mean time let us my Dear Eliza eleviate the disagreeables arrising from this seperation, by a Continueance of this friendly epistolary intercourse. Mrs Hay Carried proofs of my not having forgotten my friends, and you my Eliza was amongst the first in my remembrance. I am fearfull as my Letters were all under Cover to Mr Charles Storer that his absence may occassion thier delay for which I shall be very sorry.\n     My Letters from my Brother inform me that he is Learning to Play upon the flute which has given me much anxiety, do my Dear Eliza dissuade him from the practice. It is certainly very prejudicial to Health, and tho it may amuse him for the Present, I fear the Consequences. I hope Charles willnot attempt it. It would be more dangerous for him than for my Brother John. We have seen its af\u00adfects upon the Warrens and I thought your Mamma was so well Convinced of the danger arrising from it as to prevent your Brother from the use of it, and I hope She will have an equal degree of influence upon mine.\n     Remember me to all who inquire after me. Do write me as often as you can find it Convenient and beleive me as sincerely your friend\n      A. Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0098", "content": "Title: Cotton Tufts to John Adams, 18 July 1786\nFrom: Tufts, Cotton\nTo: Adams, John\n      Dear Sr.\n     Mrs. Cranch last Evening informed me, That a Mr. Standfast Smith of this Town is empowered to sell Verchilds Lands. Would it not be agreable to You to purchase those belonging to His Heirs which you have improved for some Years past?\n     Sometime past I sued Sloane and recovered judgment against Him. He has given a Release to the Lands mortgaged and I think it would be best to sell them as they can be no Profit to You. Should You be of that Opinion, Youll be pleased to write to me on the Subject. Will the Authority I now have be sufficient or must I have a particular Power for the Purpose.\n     Rhode Island is suffering great Distress from their Paper Emission\u2014and the State is in great Confusion\u2014Trade stagnated Markets shut up\u2014and the People begin to break open Stores seize Grain and sell it for Paper Money.\n     We have been in some doubt of the Utility of entering Mast. Thomas this present Year and as we had not heard from You, We had concluded to defer it. Last Week Mast. John showd me your Letter, in which I discoverd Your Expectations of his entering this Commencement. I expect to see Mr Shaw on this our Anniversary who I understand will bring Thomas with him to Cambridge; We shall consult upon the Matter and conduct agreable to what we suppose would be Your Mind were You present. If he enters the present Year I apprehend it will be best to have his Examination postponed to the End of the Vacation, as he does not expect to pass the Tryalthe present Week. Be pleased to present my Affectionate Regards to Mrs. Adams & yr. Daughter. I am Your Affectionate Friend & H Ser\n      Cotton Tufts", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0099", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Elizabeth Smith Shaw, 19 July 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Shaw, Elizabeth Smith,Peabody, Elizabeth Smith Shaw\n      My dear sister\n      London july 19th 1786\n     Accept my thanks for your kind Letter of March 18th and for the pleasing favourable account you have given of your Nephews. May they ever continue to deserve the approbation of their Friends.\n     From an Eye so disserning as my sisters, I did not suppose that the fault which too easily besets a Young Gentleman, would long lie conceald. He might have informd You that his Pappa was often correcting him for it, and his Mamma gently reminding that young Men should never be possitive.\n     There are few persons upon a candid inquiry, who will not recollect and find that upon many occasions they have been faulty in this respect, yet must condemn it; in most instances, as a Breach of good Manners and politeness. Nor is a person let; his Learning be ever so extensive and his abilities ever so splendid; capable of rendering himself so usefull to Mankind: if at the same time, he discovers an overbearing and dogmatical disposition. The late Dr Johnson, Author of the Ramblers and compiler of the dictionary was a very striking proof of this assertion, and he plainly discovers his sentiments in an observation which he makes in his Lives of the Poets, \u201cWhoever is apt to hope good from others is diligent to please them, but he who believes his powers strong enough to force their own Way, commonly tries only to please himself.\u201d Pope has juster Ideas upon this Subject and discovers a Greater knowledge of Mankind, which will be best convey\u2019d to you in his own words.\n      \u201cTis not enough your counsel should be true\n      Blunt Truths more Mischief than nice falshoods do\n      Men must be taught as if you taught them not\n      And things unknown, propos\u2019d as things forgot\n      Without good Breeding truth is disapprov\u2019d\n      That only makes superiour sense beloved.\u201d\n     Three of as Learned Men, as ever I had the honour of knowing, are three of the modestest Dr Priestly, Dr Price, and mr Jefferson, in neither of whom a self importance appears or a wish to force their sentiments and opinions upon Mankind. Whoever thinks too highly of himself will discover it, and just in proportion as he overvalues his abilities, will mankind endeavour to mortify and lessen them nor will they suffer him to take that as a right, which they claim the privelege of bestowing as a reward.\n     I hope however that your Nephew will strive to correct this disposition, and that he will never want a kind Friend like his Aunt, to reason with him from regard and affection, which have the surest effect upon generous minds and I feel no small satisfaction when I say to you, that I do not know an other fault which he has. Perhaps I discover the blind Partiality of a Parent.\n     Your Neice will write to you I presume under the signature of a Name once very familiar to you, and with it she has acquired a Man of Honour, Virtue and integrity for her Partner and companion. Sensible delicate and affectionate just the Character you would have chosen for your Neice, whose prospect (in this New connection), for happiness appear to be rationally founded. May Heaven Smile upon and bless their union is a petition in which I know you will join me. The only unpleasing Idea which attends it, is, that we must in all probability live in different states, perhaps in different Countries. But how small is this consideration, when compared with others? I gave her to him with all my Heart, he was worthy of her.\n     I want to return Home, and bring them with me, we should all be happier in America. There we should find sentiments and opinions more agreeable to us, society and Friends which the European World knows not of. It is all lost in ceremony and Parade, in venality and corruption, in Gameing and debauchery, amongst those who stile themselves polite People, the fashonable World. I would not check the Benevolence of my Country Men, but I would have them grow more cautious where; and upon whom they bestow it. This Nation surely has no claim to be considerd as the most favourd. I wish a general Spirit of Liberality may prevail towards all Mankind. Let them be considerd as one Nation equally intitled to our regard as Breathren of the same universal Parent. Let Learning personal Merit and virtue create the only distinctions, and as we have taken the Lead of all other Nations with respect to Religious toleration, let us shew ourselves equally Liberal in all other respects. Than will our Nation be a Phenomenon indeed, and I am Sure the more we cultivate peace and good will to Man, the happier we shall be.\n     Pray how does my Friend Mrs Allen? is the family like to increase? I do not wonder as I formerly used to, that persons who have no children substitute cats dogs and Birds in their stead.\n     I design to write to mr Thaxter if I have time. I suppose I may congratulate him upon his Nuptials, or shall I say to him in the Words of Shakspear, \u201chere is Benidict the Married Man.\u201d I believe I ought to rally him a little, but all my Authorities are in America filed in the Letters he used to write me. I never believed his vows of celibacy of insensibility &c. Young people are fond of Boasting sometimes not considering how great they make the merrit of the conquerer: Good Dr Price told us last sunday that Marriage was a Natural state, an honorable State, and that no man could be so happy out of it, as he might be in it, that those who by lose connections unfitted themselves for that state, perverted the order of Nature and would suffer a punishment concequent upon it. He also pointed out those virtues and qualifications necessary to a happy union, and the Duties resulting from that union. The Dr has been giving us a number of discourses upon Relative duties. You may judge of our value for his Sermons when we go six miles every Sunday to hear him. He preaches only once a day.\n     Captain Callihan will sail next week. My Letters must all be ready this, and I have more than a dozen to write yet; provided I fullfill all my engagements. Next Monday I go into the Country to spend a week with mr Hollis at his Country Seat. Mr and Mrs Smith accompany us. Remember me to mr Shaw I hope the Books reachd him. Be so good as to send one of the Phamplets to mr Allen with my compliments. Love to Billy and Betsys from your Ever affectionate Sister", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0100", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Lucy Cranch, 20 July 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Cranch, Lucy,Greenleaf, Lucy Cranch\n      My Dear Neice\n      London july 20th 1786\n     My fourth Letter I begin to you. I dare not reckon the Number I have to write; least I should feel discouraged in the attempt. I must circumscribe myself to half a sheet of Paper. Raree Shows are so much the taste of this Country that they make one even of the corpse of great people, and the other Day a Gentleman presented me with a Card to go and see the corpse of the Duke of Northumberland, who died at his House in the Country but was brought here to be laid in state. It is said he, a senseless peice of Pagentry, but as such, I would advise you to see it. It is practised only with crownd Heads and some of the most ancient families of Dukes. The Late Duke was Father to Lord Peircy, whom the Americans well remember. His Lordship (who lives a few doors from us), being the elder son inherits the title and estate, and is now duke of Northumberland.\n     Northumberland House is in the city, a great immence pile of Building to which one enters through massy Iron Gates. At this Gate stood four porters clad in Black, the court up to the house was hung in Black and divided by a temporary railing that the spectators might pass in, upon one side and out upon the other. From the Court we enterd a long Suit of rooms, 5 in Number through rows of servants on each side of us; all Sabled as well as the rooms. I never before understood that line of Pope\u2019s\n      \u201cWhen Hopkins dies a thousand Lights attend.\u201d\n     I believe there were two thousand here, for Day light was totally excluded. Upon the walls were as many Eschutcheon as candles, these are formd so as to place a light in each. These plates are all washd with Silver, being put up upon the black Cloth and lighted in this manner gave the rooms a Tomb like appearence, for in this manner are the Tombs of the Dead enlightned in Catholick Countries, and it is not uncommon for the great to leave a large Sum of Money for lights to be kept constantly burning. Through these rooms we moved with a slow pace and a Solom Silence into that which containd the corps. Here upon a superb Bed of State, surrounded with 24 wax Lights upon enormous silver candle Sticks, lay the remains of his Grace, as I presume, but so buried amidst Stars and Garters, and the various insignias of the different offices he sustaind, that he might as well have been at Sion House; for all that one could see of him, for these ornaments are display\u2019d like flags\n      The George and Garter dangling from the bed\n      Where Gaudy Yellow strove with flameing red\n     Upon the Bolster lay the Ducal coronet, and round the bed stood a dozen Men in black whom they call Mutes. It was said that the Corps was cloathd in a white satin tunick and cap richly trimd with Blond lace, but for this I cannot vouch, tho I do not think it more ridiculous than the other parts of the parade which I saw: and this farce was kept up ten Days. The Body was then deposited in westminster abbe, with as much Parade and shew as possible; but being out of Town, I did not see it. We made an excursion as far as Portsmouth, which lies about 75 miles from London. I was much dissapointed in the appearence of the Country, great part of it being only barren Heath. Within 18 mils of the Town it appears fruitfull and highly cultivated. We spent only one Day at Portsmouth, but returnd an other road which brought us back through windsor. Here we stoped a day and half, and I was Charmd and delighted with it, the most Luxurient fancy cannot exceed the Beauties of this place. I do not wonder that Pope Stiled it, the Seat of the Muses. Read his Windsor Forrest, and give full credit to his most poetic flights. The road by which we enterd the Town was from the Top of a very steep Hill. From this hill a lawn presents itself on each side, before you a broad straight road 3 miles in length, upon each side a double plantation of lofty Elms lift their Majestick Heads, which is exceeded only by a view of the still Grandeur Forest at a distance which is 30 miles in circumference. From this Hill you have a view of the castle and the Town. This place as in former Days, is the retreat of the monarck. The Royal family reside here nine Months of the Year, not in the Castle, as that would require the attendance of Ministers &c. The present Queen has a neat Lodge here close to the Castle and there is an other a few rods distant for the princessess. His Majesty is a visitor to the Queen and the family reside here with as little parade as that of a private Gentlemans. It is the Etiquette that none of his Majesties Ministers approach him upon buisness here, dispatches are sent by Messengers, and answers returnd in the same way. He holds his Levies twice a week in Town. The Castle is one of the strongest places in Europe as it is said, and a safe retreat for the family in case any more Revolutions should shake this kingdom. It was first built by Edward the 3d, Charles the 2d kept his Court here during the Summer Months, and spaird no expence to render it Worthy the Royal residence. He furnishd it richly and decorated it with paintings by the first Masters. It is situated upon a high Hill which rises by a gentle assent and enjoys a most delightfull prospect round it. In the front is a wide and extensive vale, adornd with feilds and Medows, with Groves on either side, and the calm smooth water of the Thames running through them. Behind it are Hills coverd with fine Forests, as if designd by nature for Hunting. The Terrace round the Castle is a noble walk; coverd with fine Gravel it is raised on a steap declivity of a hill, and over looks the whole Town. Here the King and Royal family walk on sunday afternoons in order to shew themselves to those of their Subjects, who chuse to repair to windsor for that purpose. In fine weather the terrace is generally throngd. From the Top of this tower on the castle they shewd us 3 different Counties. To describe to you the appartments the Paintings and Decorations within this castle would require a volm instead of a Letter. I shall mention only two rooms and the first is that calld the Queens bed chamber, where upon the Top of the cealing is painted the Story of Diana and Endymion. The Bed of state was put up by her Majesty, the inside and counterpain are of white sattin the curtains of pea Green richly embrodered by a Mrs Wright embroderer to her Majesty. There is a full length Picture of the Queen with her 14 children in minature in the same peice, taken by mr West. It is a very handsome likeness of her. The next room is calld the room of Beauties, so named for the Portraits of the most celebrated Beauties in the Reign of Charles the 2d, they are 14 in Number. There is also Charles Queen a very handsome woman. The dress of many of them, is in the Stile of the present Day. Here is also Queen Carolinies China closet, filled with a great variety of curious china elegantly disposed.\n     I have come now to the bottom of the last page. If I have amused my dear Neice it will give great pleasure to her affectionate\n      A. Adams\n      PS I send you the fashionable Magizine.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0102", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to John Quincy Adams, 21 July 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n      My Dear Son\n      july 21 1786 London\n     Altho afflicted to day with one of my bad headaches; I must write you, least the vessel should Sail in my absence with out a Letter from me. A few weeks ago we Breakfasted with mr Bridgen whom you know. He collected several gentlemen of literature, and amongst them mr Hollis, who has often dinned with us. He is a Worthy good Man, and so well known at the university that I need give no further account of him. He was going in a day or two to his Country seat for the Summer and he made us promise that we would come out to Hyde and Spend a week with him. His invitation savourd so much of that Hospitality which this country was once celebrated for, that we did not hesitate to comply, and next week is the time appointed.\n     He told us that there was but one place in his House, but what was common to all his Friends, and that was his Liberary. They must be great favorites to be admitted there; for he could not bear to have his Books misplaced. This will give you an Idea of his neatness and regularity. Mr Bridgen col S and your sister are of the party.\n     By Captain Callihan we send the Books you wrote for, and a valuable little parcel your Pappa has added to them, for the benefit of you and your Brothers. They cost 8 Guineys so be carefull of them.\n     I thank you for your Letter, it gave me great pleasure, and I am happy to find you so well situated. The attention you have always given to your studies, and the fondness You have for Literature, precludes any other injunctions to you than that of taking care of your Health. I believe I ought to except one other\u2014which is a watchfulness over yourself; that the knowledge you have acquired does not make you assumeing, and too tenacious of your own opinions. Pope says, \u201cthose best can bear reproof, who merit praise.\u201d It is upon this principal that I would gaurd you against the only error that I am conscious you possess. I cannot advise you better upon this subject than in the words of Pope, and as you love poetry fix the following lines in your memory\n      Tis not enough taste judgement Learning join;\n      In all you speak, let Truth and candour shine\n      That not alone, what to your sense is due.\n      All may allow, but seek your Friendship too\n      Be silent always when you doubt your Sense\n      And speak; tho sure with Seeming diffidence\n      Some possitive persisting Fops we know\n      Who if once wrong will needs be always so.\n      But you with pleasure own your Errors past\n      And make each day a critic on the last.\n     I inclose to you an Epitaph upon Dr Johnson written by as great a curiosity as himself. It was given me by Miss Shipley daughter to the Bishop of Saint Asaph. I have met with many persons here, who were personally acquainted with the dr. They have a great respect for his memory, but they all agree that he was an unpleasent companion who would never bear the least contradiction. Your sister Sent you Mrs Pioggi anecdotes of him. Boswells are too contemptable to be worth reading. Your Friend Murry first lent me Mrs Pioggis and from it I coppy the following lines written by him in the blank page\n      \u201cLike those bright sparks which comets leave behind\n      Appear the effusions of great Johnsons mind\n      Had its vast orb unclouded pour\u2019d its rays.\n      The glorious flood had blinded by its blaize\n      But clouds of weakness thickly round it fly\n      And save the envy of the weakest eye.\u201d\n     Pray inform us from whence arises the illeberal Spirit which appears in the Boston Gazzets against the Law? or rather the professors of it. I am sorry any of our Countrymen should disgrace themselves by holding up such sentiments as Honestus, who ever he is, has publishd to the world. I suspect one may apply to him, the observation which Pope Gangenella made upon Voltair, that he attackd Religion because it was troublesome to him. He had better adopt Johnsons opinion, \u201cthat the Law is the last result of Humane wisdom, acting upon humane experience for the benifit of the publick.\u201d\n     If some of the professors are a disgrace to it, they would have been equally so as merchants Physicians or divines. Where is the profession composed only of Honest Men? annihilate the profession of the Law, and the Liberties of the Country would soon share the same fate. If they wish to suppress the influence of the Bar, Let them practise justice, and consider the Maxim, \u201cthat can never be politically right, which is morally wrong.\u201d\n     As to politicks Parliament is up and a dead Calm ensues. With respect to America, things remain much in the same state as when I wrote you last, all the movements here, will depend upon the Measures of Congress. Untill some regular System is adopted, the less communication our Country has with this, the better. Lamb has orders to repair to Congress, and lay before them the result of his negotiations.\n     Col Smith has promised to write to you, and your sister will tell you all about herself. I wrote you by Col Forrest on the 13th of june, who saild for newyork. I suppose you are very happy by this time to have enterd upon your last year, and your Brother Charles to have finishd his Freshmanship. If your Brother Tommy enters, be very attentive to him, and always give him the advise of judgment and reflection, rather than what may result from the feelings of the moment. And whatever your own sentiments may be with regard to the abilities and qualifications of your Preceptors, you should always endeavour to treat them with the respect due to their Station, and enjoin the same conduct upon your Brothers. It is not in your power to remedy the evils you complain of. Whilst the Salleries are so small it cannot be expected that Gentlemen of the first abilities will devote their lives to the preceptorship. The concequence will be, that young Men will fill those places, and the changes will be frequent. Get all the good you can, and beware that you do no ill to others. You must be conscious of how great importance it is to youth, that they should respect their teachers. Therefore whatever tends to lessen them, is an injury to the whole Society, besides there is nothing which a person will not sooner forgive, than contempt. If you are conscious to yourself that you possess more knowledge upon some subjects than others of your standing, reflect that you have had greater opportunites of seeing the world, and obtaining a knowledge of Mankind than any of your cotemporarys, that you have never wanted a Book, but it has been supplied you, that your whole time has been spent in the company of Men of Literature and Science. How unpardonable would it have been in you, to have been a Blockhead. My paper will allow me room only to add, my blessing to you & Your Brothers from your ever affectionate\n      A Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0103", "content": "Title: Charles Storer to Abigail Adams, 21 July 1786\nFrom: Storer, Charles\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n      Boston. 21st. July. 1786\n     And a good story you shall have, Madam, as you desire. Know then that your friends both at Haverhill and Braintree are well. But I had forgot. One sad stroke has caused us much trouble, Aunt Smith is dead. She died about a month since. She was first seized with a lethargic fit, was lost to every thing, but apparently had recovered from her disorder and was preparing to take a journey as far as Princetown, when she was suddenly seized, the evening preceeding her setting out, with convulsion fits, which in a day or two put a period to her existence. This account you have had from others perhaps already.\n     I have to thank you for yours of the 22d. of May. It found me in a place you little dream of. I was in Passamaquoddy Bay at the Eastward, where I was on speculation, and which is to be the place of my residence a few years to come, perhaps for life. You recommend Agriculture. It is an idea to me more pleasing than that of any other kind of life. \u2019Tis most natural and therefore, to a mind uncorrupted in the world, must be most happy. You must know that Genl: Lincoln, Mr: Thos: Russell and Mr: Lowell have lately bought two Townships in Passamaquoddy Bay which they mean to settle assoon as possible. I went down with the General about two months ago, and am but just returned. The General\u2019s son is one of the two and twenty settlers that went down with us, and your humble servant is another. There is a little trade carried on there, but believe me this is by no means my object, at least no further than to ennable me to clear and improve a good landed estate. This has ever been a wish of mine. More now than ever, and I feel happy in the idea that I am acting from the very principle on which you recommend Agriculture to me in a late letter: an additional motive is that here it is impossible for me establish. So that you see in part I am obliged to do right this time. I therefore fully depend on my resolution. But the ultimate of my plan, as mentioned above, you will not mention to any of our friends on this side of the Atlantick. They are a good many of them averse to my going at all, most of them against my establishing myself there. So I do not let anyone in the secret. See, Madam, how you can keep it. I know I shall have your approbation, because I am sensible I act from every principle of duty.\n     I have heard of Gentlemen\u2019s falling in love with pictures, but I am caught with your description of the amiable Miss Hamilton. Fortunate it may be, or unfortunate, that I staid not a little longer with you. Every thing is right. I frequently, in a reflective moment, have painted to myself a connection with beauty and virtue. This is but Romance however, yet I must say your description and my ideas in this instance perfectly correspond. I think you will laugh at me by this time for my Quixotism in thus admiring an unknown del Tobosa, but I am not going to commence Knight Errant, so please to remember this is entre nous.\n     Be kind eno: to thank Amelia for her two favors No: 3. and 4, both of May. I will duly answer them, but by this opportunity she will excuse me. My best wishes ever attend her. May she be happy in this new and every other Connection. To Mr: Adams my best respects. I wish to write to him on business, and will if time will allow. My Compts: to Colo: Smith if you please.\n     Our family desire to be duly remembered to you and yours. They wish you every good and pleasant thing. We are preparing tosee folks, today, and you know the poor help we have in this Country and will therefore excuse not hearing more from us.\n     When you return I shall happy to have the honor of your Company at Passamaquoddy to pass the Summer, & am Madam, with all respect & esteem Yr: much obliged friend & humble servt:", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0104", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Cotton Tufts, 22 July 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Tufts, Cotton\n      My Dear sir\n      London july 22 1786\n     I inclose to you the papers which contain the correspondence between Lord George Gordon and mr Tufts. As I suppose it will be matter of some specculation, and may tend to injure your Nephew. I will relate to you some circumstances attending it. Upon the Letter you wrote me some time ago, I had made inquiries after mr Tufts, but could hear nothing of him, till mr Jenks just before he saild, wrote me a card one Day that he had found him; and that from his conversation he beleived he sincerely wishd to return to his Friends in America. I immediatly wrote mr Tufts a friendly card and invited him to dine with me on the Sunday following. I received his answer of thanks and an acceptance of the invitation. Accordingly he came, and was received with the cordiality of an old acquaintance. We talkd of our Friends and were very Sociable, and I assured him that I believed he might return and live unmollessted provided he would be prudent. He tarried till near eleven oclock, and we parted in perfect good Humour. You may judge of our surprize when the twesday following there appeard in the papers Lord Georges Letter quoteing mr Tufts as his Authority.\n     On wednesday morning mr Tufts came up to see us, not a little mortified you may be sure and said that mr Lewis Gray was his Authority, that he had no Idea of the conversations ever being publishd, and that it took place a fortnight before without his having any Idea of the use intended to be made of it. Mr Adams told mr Tufts that the assertion was totally without foundation, that neither directly or indirectly had he ever received a single sou through any such channel, but even Supposing it had been true, of what importance was it who were his Bankers, the united States only were answerable for his Sallery. But being false it behoved him to contradict it. He did not wish to injure him or mr Gray or mr Grant, but they must be sensible they had all exposed themselves, and that if he was disposed he could give them trouble enough. This frightned mr Tufts, and I believe he Heartily wishd, that he had never got into the Scrape. Some of the Foreign ministers thought Lord George ought to be procecuted, and all condemnd the answer given by Lord Car\u2014then. Mr Adams refused doing any thing more than after a few Days waiting to hear what would be said, he publishd a Paragraph of May 9. After which Lord George publishd a few lines which paper I have lost, the purport of it was, to get himself out as well as he could, that hearing the report, and not crediting it himself, he publishd it to give the American Minister or his Friends an opportunity to contradict it. Thus ended this foolish affair. Lord Georges views may easily be Seen through, and he made others the dupes of them. If the Letters should get into our papers, as I suspect they will, you will See that the Paragraph of May 9th is publishd also. Do not let it give mr Tufts Friends any uneasiness. It was an imprudence in him but I do not imagine he meant any injury. I should have acquainted him with his Fathers illness, but I was affraid he would think that I wanted benevolence in the communication and I presumed he would receive an account of it from some of his Friends. I have not seen him since this affair.\n     Dr Welch will pay you 3\u00a3. 9s. 6d. on my account which together with 25 Guineys that you may draw on mr Elworthy for, and which I will pay to him upon Your inclosing the Bill to me. I wish you to add to the little sum you have purchased already for me, disposing of it in the same way by the purchase of notes. I think they must rise, and I have advised mr Adams to request you to lay out a hunderd pound in them if you are of the same mind, but you can judge best being upon the Spot.\n     With regard to Books and papers you will feel less embarressed now than formerly. Your Neice is I believe very happily married. I hope that time will confirm my present opinion.\n     As to politicks, they must come from your side the water to do any good here. Lamb will return to congress to give an account of his negotiation of which he thinks very differently from what he did when he left it. He has written an intelligent Letter and did all that would have been in any bodyes power to do with the resources which he had. My affectionate Regards to all Friends\u2014From your affectionate\n      A Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0105", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Thomas Welsh, 22 July 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Welsh, Thomas\n      Dear sir\n     I have to thank you for your very inteligent Letter of May 4, and am glad to find one writer who is not in the dismalls. Shades answer very well as a contrast to the light parts of a picture, but when it is all darkness one is apt to suppose that the painture is no artist, that he must be deficient in blending his coulours or too neglegent to procure proper material for them.\n    That our Country is prest with a heavey debt I am very sensible, and that she must excercise wisdom prudence and occonomy and industery to liberate herself from it, is equally true. But who that sees her future happiness can lament her restoration from extravagance and folly to the practise of those virtues which can and will save her? When a people become Luxurious, is there any thing that will reclaim them but dire necessity? Amidst the general cry of distress, are there any amongst us naked, or perishing with hunger? Are not our flocks fruitfull, do not our lands yeald an increase. Yes truly we have more than we can expend, but cannot find a Market sufficiently profitable for the overpluss. Nor that unbounded credit which we want, aya theirs the rub, but there are those who think the less credit we can obtain the better it will in the end prove for our Countrymen. This Country will do nothing towards a treaty of commerce or relinquishing the Posts untill the States repeal the Laws respecting British credittors. They do not deny our right to them by treaty, but say it is equally binding upon both parties. The reluctance in the different States to grant the impost has done us great injury not only here but in France and Holland. I have hopes that the present year will produce some Regular and wise System which will raise the credit of the united States and place it them upon a more reputable foundation than they have yet stood upon. The more harmony and peace is cultivated amongst ourselves the Stronger we link ourselves together and discountanance every little internal bickering and jealousy. The more formidable we shall become to our enemies and better able to defend ourselves against them. I am sorry to see our publick Papers so nearly allied to those of Britain. Liberty ought not to become licentiousness. Here are hireling who earn their daily Bread by vilifying Characters and countries. Heaven forbid our country should harbour Such virmin, who but Such could be the Authors of some publications which have appeard amongst you.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0107", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Elizabeth and Lucy Cranch, 23 July 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Cranch, Elizabeth,Cranch, Lucy,Greenleaf, Lucy Cranch\n      My Dear Girls\n     I bought me a blue sarcenet coat not long since; after making it up I found it was hardly wide enough to wear over a straw coat, but I thought it was no matter; I could send it to one of my nieces. When I went to put it up, I thought, I wished I had another. \u201cIt is easily got, said I. Ned, bring the carriage to the door and drive me to Thornton\u2019s, the petticoat shop.\u201d \u201cHere, Madam, is a very nice pink coat, made too of the widest sarcenet.\u201d \u201cWell, put it up.\u201d So back I drove, and now, my dear girls, there is a coat for each of you. Settle between yourselves which shall have the blue and which the red, pay no regard to the direction, only when you put them on, remember your aunt wishes they were better for your sakes.\n     Mr. Appleton and a Dr. Spooner go with the Callaghan; they both dine here to-day, and I shall request one of them to put them in his trunk, and some black lace which I have bought for Mrs. Welsh.\n     Remember me to my dear and aged mother. You will make her caps for her, I know, but if you will cut and send me a pattern, I will make some here and send her. She will be better pleased with them, I know. If there is any thing in particular which you want, tell me. I have not written above half the letters I want to, yet I have done little else for a whole week. By Captain Barnard I design writing to Miss B. Palmer and others, which I shall not have time to do now, because tomorrow morning I set out on my journey. If you and cousin Lucy will send me a shoe for a pattern I will get you a pair of new-fashioned morocco. I have not written a line yet, either to son Charles or Johnny. I have been to Hackney to hear Dr. Price to-day, upon the duties of children to parents; it was an excellent discourse; but you, my dear girls, so perfectly practise what he preached, that there is no occasion of repeating it to you.\n     Adieu, and believe, your own parents excepted, nobody loves you better than your ever Affectionate aunt,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0109", "content": "Title: Elizabeth Smith Shaw to Abigail Adams, 23 July 1786\nFrom: Shaw, Elizabeth Smith,Peabody, Elizabeth Smith Shaw\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n      My Dear Sister\n      Haverhill July 23d. 1786\n     Mr Sparhawk called for my Letter Just as I was giving you an account of my Aunt Smith\u2019s Death. I was going to tell you that Mr Thaxter had lost his youngest Sister, Mrs Cushing, who had been married about 15 months died in Child-bed. Upon finding herself ill, they sent for Dr Barker, but before he got there, she was seized with Convulsion Fits, from which she never reccovered. She has a fine Daughter, though she did not notice it, nor live to clasp the dear Babe to her fond Bosom. I hear they have got an exceeding good Nurse for it.\n     There is hardly any Circumstance in which a Person can be taken from their Family, that excites my Pity, and Compassion more than this. At one fatal stroke the fair Prospects of a Family are cut down, and the weeping Husband stands but half blest\u2014beholding the little help less Infant, extending its feeble Arms, and crying for that, (which alas!) Providence had thought fit to deny. For deaf were those Ears that with delight would have listened to thy Call\u2014closed were those Eyes, that with pleasure would have dwelt upon thy growing Charms, and cold were those Arms that with delight would have folded thee, to her maternal Breast. But \u201cthus runs Death\u2019s dread Commission\u2014Strike\u2014but so as most to alarm the living, by the Dead.\u201d The Young, the Gay, the healthy, the beautiful, the rich, the wise, the good, the beloved\u2014all, all alike must submit to the inevitable Stroke. \u201cDust we are, and unto Dust we must return,\u201d but he who has brought Life, and immortality to light, has assured us, by the Apostle, \u201cthat this Mortal, shall put on Immortality.\u201d And, that unless a \u201cCorn of Wheat fall into the ground, and die, it cannot bring forth much Fruit.\u201d\n     Mr Smith got here last Night, and makes an exchange with Mr Shaw. Mr Smith has lately fixed down at the Castle, and will have an handsome maintenance there. But poor Man, is deprived of what he supposed would afford him, the greatest pleasure, the frequent Visits of his Mother. He has a fine Temper, and I believe a very good Heart. You know our early Intimacy, and cannot wonder that I most tenderly sympathize with him, under his late Bereavment.\n     Mr Shaw got home to day about Noon, and brought Cousin Lucy, and my Betsy Quincy. The little Creature came claping her hands, and rejoicing up the Hill, \u201cthere\u2019s Mamma\u2014there\u2019s Brother\u2014there\u2019s Cousin Betsy, and Thommy.\u201d \u201cAre you not glad I have got home Mamma? have you not been ansious about me since I have been gone.\u201d And her Tongue run as if her Stomack had gain\u2019d considerable strength by the Braintree Air. I assure you she is no ways deficient in the female Talent.\n     My worthy Nephews got here last Night, we do love them. Mr Shaw, and I, would have been quite disconsolate if they had not come. Mr Professor Williams told me, that my eldest Nephew had exactly hit it, (that was his expression) with the Scholars. By his studious, and affable Behaviour, he had gained the love of all his Classmates. We were affraid of him (said he) because S\u2014\u2014C\u2014\u2014J. had made the Tour, and gave us so much trouble. By affecting a superiority, he gained the dislike of the Governors, and the contempt of the whole Colledge. It is at last concluded upon by Dr Tufts, Mr Cranch &cc, that Mr Shaw should offer Thomas at the end of this Vacation. I wish it may be for the best. But if he was my own Child I should rather he should be a year older. At this age, one year, makes a very material alteration in the Judgment. He has a good genius, and an excellent Temper, but not one of those forward Youths, whose genious very early comes to maturity. The fairest, and soundest Fruit seldom ripens the soonest, but requires Time to bring it to Perfection. Youth seldom know the advantages they are under, or (if they really wish to make a Figure in Life,) the great importance of the most diligent application, and the closest attention to their studies. What Milton says of a delicate, virtuous Woman, may be appliyed to Leterature. She \u201cmust be wooed, and not unsought, be won.\u201d\n     If Mr Thomas\u2019s Abilities should entittle him to speak an Oration four years hence, I know his voice cannot be so pleasing, neither will he be able to command the attention of the audience so well, as if he was older. He is now innocently playful. I hope he will not learn to do Evil, but still be preserved in the Path of Virtue. You would be surprized to see how Thomas has grown, since you left us he is almost as tall as Charles, but I must speak intelligibly, wants about a head of being as tall as your eldest Son. I tell him I will let him go by measure, and not by weight. For he is rather thin, and I feel sometimes affronted because he does not credit his keeping. Poor \u201cChild, I say, you are too much like Aunt Shaw.\u201d He retains his fine shape yet, and if he lives, will be a very tall Man, and I hope a very good One. I feel a greater tenderness for him I suppose, because he was the youngest, and seemed to come more under my Care. He has enjoyed exceeding good Health, and been very little troubled with the Rheumatism. He has been poisoned several times, but has met with no accident excepting, as he was runing upon the Snow last winter, he turned his Foot, and displaced three Bones. He told me he was lame, I bathed his foot, did it up in Bane, and put him to Bed. In the Morning I found it was more swelled, and we thought it best to send for the Doctor. He soon came, and set three Bones. After this he found but little Inconvinience, excepting that his Uncle thought it prudent and necessary, that he should be debarred the pleasure of skaiting for three Weeks, a week for a Bone.\n     I have spent this Week in the Society of my dear Friends, and Relations. To me who came so far from the midst of my Kindred, (though you will think it nothing) a Nephew, and a Cousin have an endearing, and an enchanting Sound. I have had a large Circle this Week, in one Day my Family increased from Six to twenty-seven, and this you will say is nothing too, I suppose, to what you have every Day. It is true I cannot say, Count, such an one, and my Lord, and Lady A. B. and C. but I feel that glow of generous Love, and Friend-ship, which those who always move in the higher Walks of Life, are too often a stranger to.\n     Mr, Mrs Austin, Mrs Allen, and Mrs Welsh, and Charlotte\u2014Mr Smith, Mr Thaxter, Cousin Sally Tufts together with my own Household, formed such a Circle as would have made you smile with more than your usual Complacency, could you have presided at the frugal, but sufficient Board.\n     Yesterday my Sister, we formed one of the most agreeable Parties, that I ever saw. Mr White, and Capt Willis, gave a Turtle, which was dressed elegantly, and carried to a litle beautiful Island in Merimac, which formerly belonged to Judge Saltonstall.\n     There was a fine Booth erected, formed into Arches in the stile of Festoons, which afforded the most refreshing Shade. The Stakes which supported it were so artfully covered with grape Vines, and large Clusters of Grapes interwove with Wreaths of Flowers, which looked so fresh, that One would have supposed them placed there, rather by the hand of Nature, than of Art.\n     Return, to America for one moment, my Sister, and fancy yourself most conveniently seated in this Bower, your Sons, Neices, and particular Freinds noticed, by the most polite attention\u2014sweet Merimac gently gliding beneath your feet\u2014Health\u2014Peace, and Plenty smiling around you\u2014Good-humour\u2014without ribaldry\u2014Ease\u2014Complacency\u2014every Necessary, and Convenience, all conspiring to make you happy. Here a lofty Oak\u2014and there a branching Elm\u2014and little Thickets of Wood, which looked as if they were, \u201cfor whispering Lovers made.\u201d Each One taking the Lass he preferred, and leading her to the Lawn, or the Wood, as fancy bent their way.\n     A little before Sunset we all embarked in our new Boat, with a sail spread over the Top, the School Benches answered for seats, and we were about three quarters of an Hour going down, and an hour and half returning. The Doors, Windows, and Banks of the River, all thronged with People, who were drawn thither by the Musick. The Mr Adams\u2019s the Mr Osgoods, and Leonard White &cc &cc singing all the way, most beautifully. The few happy Matches, the Indian Warrior, &cc, &cc.\n     Upon the whole, I think it is allowed by the Visitors in Town, that it was one of the happiest, and most agreeable Parties, that they ever knew. I was delighted at the Time, and I cannot think of it since, without Rapture.\n     Here, I have given you a little account of the simple Efforts of Nature, while you are (I suppose) making Excursions this Summer, into the Country and surveying the Work of Time, and the labours of Art\u2014the elegant Gardens the superb Palace, and the stately Dome. Those will fill your Mind with grand, and noble Ideas, which really must be vastly pleasing, and even in the decline of Life, be a Source of Entertainment to yourself, and Friends. But whether in all your Travels, you will find a happier Circle, than I have described, I something doubt.\n     The Laws, the Customs, the Education of this Nation all serve to render them pleased with each other, and happy in the Enjoyment of the sweets of Society. No haughty Lord here, to demand the hard earnings of the honest, and industrious Husband Man. But all share, almost equally in the rich Treasures and Bounties of Nature.\n     I really long sometimes to look in upon you, to see whether you are all mightily altered\u2014\u201cMuch for the better, to be sure.\u201d Polite company gives an ease to the Manners\u2014a Grace\u2014a Charm yet good, (I hope) as you the \u201cWorld had never seen.\u201d I should admire to visit with you, the Seats, and the remains of those whose Works have immortalised their Name. I believe I should be particularly charmed with Shenstones Garden, from the descriptions, I have seen.\n     I wonder how Mr Adams felt when he was cuting a Relict from Shakespears Chair. In walking over those hallowed Grounds, I fancy Ones feelings, and thoughts must be very peculiar. I wish they had presented Mr Adams with a Box, (as they did Mr Garrick,) made out of a mulberry Tree, which Shakespear planted with his own hands.\n     Now let me answer your enquiries about Mr and Mrs A\u2014\u2014l\u2014\u2014n. They have got a fine enclosure for a Garden, the soil looks strong, and fertile, and every thing appears well, and in good order, though it was rather late before he planted.\n     The House too, is as neat as wax, and she has five Cows, and is become a fine Dairy Woman. She thinks me but a Novice, when compared to her. I am content. I never will contend with her, about superiority. She has been over four or five times and spent the Day with me, but he is such an Oeconimist, and is so busy about his Hay, that he hardly ever could come for her, even at Night. But you say, all this does not answer my question. Why let me tell you, Complexion will not do alone. There must be some corresponding Qualities, alas, alas! I fear your Belcher will prove a true Prophet, for I cannot discern the least prolific Sign.\n     I beg You and Cousin Nabby would write to Mrs Warren. Friendship cannot bear a supposed slight. Her feelings are keen, she is a Woman of great sensibility. Her good Mind is corroded by Dissappointments of various kinds. By Mr Thaxters Influence, the General was chosen here Leiu. Govenor, this year. I think he had 2 Votes in Boston. This was mortifying I am sure, but when he might, he would not. He affronted the People, by refusing their Suffrages. I will be Ceasar, or nothing will not do for the Massachusetts.\n     I am perswaded no publick measure, will ever be properly adjusted, till he is in Office. If she does not have a Letter before Fall, I shall absolutely be afraid to see her. Dearly as I love your Letters, I will dispense with one the less, if you have not time, to write to us both. For my part, I think you must be a very extraordinary Oeconimist of your Time, to attend (as Mrs Hay says you do) to ceremony, and every Punctilio, and yet not neglect the weightier Matters, and get so much time to write, and gratify your Friends.\n     Mr Duncan, is a going to be married very soon to a Newbury Lady, Miss Greanleaf. Lovelace would say, she was in the Tabby Order. Mr Duncan has seen her, but three times and was published last week. After the first marriage, Love, (I believe), has but little to do in the nuptial Bonds. Convinience is all.\n     Mr T. (I believe) is very silent as to a certain Affair, which does him credit, at least, in my Eyes. Mrs Quincy, and her Son, and Deacon Storer, and Lady have both made me a visit. And if any-thing material had been said by him, it is likely they would have been informed of it. Mr T. has left Sister Cranch\u2019s House, but keeps the Office yet, and has not removed all his Things.\n     Mr Thaxter was exceedingly overcome at the News of his Sisters Death. It was the first near Relation he ever buried. You know his Nerves are very tender. He heard of it suddenly. Mr Duncan had just come from Boston, and mentioned to him supposing he had received a Letter from his Father. I was in possession of that Letter. But knowing he was at Judge Seargeants by Invitation, and that we were all just going out to the Wedding of Mr Porter, and Miss Sukey, I thought it best to deffer giving it to him, and so desired he would come and see me early the next Morning, thinking that no one else would tell him of it. But calling in to present a piece of Plumb Cake to Miss Betsy, he was shocked at the Account. It was too sudden a Transition, from Joy, to Grief. The poor Creature with his Heart most broke, came trembling up to me. I endeavoured all in my power to sooth his Mind. But it is Time alone, which only mollifies our Sorrow. He went home, but kept his Chamber, and his Bed chiefly for two or three Days.\n     I do not think he will be married these Twelve months. It is very difficult getting a House here, and more difficult to get money. But it is the universal Voice. No money, no Cash\u2014I am sure I am tired of it.\n     Much as I want to see you, I think I ought not to wish Mr Adam\u2019s return till he has accomplished the important Buisness he went upon. I wish he had More power, and we were a wiser, and better People.\n      August, 20th.\n     I have known of no Vessel by which I could send this Letter. It has laid by me, and I fear you will think it is got already to an intolerable Length. I will venture however, to add a little more, about family Matters. When I was in Boston I took of Deacon Storer a Peice of Linnen to make for Thomas, because I had found they wore very strong. I left a part to be made for Charles, but as he is to go to Colledge your peice for him came in season, he will want many more than he would here. Cousin Lucy, and my two Betsy\u2019s have made him up five, and I have sent for some of the Cloth which you designed for him. What I got for him was yd wide, and a good penny-worth at four shillings pr yd, but he was so good as to let me have it at 3s. 6d. pr yd.\n     Next year he must wear blue Coat, and be in a Uniform, but this year, I am thankful it is not necessary, for it would make you a great deal of expence. I have gained a point with him, and have perswaded him to have drawers instead of linings to his small Cloaths, and have made him 2 of linnen, 2 of Cotton, and linnen, and one of Lamb Skins for winter. I have done everything I possibly could, even his winter Cloaths. I cannot think he can want any-thing new, till towards Spring. I wish to lighten Sister Cranch as much as possible, for she is not very well. She has the Reumatism, or something that worries her Stomack very much.\n     We have had a remarkable cool Summer. It is not half the time that I can bear the windows open. Yet the Corn, and things never looked more flourishing. Your Sons went from here the 5th of August, which was almost, the only hot Day we have had.\n     Tomorrow Mr Shaw carries, and presents your Son to the University\u2014Dear Lad\u2014a Blessing be upon him.\n     I think you discover the elegance of your Taste, by the choice of the Things you send Your Friends. Adieu My Dear, kind, Sister. My Love to Mr Adams, present in the most respectful manner, I hope to hear from my Neice that her affectionate Aunt, and your Sister may know how to direct a Letter. Ever yours\n      E Shaw", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0110", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams Smith to John Quincy Adams, 27 July 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail (daughter of JA and AA)\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n     When I closed my last to you on Sundey last I promised to give you an account of the excursion we proposed setting off upon the next day, either upon my return or during my visit. A Leasur hour presents itself, this morning and I embrace it to fullfill my engagements. On Monday Morning at Seven oclock, we were in the Carriage, Mr S and my self, at our door in Wimpole Street, from whence we proceeded to Rumford 12 miles from London where we allighted at ten oclock precisely, and orderd breakfast for 5 persons, as Pappa Mamma and Mr Bridgen were to meet us there. We waited till Eleven and then feeling a propensity to sattisfy our appetites we sat down, but before we had proceeded far, they came in. At twelve we were in the Carriage again. Pappa went to Thornton about 2 mills from Rumfd. to see the House of Lord Petres, which is said to be worthy the observation of Strangers. Viewing the Houses and Gardens of Noblemen, constitutes one of the principle Summer amusements of this Country, Natives as well as strangers, and the Gardens of all the Nobility are open to the Latter. When Mr J\u2014\u2014n was here, at some one of the Gardens which he visitted the Gardener told him he had orders from his Master not to admit Englishmen\u2014but I am not an English man answerd Mr J.\u2014Oh Sir then they are open to you\u2014but What is the reason of your Masters prohibiting Englishmen, from his Gardens?\u2014because Sir he cannot trust them, they will take something with them. The Houses are generally seen only by Tickets from the Owner, which is a mere matter of Form for any person may procure them who will take the Trouble to send for them. I thought as the day was very warm and it was exceedingly dusty that we had better proceed to Mr H\u2014\u2014s, which we did, and at 2 oclock, arrived at Mr Thomas Brand Hollis\u2019s House at the Hyde in the Town of Torrington in the County of Essex. Mr H received us with politeness civillity and attention, and soon introduced to us Miss Brand his Sister a Single Lady about forty, who keeps his House, which stands, half a mile from the Road, upon a plain. At some distance it seems to be sarrounded with hills, Coverd with wood. The plain before the House consists of feilds, surrouded with hedges, trees in Groves Calfs, &c, scattered over it Cattle and sheep, feeding, and all together forms a pleasing view. At the back of the House is the Garden, filled with a variety of Trees shrubs, plants flowers, and, amongst which are many american productions such as furs, of various kinds. It is in a rude wild, but agreeable manner. At the end of the Garden is a Temple on which is this motto, ill repose. A little further amongst the Trees, is a Hermitage, which is rather ancient than elegant. It is dedicated to St  of whom I told Mr H I had never before heard. Just before it is a pond, with Gold fishes in it, and at a little distance, the kitchen Garden with in a large high Wall, for Fruit it contains every thing usefull and proper, for a Garden of this kind. Before the House are three other ponds, which have fish of various kinds in them, the ponds are not large, but have an agreeable affect.\n     The House is very oald but has been repaird. This Gentleman, has, a taste for antiquity, and I suppose he is attached to this House for the reason, of its being, some ages advanced. We must not talk of years in this House, every part of it is a perfectly nice and Cabinet every room, is filld with Some antiquitities, pictures Statues busts Vases, and a variety of other things. You enter at a large Hall, in which are the Busts of several persons, and many other antuiquities on the left to the dining room, which is also ornamented on the Chimney with figures in Bronze, which Mr H shews us, and add, this is two three or more hundred years old. On the right is the drawing Room which Contains several Curiossities. The furnitere is also ancient of yellow damask. There is a Cabinet of Ebony inclos\u2019d with brass, which is Called elegant. This Contains Mr Bridgen tells us, Mr Hollis\u2019s hearts Treasure, which I shall tell you of by and by. There is a picture of one of reubens wives, and several other Curious ones, several oramets upon the Chimney of Bronze, Vases &c. Mr H says there is nothing made so beautifull in the present day, but I Confess I have not his taste. In a litle room adjoining called the Boudoier are many more curiossities but I cannot pretend to describe them. Amongs the Number, are pictures of all the Orders of Monks and Nuns in France, each singly in a small Frem. At the bottom is an account of their manner of Life. This was a Collection made by Mr Bridgen, who, gave them to Mr Hollis. In the next room, is Mr H\u2014\u2014s Librey, but here nobody ever enters. He told us that he never addmitted any body to his Librey, before we came, and he is particular and Carefull in all his Curiossities.\n     Pappa and  came a little before 4. We dined and after tea took a Walk in the Garden. I think I Love the Country better every day.\n      Tuesday 25 July.\n     We took a ride about 8 mills to Chemsford to see an House which belongs to Lady \u2014\u2014 a descendent of Lord Moilerds. Mr H admires the artichecture of this House. I Convess it did not strike my fancy so much as many I have seen, the fernitere was ancient and not in so good order as is generally the Case in such large Houses. We returd to dine. The Weather is very warm, at present and almost reminds us of an American season. After dinner we walkd-out as Mr S. amused himself with attempting to take Fish.\n      Wedensday 26th\n     In the Morning we took a Walk abut a mile, to see the Gardens and Gronds and House of a Mr Atlen who was a Wine Merchant, in London, by which I suppose he made a great Fortune and has Built him a House and Garden, in a sweet spot. Mr Hollis being acquainted with the family sent in to desire to see the Grounds Gardens &c. The Gentleman came out to us and invited us to the House. We went in. Every thing is new, and the House furnitere &c are in a very ellegant Stile. The Lady came to us and was very civil. We walkd to the Garden which is filld with Trees plants Shrubs, flowers, and Fruit. There were two Green Houses, full of Fruit also, peaches Apricots Grapes, and a variety of others. And after rambling Some time in the Gardens we returnd home, through a gravel Walk, of half a mile in extent, on each Side of Which are trees whose Branches meet at the Top, and make an fine shade. At the end of the Walk is a pond with fish, from which is an ascent on either side. In front upon a litle rising there is a temple, which is very pretty. The Whole is indeed a sweet spot. This walk led us into Mr Holliss Ground, and we soon returnd to his House pleased with our excursion, dressd and at 4 dined. After dinner, we went to visit Mr H\u2014\u2014s Gardner, whose House is a few yards from Mr H\u2014\u2014s. He is very curious in Bees, shew us several Hives, and gave us a Lecture upon their form of Government Laws, &c. He has allways been a great friend to the Americans, and was vastly Happy to see us in his Cottage. In short every person belonging to this family Seem to have imbibed a degree of the Masters Taste. An oald Faithfull domestick who reminded me of the Character of le Banq invited us to see his Garden. It was in the same stile. He had also, a Collection of antiquities and Curiossities in his Way, which were Curious and amuseing.\n      Thursday 27.\n     Pappa having a great curiossity to see Braintree which lies only 18 Mills from this, set of this Morning with Mamma to visit it. We amused ourselvs in the Morning with fishing, and walking, but could ceatch no fish large enough to eat, so they were only removed from one pond to another still enjoying their Lives Liberty. At 2 Pappa and Mamma returnd not much pleased with the appearance of the Town they had been to visit. Mr H told us it was a Poer dirty miserable village and such they found it.\n     After dinner Mr Hollis gave Pappa a Lecture upon antuiquitys, and Curiossities to which we were silent spectators and Listeners. The Ebony Cabinet was Opened, of Which I promised you an account. On the middle shelfe, in the Center was containd in a brass Case the Bust of Milton, which was surrounded on each side by 4 or five of the first additions of his own works. he was an acquaintance friend of Mr Hollis\u2019s for whom he has great respect. When he had finishd his Lecture upon the Contents of this Cabinet he opend another and shew us several curiossities Medalls, and figeures, of varias kinds several Boks, as oald as the Pales to Use a Common expression. Amongst the rest was a Cook Book, &c, Henry Sixth.\n      Fryday, 28th.\n     At Nine in the Morning we left Mr H. House, much pleased with our visit, and proceeded on our way to Grosvenor Square, where we arrived at 3 oclock, and found a Packet or two from Mr J\u2014\u2014 Containing news Papers, and promises of writing by the next Ship.\n     I like such excursions as these into the County. But to go, mere, because it is the fashion, to ride all day, and to dine and Lodge at some dirty village, where you can neither eat drink or sleep with any degree of sattisfaction, is not my Taste yet this is practiced by many, others who, dare not be so unfashionable as to stay in London, go to Brighthamstone and only quit one scene of dissipation for another but it is the fashion, and, all must follow.\n     By the Packet which Pappa found upon his return, Containd the ratification of the Prusian Treaty, and as it was a good oppertunity for Mamma to visit Holland they set off, the Thursday following, 3d of August for the Hague.\n     Wedensday Pappa went to the Levee to take Leave of the King previous to his going to H. which is a point of Etiqueette not to be dispenced with.\n     A strange affair happened to day at St Jamess as the King was getting out of his Carriage at the Doer of the Pallace a Woman, apperd with a Paper in her hand which she said was a Petition to the King, which she requested of the Gauards she might be permitted to deliver. And when the Carrige came up, as the King was steping out She presented the Petition which the King took, and discover\u2019d a knife which she was, advanceing towards him but being perceived by the Guards She was immediately taken. His Majesty tis said desired she might not be Hurt as he was not injurd. This request prevented her being torn in peices by the Guards and she was taken into Custody and is said to be Insane. Her name is Margaret Nicolson. She has since been examined, and is to be tried in a few days. It is Supposd She will be Confind in a priests Mad House for Life.\n      August 18th.\n     We have heard from Pappa and Mamma twice since they left London, once since their arrival at the Hague. Mamma complains of the Passage. She was also disappointed on her arrival at finding Madam and Mademoiselle Dumas absent, at their Country House in Guilderland. Mamma paid a visit to the Lady of Sir James Haris who is the Minister from this Court to that Country and the only one who has a Lady. In a few Hours, she returd Mammas visit and they were invited to dine with them the next day. I have observed that Gentlemen in publick Characters from this Country, are more civil and polite in a Foreign Country than in their owns. The Duke of D\u2014\u2014 was You know, very civil to Pappa in France, but the last Summer when he was here and also this, he does not even return a visit made him.\n     In short America and Americans are so out of Fashion at present, at the fountain Head, that no one dare be so excentrick as to cultivate or even make any kind of advances towards civility. Foreigners ask\u2014do these people, ask their King, whom they shall be acquainted with. I see so little Liberallity of Sentiment So little Good manners, or even common civillity that I am quite sick of the Country. Or rather of the People, and it is not confined to the Natives of this Land alone, but appears to me that every Creature who comes to reside in the County, gets in thre weeks imbibes with the Air they breathe the illiberallity which exists, in the atmosphere.\n     The Conversation of the Day, and indeed since I wrote you, has been upon His Majestys Wonderfull marevolous and happy excape, yet It does not seem to have been made so serious an affair of as might have been expected. It has been observed in the Papers, that Mr Adams left the Kingdom the very day after the attempt was made upon his Majestys Life. These people are below contempt. If you see the English Papers you will find much said upon the Princes late change, upon the Kings refusing any augmentation to his income. He took the resolution to appropriate 30 thosand a year to the payment of his Debts, and to Live upon 20. Some suggest that Mrs F\u2014\u2014 has had this influence over him. The King and Prince are very generally applauded the former for his refusal, and the Latter for his firmness, in not only submitting to the Will of the sovereign, but in useing these means to pay his debts. His household has been dismissd and his Horses all sold. He is now at Brighthamstone. It is said that his going to Windsor to Congratulate the King upon his excape, that the king would not see him. Some suggest that serias consequences may ensue from the Kings displeasure towards him. Misteries which must explain themselves are not worth the time that it would take to unravell them.\n     Dr Cutting and Mr Shipping from Philadelphia arrived here about a forghtnight since. They propose passing some time in Studying in the Temple. The Dr has improved much I think he does not Laugh above once in a visit. Mr S, I had seen in Boston some years agone. He is a modest young Man, a Son of Dr Shippens of Philadelphia. I inquird about Madame B\u2014\u2014m. Poor Lady, she is showing away, and without a single Competitor. How extremely mortifying for in this Situation you know there will be no inducement to go a Step higher. She says that in the Circle of her own family she shall be happy, but out of that she expects no pleasure in America.\n      Finisd August 22d 86.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0112", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Isaac Smith Sr., 31 July 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Smith, Isaac Sr.\n      My dear Sir\n      London july 31 1786\n     This moment my cousin W. S. Letter of june 28th is come to hand containing the melancholy tidings of the death of my dear Aunt, which has greatly afflicted me, and renderd me unfit to offer to you that consolation which I need at this moment myself. That I am a most Sincere Sympathizer with you, and all your family in this afflictive dispensation no one can doubt who knew her as I knew her, and who loved her as I loved her. She was to me a second Parent, and the Law of kindness and Hospitality was written upon her Heart. Nor was her benevolence confined to her kindred and Relatives, but she Streched out her bountifull hand to the poor and the needy. When the Eye saw her it blessed her and the ear gave witness to her. By a Life of piety towards God and good will to her fellow Creatures she laid up for herself a sure reward which she is now gone to receive. I know not a better Character than hers. As Such I shall ever revere her memory.\n     To you my dear and honourd uncle I wish every consolation which Religion can afford, for that is the only fountain to which we can repair when bowed down with distress. My Love to all my afflicted cousins for whom I feel more than I can express. I will write them when my mind feels more composed.\n      I am Dear Sir most Affectionately Yours\n      A Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0113", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Cotton Tufts, 1 August 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Tufts, Cotton\n      My dear Sir\n      London August 1 1786\n     Mr Adams receivd yesterday your obliging favour of june 28th by way of Liverpool. His Eyes which I sometimes fear will fail him, have a weakness oweing to too intense application, which is very troublesome to him, and this being now the case, he will not be able to write his Friends as he wishes. I have to thank you for him, the intelligence which your Letter contains ought to make our Countrymen wise. I think they were so in refusing the offers made them and they may serve to convince them of the importance which the Whale fishery is considerd in Europe.\n     The French as a Nation do not wish our Prosperity more than the English, only as they have sense enough to See that every indulgence stipulated to us, is a thorn in the Side of the English.\n     The Parliament is up, and every body is fled from the city into the Country to reemit their Strength and Spirits, exhausted by pleasure and buisness. We shall hear very little of politicks till next winter, and by that time I hope congress will have establishd a system which will render them more respected abroad. And I would add an other wish; which is that they would adjourn, and when they do meet take care to be fully represented. They would go to buisness with more spirit. Through the neglect of the States a Treaty with Prussia which was received by them last october was never ratified till june and arrived here only within a few Days of the times expiring for the exchange. Prussia having no minister either here or in France, obliges mr Adams to go imediately to the Hague to prevent the whole treaty\u2019s falling through. As this presents a good opportunity for Seeing the Country, I Shall accompany him there. We expect to be absent a Month. Col Smith we leave charge des affairs in our absence.\n     I am afflicted at the loss of an other dear relative and affectionate Aunt. When we reach the Meridian of Life, if not before one Dear Friend or other is droping of, till we lose all that makes life desir\u00adable. She was a most valuable woman, I loved her like a Parent. I have frequently recollected what my uncle Said to me the morning I left his House. You will never I fear said he see your Aunt again. And I had the same apprehensions as I have lookd upon her Health in a very precarious Situation for several Years. That we may not neglect the main object of Life, a preparation for death is the constant wish of your ever affectionate Neice", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0114", "content": "Title: John and Abigail Adams to William Stephens Smith, 5 August 1786\nFrom: Adams, John,Adams, Abigail\nTo: Smith, William Stephens\n      Three Cup\u2019s Harwich August. 5. 1786. Saturday\n      Dear Sir\n     After a very pleasant Journey, here We are. We came very leisurely, dined the first day at Ingatestone and Slept at Witham, dined Yesterday at Mistley (Mr Rigbys Seat very near) and Slept where We now are, in full View of the Land Guard Fortification, with a fair Sun and fine Breeze. Our Carriage is on Board. As Fortune will have it, Hearn is the Captain. It is my third Passage with him. The two first were tedious, this I hope will be otherwise. The Agent for the Packetts called upon Us last night, in Consequence of Mr Frasers Letter. Ld Walthams Seat, and Mr Rigbys, We wished to ramble in. Rigbys looks at a fine Cove of Salt Water. As this Farm has been watered and manured with the Effluvia of an hundred Millions of Money, being the Nerves of the American War, it might have been more magnificent. It is a fine Seat. My Love to my dear Mrs Smith. Mamma sends her Love to you both.\n     We passed a pretty Seat, of the Family of Hoar, perhaps the Same with that of President Hoar, once of Harvard Colledge.\n     At the Sign of the 3 cups, a tolerable House where a better is not to be had, with a fine view of the water from 3 windows, and a memento mori from the fourth, viz a burying Ground and church with in half a rod of us. We are now Setting at the Breakfast table. Pappa having told you where we stopd dined Slept &c has left nothing for me to say excepting that he twic mounted Johns Horse and rode 7 miles twice, which you See by computation makes 14 ms. In concequence of a Letter from the Secretary of states office the captain is obliged to give us the great cabin to ourselves for which we must make him a compliment of 10 Guineys and 7 for the Carriage. We concluded as there were 10 other passengers one being a Lady, that if any of them were very sick we could not (doing as we would be done by), refuse them admittance. So it was as well not to retain it, as the captain promisd me a small room by myself. The Country from London to Harwich is very delightfull, we were not much incomoded with dust. We found a card at woods, from mr Hollis requesting us to call on him and take a dinner or Bed &c. We reachd woods about 2 oclock orderd our dinner and walkd to the Hide. Mr Hollis received us with great Hospitality, and miss Brands countanance shone. She treated us with some cake, we Sat an hour took our leave and dined at Woods. Esther sighd this morning as she was dressing me and said, how strange it seems not to have Mrs Smith with us. I had felt it strange through the whole journey\u2014one must be weaned by degrees. I hope you are very happy, you cannot be otherways whilst you continue to have the disposition to be so. Look in if you please once a week at our House, and let me know that it continues to Stand in Grosvenour Square adieu. Your affectionately", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0116", "content": "Title: Charles Storer to Abigail Adams Smith, 8 August 1786\nFrom: Storer, Charles\nTo: Adams, Abigail (daughter of JA and AA)\n      Boston, August 8th, 1786\n     You know, Amelia, I am never backward in writing my friends: therefore, when I tell you that I have four of your favours by me unanswered, I trust you will not lay the blame on my good will. Some of them were received where I could neither acknowledge them myself, nor had I one to do it for me, and the others came at an inconvenient time. Be persuaded, however, that the will is good, (as, indeed, it ever is in respect to you,) and no evil thought will rise up against your friend. * * * * *\n     I am perfectly of your mind, Amelia, in regard to Europe. There certainly is something like fascination attending our acquaintance with it, and for my own part I must confess that a ten year\u2019s ramble through it would hardly satisfy me. There is that constant variety which must amuse, for we poor mortals have a deal of curiosity, one and all of us, however we may pretend to deny it. Some are diverted one way, some another; yet, though the means be directly opposed, the one to the other, the principle remains the same. I have no doubt but you would be highly gratified in a tour upon the continent, and I wish you may; it would be a source of very pleasing reflection ever after. But hush upon this subject, or I shall raise desires I may not be able to comply with.\n     My hints respecting what was said of you at New-York were not mal aprop\u00f4s it seems, though I must confess I had no idea of their being applicable to you at the time. I understand you, when you say \u201cyou may perhaps make us a visit here sometime within two or three years,\u201d though it is not speaking so plainly as you might have done. You have my best wishes, however, for every happiness.\n     The slippers you sent to Maria please her exactly. You will therefore accept her thanks, with mine, for them. You need not be concerned about the paying for them, I shall take due care of that.\n     You speak of Mr. Jefferson\u2019s being with you in March. Entre nous\u2014did he ever mention receiving the books I sent him just before I left London, by your papa\u2019s advice? I ask because I am much disappointed in not having any acknowledgement of them from him, which I pleased myself with having. The velvet dress you speak of I received but a few weeks ago, via L\u2019Orient. Though plain and simple, \u2019tis, I think, beautiful, as are most of the French dresses; our opinions correspond in this I believe.\n     I wish, Amelia, it had been in my power to have met you at Stamford the day you mentioned to have rode out. How surprised you would have been to have seen me on the terrace. But, alas! those days are all over, past and gone! and I am going to enter on another line of life, altogether new and strange.\n     I saw your brother Charles yesterday in town. I asked him to dine. He was going to Cambridge. I spent the evening out, and when I returned home I was told that he was there and was gone to bed. This was acting on the friendly principle which pleases me much, I assure you. You have written to him on this subject, I fancy, else I shall be better pleased, it being his own choice. He staid with us most of the forenoon, and I hope he was not dissatisfied with his visit.\n     Your aunt Shaw I have not seen since last winter, though I have your uncle, who was at commencement. All our friends at Braintree are in usual health, as are those in town. Every thing here wears but a gloomy appearance at present, though there are many who try their utmost to be gay. There are many who are flirting about in silk and satin, but who have a sorrowful, aching heart, I am very sure. As for me, I am going to retire from this society while I can do it with a good grace. If success attends me, it will fully compensate for the sacrifice; if not, there will ever be a satisfaction in having acted as I thought right.\n     Write to me, and be assured it will afford particular pleasure, in his retirement, to\n      Eugenio", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0117-0001", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Abigail Adams, 9 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n       Dear Madam\n      It is an age since I have had the honor of a letter from you, and an age and a half since I presumed to address one to you. I think my last was dated in the reign of king Amri, but under which of his successors you wrote, I cannot recollect. Ochosias, Joachaz, Manahem or some such hard name. At length it is resumed: I am honoured with your favor of July 23. and I am at this moment writing an answer to it, and first we will dispatch business. The shoes you or\u00addered, will be ready this day and will accompany the present letter. But why send money for them? you know the balance of trade was always against me. You will observe by the inclosed account that it is I who am to export cash always, tho\u2019 the sum has been lessened by the bad bargains I have made for you and the good ones you have made for me. This is a gaining trade, and therefore I shall continue it, begging you will send no more money here. Be so good as to correct the inclosed that the errors of that may not add to your losses in this commerce. You were right in conjecturing that both the gentlemen might forget to communicate to me the intelligence about captn. Stanhope. Mr Adams\u2019s head was full of whale oil, and Colo. Smith\u2019s of German politics, (\u2014but don\u2019t tell them this\u2014) so they left it to you to give me the news. De tout mon coeur, I had rather receive it from you than them. This proposition about the exchange of a son for my daughter puzzles me. I should be very glad to have your son, but I cannot part with my daughter. Thus you see I have such a habit of gaining in trade with you that I always expect it. We have a blind story here of somebody attempting to assassinate your king. No man upon earth has my prayers for his continuance in life more sincerely than him. He is truly the American Messias, the most precious life that ever god gave, and may god continue it. Twenty long years has he been labouring to drive us to our good, and he labours and will labour still for it if he can be spared. We shall have need of him for twenty more. The Prince of Wales on the throne, Lansdowne and Fox in the ministry, and we are undone! We become chained by our habits to the tails of those who hate and despise us. I repeat it then that my anxieties are all alive for the health and long life of the king. He has not a friend on earth who would lament his loss so much and so long as I should. Here we have singing, dauncing, laugh, and merriment. No assassinations, no treasons, rebellions nor other dark deeds. When our king goes out, they fall down and kiss the earth where he has trodden: and then they go to kissing one another, and this is the truest wisdom. They have as much happiness in one year as an Englishman in ten. The presence of the queen\u2019s sister enlivens the court. Still more the birth of the princess. There are some little bickerings between the king and his parliament, but they end with a sic volo, sic jubeo. The bottom of my page tells me it is time for me to end with assurances of the affectionate esteem with which I have the honor to be, dear Madam, your most obedient & most humble servant\n       Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0118", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Abigail Adams Smith, 11 August 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Adams, Abigail (daughter of JA and AA)\n      My dear\n      Hague 8th. i.e. 11 August 1786\n     Your papa and I wrote you from Harwich the morning we embarked for Helvoet, the wind was very fair, and we went on board at 3 o clock, a vessel very commodious for passengers, clean, and the least offensive of any that I was ever in. But the passage is a most disagreeable one, and after being on board 18 or 20, hours one might as well proceed on a voyage to America, for I do not think I suffered more from Sea sickness, then than now, yet I layed myself down the moment I went on board, and never rose till eight o clock the next morning. It is a hundred and twenty miles across, the vessel went before the wind, and the sea was very heavy and rough, there were 17 passengers, most of whom were sick. In short I dread the return, and we are not without some thoughts of going round to Calais. The House on this side is very bad, as I slept none and had suffered much I could have wished to have gone to bed, but I saw no temptation to it. I thought the pleasure ought to be great in viewing the Country to compensate for the pain and fatigue. We determined to proceed to Rotterdam, and sent to procure horses and postillions for the purpose, after some delay came the horses with ropes tied to their tails, and two great heavy clumsy whiffing Dutch men, who took their own way in spite of us. They have no saddles to their horses, so that we were obliged to take John into the carriage; my band-box the coach-man insisted he would set upon, as a drivers seat, nor could all our entreaties, prevent him, the other mounted the leading horse without any saddle, thus equipped we set of. After proceeding a slow jog of about three miles an hour the fellow, who was on the fore horse overtook a companion, who was going to visit a friend about six miles distant, he jumped down and ordered the band-box coach man to drive on, and he and his companion took a seat behind the carriage jabbering and smoking all the way, stopping at every village to take a glass of gin. I felt very wroth, but your Papa assured me there was no remedy but patience, we had only 24 miles to go in order to reach Rotterdam, this took up the whole day, the roads being bad. The whole Country is a meadow and has a very singular appearance, what are called the dykes are roads raised above the canals, upon each side of which are planted rows of Willow Trees. I inquired frequently, for the great road supposing we were travelling some bye path, but found the whole Country the same till we reached Rotterdam. The Villages are scattered through the Country, and the meanest Cottage has a neatness which indicates good husbandry, the people appear well clothed, well fed, and well smoked; I do not mean that their complexions are unusually dark, I think them rather fair, but whether riding, or walking, rowing or otherwise employed, a long or a short pipe occupies them all. We reached Rotterdam about eight o clock, and put up for the night, at a tolerable Inn near the market, in which is a Statue, in Bronze of Erasmus who was a native of that place. The Country every where appears fertile. On Tuesday morning we set out for this place, which we reached about twelve o clock. We stopped at an Inn to get Lodgings, but were told that the whole house was taken up for Prince Ferdinand, brother to the Emperor, who was expected hourly; We then proceeded to the next best Inn, called the Marshal Turenne, where we now are. After adjusting our affairs, your Papa went in search of Mr Dumas, whom he soon found, but Alas, how unfortunate, Madam and Mademoiselle were gone to their Country house in Guilderland. I depended much on Miss Dumas, but fear I shall not see her. On Wednesday your Papa made his visits, and I made mine, to Lady Harris. The only minister who has a Lady here is the English, she returned my visit in a few hours, and we were invited to dine with them the next day, which was yesterday, accordingly we went. Sir James appears a friendly, social man, his Lady, who is about twenty five, is handsome, sociable, gay, she has fine eyes, and a delicate complexion. She asked me about Mrs B\u2014\u2014g, said Sir James had told her that she was very handsome. She has three fine children here, and one in England, she was married at seventeen. On Saturday we are to sup with the French Ambassador, and dine with him on Sunday. Your Papa dines with the Prussian minister on Saturday, and on Monday we propose going to Leyden where we shall spend a day or two, and proceed to Amsterdam, to pass the remainder of the week, the beginning of the week after we shall set our faces homeward. The Hague is quite desolate, the Court being all absent with the Prince. I forgot to mention to you the honour we received at Helvoet, viz, the ringing of the bells, and a military guard to wait upon us. We went one day to Delft to see the church, in which is a monument, and marble Statue of William the 1st. Prince of Orange, which is executed in a masterly style. On one hand is justice, on the other liberty, religion, and prudence, behind him stands Fame with her trumpet reaching forward, and balancing herself upon one toe. The figure is very expressive and cost as I was informed twelve thousand Ducat\u2019s. At the foot of William lies the marble statue of the dog who died for grief at the tomb of his master. Here is also a fine monument and Statue of Grotius, but I shall leave nothing to tell you when I return if I spin out my letter much longer, you see by its rough dress that I have neither pens or patience to Copy. We are going to the play and the necessary article of tea, obliges me to close. I hope to hear from you soon, direct under cover to Mr Dumas, as I know not where we shall be, it will be sufficient if you read this to the Col. I feel too proud to let him see it. I want to get back, yet have some curiosity to see all that this Country offers first. Your Papa says he ought to write to Billy as well as I to Nabby. Adieu Papa calls to tea again, and you know, that I must hasten. Love to you all and a Kiss for Billy. Yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0119", "content": "Title: Elizabeth Otis Brown to Abigail Adams, 11 August 1786\nFrom: Brown, Elizabeth Otis\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n      Madam\n      Sleaford August 11th. 86\n     As I have been in Daily expectations of seeing London, I have defered answering your Letter, meaning to pay my respects in person. But seeing by the Papers Mr: Adams is just on the eve of his departure for Spain I have taken up my pen to request the favour of you to inform me whether you have heard from Mr: or Mrs: Warren since you wrote last, I still remain in the same situation I was then in, not having heard since last August. Mr: Brown proposes being in London in the course of a Month when I mean to accompany him and if you are then in Town I will do myself the pleasure to call on you. My Compt: and best wishes attend you Mr: A. and Your Daughter and I am Madam Yr: Humbl: Servt\n      Eliz Brown", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0121", "content": "Title: Charles Storer to Abigail Adams, 15 August 1786\nFrom: Storer, Charles\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n      Boston. 15th. August. 1786\n     Pray, Madam, be carefull how you send Cards to your friends on this side the water another time. It seems that since you have mentioned Amelia\u2019s intended Connection, you have sent a Card, with something wound round it, on which was written an invitation to you and Mr: A\u2014\u2014 to dinner from Mr: and Mrs. Wm. Smith. This was taken for a certain Information of Amelia\u2019s having entered the marriage state, particularly, as on comparing it with her hand writing it was determined universally to be hers. Mrs: C. to whom this Card came enclosed shew it to every and all her friends, but it was generally wondered why you should send the intelligence in that way. I was not here when it arrived, but on my return it was talked of every where that Miss Adams was married, and this story of the Card was always alluded to as the proof. This same Card occasioned a good anecdote, which perhaps you may not have heard. Mrs: C. on receiving this Card put it upon the Clock, as you know is customary here. Mr: T: observing it, took it down and read it. He put it again in its place and turning to Miss Lucy, who was alone in the room, and meaning to apply to the weather which was then very unsettled, said \u201c\u2019tis a very changeable time Miss L\u2014\u2014\u201d \u201c Yes Mr: T. she replied, these are changeable times indeed.\u201d Without an other word he walked away. And apropos of this said Gentleman, your quondam favorite, You mention that Dr: T\u2014\u2014 has recovered every thing from him, belonging to Amelia, but I am assured from the best authority that it is missing a thing. I have mentioned it to the Dr: once or twice, but he always evades my enquiries. This entre nous, if you please.\n     You bid me tell you good news, Madam; but I am sorry it is not in my power so to do. We have just heard of the death of Prentiss Cushing in the W: Indies. He was taken ill one day and died the next. This acco\u2019t came but yesterday, so I suppose he is but lately dead.\n     From the political world neither can I give you any agreable intelligence. The devil I am afraid has got in among us, and I dread his soon throwing us into a state of anarchy and confusion. County Conventions and associations have been frequent of late, to point out modes of redress for grievances that the Constitution does not provide against. Handbills and Covenants are passing in several Counties, which are signed by many to league and defend each other against the operation of law and justice, and to shut up the Courts of Common Pleas. Some cry out for Paper money; tho\u2019 since the emission of a medium of this kind in Rhode-Island state we have had repeated accounts of robberies, quarrells and even of pitched battles with . If we are to come to this, the sooner the better, that we may know how it is to terminate. Our Sea Ports and the Country are at variance. The first shall be taxed and the latter go free. Be it so and may our docks be turned into fields. I believe too that, as a Country, we should do better. Then when we are all Country we shall all fare alike and each contribute in just proportion to the common support. Come what will, it must be right in the end.\n      I am, Madam, with much esteem Yrs: as ever,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0123", "content": "Title: John Quincy Adams to William Cranch, 20 August 1786\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Cranch, William\n      Cambridge Augt: 20th. 1786\n      You are, though living in a garret\n      No more a Poet, than a Parrot\n      At first you take a doggrel verse,\n      And, alexandrine then rehearse.\n      You hobble on, or wrong or right\n      With sometimes ten and sometimes eight.\n      By your own syllogistic rule\n      You must confess yourself a fool.\n      and if Bob Longer lacks of wit\n      He that is shorter must have it.\n      Besides I see you\u2019ve chang\u2019d your name\n      Because the first brought you to shame\n      And must certainly be wrong\n      Who now is short, and now is long.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0126", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams Smith to John Quincy Adams, 1 September 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail (daughter of JA and AA)\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n      London September 1st 86\n     At length after long expectation your No 16 has arrived. Capt Cushing Called yesterday upon us, and delivered the Letters for Pappa, and amongst them I found one from yourself which was the only Letter I received except 2 from Dr Welsh. I have been rather unfortunate respecting Letters, mine being so long delayd by being under Cover to Mr Storer that my friends one and all have taken up a resolution to write me no more. However, \u201ctis an ill wind that blows nobody any good.\u201d I have not the trouble to answer their Letters. I am determined to find some Consolation. Mr Austin Called upon us, a few days since he says that he Saw you at Commencement, and that you told him you had not time to write, by him. I will not Complain, because I know you will never omit an opportunity of writing with out some sufficient reason. Your Letters afford us all so much pleasure that it is a real disappointment when a ship arrives without any from you. Where is your Brothers Letters? is the question from Pappa, Mamma, my friend, and your Brother, I had rather read his than any of the rest follows\u2014and to me my Dear Brother they are inestimable\u2014every Letter strengthens that friendship which has subsisted ever since we have known each other and which I hope can never cease.\n     It gives me great pleasure to find that you Continue your attention to your Studies and that your Conduct is not marked with any of those youthfull follies, which would subject you to the observation of even the rigidly Wise. It might be Politick in you not to prejudice, the Heads of the University against you, by being satricical upon their foibles, and I could even wish for your own sake, that you could by an attention gain their esteem. But I know how Dificult it is to pay a proper attention to People, whom we can neither respect nor esteem the Mind revolts at the idea. I have often been impolitick myself upon this Subject, but I could never bring my Countenance or my actions, to oppose, the Sentiments which I possessd. I have allmost envyd some persons, that innocent and necessessary art which could conceal under the veil of politeness, the oppinions they possessd. I am inclined to beleive that it is in some implanted by the hand of Nature and that it is not to be acquired. At least your disposition nor mine, are not of that accomodating kind, to spend much time in the Study.\n     But I really think that from your own account you stand a great chance to read a Syllogism at your exit from Colledge, and I dont know a Person in the World who would be more mortified at it than yourself. Therefore my advice is for you to take care, and if possible to get the blind side of the\u2014so the saying is.\n     Sept 3d. sunday.\n     Pappa and Mamma have not yet returnd from Holland but we expect them to morrow or a Tuesday. Mamma writes me word that she is not pleased with the Country, there is such a want of her Dear Variety. She however says that if politeness and attention could render any place agreeable She should certainly be more pleased with Holland than any Country She has yet visitted. And after She has Crossed the Channell again she shall be very glad that She has made the Excursion. She will have a fine feast of Letters on her return which will I hope give her pleasure.\n     I have nothing important or interesting to tell you of at Present and yet I would not appear to be less attentive to my friends, and to you in particular than formerly. I believe you never travelled, much in this Country, except upon the roads from Dover and Hardwich, to London. There are certainly some of the finest scenes, and situations which appear to be formed for the Cultivation of the Muses. We lately made a little excursion of about 20 miles, to Salt Hill and Stainss, a few miles from Windsor. The Houses at which we put up, were finely situated upon the Borders of the Thames. They were beautifull by Nature, and there was very little appearance of Art. We sailed upon the river about 2 or 3 miles, and had the Prospect of some of the most rural romantick Scenes, that I ever beheld. The Gentlemen amused themselvs with fishing, and sometimes caught before ten oclock in the Morning 16 Dozen, of small Fish. Mr and Mrs Rucker Miss Ramsey Mr S. and myself were the party.\n     We went out on Fryday and returnd on Monday last, much pleased with our excursion at Stains. The river runs so near the House that we fishd from the Windows, the prospects arround them are perfectly romantick. Had you been with us, you might have indulged your passion for ryming. I am sure you would have been delighted with the visit\u2014and we wishd much for a Gallant for Miss R\u2014.\n     You have now, but a little time before you quit the University, at Least the time will soon fly. You are I Suppose fixed in your own mind what path to pursue, when you make your exit from thence. Mr Honestus will not frighten you from the Study you have allways appeard attachd to, I suppose. But have you formd any decissions with whom to Study. Is it not allmost time to propose the matter to your Father and to Communicate to your Sister the result of your determinations. I am greatly interested in every step which you may take, and I look forward, to that Period, when you shall have gone through the Couse of Study which is Customary to pursue and have in some degre established a Character as a Man of Business and knowledge. I have no fears respecting your Prudence, yet perhaps the most critical period has not yet arrived. But I hope from Natureall Disposition and long Habits you will be in no danger from the Dissipation of those who will allways indeavour to influence a young Mans Conduct and bring every one to their own Levell.\n     I fear that you do not pay attention enough to your Health. Remember if you once Loose this inestimable Good you may spend your future days in an indeavour to retreive it withing without affecting it. Exercise and some relaxation is absolutely, necessary. And tho you have no taste to see Strange sights, Yet as they may unbend the mind for a proper time from Study and, promote your Health I think it would be best to enter into some of those scence, which some embrace with avidity. However I must Commend your Taste in avoiding such unmeaning Crouded scenes as the one you mention. Where Pearsons can enjoy them they had better enter into them. I never had a taste for them myself and can easily account for your want Disposition to enjoy them.\n     With respect to myself it is not yet in my Power to decide my future destination whether I am to return to my own home or live in N Y\u2014is not determined. As I have never seen that Country I dont know that I shall not like it Better than my own and my friend not haveing veiwed the Massachusetts with any prospect of Settling there can not determine, till we return to America and visit them together. I beleive it would be in my Power to determine him in favour of the Latter but I have my doubts whether it would be right. I think a Man who quits his own State for another, Should be only a Man of Leasure and pleasure, that any Business or employment shold not be thought of, for if a Gentlemans Character is ever so well esteemd by those who know him there will allways exist certain prejudices and objections in the minds of those to whom he is a Stranger, which it must take time to remove and perhaps they can never be intirely oblitered. There will exist littl jealoussies, that he may be sill more attached to the part of the Country or place which he has left than the one he now inhabits. Rather than Subject a friend to any Such inconveniences, I prefer giving up, what ever pleasure I migh derive from renewing the acquaintanc and friendships of those, with whom my earliest attachments were formd. I know that I can be happy in any part of america, and I am Sure I shall find a family of friends, in his relations. At Present I am for Living at N Y,\u2014and then you see it would be so cleaver to return and Settle there and have you one of these Days come as a Member from the Massachusetts to Congress. We should be quite at home again. But alas this is looking too far forward, yet why shd we not indulge in, such a fancy if it can afford us Pleasure. There is a Gentleman here, Mr B, who is pleasing himself with the hope, of our going to my home.\n      Sunday September 24th.\n     Since I wrote you on the first our Parents have returnd from Holland. After a terible Passage of 4 days they Landed. Such a storm has not been known a long time 2 Vessells, that were nearer the Shore than the Packet were lost and but 2 persons saved from them. Mamma, is quite Sattisfied with this excursion and never wishes to see Holland again. She has been much sattisfied at the attention and politeness she has received from those Persons who were acquainted with Pappa. Madame and Mademoisell Dumas arrived only the evening before they left the Hague, which was a great Loss, you know. Madame D. was also in great affliction for the Loss of her Daughter in Law, who died a few weeks ago.\n     Since the return of our Friends we have been with them every day and much amused with Mammas account of Holland. I suppose she will give you an accout of her excursion.\n     Fletcher has arrived, but we have not yet received any Letters by him. I hope to find one.\n      October 12.\n     I hear of an opportunity for Boston on Saturday, and have taken my pen to Conclude my Letter, which has laid by so long. Altho I have not heard from you since the Month of june, I will not hesitate in writing. The day before yesterday being Tuesday the 10th, we dined at G S, in Company with, Mrs and Miss Smith from S\u2014\u2014 C\u2014\u2014a and Mr G S, who has but lately returnd from France. Mr Harrison who has been in some public Character from America to Spain, and who has arrived here with in a few days he brought Mamma a Letter from C Warren, written about a forghtnight before he died, in which he express his hopes of recovering his Health, and that mentiones the attention and kindness this Mr Harrison has Shewn to him, with gratitude. I have heard that he has left an excellent Character in Spain, he appears to be near forty years old, and a sedate Man. I was prejudiced in his favour from Mr W\u2014\u2014 Letter.\n     He was accompanied by a Coll. Eustace of whom I can only say, that he is a very handsome Man, a few marks of dissipation excepted. Mesrs Shippin Cutting and your friend Murry compleated the Company. I am sorry to say that Mr M\u2014\u2014 appears to me to have irretreavibly injured his Health by, dissipation you would Scarcely know him. He is thin, and instd of that degree of vivacity which used to animate him. There is a kind of Langour taken its place. He talks of going to America soon and I beleive nothing else will save him nor even that unless temperance and regularity are persued by him. Mr Cutting and himself made themselvs very agreeable. The former you know, is called Witty, and your friend is not deficient in Smartness, so that we were quite entertained with thier repartees. Mr Cutting is too sensible of his own tallents and takes too often opportunitys to discover them to be perfectly pleasing. He talks too much and to Loud. The observation General Lee made upon him was I think perfectly just\u2014that he was the Happiest Man in the World\u2014for he was perfecty in Love with himself and had not a rival in the World. Mr Shippin you do not know, he is Modest Sensible and agreeable, and I think appears to more advantage from being in some degree a Contrast to his Companion. They dine at G S, every Sunday.\n     We are going this Eve, to Covent Garden Thatre to see an old Man of Ninty years-old play the part of the Jew in the Merchant of Venice. Mrs Siddons plays also this Eveng Isobela but we have engaged a Box, at Covent Garden, and so are obliged to go.\n     My paper scarce leaves me room to desire you to send me a lock of your Hair, by the first opportunity. Yours affectionately\n      A Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0127", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Mary Smith Cranch, 12 September 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Cranch, Mary Smith\n      My Dear Sister\n      London Sepbr 12th 1786\n     I am again safe arrived in this city after an absence of five weeks. By the last vessels I wrote Some of my Friends that I was going to visit Holland. That I had a desire to see that Country you will not wonder at, as one of those Theatres upon which my Partner and fellow traveller had exhibited some of his most important actions, and renderd to his country lasting Blessing. It has been the policy of some of our Allies, to keep as much as possible those events out of Sight and of some of our Countrymen to lessen their value in the Eyes of mankind. I have seen two Histories of the American War written in French, and one lately publishd in English by a mr Andrews. In one of them no notice is taken, or mention made of our Alliance with Holland, and the two others mention it, as slightly as possible, and our own Countrymen set them the example. France be sure was the first to acknowledge our independance, and to aid us with Men and money, and ought always to be first-rank\u2019d amongst our Friends. But Holland surely ought not to be totally neglected. From whence have we drawn our supplies for this five years past, even to pay to France the interest upon her loan, and where else could we now look in case of a pressing emergincy? Yet have I observed in Sermons upon publick occasions in orations &c France is always mentiond with great esteem. Holland totally neglected. This is neither policy or justice. I have been led to a more particular reflection upon this subject from my late visit to that Country. The respect, attention civility and politeness which we received from that people, where ever we went, was a striking proof not only of their personal esteem, but of the Ideas they entertain with respect to the Revolution which gave birth to their connection with us, and laid as they say, the foundation for their Restoration to priviledges which had been wrested from them and which they are now exerting themselves to recover. The Spirit of Liberty appears, to be all alive in them, but whether they will be able to accomplish their views, without a scene of Blood and carnage, is very doubtfull.\n     As to the Country, I do not wonder that Swift gave it the name of Nick Frog, tho I do not carry the Idea so far as some, who insist that the people resemble the frog in the shape of their faces and form of their Bodies. They appear to be a well fed, well Cloathed contented happy people, very few objects of wretchedness present themselves to your view, even amidst the immence Concourse of people in the city of Amsterdam. They have many publick institutions which do honour to Humanity and to the particular directors of them. The Money allotted to benevolent purposes, is applied Solely to the benifit of the Charities, instead of being wasted and expended in publick dinners to the Gaurdians of them which is said to be the case too much in this Country. The civil government or police of that Country must be well Regulated, since rapine Murder nor Robery are but very seldom found amongst them.\n     The exchange of Amsterdam is a great curiosity, as such they carried me to see it. I was with mr van Staphorst, and tho the croud of people was immence, I met with no difficulty in passing through, every person opening a passage for me. The exchange is a large Square surrounded with piazza. Here from 12 till two oclock, all and every person who has buisness of any kind to transact meet here, sure of finding the person he wants, and it is not unusal to see ten thousand persons collected at once. I was in a Chamber above the exchange, the Buz from below was like the Swarming of Bees.\n     The most important places which I visited were Roterdam, Delpt the Hague Leyden Harlem Amsterdam and utrech. I was through many other villages and Towns, the Names I do not recollect. I was 8 days at the Hague and visited every village round it, amongst which is Scaven, a place famous for the Embarkation of king Charles. From Utrech I visited Zest, a small Town belonging wholy to the Moravians, who mantain the same doctrines with the Moravians at Bethelem in Pensilvana, but which are not the best calculated for fulling the great command of replenishing the earth. I visited Gouda and saw the most celebrated paintings upon Glass which are to be found. These were immence window reaching from the Top to the bottom of a very high Church and containd Scripture History. Neither the faces or attitudes, had any thing striking, but the coulours which had stood for near two hundred years were beautiful beyond imagination. From Amsterdam we made a party one day to Sardam a few hours Sail only, it was their anual Fair, and I had an opportunity of seeing the people in their Holly day Suits. This place is famous for being the abode of the Czar Peter whose ship Carpenter shop they Still Shew. At every place of Note, I visited the Cabinets of paintings Natural History and all the publick buildings of distinction, as well as the Seats of several private gentlemen, and the Princ of oranges House at the Hague where he holds his Court during the Summer Months, but the difference which subsists between him and the States, occasiond his retreat to Loo, concequently I had no opportunity of being presented to that Court. We were invited to dine one Day at Sir James Harris\u2019s the British Minister at that Court, who appears a very sensible agreeable Man. Lady Harris who is about 24 years old may be ranked with the first of English Beauties. She was married at seventeen and has four fine Children, but tho very pretty, her Ladyship has no dignity in her manners or solidity in her deportment. She rather Seems of the good humourd gigling class, a mere trifler, at least I saw nothing to the contrary. I supped at the Marquiss de Verac the French Ambassadors with about 50 gentlemen and Ladies. His own Lady is dead, he has a Daughter in Law who usually lives with him, but was now absent in France. Upon the whole I was much gratified with my excursion to a Country which cannot Shew its like again. The whole appearence of it is that of a Medow, what are calld the dykes, are the roads which being raised, Seperate the canals, upon these you ride, through Rows of Willow Trees upon each side, not a Hill to bee seen. It is all a continued plain, so that Trees medows and canals, Canals trees and medows are the unvaried Scene. The Houses are all Brick and their streets are paved with Brick. It is very un\u00adusual to see a Single Square of glass broken; or a brick out of place even in the meanest House. They paint every peice of wood within, and without their houses, and what I thought not so wholsome, their milk pails are painted within and without, and So are their Horse carts, but it is upon a principal of economy. The Country is exceeding fruitfull and every house has a Garden Spot, plentifully stored with vegetables. The dress of all the Country people is precisely the same that it was two Hundred years ago, and has been handed down from generation to Generation unimpaird. You recollect the Short peticoats and long short Gowns, round ear\u2019d caps with Strait borders and large Straw Hats which the german woman wore when they first Setled at Germantown. Such is now the dress of all the lower class of people who do not even attempt to imitate the Gentry. I was pleas\u2019d with the trig neatness of the women, many of them wear black tammy Aprons, thick quilted coats or russel Skirts, and Small hoops, but only figure to yourself a child of 3 or four drest in the Same way. They cut a figure I assure you. Gold earrings are universally worn by them and Bracelets upon Holly days. The dress of the Men is full as old fashiond, but the Court and Geenteel people dress part English and part French. They generally Speak both the languages, but French most. Since their intercourse with America, the English Language is considerd as an essential part of education. I would not omit to mention that I visited the Church at Leyden in which our forefathers worshipd when they fled from hierarchical tyranny and percecution. I felt a respect and veneration upon entering the Doors, like what the ancients paid to their Druids.\n     Upon my return home I found that Captain Cushing had arrived in my absence, and a noble packet was handed me by your Neice soon after I arrived, but as we had not seen each other for 5 weeks, we had much to say. And in addition to that I had not closed my Eyes for two days and nights, having had a Stormy Boisterous passage of 3 days attended with no small danger, and as I had rode seventy five miles that day, they all voted against my opening my Letters that Night. Mortifying as it was I submitted, being almost light headed with want of rest, and fatigue. But I rose early the Next morning, and read them all before Breakfast. And here let me thank my dear sister for the entertainment hers afforded me, but like most of the Scenes of Life, the pleasure was mixed with pain. The account of the Death of our Dear and Worthy Aunt, reach\u2019d me in a Letter from Cousin W. Smith the week before I went my journey.\n     Altho I took a final leave of her when I quitted America, yet I have been willing to flatter myself with the hope that I might be mistaken, and that her Life would be prolonged beyond my expectations. How often has her Image appeard to me in the Same Form that she addrest me when I left her House. You know how susceptable her Heart was to every tender impression. She saw how much I was distresst, and strove herself for a magninimity that gave to her whole appearence a placid Solemnity which spoke more forcibly than words. There was a Something undecribable, but which to me seemd Angelick in her whole manner and appearence that most powerfully impressd my mind; and I could not refrain when I arrived here mentioning it, to mr Smith who I dare say will recollect it. Like the Angle she then appeard, she now really is, fitted by a Life of piety and benevolence to join her kindred Spirits, she has left us her example and the Memory of her Many virtues to Comfort our afflicted Hearts\u2014Beloved, Regreated and Lamented! She was like a Parent to me, and my full Heart has paid the tributary Tears to her Memory.\n     Cut of in early Life, and under circumstances peculiarly distressing is the young Branch of a family who never before experienced an affliction of this kind. The Tree fell whilst the Branch survived to keep alive the source from whence their Sorrows Spring. When you see the family, remember me affectionately to them. My Heart feels for all their sorrows. Nor am I without a Share of Sympathy for the family distresses of a Gentleman who not withstanding his follies I cannot but feel for. I know there is in his disposition a strange mixture, there is benevolence and kindness without judgment, good Sense without prudence and learning without conduct. Early in Life that man might have been moulded into a valuable vessel, in the hands of a steady and Skilfull Master. Let all remembrance of his connection with this family cease, by a total Silence upon the Subject. I would not, add to his mortification, or be the means of giving him a moments further pain. My Friends will do me a kindness by stricktly adhering to this request. I wish him well and happy.\n     Adieu my dear Sister I Shall write you soon, more fully upon the subjects of your Letters. Remember me affectionately to my dear and aged Parent for whom I have purchased a tabinet. It is more costly than a silk, but I thought more suteable for her years. I shall send it by the first opportunity. Should any offer sooner than Cushing I shall forward this Letter.\n     I know not to whom we are indebted for the Chocolate, by cap\u00adtain cushings prudence in taking it out and getting it on shore a few pounds at a time we Saved it, tho he poor Man has had his vessel seaizd and been put to much difficulty and trouble. The Chocolate came very opportunely. Mr Adams was just mourning over his last pound. You see I have only room to add Yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0128", "content": "Title: Charles Storer to Abigail Adams, 12 September 1786\nFrom: Storer, Charles\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n      Dear Madam\n      Boston. 12th. September. 1786\n     So I see by the papers that Amelia has become Mrs: Smith, and this the 12th. of June. The news came by the way of Philadelphia, and the first intelligence I had was from our News-Papers. By Callahan, who is expected here every day from London, I hope it will be announced to us officially. Joy to her and to you all! May it be attended with every blessing and pleasure the sanguine wish can paint. When you write, please to give me the particulars, and where she lives; that I may go and see her. I can find her out in almost any part of London or Westminster, the Burrough or St: George\u2019s fields.\n     In my last I find I was a little too hasty in a peice of intelligence I forwarded to you, in regard to a certain discarded Gentleman. From the same authority that I received the former information, I have since received the contrary; agreable to the Communication you made to me in your last. I congratulate both you and Amelia on the occasion.\n     In a day or two I shall leave this place for my new settlement, where from many Circumstances I am anxious to get myself established. Though few join me in my expectations, yet I promise myself much satisfaction and happiness. If viewed in any point of light I think I shall change my situation for the better. On the score of tranquillity, peace and independance, I gain infinitely more at Passamaquoddy than here. On the idea of Agriculture, I am persuaded that he who tills an Acre of ground at this time does more real service to the Commonwealth, than he who imports a thousand Pounds worth of Gewgaws. And as to the quitting Society, in truth what do I lose? The sight of many a fine and showy outside, where I am sure is contained the cruellest heartacke and distraction. Therefore I only part with folly and extravagance, and tell me shall I be a loser, go where I will? Many times has the Question been put to me, what will you do down in that wilderness without society, you, that have passed thro\u2019 so many gayer scenes? In good truth Madam, and this is the answer I constantly make, when a person has a good object in view, and is persuaded that he is pursuing the line of his duty, I think he may be happy anywhere\u2014be it in the City or in the wilderness. Do you approve the Sentiment, Madam? I feel as if you did.\n     I am happy to inform you that your family enjoy their usual health, and also all our other friends. To Mr: Adams I refer you for public news, to whom I shall write on the subject. I could wish to talk with him; for such news have we at present as is most alarming. Heaven defend us from Anarchy and Confusion!!\n     Mr: Martin, who will deliver you this is a Kinsman of our family. He is fm Portsmo. We esteem him a worthy man, and as such I beg your notice of him, which will equally gratify him and oblige Yr: assured friend & humle: servt:\n      Chas: Storer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0129", "content": "Title: Mary Smith Cranch to Abigail Adams, 24 September 1786\nFrom: Cranch, Mary Smith\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n      My dear sister\n      Braintree September 24th 1786\n     In my last I told you I suppos\u2019d your Son Thomas would enter college at the end of the vacancy. He did so, and enter\u2019d with honour. He could not have a chamber in college this year, but he has a very good one at mr Sewalls, and boards with the Family. It is not so well as boarding in college, but it was the best thing we could do. We have furnish\u2019d his chamber with Cousin Charles Furniture. It was no easy thing to get him\u2014(Cousin Tom) into a place we lik\u2019d. One ask\u2019d too much and another had Boarders we did not like he should be connected with\u2014and others were full already. The Doctor and I spent two days in Cambridge before we could get a place to our minds. I went with Betsy last week to see mrs Fuller, and Coll Hull and Lady, and I return\u2019d through Cambridge, our sons were well. Cousin JQA had been unwell, a bad Swiming in his head attended With a sick stomack occation\u2019d I believe by want of exercise and too close application to his studies. His cousin and Brothers complain that they cannot get him out. I talk\u2019d to him of the necessaty of walking and some relaxation. I Shall see him again this week and shall give him a puke if he has a return of it. Judge Fuller and Lady were well. Mrs Fuller desir\u2019d me to tell you that she sent her most affectionate regards to you and hop\u2019d to see you again in your own country. She was with her Daughter who is in a poor State of health her lungs are dissorder\u2019d. She has three children two Daughters and a son, but the poor little Fellow was very sick. He is a Beautiful Boy about six months old. The colln. has a fine countinance and is a fine Figure. They appear to be very happy. She has an excellent temper and inherites her mamas benevolence. They live near Watertown Bridge, have a very hansome house, and tis very well furnish\u2019d. She is much improv\u2019d by her camp life. Coll. Hull is acquainted with Coll Smith and told me more about him than any body I have seen. He was brought up with Coll Humphries and expects him in a few days upon a visit and has promis\u2019d to bring him to see us.\n     As I was siting in my chamber the other day mr wibird came into the House, in a few minutes I heard him tell Betsy that Her Cousin Nabby was married, that oaks Angier was dead, and that mrs P\u2014\u2014l\u2014\u2014r was brought to Bed. I Was rejoic\u2019d at the first, felt solemn at the Second, and was astonish\u2019d at the last peice of news. Accept my congratulations my dear sister. I hope the dear girl will be happy, but I cannot bear the Idea of your leaving her in Europe. I have not yet been call\u2019d to part with any of my children, but I think it must be very hard to do it. I am impatient to recieve Letters from you. If the disunited State of america will forward your return, you will be here soon. We are all in confusion and what will be the conseiquence I know not. Anarchy I fear. The excess of Liberty which the constituton gave the People has ruin\u2019d them. There is not the least energy in goverment. You will see by the Publick Prints in what manner the Mob have stop\u2019d the courts, and open\u2019d Jails and what their list of grievences are. There must be more Power Some where or we are ruin\u2019d, but how to acquire it is the question.\n     The People will not pay their Tax, nor their debts of any kind, and who shall make them? These things affect us most severly. Mr Cranch has been labouring for the Publick for three or four years without receiving Scarcly any pay. The Treasury has been So empty that he could not get it, and now my Sister there is not a penay in it. The Publick owe us three Hundred pound and we cannot get a Shilling of it, and if the People will not pay their Tax how Shall we ever get it. An attendenc upon the court of common pleas was the only thing that has produc\u2019d any cash for above two year: part of this always went to pay Billys quarter Bills. If we had not liv\u2019d with great caution we must have been in debt, a thing I dread more than the most extream Poverty. Mr Cranch is very dull, says he must come home and go to watch mending and Farming and leave the publick business to be transacted by those who can afford to do it without pay. What will be the end of these things I am not Politition enough to say, they have a most gloomy appearence.\n     I believe I told you in a former Letter that mr Angier was in a consumtion. He did not Suppose himself dangirious till three days before he dy\u2019d. He then Sent for mr Reed his minister and wish\u2019d to have his children Baptis\u2019d, but did not live to have it done. This is all I have heard about him.\n     We live in an age of discovery. One of our acquaintance has discover\u2019d that a full grown, fine child may be produc\u2019d in less than five months as well as in nine, provided the mother should meet with a small fright a few hours before its Birth. You may laugh: but it is true. The Ladys Husband is so well satisfied of it that he does not seem to have the least suspicion of its being otherways, but how can it be? for he left this part of the country the beginning of september last, and did not return till the Sixth of April, and his wife brought him this fine Girl the first day of the present Month. Now the only difficulty Seems to be, whether it is the product of a year, or twenty weeks. She affirms it is the Latter, but the learned in the obstretick Art Say that it is not possible. The child is perfect large and Strong. I have seen it my sister: it was better than a week old tis true, but a finer Baby I never Saw. It was the largest she ever had her Mother says. I thought So myself, but I could not say it. It was a matter of So much Speculatin that I was determin\u2019d to see it. I went with trembling Steps, and could not tell whether I should have courage enough to see it till I had Knock\u2019d at the Door. I was ask\u2019d to walk up, by, and was follow\u2019d by her Husband. The Lady was seting by the side of the Bed suckling her Infant and not far from her \u2014\u2014 with one sliper off, and one foot just step\u2019d into the other. I had not seen him since last May. He look\u2019d, I cannot tell you how. He did not rise from his seat, prehaps he could not. I spoke to him and he answer\u2019d me, but hobble\u2019d off as quick as he could without saying any thing more to me. There appear\u2019d the most perfect harmony between all three. She was making a cap and observ\u2019d that She had nothing ready to put her child in as she did not expect to want them so Soon. I made no reply\u2014I could not. I make no remarks. Your own mind will furnish you with sufficient matter for Sorrow and joy, and many other sensations, or I am mistaken.\n      Adieu yours affectionately", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0130", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to John Quincy Adams, 27 September 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n      My Dear son\n      London Sepbr 27. 1786\n     Since I wrote you last I have made two excursions one to Holland, and one of a Week to the Hyde the seat of mr Brand Hollis. Here I was both entertaind and delighted. In the first place I must describe mr Hollis to you. He is a Neat, nice Batchelor of about 50 years old a learned Sensible Antiquarian. The late mr Hollis whose Name he bears could not have chosen a better Representitive to have bestowed his Mantle upon, for with it, has descended that Same Love of Liberty, Benevolence and phylanthropy which distinguishd his Worthy Benefactor. At the entrance of the Hall you discover the prevaling taste. There are a Number of Ancient Busts, amongst which is one of Marcus Aurelias who is a great favorite of mr Hollis\u2019s. He told us that all the great Painters who had drawn Jesus Christ, had taken the Busts of Marcus Aurelias as a modle. There is a fine white Marble Bust of the late mr Hollis in this collection. This Hall is large and Spacious and has been added to the House by mr Brand Hollis since the Death of his Father, who left it to him. The Chamber where we lodged was hung round with portraits of his family. It is at one end of the House, and from two windows in front and one at the end, we had a Beautifull view of Lawns and glades, clumps of Trees and stately Groves, and a peice of Water full of fish. The borders of the walks in the pleasure grounds, are full of rare Shrubs and trees, to which America has contributed her full proportion. To give you Some Idea of the Singularity in which this good man discovers his taste, near the walk from his door to the road, he has a large and beautifull Furr, which he calls Dr Jebb. Having pailed this Tree in with a neat ornament, he has consecrated it to the memory of that excellent Man, with whom I had only the pleasure of a short acquaintance before he was call\u2019d to the Regions of immortality. He possess\u2019d an excellnt understanding an unshaken  integrity, and a universal benevolence and was one of the few firm and steady Friends to America. Cut of in middle age, he left a com\u00adpanion endowed with an understanding Superiour to most of her Sex, always in delicate Health but now a prey to the most peircing Grief which will shortly close the Scene with her. They had no children and being wholy a domestick woman, the pleasures of the world have no realish for her. Her Friends have at length prevaild with her to go into the Country for a few weeks.\n     But to return to mr Hollis\u2019s curiosities in his Garden he has a tall Cypress which he calls General Washington, and an other by its side which he has named for col Smith, as his aid du Camp. This Gentleman possesses a taste for all the fine Arts. In architecture Palladio is his oracle, amongst his paintings, are several of the first masters, over his Chimny in his cabinet are four small Portraits which he told me were his Hero his General his Phylosopher and his writer. Marcus Aurelias was his General, His Hero\u2014pardon me I have forgotton him, Plato was his writer, and Hutchinson his Phylosopher, who was also his preceptor. Mr Hollis speaks of him with great veneration and affection. In the dinning room is a Luxurient picture for a Batchelor, a venus and adonis by Rembrant, and two views of a Modern date; of the estate in dorsetshire which the late mr Hollis gave him. As there is only a Farm House upon it he never resides there. There are three pastures belonging to it, which are call\u2019d Hollis, Mede, and Brand. In Hollis Pasture are the remains of its late owner, who left it as an order which was faithfully execcuted, to be buried there and ten feet deep, the ground to be ploughd up over his Grave that not a Monument, or stone should tell where he lay. This was whimsical and Singular be sure; but Singularity was his Characteristick, as many of his Works shew.\n     Between mr Hollis\u2019s drawing room and his Library is a small cabinet, which he calls the Boudoir which is full of curiosities, amongst them a dagger made of the Sword which kill\u2019d Sir Edmundburry Godfrey and an inscription\u2014Memento Godfrey, proto Martyr, pro Religione protestantium. In every part of the House you see mr Holliss owl Cap of Liberty and dagger. In this cabinet is a Silver cup with a cover in the Shape of an owl with two rubies for Eyes. This peice of Antiquity was dug up at Canterbury from ten feet depth; and is considerd as a Monkish conceit. Amongst the curiosities in this room is a collection of Duodcimo prints to the Number of 45 of all the orders of Nuns, which mr Bridgen purchased Some Years ago in the Austerion Netherlands and presented to mr Hollis. Mr Bridgen has lately Composed some verses which are placed by the Side of them. The Idea is that banish\u2019d from Ger\u00admany by the Emperor, they have taken an assylum at the Hyde, in Sight of the Druids, the Portico of Athens, and the venerable remains of Egyptian Greek and Roman Antiquities. I would not omit the mention of a curious Medallion on which is wrought a Feast of all the Heathen Gods and Goddesses Sitting round a table. Jupiter throws down upon the middle of it, one of his thunder bolts flaming at each end with Lightning. He lights his own pipe at it, and all the rest follow his example venus Minerva and diana are whiffing away. This is the first time I ever conceived tobaco an ingredient in the Feast of the Celestials. It must have been the invention of Some dutch Man. As select and highly honourd Friends we were admitted into the Library, and to a view of the Miltonian Cabinet. In this he has the original edition of Miltons works; and every other to the present day. His Library his pictures Busts Medals coins, Greek Roman Carthaginian and Egyptian, are really a selection, as well as a collection, of most rare and valuable curiosities. In the early part of his Life, he visited Rome Itally, and many other Countries. His fortune is easy, and as he has lived a Batchelor his time is occupied wholy by the Sciences. He has a Maiden sister of 45 I should judge; who lives with him when he is in the Country. They each of them own a House in Town and live seperatt during the Winter. Miss Brand is curious in China, and in Birds. She has a peice of all the different manufacters of porcelane made in this kingdom, either a cup or bowl a Mug or a Jar. She has also a variety of Singing Birds. But what I esteem her much more for, is that she has taken from the Streets half a dozen poor children cloathed them and put them to school. This is doing good not only to the present but, future generations. Tis really curious to See how the taste of the Master, has pervaded all the family. John the Coachman, has a small garden spot which he invited me to see. Here were a collection of curious flowers and a little grotto filld with fosils and shells. The Gardner whose House stands within a few rods of the Mansion House, is Bee Mad. He has a Great number of Glass Hives in which you may see the Bees at work, and he shew me the Queens cell. He handles the bees as one would flies, they never sting him. He insists that they know him, and will, with great fluency read you a lecture of an Hour upon their Laws and Government. He has an invention of excluding the drones who are larger Bees than the rest, and when once out of the Hive they cannot return.\n     It would require a whole volm to enumerate to you all that was Worthy attention, and had you been one of the visitors I dare say you would collected a larger stock of improvement, and been much more minute than I have been in my account of curiosities, but I could not remember amidst Such a variety. I inclose you a drawing of the House which mr Hollis gave me.\n     My visit to Holland was agreeable but to your Aunt Cranch I must refer you for particulars. Madam Dumar and Miss were absent upon her estate untill the evening before I came away. I call\u2019d to pay them a visit, and had a very cordial reception; Mr dumas speaks of you with great affection, as well as Madam, and Miss Dumas look\u2019d kind. The Marquis de Verac, inquired after you with great politeness; said you was interpretor for him and mr Dana, when you was at Petersburgh, and that if I was drest in your Cloaths, he should have taken me for you. Years excepted, he should have added, but that was a Mental reservation. He is Ambassador at the Hague.\n     Captain Fletcher is arrived since I began this letter, and by the last Letters from my Friends I find that they had concluded upon your Brother Tommy\u2019s examination. If he is fit, I am not sorry that he has enterd. We might find it more difficult to carry you all through colledge if your Pappa was totally out of employ. How soon that may be I know not. Whatever additional expence we have been at here, has never been considerd, nor will be whilst so many demands are pressing from all quarters upon Congress. Neither Your Father or I wish to have you or your Brothers pinched in any reasonable expenditure. Your Friends Speak of you both as prudent and circumspect. Such I hope you will continue. I will send you from hence any article you want within my power, when ever you let me know what it is. Books have been heitherto your only object, and all have been Sent that you requested. Your sister will write you by Captain Cushing who will Sail this Month. I heard of the present opportunity but a day or two ago, and I have no other letters ready. I have been Sick ever since I returnd from Holland with the fall Disorder, hope I have got the better of it now as the Fever has left me.\n     Remember me affectionately to Your Brothers, and to all other Friends and believe me most tenderly your ever affectionate Mother\n      October 14.\n     Inclosed you will find a medal of his present Majesty, as you have no great affection for him you may exchange it for any property you like better.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0132", "content": "Title: Elizabeth Smith Shaw to Abigail Adams, 1 October 1786\nFrom: Shaw, Elizabeth Smith,Peabody, Elizabeth Smith Shaw\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n      My Dear Sister\n      Haverhill October 1st. 1786\n     This Day is the Aniversary of Eleven Years since our dear Mother left us poor Pilgrims, to sojourn here a little longer upon Earth, while she (as we trust) went to spend an eternal Sabbath in the blissful regions of immortality. The anual return of those Days, upon which some beloved Friend has been taken from me, I devote more particularly to the recollection of their amiable Qualities, and their many Virtues. I bedew their Ashes with a grateful, reverential, tender, silent Tear.\u2014And while my Memory lasts,\n      \u201cshe shall a while repair,\n      To dwell a weeping Hermit there.\u201d\n     I closed my last-Letter telling you, that your and our Thomas B. A. would leave us the next morning. I now have the pleasure of informing you that he acquited himself honorably, and was received without any dificulty. Mr Shaw carried him to Braintree, and left him there. It was not possible for love, nor money to get a Chamber in Colledge, and Doctor Tufts has put him to board with Mr Sewall. I hope the dear Lad will continue to deserve the Love of every one. Mr Shaw was exceeding fond of him, and I tell him, really pines after his Nephew.\n     My Uncle Smith, and Cousin Betsy, Brother and Sister Cranch have made me a visit. It really grieved me to see my Uncle so dejected. His Voice had that mournful Cadence, and was upon that key, which bespeaks our solicitude, and pity. He appeared to have a bad cold, and I observed to him, that I feared he had not eat a sufficient quantity of food to support him. \u201cYes Child I have, (said he) but my food, nor my Sleep does not seem to do the good it used to\u2014Nothing appears to me as it did once.\u201d Indeed, my Cousin Betsy, and he, both are deeply affected by their late Bereavment. My Uncle is not one of those passionate Mourners who easily throw of their Weeds, and dry up their Tears in the Bosom of another Love. But he is a good man, and behaves with dignity, and discovers proper magnimity, and Resignation of Mind, to the sovereign Disposer of Events.\n     Mr Allens Family all dined here, on a Saturday and we returned the compliment the next Monday. As her Freinds, and Relations are nearly the same with mine, I think they can make an agreeable division of their Time between us. Uncle, and his Daughter, Brother and Sister went home through Newbury, and I hear Sisters health is much better for her Journey.\n     I wish my Brother, and Sister Adams could as easily make me a Visit. Thy Sister would indeed, with pleasure \u201cgreet thy entering voice.\u201d\u2014But ah me! mountains rise, and Oceans roll between us. You are doing good:\u2014that is my Consolation\u2014and that, is what I heard Betsy Quincy tell her Brother, God sent him into the world for, and all the rest of the Folks. I often tell my little Daughter, I wish she would do half so well herself, as she teaches, or pretends to teach Others.\n     When I closed my last letter to you, I had many more things to say, and I then intended to have begun another immediately, but since that time we have had somebody sick in the Family, though none with a settled Fever till about three weeks ago a Scholar of Mr Shaws, the Son of Dr Simon Tufts was seized with a Cold, which threw him into a fever upon his Lungs. He never set up, and had his Cloaths on for fiveteen Days, and what rendered it peculiarly distressing to me, was that his Father was in the last stages of a Consumption and it was not posible for his Parents to see him. His Mother was so overcome with the news of her Sons illness, that she almost fainted away. Poor Woman her Situation was indeed distress\u00ading. Every little while the Dr bleeds extreamly, and every turn they fear will be the Last. So that she could not leave him, unless we had been very desirous of her coming. But Hall Tufts was very good to take medicine, and was very easy with my Care, which was some releif to my Mind. I have endeavoured that he should not suffer for the want of maternal tenderness, and he is now recovering as fast as any one could expect. How pleasureable it is, to tend upon a person, when we can smile, and say, \u201cthey are much better.\u201d I hear that Quincy Thaxter, and his sister Nancy were married at Mr Gays house. QT to a Miss Cushing, and N.T. to her Cousin.\n     The young widower Cushing, they say is courting his Sister Betsy Thaxter, but I can hardly believe it.\n     Miss Nabby Bishop is published, do you see, and is going to be married to Dr Archelaus Putman, a Nephew of Dr Putmans of Salem a Gentleman of independant Fortune.\n     Mr Shaw talks of going to Bridgwater in about a week or fortnight, and we shall hear more as we pass through the Town. Perhaps I may pick up some anecdotes that may amuse you. At present my thoughts are not very bright, they have of late been so contracted, and absorbed in a dark, Chamber, arround a sick bed, that I believe I need some relaxation, and diversion to call up my Spirits.\n     Mr Thaxter and Miss Betsy are going to Boston next week. We have chosen him one of the Commitee, to answer an address of the Select men of Boston. I think he has drawn one that will do him honour.\n     At present our States are in a dissagreeable Situation. The time is now come, for all to know, what manner of Spirits we are of, and whether we will support Government or not. The Court meet at Newbury the", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0133", "content": "Title: Mary Smith Cranch to Abigail Adams, 8 October 1786\nFrom: Cranch, Mary Smith\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n      Dear Sister\n      Braintree october 8th 1786\n     I last evening receiv\u2019d your kind Letter by the Way of new york and most heartily congratulate you upon the marriage of your only Daughter. It is a very desirable thing to see our children happily Settled in the world. Your anxietys for my dear Niece for several years have been very many and great. They are I hope now all at an end, at least of such a kind. No state is exempt from troubles, and those which our children suffer are keenly felt by a tender Parent. The character you have given of coll. Smith Seems to insure her from any but what are unavoidable in the happiest marriages. They have my warmest wishes for their Happiness and prosperity. I do not wonder you felt agitated at giving your Daughter away. I think I Should tremble at such an event as much as I did when I gave myself away. My dear neice must have discover\u2019d the difference between a real and feign\u2019d attachment, though her good nature and delicacy may have prevented her making the comparison, but if I am to believe a Lady where \u2014\u2014 Boarded last Fall his was real also. His mortification and rage were real I believe. I never doubted it. \u201cShe veryly thought he would have gone distracted.\u201d \u201cHe put no Such airs on here, he too well knew we were not to be deceiv\u2019d.\u201d We were us\u2019d to call things by their right names. The violent Passion which he put himself into, the day you left us, excited no emotion in the beholders, but contempt. It procur\u2019d him no pity, no gentle soothings from the girls. They knew not how to adminster comfort to a Person Who could thro himself upon the Floor\u2014upon the couch\u2014and upon the chairs, and bawl like a great Boy who had misbehav\u2019d and was oblig\u2019d to go to school without his dinner. Never did I see JQA laugh in such a manner as when he was told of this scene. Meeting with Such unfeeling companions then, he had no incouragment to seek consolations from them again. Both your and our Family are represented as treating him very ill. \u201cIf he was to blame for neglecting her so long he wrote her a long letter in vindication of himself,\u201d and at my expence as well as that of others of her correspondence who never mention\u2019d his name said I.\u201d \u201cWhy he thought somebody must have been enjuring him so She never would have treated him in such a manner only for not writing to her.\u201d That was not all, and he knows it.\u201d \u201cWell he has Suffer\u2019d for it I am sure, poor creature. He had nobody but me to open his mind too,\u201d and happy had it been for you and yours if he had not open\u2019d so much of it to you unhappy woman I could have said. \u201cShe has not better\u2019d herself by what I can hear: my Brother and Sister know him, and say he is a man of no abilities and is of no profession and in any thing will not bear a comparison with.\u201d \u201cI hope not in good truth, was what I thought.\u201d I said I knew him not, but I had receiv\u2019d a good character of him from every one I had inquir\u2019d of, who did, that he had been long enough in your Family for mr Adams to form an opinion of him and I believ\u2019d he Was as capable of forming a Judgment of his character and his abilities as any one She had receiv\u2019d her inteligence from: and that you were Satisfied as to both. How could She talk thus to me about Persons one of Whom I have reason to think, She had better never Seen. I hope the coll will come and give them the lie. When you lay all three of my Letters together you will think of the Pupil of Pleasure, of Philip Sedley and be thankful. Is it not astonishing that he should be continu\u2019d in the Family and no notice taken? Some think it is not because, tis not severly felt, but that he is so unhappily circumstanced that he cannot resent it, and some say they have made a bargain. I could give you some curious annecdotes of last Winters gallantry in this Town: I did hint it then I was affraid to do more. A Friend interposed and in some measure Sav\u2019d her character.\n     I long my dear sister to have you return, but where we shall be I know not. This House is upon Sale and whether we shall purchase it or not is uncertain. We cannot unless we can get what is due to us from the publick, or Sell our estate at weymouth. Mr Evans has alter\u2019d his mind and will not settle at Weymouth. After accepting their call he told them he must go to Phylidelphia to get a certificate of his ordination and a dismission from the Presbitiary. When he return\u2019d he said he could not be sittled so Soon as he expected, as the body would not sit till october. They look\u2019d upon him notwithstanding as their minister, and expected he would Stay with them at least part of his time. Instead of which he never has above three or four days excepting Sundays and above half his time has sent other persons in his room. He would not even stay to visit the sick when they had notis nor attend a funereal. They complain\u2019d he resented it, and has ask\u2019d leave to withdraw his consent which they will grant. I have thought ever since he return\u2019d that he wish\u2019d to be disingag\u2019d and was trying to find some pretence to ask for a dismission. I know not what he has in view, but this I am Sure of, that he will hurt his character by it. He desir\u2019d to have our House ready for him by July. Mr Hagglet who was a very good Tenant left it and now we cannot find any body to take it. I wish it was in Braintree\u2014Poor Weymouth has again to seek a Pastor, but it is not their fault.\n     Captain Barnard is arriv\u2019d and brought us Some magazines for which I thank you, but no letters. Callahan is not yet arriv\u2019d. I hope for some by him. You have sent an April magazine twice and no July one except one of the Fashens, which we did not need: for would you believe it if I were to tell you the Fashions had arriv\u2019d before it? To what a Pitch of Folly have we arriv\u2019d, they are study\u2019d as a Science. Your Mother Hall and Brothers Family are well. Madam Quincy and daughter and all your Nieghbours also. Uncle Quincy cannot be perswaid\u2019d out. Mr wibird is well and Still lives in the Worst House in Braintree. Betsy is at Bridgwater Plymouth &c upon a visit. Lucy is at newbury Port. I wish you had one of them with you, or rather I wish you would come home and let us be all together here. Our dear Sons are an honour to us, they are well, but what shall we do with them when they come out of college? We have each of us one which we must think of Something for. The Law was what they both thought of, but unless we have more peace among us they had better take their axe and clear new Land. They are good Lads and I hope will never want Bread.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0135", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Cotton Tufts, 10 October 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Tufts, Cotton\n      Dear Sir\n      London october 10th 1786\n     Your Letters of july 6th and August 15th were duly received. The accounts containd in Yours of july 6th respecting publick affairs is not be sure so agreeable as the Lovers of peace and good order would wish. Our Countrymen have of late been so much accustomed to turbulent times, and stormy weather, that I cannot but hope that we have skillfull pilots enough to stear the Ship safe. Mutinous passengers will no doubt add to the Danger. More particularly so when encouraged and abetted by the crews of seditious and artfull Neighbours.\n     Your publick papers are full of Speculations, some of them be sure quite wild and ridiculous, others repleat with wisdom judgment and prudence. Such was the address to the General court, publishd in Adams & Nourses paper june 29th. which I conceive to be the production of mr Gerry, and as he has there pointed out those Virtues which are essential to the union and good Government of the State, by which it may render itself happy at home, and respected abroad. I will still hope that there is wisdom and integrity sufficient in the Mass of the people to bring them into practise. It is most earnestly to be wished, that the abilities of our literary Countrymen, would turn into some different channals from what seems lately to have occupied them and instead of abuseing and crying down one of the liberal professions, endeavour by decent measures to rectify the abuses which may have crept into it. It is not by enflaming the passion of Mankind that any benifit can result to a community at large. \u201cThe raging of the Sea, and the Madness of the people are put together in holy writ, and it is God alone who can say to either, hitherto shalt thou pass and no further, says a political writer.\u201d The meetings of the people in different Towns of our state, can never terminate in any good, and every sensible Man will discourage them, and employ their pens in convincing their Citizens that, Whilst they have a free uncorrupted House of Assembly they cannot possibly be justified in the pursuit of Measures subversive of good order. Dean Swift observes that a usurping populace is always its own dupe, a mere under worker, and a purchaser in trust for some Single Tyrant whose state and power they advance to their own Ruin with as blind an instinct, as those worms who die with weaving Magnificent Habits for Beings of a Superiour Nature to their own.\n     But when I consider what an influence the counsel of one wise Man possessd of integrity and publick spirit has had in all free countries over the passions of Men, I can never despair whilst I have reason to think, every little Town and Village possesses more than one; perhaps 5 of that description. Let not Him whom I address, and others like him, in whose Hands our publick affairs rest, be Disheartned or Dismayed, for publick virtue, sooner or later will meet with Glory and Success: the encouragement of Agriculture and manufactories will tend to lessen that rage for Luxery which has produced many of the evils under which our people are now groaning. Idleness is the parent of contention and disobedience. The industerous Hollander wears his Coat in the same fashion which it descended to him from his Ancestors, and possessing a capital which in a Country I could name, would rear a splendid building, spread a Sumptuous table and harness an elegant equipage, the Hollander neat in his Cloathing, decent in his House frugal at his table employs his capital in the advancement of commerce, in the acquirement of future credit, in the Regular discharge of his obligations, and in the support of the Government, tho at present disturbed by internal commotions, and the usurpations of the Statdholder. If the meddlesome Genius of Neighbouring Princes does not intefere, they will Recover their ancient privileges. This disposition seems to prevail as strongly there, as the determination to shake of Tyranny ever did in the united States, from whence they acknowledge to have caught their present Spirit.\n     You have seen no doubt Lord Carmarthens answer to mr Adams\u2019s Memorial. It was first communicated to the World in an American Paper Publishd at Baltimore. Upon its arrival here the Ministry publishd it from their own records, together with an extract from the Memorial; Can our Country expect any thing from this, untill the Treaty is complied with upon our part by the Removal of every legal impediment to the recovery of British Debts. If the decisions of an American jury should be against allowing interest during the War, they will determine it so, and the British creditor ought to Set down satisfied. It is the opinion of those whom I have heard converse upon the Subject, that there would be more lenity on the part of the Creditor and less distress attending the debtor, if the Laws were repealed and justice had its fair course.\n     The papers received lately from Governour Bowdoin, respecting the encroachments made at Passamaquode have been laid before Lord Carmarthan on a private capacity. As mr Adams has not yet received them offically from congress, he could not deliver them in his publick Character. His Lordship said he was sorry to see disputes of that kind arising, but he hoped that Lord Dorchester, (Sir Guy Carlton) would Settle them all as he had Authority to do.\n     Mr Barclay has made a Treaty with the Emperor of Moroco, but as it has not yet come to Hand can say nothing respecting it. You will see by the papers how elated this people appear at their Treaty with France, which some persons say however will only end, in accelerating a War between the Nations. But War I imagine is far from the wish of the present Ministry even with America, tho they may press her as far as she will bear without turning, depending upon her inability. It is the opinion of some persons that France has deeper views in this late Maneuvre than at present appear to the world. Our own Country would do well to imitate the watchfull Argus instead of the Sleeping dragon, least the Gardens of Hesperides be rob\u2019d of all their Golden Apples. Neither Country wishes our growth or prosperity. No dependance is to be placed upon them. Our Navy they fear the Growth of, and every measure will be concerted to keep it under.\n     I Sent you sir by one of the last vessels the papers respecting the ridiculous publications of Lord George Gordon, with mr Tufts lame replies. Tho the Character of Lord Gorge Gordon is at present well known here, it is not so in America; where only these publications can do mischief, and as the Letters have only been partially publishd in America, I am well satisfied that they will infuse into the minds of the people there, that mr Adams is a pensioner of France, tho Lord Gorges assertion was that he received his Sallery from thence. I am the more convinced of the injury this may do, by an extract of a Letter which I have cut from Your centinal and inclose to you. Some such circumstances as these and with as little coulour of Truth, frequently descend to posterity, are related in history for facts and fix a lasting Stigma upon innocent Characters. Algernon Sydney and Lord Russel in Dalrimple papers are publishd to the World as receiving Bribes from France. Men who I dare say would have spurnd the Idea. Mr Tufts I believe was ungaurdedly taken in, by a Man who would stick at no measures to do mischief, and whose medlesome disposition leads him to torment in some way or other every foreign Minister here. What I have to request of you Sir, is that the Letters may all be publishd together in one paper, and the denial of the assertion as you find it in the Daily, or Publick Advertizer I forget which, with a request to the printers who have made partial publication, to print the whole. If some little Stricture was added, that as no person every appeard; tho thus publickly challengd to produce any evidence upon the Subject, the whole ought to be considerd as the vagary of a distracted Brain, like Margrate Nicolsons attack upon the Life of the King.\n     I was much pleasd with my late visit to Holland, where we received every politeness and attention from the people which I could wish. I believe I have sufferd in my Health in concequence of the Climate, but Still I do not regret having once Seen a Country every way singular. I was witness too, to a Grand scene, the Triumph of Liberty, which having deposed a Number of their old Majestrates Elected 15 New ones, and in the most Solemn Manner in a large Square upon an elevated platform, amidst a Multitude of ten thousand persons assembled on the occasion, the chief Seecratary Administerd the oaths to them and all the people said Amen! in other words gave three huzzas. The free Choirs as they are calld or rather Militia; to the amount of 3 thousand were all under arms during the ceremony. The Magistrates were then conducted two and two to their Carriages, and the troops together with the Multitude retired in perfect good order. We were at the Window of a House in a room provided for us, from whence we had a perfect view of the ceremony. And in the Evening the Secretary who administerd the oath, came in the Name of the Citizens to make their compliments to mr Adams with their thanks for the honour he had done them, and wishes for the prosperity of himself family and Country.\n     Thus sir I have given you a detail upon several subjects, which I should have omitted if I could have drawn mr A. from his present subject to Letter writing. But between ourselves, he is as much engaged upon the Subject of Government as Plato was when he wrote his Laws and Republick.\n     From Congress no official Dispatches have arrived for three Months. We hope they are deliberating to some purpose.\n     As to Domestick affairs you will draw for what you find necessary for the support of the Children and your Bills will be immediatly honourd. We feel Sir under obligations to you for your kind care and attention to all our domestick affairs. Mr Adams desires me to tell you that he would buy the two peices of Land, Belchers and verchilds, tho he thinks them of no great value. I am glad you are not like to have any further trouble with mr T. The least said upon a former subject the best. Wound not the Striken dear.\n     Both mr Adams and I request that mr Cranch should be paid the Board of our children during the vacancies and that mrs Cranch should charge washing mending &c. We cannot consent that our Children should be burdensome to our Friends. It is unreasonable.\n     I inclose the account of the Books purchased for . The Bill of the papers procured here by mr Cushings request was inclosed to mr King with the papers and amounted to 15 pounds Sterling which mr Adams desired mr Cushing to pay to you. If it is not done, we will get a New Bill made out and Signd by the Gentleman and will inclose it to you.\n     Will you be so good sir as to accept a trifle, a new kind of Manufactory for Summer wear, which is used here for waist coats and Breeches. It is in a small trunk with some things I have sent to my children and the bundle addrest to you. My paper curtails me to two", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0136", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Mary Smith Cranch, 12 October 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Cranch, Mary Smith\n      My Dear Sister\n      London october 12th 1786\n     I wrote you some days ago, and mr Gardner comeing in just as I had closed my Letter I inquired of him, if he knew of any opportunity of sending to Boston, he replied, that a vessel belonging to Newyork had taken freight for Boston and would Sail that day. I gave him the Letter to you, the only one I had written which he promised to put into the bag; and which I hope has reachd you. I expected Captain Cushing would Sail this Month, and by him designd a large pacquet to my Friends, but his vessel has been seazd; and as it is not yet determined whether she will be condemnd, he knows not when he shall get out. Captain Folger is the only vessel like to sail from here, and it was but yesterday that I learnt he was to sail this week, so that Several of my Friends I shall not have time to write to. The week I returnd from Holland I was taken sick and continued near 3 weeks very ill, and unable to Set up, but my disorder has now happily left me. You complain of ill Health my dear sister, I fear the addition to your family cares is too fatiguing for you. I know your sisterly kindness leads you to exert yourself for the service of your Nephews, but the washing and Ironing for 3 Lads is too heavy a load for your family, and if you would only get done under your inspection, it is all that I wish for. But if still done in your family I insist that you Charge it to me, together with their Board during the vacancy, neither mr Adams or I are easy on account of it. Your complaint is Rheumatic I am persuaded and you will find releif from Burgundy pitch in your neck. I was long loth to apply this remedy to myself, but I never used it but with success. Ironing is very bad for you. You will Smile and Say you cannot bear them, but make you some fine flannel Bodices and wear them next your skin. You will find them an excellent Gaurd against the colds you are so subject to in winter. So much for Quackery.\n     With regard to commencment and the necessaries for it, both mr Adams and myself approve your plan as the best method, and one which will be attended with the least trouble to you. We submit wholy to your opinion and judgment whatever is proper and request you to draw upon Dr Tufts for the money necessary. We neither wish on the one hand to be lavish nor on the other Parsimonious, and with Regard to pocket money for them, whilst they shew no disposition to extravagance if you think a little larger allowance necessary, Supply them and I will repay you. I know it is critical and too much is apt to do more harm than too little.\n     I have put up in a small Trunk which I shall commit to the care of captain Folger a suit of half worn Cloaths, which I thought might be turnd for my Eldest Son if he has occasion for them. Here we cannot do such a thing, and they are of no service to lay by. I have got the ratteen patternd very near, the Cloth not so well, but if he has a waistcoat a peice can be taken from the back of that, and the Cloth I send may supply its place.\n     You desired me to send some strong cotton Stockings. I have purchased some, and you will find that I have attended more to Strength than fineness. The half dozen at 4s. 3 pences pr pair I bought for cousin Cranch. I did not buy any for my son John, as I did not know whether he wanted, but if he does, you will let me know and I must get a larger Size. You will find 5 yds of superfine blew Broad Cloth, for which I gave twenty Shillings Sterling pr yd. This I Send for my two younger Sons and Some Buff thick set for waistcoats and winter Breeches. Nankeen will be best for summer wear, that can be better bought with you than here. The Buff will wash very well provided too hot water is not used. The Silk handkerchiefs and waist coat pattern round them you will distribute to that son which stands most in need of them or divide between them. The Brown Tabinet you will be so good as to present to my Mother, with my duty and that of her son, Grandson and Grand daughter. The calico is for my Neices Nancy and Suky Adams, the Linnen for Louissa. A small bundle addresst to Dr Tufts to be deliverd to him and some silk for my dear Betsy and Lucy a commencment Gown. I wish there was as much again but, the Spirit is willing, they will therefore accept the will for the Deed. A pound of best Hyson tea I think for my dear Sister Cranch closes the list. To mr Cranch the Trunk will be addrest. I presume they will not oblige the duty to be paid upon these things, as they are not merchandize to make a profit upon, and articles for the use of my children. I have always heitherto got the captains to put the things into their own Trunks, but now they are rather too numerous, and I am very little acquainted with captain Folger.\n     I wish you would send me the Measure of my two Eldest sons necks and wrists. We could then make their linnen here, as I am sometimes really put to it, for want of employ both for myself and Esther.\n     You never mentiond receiving the Shirts we made for JQA, nor a peice of linnen sent to Charles at the same time. I rely upon you from time to time to make known their wants to me.\n     I know not whether we are to continue here longer than the Spring. Till then I am determined not to move, it is now so far advanced in the year. Probably by the next opportunity, I shall be better able to say whether we may hope to meet Next year or not. Tis three Months Since mr Adams received any dispatches from Congress. I was very glad to hear from mr Perkins, and wish him success and prosperity but not my Neice. She must never go into a wildeness amongst Savages, tho she might make a paridice of one and Humanize the other. The Still Sequesterd walks of Life are more consonant to her disposition. I Scarcly know the Man who is sufficiently civilizd to make her happy yet I need not wish her a more affectionately tender partner than appears to have fallen to the lot of her happy cousin. I hope some day to have the pleasure of introducing him to my dear Friends in America.\n     You drew so lovely a picture of our children dwelling together in unity, around your Hospitable Board; that I am Sure no amusement here ever gave me such heartfelt satisfaction as I received from your description only. God Bless them all and make them wise and virtuous. Our Good uncle Quincy become a recluise; he wants Children and Grandchildren arround him to enliven his declining years. O how my Heart Bounds towards you all, when I cast a retrospective look on times past, believe me I have never known the pleasures of society Since I left my native shoar.\n      \u201cWhat is the World to me, its pomp its pleasures andits Nonsence all?\u201d\n     Compared to the cordial Friendship and endearing ties of Country kindred and Friends?\n      \u201cSource of every Social tie\n      united wish; and Mutual joy.\u201d\n     But whether am I wandering. We have here an agreeable addition to our American Party by the arrival of mr Shiping, the Young Gentleman who accompanied General Lincoln to Boston a few years ago. Dr cutting too is his companion, him you know; he laughs less I think than formerly, which is an amendment, he is very Sensible and really appears a promising young Man. I am much more pleasd with him than I expected to be. Mr Shipping from his family and connexions would be intitled to our civilities, but from his personal merit, he is deserving of Friendship. They are students in the temple.\n     Mr Bulfinch is about returning to Boston. From all that I have seen of him, I think him a modest deserving young Gentleman, without one Macaroni air. He has made a pretty large Tour and I dare say is one of those who will be benifitted by his travels. As to what is call\u2019d polishd, I am so prejudiced in favour of my countrymen; that those who have had a good Education at home and been accustomed to company, stand in no need of any outward accomplishments which Europe has to bestow.\n     You will find in some bundle a remnant of cambrick which I sent to know if it is better bought here than in Boston. I gave ten shillings sterling pr yd for it. I have a few yards of coars cloth which I could not get into the Trunk, and must stay till captain cushing goes who I hear this day has got his vessel clear. By him then I must write to those Friends, who will say, is there no letter for me? dont complain my dear Girls, I will write you soon, and to Miss Betsy Palmer too, whom I have a long time owed. 3 months ago I began a letter to her, whilst I was writing, the Melancholy News of the death of our Dear Aunt reachd me, I lay\u2019d it by too melancholy to proceed. My Regards to all my Neighbours, my Respects await our good Parson. Good dr Price is in great affliction having lost mrs Price about 3 weeks ago. He has not preachd since; but wrote us word last week that he hoped to on sunday next. What has become of mrs Hay, that I have never received a line from her since she left me. Remember me to Miss Payne when you see her. I would write her but really my correspondents are so numerous that I fear I write stupidly to one half of them.\n      Adieu my dear sister Heaven Bless you and yours is the Sincere wish of your affectionate Sister", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0137", "content": "Title: Cotton Tufts to Abigail Adams, 14 October 1786\nFrom: Tufts, Cotton\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n      My dear Cousn.\n      Boston Octobr. 14th. 1786\n     Your Favour of July 22d and Aug: 1st. and also Mr. Adams of July 4th. I recd by Barnard and Callihan, the former arrived the 5. Inst. and the Latter .\n     In former Letters, I have expressed my Fears with Respect to the Stability of our Federal Government. Should this tumble, into Ruin, what is to be the Scituation of my Friend in Europe. But is not a Suspicion of this Nature, unwarrantable, Ought it ever to enter into the Heart of a Citizen, or even a Doubt be admitted of its Stability. The Security and Happiness however of my Friend is at all Times near my Heart, and that of my dear Country. I confess Our Scituation is far from being considered desperate and on the other Hand, there are strong Symptoms of Dissolution and unless some Strong Exertions are soon made, the Event will inevitably take Place.\n     Bror. Cranch has given you a particular Account of the Rebellion existing in some of the Western Counties. Should the Constitution of this State be thrown down, all the Rest in the Union will probably follow. An Event which Heaven avert. A few Months, however will determine in my Opinion, whether it will stand or fall. Between the several Opinions in the Genl Court, whither coercive Measures in the first Instance, or coercive Measures joined with Lenient, or Lenient Measures in the first Instance shall be adopted a wretched Indecision remains. Newhamshire Government has I imagine crushed the Rebellion there in its Embrio. Fortunate would it have been had we taken Measures here to have suppressed the rising Flame in its first Appearance. Time does not permit me to assign the Causes of this rebellious Spirit, this may be the Subject of a future Letter.\n     You may easily suppose from our present Scituation the difficulty of my collecting Monies from your Estate here for the Support of your Children, at present I am advancing in my own Stock and shall continue so to do at present, as it will suit me eer long to draw on Mr. Adams in favour of Mr Elworthy, from whom I shortly expect a Quantity of Goods. Mr. Morton who has repeatedly offered me Belchers Place, not long since urged me to make him an offer, I accordingly offered him \u00a360, (You may recollect that the Number of Acres are 5 1/2, that part of the House is decayed much the Roof mostly gone and open to the Heavens). He refused it and said he had been offered \u00a3120. This might have been some Years a gone, But I am pretty certain, No one will give it at this Day, And I think no Inducement will carry the Price above \u00a370 or 75. Nor should I have ventured even to such a Price, had I not recd Mr. Adams sentiments expressive of his Desire to have it although dear. Nothing further has turned up with respect to Verchilds Lands since I wrote you last. They will be sold as soon as the Agent here has recd a Copy of Verchilds Will.\n     Your Three Sons are at our University, all in the Enjoyment of Health and of the good Opinion of their Instructors. In the Beginning of this Month, the Overseers by their Committee visited the University. I had the Pleasure of seeing Mr John display his Talents in a forensic Dispute On the Inequality of Power in a popular Government, in which he did himself Honor as also our Cousin Cranch who was his Opponent. Master Thomas boards at Mr Sewalls is well accommodated. No Chamber in College could be obtained.\n     At Weymouth we are still without a settled Minister. Mr. Evans recd a Call from us, accepted the same, soon after married our Cousin Hulda Kent, went with her to Philadelphia, returned, preached with us 6 or 8 Sabbaths and a few Days since went to Portsmouth and left behind a Letter requesting the Parish to revoke their Call.\u2014Time must unravel the Mystery.\n      My best Regards to Mr. and Miss Smith, May every Blessing attend them. Yours affectionately.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0138", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Elizabeth Smith Shaw, 15 October 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Shaw, Elizabeth Smith,Peabody, Elizabeth Smith Shaw\n     London october 15 1786\n     And so my dear Sister all your Nephews have quitted your Hospitable Mansion for the university of cambridge but tho they have quitted your House; I know they Still possess a share of your Maternal care and tenderness, in a degree they have been \u201cPlants of your Hand, and children of your care.\u201d\n     As they rise in Life, may they increase in knowledge and virtue, and never be unmindfull of the good examples and Friendly admonitions of those who have their best interests at Heart. I hope their places will be supplied to you by a like Number of virtuous Youths; the Success your Worthy Partner has met with in prepareing Youth for their admission at the university, shews him to be peculiarly adapted to \u201crear the tender Thought, and teach the Young Idea how to shoot\u201d whilst the benevolent Heart, and amiable Manners of his help Mate, by her precepts, and example confirms and Seconds the good advice and Maxims of her Friend. What are common Schools compared to a family where Manners and Morals are equally an object of attention, where Love, and not Morossness is the Preceptor. Mr Adams frequently wishes that he had Tommy here, but this is rather the wish of a parent desiring to see a Son long Seperated from him; than his real judgment; for we are daily more and more confirmed in the opinion, that the early period of every Americans Education, during which the mind receives the most lasting impressions; ought to be in his own Country, where he may acquire an inherent Love of Liberty and a thorough acquaintance with the Manners and taste of the Society and country of which he is a Member. He will find a purity in the Government and manners, to which Europe has been long a stranger. He will find that diligence integrity Genius and Spirit, are the true Sources of Superiority, and the Sure and certain means of rising in the estimation of his fellow citizens; instead of titles Stars and Garters. Far removed be those pests of Society; those Scourges of a free Government, from our happier land. His object should be the Hearts of his Countrymen, which is of more importance to a youth, than the good opinion of all the rest of Mankind, without the first the Second is very rarely obtained. When the judgment is ripened and taste and habits formed, when the heyday of the Blood, as shakspear terms it, is abated, then may a Gentleman visit foreign countries with advantages. But so forcible is custom So tyrannical fashion, so Syren like vice, \u201cwhen Lewdness courts them in the shape of Heaven\u201d which is too, too often the case, that a Youth must be something more or less than Man; to escape contamination. Chastity Modesty decency, and conjugal Faith are the pillars of society; Sap these, and the whole fabrick falls sooner or later; sixty Thousand prostitues in one city, Some of them; the most Beautifull of their Sex!!! \u201ctake of the Rose From the fair forehead of an innocent love, and Set a Blister there; make Marriage vows as falce as dicers\u2019 oaths.\u201d\n     Such with shame be it spoken, is the picture of Europe. Alass how many victims have I seen, sent here without Guide or Gaurdian, to improve their Manners, but disgracing their country, ruining their Health, waisting their fortunes, till from Kings bench, or Newgate, a supplication comes to help them to their own Country; the picture which Richardson drew of Mrs Sinclair he drew from Life, horid as it was. What I once read as Romance I no longer conceive as a fiction.\n     The only News which I can write you from this quarter of the World, will be a phenominon indeed should it take place. I mean that France and England should from Natural Enemies become very good Friends, as the court runners give out, the late treaty of commerce Signed between the two powers is to have a wonderfull effect by cementing the two Nation in bonds of lasting peace and union. With regard to America, she has got her answer from this court, that when the Treaty shall be fully complied with on our part, then the post shall be evacuated the Negroes payd for &c. The conduct of our Country makes their service abroad very unpleasent, dignified conduct, and united measures, is the only basis of National Respectibility: and honesty is the best policy for a Nation, as well as an individual.\n     Your Neice is very well and very happy, as she has every reason to be, from manly tenderness and unfeigned affection, from kind and assidious attention, from all those virtues of the heart which constitue a good Husband, from all those qualifications of the mind which form the Gentleman, the Man of letters the Patriot and the Citizen.\n     Present my Love to my dear Friend mr Thaxter with whom I most sincerely Sympathize, remember me to Mrs Allen and to every inquiring Friend. Accept a triffel for my little Neice to whom and her Brother give a kiss which tell them I sent in my letter. To mr Shaw, you may give an other if you please, from your ever affectionate Sister\n      A Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0139", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams Smith to Lucy Cranch, 15 October 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail (daughter of JA and AA)\nTo: Cranch, Lucy,Greenleaf, Lucy Cranch\n      London October 15th 1786\n     Your Letter my Dear Cousin from Haverhill I received a few weeks since, and hearing of an opportunity to Boston I embrace it to acknowledge the receipt of and answer your Letter.\n     I think myself very unfortunate respecting my Letters which went by Mrs Hay, that by their very long delay I was prevented hearing from my friends, and Still more that those friends should imagine themselvs forgotten. It Convinces me that Candor is wanting amongst them, that they should all make observations so much to my disadvantage for One supposed omission towards them. If they had each lookd Back to the Numbers of my Letters and Compared them with their own, they might rather have Condemned themselvs, for I beleive I have written two to one to most of my Correspondents Since I left America. From such and other instances of want of Candor I have some times half a mind to place dependance upon, a very few.\n     I am quite of your opinion my Cousin that you nor I should derive no happiness with our present Sentiments from Birth or Titles. But we are so very incompetent to form any judgment of others that I would not venture to decide from what scource anyone could ensure it to themselvs. It is a general foult that we too often take upon us to judge for other People, where we can have no Laudable motive for so doing.\n     The Idea of Mammas returning so early as the spring is I imagine rather premature. My Pappa has talkd of the next Spring for his return every season since I have been in Europe. I now Consider it only as his wish which may for many Successive seasons prove in Compatible with his actions. Therefore my Dear I would advise you and all other Friends who feel interested in their return, not to place such a dependance upon it as to be disappointed should it not take place for several years. It may so happen that you may see your Cousin before your Aunt, for whenever I return to America, I hope it will be in my power to pay you an early visit. But I know of nothing at present to Ground a Supposition of my speedy return, nor is it probable that it will be within a year or two perhaps more.\n     I regret my seperation from my Brothers more than any other Circumstance, and there are times when it makes me unhappy, but I indeavour again to reconcile myself to it as the result of inevitable necessity.\n     You my Dear Lucy are happy in never having been Seperated from any of your family for any length of time. It is an happiness which you cannot Sufficiently prize without having been deprived of it, and may you enjoy it for many Successive years. We may Congratulate ourselvs my Cousin that the Behavour of our Brothers has been thus far unexceptionable, that their Conduct is not marked with any of those youthfull follies which would tarnish the Brightest tallents. This is a Sattisfaction which I find superior to every other Consideration.\n     I thank you my Cousin for your wishes for my Happiness, and I doubt not but it will give you pleasure to hear from me that I am so. You justly observe that happiness depends upon the peace of our minds. I beleive mine to arrise in some degree from this scource for I know of no present couse to interrupt its tranquility. Connected by ties of Honour delicacy and affection to a Gentleman fully deserving my Confidence, who is esteemd and respected by all to whom he is known, the first wish of Whose Heart is to render your Cousin Happy. She cannot be otherwise, every principle and Sentiment Conspires to establish it upon a basis that Cannot be overthrown.\n     Mr Smith desires to be remembered to you as my friend and relation. Write me whenever you can find an oppertunity. Remember me to your Sister and family and beleive me at all times your friend and Cousin\n      A Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0141", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to John Cranch, 21 October 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Cranch, John\n      Dear sir\n      London october 21 1786\n     A fine Salmon by the Exeter Stage; a week ago informd me that the Gentleman from whom I had before received a similar favour; was still mindfull of his Friends by his deeds, tho he seldom favourd them with his personal presence.\n     Accept sir my thanks, not only for the Salmon, but for the Partridges and woodcocks, which I presume came from the same quarter Last Spring, tho you have not sufferd your right hand, to disclose what your Left hand has perform\u2019d.\n     It pains me to receive these repeated instances of your politeness, and attention, having nothing to offer you by way of acknowledgment; unless a Literary American production, may prove agreeable to you.\n     As I know you to possess a Liberality of sentiment, beyond many of your countrymen, I have taken the Liberty to offer to your acceptance, what a dread of Truth, and a just representation of facts, prevents the printer to whom they were sent for Sale, to offer to the publick.\n     The conduct of Britain towards America in the late Revolution, though recorded by the pen of Truth, and the Spirit of candour, is considerd as a Libel upon the actors; who are too wealthy and powerfull, to suffer a just Representation of those very deeds, which they blushed not to perpetrate.\n     Adulation, and the Wealth of the East Indies may silence a venal age; but a Cornwallis and a Rawdon, will Still be recorded in the Historic page of America with all the dark Shades of their Characters.\n     Mr Ramsey the writer of the Revolution of Carolina, is a Gentleman of fortune and respectable Character and was lately President of congress.\n     By my last Letters from America dated in August, I had the pleasure of hearing that our friends were well; I had promised myself the pleasure of visiting Devonshire during the Summer, but an unexpected call obliged mr Adams to go to Holland, whither I accompanied him, and returnd too late; to think of an other excursion this Season.\n     Whenever you come to London, be assured, Sir, that I Should be very happy to see you, mr Adams presents his compliments to you.\n      I am sir, with Sentiments of Esteem, your Friend & Humble Servant\n      A Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0142-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Description of Dutch Medal, 20 March 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Hollis, Thomas Brand\n      An explanation of the medal struck at utrecht March 20 1786\n      The Nymph of the city of utrecht is known by her crown and her Arms upon her Breast. By her side is the Alter of Liberty known by the Hat, and the date of the year from whence their Liberty commences. Upon the Alter are laid the roman Rods and Hachet. A Letter with three Seals designates the rights of the city and the three Members of the State. The Nymph holds it with the fingers of her Left Hand to Shew the part which the city of utrecht hath taken and to testify how much every one is interested in keeping it. In her right Hand she holds a written paper unroled upon which are written the new Rules of Government for the city. She presents it to an officer. He receives it and administers the oath both to the officers and citizens, which is performd by raising the two fingers of the right hands, whilst the citizens behind conform to it by presenting their Arms. The Houses and the Towr of the church of  at a distance on the right, point out the Square of Neude where the Solemnity was performd. The Revers is a civic crown with these words Allegience of the Citizens of utrecht to the rules of the Government of the city 20 March 1786.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0143", "content": "Title: Mary Smith Cranch to Abigail Adams, 22 October 1786\nFrom: Cranch, Mary Smith\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n      My dear Sister\n      Braintree 22d of october 1786\n     Cousin Charles and I have stay\u2019d at home from meeting to day, he to write to his Papa and I because I was fatigue\u2019d with runing about Boston Street for two days to pick up a number of things for our Sons. Mr JQA wanted a winter wastcoat and mr charles a Gown and a Pair of Breeches and little Tom a surtout. He had his Brother charless last winter and uses it, this to Answer the purpose of a Gown, the Freshman are not allow\u2019d any. I have taken a coat of his Papas which you sent in the trunk to make him one of, but it is Scarcly so long as we wear surtouts here but I tell him it will do. The vacancy is half out already and I have not been able to get my Tailor to work till yesterday. We must all set to work and help her. I beleive they play as hard as they Study by the appearence of their cloaths and I do not know but it is necessary. They make such a noise in the morning as would make you laugh. They all sleep in one chamber and poor Cousin JQA wants a morning nap, but they will not let him take it. If he will it must be without Bed cloaths. I tell them Sometimes to be quiet, you will hear them. I can call them to order at any time when I think they have done enough. I often think how you would rejoice to see them all. It is a goodly sight\u2014Four likelier Lads are seldom seen.\n     I wish you would send a piece of Cambrick proper to ruffle their Linnen which you sent them. We shall make it this winter, they will not want to wear them till the spring. I cannot get any cambrick proper for that Linnen here under three dollars a yard and I dare not ask the Doctor for money to purchase it at this price. It will not comport with his Ideas of Frugality. I can buy a little to ruffle their old shirts, and I think it is no matter if some of them are wore without especially in the Freshman year.\n     My dear Sister I have been oblig\u2019d to do what gives me great pain. The troublesome times into which we are fallen has depriv\u2019d mr cranch of the possibility of geting one shilling from the publick of what is due to him for his services in past years or the present, by which means I find it impossible to provide Food for our Family during the vacancys without taking Something for the Board of my dear Nephews. It has given me more dissagreable feelings than I can express. I hop\u2019d it would have been in my Power to have in this way return\u2019d some of the obligations I feel my self under to you. The dissapointment Sinks my spirits\u2014and has caus\u2019d me not a few tears.\n     I have charg\u2019d Ten shillings a week for each of them, as provision is I believe it will take that to feed them. I believe I have told you that I have a washing and an Ironing woman to whom I give one and four pence a day. We generaly wash once in a fortnight Sometimes once a week, just as the Quanty of Linnen chanceth to be, this I thought the cheapest way to get their washing done. If I have your approbation I shall be happier.\n     I wish you to keep the affair of a certain Gentleman a secret, as it is yet uncertain Whether Law or Philosophy is to be charg\u2019d with it. The Split Peas are excellent, and I thank you for them. I did not know you had sent any till a few weeks since.\n     Betsy will write this week. It has not been in her Power to write since she reciev\u2019d yours and mrs Smiths kind Letters. Lucys being absent, her needle has been fully imploy\u2019d. She sends her Duty and Love. Leanard White and her Freind Peggy are here. She is soon to be married to mr Bailey Bartlet. She says give my respect to mrs Adams and Mrs Smith\u2014yours affectionaly\n      M. Cranch", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0144", "content": "Title: Thomas Brand Hollis to Abigail Adams, 22 October 1786\nFrom: Hollis, Thomas Brand\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n      Madam\n      Chesterfeild Streetocto 22. 1786\n     I was most sensibly pleased, with the Sight of the Dutch Liberty medal which you was so obliging as to send me. I know not how to deprive you of it but in compliance with your commands and from the manner in which you express yourself.\n     Assuredly it shall have an interesting, place in my cabinet sacred to Freedom amidst the american medals.\n     If you and Mr Adams will come down to the Hide, you will increase my obligations, and see the Series of Heroes and of Patriots which as America promises to equal it may be of use to observe the manner of preserving their fame and portraits.\n     The Dutch can no longer be reproached\u2014\u201cwith whom Dominion lurks from hand to hand undignified by publick choice,\u201d and I hope this is the begining of better times. They are indebted to the Americans who are become the preceptors of mankind as once the English were!\n     My intention was to have waited on you and Mr Adams before this but have been much engaged and detained at home. Shall be in town again soon and, renew my application. I am madam with the greatest regard your obliged, Friend\n      T Brand Hollis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0145", "content": "Title: Thomas Welsh to Abigail Adams, 27 October 1786\nFrom: Welsh, Thomas\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n      Dear Madam\n      Boston Octobr 27th 1786\n     Your esteemed Favor of July 22d did not come to hand untill Capt Callahan had arrived 12 Days, for which and its Contents accept our Thanks. I shall see Dr Tufts and attend to the Directions of the Note.\n     I am sorry to reflect that the Conclusions drawn in my last to you were so erroneous they were founded upon an opinion of Virtue which I am now convinced is insuficiently possessed by the main Body of the People to govern their political Conduct. The Causes however of the Tumult have been laid in former Administrations.\n     For several Years the Militia of this Commonwealth had been intirely neglected and with out Officers. The People of the back Counties Suffered to neglect the payment of their Taxes these consequently had accumulated, and the Aversion to discharge increased in Proportion. The County Traders had obtained large Credits of the sea port Merchants and they in their Turns had obtaind Credits in Europe; prior Debts accumulated during and previous to the Warr; and add to this the Bounties promised to the Soldiers being all demanded at the same Time was too much for the Virtue of these People to  and afforded a Compleat Oppertunity for a Number of bold and designing Men to inflame and mislead others less informed than themselves. The Requisitions of Congress I ought to have mentioned as it is one of the principle Bones of Contention. In short every thing that has the Appearance of Government is matter of Complaint with them.\n     The present Governor has been exerting himself since his Appointment to get the Militia organized but the former Appointments were such as discouraged the Attempt in part and for the want of this it is generally thought the Insurgents were able to make any Way.\n     The Continent feels its Infirmity for the Want of committing that Degree of Power to Congress which she wants to regulate the Concerns of the whole and I am fully convinced we shall be a Contemptable People untill it is granted but whether it will ever be I know not.\n     The Genl Court are sitting and examining into the Causes of the Complaints of the People but I think They will have their Hands full and after they have done they will not be satisfied I am sure. They ought not to be gratified but I suppose as they cry for nothing like froward Children they will be visited with a Rod. Blessed with a Constitution faulty only as it is too good they must expect no other than a more rigorous Government in exchange for that which they now dont know the Value of. I hope you will not in fu\u00adture be mislead by my Accounts from this Quarter. I am Sensible the Politics of the Country have got beyond my Reach. It is more easy for me to inform you of the little Events which occur in the domistic Circle. Mr Sullivan of Boston you have undoubtdly heard lost his Wife last Winter. He is now about to be married to Mrs Simpson of Portsmouth who made herself famous when the Wife of Mr Barrell of that Place in sueing for a Divorce which she obtained appearing herself in open Court for that Purpose. She has 4 Children and Mr Sullivan seven a patriarchal number. Courage on both Sides, but She has a Fortune and it is said is accomplished. Mrs Hayleys marriage is an old affair and Mr Jeffries keeps the Keys now of Course being head of the Family. Mr Thos Russell is like soon to have his Family increased, but as I think I must have exhausted your Patience I will now tire it no longer but do myself the Honor to subscribe with Sentiments of great Respect to Mr Adams and yourself your most Humle Ser\n      Thomas Welsh", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0146", "content": "Title: Elizabeth Smith Shaw to Abigail Adams, 1 November 1786\nFrom: Shaw, Elizabeth Smith,Peabody, Elizabeth Smith Shaw\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n      My Ever Dear Sister\n      Haverhill November 1st. 1786\n     Two Vessels arrived from London while I was upon my little southern Tour. It was in vain that I enquired after Letters directed to me. \u201cYou have received one from Mrs Smith.\u201d Yes, It was a sweet Morsel, it informed me of her Marriage, but not half enough to reperuse by our chearful fireside, no particulars of the proceedings, to satisfy the Curiosity of an hundred inquiring Friends. I cannot say but what I feel Chagrined and should be much more grieved if I could entertain an Idea that my dear Sister thought me less interested than Others, in any Event, or in any Circumstance that could affect her Happiness.\n     She has a thousand avocations. She is treasuring up Knowledge, a Fund for the improvment, and entertainment of her Friends, Neices, and Grand-children. She will adorn, and make old-age honourable. She will smooth, and sweeten the decline of Life by her instructive Conversation. Her setting Sun, will diffuse chearfulness, light, and knowledge upon all around her.\n     She has many Correspondents. She needs an Amanuensis. She has been very good to me, and seldom has omited writing. Thus in the Multitude of my Thoughts I comforted myself.\n     Cousin William Cranch came last Week and carried Home my Neice Lucy, so that my Family is reduced now to quite a small one. I endeavour in every Situation of Life to be Content. But I think I never felt happier than when my Nephews were around me, and I fancied I was supplying their dear Mothers Place in some small Degree. And Cares, if not too great are always pleasing to the active Soul.\n     Cousin Lucy has been happier, in this Visit to Haverhill, than she has ever been before, for it has so happened that some one, or other of the Family has always been sick, but now she has escaped with my Children only having the Chin Cough, and Hall Tufts a Lung Fever. She has fine Health herself, and is possessed of an excellent Temper. Her constitution will never be impaired by any voilent agitation of Spirits, for she is sensible, modest, gentle, tranquil, not greatly elated, or depressed. Perhaps not quite so sociable, and engaging to Strangers as her Sister; she rather withdraws, than obtrudes upon your Notice. But the more she is known, the more she is beloved, and esteemed. I have been particular because I think her Manners were not formed when you left America, and she is much likelier, and more improved now than when you saw her.\n     We had the pleasure of finding all our Friends comfortable, and well upon our Journey. My Father Shaw is still living, and makes old-age honourable by his chearful, and pleasant Conversation. It is indeed a Crown to such, who have fought, a good Fight. And I never saw a Man glide down the slope of Life with more ease, and fewer Complaints than he.\n     The cheif Conversation in that part of the Country, (setting aside political matters) was relating to Mr Oaks Angier\u2019s Life, and Death. He died of a Consumption last September, after a few Months lingering Illness. What has he left is the question? Ten thousand pounds L M, which he had amassed in the course of about fourteen Years Application to Buisness. Clear of every incumbrance. He made his Will, and divided it between his Wife and five Children. He spoke for his Coffin, and ordered every Affair, relating to their mourning. He advised his wife to marry again if she could with advantage charging her at the same time to get some able Lawyer to draw the marriage Articles, that she might not be tricked out of what he had given her. He directed that his eldest Son should have a liberal Education, after that, study Law with Mr Davis, and give him the same sum of Money, which Mr Davis had given his Father for the like purpose. The other Children were to live with their Mother, allowing her a Dollar pr week for their Board.\n     His two Daughters when they were of a proper age, were to be sent to Boston, and put to School there, three Summers, and directed them to have every advantage that could be obtained for them. His own Brother, and his wives Brother are the Executors of his very particular last Will, and Testament. I am very sorry, I cannot find the News Paper that I might give you his Character, as it was given to the Publick. But whatever Censure, or Eulogy the world may pass upon his Character\u2014You know the Man.\u2014In the course of a few years he had often said, that no Man had any right, or buisness to live after they were forty years old. And (perhaps) least he might view himself as a cumberer of the Ground, his Maker gave him leave to Depart just as he had entered his fortieth year.\n     People seem much divided in their Opinion, some suppose he was a real Convert, Others, that he was only frighted at the Idea of dying\u2014and that, had he been restored to Health, he would have been the same scoffer, and despiser of Religion he was before.\n     It was not till the last week of his Sickness that he sent for Mr Reed, and beged him to propound him to the Church for full Communion, and his Wife for Baptism for herself and all their children. His Request was made known to the Church, while he lay a poor lifeless Corpse in his own House, and Providence did not suffer him to live, to be admited as a member here below. I hope he is received into the Church triumphant, and that he is made white in the Blood of the Lamb. But Oh my Sister! how terrible it is, for any one to leave the important Concerns of Eternity, to a Moment of Time.\n     He sent for every person who thought themselves abused, and ill treated by him, and desired their forgivness. He thanked God that he had been true to his Client, and wronged no man designedly. Thus ended the Life of a Man indefatigable in his Proffession, possessed of great Qualities, and great Faults.\n      November 3d.\n     We have had a remarkable pleasant Fall, almost as warm as July and August, without any long Storms as usual. Last Thursday we kept our Doors, and windows open, and a monday it snowed the whole afternoon. So changeable is the Weather, but not more various than human Events. For last Night I received a Letter from my Sister Cranch, informing of Cousin Lucys return in fine health and Spirite, and making them all happy. But alas! there Joy was soon turned into mourning, for Mr Cranch came from Boston the same Evening, with a Letter in his Pocket which brought the melancholly Tydings of Mr Perkins Death. He was seized with a Fever upon his Lungs, and dyed last August, after a few Days Iillness. You know what a sincere affection my Sister Cranch had for this amiable, virtuous young Man\u2014And cannot wonder if she is deeply wounded. But the gentle Eliza, I tremble for her. His virtues had of late taken full possession of the Heart of Eliza\u2014Dear unhappy Girl\u2014I hope thy better Days are to come.\n     This Letter must go by Capt Marsh to Boston, for I hear a Vessel will certainly sail in a Day or two. I shall write to Mrs Smith and forward it to go in the same Vessel if possible. My Son made me promise I would ask Aunt Adams to send him the Childrens Friend. I told him it was too large a Request for a little Boy to make. And Quincy she has set by and done half a dozen Letters up, full of Love she says to her Aunt, but you must accept the Will for the Deed. It is late\u2014and I must bid you good Night\u2014wishing you Health, and every Blessing. I hope to hear from you soon, and that you are not injured by your late Excursion to the Hague. Once more adieu yours affectionately\n      Eliza Shaw\n      Mr Shaw sends his Love, and best Respects and thanks for the Book.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0148", "content": "Title: John Cranch to Abigail Adams, 7 November 1786\nFrom: Cranch, John\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n      Madam\n      Axminster, 7. Nov; 1786\n     Being much ignorant of the republican distinctions of preeminency in title, as well as of American etiquette in general, I must anticipate your pardon for any errors in that kind, while I acknowledge the honor of your Excellency\u2019s obliging letter and present of books: Both have afforded me great satisfaction; only the latter moving now and then, to some untempered gusts of resentment against those Excorables\u2014Balfour, Cunningham, &c: But the sentiments and actions of such beings as Rutledge, Greene, La Fayette, Gadsden, and others, soon allayed those little indignations; and The mind, lit up by such splendid examples of courage, generosity and divine patriotism, no longer perceived itself shaded by the feeble rancours of an expiring petty tyranny.\n     My notion about the war always was, that the ministry, I don\u2019t at all consider the * * * * in this hypothesis; because, at least, from the end of Lord Chatham\u2019s administration to the beginning of his son\u2019s, it is impossible to conceive his Majesty in any larger idea than that of a respectable private gentleman in disagreeable circumstances. without much inclination of it\u2019s own, was urged to it, by a scotch-infested junto, consisting of the Navy, the Army, the Contractors, and a larger banditti than usual of plunder-inspired, profligate adventurers. The bountifull Head of the Treasury, doubtlessly, intended to place and pension all mankind; but resources failing, the clamorous Disappointed found no difficulty in fixing his Lordship\u2019s views upon the goodly Goshen of America: In all the subsequent proceedings, administration and this \u201cquadruple alliance\u201d mutually\u2014(and it must be owned, with the utmost propriety)\u2014supported and illustrated each other. Whether the actors of the British hostilities, who (according to my creed) were also the chief authors of them, were ever serious in their sentiments and designs; or whether the whole was but a pretence, and the supposed war only a stalking-horse for messrs. Avarice, Rapine and Plunder, the generals to whom the conduct of it seems to have been principally committed, I will not presume even to surmise; but certainly I never knew any Englishman, without the sphere of partial and undue influence, and who possessed common sense, but was capable of ridiculing the pretended justice, as well as the pretended idea in general, of subjugating America in the political circumstances in which that wild-goose chace was attempted.\n     But I should not thus, madam impertinently trespass on your attention; and I beg your pardon.\n     We had entertained hopes in the summer, that this country would be honored with at least a transitory presence of His Excellency and yourself (agreeably to the plan you mention to have been frustrated by your journey to Holland:) The season is slipped away, but our disappointed cottages will again be trimmed for your reception, at a more genial and auspicious season.\n     You charge me with total silence: When I sent some of the birds last winter, I meant to trouble our illustrious friend with a line of advice about them; and such a note was certainly carried to the post, though I must now conclude, by your imputation, that it miscarried: I am gratefully sensible of the honor His Excellency does me by his obliging remembranc: It is not unlikely that I shall be in London sometime this winter: If so, madam, be assured I shall accept the civilities you condescend to offer me, with great pleasure; and with the respect and gratitude which becomes Your Excellency\u2019s Most obliged Faithfull Humble servant\n      J. Cranch\n      P.S. Accept my congratulations on the union of miss Adams and Colonel smith:  peculiarly pleasing to the  Liberty to observe their favorite \u2014[pardon a jocular allusion] to administer the Ecclesiastical gluepot on that happy occasion.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0149", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Elizabeth Smith Shaw, 21 November 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Shaw, Elizabeth Smith,Peabody, Elizabeth Smith Shaw\n      My Dear sister\n      London November 21 1786\n     Mr Sparhawk calld upon us a Day or two ago, and deliverd me your kind Letter of: july the 20th. It was of a latter date than any I had received from you tho near four months old. It was a little unfortunate for the Gentleman that mr Adams enterd immediately into an inquiry of him, respecting the State and commerce of the Massachusetts, of which be sure the Gentleman drew a most gloomy picture, and finishd the whole by saying; that the people in the united States were as much oppressed by taxes as they were in Europe. This being so wholy groundless it roused the quick feelings of mr A. who replied a little warmly\u2014give me leave to tell you Sir, that people who hold this language, betray a total ignorance of the Subject. Name the article in this Country, even to the light of Heaven, the air you Breath and the water you drink, which is not taxed? Loaded down with accumulated burdens is this Free people. Yet the whole is not Sufficient to pay even the interest of the National Debt, and the Charges of government. Mr Pitts Surpluss is a vision, and new methods of taxation must be devised. Pray are our Farmers perishing in the midst of plenty, as in Ireland, are our Fishermen Starving? cannot the labourer find a subsistance? or has the price of labour fallen to 6 pence and subsistance risen to a shilling? or is it only trade that languishes? Thank God that necessity then will oblige those who have lived Luxuriously at the expence of others, and upon property which was not their own, to do so no longer. There is not a Merchant in England France or Holland, with capitals which could buy fifty of our most oppulent Merchants, that lives at half the expence which I have been informd many of ours run into during the War and Since.\n     By this time I had got into that part of your Letter which informd me that mr Sparhawk had been unfortunate in buisness. I knew mr Adams was a perfect Stranger to this and could design nothing against the Gentleman but Still I felt pained for him, as I presumed he had never had such a lesson before. He drew in his horns and was more upon his gaurd the remainder of the time. We ask\u2019d him to dine with us the Next day but he was engaged. Mr Adams will return his visit, and then we Shall send him a card of invitation. In his Manners and address he appears much of a Gentleman, but his domestick conduct will allways make me regard him as an unhappy Man. His Brother lives here in affluence and splendour.\n     We have had an other of your Parishoners to visit us, mr Blodget, a queer Soul you know, but a very great admirer of you. He has a project in his Head for rasing the Royal George, and has sent proposals to the Lords of the admirality and Lord How was inquiring his character of mr Adams the other day at the Levee, from which circumstance I fancy he is attended to. But if he does not accomplish this, he is determined to travel through the different counties in England, and collect as much knowledge of agriculture as he possibly can, and by that he may render service to his own Country. He has a real good understanding, tho little cultivated.\n     The accounts you gave me of the Singing of your Birds and the prattle of your children entertaind me much. Do you know that European Birds have not half the melody of ours, nor is their fruit half so sweet, or their flowers half so Fragrant, or their Manners half so pure, or their people half So virtuous. But keep this to yourself, or I shall be thought more than half deficient in understanding and taste. I will not dispute what every person must assent to, that the fine Arts Manufactories and agriculture have arrived to a great degree of maturity and perfection. But what is their age? what their individual Riches when compared with us? Far removed from my mind may the National prejudice be, of conceiving all that is good and excellent comprized within the narrow compass of the united States. The Unerversal Parent has dispenced his Blessings through out all creation, and tho to some he hath given a more goodly Heritage than others, we have reason to believe that a general order and harmony is mantained by apportioning each their proper station. Tho Seas Mountains and Rivers are geographical boundaries, they contract not the benevolence and good will of the Liberal mind which can extend itself beyond the limits of Country and kindred and claim fellowship with Christian jew or Turk. What a lesson did the great Author of our Religion give to mankind by the Parable of the Jew and Samaritan, but how little has it been regarded. To the Glory of the present age, they are shaking off that narrow contracted Spirit of preistcraft and usurpation; which has for so many ages tyranized over the minds of Mankind; and deluged the World in Blood. They consider Religion not as a State Stalking Horse, to raise Men to temporal power and dignity, but as a wise and benevolent System calculated to Still the Boisterous passions, to restrain the Malevolent ones to curb the ambitions, and to harmonize man\u00adkind to the temper of its great Author who came to make peace, and not to destroy. The late act of toleration pass\u2019d by Virgina is Esteemed here as an example to the World.\n     Captain Folger by whom I wrote you is I hope arrived safe captain Cushing will make a winters voyage of it I fear. We are now really in the Gloomy Month of November Such as I have heard it described, but did not last year experience. Now we have it, all smoke fog and darkness, and the general mourning for the Princess Amelia adds to the Gloom of the Scene. I was yesterday at the drawing room for the first time Since her Death, and tho I cannot Say all faces gatherd Blackness, all bodies appeard so. As she had given her fortune to her German Nephews it would have been absurd to have shewn any appearence of Grief. Poor John Bull is vastly angry and mortified. Had it been given to the Prince of Wales, his liberal hand would soon have pourd forth the golden Shower, and as his Aunt acquired it all in this Nation, here it ought to have remained, Says john. But he cannot alter it, so he vents himself as usual in abuse and bellowing. Yours most tenderly\n      A Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0150", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to John Quincy Adams, 22 November 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n      My dear Son\n      London November 22 1786\n     It is a long time since I received a line from you, or any other of my Friends, nor have we learnt with certainty whether your Brother Tommy was admitted Colledge. By captain Folger I wrote to you, and hope it went Safe to your hand, as the Letter containd Something more than words. As I know you will not wish to Spend any time Idle it may not be too early to consult you respecting the preceptor you wish to be placed with. Law I take for granted is the Study you mean to persue. Mr Lowel of Boston and mr Parsons of Newbury port, are both of them Gentleman Eminent in their profession, and I have made inquiry of mr Cutting who you know was with mr Lowel respecting the Situation of his office and the method persued in it. Mr Cutting has the highest opinion of mr Lowels abilities, and a great esteem for his private character, as every person acquainted with him must have. But he adds that mr Lowel has a natural Indolence about him, which prevents a pupils deriving all that information and advantage from him, which a more active Character would afford, and in addition to this, a city is not the best calculated for study. Mr Parsons character is equally high as a Lawyer, and he has, as I have been informd an insatiable thirst for knowledge, and is never better pleasd than when he can meet with a Youth of Similar taste and inclinations. I own from the Character of both Gentlemen, and other circumstances, I am led to incline to mr Parsons. But you who are upon the spot, with the information and advice of your Friends, may be best able to judge upon the Subject. I know your Father means to leave it to your choice. You will inform yourself upon the Subject, and the Terms &c and communicate to us. Your Father will then write to the Gentleman.\n     We are Still left in the Dark respecting our continuance here. Few decisive measures appear to be taken by Congress upon any Subject, indeed I fear they are so much embarressd as not to know what to do. I hope according to Parson Moodys doctrine, they will not do, they know not what, which has some times been the case. The Treaty between France and England is ratified between the high contracting parties, it must come before Parliament and receive a Sanction there; whether it will meet with much opposition there; time only will determine. What is termd opposition here, is a very feeble party, who have not purses and concequently not power to carry any points of importance. It is rather Novel for this Nation to Court and cringe to a Country which they have ever affected to Hate and despise, but the Edicts of the King of France totally prohibiting British Manufactories, Effected what mr Crawford could not, by three years residence, and I dare Say the united States might have accomplishd the Same, if they would all have adopted the Massachusetts Navigation act, and abided by it.\n     It is a subject of much regreet to every Friend of America, and no small mortification to those in publick Character, to see the proceedings of some Counties and Towns, uneasy and wrestless under a Government in which they enjoy perfect freedom, they are taking effectual methods to create themselves a Tyrant e\u2019er long. By wishing to abolish the Senate they are destroying that balance of power by which alone their Liberties are secured to them. The Printers in this Country Eagerly Seaize every paragraph of this kind and publish it, which they would not do, if they did not conceive they could injure America by it. They have given us in this days papers the proceedings of the County convention of Hampshire, which are a disgrace to our annals. I have been thinking whether it might not be of use to our Country to have some Such Societys formed as there are in this Country, call\u2019d debating Societies, in which a precident presides. The Question is publishd two Days or more before hand, admission is easy, only 6 pence a person, and any person who pleases may enter and speak to the Subject. And these Societies are the resort of all the Young Gentleman who wish to form themselves for publick Speaking; whether for the Law, divinity, or the House of commons. And sometimes Questions are discussed here in a masterly manner. A perfect Stranger has an equal freedom of Speach, with the best known, order and decency must be observed, but no questions are askd, who you are, or from whence you came. I will give you from this Days paper the Question for tomorrow Evening.\n     \u201cWhich of the three publick Characters in the present Situation of this Country, is most qualified by his abilities and integrity to fill the office of Prime Minister, Lord North, mr Fox or mr Pitt.\u201d\n     This is a question of no small importance and delicacy. I think with judicious management Societies of this kind might be establishd at least in the different universities, and many benifical concequences result from them.\n     Your Father is much engaged in a work that may prove of no Small utility to our Country. It is an investigation into the different Forms of Government, both ancient and modern, Monarchical Aris\u00adtocratical Democratical and Republican, pointing out their happiness or misery in proportion to their different balances. It appears to be a subject in which America is greatly interested, and upon which her future happiness depends. When compleated, he means only to publish a few for the present and those only for himself and Friends, but he is So much Swallowed up in the persuit of his Subject that you must not wonder if you do not receive a line from him. I think he enjoys better Health this fall than I have known him to have for Several years.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0153", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to John Quincy Adams, 28 November 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n      My dear Son\n     Since I wrote you, the packet from N york has arrived after a passage of 43 days, and by that your Letter of August 30th came safe to hand, and upon reading it I was glad to find that your sentiments so nearly agreed with mine. You will inquire into mr Parsons\u2019 Terms and with the advise of Dr Tufts look out for Board. But I will get your Father to write you I had rather you should have his opinion directly than at Second hand.\n     I hope you will not apply so constantly to your Studies as to injure your Health: exersise is very necessary for you, but from the accounts from my Friends I fear you do not pay attention enough to it.\n     By captain Callihan you received your Books and Letters I presume. I am quite impatient to get Letters from my Friends, tho I know they will be such as to give me pain. The Newspapers and Letters from Newyork are filld with accounts of the most allarming Nature, and I could not refrain shedding tears over them, to behold my Countrymen who had so nobly fought and bled for freedom, tarnishing their glory, loosing the bands of society, introducing anarchy confusion and despotisim, forging domestick Chains for Posterity. For the experience of ages, and the Historick page teach us, that a popular Tyrranny never fails to be followed by the arbitrary government of a Single person. Who can refrain from anxiety, who can feel at Peace or set Idle, and see whole Bodies of Men giving into those very practices which are sure to work their destruction, breaking a constitution by the very same errors that so many have been broken before?\n     Common sense and plain reason will ever have some general influence upon a free people, and I will Still hope and believe that a Majority of our CountryMen will bear their testimony against such lawless proceedings, and that by wisdom and firmness they will be able to restore order and harmony without the dreadfull necessity of Shedding Blood. Rome had her Caesars and her Pompeys, nor will America be less productive; civil dissensions never fail to spirit up the ambition of private Men; the Same Spirit which prompted Hon\u00adestus to attack the order of the Lawyers, as he terms them, has diffused itself throughout Massachusets, His publications were calculated to sow the seeds of discontent, and dissention amongst the populace and to pull down the pillars of the State. Would to Heaven that none but such as himself, might be crushed by the fall.\n     I had flatterd myself with the hope that my Children would reap the benifits of an equitable and peaceable Government, after the many Perils and difficulties which their Father had pass\u2019d through to obtain one. But if this is not like to be the case, I would enjoin it upon each of them to turn their attention and their Studies to the Great Subject of Government, and the Rights of Mankind, that they may be qualified to defend them, in the senate, and in the Feild if necessary. You have an Elder Brother whose Heroic Soul and independant Spirit, Breaths the ardour of a Hero and a Freeman, and I have reason to bless the hand of Providence which saved a beloved child from impending ruin, and gave her a Protector, in a Man of Honour and integrity. We are as happy, as the distance from our Friends, and the dissagreeable state of our Country will permit us to be.\n     I am glad to find by your Letter your Brother Tommy is admitted colledge. I hope you will watch over him with the care of a parent, and the affection of a Brother. I fear their will be no passenger by this packet to whom we can commit our Letters, and if so I am wholy at a loss for a conveyance as Cushing is not like to get out till Spring.\n     I have a Letter or two for some other of my Friends but they must wait. I heard yesterday that Captain Sayer was arrived. I received one Letter only and that from Mrs Rogers dated 16 of october, which came up by the post. I trust the captain is orderd to deliver his Letters himself. As the Wind is against his comeing up, it may yet be Several days before we get our Letters which you know is very mortifying to Your affectionate Mother", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0155", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams Smith to Thomas Jefferson, 2 December 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail (daughter of JA and AA)\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n      London December 2d 1786\n     Mrs Smith presents her Compliments to Mr Jefferson and is very sorry to trouble him again upon the Subject of the Corsetts, but not having received them, She fears Mademoisell Sanson has not been so punctual as she promised, if Mr Jefferson will permit Petit to inquire after, and forward them by an early opportunity, Mrs S\u2014\u2014 will be much obliged.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0157", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Abigail Adams, 21 December 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n      Dear Madam\n     An unfortunate dislocation of my right wrist has for three months deprived me of the honor of writing to you. I begin now to use my pen a little, but it is in great pain, and I have no other use of my hand. The swelling has remained obstinately the same for two months past, and the joint, tho I beleive well set, does not become more flexible. I am strongly advised to go to some mineral waters at Aix in Provence, and I have it in contemplation. I was not alarmed at the humor shewn by your countrymen. On the contrary I like to see the people awake and alert. But I received a letter which represented it as more serious than I had thought. Mr Adams however restores my spirits; I believe him and I thank him for it. The good sense of the people will soon lead them back, if they have erred in a moment of surprize. My friends write me that they will send my little daughter to me by a Vessel which sails in May for England. I have taken the liberty to tell them that you will be so good as to take her under your wing till I can have notice to send for her, which I shall do express in the moment of my knowing she is arrived. She is about 8. years old, and will be in the care of her nurse, a black woman, to whom she is confided with safety. I knew your goodness too well to scruple the giving this direction before I had asked your permission. I beg you to accept assurances of the constant esteem with which I have the honor to be Dear Madam your most obedient & most humble servt.\n      Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0161", "content": "Title: John Adams to Abigail Adams, 27 December 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n      My dearest\n      Grosvenor Square Decr 27. 1786\n     Mr Murray, whom I am glad to see out again will carry to Bath this Memorandum that We are all very well. He will arrive for what I know before Mr Bridgen. The Weath\u2019s is very cold, but by a good fire and a good Walk I have not yet been obliged to recur to my Expedient of an immaculate Virgin Bottle of hot Water. I sent Yesterday\u2014Packetts to Coll Smith from Paris.\n     The News from Boston is very well. The Court has set at Cambridge in great Pomp guarded by three thousand Men and a train of Artillery. The General Court have passed an Amnesty, with some Exceptions, to all who will take the oath of allegiance, in a certain Time. The Governor reviewed the Troops and made them a Speech. In short government appears now in its Majesty supported by those in whom all Majesty originally resides, the People. I have not seen the Papers but Coll Trumbul gives me this Account, Coll Smiths Toast \u201ccommon sense to the Common People\u201d is already verified.\n     Make your observations, keep your Journal, and make Nabby Smith do so too, and let me see all when you return.\n      Yours evermore\n      John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0162", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to John Adams, 30 December 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Adams, John\n      My dearest Friend\n      december 30th 1786 Bath\n     I yesterday received your kind favour by mr Murry and the day before; yours by mr Bridgen. Mr and Mrs Rucker left us this morn\u00ading, but I did not write by them knowing that the post would be much Spedier. You tell me to keep a journal, but you do not think what a task you impose or how every Hour is occupied at this place by those who stay only ten or twleve Days, and run the circle of amusement, or rather dissapation. The Young are delighted here, because they feel less restraint in their amusements and pleasures than in the city. The excercise they take, together with the clear sun shine and fine air of Bath tends to exhilirate the spirits. The aged and the infirm receive Health and Spirits from the Bethsadian pools and not a little satisfaction is derived to all parties from visiting a place of fashionable resort. As it may be more amusement to you in my absence to read a little detail of my excursion than if I brought home a journal to you, I will endeavour to recollect the events of the past week. You know I had but one acquaintance who resided here, and him I determined to find out and leave a card at his Lodgings. But on Sunday last, before I had made any inquiry for him, he heard of my arrival and came immediately to see me. He was wonderfully polite and civil to us, offerd us every attention in his power. We invited him to dine with us the next day, and the old Gentleman came. He told us that he had not for 3 years past been a Subscriber to any of the publick amusements the concert excepted, and to that he would have the honour of conducting us. This he did the next Evening and procured us Seats to much advantage. The next Day he invited us to a Breakfast with him and entertaind us with great Elegance and Hospitality. He has taken such a prodigious fancy to col Smith that he has made him a confident in his private affairs. Col Smith brought a letter of introduction to mr Fairfax who is mr Boylstones most intimate Friend. Mr Fairfax was Sick confined to his Chamber and his Lady quite an invalide but they have been very obliging to us, Sent us cards for the benifit Ball and yesterday we dinned with them. Tho mr Fairfax was not able to set at table, he deputed mr Boylstone to do the Honours of it, and the old gentleman appeard as happy as if he had, had so many of his children about him and mrs Fairfax said she had never Seen him in such Spirits in her Life. In the Evening we went to a party at Miss Hartlys, a musical Route I believe I must call it, as we had both vocal and instrumental, we had Stars and Garters Lords and Ladies present. Miss Hartly is quite a criple having lost one of her feet by a mortification, very infirm, and delicate but quite well bred polite and soft in her manners. Her mind seems much more cultivated than most of the Ladies we meet with. She is very fond of Musick and a performer. She is moved about in a chair set upon wheels, quite helpless her hands excepted. She reads or hears a young companion whom she keeps with her, is very pleasent and cheerfull and was once a very handsome woman. I drank tea with her once before without company and it was then I made my observations. We have been to three Balls one concert one play, two private parties, to the publick walks &c and all this in one week is enough to surfeit one. The Ball to morrow Evening will conclude our amusements at Bath. We then propose a visit to the Hot well of Bristol. That accomplished we set out for Grosvenour Square which we mean to reach on saturday next, perhaps on fryday, but as it is not convenient for all of us to travel fast; I rather think we shall make 3 or four Days of our return. I have lost my bed fellow to Day, but as the weather is so much moderated I think I shall do without an Abbe the remainder of my stay. You recollect in France that they are so polite to the Ladies as to accomodate them with an Abbe, when they give the Gentleman a Nun\u2014even the Chaste and immaculate Dr, used to take a Nun to his Bed.\n     I am happy at the intelligence received from Boston, and hope all will be well.\n     Mr and Mrs Smith present their duty; Mr Cutting writes that he had dinned with you 3 times out of 8 Days. I wish I Could Send you some of the fine fish of Bath in which they greatly excell any part of England that I have visited. Small Bear Bread Mutton and fish are excellent here, but I begin to wish myself at Home notwithstanding. Having visited Bath once I am satisfied, as you have no fancy for that which makes it so delightfull to most people. I do not wonder that you preferd building up Republicks, and establishing Governments. Be so good as to let john and Esther know, that we Shall be at Home on Saturday next.\n      Ever yours.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0163", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Isaac Smith Jr., 30 December 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Smith, Isaac Jr.\n      My Dear sir\n      LondonDecember 30th 1786\n     Your Letter to me informing me of the Death of your dear Parent, and my much Loved Aunt, awakened in my Bosom all those tender and Sympathetick emotions, which my own and your loss united.\n     Twice in my Life it hath pleased Heaven that I should taste of a Similar affliction in the loss of a Father and a Mother. Time which has meliorated the poignant anguish; which attends a recent seperation, presents to my recollection, their numerous virtues, and their endearing characters; which are a constant Solace to me, and excite in my Heart the warmest gratitude to Heaven for having blest me with Such parents, and continued their Lives to me for so many years. And Such my Dear sir must be your consolation when your thoughts employ themselves upon a Parent, who fullfilld every Duty and every Relation in Life with a conscientious punctuality with a tenderness and benevolence that constantly testified the strict unison which Subsisted between her Duty, and her inclination. Next to my own Parents, was your Dear Mother in my affection and regard. The Law of kindness was always upon her Lips, and it was from the abundance of her Heart, that her Mouth Spake.\n     Tho it hath pleased Heaven to take from me the flattering Idea of being welcomed by her, upon a return to my native Land and I now view with pain, that hospitable Mansion, once the Seat of pleasure, shorn of half its glory, and that Seat deserted; which was once filld with Smiles and with courtesy. I wipe the selfish tear from my Eye, \u201cand look through nature up to Natures God\u201d and in that Mansion not made with Hands I view the Departed Spirit, disencumberd from the Clogs of Mortality, earnestly desirious of receiving and welcoming her Friends into those happy Regions of Security and Bliss where She is safely landed, and there perfecting all those virtuous Friendships which were but commenced on Earth.\n      \u201cAngles from Friendship, gather half their joy\u201d\n     These are consolations which Christianity offers to the afflicted mind. You sir who have for a course of years made those sacred doctrines your study and delight cannot fail to find them a Support under your present affliction. Those doctrines do not call for a Stoical insensibily or forbid us to feel as Humane Creatures, but so to regulate and watch over our passion, as not to permit them to lead us into any excesses that would discover an impotence of mind, and a diffidence of providence.\n     Excuse me Sir that I have not written you before, my mind was too much agitated to write with that calmness which I wished for.\n     Present me in affectionate terms to your Worthy Father, and to your Brother and Sisters.\n     My dear Betsy, alass she knows not how much I have felt for her, but she is a child trained up in the way in which she should go.\n      Mr Adams joins me in affectionate Regards to your family. Believe me dear Sir most Sincerely your Friend\n      A. Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0164", "content": "Title: John Quincy Adams to Abigail Adams, 30 December 1786\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n      My dear Madam\n      Cambridge December: 30th: 1786\n     Three months have now elapsed, since, I have received, one line from Europe; and the only information I have had in all that time, were a couple of paragraphs in the newspapers, the one mentioning your departure from London, and the other your return there; I feel very impatient and anxious for letters, a vessel arrived a few days since; but, I do not hear, that she brought any: if I have been negligent in writing, I have surely had an excuse, and I hope my friends will not punish me, for an involuntary fault. For two complete months, I have not been two miles distant from the spot, where I now write; confined within the walls of a college; having day after day the same scene before my eyes, surrounded by the same objects, and pursuing the same course of studies, what matter could I find to fill up, a sheet of paper? As for public affairs, I have a great aversion, even to thinking of them, and near as we are to Boston, I should know nothing concerning them, if riots, insurrections, and anarchy, were not at this time the only topics of conversation. The people in four or five Counties of this State are distracted, and several hundreds of men, have repeatedly taken arms, and prevented the setting of the court of common pleas. In Worcester, Berkshire, and Hampshire, the people in general are said to be discontented, and to complain of taxation, of the court of common pleas, of the Senate, of the salaries of public officers, and of debts, public and private; all these are, they think, intolerable grievances, and they wish to abolish them. In the other Counties however the people, are quiet, and in general firmly attached to their constitution. Among the rioters that have appeared several times in opposition to the Courts of justice, there has not been one man, of any reputation in the State; and there have been consequently, a number of leaders; three of them, have lately been taken, and, it is probable the others, will soon share the same fate; the insurrections are not immediately dangerous, but our government, has not sufficient vigour and energy, to suppress them at once. There has appeared in the counsel, a degree of timidity and irresolution, which, does no honour to the executive power of a commonwealth. It is said to have arisen chiefly, from the second citizen in the State, who is now distinguished by the ludicrous nick name of the old Lady. I am however in hopes that in two or three months the public tranquillity, will be perfectly restored: I suspect that the present form of government will not continue long; for while the idle, and extravagant, and consequently the poor, complain of its being oppressive, the men of property, and consideration, think the constitution, gives too much liberty to the unprincipled citizen, to the prejudice of the honest, and industrious; the opinion that a pure democracy, appears to much greater advantage, in speculation, than when reduced to practice, gains ground, and bids fair for popularity; I feared that by having received so large a share of my education in Europe, my attachment, to a republican government, would not be sufficient, for pleasing my Countrymen; but I find on the contrary, that I am the best republican here, and with my classmates if I ever have any disputes on the subject, I am always obliged to defend that side of the question.\u2014But, you will have so much political news from other quarters, that I will say no more on that head.\n     I received about two months since, a box of books, for which I return, my most grateful acknowledgments: I have not as yet perused them all, but many of them, have been quite serviceable: among the rest were two volumes of a history of the late revolution, in French. I received much pleasure from them, as the author, appears to aim at impartiality, notwithstanding the dedication was to lord Percy: probably there will be a continuation of it, in which case I shall request to have the continuation; the manuscript marginal notes are peculiarly precious to me, and I hope they will not be discontinued in the future Volumes. I have already wrote to beg a set of Blair\u2019s lectures upon rhetoric, and belles lettres; and have nothing further at present to ask, for myself. The government of the university intend to introduce, as a classical book, Enfield\u2019s institutes of natural philosophy; they are contained in a small quarto volume, and they will be necessary for my brother Charles, about nine months hence, and afterwards for Thomas. I suppose Charles will write for them, himself.\n     My Brothers, and all the other students, except two or three of my classmates, are absent from college, as we are now in vacation time: the reasons which determined me to remain, here, and several other particulars concerning myself, you will find, in a letter which I am going to write to my Sister; for I address almost all my egotism, to her; and indeed seldom make mention to her of any thing or anybody besides myself. Charles, and Tom, behave, with prudence, and in such a manner as has acquired them the friendship of their classmates, and the approbation of our college government. They are economical in their expences, and attentive to their studies. I was in some fears lest Tom\u2019s youth and inexperience, should lead him into an idle, dissipated way, which is the case, with many of the younger students; but his conduct, ever since his admission, has been so uniformly steady, that I am convinced he will do honour to himself, and merit the applause of his friends, in his academical course.\n     I am informed that Callahan proposes to sail in a few days, and will therefore close this letter; I have nothing of any consequence to add, except acknowledging the receipt of your favour of Septr: 27th and Octr. 14. but I am still more anxious to hear again, than I was before these letters arrived, as both your letter and my Sister\u2019s, mention that you had been ill since your return from Holland. Another vessel is daily expected from London, and I am extremely impatient to hear that your health is perfectly restored: absence from my friends, I am so much inured to, that I can bear it; but when, a state of suspense with respect to their health is added, it becomes almost intolerable.\n     The account of your tour to Mr Hollis\u2019s seat, afforded me much entertainment: and I am very desirous to see that of your journey to Holland; but I know not when, I shall see Mrs Cranch: most probably not within two or three months. Mr: and Mrs: Dumas, I supposed, even before I received your letter, to entertain a more favourable opinion of me, than I am conscious of deserving:\u2014and Miss, you say, look\u2019d kind. Kindness and benevolence, are indeed her characteristics. I never concealed from you the esteem and friendship, which I had, and which I still retain for her; but, (notwithstanding, some shrewd hints, contained in several of my Sisters letters, in which she appears to suspect my independence,) a more tender sentiment than friendship, has not yet gained admision into my breast, and I trust my Reason will for at least seven years to come, preserve my heart as free, as it ever has been.\n     Will you present my duty to my Father, to whom I will write soon. To Coll: Smith I wish to be remembered; I have attempted to write to him, but a certain awkwardness, in addressing a person whom I never saw, (though I condemn myself for it) has prevented. My Sister I intend, shall hear directly from me by this opportunity.\n      Your dutiful, and affectionate Son.\n      J. Q. Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-07-02-0165", "content": "Title: Mary Smith Cranch to Abigail Adams, 31 December 1786\nFrom: Cranch, Mary Smith\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n      My dear Sister\n      Braintree December 31d 1786\n     I reciev\u2019d a few days since your Letter of Sepr. 12th and yesterday that of october the 12th and thank you most sincerly for them both. Your account of Holland entertaind me much. You must have improv\u2019d your time well to have visited so many places and notic\u2019d so much. The fatigue was too great for you. It was this that made you sick. I was rejoic\u2019d to find your dissorder whatever it was for you did not tell me what had left before I heard of it. I feel a sad pertubation of spirit whenever a vessel arrives till I can see your hand writing and read that all are living and well. Your Family have been preserv\u2019d thro many dangers, and for valuable purposes I dare say, but I most sincerly wish you all Safe at home. I shall comply with your wishes relaiting to a particular subject. The Person would not have been So often mention\u2019d if some circumstances had not taken place which had no reference to your Family.\n     Our dear uncle Smith has recover\u2019d his Spirits much better than I expected he would, but a heavey Sigh often escapes him yet. He is So much alter\u2019d in his Family and in his attention to his Friends that you would scarcly suppose him the same man he once was. He left those little matters to our Aunt which now he attend too himself. Cousin Betsy behaves with the utmost prudence and discretion. She has a most exellent disposition. I am Sure you would Love her more than ever was you here.\n     We have had another Snow Storm Since I wrote last. Such an one has not been Seen for seventy years. Many People were oblig\u2019d to get out of their chamber window, upon the Banks. The roads have been impassable in many places for a fortnight, and yet the Fields and some of the Streets in this town are bare. The college was oblig\u2019d to be deserted Several weeks before the vacancy usually begins, wood could not be got. Your eldest Son chose to Stay and ran his chance for wood as he thought he could Study there better than at home, and he will take this time to collect his part of the theses for commencment. The class have petition\u2019d for a private one and have Set forth their reasons in a long preamble to their Petition. The Scarcity of money and the difficulty many of them find to pay even thier quarter Bills, are among the number.\n      January 5th\n     Letters have been falling in to one and another ever since Folger ariv\u2019d but not one for mr Cranch is come to hand yet: \u201che wonders at it as he has written so largly both to Brother and Sister.\u201d Did you receive one from him? you have not mention\u2019d it. He hopes it was not lost. The Trunk you Sent is Salve in uncle Smiths Store it was got out without any difficulty or paying any Duty that I can hear off. The Shirts for JQA came Safe last Fall as did the Linnin for your other Sons. The Shirts went immediately to Cambridge. I Supposed Cousin would have mention\u2019d them or I Should. It was a long time before I could find Who had the Peice of Linning, which was the reason I did not say any thing about it at that time. When we Shall be able to get the Trunk which is just arriv\u2019d I know not. There has been a great thaw within a few days which has render\u2019d it almost impossible for a carriage to pass. A thousand thanks my dear Sister is all I can offer you for these renewed Instances of your kindness to me and my dear Girls, but I cannot bear you should let them be So expencive to you. Half worn Gowns Such as might not be proper for you to wear in your Situation, would have been receiv\u2019d with the utmost gratitude by them and Would have been priz\u2019d more for having been wore by an Aunt they So dearly Love. The Silk you have Sent I heard them say they should lay up till they were married, but you must come home and find them Husbands! there are but few with whom they could be happy. They have had an education which calls for Tast Learning and virtue and they could not be happy in partners destitute of these qualifications. They go but little into the World, and into the Gay part of it not at all. There are Some Ladies of whom one may know every thing that is to be known in one afternoon. The diffidence of others renders it not so easey to discover their characters.\n     Our cousin William Smith has at last found a Lady Sensible enough of his merit to accept him for a Partner for Life. Miss Hannah Carter is the Lucky girl. The matter is Settled I hear. They will soon be married. I think you know her she is very Sensible, and has a much more improv\u2019d mind than is commonly to be found among the gay world. Doctor Simon Tufts dy\u2019d last Sunday. The calmness with which he left the world does honour to the Religion he profess\u2019d and practic\u2019d. He call\u2019d all his Family round him and pray\u2019d with them and in that Prayer expir\u2019d. His Daughters Grief is excessive, you know the Strength of her Passions.\n     I heard from Sister Shaw last week She and the Family were well. Whether she will be able to get a Letter to town Soon enough to Send is uncertain as the roads are so bad.\n     Your two younger Sons have been writing to you and will do so to their Sister if the vessell does not Sail So Soon as we hear it is too. Betsy and Lucy will write also if they can. It is a busy season with us. Our young Gentlemen always come home tatter\u2019d and torn. We have met with a great Loss in mrs Betsy Nash. She is married and is to leave the Town soon.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0040", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Jay, 2 January 1786\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Adams, John\n      Office for foreign Affairs 2d: January 1786.\n     I have the Honor of transmitting to you herewith enclosed a Copy of a Letter of the 21st: December from Mr: Temple to me, which I laid before Congress. They have been pleased to direct that you communicate it to His Britannic Majesty\u2014 That you inform him, that the Complaint stated in it, being in general Terms, and unsupported by any particular Facts, or Evidence, they do not think it necessary, or proper, to take any Measures in Consequence of it. And that you assure him, that as it is their determination the Treaty of Peace shall be punctually observed by their Citizens, and that His Majesty\u2019s Subjects shall enjoy here all the Rights which friendly and civilized Nations claim from each other; so they will always be ready to hear every Complaint which may appear to be well founded, and to Redress such of them, as, on Investigation, shall prove to be so.\n     This Communication will give you an Opportunity of Remarking, that the Office of Consul General does not extend to Matters of this Kind\u2014 Neither the Rights of Commerce, nor of Navigation being in question, and therefore that it was Delicacy towards His Majesty, rather than a Sense of the propriety of such an Application from a Consul General, which induced Congress to treat it with this Mark of Attention.\n     It would perhaps be well to pursue the Subject, to intimate the Expediency, as well as Propriety, of sending a Minister here, and if Circumstances should so dictate, to accompany it with assurances\nthat Congress expect a Minister and are ready to receive and treat him in a Manner consistent with the Respect due to his Sovereign.\n     The advantage alluded to in one of your Letters, if no other, would result from such an Appointment, viz:\u2014That the British Court would then probably receive more accurate Representations of Affairs in this Country, than they are at present supplied with by Men, who Write and Speak more as their Wishes and Feelings, than as Truth and Knowledge dictate.\u2014\n     I have the Honor to be, with great Respect, / Sir, / Your most obedient, and / Very humble servant;\n      John Jay\u2014\n      P. S. Your Letters of the following Dates are arrived 15. 17. 21. 25. 27 Octob. la[st]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0042", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Jay, 4 January 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\n      Dear Sir\u2014\n      Grosvenor Square Jany. 4. 1786\u2014\n     A day or two after the receipt of your Letter of Novr. 1st. & that of President Lee. which came with it I wrote to the archbishop of Canterbury, by Colo. Smith, for an Hour when I might have the Honour to pay my Respects to his Grace\u2014And was answerd very politely that he would be glad to have the Honour of seeing me, next day, between Eleven & twelve, accordingly I went Yesterday & was very agreably received, by a venerable & candid Prelate, with whom I had before only exchanged Visits of Ceremony\u2014\n     I told his Grace that at the desire of two very respectable Characters in America, the late President of Congress and the present secretary of State for the department of foreign affairs\u2014I had the honor to be the Bearer to his Grace of a Letter from a Convention of Deligates from the Episcopal Churches in most of the southern States\u2014 which had been transmitted to me open, that I might be acquainted with its Contents\u2014 That in this Business however I acted in no official Character, having no Instructions from Congress nor indeed from the Convention, but I thought it most respectful to them, as well as to His Grace to present the Letter in Person\u2014 The Archbishop answered, that all that he could say at present, was that he was himself very well disposed to give the satisfaction desired, for he was by no means one of those, who wished that contentions should be kept up between the two Countries, or between one Party & another in america but on the Contrary was desirous of doing every thing in his power to promote Harmony & good Humour\u2014\n     I then said that if his Grace would take the trouble of reading two Letters, from Mr. Lee & Mr. Jay, he would perceive the motives of those Gentlemen in sending the Letters to my Care, I gave him the Letters which he read attentively & returned, and added that it was a great satisfaction to him to see, that Gentlemen of Character and Reputation, interested themselves in it, for that the Episcopalians in the United States, could not have the full & compleat Enjoyment of\ntheir religious Liberties, without it and he subjoined that it was also a great satisfaction to him, to have received this visit from me, upon this occasion And he would take the Liberty to ask me, if it were not an improper Question, whether the interposition of the English Bishops would not give uneasiness & dissatisfaction in America\n     I replyed that my answer could be only that of a private Citizen, and in that capacity I had o scruple to say, that the people of the United States in general were for a liberal and generous toleration\u2014 I might indeed employ a stronger word and call it a right & the first right of Mankind to worship God, according to their Consciences & therefore that I could not see any reasonable Ground for Dissatisfaction and that I hoped & believed there would be none of any consequence\n     His Grace was then pleased to say that Religion in all Countries especially a Young one, ought to be attended to, as it was the foundation of Goverment\u2014 He hoped the Characters which should be recommended would be good ones\u2014 I replied that there were in the Churches in America able Men of Characters altogether irreproachable and that such & such only\u2014I presumed would be recommended\u2014 I then rose to take my Leave, and his Grace then asked me, if he might be at liberty to mention that I had made him this Visit on this occasion I answered, Certainly if his Grace should judge it proper.\n     Thus Sir I have fulfilled my Commission and remain as usual\u2014Your Sincere friend & most / obedient Servant\u2014\n      John Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0045", "content": "Title: To John Adams from the Marquis de Lafayette, 9 January 1786\nFrom: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nTo: Adams, John\n      Extract\n      To Mr. Adams\u2014\n     I present You with my New Year Good Wishes so far as to conform ourselves to the European Calendar; for altho\u2019 my Sentiments\nfor You are the same Every Day. Yet dont I think it right in us to mention any Day as the beginning of the Year but the blessed 4th. of July.\n     Mr. Barret\u2019s Business is coming on pretty well; he has made a Six Years Contract with Mr. Sangraine for the Sum of four hundred Thousand Livres a year & would not carry it further\u2014in order to give to the other Merchants an Opportunity to do business on their own account. Mr. Sangraines Consumption amounts to an annual Sum of one Million of Livres and I dont doubt but that Three Millions of Livres worth may be easily sold in France, which is as comfortable to the Nantucket people as a Settlement at Shelburne Town in Nova Scotia. Two Things remain to be settled the one to have this Six Years Contract authorised by Government; the other to see what can be done for the following Years. I am sure Mr. Jefferson will find in the Ministry a good Disposition to encourage an Exchange Trade. The last time I saw the Controleur General, he had received Complaints from the French Wale Company, upon which he expatiated not a little; but as they cant furnish more than a very small part of our Consumption, France must for a pretty long time at least, get foreign Oil; & that of New England indeed smells better than that of Great Britain.\n     Mr. Barret has entered into a Partnership with Messrs. le Couteux, who have promised to accept Bills for any American Goods from any American State that will be sent to Mr. Barret, so that the Connection will extend to every part of the Continent & Remittances will be made in French Goods, under the Inspection of Mr Barret, who is to sail by the next packet, fix his Correspondences, and return with the first Cargo of Oil, in order to settle in Paris.\n     The Article of Spermacetti Candles may go a great Length: Samples have been sent by some of my Friends in Boston: Mr Jefferson Mr Barret & myself are of Opinion the best way will be to bring the Materials here, make the Candles to the Taste of the people & see how they will take. We have been for three Days fixing Pins into them to measure their Duration & conclude it may become an Article for Remittances of a pretty great Value.\n     Mr. Tracy\u2019s naval Stores Plan is going on & I don\u2019t doubt but what a Contract will take place. It is the avowed Opinion of the Brittish Navy that American Timber is good for Nothing, which affected me the more as I know it to be quite disinterested; But am happy to find those Prejudices are dying away in France, so far at least as respects live Oak, Red Cedar, Knees; and a few Experiments will also\nrestabilitate the Masts: Officers are sent for that purpose to the Eastward, & I hope my Friend Mr. Brook Mr Barret and others will contract for an Envoice of Timber. In the mean while I am desired to ask General Green for \u2003\u2003 Thousand Cubit feet of live Oak as an Experiment, & an Officer is sent to Georgia to contract with him on a large Scale. American Pitch is acknowledged to be excellent & a certain Quantity is asked for as a farther Experiment. Pot Ash too has been tried & is far superior to any other.\n     It seems to me there may be given in this Country a Vent for a Million Sterling worth of American Produce; that to be paid in french Goods, & I wish a preference may be given to natural productions, or useful Manufactures, over the extravagant Trinkets of Fashion & Luxury. When a solid exchange Trade is well fixed then is time for a bounded Credit to take place. If Great Britain is complaining of her Losses she may blame her Ministers who while they had sent their Goods to America took great Care that Every Door be shut against Remittances, evincing an equal Wisdom with one, who after he had exchanged a Watch for a Bank bill, would contrive while he is locking it in his pocket book, very cunningly to let it slip into the Fire.\n     I find by the American Papers that Sir Robert Herries had proposed furnishing the Farm with Tobacco, which is very kind indeed considering the Trouble he would have to go & fetch it. Upon this Affair of Tobacco Mr. Jefferson has wrote a Letter which is a Master-Piece. As this Government is very friendly disposed, I wish a Committee might be appointed to examine Article by Article the Means of Remittance that America has to dispute with the forme Generale upon every selfish or prejudiced Trial, to facilitate Exportations from America into France and level every Obstacle that attends the French Goods from the Manufacturing Place to the Vessel wherein they are embarked: In a Word, to benefit both Trades, and bend together both Nations on the Basis of mutual Advantages. Such a measure I think, would be of immense Profit to either of the two Countries, and many good Things could also be added on the East India Trade.\n     Brant, the Indian is, I am told, in England. It would seem to be a very ingenious Plan for Great Brittain to pursue, while they are losing their Mercantile Interest in America, for the Sake of some few Furr Merchants, or rather of a few petty Officers in Canada, also to give themselves all the political Disadvantages of a War with the United States, so far at least as to alienate every Mind, and cut off\nevery Hope of a good Understanding; and that for the Sake of a few Scalps! What Obligations, my dear Sir, are we laid under to British Councils, not only in the Course of, but still after the Revolution, which they have so well prepared, encouraged, hastened, consolidated, and are now bringing to Perfection.\n     I have two Favors to beg of You: The one is to find out what remains of Fothergill\u2019s Works on the Slavery of Negroes, and to send me every Thing that has been written in England about the Means to discourage it: I would like to add the several Laws passed in America for a gradual Enfranchisement of those injured People: My second Request is, for You to get acquainted with a Mr. Howard, who has travelled all over Europe to enquire into, and has written an excellent Book to amend, the State of Prisons. I have a great Desire to be honored with his Correspondence.\n      la Fayette.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0046", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Wilhem & Jan Willink and Nicolaas & Jacob van Staphorst, 10 January 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Willink, Wilhem & Jan (business),Staphorst, Nicolaas & Jacob van (business)\n      Gentlemen\n      Grosvenor square Jany 10 1786\n     I am honoured with your Letter of the 23d of Decr. and remember very well my giving the Credit for a 1000\u00a3\u2014 It was to pay for swords medals &c for officers, which Coll. Humphries had orders from Congress & their Financier to have made\u2014 I informed you of it at the same time\u2014 I only gave the power to Mr. Jefferson to draw for the money as Humphry might want it, in order to multiply the checks\u2014 This Credit stands very well\u2014\n     You will please to advertise for the payment of the Interest as you propose.\n     On the 9th. of this month I accepted a Bill of John Ledyard on me at 60 Day\u2019s sight for twelve Guineas in favour of Mr. Grand dated Paris Decr. 29. 1785\u2014indorsed by Mr. Grand to Louis Tessier. certified by Mr. Jefferson to be drawn by order of John Lamb expressed in a Letter in Mr. Jeffersons possession\u2014 on the 18th of this month I drew a Bill on Messrs. C. & R. Puller in favour of Coll. Smith for 150\u00a3 sterling to pay for a sword for the Baron De Steuben according to the order of Congress & the Board of War\u2014\n     I think I have informed you before that I have accepted Bills of Mr. Barclay as far as No. 12.\u2014 Late as it is I wish you Gentlemen the Compliments of the season & have the honor to be with much esteem / Your &c", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0047", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Richard Cranch, 11 January 1786\nFrom: Cranch, Richard\nTo: Adams, John\n       Dear Brother\n      Mr. John Jenks, the Bearer, has this moment inform\u2019d me that he shall sail for London this Day in Capt. Lyde. As he has been so long connected with our most valuable Friend Doctr Tufts, and is knowing to so many of our Friends and Relations, I think it must be a Pleasure to you and you Family to see him in London. He comes, as I am inform\u2019d, in behalf of some Merchants in Salem to transact some Business of importance in which they are concerned. He expects to be back in the Spring, and will gladly take Charge of any thing you may want to send by him. I left your dear Charles at our House Yesterday he is very well, and behaves exceeding well at the University. It is now the long Winter Vacancy. Your Sons, Mr. Thaxter, and the rest of our Friends at Haverhill were well last Week. Please to give my most affectionate Regards to my dear Sister and to your amiable Daughter, and believe me to be your obliged Friend and Brother\u2014\n       Richard Cranch\n      Our Friends are all well\u2014 You will have Letters from all of us by Lyde.\n      Before I had seal\u2019d my Letter the Post from Haverhill came in, and bro\u2019t a Letter for your dear Partner, which I have given in charge to Mr. Jenks, I suppose it contains several Letters.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0049", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thomas Jefferson, 12 January 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n     You were here the last year when the interest due to the French officers was paid to them, and were sensible of the good effect it had on the credit & honor of the U.S. a second year\u2019s interest is become due. they have presented their demands. there is not money here to pay them, the pittance remaining in mr\u0303 Grand\u2019s hands being only sufficient to pay current expences three months longer. the dissatisfaction of these officers is extreme, and their complaints will produce the worst effect. the treasury board has not ordered their paiment, probably, because they knew there would not be money. the amount of their demands is about 42,000 livres. and mr\u0303 Grand has in his hands but twelve thousand. I have thought it my duty under this emergency to ask you whether you could order that sum for their relief from the funds in Holland? if you can, I am persuaded it will have the best of effects.\n     The imperial Ambassador took me apart the other day at Count d\u2019Aranda\u2019s, and observed to me that Doctr. Franklin about eighteen or twenty months ago had written to him a letter proposing a treaty of commerce between the Emperor & the U.S. that he had communicated it to the Emperor & had answered to Doctor Franklin that they were ready to enter into arrangements for that purpose: but that he had since that received no reply from us. I told him I knew well that Doctor Franklin had written as he mentioned, but that this was the first mention I had ever heard made of any answer to the letter. that on the contrary we had always supposed it was unanswered & had therefore expected the next step from him. he expressed his wonder at this and said he would have the copy of his answer sought for & send it to me. however, he observed that this matter being now understood between us, the two countries might proceed to make the arrangements. I told him the delay had been the more unlucky as our powers were now near expiring. he said he supposed Congress could have no objections to renew them, or perhaps to send some person to Brussels to negotiate the matter there. we remitted all further discussion till he should send me a copy of his letter. he has not yet done it, and I doubt whether he has not forgotten the substance of his letter which probably was no more than an acknoledgement of the receipt of Dr. Franklin\u2019s and a promise to transmit it to his court. if he had written one proposing\nconferences, it could never have got safe to Doctor Franklin. be this as it will he now makes advances, and I pray you to write me your sentiments immediately as to what is best to be done on our part. I will endeavor to evade an answer till I can hear from you.\n     I have the honor to be with the highest respect & esteem Dear Sir / your most obedient & most humble servant\n      Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0052", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Jay, 21 January 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\n      Dear Sir\n      Grosvenor Square Jan. 21. 1786\n     On Wednesday, the Chevalier De Pinto informed me that he had written to Lisbon, for Explanations from his Court upon certain Points: that he expected an Answer, in a few days, and that as soon as he Should receive it, he would call upon me and proceed in the Negotiation. That in the meantime he would not disguise from me, the Solicitude of his Court to Send a Minister, to Congress. Ettiquette forbid, that the Court of Portugal should Send an Ambassador, Minister Plenipotentiary or Envoy, to America, untill the United\nStates would agree to Send one of equal Rank to Lisbon.\u2014 But if Congress had any Reasons for not sending Ministers of so high an Order, they might send a Resident or Charg\u00e9 D\u2019Affaires.\u2014 I answered him that I had heard it was the Intention of Congress to Send a Consul, but that I could Say no further.\n     Lord Carmarthen on Thursday told me, he was at Work upon an Answer to my Memorial concerning the Posts, and should compleat it, as soon as he could collect Some further Information concerning the Debts, of the Obstructions to the Payment of which the Ministry had recd Complaints from Persons in this Country who were interested in them.\u2014 You may conclude from this as well as I, what kind of Answer it will be.\u2014 I am very glad that I am to have an Answer. Whatever it may be, it will lead to further Ecclaircissement and a final Accommoodation. Yet I think the Answer will not come before the Spring.\u2014 It will take Eighteen Months more to settle all Matters, exclusive of the Treaty of Commerce.\n     Mr. Eden has Said within a few Days, that he believed there would be a Treaty of Commerce with the United States of America, within a Year or two. He may wish to be employed in it, for however Sanguine he may be of his success at Versailles I shall loose my Guess if he ever accomplishes a commercial Treaty with that Court.\u2014 He may however.\u2014 This Nation would now crouch to France for the Sake of being insolent to Us. The Disposition to crush the Weak is almost always attended with that of cringing to the Strong. Arrogance to Inferiours is ever servile to superiours. But a Treaty with France, Such as She would accept, would be hurtfull to such Numbers and raise such an Opposition that I cannot yet believe Mr Eden will be permitted to sign one. The Term of two Years is expired and Del Campo, has done nothing.\u2014 Crawford is returned without doing any Thing as I Suppose.\n     The true Secret of the Appointment of Eden, as I conceive is the Court of Versailles was offended, that Crawford was not allowed to do any Thing and used Some Sharp Expressions, which intimidated the Ministry. Eden was appointed for two Ends first to appease the Wrath at Versailles and Secondly to keep up a misterious delusive hope in the English Nation. Perhaps too the Ministry are afraid of commercial Speculations between France & Ireland. These Conjectures are precarious, and no great Stress should be laid upon them.\n     With great Respect I have the Honour / to be, dear sir, your most obedient / and most humble servant\n      John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0053", "content": "Title: From John Adams to the Marquis de Lafayette, 21 January 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\n      Dear Sir\n      Grosr. sqr. 21st. Jany. 86\u2014\n     I am very glad to learn by your Kind favour of the 9th. that Boylston has sold his oil to sangrains Correspondent because this will both shew the Bostonians that a Markett may be found in france, much better than in England, & the Parrissians that this oil is much better & Cheaper than any other\n     Mr. Barretts Contract bids fair to compleat the business & to introduce a regular Exchange of American for french productions\u2014 The french Nation cannot be interested in their Whaling Company so much, as they are in their general productions of agriculture and manufactures.\u2014 It is very pleasing to hear, that our naval stores & pot-ash have an undisputed Reputation and you may depend upon it that our timber, and masts will very soon, vindicate themselves from all the English slanders\u2014 I wish I had a Copy of Mr. Jefferson\u2019s Letter upon tobacco\u2014 Brant is come for half pay, as it is given out\u2014 I believe his hopes of scalps at present is lost in the fear of loosing his own\u2014\n     I will look up the writings you desire against the slavery of negroes, & send them by the first good oppertunity\u2014 The Laws passed in America are not to be found here\u2014 Mr. Howard is now, as I am told by my friend Dr. Price, at Marsailles\u2014\n     there is not a possibility of forming an adequate Idea, of what is passing in the News papers, in this town without taking 7\u2014 or 8\u2014 of them daily\u2014 You find yourself encumbered in the Course of a few Day\u2019s with an enormous pile of waste paper\u2014which contains nothing of any value, tho\u2019 it Cost you a large sum of Money\u2014\n     The morning Cronicle is the best for parliamentary debates, but is good for little else. The light Troops of the Ministry skirmish in the morning post\u2014those of opposition in the Morning herald\u2014but there is little in either but the battles of the sons of dulness\u2014\n     tell Anastasia she must prepare herself to let papa go\u2014 there will not be time to wait for George to grow up\u2014according to the latest advices\u2014\n     Mr. Hancock is president of Congress & in his absence Mr. Ramsay of So. Carolina fills the Chair\u2014 Mr. Temples Commission was before Congress, but not determined on, at the date of my Letter from Mr. Jay of the 26th. of Novr.\n     The ensuing season of parliament will be stormy opposition will have materials enough & ministry will be pressed from various quarters\u2014\n     The taxes the last year have been very productive, and Mr. Pitt is purse proud, but in the opinion of the deepest men he is too sanguine, in presuming that the next Year, will be equally prosperous\u2014\n     If france\u2014the Emperor & America persevere, he will be terribly disappointed\u2014 The British Empire is now in the power of its Rivals, who will be weak indeed, if they again contribute to build it up to a dangerous height\u2014\n     It was very pleasant the other day to see at the drawing room, how all Nations were of one blood, dwelling together in Love\u2014 there was Colonel Smith, and his Royal Majesty King Brant, who had been so lately in action against each other in the Wilderness\u2014 Brants Phisiognomy was much admired by the Ladies\u2014 They saw a remarkable goodness in his Countenance & I suppose were amused with that harmless play thing\u2014his hatchett, in another part of the Room were seen the American Ambassador & King Pascall Paoli, in a familiar Conversation with each other\u2014 Who can immagine a more striking scene of gratification for Philanthropy\n     The Ladies are very sensible of your politeness and desire me to convey their best respects to you & Madam Lafayette & their affectionate remembrance of the little family\u2014\n     I am Dr. sir", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0054", "content": "Title: From John Adams to the Comte de Sarsfield, 21 January 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Sarsfield, Guy Claude, Comte de\n      Dear Sir\u2014\n      Grosvenor square Jany. 21st. 1786\n     If I were as fortunate as you are and could pass the Water from Dover to Calais in 3 hours, I would go to Paris & dine with you in some of your American Parties but I can never get over from Harwich to Helveot nor from Dover to Calais in less than 17 hours, & sometimes not under three Day\u2019s\u2014\n     I have all the peices relative to the United Provinces excepting Le Pay\u2019s de Drenthe. I have one peice upon slavery\u2014one upon Woemen, & two introductions to the subject of fiefs. Voila tout que J\u2019en ai\u2014\n     Among all my acquaintance I know not a greater Rider of Hobby Horses than Count Sarsefield\u2014 one of your Hobby Horses is to assemble uncommon Characters\u2014 I have dined with you 2 or 3. times at your House in Company with the oddest Collections of Personages that were ever put together\u2014 I am thinking if you were here, I would Invite you to a dinner to your taste\u2014 I would ask King Paoli\u2014 King Brant\u2014Le Chevaleir DeEon, & if you pleased you might have Mr. & Mrs. \u2014\u2014\u2014 with whom you dined in America\u2014 How much speculation would this whimsical association afford you?\u2014\n     How goes on your Enquiry into fiefs? if you do not make haste I may perhaps interfere with you I have half a Mind to devote the next ten Years to the making of a Book, upon the subject of Nobility\u2014 I wish to enquire into the practice of all Nations ancient & modern, civilized & savage, under all Religions Mahometan, Christian, & Pagan\u2014to see how far the division of Mankind into Patricians & Plebeians, Nobles & simples is necessary & inevitable & how far it is not Nature has not made this discrimination. art has done it\u2014 Art may then prevent it\u2014 I believe would it do good or evil\nto prevent it? I believe good think what you will of it\u2014 How can it be prevented? in short it is a splendid subject and if I were not too Lazy I would undertake it.\n     I want to see Nations in Uniform\u2014 No Church Canonicals: no Lawyers Robes\u2014no \u2014\u2014\u2014 no distinctions in society, but such as sense and Honesty make.\u2014 What a fool? what an Enthusiast you will say\u2014 what then? why should not I have my Hobby Horse to ride as well as my friend\u2014 I\u2019ll tell you what\u2014 I believe this many headed beast the people, will some time or other have wit enough to throw their riders\u2014and if the should they will put an End to an Abundance of tricks with which they are now curbed & bitted, whiped & spurred", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0056", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Rufus King, 22 January 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: King, Rufus\n      Grosvenor Square Jan. 22. 1786\n     Yesterday I was honoured with your Letters of the 4. and 10. Decr.\u2014 The Act of Congress respecting the British Consul General, is wise, and well guarded: Nevertheless I think that We Should not be So inattentive to Ettiquette, as to omit a Proposition for Sending a Minister Plenipotentiary. We give up, a Point, by receiving a Consul in return for a Minister, which, although it may appear of little Consequence in America, is really of some Weight among our own People, and of much more in Europe. Republicks, have in all Ages been quite as attentive to the respect due to their Ambassadors as crowned Heads. Holland, Venice and Genoa, are at this day more Studious of this, than any Kings in Europe, whose Dominions are not larger.\n     The last publick Entry and Audience of Ambassadors in this Country was insisted on by the Republick of Genoa at the Accession of his present Majesty: and I conjecture that the true Reason why We have no Answer from Venice and Genoa is that they think Ettiquette required that We should have Sent Ministers to them or at least that Congress should have written a Letter to them, announcing their Independence and desire to live in Amity.\n     I See with Pleasure that the States are advancing towards Unanimity, in Commercial Regulations. They may depend upon it they have no other Resource. They will be obliged to come into it, and the sooner the better. The Stocks are mounted up, and Mr Pitt is about adopting a Plan of Dr Price, for a sinking Fund. This will prove an Illusion, but its Brillancy will dazzle this People.\n     Your Picture of the Prosperity of our Country, its Agriculture and Fisheries is a charming one. The Acts of Mass. for encouraging the Whale Trade, and the Alterations of their navigation Act, I hope will have good Effects. inclosed are Some Letters from the Marquis De la Fayette and Mr Barrett which I pray you to send to some Friend in Boston as I have not time to copy them.\u2014 Surely We need not want a Markett for Oil.\n     Will you please to present my affectionate Respects to Mr Hancock and your other Colleagues. I am extreamly sorry that the\nsenate of Massachusetts had less Magnanimity than the House. What Reasons they could have against the Return of the Refugees I cannot comprehend.\u2014 at home they would be impotent, abroad they are mischievous. The News of the Vote of the House had apparently an happy Effect here. In the Vindication of the Principles of Right, and of great Interests We should be as decided as Fate: but angry Passions and especially personall Resentments We should Sacrifice like Men. great Questions should never be perplexed with unnecessary little ones.\u2014 a generous sailor would never puzzle himself to save a Keg of Rum, when he ought to exert himself to save the ship, altho a Hingham farmer is reported to have once done it\u2014\n     Mr Pitt intends to pay the Tories their Losses and dismiss them. They will then be obliged to go to Canada or Nova scotia, unless they can return to the states, which many of them desire. Why We should continue them Spightful and troublesome, when they might be made quiet and harmless I dont know.\n     I have not received from Mr Jay, the Commission you or Mr Gerry mentioned, as Consul General. I wish that Congress had been pleased rather to have appointed Coll Smith.\u2014 However When my Authority arrives I shall do the best I can.\u2014 I promise myself much from your future Correspondence, as I have recd much Pleasure & Information from the past. With great / Esteem, yours\n      John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0058", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Philip Mazzei, 23 January 1786\nFrom: Mazzei, Philip\nTo: Adams, John\n      Dear Sir,\n      Amsterdam, 23. January 1786.\n     I have just been honored with your Excellency\u2019s favor of 15 ulto., & am extremely obliged to you for your discussions on the several topics therein mentioned. As to News-papers, I beg leave to transcribe for your perusal the conclusion of a paragraph, which Marquis de la Fayette, to contradict a false assertion in which he had been named, sent to several Gazeteers in various parts of Europe, & was by them faithfully inserted. \u201cC\u2019est une occasion d\u2019avertir Messrs: les Gazetiers Europeens que toutes les lamentations qu\u2019ils re\u00e7oivent sur la pretendu\u00eb Anarchie, corruption, et d\u00e9tr\u00easse des Am\u00e9ricains, n\u2019ont en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d\u2019autre but que de combattre \u00e0 couvert les \u00c9tats Unis, les id\u00e9es de libert\u00e9, et surtout l\u2019esprit d\u2019Emigration.\u201d\n     The publishing of such a paragraph, and others which at different times have been sent to several printers by Mr. Jefferson or myself, show most clearly that the printers are not all bribed, or controuled by the Govts. the live under, at least on affairs relative to America. Some of them are; but that being Known, they are not much credited. The harm is done by those who, although they would be glad to furnish their readers with true American accounts, are obliged to copy them from english papers, for want of a better information. Even the great Republican Luzac has found it necessary to do the same, not to appear negligent or partial in our favor, \u2019though he did not credit himself such things as his business, or rather his duty as a gazeteer, obliged him to insert in his gazette. There is no comparison, in the inducements to publish falsities to our disadvantage, between the English printers, & those of other Countries. Selfishness in that Country is now, & has been for some time past, beyond conception. Were they not to humour their people with the constant abuse of other Nations, & the puffing of their own, they would not sell a third part of their papers. In the abuse of America they have several other motives to feed the national pride with. Their people must be flattered, & the rest of the World prejudiced with notions,\nthat the loss of America has been a blessing for Great-britain. Mean while they view with envy & jealousy our future consequence & grandeur, & feel most bitterly the idea that every degree of honor & importance we shall acquire, will be a reflection on them. They are animated by the spirit of revenge, & cannot pardon us the most noble & confortable acquisition of the true character of Citizens, while they remain subjects. All these inducements center within the narrow limits of that Island, unless they descend down-right to Hell, or go to Nova-Scotia, which is nearly the same; they do not certainly cross the Channel or the Baltic. And even in regard to the general one, which is to prevent emigration, they are much more interested in it then other Nations for 3. great reasons. 1o. Their natural pride is infinitely more hurt by it, on account of their constantly extolling to the Sky the pretended happiness of living under the blessings of their thick foggs. 2o. The danger of their people removing to America is much greater, because they are better acquainted with it than others, besides their amazing advantage on account of the similarity of language & manners. 3o. And the loss of Inhabitants to them is more hurtful than it is to other Nations, their Country being the least prolific I Know of in the production of animals of our specie. As to the propriety of laying out money to contradict the false assertions of our Enemies, I will only beg leave to observe, that, when sanctified by the silence of the party injured, they certainly are much more apt to fix the stigma; that the pains I took to contradict falsehood, & to bring truth to light, while I was in Europe before, were not intirely lost; that national honor is one of the most noble conforts to the feelings of a good Citizen; & that it contributes not a little to promote, through various channels, even that interest which is too often the only object of a wretched policy.\n     National honor has been my first inducement to undertake the confutation of the mistakes, follies, indiscretions, & falsities of certain writers; adding to it some observations for the consideration of our Countrymen. I had already thought of Paw & Buffon, whom you are pleased to mention as proper objects in your Kind letter to me. As to Paw, I am very short with him; I only say that the World is obliged to him for a performance of a very singular nature, & (as far as I Know) the only one existing in the World; that is a collection of falsities sufficient to fill up 3. vol., for every one of which he has some authority, taken however from the clear fountains of Newspapers & ignorant travellors. As to Buffon, who has been unwillingly induced into error, chiefly by the said Paw, I shall refer my reader to\nthe Annotations on the State of Virginia, wherein Mr. Jefferson has confuted him most masterly & completely. I will prove that Abb\u00e9 Raynal is a wilful lyer; & as to Mably, I have already brought to a geometrical demonstration his ignorance of our Constitutions & Codes of Laws, his mad prosumption as a Legislator, his false reasoning, his constant contradictions, & partly his dogmatical insolent pedantry. I say partly, because it is not in the power of man to say enough of it. You are pleased to observe to me, that he was an honest & independent man. For my part, I have no business with the man; my object is his book, which has contributed much more than all other writings put together to sanctify all the lies which have been spread to our disadvantage, & especially in regard to our pretended Anarchy & confusion. His wrong observations & false reflections on our Constitutions, founded on his ignorance or inexcusable inattention, are sufficient to make the World believe that we must really be in a dreadful situation; especially as he has been supposed (from his indiscretion) to be rather partial in our favor. His affected declarations of zeal for our prosperity, only intended to cast a veil on his unbounded vanity, are provoking to me. I Knew him well; & his obstinate refusal to contradict that impudent reflection on the United States, that he had been applied to by them to write our Constitutional Laws, would have been more than sufficient to make him Known to me, had I been in want of it. As to what he says in point of frugality, honesty, &c., I don\u2019t conceive that it can be of any service in America to read, in a stupid book of a french Abby, those things which every good father tells his children with more grace, in a better stile, & with some good reasons to support his arguments, which the Abby does not, either because he was not able, or because he disdained to perform any office below that of a Dictator. As to the propriety, or rather necessity of making Laws tending to the encouragement of virtue & the banishment of vice, I don\u2019t conceive that the opinion of a pedant can corroborate those sentiments, which are so nobly & clearly expressed in our Declaration of Rights. Had he offered some good reasons for it, the case would have been different. But how could he the poor fellow! his head having never contained any thing more than confused & undigested ideas. He proves nothing, & teaches nothing; if we except a few wrong, silly, & overbearing principles of Govt. The stile is the only thing of his writings, that may be of some service in certain diseases, as it operates quicker than Laudanum. I defy the whole Corps of his friends to point out, in any one of his works, a single good thought of his own,\nor any matter whatever properly discussed & thoroughly digested. Let them come on if they dare; I shall meet them on a safe ground; I am certain of the justice of my cause, & am writing in a language in which I can make myself understood. So much the better, you will say, reflecting on my insufficiency whenever I write in this.\n     I sincerely thank you, Sir, for the pains you have taken after the paper I am in want of, to exhibit to the World, for our honor & to the confusion of the British Merchants, the monstruous difference in their expressions at that time & the present. Should you succeed to find it, I would still be much obliged to you for it. As to the other points, they are not of much consequence.\n     Would be much obliged to you, Sir, for your opinion on my little essay on sumptuary laws; & desiring my most hearty & respectful compliments to Mrs. Adams, I wish you will be so good as to tell her, that whatever you do, or can write to me in regard to your sentiments & feelings for that Lady, cannot exceed what I had conceived from your countenance, more than from your expression in our conversations under the trees of the Tuelleries. Please to tell her likewise that, although I begin to be old, I hope I shall one day or other have the honor to pay her my respects personally in Boston, & that to enjoy that satisfaction I would go almost any where, except Great-britain or Nova-Scotia.\n     Please to direct your favors for me to Mr. Jefferson, as usual, & to believe me most sincerely, / Dear Sir, / your Excelly.\u2019s most Obedient. Humb. Ser.\n      Philip Mazzei.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0059", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Samuel Adams, 26 January 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Samuel\n      Dear Sir\n      Grosvenor Square Jan. 26. 1786\n     Give me Leave to introduce to you, Mr Anstey a Member of Parliament and Barrister at Law, who is Sent out by the Commissioners of American Claims to verify Facts, Such as Titles to Estates, Incumbrances upon them &c.\n     The House of Commons Yesterday ordered an Account of Vessells\ncleared out for the Importation of Flour Biscuit and Live Stock from the U States into any of the Islands of Newfoundland &c and also an Account of all Flour &c imported into any of the Islands in Newfoundland, between the 10th. Jan. 1784. and the 10. Jan. 1785.\n     Whether this portends good or evil, time will discover.\n     The Debates in Parliament have taken an unusual Turn to foreign Policks and the relative Situation of Great Britain. if this subject Should be fully considered they will discover, that it is of some importance to know the situation of Great Britain relatively to the U. States of America.\u2014 it would not be extravagant to Say, that they may hereafter find it in the Power of Congress to turn the Ballance and decide their Fate. Congress has hitherto been studiously kept out of Sight, by the K. Ministry and Opposition. They are afraid of raising in American Minds Ideas of their Importance. Russia, Denmark and England would not form a Ballance to Bourbon and Holland, if Congress should be joined. indeed if the U. states should be neutral the Ballance would not be exact.\u2014 In my humble Opinion We must be neutral or join the French and Dutch.\n     Opinions are very Sanguine that this Country can support their Credit, without a very fair Commerce with Us. There is nothing then remaining, but foreign Politicks and the Ballance of Power, to persuade them to give Us Satisfaction. They generally consider Us, as already in the Scale of Bourbon, and it is not easy to convince them that We are not. I have endeavoured to convince them that Neutrality is in our Power, but with little Success. inded they really do not think Us of much Consequence. We have no Navy: and are Aukward in Uniting in any Thing. some of them indeed agree that We shall grow, both in Union Dignity and Power. It is really of more moment to this Country, to Secure the Neutrality of the United States, than the Alliance of Russia, and the time will come when it will be seen and felt. But the Nation is too much inflamed and imbittered, to reflect coolly upon any Thing respecting America.\n     Our Path is plain. We must make navigation Acts, and take care of ourselves, preserve our Neutrality as long as We can, and when We must part with it, get the best Price for it We can.\u2014 it is much to be desired that our Commerce with all other nations may be encreased, especially France & Holland, and lessened with England as much as possible, untill she shall put it on a more liberal Footing. The political Friendship too of France Spain and Holland Should be cultivated as much as possible without involving Us too far.\n     With great Esteem and Affection yours\n      John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0061", "content": "Title: To John Adams from the Comte de Sarsfield, 26 January 1786\nFrom: Sarsfield, Guy Claude, Comte de\nTo: Adams, John\n      Dear friend\n      Paris rue pot de fer 26 Jn 1786\n     Je ne comptois pas avoir lhonneur de vous ecrire aussi tot apr\u00e8s avoir recu une lettre de vous, Je ne veux pas mettre dans notre Correspondance une vivacit\u00e9 qui puisse Vous Etre incommode; n\u2019ayez aucune inquietude, Je Serai mesur\u00e9 et Je commencerois des aujourdhuy Sans une diable d\u2019expression de Massachusets\u2019 bay que\nJe n\u2019entens point. C\u2019est celle de Rider of Hobby Horses. Expliquez la moy afin que Je Sache quelle est l\u2019opinion que vous avez d\u2019un homme qui est certainement autant ou plus de vos amis que Personne.\n     Vous avez donc oubli\u00e9 ce que c\u2019est que la vie de Paris et qu\u2019on n\u2019y a pas un moment a Soy. J\u2019ay a peine eu le tems d\u2019ecrire quelques Lettres depuis mon arriv\u00e9e et celle cy ne seroit peut etre pas faite de huit Jours si Je n\u2019etois pas rentr\u00e9 ce Soir pour L\u2019ecrire avec plusieurs Autres. Il y en a qui me fachent. mes Paroissiens ont cass\u00e8 une de leurs Cloches, Il en font faire une autre, Il faudra que Je la nomme parce qu\u2019ils m\u2019en prient et Il m\u2019en Coutera 20 ou 25 Louis. pour rien Je m\u2019en irois a Boston ou on ne baptise point les cloches\u2014\n     si vous aviez bien voulu l\u2019essayer, Je Suis Sur que Vous auriez pass\u00e8 en trois heures comme moy et vous pourriez diner demain rue pot de fer avec Mr Jefferson, le Chv De la Luzerne et ma ni\u00e8ce. trouverez vous l\u00e0 Encore du Hobby Horse? Il y aura a la verit\u00e9 quelques bretons. Je vous Jure que Je ferois de tout mon Coeur un d\u00eener avec King Brant; Je connois les Autres.\n     tout ce que Je puis faire est detudier ma le\u00e7on pour cet et\u00e9 car icy Je ne peux rien faire. Je ne Suis pas encore Sur de mon fait, mais Je crois que vous trouveriez par tout des nobles et des plebeiens. la Raison en est que les deux avantages qui mettent une difference entre les hommes, la force et l\u2019esprit Sont plus hereditaires qu\u2019il ne le qu\u2019ils devroient l\u2019etre. La force qui a acquis des richesses les fait passer a Ses successeurs et lesprit donne une Education qui manque aux autres. Vous aurez beau faire, l\u2019autorit\u00e9 ne Sera Jamais que dans un petit nombre de familles. tout ce qu\u2019on peut faire est d\u2019empecher qu\u2019elles ne ferment la porte sur elles.\n     Quand les chevaux ont demont\u00e9 leurs cavaliers, Ils courent comme des fols Sans Savoir ou Ils vont. le cordonnier, le tailleur, le md de Poisson, tous ces gens n\u2019ont qu\u2019un besoin, non plus que le Peuple des Campagnes, Police et Protection. Ils ne peuvent pas se les donner eux memes. Il faut des gens elev\u00e9s pour les autres emplois comme Ceux cy l\u2019ont et\u00e9 pour les leurs.\n     Adieu My dear friend mes Respects tres humbles a Madame et Mademoiselle Adams\u2014 / Je finis sans ceremonie et Sans Signer\n     TRANSLATION\n      Dear friend\n      Paris, Rue du Pot de Fer, 26 January 1786\n     I had not counted on having the honor of writing you so soon after receiving a letter from you. I do not wish to put on our correspondence an intensity that may be inconvenient to you. Have no fear, I will be prudent and I will begin today with a fiendish expression from Massachusetts Bay that I understand not a whit. It is \u201cRider of Hobby Horses.\u201d Explain it to me so that I may know what opinion you have of a man who is certainly as much, if not more, of a friend to you than anyone.\n     So you have forgotten what life is like in Paris and that one barely has a single moment to oneself. I hardly had time to write a handful of letters since my arrival and this one would not have been completed in less than eight days had I had not returned home this evening to write it with several others. There are people bothering me. My parishioners have broken one of their bells. They are getting another one made. I will have to name it because they insist on it and it will cost me 20 or 25 Louis. For nothing I would go to Boston where people do not christen bells.\n     If you wanted to try, I am certain you could cross over in three hours like me and you could dine in Rue du Pot de Fer with Mr. Jefferson, the Chevalier de La Luzerne, and my niece. Do you find some hobby horse in that? There will be in fact a few Britons there. I swear that I would most willingly organize a dinner with King Brant; I know the others.\n     All I can do is to study my lesson for this summer for I can do nothing here. I am not entirely sure yet, but I think you will find nobles and commoners everywhere. The reason is that the two advantages which differentiate men, strength and wit, are more hereditary than they ought to be. Strength that has acquired riches passes them on to its successors and wit provides an education lacking in others. Try as you might, authority will never reside but in a small number of families. All we can do is prevent them from closing the door on themselves.\n     When horses throw their riders, they run like crazy without knowing where they are going. The cobbler, the tailor, the fishmonger, all of these people have but one need, and no more than country dwellers: police and protection. They cannot procure these for themselves. There must be eminent people to do other jobs just as they do theirs.\n     Adieu my dear friend. My most humble respects to Mrs. and Miss Adams. I end without ceremony and without signing.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0062", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 28 January 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n      Dear Sir\n      Grosvenor Square Jan. 28. 1786\n     I have recd yours of the 12, but Yesterday, and wish it were in my Power to order the Interest due to the French Officers to be paid: but it is not.\u2014 They must remain unpaid, be the Consequence what it may untill Congress or the Board of Treasury order it. indeed, I dont know how your Subsistence & mine is to be paid after next month.\u2014 Mr Grand will be likely to advance yours, but from whence mine is to come I know not.\n     I am clearly for treating with the Emperors Ambassador immediately, and even for the Netherlands only, although it would be better to extend it to all the rest of his Dominions.\u2014 Why will not the Prussian Treaty answer for the Model. I pray you to proceed in the Business, as fast as you please. Treaties commercial with the two Imperial Courts cannot possibly do Us any harm that I can conceive.\n     This Letter goes by Mr Joy, whom I pray You to attend to a little. He wishes to go to the East Indies, with Views of promoting a Trade between the United States and that Country.\n     in great Haste yours forever\n      John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0063", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Nathaniel Barrett, 29 January 1786\nFrom: Barrett, Nathaniel\nTo: Adams, John\n     I have delayed for some Time writing to your Excellency, being desirous of compleating someg. of Importance.\u2014 I have now the pleasure of informing you, that I have contracted in my own Name, & in behalf of others in America, for Oil to the Amt of 400,000 Livres per annum, for 6 years, at a price which I think will answer, I have the Guarrantee of Mess Le Couteulx, for accepting 1/3 bills on purchase in America in Cash @ 90 60 Days & 2/3 Credit on\nManufactures on delivery of the Oil, for Goods, wherever I shall procure them\n     These Gentlemen have not only promised me their support, during my Connection wth. them in this Business, but have enabled me to take one quarter of the Contract myself\u2014\n     As this Supply is only for Paris, & its Invirons, there will be an opening throughout the Kingdom for the Introduction, to all speculators. & I shall be so connected in the sea Ports, as to afford the support of Mess Le Couteulx, to any persons, who may send their Merchandize to any part of the Kingdom\u2014\n     The Marquis de la fayette has been indefatigable in this Business, & I doubt not We shall be able to obtain a Continuance of the same privellidges as are enjoyd by the Dutch, & hanse Towns\u2014 if the present Duties are raised on them, they will be on us\u2014but Ministry do not incline absolutely to engage the Continuance for the Term of my Contract,\u2014which will cease if the Duties are raised\u2014\n     It will afford me the highest pleasure, if through your Excellencys recommendation, some public mark of Approbation of the Marquis\u2019 Conduct in this Matter, might be had from our Court\u2014\n     I shall sail for New York per the packet. a Letter from your Excellency per return of post will just reach me. I wish much for your Approbation of my Conduct\u2014 on my return, I shall sett down near this City, to be in the best situation, for return Cargoes to which I shall attend\u2014 Mr Le Couteulx house in Rouen will receive & deliver the Oil, to the person to whom I have sold it\u2014 As I found it impossible to form any Contract, without ascertaining my Securities on the other side the water, I was obligd to promise only 2 or 3 principal Merchants shd. be named\u2014who might be responsible\u2014& thout it best to make Contract for the Introduction of a certain Quantity even under this Limitation of the utmost Importance\u2014especially as the Amount, could not intile it to be called a Monopoly, & it would be the means of a general Introduction of an Article of so much Consequence to us\u2014\n     Let me beg a Line from your Excellency in Answer to this, that I may have your opinion, whether I have acted right\u2014\n     As I would not wish to have this Matter made public, I have inform\u2019d no one of the Contract I have made, but your Excelly to whom I thot it my Duty to be explicit\u2014\n     I have the honour to be with the most perfect Esteem, / Your Excellency\u2019s / Most Obd & mo hl Servant\n      Nat Barrett", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0064", "content": "Title: From John Adams to the Marquis de Lafayette, 31 January 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\n      My dear Marquis\u2014\n      Grosvr. square Jany. 31. 1786\u2014\n     I send you by Mr. Joy, all the writings which have fallen in my way, against the slave trade\u2014 I mentioned your Desire to read, whatever you could find upon that subject to Mr. Granville sharp who requests your acceptance of what he has written upon that subject\u2014 you may not Know the Character of this Gentleman, He is the Grand son of the famous Archbishop sharp, very amiable & benevolent in his Disposition, and a voluminous writer, but as Zealously attached to Episcopacy & the Athenasian Creed as he is to vivil & religious Liberty\u2014a mixture which in this Country is not common\u2014 By the late advises from America\u2014Retaliation & navigation Acts are the words, every where but these retaliations will be confined to those nations who have no Commercial Treaties with us at least, if not to G. Britain alone, the massts. have alterd their act so as to make it unobjectionable to france & Holland, which I am very glad to hear\u2014 Rhode Island has made a navigation act against England as strong as those of Massachusetts & New Hampshire\u2014\n     Mr. Joy the Bearer of this I beg to introduce to you\u2014 He desires to go in a french ship to the East Indies, to promote the trade between the U. States & those Countries\u2014 His Father is a Refugee, but he is an American, and means Well as I believe to our Country, any assistance you may give him, will much oblige him.\n     The Massachusetts have given a Bounty upon whale oil, white and brown sperma C\u00e6ti oil, as well as the Common train oil, which together with Boylstone\u2019s successfull adventure and Barretts Contract will soon introduce a brisk trade between Boston and France, By the renovation of the newfoundland Bill you see the skill and Industry with which this Country is playing its Commerce into the hands of Your Nation, who I hope will not loose the oppertunity of taking advantage of it, by cultivating the trade in all its Branches\u2014 the present moment\u2019s are precious\u2014\n     You see how things are going in the East Indies and if your Countrymen are as deep Politicians as I think them, they will invite the Americans to that Quarter by all means. last week a ship was\ninsured at Loyds Coffee House from Bengal to Rhode Island. The trade between the U. States and the East Indies is spreading fast\u2014 and all nations except the English are fond of encouraging it, for very obvious Reasons,\n     The English only have any thing to loose, all the rest have something to gain by it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0066", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Rufus King, 1 February 1786\nFrom: King, Rufus\nTo: Adams, John\n      Dear Sir\n     Seven States only have been represented in congress since October, of consequence very few questions of national importance have been under the examination of this Assembly\u2014 The meetings of the Legislatures have probably detained many of the Delegates, but it is expected, that Ten States will, within a short period, be represented\u2014There is some ground to expect that several of the Southern States will do what is right on the subject of the commercial powers of congress\u2014 I inclose a Report made by the secretary, some weeks\nSince in pursuance of an order of congress for that purpose\u2014 It explains itself, and will give you true information upon several very important points.\n     New York & Georgia are delinquent states relative to the Revenue system\u2014 their Legislatures are both in Session, and it is greatly to be desired that they should comply with the impost plan, before they adjourn\u2014 Maryland will undoubtedly pass an act granting the impost conformable to the Recommendation of congress of the 18th. of April 1783.\n     Their not having before passed such an Act, does not evidence any disinclination, because it is Known to have happened from a mistake\u2014\n     I shall do myself the Honor to write to you by a private hand, who leaves this City in a few weeks for London\u2014 the conveyance being secure I can then write with more freedom\u2014 Mr. Gerry is still here, although not in congress, he returns soon to massachusetts with a most amiable Wife, whom he has married here\u2014\n     With perfect respect & esteem I have the honor to be my Dear Sir your / most obedient servant\n      Rufus King", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0067", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Charles Storer, 1 February 1786\nFrom: Storer, Charles\nTo: Adams, John\n      Dear Sir,\n      Boston. 1st. February. 1786.\n     Enthusiasm is as necessary to the science of Politics as of Religion: without zeal in the Cause there can be no success\u2014 Such zeal was once conspicuous, and this enthusiasm has borne us hitherto through a difficult & dangerous war. But that it should now leave us, all at once, is disagreable\u2014not more so, however, than apparently true\u2014 What can have become of this said public spirit I cannot say\u2014but certain it is that People seem in a manner indifferent to what is going forward; or to speak more properly to what should be going forward\u2014 Several persons have I seen, since my return, who during the war were active & forward, that have asked me how public matters now stood\u2014 I answered that they were not altogether as they should be abroad\u2014but that I hoped all was getting to rights at home\u2014 \u201cIndeed, said they each, I know no more of our affairs than you\u2014 Since I left Congress, said one, I have not troubled my head with public matters\u2014 they are perplexing, difficult & disagreable\u201d\u2014Upon my word, Sir, I do not like these sentiments, particularly at this time, when matters are on so uncertain a footing\u2014 Every man, that can do it, should rise up & exert himself\u2014 every man\u2019s help is wanted\u2014 But it is impossible to turn a stream untill a new Channel is actually cut, or \u2019till a Dam is made to block its course\u2014 That such an obstruction was put to our folly & to our political wickedness I most heartily wish\u2014 By political wickedness I mean that predilection, or rather that fearful respect & awe of Great-Britain, which is but too evident, & which is altogether incompatible with perfect independance\u2014 We are sadly cramped, Sir\u2014 Our foreign & domestic State debts are heavy, & we cannot yet agree upon a mode to discharge them, though many have been proposed\u2014 Add to this that our private debts are a grievous burden to us\u2014 We owe to Great-Britain, & therefore our hands are tied up from seeking other Commerce\u2014 Here are swarms of Englishmen among us whom we may look upon as so many Spies; & otherwise as enemies, for their politics have no similarity to ours.\u2014 These one would immediately say were sufficient damps to the fire of enthusiasm\u2014 You will say perhaps that untill we are oppressed\u2014exertion is not required\u2014 Yet, Sir, when both mind & body are borne down the spirit must fail\u2014However we have really seen worse days & have risen superior to them\u2014& I cannot but hope that such measures will be pursued as\nshall eventually produce order, harmony, prosperity & happiness among us.\u2014 Hope implies a degree of expectation, and I really expect some exertions will by & bye be made, on the principle of there being an absolute necessity for it\u2014 I am sure we are able to support, defend & protect ourselves; but such is our backwardness to perceive our true situation that it must be forced upon us\u2014 If this is the case, the sooner the better is my opinion.\u2014\n     Excuse this long preachment, Sir\u2014 I can only say I wish I had a subject to write upon that would give you more pleasure. Yet I am sure you are interested in the state of our Country, & on that score hope your forgiveness\u2014\n     I wrote you largly by Capn: Lyde, & forwarded sundry letters under cover with mine for you also\u2014 They were given in charge to a young Gent: who had lived with Dr: Tufts, so I trust you have recd. them safe e\u2019er this\u2014 Since then I have a letter fm. Mr: Jay, who, speaking of Mr: Lambe, says, \u201cAs smoke to the eyes & as vinegar to the teeth, so is the Sluggard to him that sendeth him.\u201d\u2014 His sentiments & yours used to correspond.\u2014\n     With every sentiment of esteem & respect I am, Sir, / Yr: much obliged, humle: Servt:\n      Chas: Storer.\n      PS. I am desired & have the honor to transmit you a vote of thanks fm. the Corporation of Harvard College to Mr: Nicholls, requesting your care of it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0068", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Jay, 2 February 1786\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Adams, John\n      private\n      Dear Sir\n     I lately wrote you a few hasty Lines just as the vessel which carried them was departing; and enclosed a Pamphlet containing my Correspondence with a Mr Littlepage, who was formerly in my Family. The attack which produced that Pamphlet, was not only countenanced but stimulated by some of the Subjects of our good allies here. It is no Secret either to You or me that I am no favorite with them: nor have I any Reason to apprehend that they are pleased to see me in the Place I now fill. a minister whose Eye is single & steadily fixed on the Interest of america, must expect to be opposed by the unfriendly Influence of those whose wishes & measures he does not promote\u2014\n     I should have treated this attack with silent Contempt, had not false Facts been urged, propagated and impress with Industry & art, and which if not exposed and refuted, might have appeared after my Death in the Memoirs of some of these People.\n     This Edition of that Pamphlet is so inaccurately printed, that I have directed another to be published, which when compleated Shall be sent to You, and Mr Jefferson\u2014\n     with great & sincere Esteem & Regard / I am Dear Sir / Your Friend & Servt\n      John Jay\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0070", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Woddrop, 3 February 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Woddrop, John\n      Grosvr. square Feby. 3. 1786\u2014\n     I have received the Letter you did me the honor to write to me on the 27th. of January\u2014and several others before that some of which contained Letters for America, which I sent with my first dispatches.\n     I have not answered any of those Letters because they related to a subject with which I have nothing to do. I am not come to this Country Sir\u2014to solicit emigrations to the United states of America, nor to offer any Kind of Encouragement to such as wish to go\u2014\n     All the World knows that my Country is open to strangers\u2014 But she offers no rewards or assistance\u2014 Those who love liberty, Innocence And Industry, are sure of an easy, comfortable Life, but they must go there to obtain it at their own Cost & Risque.\n     As to your Letters which may arrive from America, I shall never see them, & if I should I must be excused from opening them, as I have no concern in them whatever\u2014\n     It is by no means my business to carry on or convey the Correspondences of Gentlemen at a distance who are total strangers to me, and therefore I pray that this intercourse may cease", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0072", "content": "Title: William Carmichael to the American Commissioners, 3 February 1786\nFrom: Carmichael, William\nTo: American Commissioners\n      Gentlemen\n      Madrid 3d. Feby. 1786\n     On the 4th of December last Mr Lamb delivered me the Letter which your Excellencies did me the honor to address me dated from London the 1st. & from Paris the 11th of October. At the Same time that Gentleman communicated to me his Instructions & I all the Intelligence I had been able to procure relative to the negociation between this Country & the Regency of Algiers.\n     The Ct. D Expilly whose friendship I cultivated had returned to Algiers long before Mr Lambs arrival and a Secretary whom he had dispatched from that Place after his return with Letters for the Minister had also sett off for Alicant. From these Gentlemen I had obtained an account of the State of the negotiation. The Principal articles proposed by Spain had been agreed to by the Dey and his Ministers; But as the Former wished to include the Courts of Naples and Portugal in the Pacification, the Ct de Florida Blanca had instructed the Ct. d Expilly to prevail on the Latter to Admit & receive Ministers from these Courts & was actually waiting the answer from Algiers at the period when Mr Lamb came hither. It was evident to me that should this proposition be accepted, of which I had no doubt with respect to the first mentioned court, the Nomination & Voyage of these Ministers would occasion delay & until the Treaty between Spain & the Regency should be concluded, I had reason to think that this Court would not interfere directly in our favor. The Manner in which his Excy. the Ct de Florida Blanca had explained his Sentiments to me on this Subject, induced me to form this opinion. For as soon as I knew the probable success of D Expillys negotiation, I insinuated to the Minister how acceptable the good offices of his Majesty to accommodate the States with the Barbary powers would be to the People at Large in America, and his Excellency then assured me that as soon as their own Affairs were arranged with Algiers, His Catholic Majesty would employ all his influence to accelerate a peace for the United with that and the Other Barbary States, & authorized me to inform Congress of the Kings intentions. Having received these Assurances I engaged the Ct D Expilly to prepare by every favorable insinuation the Deys Ministers & favorites to support any overtures which might be made by the States, which he promised me to do & the proofs of Confidence he\ngave me, induce me to rely on his promises. He also engaged to give me the earliest Information with respect to the Intentions of those People & since his return has proved by his behavior to our Captives & his correspondence with me, that he will avail himself of all the means which he can employ with propriety to fulfil his promises. When Mr Lamb arrived, The Royal Family had just came to this Capital from the Escurial & during its residence here it is extremely difficult to have Access to the Minister. The King in a few days after went to Aranjuez on a hunting Party & the Ct de Florida Blanca Accompanied him & none but the Family Ambassadors follow the Court on this Occasion.\n     However as I was desirous to have a conference with the Minister as soon as possible on the Subject of your Excellencys Letter, I wrote to the Undersecretary in the Department of Foreign Affairs charged with the Correspondence to the United States, to know whether If I came to Aranjuez I should have an opportunity of speaking with his Excellency to whom I wished to make a communication in Person of some Advice I had received lately. No 1 is a copy of the Answer I recd from that Gentleman. on the Return of his Majesty to this Capital I procured an audience from the Minister to whom I communicated Mr Lambs arrival & the Object of his Mission, making use of such Arguments & Insinuations as I thought most likely to Induce his Excellency to contribute to its Success. I received from him the Strongest Assurances to the same purport as those beforementioned. At the Same time however he added, that until he should receive further Advice from Algiers it was impossible for him to take an open part in the negotiation and advised me to detain my Countrymen until the Court went to the Pardo when he hoped to have it in his power to give me a more explicit Answer. During this Audience I took an occasion of mentioning without Affectation Your Excellencies Sentiments with respect to his Generous Interference in the Affair of Morrocco, with which he appeared much pleased & told me it should not be his fault, nor did he think it would be mine if Spain & the United States were not as good friends as they were near Neighbours in America. In the same conversation He promised me Ample satisfaction on a subject on which I had been Obliged to have recourse to him & I have since recd it, His Majesty having been pleased to fine & render incapable of Serving in the Revenue the Governor of Laredo on a complaint made to Me by an American Captn of the Injust & Arbitrary proceeding of\nthe Latter. All the Officers employed in this Affair by the Governor have been also punished.\n     I communicated to Messrs. Lamb & Randall what passed on this occasion & these Gentlemen consented to wait without reluctance here until The period mentioned by the Minister.\n     Four days after the Court had been fixed at the Pardo, I again waited on the Minister who received me very well, but on explaining the Motive of my visit His Excellency declared to me that it was not in his power to be more explicit as he had not yet recd the Letters he expected from Algiers\u2014that until he received the Intelligence he expected he could not order the Ct D Expilly to employ the Kings Interference in our Affairs, repeating his former Assurances & hinting the Obstacles we must expect to encounter in this Negotiation, At the same time he observed to me that we must not be discouraged. He told me that the first Objection made by the Algerines would Arise from our not having a Treaty with the Grand Seigneur, as this circumstance occasioned Great Difficulties to Portugal in the Actual Negotiation. I intreated his Excellency to pardon my importunity and Anxiety on this subject as they proceeded as much from my wish to cement an Amicable intercourse by reciprocal good offices between the two Countries of Spain & America as from my apprehension that Unless Mr Lamb should arrive at Algiers before their Cruisers were sent to Sea, further Hostilities on their part might render an accommodation still more difficult: I also urged the nature of Mr Lambs instructions & the necessity of Congress being early informed of the Disposition of the Regency Expressing a hope that by the time Mr Lamb could arrive at a Sea Port & prepare for his Departure from thence it might be in his Excellencys power to Afford him all the Assistance necessary to ensure the Success of his Mission. To these reflections I added the Loss that would accrue to Spain from the Difficulties to which we should be exposed in our Intercourse with A Country whose produce found a ready sale in America & from which Country Spain could be supplied with so many Articles that it now takes from the Northern Nations of Europe, whose Consuls his Excellency knew did every thing in their power to obstruct the peace which he was endeavouring to make for the commercial & Political Interests of a Country the Councils of which he directed\u2014 The Ct de Florida Blanca replied that he acquiesced in my reasons for the Departure of Mr Lamb & repeated to me & Authorized me to write your Excellencies that \u201cthe Day after their own Affairs should be arranged with Algiers his Catholic\nMajesty would employ all his Influence to facilitate our Accommodations[\u201d] to which he added many assurances of his desire to give a preference to the Commerce of the United States to that which Spain at present carried on with the Northern part of Europe, particularly with Sweden & Denmark. The Freedom with Which this Minister has spoken to me on several Occasions his Sentiments with respect to the Northern powers hath not less surprized than convinced me of his wish to diminish their Commerce & Influence In the Mediterranean. In the course of this Conversation He appealed to my own Experience on the reliance that might be placed on his word to which I made the proper Answer & acknowledgments & concluded by asking passports & letters for Messrs. Lamb & Randall which his Excy promised to send me. On My Return to this City from the Pardo I recd letters from Algiers of which No 2 3. are Copies They were brought by a courier Extraordinary & the Arrival of that Courier induced me to hope that the Minister, might have recd. such information as might enable him to act openly in our favor, Altho in fact this hope arose more from my Wishes that such might be the Case, than from the reasons which ought to Induce a contrary sentiment in consequence of the Information which I had recd with respect to their negotiation previously. Your Excellencies will easily conceive that the first efforts of this court must be employed to procure a peace for those Nations to which they are allied by the tyes of Family connections, Engagements to which these Connections have given rise, & the mutual Aids which they have recd from these Nations during their late Operations against Algiers\u2014 However notwithstanding these considerations, I took the Liberty of reminding his Excellency the Ct de Florida Blanca of the Passports & Letters he had promised me, to insinuate my expectations of being able to obtain all that might be necessary for Mr Lamb on his arrival at Algiers\u2014 To this Application I recd a reply of which No 5. is a copy as also a Letter to the Ct. de Assalto Captn General of Catalonia of which I also annex a Copy No: 6\u2014 as I do of the several Letters which I have recd from Algiers since the Arrival of Messrs. Lamb & Randall in Madrid\u2014\n     The Latter sett off for Barcelona the 26th Ulto. in Company of Mr Harrison a Native of Virginia who will have the honor to deliver your Excellencies Letters from me. Mr Lamb did not Leave this until the first instt. but as he travels post he will arrive at Barcelona Before the Gentlemen Abovementioned. I refer your Excellencies to the Acct these Gentlemen may render you of my Conduct in this\nBusiness. I have procured Bills for Mr Lamb on Barcelona for the Amt of which he has drawn agreable to his Instructions. I have established a credit for whatever he may chuse to draw: I have given him Letters to the Ct. D Expilly & have given him all the Advice that I thought might be useful to him. On his Arrival at Algiers He will find Letters of Introduction to Most of the Consuls employed by Foreign Nations there from their Ministers at this Court. I did not chuse to expose his mission to those Gentlemen until his Departure from Barcelona renders it public.\n     Having rendered to your Excellencies an Acct of my proceedings in consequence of the Letter which you did me the Honor to address me by Mr Lamb it may be necessary to add for your information & that of Congress to which Body I take the Liberty of requesting you to forward a copy of this Letter, that the Peace negotiating at present between this Country & the Regency of Algiers will cost this Country near one million & a half of Dollars\u2014& I beg leave to add that my information is so circumstantial & derived from such a source as leaves me not the Smallest reason to doubt its Authenticity\u2014 The Dey of Algiers is now more than Eighty years old & his Ministers all press a conclusion of the Treaty in order that while they are in power they may participate the presents made on this Occasion\u2014 The Durability of this peace is uncertain or of any other Made in the present Moment with these Pirates. If I am rightly informed, as soon as their Treaty is concluded with Spain & Naples, They mean to declare war Agst. Denmark the Venetians & perhaps the Dutch\u2014 I shall not fail to inform you of all I can learn upon these points, Because these may be circumstances on which may depend your future Instructions to Mr Lamb & the measures which Congress may think proper to Adopt.\n     On the 30th Ulto. the Convention was signed by the Ambassadors of France & Portugal respecting their differences on the Coast of Africa\u2014 As I have not an accurate Map of that Coast before me I refer to a future Letter the Limits accorded by the Latter for a free Trade to other Nations. mutual Demands of Indemnification have been waved on each part a mutual expressions of good will & a Desire to be on the best terms will appear in the Articles of this Convention in the Expression of which France preserves its dignity\u2014\n     with the highest sentiments of gratitude for the Confidence your Excellencies have been to accord me I have the honor to be with great Respect & Regard / Your Excellencies / Most Obedt. & Humble Sert\n      Wm. Carmichael", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0073", "content": "Title: From John Adams to the Marquis of Carmarthen, 6 February 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Carmarthen, the Marquis of\n      My Lord\n      Grosvenor Square February 6 1786\n     I have the Honour of transmitting to your Lordship a Copy of a Letter of the twenty first of December last, from His Majestys Consul General in the United States to their Secretary of State for the Department of foreign Affairs, which has been laid before Congress, who have been pleased to direct me to communicate it, to his Majesty, with this Information, that the Complaint Stated in it, being in\ngeneral Terms, and unsupported by any particular Facts or Evidence, they do not think it necessary or proper, to take any measures in consequence of it: and with this Assurance, that as it is their Determination the Treaty of Peace Shall be punctually observed by their Citizens, and that his Majesty\u2019s Subjects Shall enjoy, in the United States, all the Rights which friendly and civilized Nations claim from each other, So they will always be ready to hear every Complaint, which may appear to be well founded, and to redress Such of them, as on Investigation Shall prove to be So. Let me request your Lordship to lay this Communication before His Majesty.\n     Your Lordship will permit me to avail myself of this opportunity of remarking, that the Office of Consul General does not extend to Matters of this kind; neither the Rights of Commerce, nor of Navigation being in question; and therefore that it was Delicacy towards his Majesty, rather than a Sense of the Propriety of Such an Application from a Consul General, which induced Congress to treat it, with this Mark of Attention.\n     As the United States my Lord have a Minister Plenipotentiary, residing at this Court, in Consequence of a Proposition to that Purpose, made by his Britannic Majestys Ministers, through His Grace the Duke of Dorsett his Ambassador at Paris, Your Lordship will permit me, to propose to the Consideration of his Majestys Ministers the Expediency, as well as Propriety of Sending a Minister Plenipotentiary, from his Majesty to the United States of America. I am authorized My Lord to give Assurances that Congress expect Such a Minister, and are ready to receive and treat him in a manner, consistent with the Respect due to his Sovereign\n     With great Respect I have the Honour / to be, my Lord, your Lordships / most obedient and most / humble servant\n      John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0074", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thomas Jefferson, 7 February 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n      Dear Sir\n     I am honored with yours of Jan. 19. mine of Jan. 12. had not I suppose at that time got to your hands as the receipt of it is unacknoleged. I shall be anxious till I receive your answer to it.\n     I was perfectly satisfied, before I received your letter, that your opinion had been misunderstood or misrepresented in the case of the Chevalier de Mezieres. your letter however will enable me to say so with authority. it is proper it should be known that you had not given the opinion imputed to you. tho\u2019 as to the main question it is become useless, Monsieur de Reyneval having assured me that what I had written on that subject had perfectly satisfied the Ct. de Vergennes & himself that this case could never come under the treaty. to evince still further the impropriety of taking up subjects gravely on such imperfect information as this court had, I have this moment received a copy of an act of the Georgia assembly placing the subjects of France as to real estates on the footing of natural citizens & expressly recognizing the treaty. would you think any thing could be added after this to put this question still further out of doors? a gentleman of Georgia assures me General Oglethorpe did not own a foot of land in the state\u2014 I do not know whether there has been any American determination on the question whether American citizens & British subjects born before the revolution can be aliens to one another? I know there is an opinion of Ld Coke\u2019s in Calvin\u2019s case that if England & Scotland should in a course of descent pass to separate kings, those born under the same sovereign during the union would remain natural subjects & not aliens. common sense urges strong considerations against this. e. g. natural subjects owe allegiance. but we owe none.\u2014 Aliens are the subjects of a foreign power. we are subjects of a foreign power.\u2014 the king by the treaty acknoleges our independance; how then can we remain natural subjects.\u2014 the king\u2019s power is by the constitution competent to the making peace, war & treaties. he had therefore authority to relinquish our allegiance by treaty.\u2014 but if an act of parliament had been necessary, the parliament passed an act to confirm the treaty. &c &c. so that it appears to me that in this question fictions of law alone are opposed to sound sense.\n     I am in hopes Congress will send a Minister to Lisbon. I know no\ncountry with which we are likely to cultivate a more useful commerce. I have pressed this in my private letters.\n     It is difficult to learn any thing certain here about the French & English treaty. yet, in general, little is expected to be done between them. I am glad to hear that the Delegates of Virginia had made the vote relative to English commerce, tho they afterwards repealed it. I hope they will come to again. when my last letters came away they were engaged in passing the revisal of their laws, with some small alterations. the bearer of this, mr\u0303 Lyons, is a sensible worthy young physician, son of one of our Judges, and on his return to Virginia. remember me with affection to mr\u0303s & miss Adams, Colos. Smith & Humphreys and be assured of the esteem with which I am Dr. Sir / Your friend & servant\n      Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0075", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Isaac Stephens, [7 February] 1786\nFrom: Stephens, Isaac\nTo: Adams, John\n      Supposing Som one gentleman to be charged with the affairs of the united States of america in London I take the Liberty to write\n      The Bearrer of this Letter Doctor warner his Brittanick Majestys Doctor in algirs and a gentleman that is able To give you any\nintelligence That you may want as To the affairs in algirs and allso as to our mortifying State of Slavery and has bin the means of Saveing many of your Countrymen Lives and our only Doctor Since in algirs By order of Count D Espilly When he was in algirs and Had the Care of us for the Spaniards had Rather have a Dog in their hospitle then a prodestant & I Could wish for the honour of My Country that Doctor Warner might be justly Paid for he has Don the Christian Benevolent part to all the americans in algirs Nither would thay give us medicine without pay and Som has bin at Deaths Door and obliged to Leave the hospitle & Doctor warner has Taken them in hand and they are well and My Self has bin Two months under his Care for the Billious Dissorder But thank god im Better\u2014\n      if you Can give us any intelligence consarning our Redeemption I shuld be Exceeding glad Doctor warner is the English Doctor at algirs and will Soon Return again to algirs our pay has bin Stoped for five months on account that Mr Carmichael Could pay the money that the Spanish Consul had advanced we Have wrote Mr Carmichael Several Times on the Subject and No answer as yet which adds hunger to afflictions a Line from you will be Kindly acknowledged from your humle Servent\n       Isaac Stephens\n      Sir if you would be So good as to Extend your Charity a Little and Due me and your Countrymen a great favour in Sending me the history of america if old no matter and Som Late magazins By Doctor warner he will Bring them as we have No Books to amuse our Selves in this Calamitious Situation as we Expect to Stay in Slavery all our Life time as the Sum is So great an objict to our Country\n      god Bless the foederal States of america\n       per Stephens", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0076", "content": "Title: From John Adams to David Humphreys, 8 February 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Humphreys, David\n      Dear Sir\n      Grosvenor Square Feb. 8. 1786\n     I received with Pleasure, your kind Letter of Yesterday, and although I cannot absolutely disapprove of your proposed Return to America in the Spring for the Reasons you Suggested in Conversation, yet I feel a sensible Reluctance at the Thought of loosing your Assistance, and Still wish you may find it convenient to Stay at least till the Expiration of your Commission. I believe, and I hope, that Congress have further Services for you in Europe, where, it is but Justice to Say, you have done honour, to yourself and your Country.\n     The Harmony which you observe prevails, among the Servants of the Publick, in Europe, is much to their honour and the publick Advantage. While Persons born and liberally educated in America, who have acquired the Confidence of their Countrymen by their Behaviour and Services under their Eyes, are employed in Europe and are Supported by their Constituents, in the faithfull discharge of their Duty, against insidious Schemes, this Harmony will continue.\n     Your whole Conduct Sir, has been highly Satisfactory to me: and I am particularly happy in your Society in London, where from a more familiar and personal Intimacy, I have conceived an Affection and Friendship for you, which will not easily be diminished. If you return to America, I hope for your Correspondence. I know it will give you Pleasure if I add here, that I have found in your Friend and former Colleague Coll Smith, all those amiable qualities which you led me to expect in him, before I knew him. and I think it is doing Service to the Publick to Say, that you have both acquired much Respect in Europe, and given Proofs of Talents and Address, which would become any higher Station in the Diplomatic Order.\n     With great Esteem and Affection, I have / the Honour to be, dear sir, your / Friend and most humble / Servant\n      John Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0080", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Rufus King, 14 February 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: King, Rufus\n      Dear Sir\n      Grosvenor Square Feb. 14. 1786\n     I have inclosed to Mr Ramsay an Address to the landed trading and funded Interests of England, which contains Some good Sense, intermixed here and there with a little Folly. Mr. Ramsay will be so good as to let you read it and in return you may let him read the inclosed Principle of the Commutation Act. As the Commerce of the United States begins to run to the East Indies, every Thing which may affect it in that Branch, will be interesting to you.\n     The Revival of the Newfoundland Act, which will, I suppose be followed by that of the American Intercourse Act, will Shew you, that the Ministry persevere in the system adopted at the Peace, Yet\nwithout any decided Resolution to avow it for Perpetuity or any long Duration. It is nevertheless, too probable that they will make it perpetual the next Year or the year after, if the Proceedings of our States do not discourage them.\n     It is agreed on all hands that there is a Surplus of Revenue. The Sum is not yet known. and it by no means follows that there will be a Surplus next Year. Several Causes have this Year cooperated to increase the Taxes, some of which will not exist another Year. E. G. The French Comtroller General Mr De Calonne, last Year sent seven hundred and Fifty Thousand Pounds to England chifly in Gold to pay for a Quantity of Bullion he bought in Spain and Portugal, to coin in France. This has sett many Wheels in motion, and by employing many People enabled them to live and pay Duties.\u2014 Many sums of Money too have come from America, which I presume cannot at least I hope will not be sent the next.\u2014 Yet there are great Complaints of the scarcity of Money.\n     The United States have nothing to do, but go on with their navigation Acts, their Bounties and Duties. if these Measures Should not induce the British Court to do as We wish; they will bring their own reward. It is by a Sagacious Use of Bounties, Draw backs, Prohibitions and Duties that the commerce of the British Empire has become what it is. They will have the same Effects upon Ours, if imitated by Us.\u2014 Why should not Bounties be given upon Iron manufactured in the United States, and Duties laid upon all imported? There are innumerable other Articles, which might be thus protected by Duties laid upon Importations and by Bounties upon the Manufacture.\n     If the present Bounty on Oil is not sufficient, I hope it will be doubled or tripled; so as decidedly to ruin the British Fishery, Since they are for Tryals of skill. a Markett may certainly be found in France Spain and Ireland: but if it could not, I would be for increasing the Bounty untill We could clearly under Sell the English in the City of London. at the Same time some measures should be taken to draw home our own Whaling Captains and Endsmen and Oarsmen.\n     It is the Opinion of the Foresighted that Grain will be in Demand in Europe next Summer, because the Crops in Poland not only failed the last Harvest, but what is more important the seedtime was so wett, as to give a melancholly Prospect for the next Year. This I had from Mr De Bukaty the Polish Envoy a few days ago. I am sir / with great regard your humble / servant\n      John Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0081", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Jonathan Jackson, 15 February 1786\nFrom: Jackson, Jonathan\nTo: Adams, John\n      Dear Sir\n     I had your very agreeable Letter of the 1st. Octobr in course after it\u2019s date, which I have not before acknowledged nor the very obliging Note from Miss Adams accompanying it\u2014 you will please for me & Mr Tracy to thank that Lady for her kind Enquiries & good Wishes espressed for us & our families & to return their & our affectionate Compliments to Mrs. & Miss Adams\u2014 I hope that the Ladies enjoy the Air & Society in which they are placed\u2014that they have Health & Peace of Mind\u2014\n     I wrote to you in Octr & then took the Liberty to introduce to your Acquaintance Mr Escott & his Partners, who were a Society with which I enjoyed as much real Sociability, & by whom I was treated with as much Hospitality as by any persons while abroad\u2014 if agreeable to you I hope that an Acquaintance is commenced between you & that you find them as I described them\u2014\n     Mr Parkinson is a Man of Information & Ingenuity\u2014 Had I been sure that to your Ladies it would have been agreeable, I should have proposed to Mrs. Reed an Acquaintance with them, tho\u2019 mine with\nher would perhaps scarcely authorize it\u2014 she is a Lady I got quite attached to for her very pleasing & agreeable manners\u2014 she is more of a domestic Woman than the fine Ladies of England commonly are, & was she & your Ladies to slide into an easy Acquaintance with each other I think they would both be pleased & enjoy it\u2014\n     I am writing to Mr Escott by this Conveyance & again meddling with what perhaps is impertinent\u2014 I have hinted to him my Wish that your Ladies & Mrs Reed should be br\u00f5t to Know each other\u2014if my Interference should be construed by either of you to be impertinent, you will attribute it I hope to a well intentioned Zeal that others should enjoy like pleasures as I have\u2014\n     My Partner Mr Higginson wrote to you by one of the last Ships & anticipated every thing I could furnish you in the political Line & with much more Perspicuity & Method\u2014\n     I wish more than I expect to hear of a speedy & agreeable Termination of the Pursuits committed to your Charge, both with the Country you are placed in, & with the States of Barbary\u2014\n     By the time you return you will be practised I imagine in the Arts of defence, & get accustomed to the Attack of Scribblers & Party-Men, & with perfect Composure will be able to meet the most impudent unfounded Assertions\u2014 even Kings in the Country you are in must learn to live easy under these or not to be easy at all\u2014 in this respect it is an extraordinary people\u2014 while I was in their Country I never heard of but one person of importance enough to attack & vilify that had escaped the Arrows of Detraction\u2014& that was said to be their present Queen, indeed it was once attempted on her but an universal Disapprobation of it had discouraged a Renewal\u2014 from all that was said of her I was led to think her a valuable domestic Character\u2014 indeed it was generally said that she had the Discretion never to meddle with their Politics, which if true is much in her favour, & a rare instance I believe in the Courts of Europe\u2014\n     When you have Leisure my good Sir your Communications upon any Subject you may think worthy your pen will always be most agreeable to me\u2014 I have very seldom seen your Son since his Arrival\u2014 I am told that he is a very hard & close Student & confines himself to Haverhill almost entirely at present\u2014\n     If you meet Doctr Price & Mr Benja Vaughan at any time you will oblige me to present them with my respectfull Compliments\u2014\n     With great respect & esteem / I am dear Sir / your friend & most obedt Servt\n      Jona Jackson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0083", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 17 February 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n      Dear Sir\n      Grosvenor Square Feb. 17. 1786\n     I was Sometime in doubt, whether any Notice Should be taken of the Tripoline Ambassador, but receiving Information that he made Enquiries about me, and expressed a Surprize that when the other foreign Ministers had visited him, the American had not; and finding that He was a universal and perpetual Ambassador, it was thought best to call upon him. last Evening, in making a Tour of other Visits, I Stopped at his Door, intending only to leave a Card, but the Ambassador was announced at Home and ready to receive me.\u2014 I was received in State. Two great Chairs before the Fire, one of which was destined for me, the other for his Excellency. Two Secretaries of Legation, men of no Small Consequence Standing Upright in the middle of the Room, without daring to Sitt, during the whole time I was there, and whether they are not yet upright upon their Legs I know not. Now commenced the Difficulty. His Excellency Speaks, Scarcely a Word of any European Language, except Italian and Lingua Franca, in which, you know I have Small Pretensions. He began soon to ask me Questions about America and her Tobacco, and I was surprized to find that with a pittance of Italian and a few French Words which he understands, We could so well understand each other.\u2014 \u201cWe make Tobacco in Tripoli, Said his Excellency but it is too strong. Your American Tobacco is better.\u201d\u2014 By this Time, one of his secretaries or upper servants brought in two Pipes ready filled and lighted; the longest, was offered to me; the other to his Excellency. it is long since I took a Pipe but as it would be unpardonable to be wanting in Politeness in so ceremonious an Interview, I took the Pipe, with great Complacency, placed the Bowl upon the Carpet, for the stem was fit for a Walking Cane, and I believe more than two Yards in length, and Smoaked in aweful Pomp reciprocating Whiff for Whiff, with his Excellency, untill Coffee was brought in. His Excellency took a Cup, after I had taken one, and alternately Sipped at his Coffee and whiffed at his Tobacco, and I wished he would take a Pinch in turn from his snuff box for Variety: and I followed the Example with Such Exactness and solemnity that the two secretaries, appeared in Raptures and the superiour of them who Speaks a few Words of French cryed out in Extacy, Monsiour votes etes un Turk.\u2014 The necessary Civilities being thus compleated, His Excellency began upon Business; asked many Questions about\nAmerica: the soil Climate, Heat & Cold, &c and said it was a very great Country. But \u201cTripoli is at War with it.\u201d I was \u201cSorry to hear that. had not heard of any War with Tripoli. America had done no Injury to Tripoli. committed no Hostility: nor had Tripoli done America any Injury or committed any Hostility against her, that I had heard of.\u2014[\u201d] [\u201c]True said His Excellency but there must be a Treaty of Peace. There could be no Peace without a Treaty. The Turks and Affricans, were the souvereigns of the Mediterranean, and there could be no navigation there nor Peace without Treaties of Peace. America must treat as France & England did, and all other Powers. America must treat with Tripoli, and then with Constantinople and then with Algiers and Morocco.\u201d\u2014 Here a secretary brought him some Papers, One of which a Full Power in French from the Pacha, Dey and Regency of Tripoli, as Ambassador, to treat with all the Powers of Europe, and to make what Treaties he pleased and to manage in short all the foreign Affairs of his Country, he delivered me to read.\u2014 He was ready to treat, and make Peace. if I would come tomorrow or next day, or any other day and bring an Interpreter, He would hear & propose Terms, and write to Tripoli and I might write to America, and each Party might accept or refuse them as they should think fit. How long would it be before one could write to Congress and have an answer? three months. This was rather too long, but he should stay here sometime.\u2014 When I had read his French Translation of his Full Power He Shewed me the Original in his own Language.\n     You perceive that his Excellency was more ready and eager to treat, than I was as he probably expected to gain more by the Treaty.\u2014 I could not see him Tomorrow nor next day but would think of it.\n     I must now my dear sir beg of You to send me a Copy of the Project of a Treaty sent by Mr Barclay and Mr Lamb, as I had not time to take one, when it was here. You will please to write me your Thoughts and Advice upon this Occasion. This is a Sensible Man, well known to many of the foreign Ministers who have seen him before, in Sweeden, at Vienna, in Denmark &c He has been so much in Europe that he knows as much of America, as anybody: so that nothing new will be suggested to him or his Constituents by our having Conferences with him. it seems best then to know his Demands. They will be higher I fear, than We can venture.\n     The King told one of the foreign Ministers in my hearing at the Levee, that the Tripoline Ambassador refused to treat with his\nMinisters and insisted upon an Audience. But that all he had to say was that Tripoli was at Peace with England and desired to continue so. The King Added all he wants is, a Present, and his Expences born to Vienna or Denmark.\n     The Relation of my Visit is to be sure, very inconsistent with the Dignity of your Character and mine, but the Ridicule of it, was real and the Drollery inevitable. How can We preserve our Dignity in negotiating with Such Nations? and Who but a Petit Maitre, would think of Gravity upon such an Occasion.\n     With great Esteem your / most obedient\n      John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0084", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Paul R. Randall, 17 February 1786\nFrom: Randall, Paul R.\nTo: Adams, John\n       Barcelona. February 17th 1786.\n      I should have paid the highest Respect to your Excellency\u2019s Injunction of writing by every safe Opportunity\u2014but that I conceived such Information, as I could have communicated hitherto, would have been only a Reiteration of Mr Carmichaels Letters.\u2014 At present,\u2014as Mr. Lamb does not write,\u2014nor has directed me thereto,\u2014I think it my Duty to manifest an early Disposition of complying in every Respect with your Excellency\u2019s Direction.\n      On the tenth instant we arrived here after an expeditious Journey from Madrid, and on the next Morning presented a Letter of Recommendation from the Count De Florida-blanca to the Captain General of this Province to forward Mr Lamb in everything expedient for his Embarkation for Algiers Mr. Lamb applying to the Captain General for Leave to extract the \u00a32,000 Stg.\u2014being his last Draught, and which your Excellency we trust is advised of.\u2014 the\nCaptain Gen1. replied, that it was not within his Department to grant the License, and refered Mr. Lamb to the Intendant, who likewise refused:\u2014 notwithstanding which\u2014I believe Mr Lamb upon the Explanation of his Business to the proper Officers, superintending this Branch of the Revenue is in Hopes of obtaining a Dispensation\u2014and Permission to effect the same.\u2014 The Business remaining in this Dilemma is a unfortunate period for me to address your Excellency\u2014 however, as Mr Lamb thinks his Expectations pretty well grounded, I conceive it my indispensable duty to mention the Situation of these Affairs\u2014altho\u2019 a few Days or even Hours may make a considerable Alteration in them. The advanced Season renders it very embarrassing to await the express Authority of the Court for effectuating that Design,\u2014so that the present Course of the Business is deemed the most expedient.\n      It may be impertinent in me to offer any Conjectures on the Propriety of proceeding immediately to Algiers and making a Dependance on the Count d\u2019Expilly\u2014who has endeavored to convince Mr Carmichael, that his utmost Exertions shall in no wise be wanting to assist this Negotiation; more especially as Mr Lamb is hourly expecting to accomplish his purpose here.\n      Mr. Harrison who is Bearer of this Letter is as perfectly acquainted with the progress already made in every Respect during our Residence in Madrid\u2014and the little Continuance here, as I myself am\u2014 as well as the Counsels and Designs which have been agitated relative to Mr Lamb\u2019s Mission\u2014 to him therefore I refer your Excellency, in the highest Confidence on his Judgment & discretion\u2014as the particular Friend of Mr Carmichael, and a Gentleman who has had an Opportunity on many Occasions of discovering a generous Intention to serve his Country.\n      I shall consider myself entirely devoted to this Service, notwithstanding the Stipulation of six Months\u2014and shall remain at Algiers, or elsewhere to accomplish my Duty\u2014unless absolutely directed by your Excellencies to return. tho\u2019 perhaps Mr Lamb may be desirious of my coming forward with some Dispatches\u2014in which Case I shall think myself at Liberty of considering in what Manner I may be of most Service to my Country, in completing my Commission and the Confidence your Excellencies have done me the Honor to repose in me.\n      As I am not to consider this as an official Letter I have written with a less scrupulous Caution, than the Uncertainty of all Events\nmight render prudent\u2014 tho\u2019 I wish to consider myself more a Candidate for your Excellency\u2019s particular good Opinion\u2014than as seeking a future Employment in the publick Service\u2014which I find myself very inadequate to at present.\n      In a full and gratefull Dependance\u2014I rest on the Honor of naming myself\u2014 / Your Excellency\u2019s / Most devoted obedient Servant\n       P R Randall\n      I flatter myself\u2014that expressing my most respectful Remembrance will not be unacceptable to Mrs & Miss Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0085", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Stephen Higginson, 18 February 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Higginson, Stephen\n      Grosvenor square Feby: 18th. 1786\u2014\n     Your valuable Letter of Decr. 30. is received, and has much obliged me. The Conduct of this Country both in a political & Commercial Point of View appears to me in the same point of Light as it does to you\n     The remittances from the United States, which have been made since the peace, thro\u2019 Holland, France Spain & Portugal, as well as those made directly in Cash & Produce, notwithstanding the continual Complaints, have been very large, & have contributed more than any other cause, towards turning the Ballance of Exchange in favour of England and producing that Surplus of Revenue which is now so much boasted of\u2014\n     You were not perhaps informed of the alliance between Holland and france, the most fatal event to this Country which has occured in Europe, since the family Compact\n     The friendship of the Dutch will never return to England, untill it shall be brought back by the United States of America\u2014 These are bound by their honor & their public faith pledged in treaties, so far that they cannot form an Alliance with England against france, and if they were at Liberty it would be bad policy to join the weakest Side. We have therefore no choice left, but to United with france, Spain, Holland, Sweeden & Prussia (for I consider all these as\nconnected) or be neutral\u2014 It will even be scarcely possible that we should maintain a Neutrality.\n     There is every motive to keep ourselves quite clear of all political Engagements to England & cultivate the friendship of the other Powers, although we should endeavour to be as impartial as possible and preserve a neutrality as long as we can\n     I often feel a difficulty of entering into all Circumstances and forming a right Judgement of Measures taken, or proposed by the legislatures of the States: but as far as at this distance after so long an absence, I can comprehend the subject, I must agree with you in relation to the Refugees, Their Influence is not great where they are: but it would be less if they were in the United States, or at Liberty to go there. They were highly pleased at the News of the Vote of the House & seem generally desirous by what I hear of returning to the United States rather than to Nova Scotia or Canada.\n     our Navigation act will have little effect upon the British Counciles, untill it shall become general\u2014 Then indeed it will be severely felt. if strictly executed\u2014 By the accounts from the southern and middle States, the Probability of an Union in this measure, is much Stronger at present, than it could be in Boston at the date of your Letter. Indeed the southern States must come into it\n     They are now destressed for want of ships to export their Produce. The English refusing as they do our ready built ships, cannot furnish a sufficient Number. If the substence of the act should be adopted only from Pensylvania north ward it will have a great effect. The Jealousy you mention has alway\u2019s existed, & has very probably been fomented: but where is the Contrariety of interests? If Boston or Philadelphia can furnish ships to Charlestown to export the Produce of Carolina cheaper than the french, Dutch or English, you will be sure of the freight\u2014 cannot this be done? Let the N. E. States persevere in their acts, and every state which can build ships must follow\u2014if from no other motive than this Jealousy. Massts: alway\u2019s appeared to me to play a sure game in taking the lead\u2014 because the other states must imitate her if she perseveres as soon as they can, in order to prevent her Benifits from being too great, and to share with her. Shipwrights & the other Tradesmen connected with them, seaman, &c\u2014are Articles very precious, and even if the whole Community should be obliged to contribute largely to their support and increase they will richly repay the temporary sacrifice Let us not be intimidated then if we see a Number of foreign\nVessels driven by our Laws to other States. Nay tho our Lands & cattle should fall in their price at first, Let us persevere\u2014\n     Accounts from various Quarters, concur with yours, in the flourishing Circumstances of the Cod fishery nothing could give me greater pleasure. The Bounty upon oil, I hope will be increased\u2014 You have it in your power by such means to allure home again all your sperma C\u00e6ti fishermen, which are indeed almost all there are in the World\u2014 There is a sure markett in france & in spain, Boylstone sold his Cargo at Bouen for 30 pr. Cent. profit,\u2014as your oil is preferred to any other, you may sell all you can make, for 30 Cities are not illuminated with a few Lamps\u2014 But I would give a Bounty which should enable you to undersell the English in London, and make british Manufactures pay the cost. The Consumption of oil increases in England, from the high duties on Candles, so that you may depend on a Markett: I don\u2019t know whether I should hesitate to make British Fripperies pay the whole alien Duty of 18\u00a3: 3s: a ton as a Bounty Mr: Barrett has succeeded in France to his satisfaction Our pot & pearl ash, has been Authentically tried in France & pronounced the best in the World The Consumption of this article is very great\u2014\n     You must attack the mode, an Enemy more dangerous at this moment to our Commerce than all the Policy of England\u2014 Make it the fashon to wear french Manufactures. We cannot expect that france will buy our produce, and pay for it in Cash or Bills to be carried instantly to England, and there laid out in British Manufactures\u2014 The Spirit for encreasing our manufactures in the Article you mention does great honor & will produce lasting benifits to the Country. The Legislature will no doubt encourage it by bounty\u2019s & duties, judiciously laid on, The Salting of Beef &c ought to be studied as a science & brought to perfection, and many regulations are wanting for securing the Merchantable Quality of our timber, Lumber, staves, &c. &c. &c. Iron too & other articles should be encouraged by Bounties & Duties\u2014\n     We are astonished here that You don\u2019t insure your own Vessels\u2014 Loyds has made a vast sum by ensuring against Algerines and not one Vessel has been taken\u2014 are there Insurance offices in America, upon an honourable footing? punctual in Payment? it is high time it should be held infamous to dispute a Policy without clear cause, a litigious Man should not be admitted. Disputes of this Kind were too common formerly, as I know to my vexation tho\u2019 to my Profit\u2014\n     There is no better prospect here, & I wish I could say there was from Barbary. The Agents are gone but I have not so much confidence as I wish in the Man who is destined for Algiers\n     I never saw him, & if I had heard of him before he went what has been told me since he should never have had my Consent to go. But he came from Congress & how could we do otherwise? I have less confidence still in the Sum we are to offer, as presents, But we shall learn what is indispensable. In the mean time the Alarm is much too great in America The Chance of capture is very little and the Men if taken must & will be redeemed, & that very Soon\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0086", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Patience Lovell Wright, [ante 25 February 1786]\nFrom: \nTo: \n     Lady Countes Dowege Tankerfield Desires Mrs Wright to Wait on Jno. Adams Esqr and Enquire of him if the Actt of the American Congress is Repeeld which was made in the time of the War against Sqir Bennetts Estate and Lands up Rapananat Jems Rever and other Parts in Verginia and Ld fari-fax County\n     Note Mr Loyd is a Relation &c\n     if mr Adams has Seen the News paper wherin the American Shippin is Stopt per Allgree pirots allys to England if Mr adams had herd no Concills nor trad is to be Setteld in or with America untill those acts are Repeald that now hold the land of toris now in England\n     the King has good ground to Keep off any treety with Mr adams untill the French oblige America as being Garenttee or bound for the performanc of that article of peace\u2014 anoth Year is to pass to try if america will not oblige the Congress to Make good all the Estates of the Loyalists\u2014and ask England for a protection and traid on the Navegation Act\n     the Canada government is to swalow up all the other States in a few years\n     a Stedy perseverence in the King is to Carry all Mesuris\u2014 those\ntumults are only temperory it is Expectd at Court that the Kings Son will be Sent for as Vicroy first then King of america the\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0087", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Jay, 20 February 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\n      Grosvenor Square Feb. 20. 1786\n     Yesterday the Tripolitan Ambassador Sent a Message by a Doctor Benamor, an English Jew most probably, who has formerly resided in Barbary, and Speaks the Arabic Language as well as the Italian and Lingua Franca, to inform me, that he wished to return his Visit, in the Same friendly and respectfull manner, and that as he had much at heart a Treaty between the Barbary and American States, he wished it might be soon. It was agreed that he Should be received at noon.\n     At twelve His Excellency came in Ceremony, accompanied with his Secretary, and Benamor for an Interpreter, \u201cwhom he had chosen in Preference to the Interpreter assigned him by the Court, because he was sorry to See, that this nation was not so Steady in its Friendship to America as the French. The French Consul at Tripoli congratulated him upon his Appointment and hoped he would meet in England with a Minister with whom he might make a Treaty of Peace with America: but he was Sorry to Say he found here much Ill\nWill to the Americans and a Desire to prevent him from Seeing the American Minister. For this Reason he would have nothing to do with the Court Interpreter. It was the delight of his soul And the whole pleasure of his Life to do good: and he was zealous to embrace an Opportunity which now presented itself, of doing a great deal. The Time was critical, and the sooner Peace were made the better for from what passed before he left home, he was convinced if the Treaty Should be delayed another Year, it would after that, be difficult to make it. If any considerable Number of Vessells and Prisoners Should be taken, it would be hard to perswade the Turks especially the Algerines to desist. a War between Christian and Christian was mild and Prisoners on either Side were treated with Humanity: but a War between Turk and Christian was horrible, and Prisoners were Sold into Slavery. Although he was himself a Mussulman he must Still say he thought it a very rigid Law, but as he could not alter it, he was desirous of preventing its Operation, or at least of Softening it, as far as his Influence extended. The Algerines were the most difficult to treat. They were eager for Prizes, and had now more and larger ships than usual. if an Application should be made first to Algiers they would refuse: but when once a Treaty was made by Tripoli or any one of the barbary States, they would follow the Example. There was Such an intimate Connection between all, that when one made Peace, the rest followed. Algiers had refused to treat with Spain, in defyance of all her Armaments, untill Tripoli interposed, and then they relaxed at once. He called God to Witness, that is to say, he swore by his Beard, which is a Sacred Oath with them, that his Motive to this Earnestness for Peace, although it might be of some benefit to himself, was the Desire of doing good.\u201d\n     When he was informed that Congress had received some friendly Letters from the Emperor of Morocco, and that an Agent was gone to treat with his Majesty, \u201che rejoiced to hear it and doubted not that the Agent would Succeed, as the Emperor was a Man of extensive Views, and much disposed to promote the Commerce of his subjects.\u201d As it was now apparent that his principal Business here was to treat with the United States, and that no Harm could be done by dealing frankly with him, the Commission of Congress to treat with Tripoli was shewn him, as well as those to Morrocco, Algiers and Tunis. He \u201cwas rejoiced to See them, and although he could not answer for Algiers, he would undertake for Tunis and\nTripoli, and he would write in favour of any Person Who might be sent or go with him in Person to assist in the completion of Peace with all the States of Barbary, which was more than he had ever before Said to any Ambassador or Minister in Europe.\u201d It was then proposed that His Excellency should mention the Terms which he might think proper to propose, but he \u201cdesired to be excused, at present, and that tomorrow Evening at his House he might have an Opportunity of explaining himself more particularly.\u201d This was agreed to\u2014\n     It was then observed, that although America was an extensive Country the Inhabitants were few in Comparison with France, Spain and England, nor would their Wealth bear any Proportion to that of these Nations or of Holland; that We were just emerged from the Calamities of War, and had as yet few ships at Sea, especially in the Mediterranean, so that the Barbary Corsairs could not expect to make any considerable Number of Prizes. \u201cGod forbid, was his reply that I should consider America upon a Footing at present, in Point of Wealth with these nations. I know very well that she has but lately concluded a War which must have laid Waste their Territories, and I would rather wish to leave to her own Generosity, the Compliments to be made upon the Occasion, than Stipulate any Thing precisely.\u201d\n     This Man is either a consummate Politician in Art and Address, or he is a benevolent and wise Man. Time will discover whether he disguises an interested Character, or is indeed the Philosopher he pretends to be. if he is the latter Providence Seems to have opened to Us an Opportunity of conducting this thorny Business to an happy Conclusion. Col Smith will go to Paris to communicate the whole to Mr Jefferson and intreat him to come over to London in order to finish as much as possible of it, immediately, and to agree with the Portuguese Minister at the Sametime. Mr Jefferson has long projected a Visit to England, and this will be a good Opportunity. No Notice will be taken of it, publickly in America, and his real Errand will be concealed from the Public here.\n     If the Sum limited by Congress Should be insufficient We Shall be embarrassed, and indeed a larger sum could not be commanded unless a new Loan should be opened in Holland. I doubt not a Million of Guilders might be obtained there, upon the Same terms with the last two Millions. This would enable Congress to pay their Interest in Europe and to pay the French officers, who are uneasy.\n     With great Respect, and Esteem, / I have the Honour to be, sir your most obedient and / most humble servant\n      John Adams.\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0089", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Matthew Robinson-Morris, 21 February 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Robinson-Morris, Matthew\n      Grosvenor Square Feb 21st. 1786.\n     My Friend Dr Price has kindly permitted me to read his Letter and to inclose mine with it\u2014\n     before the Commencement of Hostilities in America a Pamphlet was presented to me at Boston in your Name, which I read with more pleasure than I ever received from any other. it was intituled Considerations on the Measures Carrying on &c\u2014 it has been a Constant sceurce of Astonishment to me that a Nation after the Publication of a Pamphlet Containing Views of their Empire so Comprehensive and Clear\u2014and pointing out Consequences so obvious and Certain could support a Ministry in the Prosecution of a War. the Whole History of Which has been but a simple Relation of the Accomplishment of your Prophecies\u2014\n     I read the Address to the Landed trading and funded Interests of England which appeard to me to be Demonstration as Clear, as the Considerations but recollecting the little Attention which was given to the latter, I trembled least the former should be equally ineffectual\u2014\n     I cannot but observe however that you have in a great measure overlookd the U\u2014 states of America and Dr Price in his Letter has not mentioned them\u2014 you may Possibly upon further reflection see Reasons to beleive that this Nation is now pursueing as Absurd a system towards America as it was when you wrote your\nConsiderations and that the Consequences may even be more fatal to your Country\u2014 Permit me to suggest to your Consideration whether it would not be wise to begin with the United states and open all the Ports of the British Empire to them in return for their opening theirs to the British! this alone would be such an Extension of the Commerce and Revenue of this Country as is not at Present Comprehended by Administration or opposition and would have greater Influence upon its Political Interest. than perhaps even you Sir are aware of\u2014\n     Accept my thanks for the Entertainment you have given me and beleive me to be / with great respect / yours\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0090", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Jay, 22 February 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\n      Grosvenor Square Feb. 22. 1786\n     On Monday Evening another Conference was held with the Tripolitan Ambassador, attended with his Interpreter Benamor, who is a decent Man, and very ready in the English as well as Arabick and Italian. The Foreign Ministers here Say it is the Custom of all the Ambassadors from Barbary to be much connected with Jews to whom they are commonly recommended. It may be Supposed the Jews have interested Motives, and therefore allthough their\nInterference cannot be avoided, they ought to be Objects of Jealousy. Benamor Soon betrayed Proofs enough, that he had no Aversion to the Ambassadors obtaining large Terms.\n     The Ambassador who is known to many of the foreign Ministers here is universally well Spoken of.\n     When he began to explain himself concerning his Demands, he Said \u201cthey would be different, according to the Duration of the Treaty. if that were perpetual, they would be greater, if for a Term of Years less. His Advice was that it should be perpetual. Once Signed by the Bashaw, Dey and other Officers, it would be indissoluble and binding forever upon all their Successors. but if a temporary Treaty were made, it might be difficult and expensive to revive it. for a perpetual Treaty, Such as they had now with Spain, a sum of Thirty Thousand Guineas must be paid, upon the Delivery of the Articles Signed by the Dey and other officers. if it were agreed to he would Send his Secretary by Land to Marseilles, and from thence by Water to Tripoli, who should bring it back by the Same rout Signed by the Dey &c. He had proposed so Small a sum, in Consideration of the Circumstances, but declared it was not half of what had been lately paid them by Spain. if We chose to treat upon a different Plan, He would make a Treaty perpetual, upon the Payment of Twelve Thousand five hundred Guineas for the first Year and three Thousand Guineas annually untill the Thirty thousand Guineas were paid.[\u201d]\n     It was observed that these were large sums, and vastly beyond Expectation but his Excellency Answered, that they never made a Treaty for less. Upon the Arrival of a Prize, the Dey and the other Officers were entituled by their Laws to large shares, by which they might make greater Profits than these Sums amounted to, & they never would give up this Advantage for less.\n     He was told that altho there was a Full Power to treat the American Ministers were limited to a much smaller sum So that it would be impossible, to do any Thing untill We could write to Congress and know their Pleasure. Col Smith was present at this as he had been at the last Conference And agreed to go to Paris to communicate all to Mr Jefferson and perswade him to come here, that We may join in further Conferences and transmit the Result to Congress. The Ambassador believed that Tunis & Morocco would treat upon the Same terms, but could not answer for Algiers. They would demand more. When Mr Jefferson arrives We shall insist upon knowing the Ultimatum and transmit it to Congress.\n     Congress will perceive that one hundred and Twenty Thousand Guineas will be indispensible, to conclude with the four Powers at this Rate, besides a Present to the Ambassadors, and other incidental Charges. besides this a Present of five hundred Guineas is made upon the Arrival of a Consul in each state. No Man wishes more fervently that the Expence could be less, but the Fact cannot be altered and the Truth ought not to be concealed.\n     It may be reasonably concluded, that this great Affair cannot be finished, for much less than two hundred Thousand Pounds sterling.\u2014 There is no Place in Europe or America where Congress can obtain such a sum, but in Holland. Perhaps a loan for two Millions of Guilders might be filled in Amsterdam upon the terms of the last.\n     If it is not done, this War will cost Us more Millions of sterling Money in a short time. besides the miserable Depress[ion] of the Reputation of the United States the cruel Embarr[ass]ment of all our Commerce, and the intollerable Burthen of Insurance, added to the Cries of our Countrymen in Captivity.\n     The probable Success of Mr Barclay and Mr Lamb, need not be pointed out.\n     If a perpetual Peace were made with those states, the Character of the United States would instantly rise, all over the World, our Commerce Navigation and Fisheries would extend into the Mediterranean, to Spain & Portugal, France and England. The Additional Profits would richly repay the Interest, and our Credit would be adequate to all our Wants.\n     Col Smith is gone to Paris. he departed Yesterday. By the Sixth Article of the Confederation \u201cNo State, without the Consent of the United States in Congress assembled Shall Send any Embassy to or receive any Embassy from, or enter into any Conference, Agreement, Alliance or Treaty with any King, Prince or state.\u201d All the States are so deeply interested in this Case, that Surely no Seperate State can have Occasion to move for the Consent of Congress upon this Occasion, but if unexpectedly Congress should not Agree to treat, there are Several States in the Union So deeply interested in Navigation that it would richly compensate each of them, to go to the whole Extent of two hundred Thousand Pounds to Obtain Peace. Nevertheless a Single State might obtain Peace and security for its ships at a much cheaper rate.\n     With great and sincere Esteem I have / the Honour to be, Sir your most / obedient and most humble servant\n      John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0091", "content": "Title: To John Adams from the Marquis de Lafayette, 22 February 1786\nFrom: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nTo: Adams, John\n      My dear Sir\n      Paris february the 22d 1786\n     I Have Been Honoured with Your favour By Mr\u0303 Joy to Whom I Will Readily Render Every Service in My power, and am also to thank You for the Valuable Books You took the trouble to Collect for me\u2014in the Cause of My Black Brethren I feel Myself Warmly interested, and Most decidedly Side, so far as Respects them, Against the White part of Mankind\u2014 Whatever Be the Complexion of the Enslaved, it does not, in my opinion, Alter the Complexion of the Crime Which the Enslaver Commits, a Crime Much Blaker than Any Affrican face\u2014 it is to me a Matter of Great Anxiety and Concern to find that this trade is Some times perpetrated under the flag of liberty, our dear and Noble Stripes, to which Virtue and Glory Have Been Constant Standard Bearers\u2014 Inclosed I Beg leave to Send a letter for mr\u0303 Sharp with Aknowledgements for His Attention\u2014\n     No Event of Great Importance in Paris\u2014 Cardinal de Rohan\u2019s Afair Has Produced Many Memoirs\u2014 Which of the different tales is the Right one, I do not pretend to Say\u2014 the Cardinal Has Been Either a Rogue or a fool, the later Seems the More probable\u2014 all the farms Have Been Renewed with an Augmentation of Reven\u00fce\u2014that of tobacco Excepted, and on this as well as Every other point I stand a warm Opposer to the Principles of the farm\u2014 on this Side of the Channel, When Good deeds fail, You will at least find Good Intentions\u2014in England Neither\u2014 While Policy is the Result of Passion not of Reason, Every Sensible Calculation is at an End, and it is Still a Matter of doubt with me, However Strange it Appears, if they will Give up the forts, or let us Have the pleasure to Walk into those formidable Works on our Saratoga tune of Yankee doodle.\n     My Best Respects Wait on the Ladies to Whom as Well as to You Md\u0303e de Lafayette and our little family present their Affectionate Compliments\u2014 Remember me to My friend Colonel Smith\u2014 with Every Sentiment of Affection and Regard I Have the Honour to Be\u2014 / My dear Sir / Yours\n      Lafayette", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0093", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Jay, 26 February 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\n      Grosvenor Square Feb 26. 1786\n     The Envoy from Portugal, has received from his Court an Answer to his Dispatches relative to the Treaty with the United States, and the enclosed Extract from it, which has been delayed sometime by the Sickness of the Chevalier de Freire, the Portuguese Secretary of Legation, this Minister did me the Honour to deliver to me two days ago, with his request that it might be transmitted to Congress. at the Same time he delivered me the enclosed State of the Trade between the United States and Portugal the last Year.\n     When Mr Jefferson arrives We Shall endeavour to finish this Business.\n     The Proposition of Sending and receiving a Minister has been many times made before.\u2014 Congress will no doubt answer this which is now made formally and officially. The Regard which is due from one sovereign to another, and indeed common Decency seems\nto require it. to refuse it would be thought Surprizing. indeed according to all the Rules of Politeness between Nations and sovereigns, it ought to be left to the Option of her most faithfull Majesty to Send what Species of public Minister She shall judge proper, and Assurances should be given of the most amicable Disposition of Congress to receive him with all the respect due to his sovereign and to send a Minister to her Majesty of equal Rank. Character.\n     The United States are at this moment Suffering Severely for Want of an equitable Adjustment of their Affairs with the Powers of Europe, and Affrica which can never be accomplished, but by conforming to the Usages established in the World.\n     If the United States would come to the Resolution to prohibit all foreign Vessells from coming to their Ports, and confine all Exports and Imports to their own Ships and seamen they would do, for any thing that I know, the wisest Thing which human Prudence could dictate. But then the Consequence would be obvious. They must give up the most of their Commerce, and live by their Agriculture. in this Case They might recall their Ministers and Send no more.\n     On the other Hand, if the United States would adopt the Principle of the French \u0152conomists, and allow the Ships and Merchants of all Nations equal Priviledges with their own Citizens, they need not give themselves any further Trouble about Treaties or Ambassadors. The Consequence nevertheless would be the Sudden Annihilation of all their Manufactures and Navigation; We should have the most luxurious set of Farmers that ever existed, and Should not be able to defend our sea Coast against the Insults of a Pirate.\n     As these are two Extreams that We know Americans will never consent to, We must vindicate our own Manufactures and Navigation, by Legislation at home and Negotiation abroad, and therefore, the Prejudi[ces] against Exchanges of Public Ministers Will be found Some of the most pernicious that ever have arisen among American Citizens. Laws at home must be made in Conformity to the State of Affairs abroad, which can never be known to Congress but by Ambassaders.\n     With great Respect I have the / Honour to be, Sir your most obedient / and most humble servant\n      John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0094", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Jay, 27 February 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\n      Grosvenor Square Feb. 27. 1786\n     At the last Conferences, as they call here what is understood in Paris by Ambassadors Days the Marquis of Carmarthen was pleased to make an Apology for not having yet answered the Memorial requiring the Evacuation of the Posts. \u201cIt would Sound oddly to Say that he had delayed his Answer, to prevent Delays, but it was true. He had drawn up his answer, but as he was obliged to Say Something, concerning the old Debts, he had been obliged to wait for a little further Information, that he might State in one View all the Acts of the Assemblies which had interposed Impediments.\u201d\u2014 As this is some kind of Respect to the Memorial, it ought to be communicated to Congress as no doubt it was intended And expected, that it should be.\n     The publick Prints will inform you, that the Newfoundland Bill and the American Intercourse Bill is revived. it would be sufficient to convince every American what the system is, to say that Mr Jenkinson was the Member of Administration and the House of Commons, Selected to conduct this Business. comparing his well known Character with what he Said, You will believe that the same Men and the same Principles which have governed this Nation in their Conduct towards America these twenty Years, prevail to this hour as far as the Circumstances will admit; and that Mr Pitt is either a convert to their sentiments, or is only an Ostensible Minister.\n     It remains with the States to determine what Measures they will take to discourage a Commerce the most impoverishing and ruinous, that can be imagined, to promote a more beneficial Intercourse with the rest of Europe, and to support their own Manufactures and\nnavigation, for on Such Measures alone can they have any Dependence, in future.\n     With Sincere Esteem I have the Honor / to be, sir your most obedient / and most humble servant\n      John Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0095", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Matthew Robinson-Morris, 27 February 1786\nFrom: Robinson-Morris, Matthew\nTo: Adams, John\n      Horton near Hythe Kent. 27th Febry. 1786.\n     I sincerely want words to express my sense of the honor done me by your letter; which I shall preserve as a valuable remembrance in my favor: I esteem no qualities or circumstances of any private person equally with understanding and integrity nor respect any public character more than the Representative of thirteen free Governments or perhaps so much.\n     I recollect on reading the favor of yours what was indeed from the length of time gone out of my memory that I formerly desired a few copies of the considerations &c to be sent to America and that I took the liberty to mention in particular the names of you and Mr. Hancock; which I shall now reckon a lucky incident; if it has assisted towards introducing me to your knowledge or attention.\n     It was immediately upon the separation of England and North-America by treaty and has ever since been my ardent desire; that the Americans should nevertheless be consider\u2019d and continue as Englishmen; I mean with respect to commerce and navigation foreign or domestic, to purchasing, to inheriting, exercising trades among us, voting for or being chosen into offices of all kinds and in every\nother light; just as they used to be. If two or three Americans were return\u2019d to Parliament; could the most jealous Englishman be alarmed; lest they should over-turn the state? The Nabob of Arcot did by an agent of his not chuse less than six or seven of the last House of Commons. I wish\u2019d these things to be settled and declared by act of Parliament without consulting or making any parade with the Americans on the subject. There could be no doubt; but that such circumstances would in due time have their full effect and operation and the more liberally the matter was done on each side the better.\n     I fully concur with you therefore in the opinion of opening all the Ports of both States to one another; but leading a very retired life in the Country I was unacquainted with the particular points in agitation between the two Governments or that the Americans were now willing to come into the mutual agreement mention\u2019d by you; until I receiv\u2019d the favor of your letter: So that my ignorance on the subject precluded any such proposition being made part of the Address &c; if it would otherwise have occur\u2019d to me. I knew no better; than that the chief commercial difference between us was concerning a free intercourse with our West-Indian Islands. That circumstance is observed and pressed in the Address &c and indeed was at first more strongly so; but that it was for prudential reasons and to avoid offence thought proper to soften the terms.\n     I do not perfectly understand; whether you include in your expression of \u201call the ports of the British-Empire\u201d those of the East-Indies or except such as are subject to Charters with regard to ourselves. I hardly need to add; that the former circumstance would be very far from an objection with me; although I should think; that being a sort of new regulation in commerce it may require to be particularly explain\u2019d and understood; if it is so meant.\n     I am sensible; that I do not see the utmost extent of this object; which indeed appears (as you point out) of extreme magnitude and importance: I have however always believed; that England might in some respects probably receive upon the plan before mention\u2019d by me in this letter more benefit; than if America had remain\u2019d under the restraints of our own Government. Very different principles nevertheless prevail and the event may perhaps before long shew; whither they will lead us.\n     You seem to wonder; that our nation should have supported Ministers in certain proceedings; but give me leave to observe; that the nation has truly no share and hardly any influence in the\nGovernment of itself. We chuse once in Seven Years a few Members of the House of Commons, who are lost in that great crowd; but did by any means the general sense of the Public suggest our measures or counsels; I firmly believe, that the only contention between England and America would long have been and now be, a mutual and reciprocal one of good offices. I could more particularly explain myself on this head; if it was convenient.\n     I have almost troubled you with a pamphlet instead of a letter and am with sincere honor and respect. / Sir, Your Most Obedient / Humble Servant\n      M. Robinson M.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0096", "content": "Title: From John Adams to William White, 28 February 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: White, William\n      Grosvenor Square Feb. 28. 1786\n     Your Favour of the 26 of Nov. by Mr Peters, I had not the Honour to receive, till a few days ago. I am much obliged to you, for this Mark of your Confidence, and for the Pamphlets and Papers inclosed, which I had Yesterday an Opportunity of communicating to the Archbishop of Canterbury, when his Grace did me the Honour of a Visit to deliver me the inclosed Letter, with the Desire of the Bishops that I would transmit it to the Committee.\n     I have not understood, that there will be any political Objection against the Measure you desire. if any Such Should arise, as an American Citizen tho not an Episcopalian I can very consistently endeavour to remove it: because I do not believe that the Benevolence of the Father of all, is confined by our Lines of Distinction or differences of Opinion: and because I think that when We can enlarge our Minds to allow each other an entire Liberty in religious\nmatters the human Race will be more happy and respectable in this and the future Stage of their Existence. It would be inconsistent with the American Character, and with the Principles of our Constitutions to raise political Objections against the Consecration of Bishops as it is merely a religious Ceremony. The States will no doubt take Care that no Temperal Powers inconsistent with their civil Politics shall be annexed to the Character. This however is their Affair.\n     With great Respect and Esteem, I have the Honour / to be, Sir your most obedient and most / humble servant\n      John Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0097", "content": "Title: To John Adams from the Marquis of Carmarthen, 28 February 1786\nFrom: Carmarthen, the Marquis of\nTo: Adams, John\n      St. James\u2019s, February 28th. 1786.\n     In Answer to the Memorial You did me the Honour to deliver to me on the 8th. Decr:, I have to observe to You, Sir, that it is His Majesty\u2019s fixed Determination, upon the present, as well as on every other Occasion, to act in perfect Conformity to the strictest Principles of Justice and good Faith.\n     The Seventh Article both of the Provisional and of the Definitive Treaties between His Majesty and the United States, clearly stipulates the withdrawing, with all convenient Speed, His Majesty\u2019s Armies, Garrisons and Fleets, from the said United States, and from\nevery Port, Place and Harbour within the same; and no Doubt can possibly arise respecting either the Letter or the Spirit of such an Engagement.\n     The Fourth Article of the same Treaties as clearly stipulates, that Creditors, on either Side, shall meet with no lawful Impediment to the Recovery of the full Value, in Sterling Money, of all bon\u00e2 fide Debts heretofore contracted.\n     The little Attention paid to the fulfilling this Engagement, on the Part of the Subjects of the United States in general, and the direct Breach of it in many particular Instances, have already reduced many of the King\u2019s Subjects to the utmost Degree of Difficulty and Distress: nor have their Applications for Redress (to those whose Situations in America naturally pointed them out as the Guardians of public Faith) been as yet successful, in obtaining them that Justice to which, on every Principle of Law, as well as of Humanity, they were clearly and indisputably entitled.\n     The Engagements entered into by Treaty ought to be mutual, and equally binding on the respective Contracting Parties. It would therefore be the Heighth of Folly, as well as Injustice, to suppose one Party alone obliged to a strict Observance of the Public Faith, while the other might remain free to deviate from its own Engagements, as often as Convenience might render such Deviation necessary, though at the Expence of its own National Credit and Importance.\n     I flatter myself however, Sir, that Justice will speedily be done to British Creditors; and I can assure You, Sir, that whenever America shall manifest a real Determination to fulfil her Part of the Treaty, Great Britain will not hesitate to prove her Sincerity, to cooperate in whatever Points depend upon her, for carrying every Article of it into real and compleat Effect.\n     The inclosed Paper contains a State of the Grievances complained of by Merchants, and other British Subjects, having Estates, Property, and Debts due to them, in the several States of America.\n     I am, / Sir, / Your most obedient / humble Servant.\n      Carmarthen.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0098", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Matthew Robinson-Morris, 2 March 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Robinson-Morris, Matthew\n      Grosvenor Square March 2d. 1786\u2014\n     you have obliged me very much by your kind Letter of the Feb 27th. The Americans are indeed Englishmen, and will continue such in Language & sentiments and manners whether they are allowed to be friends or Compelled to be Ennemies of those other Englishmen who inhabit these Islands Great Britain and Ireland. the priviledges of purchasing inheriting exercising Trades, voting for or being chosen into Offices of all kinds, if declared by Act of Parliament would no doubt be considered in a friendly light but give me leave to say would have no material affect, While embarrassments are either studiously or ignorantly thrown in the Way of Commerce\u2014 the United states are willing to throw Wide Open every Port in their dominions to British Ships and Merchants and Merchandizes, and I am ready in their behalf to pledge their Faith in a Treaty to this Effect; upon the reciprocal Stipulation of this Nation that her Ports Shall be equally open to our Ships, Merchants and Produce But the United States must repel Monopolies by Monopolies, and answer prohibitions by Prohibitions. I may be uninformed respecting the East Indies But although the E. I. Company have by their Charter and Act of Parliament an exclusive Priviledge of Importing East India Goods into the Port of London only, I dont know that Americans or any other Foreign Nation are Prohibited to Trade with the British Factories and Settlements in Asia.\u2014 this nevertheless is not a Point with us. the Ministry might except the Charter of the rights of the East India Company, But the American Commerce is a system and a free Intercourse between the United states and Canada Nova scotia\nNewfoundland, and the West India Islands as well as a Markett for their Oyl and Fins and Sperma C\u00e6ti Candles and ready Built Ships is so Essential to it, that if One Nation will not another must If England will not Germany Holland France &c\u2014will\u2014 this Commerce is even more necessary to your Colonies\u2014than it is to us, and the Present Policy is Sowing the seeds of disquiet and discotnent in the Minds of your Colonies that will alienate them all if persisted in. this Uneasiness has already broke out in Barbados into Violence which Occasioned the Troops to fire upon the People by which a Number were Killed\u2014as the Public Prints inform us, and it will increase from day to Day. the 5th of March 1770 ought to be an eternal Warning to this Nation on that Night the foundation of American Independance was laid I have the Honour to agree perfectly with you in opinion that England might receive more benefit from a liberal Commerce with America, than She would if We had remained under her Government. and I may be permitted to say, that having been from 1774 to this day either in Congress or in her Service Abroad I have been fully acquainted with every Step and Motive of her Conduct towards the Powers of Europe, and it has been her Constant Rule to conceed no Preferences to France or any other Nation, that She might be at Liberty to Settle a Commercial Plan with England upon the Fairest Terms. little did She expect or foresee that England would refuse the favours intended her\u2014 I must say the Ministry appear to have no idea of the Principles on which Congress have acted. The consequence must be that the Trade of America must Leave this Country and go to her rivals\u2014 the Ministry and the Nation too, seem to Consider the United States as a Rival: and we know very well What in English Lexicography, is the meaning of the Word Rival. it is an Ennemy to be beat down by every means. but it may be depended on that if the United States are treated in this manner, they will make Common cause with the other rivals of British Commerce which at this day are almost as numerous as the Nations of Europe\u2014\n     It is the Earnest desire of the United States to live in friendship with this Country, and to have no other Contention, but in reciprocal good offices. it seems to be your opinion that the People of England have the same disposition.\u2014 I beg you to explain yourself on this Head, as I must confess I have not met with any symptoms of it excepting in a few a very few Individuals. much fewer than I expected when I first arrived here, to What purpose is the universal Industry to represent the Commerce of the United States as of no\nImportance\u2014 Where would have been the Stocks\u2014the Exchange and the revinue of this Country without it? there has been a Constant stream of Produce Cash and Bills flowing into this Country Since the Peace from the U S.\u2014 Remittances to an immence amount have been made and even a large Sum through France Spain Portugal and Holland, which has contributed in no Small degree to turn the Ballance of Exchange so much in your favour as well as to throw a surplus into the Exchequer, and raise the stocks. and these Remittances might have been nearly doubled\u2014if Common sense had dictated the British Policians to receive from us in Payment such things as we have.\n     The Americans are at this day a great People and are not to be triffled with\u2014 their Numbers have increased fifty per Cent Since 1774. a People that can Multiply at this rate amidst all the Calamities of such a War of Eight years, will in twenty years more be too respectable to want Friends. they might sell their friendship at this time at a very high Price to others however lightly it may be Esteemed here\u2014\n     I have the Misfortune to differ widely from your opinion in the address that the \u201cIndependance of America happened a Century too soon\u201d it would be easy to Shew that it happened at the best point of time. there is no imaginable Period past or future, at which it could have been brought into Event to so much Advantage for America but this would lead me too far. the Information you may have received concerning the Confusions Distresses &c of the U.S. are of a piece with those misrepresentations which have constantly misguided this Nation for five and twenty years The Inconveniences now felt are confined to those who have been deceived into an Excess of Trade with this Country, by Expectations which have been disappointed that the Usual Remittances would have been received; and have arrisen from a desire to Live and Trade in friendship with England. The Country in General is in a thriving and flourishing Condition and this Country alone will finally be the sufferer by the Impediments they have thrown in the Way of their own Interest\u2014\n     you will perceive Sir that I have written too freely and too largely. in my Situation it may be imprudent. But the subject is of Great Importance and deserves your closest attention. you will Greatly Oblige me by Communicating your Sentiments with equal Frankness\n     With Great Esteem I have the Honour to be / yours &c &c\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0100", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Matthew Robinson-Morris, 4 March 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Robinson-Morris, Matthew\n       Grosvenor Square March 4th 1786\n      Among all the Pamphlets which have been written Since the Peace\u2014I cannot recollect One, before the Address to the Landed Interest &c\u2014which did not appear to me to be written with an express Intention to deceive the Nation by concealing Some real danger or holding out Some false hope, in order to recommend One Candidate for the Ministry, or Surpress another. You will not be Surprized at the Impression it has made upon me, when I Confess to you, that though I admire the Candour & Wisdom which appear in it, in General.\u2014 I am extreamely hurt by certain Passages which relate to my own Country\n      If it is a fact that the Sciences arose in the East and have travelled Westward, this was probably a mere accident not arising from any necessary cause in Nature; and ought not to discourage the Friends of human Improvements from indeavouring to Propogate them Northward, and Southward, and Eastward, too as well as Westward. those whose Minds were turned lately to America, by Such an Idea only\u2014may be as easily diverted from it: But he who Considers a vast Continent unpeopled, with Every advantage of Clymate, Soil, and Situation, for the Accommodation of human Life and the Enjoyment of Liberty, Arts, Sciences and Commerce; where Despotism and Superstition have not yet established their Thrones. if he has any degree of Philanthropy or Philosophy will be anxious that Virtue may be there preserved and no Improper Principles or Education Introduced\n      that Independance was neither sought nor desired, but was forced upon America is very true. She was happy in her Liberty and desired no more. She was not yet Smitten with the Charms of Ambition and Avarice enough to think of Wading in Blood to Obtain them there is nevertheless with Submission, neither \u201cSense nor Reason\u201d in the Saying that Independance has come too Soon by a Century on that Country. In a Century, according to Every Principle of Population there will be an Hundred Millions of free Inhabitants, a Number that upon Such a Revolution must have crumbled into twenty different Nations and it would have Cost every two or three of them as long a War to have Settled the disputes amongst them as it has to Seperate them from Great Britain\u2014 in Such a case they would have been Infinitely more perplexed and Embarrassed, than they are Now. Such Enormous Masses of Mankind are not to be managed. What is Still worse British Governments would in twenty Years more have introduced Manners and Habits which would have been incureable and a revolution after that Period would have only Substituted One System of Vice Folly and Tyranny for another, the appearances of Perplexity and Embarrassment to which you allude arise from Causes which are not known and would not be beleived in this Country\u2014 the first is a Preference of Liberty to Commerce, the 2d is an aversion to hurt the Commerce Revenue and the Power of Great Britain.\u2014 they know the nature of a Free Government too well to give an unlimited Sovereignty to a Body constituted as Congress is. they are justly apprehensive that Aristocracies or Still worse Governments would Grow out of it. Unlimited Powers to that Senate would Soon remove the Difficulties from their Commerce: But enjoying every necessary and Comfort of Life from their Agriculture, they had rather their Commerce Should Labour, than their Liberty be endangered.\u2014 All their difficulties Arise from the mistaken Policy of G\u2014 Britain. these might easily be removed by Measures of Retaliation and by transfering their Trade from England to France Germany and other Nations of Europe. they are loth to do this with out an apparent necessity, Time may improve the Confederation as well as the Seperate Constitutions, but there is as much order at Present as in any Country I know: and Why Should they Hazard the Principles of Liberty from an Impatience to Grow Suddenly Rich\u2014?\n      You are apprehensive that they may find it difficult to discharge or Support their Debt. it would be easy to demonstrate that they are able to discharge the last farthing of it in ten Years. Principle and\nInterest. Nay from the best Information from all the Principle States, and from the Measures already taken and now taking there is not a doubt but that it will be done.\u2014 and what a Phenomenon will that People be without a Debt and almost without a Tax,\u2014for the Charges of Government are not in that Country as they are in this\u2014\n      you ask Whether the Dependance & Friendship of the 13 states, are not turnd into a violent Enmity and Aversion?\u2014 I answer with the Utmost Sincerity they are not.\u2014 On the Contrary it is the ardent Wish of that Country to Live in Friendship with this. and they have a Great Reluctance to entering into Closer Connections Commercial or Political with France Spain & Holland, because they do not wish to See England humbled and depressed in the manner they know She must be, if they Should take a part against her. they will try to persuade this Country to see and Pursue her own Interests: But if neither they nor you can open her eyes, they will as they ought to look out for themselvs and it is in their Power to take such measures for encouraging their own Manufactures and Navigation, and to Enter into Such Commercial Treaties with other Powers, as would never be recovered by G\u2014 B\u2014 Leaving all Political Arrangements out of the Question\n      My Fellow Citizens, since the Peace\u2014desirious of Enjoying its Blessings in tranquility have made but little Noise at home or abroad\u2014 after so long an Exertion they had need of repose. their time and thoughts have been employed in repairing the Ravages of War, and I have the pleasure to assure you from the best Authorities, that their Labours have had such success as to have repaired and rebuilt their Burnt Towns in a more commodious and Beautifull manner than before their destruction, repaird their Fences, and replaced their Stocks upon their Plantations, revived their Fisheries and their Manufactures of Pot Ash\u2014pursued the Commerce in Peltries, and in various other Ways reestablished the Conveniences of Life at the Same time that they have been able to remit to England immense quantities of the Produce of their Agriculture. that Industry which for three years past has been exerted in Reparation will in future be employed in Production, and the Exports will Increase with a rapidity beyond the expectations of Europe.\n      I Shall not Controvert your Applauses of Ireland: but it should be remembered that Irish Liberty as well as Dutch Liberty has been purchased with American Blood and that Whatever She has done resembling What is delivered down to Us of Ancient Greece and\nRome, She Learnd from American Precept and Example. I respect and Esteem Ireland as much as any Friend She has: but I will venture to Say that She will no longer be usefull to England if America is made hostile. America has and must have from various Causes great Influence in Ireland and Holland, and England may depend upon the Enmity of the Latter and cannot depend upon the friendship of the former\u2014if America Should be driven into the defensive Alliance of France Spain and Holland. there is Indeed a new order of things arisen in the World, Which British Statesmen do not Comprehend. they turn their Eyes willfully from it:\u2014but twenty Years time will force it upon their Observation and their Feelings\u2014if it is not attended to now. the British Empire never Saw a more critical moment than this\u2014 Salvation I beleive to be now in her Power, but if neglected only two years, it will be lost in my opinion forever\u2014\n      The two preceeding Sheets I had written on the 4th of this Month and delayed to proceed till I should have your answer to my Letter of the 2d.\u2014 this Morning Mr Partridge called upon me with your favour of the 18th. full of the Wisest sentiments Your Letters to me will never be too long, I will take an early opportunity to answer this more Particularly\u2014 the Removeall of every Obstacle to a sincere and Lasting Friendship between England and America is the only public measure which according to my feeble Sight; is necessary to the lasting Peace, Liberty and Safety of my Country and which consequently engrosses my attention. I can Say with truth and Sincerity that it will not be the fault of me or my Constituents if it is not accomplished\n      I am Sir with Great Esteem\u2014 / Yours &c &c\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0101", "content": "Title: To John Adams from David Humphreys, 5 March 1786\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Adams, John\n      Dear Sir\n      Paris March 5th. 1786\n     Colonel Smith has been so good as to take charge of a printed copy of Mr Dwight\u2019s Poem and a letter from that gentleman to your Excellency, which I found at my return from London had been forwarded under cover to me. He is also the bearer of a manuscript copy of Mr Barlow\u2019s Vision of Columbus together with letters from the Author and our friend Mr Trumbull on the subject of its publication.\n     As you are placed in the enviable situation of being considered as the Mec\u00e6nas of America and as I have often heard you express your wishes that the Poems in question might be published; I find it unnecessary for me to say what might otherwise have been proper with respect to these performances & the Authors of them. Indeed the Public, as well as your Excellency, is already in posession of my opinion of their poetical abilities: but I cannot conceal my anxiety that their works may be ushered into the old world under as favourable auspices as the circumstances will permit. The success or failure will operate powerfully in stimulating or extinguishing the future efforts of genius in America.\n     While writing the above, I am honoured with the receipt of your letter of the 27th Ulto. and will tomorrow make effectual arrangements for securing a passage in the April Packet for a Gentleman, Lady & Servt agreeably to your instructions.\n     With my best Complts to the Ladies / I have the honor to be Yr Excellencys / sincere friend & / Most devoted servt\n      D. Humphreys", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0102", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Philip Mazzei, 5 March 1786\nFrom: Mazzei, Philip\nTo: Adams, John\n      Dear Sir,\n     I return you my sincere thanks, Sir, for the petition from the City of Bristol in 1775, which I have found here on my return from Holland in the letter you did me the honor to write me the 29th. of December. It will be of great service to prove, that the conduct of our Countrimen has been & is continually misrepresented. The petition, memorial, or address to the King, or some body else from the Merchants of London, would answer the same end, & as far as I remember still better. Therefore I hope you will not spare some trouble to find it, as you are so good as to say in your said letter. In my performance I have endeavoured to offer to the Public a striking contrast between the well reasoned & true patriotism of our People, & the vain enthusiasm of the Romans. I want anecdotes, & have put several noble fellows under contribution for that purpose. Our good friend Col. Smith (the bearer of this) a gentleman for whom I feel a great regard & friendship, as I always reckon from the merit & never from the date of an acquaintance, has favoured me with some. Marquis de la Fayette has done the same, & has promised me more. My dear Sir, will you suffer to be put under contribution too? I Know that you have it greatly in your power to supply me with many very interesting ones. For such things I am in want of I beg leave to refer you to Col. Smith, who will be able to inform you better than I could myself, particularly as I find that the older I grow the worse I write in this language. The high esteem & great attachment I find with pleasure the bearer has for you, encourages me to take such\nliberty without making an apology for it. Pray, present my respectful compliments to one of the most valuable & amiable wemon on earth, I mean Mrs. Adams, whose merit I shall not be satisfied to Know only from the testimony of others, as soon as she becomes inhabitant of another part of the globe. Beleave me most respectfully, / Dear Sir, / Your Excellency\u2019s most humble / & most Obedient Servant\n      Philip Mazzei", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0105", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Granville Sharp, 8 March 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Sharp, Granville\n      Grosvenor Square March 8th 1786\u2014\n     I took the first opportunity to send your Present of Books to my friend the Marquis de la Fayette and have this Morning received the inclosed Letter for you from that Nobleman.\n     Let me avail myself of this opportunity of presenting my thanks, for your obliging present of Books to me. you have merited the respect and Esteem of all Men amongst whom Liberty and Humanity are not disregarded by your writings, the Idea that Captives in War are slaves, is the foundation of the Misfortunes of the Negroes: this Principle is Honourd and admitted by all the Powers of Europe who pay Tribute to the states of Barbary\u2014 I expect that One Part of Africa will avenge upon my Fellow Citizens the Injury they do to another by purchaseing their Captives. Yet I presume We shall be compelled to follow the Base example of Submission and pay tributes or make Presents like the rest of Christians to the Mussulmen\u2014\n     I wish you would take up the Whole of this African system and expose it all together, Never Never will the Slave Trade be abolished While Christians Princes abaise themselvs before the piratical Ensigns of Mahomet.\n     With great Esteem your Humble servt\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0106", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Benjamin Goodhue, 10 March 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Goodhue, Benjamin\n      Grosvenor Square Westminster March 10. 1786\n     Your kind Letter of 20 Decr. has much obliged me. The accurate States of the Mackarel, Cod and Whale Fisheries are very valuable Pieces of Information, and as long as I shall Stay in Europe I shall be happy to learn from you, from time to time the Progress of these valuable Branches of Commerce, and of all others in which our Country is interested.\n     We have Such Advantages over France & England both in our Situation, So near the Fishing Ground, and in Superiour skill, or brighter Skies, for curing the Fish; that We have it in our Power, to monopolize this Fishery by underselling all Competitors, at the Marketts of Spain Portugal and Italy. The Chevalier De Pinto, the Portuguese Ambassador at this Court has Said to me Several times that We have nothing to fear from the Rivalry of the English or French, for that our Fish was of a quality, so Superiour to theirs, that We should always have the Preference in the Lisbon Market, and command a superiour Price. To make the greatest Advantage of it, We must have Peace with the States of Barbary.\u2014 This will cost Us two hundred Thousand Pounds sterling at once. for that Sum I believe a perpetual Peace may be made with Morocco Algiers, Tunis & Tripoli. dont let our People deceive themselves, with notions of obtaining it at a cheaper rate, or of fighting the Rovers, or of carrying on their Commerce amidst a War with them. it will cost the Massachusetts alone, in Insurance, and Loss of Trade more Money every Year. The first Thing to be done is to convince Congress of the Necessity of giving as much Money, as will buy the Peace. the next is to get the Money. This I hope might be had in Holland.\n     Mr Nat. Barrett will convince you that a profitable Markett may be had in France for your Oil.\u2014 I am sorry, that the Bounty given by the General Court upon Oil is not larger. I would make it 18\u00a3: 3s a\nTon, the exact amount of the Alien Duty, and would in the same Act lay on Duties upon British Merchandizes the least necessary, and appropriate them expressly to the Payment of the Bounty, as long as the Alien Duty should be continued in England.\n     Our People must consider more and more the Efficacy of Bounties and Duties cooperating together, and must not be Sparing of them, when the support of Interests so important demand them. the English pay annually an hundred Thousand Pounds sterling in Bounties to their Greenland Whalemen. Every Seaman in that Fishery costs them thirteen Pounds sterling a Year.\u2014 The Same Bounties are given as I suppose to the Adventurers in the Sperma C\u00e6ti Fishery, with an Additional Bounty of 500\u00a3 to the ship which makes the greatest Voyage 400 to the 2d. 300 to the 3d. & 200 to the 4.\n     The New England Fishermen, aided by much smaller Bounties from their Legislators, will find no difficulty in worming the English out of this Business.\n     Our Oil as well as Fish is acknowledged to be better than that of the English French or Dutch. This is a great Advantage. The State Should not hesitate at any Exertion or Expence, to support their Fishers, in a critical Moment, when a Blow is manifestly aimed at their Existence by a Rival.\u2014\n     Navigation Acts must and will be made by all the thirteen States. Those who have already made them will I hope persevere with Constancy, and never cease to perswade the others till they all come in. The southern States must come in. without this they will not be able to procure ships to export their own Produce. The English while they, refuse to purchase our ready built ships cannot furnish them.\n     But the War with Barbary is the most essential Thing, to be now attended to. This hurts our Fisheries, ruins our carrying Trade and universally damps all our Commerce. at all Events We must have Treaties with those Powers. The English will only be worse and worse till this is done. I am sir / with great Respect your most obedient / and obliged humble servant\n      John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0107", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Isaac Smith Sr., 12 March 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Smith, Isaac Sr.\n      Grosvenor Square March 12. 1786\n     The Terror in the Minds of our Sailors, of the Barbary Rovers, is an immense Loss to our Country, in Insurance, and in Trade with Italy, Spain, Portugal France England Holland: indeed with all Parts of the World. The Question is whether it is better Policy to fight them or treat with them. To fight, with a possibility of any effectual Success will cost us a Million sterling a Year. To treat will cost Us two hundred Thousand Pounds, the Interest of which is Twelve Thousands a Year. Any moderate Arithmetician may decide the Question. But where can We get the Money? in Holland, if you will make Provision for paying the Interest. But while We are limited to a twelfth Part of the Sum which will probably be necessary, We can have no hopes of Success.\u2014\n     Agents are gone to Algiers and Morocco, but as they are limited to so small a sum, there is no Prospect of Success.\n     My best Respects to Mrs Smith and the / Family. With great Regard / I am your, most obedient\n      John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0108", "content": "Title: From John Adams to the Marquis of Carmarthen, 13 March 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Carmarthen, the Marquis of\n      Grosvenor Square March 13: 1786.\n     Mr Adams presents his Compliments to the Right Honourable the Marquis of Carmarthen and acquaints his Lordship that Mr Jefferson, Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States at the Court of Versailles is now here and as they have something to communicate to his Lordship relative to the Affairs of the United States, they request a Time when they may have the Honour to pay their Respects to his Lordship, before the Levy on Wednesday.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0110", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Elbridge Gerry, 19 March 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Gerry, Elbridge\n      Dear Sir\n      Grosvenor Square March 19. 1786\n     Before the Arrival of your kind Letter by Wingrove I had heard, from various quarters, of your Marriage and had received the most agreable Accounts of the Character of the Lady. give me leave to congratulate you, on this happy Event. Nothing can be more pleasing than the Transition from the Turbulence of War and Politicks to the Tranquility of domestick Life, in the Arms of a Lady of so much Merit. You know I always spoke respectfully of the State of Matrimony. You have already found I dare say, that I had reason, and you will be more and more convinced of it. Will you introduce me to Mrs Gerry and make her my Friend?\n     We expect Soon to hear from Barclay at Morocco and Lamb at Algiers, but We despair of any better News than that the Money limited is ten times too little.\n     We shall not probably, be able to obtain a Treaty of Peace with Tripoli Tunis and Morocco under Five and thirty thousand Guineas each. and Algiers may demand an hundred Thousands.\u2014 If Congress will go to this Expence and can borrow the Money in holland, We may have Peace.\u2014 after the delay of a Year or two it may cost Us a Million.\u2014\n     In England there is no Appearance of a Change of System towards America.\n     T. Boylstone carried a Cargo of Oil to France and sold it well.\u2014 he laid out the Money in raw Sugars which he sent to Boston? This is an Idea, that I Suggested to Congress in some Letters three Years ago.\n     Raw Sugars may be purchased in France & Portugal, in any Quantities, of the best quality and at a cheaper Price, than you can have them in the British West India Islands. Vessells going to our States from Europe frequently want freight, because our Exports are more voluminous than our Imports. from these Premises draw your Conclusion and judge whether, our Sugar houses cannot be made very usefull to Us.\u2014?\n     I am my dear sir, with the best Respects / of my Family to your Lady, your / affectionate\n      John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0111", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thomas Jefferson, William Stephens Smith, and Richard Peters\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas,Smith, William Stephens,Peters, Richard\nTo: Adams, John\n      One among our many follies\n      Was calling in for Steaks at Dolly\u2019s\n      Whereby we\u2019ve lost\u2014& feel like Sinners\n      That we have miss\u2019d much better dinners\n      Nor do we think that us \u2019tis hard on\n      Most humbly thus to beg your pardon\n      And promise that another time\n      We\u2019ll give our reason not our rhime\n      So we\u2019ve agreed\u2014Our Nem: Con: Vote is\n      That we thus early jointly\u2014give you notice\n      For as our rule is to be clever\n      We hold it better late than never\n      Th: Jefferson.Wm: Stephens SmithRichard Peters", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0112", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Matthew Robinson-Morris, 23 March 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Robinson-Morris, Matthew\n      Grosvenor square march 23d. 1786\u2014\n     I have too much reason to believe with you, in your Letter of the 18th. that there is a fatal Infatuation somewhere, & I think we should not differ in our Conjectures where the Causes lie\u2014\n     There is room to hope that man kind will one day arrive at a gread degree of perfection in the science and art of Government, when it shall no longer be thought a divine science, it will be\npursued upon human Principles, When superstition & Imposture, shall cease to mislead\u2014 Common sense will come forward\u2014 when Authority shall be known to originate with the people instead of descending from the skies in Miracles and mistery, it will not be difficult to convince a Nation that its own good is its End\u2014 In short when Men shall study Government as they do Geometry, they will make improvements in it, as fast as they ever did in Painting, Statuary or Architecture\u2014 But before any great things are accomplished, a memorable change must, be made in the system of Education and knowledge must become so general as to raise the lower ranks of Society nearer to the higher The Education of a Nation, instead of being confined to a few schools & Universities, for the instruction of the few, must become the National Care and expence, for the information of the many,\u2014 it is odd that the Knowledge of Society which interests every man, should be the last to receive improvements. We are Thousands of Years more advanced in Astronomy which comparatively concerns very few\u2014\n     I may have said, tho\u2019 I don\u2019t recollect it that it was a Common opinion in England, or in Europe that American Independence came a Century too soon\u2014 but as I never could conceive any possible Coincidence of Circumstances, in which America could have seperated from Great Britain, without a War, & without a Debt I have ever thought the time when it happened the best time, and I still think it best for Britain as well as America. There was a spirit in the Empire, that would have extinguished the flame of Liberty in every part of it, if the frame of it had not been broken\u2014 nothing now remains but for England to reconcile herself to the Event and conform her Commercial & political system to the new order of things, & the Evil will not be found so great.\u2014\n     I love the spirit which moves you to write of American Affairs because it is the spirit of wisdom and of Liberty. Your Plan of American Politicks is the ardent wish of every sensible Citizen of the United States\u2014 we have for seven Years together conformed every thing to it, and we desire nothing better now\u2014 But you must be sensible that your scheme supposes that other Nations, particularly the English should conform to it, in their Intercourse with us\u2014 You would not surely advise us, to make ourselves the Dupes of our own Liberality of sentiment, yeild up all our Exportations & Importations to foreign nations, make ourselves a Nation of meer tillers of the Ground; have none but a passive Commerce, & make ourselves wholly defenceless against every power that has a few Men of War,\n& an Inclination to molest us, Yet nothing less than such a humiliation is meditated for us. We are willing that the English should have the same Previledges with ourselves in our Ports but We expect in return for it, some Previledges in theirs\n     You seem to have too formidable apprehensions of the American Debt\u2014 What is a Debt of ten millions to a Nation that has an annual Export, cheefly from the produce of their agriculture of four Millions a Year? this is a moderate Computation. in two years from this time, I doubt not, it will be 5 or 6. Justice without which a Nation can neither have Confidences in itself, nor be relyed on by others demands that the Debt should be paid\u2014 it is due to our most meritorious Citizens, & may be paid with ease, and without the loss of a meal of Meat or a single \u201cbare foot\u201d\u2014 about one Million & 1/2 is due to France & Holland: but the Interest only is demandable for many years\u2014 I suppose this Interest to amount to an hundred Thousand pounds a Year. cannot such a sum be easily paid by a people who export annually so much produce? I agree with you that France & Holland might have afforded to purchase American Independence, at a much greater expence: but I would not accept it as a Gift. not only national morality, but the pride of Virtue would require that the whole should be paid, Our People should be beholden for their Liberties to themselves. The Debt in Holland was not contracted with the State but with Individuals. it ammounts to near seven hundred Thousand pounds all borrowed of private Persons upon obligations signed by the Minister of the United S. by their Orders. Every feeling of honour & every sense of duty requires that these people should not be defrauded. And no American has an Idea of any thing but punctual Payment. The Excises & Imposts necessary for the payment of the Interest, would be very light. & a surplus might easily be established to pay off the Capital as it becomes due. America has no thought of a permanent system of Debts & Taxes. It is her intention to pay off the Capital, and then she will abolish all her Excises & Imposts\u2014& a very trifeling assesment upon Polls & Estates real & Personal will afterwards defray her moderate Charges of Government\u2014 all this may be accomplished without a Pang in ten Years, & give me leave to say I have not a doubt but it will be done unless England should be mad enough to involve us in another War\u2014\n     I am Sir", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0114", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thomas Barclay, 27 March 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n      Dear Sir\n      Madrid 27th. March 1786\u2014\n     I arrived here the 10th. and expect to be able to proceed to Cadiz in a few days, the Copys of three short Letters which I wrote to Mr. Jefferson, will place before you our Progress untill this day, when I had the pleasure of receiving through the hands of Mr. Carmichael The Kings Letter to the Emperor; informing him that it would be better the Peace should be made in Morocco than in Spain, and recommending the Object of the Mission to His Majesty\u2019s Attention. The Count De Florida Blanca has also sent me Letters to General O-Riely at Cadiz, to the Consul General of Spain at Morocco, & to one of the Spanish Fathers placed at Mequinez for the Redemption of Captives; In short I have the greatest Reason to be pleased with the Part this Court has taken in the Affair which I think reflects much honor on Mr. Carmichaels Influence and Attention. To shew you at once the State in which I found the Business with Morocco situated on my arrival here, I send you Copy of a Letter written by the Count De Florida Blanca to Mr. Carmichael offering the intervention of His Catholic Majesty on the Idea of the Business being done here, with Mr. Carmichaels Reply. And I have now to add that I shall set forward with the most flattering prospects of success, hoping soon to be able to give you a satisfactory Account of the Business being finished; It will not perhaps be in my Power to write you very often, There are at this Place and at Vitoria, persons appointed to translate or decypher every suspicious paper & from them little can escape. Nothing new of consequence will\nprobably arrise untill I reach Morocco. If I [am] able to close the treaty to my satisfaction, I shall send it to you by Land and remain in Africa or Spain untill you return it with the Ratification, and I embrace this Opportunity of offering my services, if you want them, at Tunis & Tripoli, where I am certain this Court will on application give its weight to the Person employed at those places\u2014 If you should think my going farther than Morocco necessary, let me know as soon as possible your Intentions, that I may arrange Matters accordingly, and avail myself of the Disposition which this Court shews to serve us; Please to put your Letters under Cover to Mr. Carmichael unsealed that he may be at once Master of the Subject; situated as we are, we cannot leave this without being presented, which will be done I expect in a few days by the French Ambassador, when we will continue our Journey; but the Roads to Cadiz are in such shocking order that the Gentleman by whom I now write has been twenty four days coming from thence.\n     Mr. Lamb purchased a Vessel of about 50 Tons at Barcelona, and sailed for Algiers the Eleventh with a Wind capable of placing him in Port the next day; He went under Spanish Colors which I hope may protect him, tho\u2019 there is no Peace hitherto signed between the two Countries.\n     A Person is expected every hour from Algiers who will be able to give a particular Account of Mr. Lamb, if I am so lucky as to see him, I will transmit you what I can learn and Mr. Carmichael will give you all the information he can collect\u2014\n     I am with great respect / Dear Sir / Your Most obed serv.\n      Thos Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0115", "content": "Title: The American Commissioners to John Jay, 28 March 1786\nFrom: American Commissioners\nTo: Jay, John\n      Grosvenor square March 28 1786\u2014\n     Soon after the arrival of Mr. Jefferson in London, We had a conference with the Ambassador of Tripoli, at His House.\n     The amount of all the Information we could obtain from him was that a perpetual peace was in all respects the most adviseable, because a temporary treaty would leave room for increasing demands upon every renewal of it and a stipulation for annual payments, would be liable to failures of performance which would renew the War, repeat the negotiations, and continually augment the Claims of his Nation, & the difference of Expence would by no means be adequate to the Inconvenience, since 12.500 Guineas to his Constituents with 10 pr. Cent upon that sum for himself, must be paid if the treaty was made for only a Period of One Year,\u2014\n     That 30.000 Guineas for his Employers & 3.000\u00a3 for himself, were the lowest terms upon which a perpetual Peace could be made & that this must be paid in Cash on the Delivery of the Treaty signed by his sovereign\u2014that no Kind of Merchandizes could be accepted\n     That Tunis would treat upon the same terms but he could not answer for Algiers or Morocco.\n     We took the Liberty to make some Inquiries concerning the Grounds of their pretentions to make War upon Nations who had done them no Injury, & observed that we Considered all Mankind as our friends, who had done us no Wrong nor had given us any provocation\u2014\n     The Ambassador answered us, that it was founded on the law of their great Profet: that it was written in the Koran, that all Nations who should not have acknowledged their Authority were sinners: that it was their right & duty to make war upon them wherever they could be found, & to make slaves of all they could take as prisoners; & that every Musselman who should be slain in battle was sure to go to Paradise That it was a Law, that the first who boarded an Enemy\u2019s Vessell should have one slave, more than his share with the rest, which operated as an Incentive to the Most desperate Valour & Enterprize. That it was the practice of their Corsairs to bear down upon a ship; for each sailor to take a Dagger in each hand & another in his Mouth & leap on board, which so terrified their Enemies, that very few ever stood against them. That he verily believed the\nDevil assisted his Country-men, for they were almost allway\u2019s successfull\u2014\n     We took time to consider & promised an Ansr. but we can give him no Other, than that the Demands exceed our Expectation & that of Congress so much, that we can proceed no further, without fresh Instructions.\n     There is but one possible way, that we know of to procure the money, if Congress should Authorize us to go to the necessary Expence, & that is to borrow it in Holland\u2014 We are not certain that it can be had there But if Congress should order us to make the best terms we can, with Tunis, Tripoli, Algiers & Morocco. & to procure this Money, wherever we can find it, upon terms like those of the last loan in Holland, our best Endeavours shall be used to remove this formidable obstacle out of the Way of the Prosperity of the United States\n     Inclosed is a Copy of a Letter from P. R. Randall Esqr. at Barcelona. The last from Mr. Barclay was dated Bayonne\u2014\n     It is hoped we shall soon have News from algiers & morocco & we wish it may not be more disagreable than this from Tunis & Tripoli\u2014\n     We are with great respect\u2014yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0116", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Edward Augustus Holyoke, 3 April 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Holyoke, Edward Augustus\n      Grosvenor Square April 3. 1786 London\n     I now do myself the Honour of inclosing to you, as President of the Medical Society, the original Letters of Monsieur De Lassone Monsieur Geoffroy and Monsieur Vicq D\u2019Azyr Copies of which I Suppose have been before recd.\u2014 The Vote of the Royal Society of Medicine in Parchment authenticated by its Officers is also inclosed, and a Journal.\n     I received in due Season your Letter, inclosing a Vote of the Medical Society, both of which do me great honour. I ought to make my Apology for not answering that Letter, and for not transmitting these original Papers, sooner: but many Removals of my Papers and my Family with various Calls of public Service, have been the real cause.\n     With my best Respects to the Medical Society / and the most Sincere Wishes for their Pros / perity, I beg Leave to subscribe myself your / most obedient and obliged servant\n      John Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0117", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Joel Barlow, 4 April 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Barlow, Joel\n      Grosvenor square April 4th. 1786\u2014\n     I am much obliged to you for your favour of December 12th. 1785, and for the oppertunity of reading the vision of Columbus a Poem of very great Merit\u2014 as soon as I had read it, I went out with it to my friend Dr. Price at Newington Green, and left it with him, together with your Letter to him\u2014 The Doctor will do you every service in his Power & I will do what may be in mine.\n     As the English is very little read in any Country of Europe, except England, a Poem in that Language will never, or at least for many years to come make any fortune in any part of the World except England & America,\u2014 In French, if it had the same merit it would sell to some degree every where\u2014 I hope that you & your friends Dwight, Trumbull and Humphreys will contribute with other causes\nto make our Language more generally Studied\u2014 But this must be the work of time\u2014 There is not extant a Poem, written by any Englishman now living, that will bear any Comparison, with the Vision of Columbus, or the Conquest of Canaan\u2014 There is indeed no very eminent Poet on the stage\u2014 Sherriden, Anstey Mason, Hayley, Day & some others have written some things well. As Day & Hayley have been rather favourable to America, it may be proper to consult one of them\u2014\n     The Dedication to the King of France, will do it honour in that Kingdom but not in this\u2014 It is even questionable whether it would not ruin the sale of it here where alone it can be sold at all, very few Copies will ever be disposed of in france, or any other part of Europe, at least for many years to come. You must consider that the public opinion here is very different from that in America\u2014 This Nation is & ever has been profoundly Ignorant of what has happened in America, and all the Channels of information are so stopped up by Influence & Power, that it is utterly impossible to convey the truth to their minds.\n     There are some Expressions in the Vision of Columbus which would be adjudged libellous by any Court & Jury in the Kingdom: And the Attorney General, ex officio would think himself bound to prosecute the Printer & Publisher for Example in what you say of Adams, whether you mean John or Samuel, I know not: but as it is left doubtfull it will be here applyed to me, and as I am the public Minister from the U. States here, if I were to be instrumental, or only accessory to the Publication of it for what I know it might produce a Declaration of War. \u201cFrom all the tyrants guileful plotts the Veil he drew\u201d I have taken the liberty to write guileful, instead of Tyrants, a Word that never has been tolerated in England They never dared even to publish the declaration of Independance without gutting it\u2014 The Poem must be revised by somebody who will determine what Corrections of this Sort are indispensable for no Printer will run the risk of a Pillory & Imprisonment for the sake of publishing a Poem that notwithstanding its beauty, harmony & Sublimity, too probably will have a dull sale. Neither America nor her Heroes nor her sages, are popular here, Much otherwise\u2014 The United States must encourage their own Poets, as well as Warriors\u2014 or they will be discouraged\u2014 all Europe is too Jealous of both to do this Duty for us\u2014\n     You may depend however upon every thing in my power to do,\nand when the Poem is printed, I will consult the Imperial Ambassadors here, to know if a Copy may be presented to each of their sovereigns, without offence. I shall be glad at any time to hear from you & am with great esteem / Yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0118", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Timothy Dwight, 4 April 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Dwight, Timothy\n      Grosvenor square April 4th. 1786\u2014\n     I have received your Letter, & the Conquest of Canaan, with more pleasure than you will easily believe. before I took any measures towards the publication of this Poem, I was determined, whatever affairs might interrupt me, to read it, & I found so much pleasure, in this Employment, that it was very soon compleated.\n     My taste as well as my Impartiallity may be disputed: but I will venture to say that I know of no heroick Poem Superior to it, in any modern Language, excepting alway\u2019s Paradise lost: & If I am not wholly blinded by prejudice it not only does honor to America, but would do honor to any nation in Europe.\n     As Mr. Barlow has transmitted his Vision of Columbus to my friend Dr. Price, I went out to Newington Green to consult him\u2014\n     The Doctor will do what he can to assist the printing & sale of both these works, but he is of opinion that it will not be possible to find a Printer or Bookseller who will give much for the Copy if we can find even one who will print either at his own Expence & Risque It is the mode, that governs\u2014 When a Writer has made himself a name, in England, the Booksellers, are eager to have his Copies. having no Judgement of their own, they are timid, untill they know the publick has an Enthusiasm for the Reputation of the writer\u2014 But it is scarcely possible for any new Writer to force himself into Reputation without the aid of Government, If neither administration nor opposition, espouse the Cause, it is desperate, during the late War, there was an opposition in Parliament consisting of many noblemen & Gentlemen whose Rank Families & Fortunes gave them great Power in the Nation. These were able to give a Currency & Popularity to many American publications: but at present the Case is altered. America has now no Interest in Parliament No Party, No Character of any influence that is favourable to it, and Popularity is entirely under the Guidance of Parliamentary factions. For these Reasons I think, that your Poems will meet a cold reception. it will be made unpopular to read them. I have consulted a Bookseller, concerning yours, & have put it into the Hands of a very able Man, and a very good Poet for his Judgement\u2014\n     You may depend upon it every thing in my power shall be done to have it printed sold, read & productive of advantage to you, but I fear you must be content with no Profit & little fame for some time. The Genius & taste for Poetry are much declined, and the encouragement of it, which was never very much is now nothing at all. The Muses have crossed the atlantic and there may be happy, Music & painting are now the ton in England, The King has brought into fashion the first, and Commerce for the purposes of manufatures & Profit has given a spur to the last\u2014 But Poetry is little Cherished by either, and the people are so burthened, that they have no spirit left to read\u2014so exhausted by taxes that they have no money to purchase Books.\n     The Principal Poets here are Sherridan, Anstey Mason, Hayley, & Day. the first is too much in politicks at present, the two next are at a distance in the Country. the two last may be consulted if necessary. I have begun with Mr: Day\u2014\n     I shall ever be glad to hear from you\n     Your", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0119", "content": "Title: The American Commissioners to the Marquis of Carmarthen, 4 April 1786\nFrom: American Commissioners\nTo: Carmarthen, the Marquis of\n      My Lord\n      Grosvenor Square April the fourth 1786\n     Agreably to your Lordships request expressed to one of Us in Conversation, and again communicated to Us through Mr Fraser, We have drawn up the enclosed Project of a Treaty of Commerce, which We do ourselves the Honour to propose to the Consideration of his Majestys Ministers.\n     We have the Honour to be My lord / your Lordships most obedient and / most humble servants\n      John AdamsTh: Jefferson\n     ENCLOSURE\n      The Subjects of His Britannic Majesty may frequent all the Coasts and Countries Bay\u2019s, Harbours, Creeks, Rivers and Ports of the United States of America, and reside and trade there, in all Sorts of Produce, Manufactures, and Merchandize, and Shall pay within the said United States, no other or greater Duties, Charges, or fees whatsoever than the natural born Citizens of the United States themselves are or shall be obliged to pay; and they shall enjoy all the Rights, Priviledges, and Exemptions in trade Navigation and Commerce which the natural born Citizens of the said United States do or shall enjoy.\n      In like manner, the Citizens of the United States of America may frequent all the Coasts and Countries, Bay\u2019s, Harbours, Creeks, Rivers and Ports of His Britannic Majesty, and reside and trade\nthere in all Sorts of Produce Manufactures and Merchandize, and shall pay in the Dominions of His said Majesty no other or greater duties, Charges, or Fees whatsoever than the natural born Subjects of Great Britain are or shall be obliged to pay; and they shall enjoy all the Rights, Priviledges and Exemptions in Trade, navigation and Commerce which the natural born Subjects of Great Britain do or shall enjoy\u2014saving nevertheless to the Chartered Companies, trading to the East Indies and to Hudson\u2019s Bay their rights\u2014\n      More especially each Party shall have a right to carry all kinds of Produce Manufactures and Merchandize of whatever Place they may be the growth, or Manufacture, in their own Vessells navigated by their own or any other seamen to any Parts of the Dominions of the other, where it shall be lawfull for all Persons freely to purchase them, and thence to take Produce, Manufactures and Merchandize, of whatever place or Growth, which all Persons shall in like manner be free to sell them, paying in both Cases such Duties, Charges and Fees, only as are or shall be paid by the natural-born subjects of Great Britain, in the Dominions of His Britannic Majesty, and the natural born Citizens of the said United States within their Dominions. Nevertheless each Party reserves to itself the right to prohibit in their respective Countries the Exportation or Importation of any Species of Goods or Commodities whatsoever. in this Case the Subjects or Citizens of either of the contracting Parties shall not import or export the Merchandize prohibited by the other. But if one of the Contracting Parties permits any Person of their own or any other Nation to import or export the same Merchandize\u2014the Citizens or Subjects of the other shall immediately enjoy the same Liberty\u2014\n      The Contracting Parties grant to each other the Liberty of having each in the Ports of the other Consuls, Vice-Consuls, Agents and Commissaries of their own appointment\u2014 But if any such Consuls shall exercise Commerce they shall be submitted to the same Laws and usages to which the private Individuals of their Nation are Submitted in the same Place\u2014\n      His Britannic Majesty and the United States of America agree that this Treaty shall be in force during\u2003\u2003\u2003years from the\nExchange of Ratifications\u2014 And that this treaty shall be ratified on both sides and the Ratifications exchanged within one year from the Day of its signature", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0120", "content": "Title: John Adams and Thomas Jefferson Tour the English Countryside\nFrom: \nTo: \n     Editorial Note\n     By 4 April, the commissioners faced a stalemate on several diplomatic fronts, including negotiations with the Marquis of Carmarthen, the Chevalier Pinto de Balsam\u00e3o, and the Tripoline envoy, Sidi Haji Abdrahaman. With little official business remaining on the docket, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson embarked on a week-long tour of English country seats and historic sites (JA, D&ADiary and Autobiography of John Adams, ed. L. H. Butterfield and others, Cambridge, 1961; 4 vols., 3:184\u2013187; Jefferson, PapersThe Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Julian P. Boyd, Charles T. Cullen, John Catanzariti, Barbara B. Oberg, and others, Princeton, N.J., 1950\u2013 ., 9:369\u2013375). As Abigail Adams wrote to Cotton Tufts, John had \u201cgone a little, journey into the Country,\u201d marking their first separation since her July 1784 arrival in London and his first real reprieve from \u201cpublick business\u2019 since he assumed diplomatic duties in Europe (AFCAdams Family Correspondence, ed. L. H. Butterfield, Marc Friedlaender, Richard Alan Ryerson, Margaret A. Hogan, and others, Cambridge, 1963\u2013 ., 7:134, 137). A day into the excursion, John Adams reported to her, \u201cMagnificence, Elegance and Taste enough to excite an Inclination to see more,\u201d and he promised to return on 9 or 10 April 1786 (AFCAdams Family Correspondence, ed. L. H. Butterfield, Marc Friedlaender, Richard Alan Ryerson, Margaret A. Hogan, and others, Cambridge, 1963\u2013 ., 7:132\u2013133).\n     Adams and Jefferson visited estates in the English counties of Surrey, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Warwickshire, the Leasowes in Shropshire, Worcestershire, and Oxfordshire. For a guidebook, each commissioner carried\u2014and annotated\u2014a copy of Thomas Whately\u2019s Observations on Modern Gardening, 4th edn., London, 1777 (Catalogue of JA\u2019s LibraryCatalogue of the John Adams Library in the Public Library of the City of Boston, Boston, 1917.; Jefferson, PapersThe Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Julian P. Boyd, Charles T. Cullen, John Catanzariti, Barbara B. Oberg, and others, Princeton, N.J., 1950\u2013 ., 9:369). In his Diary and his letters to Abigail, John focused on historic sites, exploring the history of the English Civil War with visits to the battle sites of Edgehill and Worcester. At the latter venue, Adams felt \u201cprovoked\u201d to remind residents that \u201cthis is holy Ground, much holier than that on which your Churches stand\u201d (JA, D&ADiary and Autobiography of John Adams, ed. L. H. Butterfield and others, Cambridge, 1961; 4 vols., 3:185). Jefferson used his travel account, by contrast, to document the agricultural improvements and architectural details that he planned to replicate in his extensive Virginia plantation holdings (Andrea Wulf, Founding Gardeners: The Revolutionary Generation, Nature, and the Shaping of the American Nation, N.Y., 2011, p. 35\u201357).\n     The American commissioners were inquisitive and ambitious tourists. They viewed the mass production of paintings in a Birmingham factory, followed the custom of carving a wood chip from Shakespeare\u2019s chair in Stratford-upon-Avon, and admired the statuary of British worthies lining the landscaped paths of various private gentlemen\u2019s retreats. At Stowe House, the home of Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham, they ascended the \u201c120 feet\u201d garden pillar, which offered a view of five counties from its peak. At Kew, Jefferson sketched new patent machinery used to raise water. Both commissioners enjoyed the brief interlude from diplomatic business, returning to London by 10 April. The \u201cVariety of Beauties\u201d on display in rural England prompted Adams to reflect on the \u201crugged Grandeur of Pens Hill\u201d in his native Braintree, where \u201cNature has done greater Things and furnished nobler Materials\u201d (JA, D&ADiary and Autobiography of John Adams, ed. L. H. Butterfield and others, Cambridge, 1961; 4 vols., 3:186).", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0121", "content": "Title: William Carmichael to the American Commissioners, 5 April 1786\nFrom: Carmichael, William\nTo: American Commissioners\n      Gentlemen\n      Madrid 5th. April 1786\n     I this day recd. from the Secretary of States Department a letter from the Count D Expilly inclosin one from Mr Lamb, copies of which I have the honor to transmit for Your Excellencies Information. Messrs. Lamb and Randall left Barcelona the 11th. Ulto. After their Departure I procured a letter in their favor from his Excy. the Ct. de Florida Blanca to the Ct. D Expilly which I forwarded under cover of the Latter to Mr Lamb.\n     Until I can have an opportunity of conversing with the Secretary mentioned in the Cts. Letter I cannot particularly ascertain the cause which has retarded the conclusion of the Treaty between Spain & the Regency. The articles were long since adjusted & the\nMoney was some time ago landed at Algiers destined for presents &c &. I presume however that new difficulties have arisen on acct. of the desire of this court to obtain a peace for Naples & Portugal; As Letters by the last Post from Carthagena mention that the Envoys from these Courts for that Object were waiting there to receive Intelligence from Algiers before they chose to embark for that Place. The Secretary from thence with dispatches to the Ministry here may possibly remove these Obstacles, or at least give some insight with respect to the Extraordinary delay which the Ct D Expilly has experienced in his Negotiation. The only obstacle to prevent its termination after the one before mentioned must arise from the Quantum of money to be paid by Spain to the Algerines. This court wishes to diminish, the Regency to augment the amount of the sum appropriated to this use.\n     I am very apprehensive that a truce for a short period will be the Utmost that we shall be able to Obtain. I am persuaded that the Ct. D Expilly will employ all the influence & experience he hath acquired by his residence there to render us service, in which he will perfectly second the views of his Court.\n     It is unnecessary for me to enter into any details respecting the Mission of Mr Barclay. I flatter myself that he is convinced that I have done every which depended on me to fulfill your Excys intentions in sending that Gentleman to Madrid: I cannot however refrain from mentioning the exceeding Liberal & friendly conduct of his Excy. the Ct. de Florida Blanca on this Occasion. The Manner of conferring adds greatly to the Obligation conferred.\n     I have the honor to be / with the highest respect / your Excellencies / Most Obedt. & Humble Sert.\n      Wm. Carmichael", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0123", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Jay, 7 April 1786\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Adams, John\n       Dear Sir\n      I lately sent you five or six copies of the last Edition of my Pamphlet. I then supposed it to be correct, but have since discovered in it the Errors mentioned in the inclosed note\u2014 be pleased to correct it accordingly.\n      we are well tho not officially informed that all the States have granted the Impost to Congress, except new York, in whose Legislature there is a strong Party against it. You will think it strange, and yet so the Fact is that this Party has not a little been cherished by certain Gentlemen of Congress who were here last Autumn\u2014\n      Your Letters by the last Packet have been recd.\u2014but I defer particulars to a private opportunity which I am told will soon offer\u2014\n      Yours very sincerely\n       John Jay\u2014\n      {In my opinion a categorical answer to your memorial should not be prest without the further order of Congress.}", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0126", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Samuel Williams, 9 April 1786\nFrom: Williams, Samuel\nTo: Adams, John\n      Cambridge in America, April 9. 1786\u2014\n     I wish to present to the Royal Society of London the memoirs of our American Academy of Arts and Sciences: and to convey to Manheim the inclosed packet of papers. As we have no direct conveyance from America, may I take the liberty to commit them to your care?\n     It gives us much pleasure to have two of your Sons in this University. Both of them are young Gentlemen from whom their friends have the most encouraging hopes and prospects. The youngest is\nnot yet under the mathematical and philosophical instruction. The eldest has been with us but a short time; and appears to engage with ardor in mathematical and philosophical studies. He can not do me a greater pleasure than to put it into my power to be of any service to him in this way.\n     The public attention was much engaged the last winter, by Dr. Gordons proposals of publishing an history of the american Revolution. The idea of his leaving this country to publish his history in Great Britain occasioned an almost universal suspicion. He has met with very little encouragement here: and unless his history shall appear to be very impartial, it will be altogether disregarded in America.\n     With due regards to your good Lady, and Daughter, I am, Sir, / Your most obedient, / and humble Servant\n      Samuel Williams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0128", "content": "Title: Thomas Barclay to the American Commissioners, 10 April 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: American Commissioners\n       Gentlemen\n       Madrid 10th. April 1786.\n      The Day before yesterday mr. Carmichael received Letters from Algiers from mr. Lamb, dated the 29th. of last Month, and from mr. Randal the 26th. (which I think a wrong Date) with a Postscript from on board a Vessel in the Bay of Alicant of the 1st. Inst. after a Passage of 26. Hours. He cannot come on Shore without a Permission from Court to shorten his Quarantine, which mr. Carmichael has applied for, & probably mr. Randal will soon be at Paris.\n      Though mr. Carmichael will write to you on this Subject and though I have no Information from Africa, but what I derive from him, I think it a Part of my Duty to give you the Outlines of what Intelligence I can collect, though it should prove a Work of Supererogation.\n      Mr. Lamb\u2019s Letter is short & obscure nor do I understand the whole of it. However he says \u201cno Peace can be made until Congress grant a larger Sum to pay for it, & that he will return to Spain to wait for Orders.\u201d Mr. Randal says the Dey of Algiers has refused to treat with mr. Lamb without assigning any Reason for it. It does not appear by either Letter that mr. Lamb has had any Audience of the Dey of Algiers: but I shall think it very strange if he returns to Europe without knowing on what Terms a Treaty may be made.\u2014 And I find that to be the Case unless I have your Directions to the contrary I shall hold myself justifiable at the Expence of some Time & Money to attain this Knowlege.\n      The Removal of the Court, the Compliance with necessary Forms & the Intervention of the Holy Week (during some Days of which I need not pretend to set forward) has detained me some Time longer than I expected, but the Delay can be of no Consequence, as the Count de Florida Blanca was so condescending as to apprize the Spanish Consul at Morocco of my being thus far on the Way, Indeed the Attention shewn here to the Business in which I am engaged far surpassed my warmest Expectations. It will give me great Pleasure to receive a Letter from you. If an Opportunity to Cadiz should offer please to put it under Cover to Messrs. Lynon & Bellew of that Place who will take Care of it.\n      I am with great Respect & Esteem / Gentlemen, &c\n       (signed) Thos Barclay\n      I wish what I have put in Cypher may be tolerably correct, not having Time to examine it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0129", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Elbridge Gerry, 12 April 1786\nFrom: Gerry, Elbridge\nTo: Adams, John\n      My dear sir\n      Boston 12th April 1786\n     A few Days since, I recd your Letter of the 13th of Decr last, without either of the Arrets therein referred to. from the Cover of the Letter, which is inclosed for your Inspection, I suspect it has been opened, previously to my receiving it; if so, I should be well pleased to know who the person is that is so very curious as to loose his Sense of Honor in this Matter.\n     When I left New York, the Board of Treasury were seriously disposed to investigate minutely, the Expenditure of the foreign Loans, & I flatter myself, whatever has been wrong, will be rectified, or at least brot to Light.\n     Virginia has proposed a f\u0153deral commercial Convention, & Massachusetts have appointed their Commissioners; should the other States accede to the Measure, I think some effectual plan will be adopted for putting our Commerce on a respectable Footing.\n     the States appear likewise to be sensible they have long eno\u2019 trifled with public Credit, & to be disposed toward of the impending Blow, by granting the Impost & supplementary Funds. New York alone is opposed to the former, & will probably adopt it soon.\n     What is the Issue of your Negotiations respecting the Interest of british Debts during the War? this is a more important Matter than I formerly supposed it, & the Idea of being subject to such a Demand, strikes the American Merchants thro\u2019 out the Continent so disagreably, that an attempt to recover the Interest by a legal process, would I am apprehensive produce dangerous Convulsions in every State. indeed there would be too much Reason for them, for at the Time that the american Merchant is responsible for the principal of the british Debt & the Interest accruing since the War, he must either pay, or be subject to Arrests & attachments, he cannot recover the principal of his Debtors unless he takes real Estate or public Securities, neither of which will his british Creditor take at their Value, nor even Specie, without an allowance of 6 per Ct for Loss on Bills of Exche.\u2014 indeed every State seems to be so impressed with the Injustice of allowing to the british Creditors, Interest under such Circumstances, & more especially as American Merchants cannot recover on their Book Debts Interest, that the States have almost universally expressed their Sense against such an allowance; but at the same Time all Eyes are turned to your Negotiations, & if the british Minister will not come into the propositions of Congress, it may be necessary in order to give Satisfaction to the Union, for you to hint to Congress what it will be best for them to adopt, to do Justice to your & their Constituents. I have Reason to expect some of your Competition are laying concealed, to make a Clamour against You, should your Measures not be satisfactory to our Merchants\u2014\n     pray give my best Respects to the Ladies & be assured I / am my dear sir yours / sincerely\n      E Gerry", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0131", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Isaac Stephens, 15 April 1786\nFrom: Stephens, Isaac\nTo: Adams, John\n      Algiers April 15th. 1786\u2014\n      To the Honourable John Adams Esqr.\n     Sir. I take the Liberty to enclose a line to you as we receivd one from you, by the hand of Mr. Lambe which came here to make peace for America & to redeam the Americans in slavery But not power to do either as the price was so high as six thousand Dollars for a Master and four ditto for a mate and fifteen hundred for sailors the King will not bate one six pence and will not have any thing to say as to a peace with america which obliged Mr. Lambe to return to Madrid, which I think Mr. Lamb acted with precaution and safety & for the honor and esteem you bear if consistant with your power & good will to the unfortunate Americans I could wish this money may be paid without going to Congress as it will take such a time for the sum to be brought about, for the sum must be paid if ever we are cleared\u2014\n     Sir. I am american Born in the town of Braintree and a young family near Boston and by misfortunes in the war & at this time, I did not leave them in so agreable Situation to live without my help as I could wish them to due or even Comfortable for so long a time\u2014 But Blessed be God I am midling well as I hope these will find your honour and keep my Spirits up as well as can be expected with an Iron around my Legg and bearing all the insults from the moors crying there goes american Slave and the English out Behind in Comforts\u2014 Sir\u2014I shall rest with a full assurance that you still will continue the grant of the Sum and goodness to the Unfortunate Americans as it is of so great a Consequence to me asspecially that has a family and a great mortification to me for the sum must be paid if ever We are redeemed from this dessert place the People is Carrying rocks and timber on their backs for nine miles out of the Country over sharp rocks and mountains which raises great Lumps on their shoulders as big as ones fist\u2014 Sir for the Love of god and mankind extricate us from this slavery as soon as may be from your most Obedient humble servt.\u2014\n      Isaac Stephens", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0132", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Benjamin Vaughan, 20 April 1786\nFrom: Vaughan, Benjamin\nTo: Adams, John\n      Jeffries Square, April 20, 1786.\n     Mr B Vaughan presents his respectful compts. to Mr Adams, and having waited for the inclosed, wishes for the favor of an answer upon the subject of it.\n     Dr. Gray makes a private party for Mr V:, and of course will be happy to see Mrs & Miss Adams, with Col Jefferson & Col smith.\n     Mr V: is endeavoring to procure Mr Bolton\u2019s permission to see the immense machinery at Blackfriars Bridge for grinding corn by means of the steam engine, as difficulties have been feared respecting some foreigners, which Mr V\u2014 does not apprehend occur in the present instance.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0133", "content": "Title: American Commissioners to John Jay, 25 April 1786\nFrom: American Commissioners\nTo: Jay, John\n      Grosvenor square April 25th. 1786\u2014\n     Soon after our meeting together in London, We had a Conference with the Secretary of State for foreign Affairs, in which we communicated to him, the joint Commission of Congress, for negotiating a Treaty of Commerce with Great Britain, and left an attested Copy of it in the hands of his Lordship. At the same time his Lordship was informed that as the Commission was limited to two years duration which would expire on the twelfth of May, We should be ready to confer upon the Subject of it with his Majesty\u2019s Ministers; but as one of us would be obliged to return in a short time to Paris, it was wished that an early oppertunity might be taken to see upon what points we could agree, and to discuss those in which at first we might differ.\n     his Lordship after harping a little on the old String, the insufficiency of the powers of Congress to treat and to compell Compliance with Treaties, said he would lay the matter before the ministry and the King. in a few day\u2019s his Lordship meeting one of us, proposed in his own name and that of Mr: Pitt, that, as the Project already Communicated contained many political Regulations, we should prepare a Project of a Treaty merely commercial. The next day at the office, it was said to the under Secretary of State Mr: Frasier, his Lordship not being there that the Project already proposed, was in our opinion the best that could be proposed for the mutual interest of the two Nations: but if any parts of it were objectionable in the Minds of the Ministry, we were ready to enter into a candid disquisition of them, and to receive any counter project, which might contain the sense of the Cabinet; but untill, we knew which Articles were objected to, it would be in vain for us to attempt a new draught: We could only repeat the proposition of the former one. Mr. Frasier reported this conversation to his Principal, Who directed him to write us, that as the former Project contained many political Regulations, his Lordship wished to receive a Plan of a Treaty merely commercial. We accordingly sent five or six Articles of the former Pland and proposed them as a Treaty of Commerce, which we suppose would be a good one and except in one point as compleat as we can expect. The point we mean is the Priviledge of ships built in the United States. It is much to be wished that such Ships might enjoy in the British Dominions as ample Previledges as British built Ships, whether owned or navigated by Americans or not,\nand we should now add an Article\u2014to that Purpose, if there was the smallest symptom of an Inclination to treat at all. But there is not. There is no party, nor Individual here in favour of a Treaty, but upon the Principle that the United States will retaliate, if there is not one. all agree that if America will suffer England to pockett (that is their Expression) all her navigation, England would be unwise not to avail herself of the advantage.\n     The Negotiation with Portugal is brought to a Conclusion as far as her Minister here has Authority to proceed. We propose to execute the treaty, and hope to receive the Counterpart executed by the Chevalier De Pinto, before our Commission expires. The treaty itself shall be transmitted to Congress as soon as it is finished and we shall not trouble you with a tedious detail of Projects and Counterprojects. yet the enclosed Copies of parts of a Letter, concerning flour and Privateering and contraband, may be necessary for our justification.\n     We have the honor to inclose copies of Letters from Mr: Carmichael of the 5th. April, from Mr: Barclay of the 5 April from the Comte D\u2019Espilly & Mr Lamb to Mr. Carmichael dated Algiers 26th. of March.\n     We have every reason to fear that the negotiations with the Turks will be very tedious and expensive, upon the present plan, and without Success. Our Commission to Constantinople expires in a few Day\u2019s and we have no new Commission to this power which enables us to send Agents. And indeed the Sublime Porte is so great a Power that its Dignity would be offended, if such a measure were attempted. There are reasons to expect that a minister to that Court would be well received and that our Commerce and naval Stores would be there an object.\n     With great respect we have the honor to be / Your Excellency\u2019s / most Obedient / Humble Servt\u2019s:\n      John Adams.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0134", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Matthew Robinson-Morris, 25 April 1786\nFrom: Robinson-Morris, Matthew\nTo: Adams, John\n      Horton 25th April 1786.\n     I am honor\u2019d with your letters both by Mr. Partridge and by the post and am proud to observe; that we so much concur in our public and political sentiments. I am particularly pleas\u2019d to agree with you in the reciprocal opinion; that the closest union and connection between our two countries is one of their very first and greatest mutual interests. I do for that and other reasons so exceedingly dislike some of our own proceedings both in the East, the West and at home; that I scruple to express my thoughts concerning them; but I dont see, what can possibly be our future part or fate in the world, except to prove a most signal example for instructing and warning the rest of mankind.\n     My desire of a trade totally free however goes to so great an extent; that whatever nations should act differently, I might probably be for leaving them to the sure punishment of their own misconduct in that respect and continue nevertheless in the mind of abiding firmly ourselves by the former principle; which, I should believe, would lead to wealth and plenty a people steadily adhering to it; let others do what they would: Warlike in particular, that is to say, defensive, as well as offensive alliances with other States I never think of without abhorrence.\n     There is another subject of American politics, in which I must confess myself rather to differ from what appears to be the opinion of some wise and honest men; although I have not by your letters observ\u2019d; that I do so from you. I most highly honor your Congress, the annual representation of so many free states; but I should for one as a Citizen of America nevertheless be cautious of placing too\nmuch permanent power even in their hands: It might be a dangerous experiment and not easily amended, if any thing proved amiss. I should rather look to the Swiss, than the Dutch confederation. The former no where bordering on the Sea nor having the least means of Naval Commerce are not so rich and populous, as the latter; but they seem for their numbers and situation to be at least, as happy a people as any in Europe.\n     By repeating the observation concerning the Western progress of Arts and Sciences, I meant no more than the present appearance; that the same circumstance or accident may perhaps be continued in Ireland and America. I alluded herein to a common and trite remark; but human improvements certainly are by degrees taking a wider compass (as you seem to say) and will probably continue to do so, until they shall spread over our whole habitable globe; although they have in general proceeded hitherto from East to West.\n     When I put the question \u201care these circumstances not turn\u2019d to violent enmity and aversion\u201d I was applying to a particular description of men and speaking according to their real or profess\u2019d sentiments; but the expression might have been as proper; if I had ask\u2019d \u201cHave we to thank ourselves, if these circumstances are not turn\u2019d\u201d &c.\n     I heartily wish; that you may find your Public Debt so manageable, as you seem to expect; but no such circumstance has come within my observation or experience: With the example however, which I see daily and hourly before my eyes; it is no wonder; if I have contracted an utter aversion for all national debts.\n     The superstitious belief or pretension of any divine right in Princes is totally eradicated out of England: Not the least circumstance of that kind remains among us; but bribery and corruption have succeeded in their place: These are become the great or almost only means of government and have proved far more powerful and more fatal, than the other: They have done, what those neither did nor could do and will without doubt perfectly compleat their work; before they leave: Englishmen are as yet, but at the beginning of their sorrows; however important some events may of themselves appear; which have already happen\u2019d.\n     These matters nevertheless are perhaps too extensive for a letter nor do I know, how long business may require your presence in London: My health may probably carry me to Aix-la-Chappelle; (when the season shall suit for such a journey) and sooner or later, as it may press me more or less: I have formerly found great benefit from those waters and baths and have now occasion for them: If you can\nin the mean time however induce yourself to visit my hermitage at Horton; I shall be very proud and happy. I can offer you no conveniences or advantages here; except a most perfect freedom in all respects; which you will certainly find. It would likewise greatly add to my pleasure; if Dr. Price should be perswaded to accompany you. I may however give a fuller commission on this subject to Mr. Partridge; whom I will take the liberty to make the bearer of this letter. I am with sincere esteem / Sir, / Your most Respectful / and obedient Servt.\n      M. Robinson M.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0135", "content": "Title: Proposed Portuguese-American Treaty of Commerce, 25 April 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: \n      Editorial Note\n      There were three attempts in the mid-1780s to negotiate a Portuguese-American commercial treaty; all failed, and only the third resulted in a final treaty ready for signature. The first was undertaken by Benjamin Franklin in 1783, and although he submitted a draft treaty to Congress after negotiations with Vicente, Conde de Sousa Coutinho, the Portuguese ambassador to France, the effort came to nothing when Congress took no action (Franklin, PapersThe Papers of Benjamin Franklin, ed. Leonard W. Labaree, William B. Willcox, Claude A. Lopez, Barbara B. Oberg, Ellen R. Cohn, and others, New Haven, 1959\u2013 ., 40:123\u2013132, 360\u2013361). The second effort began following the 1784 creation of the joint commission to negotiate commercial treaties with the nations of Europe and North Africa composed of John Adams, Franklin, and Thomas Jefferson. In September 1784 the commissioners informed the Conde de Sousa Coutinho of their new powers and in November sent the Portuguese ambassador a draft treaty virtually identical to the draft Prussian-American treaty recently sent to the Prussian minister at The Hague. The draft Portuguese-American treaty was sent to\nLisbon, but nothing came of it because Portugal\u2019s interest in an agreement had waned, although it was willing to exchange agents with the United States so as to better determine the interests of the two nations (vols. 16:193\u2013202, 207\u2013209, 320, 377\u2013387, 429\u2013430, 437\u2013438, 591; 17:503\u2013504; Jefferson, PapersThe Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Julian P. Boyd, Charles T. Cullen, John Catanzariti, Barbara B. Oberg, and others, Princeton, N.J., 1950\u2013 ., 7:419\u2013420, 580). The third attempt at a treaty began in November 1785 when Luiz Pinto de Balsam\u00e3o, the Portuguese envoy extraordinary and minister to Britain, informed Adams that Portugal wished to conclude a treaty but had decided that negotiations should take place in London rather than Paris (vol. 17:567, 568\u2013569). It is this third and final effort that is represented in the [25 April 1786] treaty printed below.\n      On 5 November 1785, Adams wrote virtually identical letters to John Jay and Jefferson, informing them of the Portuguese decision and his discussions with Pinto de Balsam\u00e3o about a treaty and Portuguese-American trade. In his 27 November reply, Jefferson indicated his enthusiasm for negotiating at London rather than Paris and offered his own thoughts regarding trade and treaty provisions (same, 17:568\u2013574, 609\u2013614; Jefferson, PapersThe Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Julian P. Boyd, Charles T. Cullen, John Catanzariti, Barbara B. Oberg, and others, Princeton, N.J., 1950\u2013 ., 9:18\u201322). Adams likely received Jefferson\u2019s letter, carried by William Stephens Smith, on or about 5 December, the day Smith returned to London from his extended tour of the continent (AFCAdams Family Correspondence, ed. L. H. Butterfield, Marc Friedlaender, Richard Alan Ryerson, Margaret A. Hogan, and others, Cambridge, 1963\u2013 ., 6:478).\n      There is little documentary evidence concerning the negotiations, and, with the exception of the final treaty itself, most of the existing documents are undated. This leaves much open to conjecture, but what is known is that Adams and Jefferson began negotiations with Pinto de Balsam\u00e3o shortly after Jefferson\u2019s arrival in London on 11 March 1786 and were largely finished by 6 April, when the Portuguese minister wrote to Adams requesting a date for a final conference (Adams PapersManuscripts and other materials, 1639\u20131889, in the Adams Manuscript Trust collection given to the Massachusetts Historical Society in 1956 and enlarged by a few additions of family papers since then. Citations in the present edition are simply by date of the original document if the original is in the main chronological series of the Papers and therefore readily found in the microfilm edition of the Adams Papers (APM).). It seems likely, however, that Adams prepared the ground for the final negotiations between early November 1785 and Jefferson\u2019s arrival in March 1786.\n      In December 1785, with Jefferson\u2019s 27 November letter in hand and Smith resuming his duties as secretary, it seems probable that Adams had a draft Portuguese-American treaty prepared (Jefferson, PapersThe Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Julian P. Boyd, Charles T. Cullen, John Catanzariti, Barbara B. Oberg, and others, Princeton, N.J., 1950\u2013 ., 9:412\u2013423). He probably had Smith copy from his Letterbook the draft Anglo-American treaty of amity and commerce, the commissioners\u2019 most recent draft treaty, which had been enclosed with an 8 July 1785 letter from Franklin and Jefferson and was presented to the Marquis of Carmarthen on 29 July (vol. 17:225\u2013236, 280\u2013282). The only significant changes between the two drafts were the substitution of \u201cHer Majesty the Queen of Portugal\u201d for \u201chis Britannic Majesty\u201d and the insertion of a blank space in Article 3 to include the names of places outside Portugal\u2019s European possessions, such as the Azores, Madeira, and the Cape Verde islands, with which the United States could trade. Presumably two copies were made, one for Pinto de Balsam\u00e3o and the other for the commissioners\u2019 reference.\n      John Adams likely gave the draft to the Portuguese minister in December 1785, but nothing further happened until 21 February 1786. On or about that date Pinto de Balsam\u00e3o received full powers to negotiate (to Jay, 26 Feb., and note 2, above; AFCAdams Family Correspondence, ed. L. H. Butterfield, Marc Friedlaender, Richard Alan Ryerson, Margaret A. Hogan, and others, Cambridge, 1963\u2013 ., 7:71\u201372). And also on that day Adams wrote\nto Jefferson, above, asking him to come to London to complete the treaty. Prior to Jefferson\u2019s arrival in London it seems likely that the newly empowered minister sent Adams his \u201cObservations sur le Trait\u00e9 D\u2019Amitie et de Commerce,\u201d which Adams translated (Jefferson, Papers, 9:424\u2013426).\n      Soon after Jefferson\u2019s arrival the commissioners met with the minister and negotiations began in earnest. As the commissioners\u2019 written reply to Pinto de Balsam\u00e3o \u201cObservations\u201d indicates, several of the issues raised by the Portuguese were settled at that first meeting (same, 9:426\u2013432). There is no indication as to when the commissioners\u2019 reply was presented to Pinto de Balsam\u00e3o, but it is clear that the commissioners were concerned about two issues: the flour and grain trade and the treatment of contraband. The commissioners\u2019 response regarding the first issue stemmed from Adams\u2019 conversations with Pinto de Balsam\u00e3o in early November 1785 and was a rebuttal of a policy prohibiting the importation of flour to protect Portuguese flour mills set down in an extract of a letter to Pinto de Balsam\u00e3o from the Portuguese foreign minister received by Adams in February 1786 (to Jay, 26 Feb., and note 2, above). With regard to the second issue, the commissioners proposed omitting, as was the case in the Prussian-American treaty and the draft Anglo-American treaty, a specific list of contraband goods that could be seized whenever found. As is evident from Articles 3 and 12 in the final Portuguese-American treaty, below, the commissioners were unable to achieve their objective in either case.\n      When Pinto de Balsam\u00e3o wrote to John Adams on 6 April 1786, requesting a date for a final conference and suggesting 8, 10, or 11 April (Adams PapersManuscripts and other materials, 1639\u20131889, in the Adams Manuscript Trust collection given to the Massachusetts Historical Society in 1956 and enlarged by a few additions of family papers since then. Citations in the present edition are simply by date of the original document if the original is in the main chronological series of the Papers and therefore readily found in the microfilm edition of the Adams Papers (APM).), Adams and Jefferson were away on their tour of English gardens. It is not known when the final meeting occurred, but it was decisive. At that meeting Pinto de Balsam\u00e3o proposed a revision of Article 11 concerning \u201cLiberty of Conscience\u201d; a list of contraband to be included in Article 12; the deletion of Article 13; and a new article regarding the entry of vessels of war into the waters of each party that became Article 25 of the final treaty (Jefferson, PapersThe Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Julian P. Boyd, Charles T. Cullen, John Catanzariti, Barbara B. Oberg, and others, Princeton, N.J., 1950\u2013 ., 9:432\u2013433). It should be noted that Article 13 was not deleted, but rather revised, for which see note 6 to the treaty, below.\n      All that remained was to prepare the text of the final treaty in two columns, one in Portuguese, the other in English. With respect to this there is a curious document in the Jefferson Papers at the Library of Congress. In the Papers of Thomas Jefferson (vol. 9:421) it is described as a \u201cPrC in a clerk\u2019s hand.\u201d With four exceptions (for which see notes 2, 6, 8, and 9 to the 25 April treaty, below) this document is likely a text prepared by the commissioners following their final meeting with Pinto de Balsam\u00e3o and intended to be given to the copyist who prepared the fair copy of the final treaty. However, this particular copy is in the hand of Henry Adams, probably made while he was doing research at the Library of Congress in the 1870s and 1880s for his History of the United States. It is possible that the copy is Adams\u2019 amalgam of the changes made in the course of the negotiations, but it is more likely a copy of a document that has not been found.\n      Jefferson wrote to Jay on 23 April that \u201cthe conferences with the\n       minister of Portugal have been drawn to a greater length than I expected. However, every thing is now agreed and the treaty will be ready for signature the day after tomorrow\u201d (Jefferson, PapersThe Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Julian P. Boyd, Charles T. Cullen, John Catanzariti, Barbara B. Oberg, and others, Princeton, N.J., 1950\u2013 ., 9:402). In their letter to Jay of 25 April, above, the commissioners stated, \u201cwe propose to execute the treaty, and hope to receive the Counterpart executed by the Chevalier De Pinto, before our Commission expires.\u201d Thus it was, according to Abigail Adams 2d, that on 25 April \u201cMr Jefferson and Pappa went after dinner to the Chevalier de Pintos to put their Names to the Treaty with Portugal\u201d (AFCAdams Family Correspondence, ed. L. H. Butterfield, Marc Friedlaender, Richard Alan Ryerson, Margaret A. Hogan, and others, Cambridge, 1963\u2013 ., 7:153). Only Jefferson actually signed the treaty because he was leaving London the following day. John Adams and Pinto de Balsam\u00e3o did not sign because of the need to await Lisbon\u2019s final approval of the treaty and the authorization for its minister to sign the agreement. The authorization never came, and thus the treaty never went into effect. It was not until 1840, 54 years later, that the United States and Portugal would finally conclude a \u201cTreaty of Commerce and Navigation\u201d (Miller, TreatiesTreaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America, ed. Hunter Miller, Washington, D.C., 1931\u20131948; 8 vols., 4:295\u2013324).\n      Her Most Faithful Majesty, the Queen of Portugal and the Algarves, and the United States of America, desiring to ascertain in a permanent and equitable manner, the Rules to be observed, relative to the Intercourse, Correspondence and Commerce, which they intend to establish between their respective States, Countries, Citizens and Subjects, have judged that the said end, cannot be better obtained than by establishing the most perfect Equality and Reciprocity, for the Basis of their Agreement, and by avoiding all those burthensome Preferences which are usually the sources of Debate, Embarrassment and Discontent, by leaving also each Party at Liberty to make, respecting Commerce and Navigation such ulteriour Regulations, as it shall find most convenient to itself; and by founding the Advantages of Commerce, solely upon reciprocal utelity, and the just Rules of free Intercourse; reserving with all to each Party, the Liberty of admitting at its Pleasure, other Nations to a Participation of the same Advantages.\n      On those Principles, Her Most Faithful Majesty the Queen of Portugal and the Algarves, has nominated constituted, and appointed for Her Minister Plenipotentiary the Most Illustrious Lewis Pinto de Sousa Coutinho, one of Her Majesty\u2019s, Most Honourable Council, Knight of the order of Christ, and Honorary of Malta, Colonel of Infantry, Morgado of Balcema\u00f3, Lord of Ferreiros and Tendacs, and at present Her Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at the Court of Great Britain.\n      And the United States of America, on their Part, have nominated\nconstituted, and appointed for their Ministers Plenipotentiary, John Adams, late one of their Ministers Plenipotentiary, for negociating a Peace, heretofore a Delegate in Congress from the States of Massachusets and Chief Justice of the said State, and at present their Minister Plenipotentiary at the Court of Great Britain: and Thomas Jefferson, a Delegate in Congress from the State of Virginia, and late Governor of the said State, and at present their Minister Plenipotentiary at the Court of Versailles.\n      The said respective Ministers Plenipotentiary after exchanging their full Powers, and after mature Deliberation have Concluded and agreed upon the following Articles.\n       Article I\n       There shall be a firm, inviolable and universal Peace and sincere Friendship, between Her Most Faithful Majesty the Queen of Portugal and the Algarves, Her Heirs, Successors and Subjects on the one part, and the United States of America and their Citizens on the other, without exceptions of Persons or Places.\n       Article II\n       The Subjects of Her Most Faithful Majesty the Queen of Portugal and the Algarves, may frequent all the Coasts, Bays, harbours, ports, rivers, and Countries of the United States of America, and reside and trade there in all sorts of produce, manufactures and merchandize, the importation or exportation of which shall not be prohibited by the Laws; and shall pay within the said United States no other or greater duties, charges or fees, whatsoever, than the most favoured Nations are, or shall be obliged to pay; and they shall enjoy all the rights, privileges and exemptions in navigation and Commerce which the Most favoured Nation does or shall enjoy.\n       Art: III\n       In like manner the Citizens of the United States of America may frequent all the Coasts, bays, harbours, ports, rivers and Countries of the Domination of Her Most Faithful Majesty where the Commerce is not prohibited by the Laws to all Foreign Nations, and reside and trade there in all sorts of produce manufactures and merchandize, the importation or exportation of which shall not be prohibited by the Laws, and shall pay in the Dominions of Her said Majesty no other or greater Duties, charges, or fees, whatsoever, than the most favoured Nation is or shall be obliged to pay, and they\nshall enjoy all the rights, privileges and exemptions in navigation and Commerce, which the most favoured Nation does or shall enjoy.\n       More especially each Party shall have a right to carry any kinds of produce, manufactures and merchandize the importation of which shall be permitted to any Foreign Nation, of whatever place they be the growth or manufacture in their own or any other Vessels to the ports of the Dominions of the other before described; where it shall be lawful for all persons freely to purchase them and thence to take produce, manufacture and merchandize of whatever place or growth which all persons shall in like manner be free to sell them, paying in both Cases such duties, charges and fees only as are or shall be paid by the most favoured Nation, whose privilege is not the effect of a particular and reciprocal compensation according to Treaties now existing.\u2014 Nevertheless, the United States of America reserve to themselves the right where any Nation restrains the transportation of merchandize to the Vessels of the Country of which it is the growth or manufacture to establish against such Nation retaliating regulations:\n       And each party reserves the right to prohibit in their respective Countries the exportation or importation of any species of goods or Commodities whatsoever, when reasons of State shall require it. In this case the Subjects or Citizens of either of the Contracting Parties shall not import or export the merchandize prohibited by the other, but if one of the Contracting Parties permits any person of their own or any other Nation to import or export the same merchandize, the Citizens or Subjects of the other shall immediatly enjoy the same Liberty.\n       All Merchants, Commanders of Vessels and other Subjects and Citizens of each Party shall have free Liberty in all places within the dominion or jurisdiction of the other, to manage their own business themselves or to employ whomsoever they please to manage the whole or any part thereof for them, they shall also be free to load or unload their merchandize at such time and in to such Vessels as they shall think most convenient.\n       That the Vessels of either Party loading within the ports or jurisdiction of the other may not be uselesly harrassed or detained, it is\nagreed that all examinations of goods required by the Laws shall be made before they are laden on board the Vessel and that there shall be no examination after; nor shall the Vessel be searched at any time unless articles shall have been laden therein clandestinly and illigally in which case the person by whose order they were carried on board, or who carried them without order, shall be liable to the Laws of the Land in which he is; but no other person shall be molested, nor shall any other goods nor the Vessel be seized or detained for that cause.\n       Art: VII\n       Each Party shall endeavour by all means in their power to protect and defend all the Vessels and other effects belonging to the Subjects or the Citizens of the other, which shall be within the extent of their Jurisdiction by Sea or by Land, and shall use all their efforts to recover and cause to be restored to the right owners their Vessels and effects which shall be taken from them within the extent of their said jurisdiction.\n       Art: VIII.\n       The Vessels of the Subjects or Citizens of either Party coming on any Coast belonging to the other, where Commerce is not forbidden to all Foreign Nations, but not willing to enter in to Port, or being entered in to port and not willing to unload their Cargoes, or break bulk, shall have liberty to depart and to persue their voyage without molestation, and without being obliged to pay any duties, charges or fees whatever except such port charges as are paid by the most favoured Nations, nor to render any account of their Cargo, but they shall be obliged to receive the usual Guards as practised with the most favoured Nations.\n       When any Vessel of either Party shall be wrecked, foundered, or otherwise damaged on the Coasts or within the Dominions of the other, their respective Subjects or Citizens shall receive, as well for themselves as for their Vessels and effects the same assistance which would be due to the Inhabitants of the Country where the damage happens, and shall pay the same charges and dues only as the said Inhabitants would be subject to pay in a like case, and if the operations of repair shall require that the whole or any part of their cargo be unloaded, they shall pay no duties, charges, or fees, on the part which they shall relade and carry away.\u2014 The ancient and barbarous\nright to wrecks of the Sea shall be intirely abolished, with respect to the Subjects or Citizens of the two Contracting Parties.\n       The Citizens or Subjects of each Party shall have power to dispose of their personal goods within the Jurisdiction of the other by Testament, Donation, or otherwise, and their Representatives being Subjects or Citizens of the other Party shall succed to their said personal Goods, whether by Testament, or ab intestato; and may take possession thereof either by themselves or by others acting for them, and dispose of the same at their will, paying such dues only as the Inhabitants of the Country where in the said goods are shall be subject to pay in like cases, and in case of the absence of the Representative such care shall be taken of the said goods and for so long a time as would be taken of the goods of a Native in like case untill the Lawful owner may take measures for receiving them, and if question shall arise among several Claimants to which of them the said goods belong the same shall be decided finally by the Laws and Judges of the Land wherein the said Goods are. And where on the death of any person holding real estate within the Territories of the one Party, such real estate would by the Laws of the Land descend on a Citizen or Subject of the other were he not disqualified by Alienage, such Subject or Citizen shall be allowed a reasonable time to sell the same, and to withdraw the procceds without molestation.\n       There shall be a full intire Liberty of Conscience allowed to the Inhabitants and Subjects of each Party and no one shall be molested, in regard to his worship, provided he submits, as to the public demonstration of it, to the Laws of the Country. There shall be given moreover Liberty when any Subjects or Inhabitants of either Party shall die in the Territory of the other, to bury them in decent and convenient Places, which shall be appointed for that purpose, and the two Contracting Parties shall provide each in its own Jurisdiction that the Citizens and Subjects of the other, may obtain Certificates in cases of Death whenever they shall be required to be delivered.\n       Art: XII\n       If one of the Contracting Parties should be engaged in War with any other Power, the free intercourse and Commerce of the Subjects or Citizens of the Party remaining Neuter with the Belligerent Powers shall not be interrupted, on the Contrary, in that case, as in\nfull peace, the Vessels of the Neutral Party, may navigate freely to and from the ports, and on the Coasts of the Belligerent Parties, free Vessels making free goods, in so much that all things shall be adjudged free which shall be on board any Vessel belonging to the Neutral Party, although such things belong to the Enemy of the other, except the merchandizes deemed Contraband, namely, Cannons, mortars, fire arms, pistols, bombs, grenades, bullets, balls, fusils, flints, matches, powder, salt-petre, sulphur, cuirasses, pikes, swords, cartouch-boxes, belts, saddles and bridles which shall be adjudged Contraband, and subject to confiscation; excepting nevertheless the quantity which may be requisite for the Defence of the Vessel, and of those who compose the Crew; and the same freedom shall be extended to persons who shall be on board a free Vessel, although they should be Enemies to the other Party, unless they be Soldiers in actual Service of such Enemy; on the other hand, enemy Vessels shall make enemy goods, in so much that whatever shall be found in the Vessels of an Enemy shall be confiscated without distinction, except such goods and Merchandize as were put on board such Vessel before the Declaration of War, or within six months after it, which shall be free.\n       Art: XIII\n       In case any Vessel shall be Stoped for articles deemed Contraband, if the Master will deliver out the goods supposed to be of Contraband nature, he shall be admitted to do it, and the Vessel shall not in that Case be carried in to any Port, nor further detained, but shall be allowed to proceed on her Voyage, nor shall any such Articles be subject to be taken or delayed in any case if they be not in greater quantity than may be necessary for the use of the ships, or of the persons in it. But in case the Contraband Merchandizes cannot be all received on board the Vessel of the Captor, then the Captor may notwithstanding the offer of delivering him the Contraband goods, carry the Vessel to the nearest port.\n       Art: XIV\n       And in the same Case where one of the Parties is engaged in War with another Power, that the Vessels of the Neutral Party may be readily and certainly known, it is agreed that they shall be provided with Sea Letters, or Passports which shall express the name, the property and burthen of the Vessel, as also the name and dwelling of the Master, which Passports shall be made out in good and due forms, (to be settled by Convention between the Parties whenever\noccasion shall require) shall be renewed as often as the Vessel shall return in to port, and shall be exhibited whensoever required as well in the open Sea as in Port\u2014\n       But if the said Vessel be under Convoy of one or more Vessels of War belonging to the Neutral Party, the simple Declaration of the Officer Commanding the Convoy, that the said Vessel belongs to the Party of which he is, shall be Considered as establishing the fact, and shall relieve both parties from the trouble of further examination.\n       And to prevent intirely all disorder and violence in such cases, it is stipulated, that when the Vessels of the Neutral Party sailing without Convoy, shall be met by any Vessel of War, public or private of the other Party, such Vessel of War shall not approach within cannon shot of the said Neutral Vessel, nor send more than two or three men in their boat on board the same to examine her Sea Letters or Passports, and all persons belonging to any Vessel of War public or private who shall molest or injure in any manner whatever the people, Vessels, or effects of the other Party shall be responsable in their persons and property for damages and interest, and more especially the Commanding officer of the Vessel shall be responsable civily for the same in his person and property, by whomsoever of his Crew the injury was done: sufficient security for which shall be given by all Commanders of private armed Vessels before they are Commissioned.\n       It is agreed that the Subjects, or Citizens of each of the Contracting Parties their Vessels and effects shall not be liable to any Embargo or Detention on the part of the other for any Military Expedition or other public or private purpose whatsoever, and in all cases of seisure, detention, or arrest for Debts contracted, or offences commited by any Citizen or Subject of the one Party within the Jurisdiction of the other, the same shall be made and prosecuted by order and autority of Law only, and according to the regular course of proceedings usual in such Cases.\n       Art: XVII.\n       If any Vessel or effects of the Neutral Power be taken by an Enemy of the other or by a Pirate, and retaken by that other, they shall be brought in to some port of one of the Parties and delivered in to the Custody of the officers of that port, in order to be restored intire to\nthe true proprietor as soon as due proof shall be made concerning the property thereof\n       Art: XVIII.\n       If the Citizens or Subjects of either Party in danger from tempests, pirates, enemies, or other accident, shall take refuge with their Vessels or effects within the harbours or Jurisdiction of the other, they shall be received, protected and treated with humanity and kindness and shall be permitted to furnish themselves at reasonable Prices with all refreshments, provisions and other things necessary for their sustenance, health, and accomodation, and for the repair of their Vessels.\n       Art: XIX\n       The Vessels of War public and private of both Parties, shall carry freely wheresoever they please the Vessels and effects taken from their Enemies without being obliged to pay any Duties, charges, or fees to officers of Admiralty of the customs, or any others, except the port charges paid by the most favoured Nation, nor shall such Prizes be arrested, searched, or put under Legal Process, when they come to and enter the ports of the other Party, but may freely be carried out again at any time by their Captors to the places expressed in their Commissions, which the Commanding officer of such Vessels shall be obliged to shew, but nothing herein contained shall be understood to derogate from the obligations of the United States of America towards His Most Christian Majesty as Stipulated in the Seventeenth Article of their Treaty of Amity and Commerce.\n       No Citizen or Subject of either of the Contracting Parties shall take from any Power with which the other may be at War any Commission or Letter of Marque for arming any Vessel to act as a Privateer against the other, on pain of being punished as a Pirate, nor shall either Party hire, Lend, or give any part of their naval or military force to the Enemy of the other to aid them offensively or defensively against that other unless bound thereto by some Treaty heretofore made.\n       If the two Contracting Parties should be engaged in a War against a Common Enemy, the following points shall be observed between them. 1st: If a Vessel of one of the Parties retaken by a Privateer of the other shall not have been in possession of the Enemy more than\ntwenty four hours, she shall be restored to the first owner, for one third of the value of the Vessel and Cargo; but if she shall have been more than twenty four hours in possession of the Enemy, she shall belong wholly to the Recaptor.\u2014 2d. If in the same case the Recapture were by a public Vessel of War of the one Party, restitution shall be made to the Owner for one thirtieth part of the value of the Vessel and Cargo, if she shall not have been in possession of the Enemy more than twenty four hours; and one tenth of the said value where she shall have been longer:\n       Which sums shall be distributed in Gratuities to the Recaptors.\u2014 3d. The Restitution in the cases aforesaid shall be, after due proof of property and surety given for the part to which the Recaptors are intitled.\n       4th: The Vessels of War public and private of the two Parties shall be reciprocally admitted with their Prizes in to the respective ports of each; but the said Prizes shall not be discharged nor sold there untill their legality shall have been decided according to the Laws and regulations of the State to which the Captor belongs. 5th. It shall be free to each Party to make such Regulations as they shall judge necessary for the Conduct of their respective Vessels of War, public and private, relative to the Vessels which they shall take and carry in to the ports of the two Parties.\n       Art: XXII\n       Where the Parties shall have a Common-Enemy the Vessels of War of each shall upon all occasions take under their protection the Vessels of the other going the same course, and shall defend such Vessels as long as they hold the same course against all force and violence in the same manner as they ought to protect and defend the Vessels belonging to the Party of which they are.\n       Art: XXIII.\n       If War should arise between the two Contracting Parties, the Merchants of either Country then residing in the other shall be allowed to remain one year, to collect their Debts and settle their affairs and may depart freely, carrying off all their effects; without molestation or hindrance, and all Women and Children, Scholars of every faculty, Cultivators of the earth, Artizans, Manufacturers and Fishermen, unarmed and inhabiting unfortefied Towns, Villages, or Places, and in general all others, whose occupations are for the common subsistance and benefit of Mankind, shall be allowed to continue their respective employments, and shall not be molested in\ntheir persons, nor shall their Houses, or Goods be burnt or otherwise destroyed, nor their fields wasted by the armed force of the Enemy in whose power by the events of War, they may happen to fall: but if any thing is necessary to be taken from them for the use of such armed force, the same shall be payed for at a reasonable price. And all merchant and trading Vessels employed in exchanging the products of different places, and thereby rendering the necessary conveniences and comforts of human Life more easy to be obtained and more general shall be allowed to pass free and unmolested, and neither of the Contracting Powers shall grant or issue any Commission to any Private armed Vessel empowering them to take or destroy such trading Vessels or interrupt such Commerce.\n       Art: XXIV\n       And to prevent the destruction of Prisoners of War, by sending them in to distant and inclement Countries, or by crowding them in to close and noxious places, the two Contracting Parties solemnly pledge themselves to each other, and to the World, that they will not adopt any such practice. that neither will send the Prisoners whom they may take from the other in to the East Indies or any other parts of Asia, or Africa: but that they shall be placed in some part of their Dominions in Europe or America in wholesome situations; that they shall not be confined in Dungeons, Prisonships nor Prisons, nor be put in to Irons, nor bound, nor otherwise restrained in the use of their limbs, that the officers shall be enlarged on their Paroles within convenient Districts and have comfortable Quarters, and the common-Men be disposed in Cantonments open and extensive enough for air and exercise, and lodged in Barracks as roomly and good as are provided by the Party in whose power they are for their own Troops; that the Officers shall also be daily furnished by the Party in whose power they are with as many rations and of the same articles and quality as are allowed by them, either in kind or by Commutation to Officers of equal rank in their own Army, and all others shall be daily furnished by them with such ration as they allow to a Common Soldier in their own Service, the value whereof shall be paid by the other Party on a mutual adjustment of Accounts for the Subsistance of Prisoners at the Close of the War, and the said Accounts shall not be mingled with, or sett off against any others, nor the Balances due on them be withheld as a satisfaction or reprisal for any other article, or for any other cause real or pretended whatever; that each Party shall be allowed to keep a\nCommissary of Prisoners, of their own Appointment, with every separate Cantonment of Prisoners in possession of the other, which Commissary shall see the Prisoners as often as he pleases, shall be allowed to receive and destribute whatever Comforts may be sent to them by their friends and shall be free to make his reports in open Letters to those who employ him.\u2014 But if any Officer shall break his parole, or any other Prisoner shall escape from the Limits of his Cantonment after they shall have been designated to him, such individual Officer, or other Prisoner shall forfeit so much of the Benefits of this Article as provides for his enlargement on Parole or Cantonment. And it is declared that neither the pretence that War dissolves all Treaties nor any other whatever shall be considered as annulling or suspending this, and the next preceding Article, but on the Contrary that the State of War is precisely that for which they are provided and during which they are to be as Sacredly observed as the most acknowledged Articles in the Law of Nature or Nations.\n       The Squadrons or Vessels of War of the two Contracting Parties, may enter freely in to the ports, roads or bays of the one or other Dominion where Commerce is permitted, provided nevertheless that they never exceed the number of six Vessels of War, in the great Ports, and of four in the small Ports, without the express permission of the Governor or Commandant of the District, and that they do not make there a Station, with a view to hurt the Commerce of other Nations in Amity or Alliance with either of the two Contracting Parties.\n       Art: XXVI.\n       The two Contracting Parties grant to each other the Liberty of having each in the Ports of the other Consuls, Vice-Consuls, Agents and Commissaries of their own appointment; whose Functions shall be regulated by particular Agreement whenever either Party shall chuse to make such Appointment; but if any such Consuls shall exercise Commerce, they shall be submitted to the same Laws and usages to which the private Individuals of their Nation are Submitted in the same place\n       Art: XXVII\n       If either Party shall hereafter grant to any other Nation any particular favour in Navigation or Commerce it shall immediatly become common to the other Party, freely where it is freely granted to\nsuch other Nation, or on yielding the Compensation, where such Nation does the same.\n       Art XXVIII\n       Her Most Faithful Majesty the Queen of Portugal and the Algarves and the United States of America agree that this Treaty shall be in force during the term of Ten years from the exchange of Ratifications, (and the Ratifications shall be within the space of one year after the signature, or earlier if possible) and if the expiration of that term should happen during the Course of a War between them, then the Articles twenty third and twenty fourth, before provided, for the regulation of their conduct during such a War shall continue in force untill the conclusion of the Treaty, which shall reestablish Peace: and that this Treaty shall be Ratified on both sides, and the Ratifications exchanged within one year from the Day of its signature, or sooner, if possible\n       In faith whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have Signed the above Articles, both in the Portuguese and English Languages; and they have thereto affixed their Seals.\n       Done at London this Twenty fifth day of April, one thousand seven Hundred and eighty six.\n        Th: Jefferson [SEAL]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0137", "content": "Title: To John Adams from James Warren, 30 April 1786\nFrom: Warren, James\nTo: Adams, John\n       Dear Sir,\n       Milton April 30th: 1786\n      I was a few days ago honoured with your favour of the 12th: of Decr. I am much Obliged to you for your Attention to my Son & your favourable, if not partial opinion of the Merits of his Family. Winslow left Lisbon, & returned Home last fall: after a disagreable residence there for more than Twelve months, at a great Expence, fully convinced of the futility of Court promises, which his former Experience could no longer Justify any future dependence upon. it has been my opinion that Consuls should be appointed in several of the European Ports, & perticularly at Lisbon where we have had a great Trade till Interrupted by the Algerine Corsairs. no resource is so natural & beneficial for the supply of that great Branch of Business the Fishery as the Trade with Lisbon, & Cadiz, & I can scarcely Conceive how it can be supported without it, unless by a dependence on foreigners for the Importation, which must defeat all the policy of our Navigation Acts, however founded in Policy or oeconomy. How we are to be relieved from the Injury of these Pirates I am at a loss to determine. their Generosity will not do it, & our Poverty cant, & if it is not done the Fishery & Trade must be depressed and discouraged. You who are acquainted with the Means the Agents to Algiers are possessd. of, can Judge of their prospects of Success. I can only wish them Success.\n      I can form some Idea of the difficulty & delays of your Treaties, which render their Completion uncertain even to the best Informed. The Trade with Britain if it has been attended with some loss & disappointment to them has almost ruined us: & with their own conduct may Justify a severe Navigation Act, with regard to them, but I am not so well satisfied of the propriety of it with regard to any other Nation, tho\u2019 I think the policy of the French in their dutys on our Fish, & the Bountys on their own very Absurd. I wish I could see, for the Benefit of Mankind a fair Experiment made, of a Goverment supported without Duties or Bounties, at least that they\nshould operate, only as prohibitions or severe restrictions, without any regard to a revenue. in that Case even those in question might not have Existed.\n      if our oil can find a Market in France it will I think disconcert the views of the British Ministery, & be very Advantageous to us, as well as to the Commerce of France I took great pains to Impress the Marquiss de Fayate with proper Sentiments on that subject when here last, & have reason from his Letters to suppose it has had a good Effect\n      I know you wish to be Informed of the situation of your beloved Country. it would give me pleasure to gratify you. in former Times when you was absent I used to attempt it, but it is now so Novel & so Extraordinary that I dare not Undertake the Task. The constant drain of Specie to make remittances for Baubles Imported from England is so great as to Occasion an Extreem Scarcity: Commerce is ruined: & what is worse, the husbandry & Manufactures of the Country cannot be supported. the only Branch of Business that promises any success is the Fishery, & that is greatly Injured from the same Cause. No Debts Can be paid, or Taxes Collected. the first are severely demanded, by multiplyed Law suits. the last are become more necessary than ever by the wants of the public: our General Court sets often & long, do little & give no satisfaction to their Constituents\u2014 Paper Money, Tenders of Lands &c. suspension of Law processes, & a variety of Expedients are proposed, & Nothing Adopted. a Total Change in principles & Manners, Interest is the great object, the only pursuit, and Riches only respected. every thing seems verging to Confusion, & anarchy, & certainly great Wisdom & Address are necessary to prevent it. Our Elections have been much the same this as the last Year. indeed when a Man is once in it is for Life. a repetition annually is nugatory few Attend the Meetings & hardly any Enquired further than who was in last, & Vote for him again without the trouble of recuring to Principles, or traceing Consequences.\n      Be assured No Body Can Wish you & Family more happiness, or desire more to see you in the Vicinity than your Friends on Milton Hill. make our Compliments to Mrs. Adams & Love to Nabby. I am / Your Friend & Servt\n       Jas: Warren\n      will you give me your Opinion of the Encyclopedia, & whether it be worth purchaseing\u2014\n      if it would not be an Impertinent request to a minister of State, I would ask the favour to send me the Gentn. pocket Farrier & Trusler, practical Husbandry. I will pay the Cost to your order here, R Baldwin Pater Noster Row. a Charming Enthusiasm is prevailing for Agriculture", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0139", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Rufus King, 2 May 1786\nFrom: King, Rufus\nTo: Adams, John\n      Dear Sir\n      New York 2d. May 1786\n     Mr. Alsop of this city, whom you must recollect as a delegate from this State to congress in 1775 & 1776, and whose daughter I have lately married, requests me to ask your Opinion, \u201cwhether a Refugee, whose Estate has been confiscated here, and to an amount exceeding that of his Debts, can by the British laws, or the Treaty of peace between G. Britain & the united States of america, be compelled by Process in the British courts to pay a Debt due to an american Citizen, anticedent to the late war?[\u201d] the Determination of this question is of Some importance to Mr. Alsop, and indeed to many Others of our Countrymen\u2014\n     It has been objected against such recovery that the confiscated Estates of the Refugees being by the act of confiscation liable to, or by subsequent laws charged with, the payment of their Debts, in all cases where the confiscated Estate equalled the amount of the Debts of any Refugee, that there the State to whose use the Estates confiscated inured, took upon itself to pay the Debts, and the Refugee was discharged\u2014and being discharged by an american law, the treaty could not affect them, for no Debt was due from them\u2014 How far these objections are founded, is submitted to your good Judgment\u2014 If the Estate of a Refugee escaped confiscation, his american Debts must be paid under the Treaty\u2014 So if the confiscated Estate is insufficient to pay the whole of his Debts, the Deficiency is in like manner recoverable\u2014 How then is it in the principal case?\n     Will you have the Goodness to examine this question, and oblige Mr. Alsop, & myself with your Opinion\u2014\n     With the highest Respect, I have the Honor to be D. Sir your obt / & very Hb\u0303le Servt.\n      Rufus King", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0140", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Jay, 4 May 1786\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Adams, John\n      Dr Sir\n      Office for foreign Affairs 4th: May 1786\n     Since the 22d. February which was the Date of my last Letter to You, I have been honored with yours of the 4. 5. and 11 Novemr. and 2. 6. 9. 12. and 15 and one of \u2003\u2003 Decemr. last, and also of 4th. 21. and 26. January 1786. All of them have been laid before Congress, from whom I have no Instructions to say any thing more on the Subjects of them than what you will find in my Letter to you of the 1st. Inst.\u2014 This is to be imputed to there not being so many States convened in Congress as are necessary to decide on Matters of that kind, for since last Autumn when the new Election took place they have not had nine States on the floor for more than three or four Days, until this Week\u2014 There are nine at present and more are expected, so that I hope more Attention will now be paid to our foreign Affairs than has been the Case for many Months past.\u2014\n     Your and Mr. Jeffersons joint Letter dated 2d. & 11th. October last with the Prussian Treaty has been received and I have reported a Ratification of it, which when agreed to shall without Delay be transmitted. The printed Papers herewith transmitted will give you some Ideas of our Affairs. The proposed Impost gains Friends and the Legislature of this State has passed an Act in its Favor rather in Compliance with the popular Opinion, than that of a Majority in the House\u2014 it departs however from some material Parts in the Recommendation of Congress, and it is not certain that in it\u2019s present State it will be accepted. As this Letter will go by the Packet I avoid minute Details\u2014 I hope by the next private Ship to write more circumstantially especially as it is probable that Congress will by that Time have concluded on several Matters respecting foreign Affairs, which have long been and now are under their Consideration.\u2014\n     Mr. Anstey is here, and I think has Reason to be satisfied with the Attention shewn him. The English Papers do us Injustice, and are calculated to create a much greater Degree of Asperity in this Country than really exists in it.\u2014\n     Mr. Hancock is still at Boston, and it is not certain when he may be expected\u2014 this is not a pleasant Circumstance, for though the Chair is well filled by a Chairman, yet the President of Congress should be absent as little and seldom as possible.\n     With great & sincere Regard I am / Dr Sir / Your most obt. & hble: Servt.\u2014\n      John Jay\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0141", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Jay, 4 May 1786\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Adams, John\n      Dear Sir\n      New York 4 May 1786\n     I have been favored with your Letter in which you mention Mr Warren. Your opinion of that Gentleman, added to the Merits of his Family, cannot fail to operate powerfully in his Favor. I have communicated that Letter to Mr King, an able & valuable Delegate from Massachusets; who I have Reason to think wishes well to you, and to all who like You, deserve well of their Country.\n     our Friend Gerry has retired from Congress with a charming amiable Lady, whom he married here. I regret his absence, for he discharged the Trust reposed in him with great Fidelity, & with more\nIndustry and persevering Attention than many are distinguished by. Mr King has also married a Lady of merit, and the only child of Mr Alsop, who was in Congress with us in 1774. I am pleased with these Intermarriages\u2014they tend to assimilate the States, and to promote one of the first Wishes of my Heart vizt. to see the People of america become one Nation in every Respect\u2014 for as to the separate Legislatures, I would have them considered with Relation to the Confederacy, in the same Light, in which Counties stand to the State of which they are parts\u2014vizt merely as Districts to facilitate the purposes of domestic order, & good Governmt.\u2014 With great & sincere Regard I am / Dr Sr. your most obt. & hble Servt\n      John Jay\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0143", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Paul R. Randall, 4 May 1786\nFrom: Randall, Paul R.\nTo: Adams, John\n      Madrid May 4th: 1786.\n     I should have addressed your Excellency long e\u2019er this, since my Arrival from Algiers\u2014but being in Expectation of bringing on Mr: Lamb\u2019s Letters\u2014was entirely without Suspicion of the many Impediments which retarded my Progress thus far. Mr Lamb must undoubtedly have given your Excellencies the Reasons of sending me from thence\u2014and however repugnant to my Inclinations, I must be necessitated to submit to his express Desire\u2014as he might otherwise have left it in a spanish Brigantine\u2014and have given me the Charge of his Vessel to convey me to Marseilles. I therefore prefered the Alternative of attending the Count D\u2019Expilly\u2019s Secretary in Hopes of obtaining a Release from Quarantine with himself\u2014but by an\nunfortunate Concurrence of Circumstances I was detained twenty two Days\u2014and obliged to go from Alicant where the Vessel was arrived\u2014 to Carthagena whither she was sent to perform her Quarantine.\u2014 I endeavored to reach Madrid with all possible Dispatch after my Discharge.\u2014 Here I find that Mr Lamb is returned to Alicant with Intention of coming to Madrid immediately:\u2014 The Information therefore that I might have conveyed of the Situation of Affairs upon my leaving Algiers must be rendered of very little Consequence by the Lapse of Time\u2014and such Change as has made his Withdrawal necessary\u2014which most unquestionably your Excellencies must be advised of.\n     In this I am allowed to judge\u2014as Mr Lamb had given me no Instructions of what Information I should be the Bearer of on his Part\u2014\n     I think myself bound\u2014and by the Opinion of Mr Carmichael am determined to await the Arrival of Mr Lamb & be governed by future Instructions & Circumstances.\n     What Observations I have been enabled to make in my shor Stay there shall be transmitted to your Excellencies by the first safe Occasion being in Hopes a Courier will set out shortly which must arrive before I can travel to London\u2014altho\u2019 I have disencumbered myself from my Baggage. Mr Carmichael was acquainted as soon as I could possibly write with every Thing I could be possessed of respecting Algiers\u2014however I sh[all be] as particular as my Memory will serve\u2014\n     In this and on all other Occasions I am entirely devoted to the Service of my Country\u2014and am most particularly / Your Excellency\u2019s / Obt hum sert.\n      P R Randall", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0145", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Wilhem & Jan Willink and Nicolaas & Jacob van Staphorst, 5 May 1786\nFrom: Willink, Wilhem & Jan (business),Staphorst, Nicolaas & Jacob van (business)\nTo: Adams, John\n      Amsterdam 5th. May 1786\n     We have the Honor to inclose Your Excellency, a Letter from the Honb\u0303le the Commissioners to the Board of Treasury of the United-States; Which came open to us, with a Resolve of Congress of 15th. February last; Submitting them to your Consideration, We have to acquaint you the Board of Treasury has wrote to us in conformity.\u2014\n     Co-inciding fully with the Resolve of Congress & Opinion of the Commissioners, in the Policy & Justice of appropriating any Funds of the United-States, to the regular Discharge of the Interest on Loans in this Country that will fall due the First of next Month; We have directed the Payment of said Interest to be advertised next Monday, notwithstanding We shall not have sufficient of Monies belonging to Congress. This will We hope induce you to hold back any further Disposals upon us, until We shall receive Remittances from America or effect the Sale of some of the Bonds still remaining on hand, Which we flatter ourselves may be accelerated by the punctual Discharge of the June Interest; As we shall succeed in the Sale, We shall furnish Your Excellency the most early Intelligence, likewise of the Arrival of the 70,000 Dollars promised by the Board of Treasury for the First Day of August next, Which we will hold subject to your Orders\u2014\n     We are respectfully / Your Excellency\u2019s / Most Obedt: & very hb\u0303le Servt\n      Wilhelm & Jan WillinkNics. & Jacob van Staphorst.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0147", "content": "Title: From John Adams to James Bowdoin, 9 May 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Bowdoin, James\n     Your Excellencies Letter of the 12. of January I have had the Honour to receive, and am much obliged to you for the Information in it\n     Your Opinion of the Policy of this Country, will be found in the Result of Things to be just, and your Reasoning in Support of it is so conclusive and at the Sametime, so obvious, that it is astonishing it has not its Effect upon the Cabinet. Every Consideration has\nbeen repeatedly urged to no Effect. Seamen, the Navy, and Power to Strike an awfull Blow to their Ennemies at Sea, on the first breaking out of a War, are the Ideas that prevail over all others. Mr Jenkinson, an old Friend of the British Empire, is Still at his Labours. He is about establishing a Bounty upon fifteen Ships, to the southward and upon two to double Cape Horn for Sperma C\u00e6ti Whales. Americans are to take an Oath that they mean to settle in England, before they are entitled to the Bounty. I have long Since informed Congress, that nothing is to be expected from this Country, but Poverty, Weakness and Ruin. if after all our People will carry on a ruinous Trade, it is their own Concern. But no Man can do them a greater Injury, than by holding up to their View a hope, that We shall receive any Relief, by taking off the Duty on Oil, or by admission to the West India Islands. They will infallibly be deceived if they entertain any Such Expectations.\n     I have been circumstancially informed from time to time and Step by Step, from Mr Jefferson the Marquis de la Fayette and Mr Barrett of all the Negotiations for exchanging our Oyl for the Produce, Manufactures and Sugars of France. The great Revolution in Trade, which you mention ought to be promoted by every Friend of America, and it must take Place. I have made Use of all these Considerations But if an Angel from Heaven should declare to this Nation that our States will unite, retaliate, prohibit or trade with France, they would not believe it. There is not one Man in the Nation, who pretends to believe it, and if he did he would be treated with Scorn. Let me intreat you, Sir, and every other Citizen of the United States to extinguish all hopes of relief to their Trade from this Country.\n     Peace with the Turks, comprehending under this Term Constantinople Tunis, Tripoli, Algiers and Morocco, is essential to our Navigation and Commerce and political Consideration in Europe. Two or three hundred Thousand Guineas, and nothing less will obtain it. it will be miserable Policy and \u0152conomy, to loose two or three millions in Trade, Insurance &c and Still worse to add two or three millions more in filling out a Navy to fight them, in order to Save that Sum in customary Presents. We are now limited to a Sum that will be worse than thrown away.\n     Intrigues of Individuals are Said to be on foot, to sett South America free from Spain, and not improbably the Pulse may be felt in the United States. But I hope the States will not only be prudent\nthemselves, but oblige Individuals to be so too.\u2014 Portugal & Spain are bound by a Treaty of 1778 to Support each other in Such a Case, and all the World will be in flames. We had better avoid the fury of them.\n     Three great Objects agitate the Cabinets of Europe in Secret. The Passage of the Dardanells and navigation of the Danube, I consider as one, a free Commerce with all the East Indies is a Second, and the Independence of south America is the third. They will all be pursued untill they are obtained, as I fully believe. But as all know the Contest will be Sharp, extensive and long, all are afraid to begin. This is all confidential, between you and me and a few of our discreet Friends.\n     God bless our Country, but I still tremble for its Safety.\n     With great Respect, I have the Honour / to be your Excellencys most obedient / and most humble servant\n      John Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0148", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Wilhem & Jan Willink and Nicolaas & Jacob van Staphorst, 11 May 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Willink, Wilhem & Jan (business),Staphorst, Nicolaas & Jacob van (business)\n      Gentlemen\u2014\n      Grosvenor Square May 11th. 1786\u2014\n     I have received your favour of the 5th. of May inclosing a Duplicate of a Letter from the Commissioners of the Board of Treasury to me of the 7th. of March, the original of this Letter is not come to hand\u2014\n     These Letters Surprized me, very much, because Mr. Rucker had informed me a fortnight ago that he had orders to pay the Interest both in Holland & France I went yesterday to his House to make a\nmore exact Inquiry and found that he has orders to pay 30,000 Dollars only. This, however, though less than I wish, I hope will be some Relief to you.\n     I am very glad you have advertised the payment of the Interest\u2014 This is a right measure, although the Consequence of it should be, a necessity for Mr. Barclay and Mr. Lamb and myself to return to America.\n     I would gladly hold back \u201cany further disposals upon you Gentlemen, untill you receive Remittances from America or effect the sale of some of the Bonds still remaining on Hand\u201d if it were in my Power: But you know that Mr. Barclay and Mr. Lamb are often drawing upon me, and if their Bills are protested, the Whole System of their business is undone\u2014and if my draughts for my own salary and disbursements, are not honoured, I must starve or go home\u2014 To return to America would be a Pleasure to me, and no disadvantage to the United States, or any body else that I know of\u2014but even in this Case I must depend upon you for Cash to enable me to return\u2014 if you cannot find means to advance me my salary, let me beg of you to let me know it, by return of post, because in that case, I would come over to Holland for a few Weeks and take leave of their High mightinesses in order to return home to America, by the July Packett\u2014 I hope the future draughts of Mr. Barclay and Lamb upon me will not be payable, much before August, the last of Lamb were at double usance\u2014so that they will not be due, much before that time, if at all\u2014\n     One Thing is now certain\u2014that Congress will soon be enabled to pay their Interest in Europe punctually for if they are not.\u2014\n     If I should return home, I must have Money to live while I stay, and at least six hundred Pounds sterling which Congress allows each Minister to pay his Expences in preparing for his return & getting home, and this I will have if I am obliged to go to Amsterdam and open a new Loan for it. I know very well I can still borrow Money in Holland\u2014 And no man who has any of my obligations in his Possession need be under any Concern for his Principal or Interest\u2014as long as there is house or Land, Stock or Block, in the United States in may recover it, in any Court of Law, in any state & lay his execution on what he will\u2014 But he need not fear any such trouble\u2014 The People of America since the Peace, have been employed in Reparation of the Ravages of War, & replacing their Stock\u2014 they will in future be employed in Production, and will find no\ndifficulty to manage the frivilous Debt they owe in Europe, Their Debt is not two hundred & seventy two Millions sterling, nor are their agriculture fisheries, Peltries, or Commerce or Manufactures decreasing\u2014 with great esteem I am Gentlemen / Your friend & Humble sert.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0149", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thomas Jefferson, 11 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n      Dear Sir\n     I do myself the honour of inclosing to you letters which came to hand last night from mr\u0303 Lamb, mr\u0303 Carmichael and mr\u0303 Barclay. by these you will perceive that our peace is not to be purchased at Algiers but at a price far beyond our powers. what that would be indeed mr\u0303 Lamb does not say, nor probably knows. but as he knew our ultimatum; we are to suppose from his letter that it would be a price infinitely beyond that. a reference to Congress seems hereon to be necessary. till that can be obtained mr\u0303 Lambe must be idle at Algiers, Carthagena or elsewhere. would he not be better employed in going to Congress? they would be able to draw from him & mr\u0303 Randall the information necessary to determine what they will do. and if they determine to negotiate, they can reappoint the same, or appoint a new negotiator, according to the opinion they shall form on their examination. I suggest this to you as my first thoughts; an ultimate opinion should not be formed till we see mr\u0303 Randall, who may be shortly expected. in the mean time, should an opportunity occur, favour me with your ideas hereon, that we may be maturing our opinions. I send copies of these three letters to mr\u0303 Jay by the packet which sails from l\u2019Orient the 1st. day of the next month.\n     On my return to Paris the Imperial ambassador informed me he had received full powers for treating with us. I repeated to him the information that ours would expire the 12th. of this month. he said he supposed Congress would have no objections to renew them, proposed that I should write to them on the subject, and in the mean time desired our project and observed that we might be proceeding to arrange the treaty, so as that it should be ready for\nsignature on the arrival of our powers. I gave him a copy of our project, in which, taking the Danish one for the ground work, I made the alterations noted on the within paper: being such as had occurred & met our approbation during the Prussian Tuscan & Portuguese negotiations. I write to Congress an information of what has passed, and in the mean time shall take no other step till you favor me with your opinion whether we should proceed to prepare terms according to Count Merci\u2019s proposition.\n     I inclose you a copy of the queries of which I had put an illegible one into your hands when in London.\n     I beg to leave to present my most friendly respects to the ladies, and to yourself assurances of the esteem with which I have the honor to be Dear Sir your most obedient and most humble servant\n      Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0150", "content": "Title: To John Adams from David Ramsay, 14 May 1786\nFrom: Ramsay, David\nTo: Adams, John\n      New-York May 14th 1786\n     Your favor of the 9th of February with the pamphlet inclosed came to hand on the 13th instant for which please to accept my thanks.\n     Your official dispatches of the 4th of March contain very important intelligence. I am not distressed at the footing on which the\nBritish put their tenure of the western posts. It will promote the general cause of justice & restrain our legislatures from interfering in private contracts which they are too apt to do.\n     The Algerine depredations have made more converts to the necessity of vesting Congress with larger powers and of supporting public credit than the many labored addresses heretofore presented to the public. I hope for much good out of these partial evils.\n     Mr Dilly has declined publishing my history from an apprehension that it would expose him to prosecutions. I cannot but be of opinion that his apprehensions are ill founded. I expect the end of the matter will be a pirated edition & that mine will remain unsold. I flatter myself he will make no difficulty in furnishing you with the copy designed for your own use.\n     Congress have now seven eleven States on the floor. Shame to tell for the first six months we did not for four days exceed eight. A strange langour seemed to prevail; but I hope it is going off. When the contents of your last dispatches are communicated confidentially to the Governors I think they will produce salutary consequences. The British posts will effect a repeal of every legal impediment to the recovery of debts. The Foreign debt will force on us systems of revenue which will also comprehend the Domestic debt. Things for some time past have been proceeding from bad to worse. I trust we have already reached the point of ultimate depression from which public affairs will revert in a direction contrary to what they have lately been in. The States seem generally impressed with ideas of the necessity of commercial systems. Almost all have appointed deputies to attend the proposed convention in Annapolis. A plan will shortly be brought into Congress to recommend a continental convention for the purpose of enlarging the powers of Congress. Our government hitherto has rather been advisory than an efficient system. You do me great honor by proposing requesting a continuance of my correspondence. Your letters have given me infinite pleasure & have established your reputation in the minds of every member of Congress as not only the industrious but the able Statesman. In this opinion no one joins more heartily than he who has the honor to subscribe himself\u2014 / with the most exaulted / sentiments of respect & esteem / your most obedient & / very humble servant\n      David Ramsay.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0152", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Jay, 16 May 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\n      Dear Sir\n      Grosvenor Square May 16. 1786\n     Last night I was honoured with your Letter of April 7th. and am happy to find that Twelve States, have granted to Congress the\nImpost. New York I am persuaded will not long withhold her Assent, because, that in Addition to all the other Arguments in favour of the measure, She will have to consider that all the Blame of Consequences must now rest upon her, and she would find this alone, a greater Burthen than the Impost.\u2014 This Measure alone, as soon as it is compleated will have a great Effect, and instantly raise the United States in the Consideration of Europe, and especially of England. Its beneficial Effects will be soon felt in America, by producing a Circulation of that Property, the long Stagnation of which, has been a principal Cause of the Distress of the Community. The States jointly and Severally, would find immediate Benefits from Establishing Taxes to pay the whole Interest of their Debts, those of the Confederation as well as those of particular States.\u2014 The Interest of Money would instantly be lowered, and Capitals be employed in Manufactures & Commerce that are now at Usury. It is no Paradox to Say, that every Man would find himself the richer, the more Taxes he pays, and this Rule must hold good untill the Taxes shall amount to a sum sufficient to discharge the Interest due to every Creditor, in the Community.\n     The Power to regulate the Commerce of the whole, will not probably be long witheld from Congress, and when that point shall be agreed to, You will begin to hear a Cry in England for a Treaty. Like Daniel Defoes Game Cock, among the Horses Feet, it will be \u201cPray Gentlemen dont let Us tread upon one another.\u201d\u2014\n     You have, I hope before now, Lord Carmarthens Answer of Feb. 28. to my Memorial of Nov. 30.\u2014 I had determined in my own Mind not \u201cto demand a Categorical Answer, without the further Orders of Congress,\u201d and it is a great Satisfaction to find your Opinion coincide. It is now with Congress to deliberate what Answer, they should make to his Lordship and for my own Part I dont see what Answer they can give untill they know the sense of Massachusetts, New York Virginia & south Carolina.\n     With the highest Regard I have the honour to be / Sir your most obedient humble servant\n      John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0155", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Wilhem & Jan Willink and Nicolaas & Jacob van Staphorst, 19 May 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Willink, Wilhem & Jan (business),Staphorst, Nicolaas & Jacob van (business)\n      Gentlemen\u2014\n     The Letter in which this is inclosed, I received yesterday\u2014open for my Inspection\u2014 The Bill of Exchange drawn by Mr. Morris for 144.000 florins, will I hope be some relief to you Our Secretary of State for foreign affairs informs me on the 7th. of April that twelve of the States had granted the Impost\n     new York only remained to come in\u2014 and it is not likely the Legislature of that State will take upon its\u2019self all the Blame, of the Consequences of its holding out long\u2014 I flatter myself it will not be long before American Obligations at Six or even five pr. Cent, will be sought for as much as English Stock at 3 pr. Cents at seventy or 71\u2014\n     It will be very extraordinary, if the few Obligations you have remaining on hand, cannot be disposed of, rather than the affairs of the United States should be ruined\u2014 half a dozen Americans here in London might make a purse and buy them\u2014 Nay I think it very likely I could sell them or new ones like them, here in London among the Jews. I wish not to borrow Money in England, and had rather be bound in this respect only in Holland, for many reasons\u2014 with / great respect I am &c", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0156", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Philip Mazzei, 20 May 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Mazzei, Philip\n      Dr Sir\n      Grosvenor Square May 20. 1786\n     It is impossible for me to assist you in your Refutation of the Abbe Raynal.\u2014 My time is all taken up, and there is not enough of it.\u2014 The Quakers changed the Names of Days and Months, first day second day &c first Month, Second Month &c\u2014but the other New England People never did that I know any Thing of.\u2014 if they did you will find it in Hutchinson, as well as what relates to the 2250 Livres &c. if any Thing of that sort ever took Place, (which I dont believe,) it was done to ballance the Reward given by the French in those Days to the Indians for New England mens Scalps. What he\nSays of the Poverty of the Land is not true. The Soil in all New England is upon an Average as fertile as any Country I have seen in Europe, or as any state or Province I have seen in America. It is not equal to many other Countries, for the Production of Grain, especially wheat, but it is as good a Grass Country as ever I saw.\u2014 if it were cultivated and manured, as England is, it would be equally beautifull and perhaps more productive of Grass, and every Thing that depends on it as Horses Cattle, sheep &c.\u2014 Hutchinson will tell you about the old Charter.\u2014 But always remember that Hutchinson was a Tory and an Anglomane, and therefore although his Information was very good, and his History is in general true, there is sometimes a Colouring given to favour his own political Opinions. taking this Key with you, Hutchinson is a good Authority.\n     There was an Attempt made, for a Settlement on Kennebeck River, under the Patronage of Ld Chief Justice Popham, in 1608, but this did not Succeed. The first settlement, which Supported itself was that made at Plymouth in 1620.\u2014 There is no Where in New England, to be found, Such vast Wastes of barren Land as that between Bayonne & Bourdeaux or that between Antwerp and Holland\n     Although there is here and there a Plain of Pitch Pines or Shrubb Oaks, which are not fertile, Yet in general the Soil is Strong, and before Cultivation covered with a vast grouth of Oaks, Walnutts, and every other Species of Trees which require the Strongest soil for their Nourishment.\n     Bookmaking is a profitable Manufacture, and any Thing to make Readers wonder, increases the Sale, without this, so many Inaccuracies, and glaring Falshoods would not have crept into the Writings of De Paw, Buffon or Raynal, concerning America.\n     your most obedient\n      John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0158", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 23 May 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n      Dear Sir\n     I am honoured with yours of the 11th. with the enclosures from Mr Lamb, Mr Carmichael and Mr Barclay. I am not Surprized that Mr Lamb, has only discovered that our means are inadequate, without learning the Sum that would be Sufficient. Il faut marchander avec ces Gens la.\u2014 They must be beaten down as low as possible. but We shall find at last the Terms very dear. The Algerines will never make Peace with Us, untill We have Treaties finished with Constantinople, Tunis Tripoli, & Morocco. They always stand out the longest.\u2014 Mr Barclay will have no better fortune and I dont believe it, worth while for him to wait a Moment to discover what sum will do.\u2014\n     I think with you, that it is best to desire Mr Lamb immediately, to return to Congress, and Mr Randal too. it is Surprizing that neither of them, has given Us more circumstantial Information, and that\nMr Randal has not come on to Paris and London.\u2014 I think you will do well to write him to come forward without loss of time. and am glad You sent Copies of all the Letter to Mr Jay. I concur with you entirely in the Propriety of your going on with the Comte de Merci, in the Negotiation and in transmitting to Congress the Plan you may agree upon, that they may Send a new Commission if they judge proper.\n     I have a Letter from Mr Randal at madrid 4. May, but shall not answer it as I wish you to write him in behalf of both of Us to return immediately to Paris and London. I have a Letter too from Isaac Stephens at Aligires the 15. of April. He Says the Price is 6000 Dollars for a Master 4000 for a Mate, and 1500 for each Sailor. The Dey will not abate a 6d, he Says and will not have any Thing to Say, about Peace with America. He Says \u201cThe People\u201d i.e. the Sailors as I Suppose, are carrying Rocks and Timber on their backs, for nine miles out of the Country, over sharp Rocks and Mountains. That he has an Iron round his Leg. &c He begs that We would pay the Money for their Redemption, without sending to Congress but this is impossible.\n     With great Regard I am sir your / affectionate\n      John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0159", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Wilhem & Jan Willink and Nicolaas & Jacob Staphorst, 23 May 1786\nFrom: Willink, Wilhem & Jan (business),Staphorst, Nicolaas & Jacob van (business)\nTo: Adams, John\n      Amsterdam 23d. May 1786\n     We have the honor of your Excellency\u2019s favor of 19th Instant, with a letter of the Honble: Commissioners of the Treasury Board, conveying a Remittance of \u0192144,000:\u2013:\u2013, as Mr. Morris is used to convey always a letter of advice with his drafts, we pray you will look among your papers for it, as messrs. Willink want the Same.\n     We know of the endeavours bestowed to make Newyork concurr with the other States to grant to Congress the Impost, We are fully convinced that the Strength and wealth of the united States will yearly increase under a wise Government & raise it\u2019s credit equal to any European power, when our people will think themselves happy to lend to your Country Millions by Millions.\n     We have the honor to be most respectfully / Sir / Your Excellency\u2019s Most Humble / and Obedient Servants\n      Wilhem & Jan WillinkNics. & Jacob van Staphorst", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0160", "content": "Title: Thomas Barclay to the American Commissioners, 23 May 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: American Commissioners\n      Gentlemen\n     Since my Arrival here, the Ninth, nothing has occur\u2019d worth Your Attention, I am waiting for a vessel that is Bound to Magadore and expect to Sail in a few days. You have probably as late accounts from Mr. Lamb as I Can Give You, Yet it may not be Improper to Inform you of his Arrival at Alicant the 24th. of last Month, where doubtless his Quarranteen has delay\u2019d his proceeding to Madrid\u2014 The Inclosed is Copy of a letter from the Count D\u2019Espilli to Mr. Carmichael dated at Algiers the 20th. past, whether it will Convey any thing New or Not I Cannot say, Nor whether Mr. Carmichael may not already have Transmited to You its Contents\u2014\n     I hope to have the pleasure of soon hearing from You, and of being Informed whether You have any Commands for Me farther than Morocco\u2014 I have long been anxious to see the Trade of our Country to these parts, put on a safe and respectable footing, as I am well acquainted with the Importance of the object, and if I Can, while I am in the neighborhood of Africa, in the smallest Degree Contribute towards the doing it, No Care or Attention on My part shall be wanting\u2014 If my going to Constantinople will be thought by you useful, you have only to Command Me\u2014and I offer you my Services there or Any where Else without Limitation\u2014 As soon as I have Executed the Business in which I am Engaged, I intend to Return to America for a few Months having Already procured permission from Congress to go there to settle some of My affairs that require My presence\u2014\n     I send You herewith an Extract of a letter written from Morocco to the Consul of the Emperor of Germany at this place from whom I received it, but it is the only Intelligence here of the Emperor of Morocco having made such a Declaration, and probably is No more than a sudden gust of Passion which has Blown over with the\nCircumstance that occasion\u2019d it\u2014 It is however Certain that the British are Not at present a favored people in Morocco, and that a letter from his Catholic Majesty is likely to have greater weight in that Country than one from any other Potentate on Earth\u2014\n     I have had some Conversations with the Marquis De Vialli, who is well known to the Emperor of Morocco, and who says he has frequently talked with him on the subject of America, his Opinion is that the Emperor will demand a Tribute of Eighteen thousand Dollars per Annum\u2014 This Gentleman, to whom I was Made known by General O\u2019Riely the late Governor of Andaluzia and Cadiz, has given me a good deal of Useful Information and advice, but to what purposes I shall be able to Apply either remains to be Tried\u2014 Indeed I much fear the Emperors Ideas will Exceed those of My Constituents. Immediately on My Arrival here I wrote to him that I wou\u2019d Embark for Magadore as soon as possible which I did to Cut short any Delays that Might occur there, by waiting for his permission to go to Morocco where he is at present, and I Expect by the time I get to Magadore, orders will be lodged for my getting forward.\n     I Beg You will beleive Me Gentlemen / Your Most Sincere / and Most Obedient / Servant\u2014\n      Thos Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0161", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Elbridge Gerry, 24 May 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Gerry, Elbridge\n      Dear Sir\n      Grosvenor Square May 24. 1786\n     I have just now received your Favour of the 12th. of April. The Arrets I inclosed to King, to be delivered to you, if at New York, and to\nbe Sent to you if gone to N. England, unless he Should have occasion to use them in Congress. I now inclose you some Papers relating to the British Whale Fisheries by which you will see What forced Plants they are, and how easily We may rival them. When you have made your Speculations on them will you be so good as to Send them to King.\n     The issue of all my \u201cNegotiations respecting the Interest of British Debts, during the War,[\u201d] and respecting every Thing else, is just nothing at all.\u2014 I have done all in my Power to do to no purpose, and I tell you freely, that the British Ministry will do nothing about this or any Thing else untill the States Shall Support their Credit, and regulate their own trade, in a manner that shall shew that it is not left to British Merchants and Politicians to manage as they please. Nor then in my Opinion will they ever intermeddle, or agree to relinquish the Interest. It will finally be left to every Debtor to make the best Agreement he can with his Creditor, or to dispute it at Law, and avoid the Payment of the Interest by the Verdict of a Jury. if the Juries give it against our Merchants, they will never find any other Remedy. As to any Clamour that may be raised by my concealed Competitors, it will do them no good nor me any harm. if they want my Place, and Congress give it them it will be with my hearty Consent, without any Clamour at all. a more disagreable situation than mine no Man ever held in Life and whoever Succeeds me, will not find it more pleasant.\n     If any one think he can do better in mercy, let him put up, and if any body thinks of any other who can do more let him vote for him in the name of freedom. Old as I am, I had rather draw Writs and Pleas in Abatement than do and suffer what is now my Lot. Making brick without straw, which has been my Employment ever Since I have been in Europe, and is more so now than ever, was never reckoned an easy, or pleasant Task, from the Days of the Israelites in Egypt to this moment. Untill I came to England I was as little apprized as you of the Extent of this evil of Interest. it was too carefully concealed, by American Debtors, untill it was past a Remedy. The time is long Since perfectly past, for doing any Thing in this Country, and another opportunity will never arrive, untill after a long and arduous Struggle.\n     You and our Friend King, by marrying the two finest Girls in New York, are in a Way to make f\u0153deral Ideas, grow, and may they prosper untill Congress shall have the Power and the Will, to form a System, which shall bring this Country to think. You may depend\nupon it every Man who expects any Thing from my Negotiations will be disappointed. I am not an Idler. my whole Time is employed to the Utmost of my Strength and Capacity, and to no more purpose, than if I were at Horse Races or Stage Plays, and this will assuredly continue to be the Case, untill the Trade and Revenue of this Country Shall be made to feel the Effect of the Conduct of Congress and the States in regulating their Trade.\u2014 if it is not thought worth while to continue me here, untill that Event takes Place, I am myself fully to that mind, and am quite prepared to be recalled.\n     With great Esteem and Affection, your / Friend\n      John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0162", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Mercy Otis Warren, 24 May 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Warren, Mercy Otis\n      Madam\n     I this day received your Favour of April 8th, and Sincerely condole with you under the Loss of your amiable son. These Afflictions are the Lot of Humanity and so little of the System of which We are a Part is Submitted to our View, that as We never can discover the Reasons of them, they are left only to our Reflections and Submission.\n     My Situation, would be eligible, to the Heighth of my Wishes, if I Saw a Disposition in this Country friendly to mine, or even friendly to their own true Interests. but the Fact is far otherwise.\n     To See, as I do the Affairs of my Country every where labouring under Embarrassments; to know that Thousands are looking up to me, for relief, from their distresses, and to have no Power to do the least Thing for their Assistance, is painfull, beyond all Expression. You Speak of Honours, Madam. But what Honours have been decreed to me? Do you Suppose I am honoured in this Country?\n     The Reffugees indeed, honour me, now and then as you see in the Newspapers. You Speak of Affluence too. If I were my own Master and could Spend what is allowd me as I Should choose, I should live in Affluence indeed, but when you consider that I have a\nRank to support here that I hold in Trust for others, and that this rank cannot be let down, without betraying that Trust, you may depend upon it, I am driven to my Wits Ends for means.\n     I know of no change at Braintree or Weymouth in their political Friendships, but one Thing I know, that a good Profession, or even trade is better for the Individual than all Politicks.\u2014 Our Country will do like all others\u2014play their Affairs into the Hands of a few Cunning Fellows, and leave their faithfull Servants to close their long Glories with a sigh to find\n     Th\u2019 unwilling Gratitude of base Mankind.\n     Yet I dont wholly approve this sentiment. Human Nature is not ungratefull. But while many rate their Merits higher than the Truth, it is almost impossible that the publick Mind Should be exactly informed, to whom they are really obliged. Real services are never held out to View. The Modesty of the Individual, the Jealousy of Rivals, or the publick Interest require that they should be concealed. do you wonder then that ostensible Pageants should be adored, while those who moved the Springs are neglected.\u2014 I expect my turn and am prepared for it, in my own mind. My Family and Circumstances are not prepared for it by any means. Yet they must come to it. I always foresaw it and shall meet it firmly.\u2014 at least I believe so. I wish my Friend Warren in public Life, because I know he would be usefull there. But his numerous Refusals I am informed, are made Use of, against him, and I really fear will prevail. I expect to be, myself in private Life, very soon, and in his Neighbourhood, And I dont despair of going even sometimes to Plymouth Inferior Court, to get my bread and my Boys through the Colledge. The young Rogues shall not be dissappointed of their Education, if I am obliged to draw Justices Writs to obtain it. I am obliged in Europe to Spend immense sums in Support of dignity, but I\u2019le be hanged, if I trouble my head about it, in private Life in America.\n     With Sincere Esteem, I have the Honour / to be Madam your Friend and / humble servant\n      John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0163", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Samuel Austin, 25 May 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Austin, Samuel\n     I have received your of Decr. 23d. & have since received from Mr. Jay our secretary of State for foreign affairs, the papers you refer to, with particular instructions from Congress, which I shall carefully attend to\u2014\n     Your demand as you state it is a Debt contracted before the peace\u2014 But you know there is a great misunderstanding between the two Countries, concerning such debts & in my opinion there is not the least chance for obtaining any thing for you or any of your fellow sufferers, while there is a law of one state upon the Continent in force against the recovery of British Debts\u2014 those laws in all probability have prevented the evacuation of the Posts upon the frontiers\u2014the payment for the negroes & even a treaty of Commerce\u2014 I know the delicacy of the subject but untill those laws are repealed, in my own opinion, I shall labour in vain, & spend my strength for nought Congress have received or will soon receive from me, official dispatches which will convince them where the difficulty lies\n     It is a distressing situation that I am in, the Letters I write to Congress are not & cannot be made public, and therefore the public mind cannot be informed of the difficulties I have to encounter, while thousands in Every state are suffering under Evils which they think are in my department & Power to remove\u2014 Nothing in my Power to be done, While I remain in Europe, shall be omitted, but I have sufficient Reasons to believe that nothing will be done, untill the time I mentioned\n     Yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0165", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Richard Cranch, 26 May 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Cranch, Richard\n      My dear Brother\n     During Such great Changes as We have seen When the whole World is put out of its Course and all Men are called to Act in sc\u00e6nes that are new to them, great Irregularities must be expected. But can any Nation ever hope to have Commerce and a Circulation of Property and Industry where the Courts of Justice are not opened. where every Man is not conscious that he can compell others to do him Justice, and be compelled to do Justice to others.\n     The Morals of the People of America have been proved to be defective, by many Inattentions to public Faith, more than by any other\nThing which has ever happened. They have suffered by it in their own Opinion more than in that of the World.\n     The Truth is that the Citizens of America have less confidence in one another, than the World has in them. What is the Reason of this? Breaches of public Faith.\u2014\n     I hope they will soon restore themselves to their own Esteem as well as that of all Nations by repealing every Law against the Treaty & by making Provision for paying the Interest of all their Debts at home and abroad.\n     This is the first step, and it is essential. When this is done let them Act as decidedly towards Great Britain as they please. the more so the better.\n     My whole System is comprehended in two Words Faith and Retaliation. fulfill to a Tittle your Part of the Treaty, and then retaliate all their Prohibitions, Impositions and Restrictions.\u2014 in this Way We shall soon bring them as our Parsons pray \u201cto Reason or to ruin.\u201d\u2014 Europe is tranquil in Appearance, but Works are going on Under Ground & in covered Ways.\n     Pray desire our Friend Goodhue to send me next Fall or sooner, another Account of the Fisheries.\n     We must I believe get into the Way of prohibiting the Export of Cash like other nations. We shall never have Industry and Employment, among our People till We do.\u2014\n     My Respects and Love to all / your Brother\n      John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0167", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Charles Storer, 26 May 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Storer, Charles\n      Dear Sir.\n     Dr. Gordon called this morning and delivered me yours of the 7th. of April in a Bundle of News Papers, thank you for both\u2014 You might wish for public spirit to prevail without requiring it to be enthusiastic, I wonder where it was that enthusiasm appeared in the course of the last War? it was amongst Tories & Refugees, & British fleets & Armies if anywhere\n     If the inhabitants of the U.S. had been animated only with equal enthusiasm, they would have ended the War in two years, A very moderate public spirit carried us thro the War and would be quite sufficient to rectify what is amiss now, and I may add is now at work upon the Business\u2014 don\u2019t think too highly of what was when you was not, so much in the world, nor too lowly of what you see now in it\n     The U.S. are proceeding in a regular Course towards a Completion of their systems & it will be the better finished for not being in a hurry\u2014 You have good reason for your firm hopes that all will yet be well\u2014 But let me say to you freely that things can never go well while the People Act an inconsistent part\u2014 The people must understand one another which can never be but upon principles of justice and good faith\u2014 they must keep their faith sacred, not only with france and Holland, not only with their Creditors abroad and at home, but even with Great Britain\u2014 they must repeal every law against the treaty of Peace, establish funds for paying the interest of\ntheir public Debt and when this is done you will have the posts surrendered, the Negroes pay\u2019d for, means will easily be obtained to procure peace with the Turks, and you will have Marketts enough for all the produce of the states, and you will be courted by all the Politicians & Merchants in Europe\n     Voila un Beau tableau\u2014\n     I shall be as useless as an old Almanack untill such a system is adopted by the states\u2014 No arguments will induce this Country to do any thing till then\u2014 but as soon as they see Congress have Power and will to encourage Manufactures & restrain Commerce, they will either seek, our Connections, or we shall be better without them\u2014\n     Yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0168", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Jay, 28 May 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\n      Dear Sir\n      Grosvenor Square May 28. 1786\n     An Agent from South America, was not long Since arrested, at Rouen in France, and has not Since been heard of.\u2014 another Agent, who was his Associate, as I have been told is here, and has applied to Government, for Aid. Government, not in a condition to go to War with Spain declines having any Thing to do with the Business. but if Application Should be made to rich Individuals, and profitable Prices offered, for twenty or thirty Thousand Stands of Arms, a Number of Field Pieces, a few battering Cannon, Some Mortars, a good deal of Ammunition Cloathing &c. do you think that in this Capital of Mammon they might not be obtained?\u2014 I might mention Names and Facts, which have been communicated to me. but my Information is not official, nor authentic enough for this. It is Sufficient to Say that an Office, like that once undertaken by Mr Beaumarchais, would not probably be refused by all Men here.\n     You are probably better informed, than I can pretend to be of the Disturbances which took Place in the Spanish Provinces of South America, during the late War: of the Pacification of them; and of the Complaints and Discontents which now prevail. it is a fixed\nOpinion in many minds here, that a Revolution in South America, would be agreable to the United States, and it is depended on that We shall do nothing to prevent it, if We do not exert ourselves to promote it. I Shall decline entering far into this Speculation, which is out of my depth.\u2014 but I must venture to Say, that Portugal is bound by a Treaty of 1778 to assist Spain in Such a Case. France must assist her, from the Family Compact, and for a Still more weighty Reason, vizt to prevent England from getting too rich & powerfull by it. and Holland is now bound by Treaty to France & perhaps to Spain.\u2014 We Should be very cautious, what We do. for England will certainly reap the greatest Advantage, as she will Supply with her Manufactures, all South America, which will give her a Sudden Wealth and Power, that will be very dangerous to Us.\n     That British Ambassadors will very soon endeavour, to excite the two Empires, & Denmark, to an Alliance, for the Purpose of Setting the Spanish and Portuguese Colonies free, is very probable. as an Inducement they may agree to assist in opening the Danube and the Navigation by the Dardanells. The Object of the next War, I think will be the Liberty of Commerce in South America, & the East Indies. We Shall be puzzled to keep out of it. but I think We ought if We can. England would gain the most, by Such a Turn in Affairs, by the Advantages she has over other nations in the improvements of her Manufactures Commerce and Marine, and England unfortunately We cannot trust.\n     Such Speculations as these are not new. a Pamphlet was written in 1783, under the Title of La Crise de L\u2019Europe, by a learned British Knight, and circulated upon the Continent. as I cannot Send you the whole you may possess yourself of the Spirit of it, by a few Extracts.\n     Such are the Secret Thoughts of many in this Country but not a Word or hint Escapes in Conversation. They are Sent to you, because, they afford a Clue, for the whole political Conduct of G. Britain in future. and for the present too, for it is impossible Otherwise to account for the Inattention of this Country to the Commerce and Friendship of the United states of America. They are keeping up their Navy, and Sacrificing every Thing to Seamen, in Order to be able to Strike a sudden and Awful Blow to the House of Bourbon, by setting south America free, and they rely upon it the United states will not oppose them.\n     With great and Sincere Esteem, I have the Honour to [be] / Sir your most obedient and most / humble servant\n      John Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0170", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thomas Jefferson, 30 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n      Dear Sir\n     In my letter of the 11th. instant I had the honour of inclosing you copies of letters relative to the Barbary affairs. others came to hand three days ago, of some of which I now send you copies, & of the\nothers the originals. by these you will perceive that mr\u0303 Randall and mr\u0303 Lamb were at Madrid, that the latter means to return to Alicant & send on a courier to us. mr\u0303 Randall does not repeat that he shall come himself. when either he or the courier arrives we shall have information to decide on. but these papers have strengthened my idea of desiring them to repair to Congress. I am anxious to know your sentiments on this. these papers came in time for me to send copies to mr\u0303 Jay by the packet which will sail from l\u2019Orient the day after tomorrow.\n     The inclosed paper from the Academy of chirurgery was put into my hands to be forwarded to you.\n     I have the honor to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem & respect Dear Sir / Your most obedient / & most humble sevt\n      Th: Jefferson\n      P.S. I shall be much obliged to Colo. Smith for a copy of the treaty with Portugal as soon as it is signed. I am of opinion we had better send Luzac a copy as soon as it is signed. what think you?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0171", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Arthur Lee, 30 May 1786\nFrom: Lee, Arthur\nTo: Adams, John\n      My dear Sir\n      Newyork May 30th. 1786\n     My Nephew Thos. Lee Shippen wishes to be recommended to your patronage; & I am satisfyd he cannot be under better protection. I therefore entreat you to let him find favor in your sight, & that you will have the goodness to assist him with your advice, in the conduct of his legal Studies which he purposes to finish at the Temple.\n     Our finances are unhappily at as low an ebb, as they who think riches are a curse can possibly wish. And if Mr. Whitfield was right\nin his opinion that poverty leads to heaven, thither we shall assuredly go; for no people can be poorer. Commerce is almost prostrate\u2014 Money scarce & demands pressing. This has driven most of the States to the fatal resource of issuing paper-money. Virginia & Massachusetts still resist the infection. The misfortune is that the continental & state Securities already deluge the States with paper, & prevent the only real remedy for our distresses\u2014industry & frugality. To acquire depretiating paper is a poor incentive to Industry, & extravagance has been the invariable concomitant of a profusion of paper-money. We are however young & vigorous, with good sense & good stamina; these are what support my hopes, in a situation otherwise inconsolable.\n     Please to remember me to Mrs. Adams & your Daughter & beleive me to be, with very great esteem / Dear Sir / Yr. most Obedt. Servt.\n      Arthur Lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0173", "content": "Title: From John Adams to James Bowdoin, 2 June 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Bowdoin, James\n      London June 2. 1786\n     Dr. Gordon, Yesterday called upon me, with the Letter which your Excellency did me, the Honour to write me, on the 10th. of April\u2014 I have long since transmitted to Congress, the Answer of the Board of Admiralty to the Representations relative to the Conduct of Capt. Stanhope, in which the Letters of that officers are disapproved,\n     The Representations of the Encroachments on the territory of the United States, have been laid before the British Ministry: but I presume, they will, like many others be little attended to.\u2014 in short Sir, I must be so free as to say to you, that by every thing I have seen & heard in this Country, nothing of any material Consequence will ever be done, while there remains in force, a Law of any one State impeding the recovery of bona fide Debts contracted before the 30th. of Novr. 1782 or inconsistant with the Article of the Treaty of Peace respecting the tories\u2014\n     It is very true that mitchels Map, governed the American & British Plenipotintiories, in settling the Line between the two Nations. There is upon that Map but one River, which is marked with the Name of St. Croix, and that was the object undoubtedly fixed upon.\n     There is no river upon that Map that I remember marked with the Name of schooduck or Megacadava next to the great river St. Johns, proceeding west ward upon that Map, is a little River inscribed Mechior R. next to that is another stream running between the\nWords Carriage Harbour, next to that we come to a larger River, running from Kousaki L. into the Bay of Passimaquaddi and inscribed with the name of R. St. Croix next to that still proceeding Westward is Passamaquade R. But that inscribed R. St. Croix running from the sea, or what I call Passamaquaddi Bay, up to the Kousaki L. was marked with the Pencil for the Boundary\u2014 It is impossible for me to Say more\u2014 if the true St Croix cannot be discovered by these marks, there is no remedy, but by an Ulterior Agreement, or the Law of the Strongest\u2014 It is astonishing that to this hour, no man can produce a Map of all the Bay\u2019s Harbours, Islands, & Rivers in that neighbourhood, that can be depended on, If the Ministry will meet me, in a fair discussion of the Question, or in any of the Methods pointed out to me by my superiors for a Settlement, I shall be glad, they have it under Consideration, & as soon as they give me an answer, I shall transmit it to Congress\u2014 but as they dont love pains & trouble as well as you & I do, I fear they will leave it all to sir Guy Carleton, who is no more of a friend to the United states, than any other British Knight and will be guided by the Royalists more than by Maps or Surveys. Why any of my Countrymen should choose to give to these Royalists so much Importance as they do, I know not, We should recollect that all Parties in this Country are pledged to support them, & Party faith is a stronger tye than national Faith\u2014\n     The paper relative to Alexr. Gross of Truro, I must transmit to mr. Jefferson, it being in his Department. I may nevertheless, previously communicate it to the Comte D\u2019Adhemar, & request his friendly offices in the Matter\n     Your", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0174", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Samuel Williams, 3 June 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Williams, Samuel\n      London June 3. 1786\n     I am much obliged to you for your Letter of the 9. of April. The Memoirs of the Accademy of Arts and Sciences, Shall be sent to sir Joseph Banks, and the other Packet to Manheim.\n     I am much more at ease in my own Mind to have my sons with you, than I should be to have them here with me, or at any other University. and nothing can give me more Satisfaction than to hear, that they behave with Propriety.\n     Dr Gordons Voyage to England, and his Intention of remaining here, have probably diminished the Number of Subscribers in America, and I much doubt whether he will meet that Encouragement in Europe which he expects.\n     Nobody thrives, no Book will sell in this Country, unless it is encouraged by the Court, and the Drs History be it what it may, will never be cherrished there. The Court and the Nation would be glad to have the whole story blotted out of Memory.\u2014 There is a general Disposition to prevent every American Work, and Character, from acquiring Celebration.\u2014 Every Thing American is so unpopular, that even Printers and Booksellers are afraid of disobliging their Customers, by having any Thing to do with it.\u2014 Nothing of the Kind will sell in Prose or Verse.\u2014 I am Sorry to Say that it appears to me the Seperation between the two Nations must and will be final and perpetual in Affection as well as in Laws. This, which is false Policy in this Country, will be ultimately it\u2019s destruction, and make it a Signal Example to the World. It is a Pitty that because a People has been divided in halves, that the two Parts Should be destined to be forever Rivals and Ennemies at heart, and I cannot Say that our own Countrymen, have in all Things acted a rational Part. Yet I do think it has been and is in the Power of this Cabinet, to restore a real Friendship between the two Peoples. But I think now there is very little Chance of it because those very Men who acquired their\nFame, Popularity and Power by professing friendship to Us are now at least as bitter against Us as the others.\n     All this however should not prevent Us from doing our Duty, in all points. We shall find our Interest in it at last.\n     With great Respect and Esteem / I have the Honour to be, sir, your / most obedient and humble servant\n      John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0175", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Jay, 6 June 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\n      Dear Sir\n      Grosvenor Square June 6. 1786\n     I do myself the Honour to enclose Papers, relative to affrican Affairs, altho Mr Jefferson has transmitted them before, as it is possible his Conveyance may fail.\n     The Intelligence all tends to confirm what has been more than once written to you before, that two or three hundred Thousand Pounds Sterling, will be necessary to obtain a perpetual Peace.\u2014 It is very clear, that a Peace would be worth more than that Sum annually, if you compute Insurance, and the Levant, Mediterranean, Portuguese & Spanish Trade.\n     If Congress should be empowered to lay on Taxes upon Navigation and Commerce or any Thing else to pay the Interest of the Money borrowed in Europe You may borrow what you will.\u2014 if that is not done, The servants abroad had better be all recalled, and our Exports and Imports all Surrendered to foreign bottoms.\n     Inclosed is a Bill now pending. The System of this Country is quite settled.\u2014 It is with our States to unsettle it, by Acts of Retaliation, or to acquiesce in it, as they judge for their own Good.\n     With great Regard, I have the / Honour to be sir your most obedient / and most humble servant\n      John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0176", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 6 June 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n      Dear Sir\n      Grosvenor Square June 6. 1786\n     Yesterday I received your Favour of 30. May with its Inclosures. You have Since that day no doubt received my Answer to yours of the 11th., in which I agreed perfectly with You in the Propriety of Sending Mr Lamb to Congress without Loss of time. I am content to Send Mr Randal with him but had rather he Should come to You first and then to me, and embark in London after We shall have had Opportunity from his Conversation to learn as much as We can.\n     The Comte de Vergennes is undoubtedly right in his Judgment that Avarice and Fear are the only Agents at Algiers, and that We shall not have Peace with them the cheaper, for having a Treaty with the Sublime Porte. But is he certain We can ever at any Price have Peace, with Algiers, unless We have it previously with Constantinople? and do not the Turks from Constantinople, Send Rovers into the Mediterranean? and would not even Treaties of Peace with Tunis, Tripoli, Algiers and Morocco be ineffectual for the Security of our Mediterranean Trade, without a Peace with the Porte? The Porte is at present the Theater of the Politicks of Europe? and commercial Information might be obtained there.\n     The first Question is, what will it cost Us to make Peace with all five of them? Set it if you will at five hundred Thousand Pounds Sterling, tho I doubt not it might be done for Three or perhaps for two.\n     The Second Question is, what Damage Shall We Suffer, if We do not treat.\n     compute Six or Eight Per Cent Insurance upon all your Exports, and Imports.\n     compute the total Loss of all the Mediterranean and Levant Trade\n     compute the Loss of half Your Trade to Portugal and Spain.\n     These computations will amount to more than half a Million sterling a Year.\n     The third Question is what will it cost to fight them? I answer, at least half a Million sterling a Year, without protecting your Trade and when You leave off fighting you must pay as much Money as it would cost you now for Peace.\n     The Interest of five Mill half a Million Sterling is, even at Six Per Cent, Thirty Thousand Guineas a Year.\u2014 for an Annual Interest of 30,000\u00a3. st. then and perhaps for 15,000, or 10,000 We can have Peace, when a War would Sink Us annually ten times as much.\u2014\n     But for Gods sake dont let Us amuze our Countrymen with any further Projects of Sounding. We know all about it, as much ever We can know, untill We have the Money to offer. We know if We Send an Ambassador to Constantinople, he must give Presents. How much, the Comte de Vergennes can tell you better than any Man in Europe.\n     We are fundamentally wrong. The first Thing to be done is for Congress to have a Revenue. Taxes Duties must be laid on by Congress or the Assemblies and Appropriated to the Payment of Interest. The Moment this is done We may borrow a Sum adequate to all our Necessities. if it is not done in my Opinion you & I as well as every other Servant of the United states in Europe ought to go home, give up All Points, and let all our Exports & Imports be done in European Bottoms. My Ind[ig]nation is roused beyond all Patience to see the P[eople] in all the United states in a Torpor, and see them a Prey to every Robber, Pirate and Cheat in Europe. Jews and Judaizing Christians are now Scheeming to buy up all our Continental Notes at two or three shillings in a Pound, in order to oblige Us to pay them at twenty shillings a Pound. This will be richer Plunder than that of Algerines or Loyds Coffee House. My dear friend Adieu\n      John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0178", "content": "Title: Thomas Barclay to the American Commissioners, 10 June 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: American Commissioners\n      Gentlemen\n      Mogadore 10th. June 1786\n     I arrived here after an agreeable Passage of Five days and was very well received by the Governor, & by the People who seem pleased to see Persons from a Country at so great a distance come to compliment their Sovereign; As the Governor had no orders concerning our going forward, I was obliged to send a Courier to Morocco to demand that Permission, and at the same time wrote to Mr. Chiappi of that Place, desiring him to lay my Request before the King, that no greater Guard might be sent here, than would be sufficient to render the road safe & the Journey comfortable. To this Letter an answer was returned the Day before yesterday, that the King desired I might depend on a most gracious Reception, & Yesterday the Governor of Morocco with thirty Soldiers arrived here to conduct us to Court. His Majesty wrote to the Governor of Mogadore to furnish me with every thing I want, & to send me from hence satisfied, and has given orders at two places on the Road that we may be furnished with his own Mules. The Governor of Mogadore was so polite as to request I would return on board the Vessel to give him an Opportunity of receiving us at the Head of his Soldiers, & has since proposed making an Entertainment in the Country, but I declined both Offers on Account of the Parade and of the unavoidable expence that would have attended them. It is in vain to be troubling you at present with any Opinion about the probability of our Success, which indeed I think somewhat uncertain, there are some prejudices to be obviated and one Matter of Moment stands in the way. We have fixed on the Day after tomorrow for our departure and I shall as soon as possible have the pleasure of addressing\nyou from Morocco. In the mean time I am with the greatest esteem & Respect, / Gentlemen, / Your most obt. humble servt.\n      Thos Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0180", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Rufus King, 14 June 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: King, Rufus\n      Dear Sir\n     I had heard Sometime ago, of your Marriage with the amiable Daughter of my old Friend, Mr Alsop, as well as of that of Mr Gerry, and of both with the more Pleasure, probably as a good Work of the Same kind, for connecting Massachusetts and New York in the Bands of Love was going on here. Last Sunday under the Right Reverend Sanction of the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of st\nAsaph were married Mr Smith and Miss Adams. It will be unnatural if f\u0153deral Purposes are not answered by all these Intermarriages.\n     In Answer to Mr Alsops Question, I have no difficulty in answering, that by Law, and Treaty, a Refugee, ought to be compellable by Proscess in the British Courts to pay a Debt due to an American Citizen, antecedent to the late War, and this without any Regard to or Enquiry concerning his Estate or his other Debts in America. a great Cry and Uproar, nevertheless would no doubt in such Case be excited, and the Courts would probably, Suspend and prolong the Proscess. There will never be an End of Questions and Chicane, untill the States repeal all the Laws which impede the Recovery of old Debts in America.\n     I perceive that according to the Ideas of some, I am Sent here to make a new Treaty of Peace, the old one not being agreable to some Gentlemen who were in debt before the War. This I shall never be able to do. The Treaty as it was was too generally condemned here as too beneficial to Us, and the least mention of it, Setts too great Multitudes in a flame for Ministers to touch it.\u2014 The Ablest Minister this nation has living, and the Man of the most Influence fell a Sacrifice to it, and it became immediately an Object of So much Delicacy, that the Utmost Exertions of your Ministers, as Mr Jay and Dr Franklin very well know, could not obtain in nine months the Alteration of a Word of it, in the definitive Treaty. It is not likely then that the present young Minister, will venture on so hazardous a Step.\n     The affair of Interest generally I Suppose depended upon the Usage and the Understanding of the Parties. But neither Custom nor the Understanding of the Parties, ever comprehended the Case that has happened. it never was Supposed that England would throw us out of their Protection, and make it not only criminal but impossible to trade with her subjects and pay their Demands. And therefore a Jury I think will not give the Interest, during the War. But a Jury is the only Tribunal to which an Appeal may be made, consistently with the Treaty.\n     We shall talk forever in vain, My Friend, about the Dignity of our Country, and F\u0153deral systems, if the Feelings of our Countrymen are not more Sensibly affected, at the sound of those Sacred Words \u201cPublic Faith.\u201d\u2014 If the Faith of the Nation cannot be depended on, like the Laws of Nature it will never be respected nor confided in at home nor abroad. If the People cannot be convinced of the\nindispensible Importance and Necessity of this Principle, all must be given up to the Guidance of Chance & Accident, factious rage, insidious selfishness and delirious Enthusiasm\n     With much Esteem, Dear sir, I have the Honour / to be, your most obedient & most / humble servant\n      John Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0181", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Jay, 16 June 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\n      Dr Sir\n      Grosvenor Square June 16. 1786\n     Two days ago, I was honoured with your Letter of the 4. of May, in which another of the first of the same month is referr\u2019d to, and as I hear there is a Passenger expected from the Packet, I hope to receive it from him when he arrives in town.\n     Lord Carmarthen told me Yesterday, \u201cthat he had Letters from Mr Anstey, mentioning his civil reception: his Lordship Said, too, that a Minister Plenipotentiary would certainly be Sent to Congress: that it was not from any Coldness or Want of Respect to the United States that it had not been already done; but merely from the difficulty of finding a proper Person: that he had received many Applications, but they had been generally from Persons who he was Sure would not be agreable in America: and in Some Instances from Persons more Suitable for a Place in the Customs, than in the Corps Diplomatique.\u201d\n     A long Conversation ensued upon the Subject of the Posts Debts &c little of which being new is worth repeating. The Policy of giving up the Interest during the War, and of agreeing to a Plan of Payment by Installments, was again insisted on, from various considerations, particularly from the evident Injustice of demanding Interest for that Period. it was urged that the Claim of Interest in most Cases was grounded upon Custom, and the mutual Understanding of the Parties: but that it never had been the Custom, nor had it ever been Understood or foreseen, that an Act of Parliament Should be passed, casting the American Debtor out of the Protection of the Crown, cutting off all Correspondence and rendering all Intercourse\ncriminal; for that was the Result and the legal Construction during the whole War. Here his Lordship fully agreed with me and even outwent me, Saying that \u201cit was very true that by construction of the Law of this Land, it was High Treason in a Creditor in Great Britain to receive a Remittance, from his Debtor in America during the War. His Lordship added Some Slight Expressions concerning the Interest and wished that the Courts were opened for recovering the Principal. We might leave the Interest for an After Consideration. in Short they waited only for Some Appearance of a disposition.\u201d The Answer to my Memorial of 30. Nov. contained their true Intentions. They Sincerely meant to fullfill \u201cevery Engagement, whenever they Saw a Disposition on our Part.\u201d These Expressions you see are somewhat oracular, but they conveyed so much meaning to me that I will no longer hesitate to recommend to Congress to take up this matter and decide it at once. it would be going too far to point out the Mode. but it may be Suggested, whether it is not expedient for Congress to require of all the States who have made Laws irreconcileable to the Treaty, immediately to repeal them. declaring at the Sametime, that Interest upon Book Debts and Simple Contracts during the War, cannot be considered as any Part of the Bona Fide Debts intended in the Treaty. as to Specialties, there may be in Some Cases more Difficulty. Yet I dont See but the Same Reasoning is applicable to all. The legal Contract was dissolved by throwing Us out of the Protection of the Crown and our Subsequent Assumption of Independence, and had no Existence untill revived by Treaty, private honour and Conscience are out of this Question. those who think themselves bound by these Ties, will do as they please. but I believe under all the Circumstances, few Persons even of the most delicate sentiments will be Scrupulous. if Such a Declaration should be made by Congress, Candour will require that it Should extend to both sides, to the British and Refugee Debtor to American Creditors as well as Vice Versa.\n     If Congress Should choose to avoid involving themselves in Such a Declaration, it would not be proper for individual States to do it; and in this Case, I humbly conceive the Laws ought to be repealed, and the Question left to Judges and Juries, who upon the Strictest Construction of Law Equity and the Treaty may in my opinion in most Cases if not in all, deny the Interest during the War to the Creditor. in some of these Ways relief must be had, or in none, for the Ministry here will never intermeddle in the Business.\n     If any one Should ask what was the Intention of the Contracting Parties at the Treaty? The Answer must be, the Treaty itself must determine, and any one who reads it may judge as well as one of the Plenipotentiaries. The Word \u201cheretofore,\u201d was not used in Preference to the Words \u201cbefore the War,\u201d with any View to the Interest but to comprehend Debts which had been contracted during the War.\u2014 The Intention was, no doubt, that whatever Judges and Juries Should find to be a Debt, should be recovered. and I believe that any Man acting in the Character of either, will find it difficult to Say upon his Oath, that Interest during the War, is bona fide due.\u2014 did any Debtor, forseeing the War, contract a Debt, and pledge his Faith to pay Interest during the Continuance of it? Let this be proved and a Judge or Juror would compell Payment. But probably there is not one such Case.\u2014 The War may be considered as one of those Accidents, bona fide not expected or foreseen, against which Equity will always give Relief.\n     With great and Sincere / Esteem I have the Honour to be, sir / your most obedient and most / humble servant\n      John Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0182", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thomas Jefferson, 16 June 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n      Dear Sir\n     I inclose you the copy of a letter received from mr\u0303 Barclay dated Cadiz May 23. by which you will perceive he was still on this side the Mediterranean. has mr\u0303 Lamb written to you? I hear nothing from him nor of him, since mr\u0303 Carmichael\u2019s information of his arrival in Spain. mr\u0303 Randall gave reason to expect that himself would come on. yet neither himself nor any letters from him arrive. perhaps they find conveyances for reporting to you the causes of their delay. I am anxious also to receive your opinion what is best to be done.\n     The Swedish Ambassador asked me some time ago to give him in writing my thoughts on the best method of rendering the island of St. Bartholomew useful in the commerce between Sweden & the U.S. he afterwards pressed this on me every time I saw him till I was obliged to do it. I gave it as my opinion that to render that island most instrumental to the commerce of Sweden & the U.S. and also most useful to Sweden in every other point of view, it should be made a free port without a single restriction. as he had pressed this matter so much, I suspected his court might have instructed him to do it, and might also direct their minister at London to get your opinion on the same point. this latter possibility induced me to trouble you with information of what had passed here.\n     I observe in the Leyden gazette of June 2. the extract of a letter dated Algiers Apr. 15. which says that on the 10th. of April an American vessel the Clementina captain Palmer from Philadelphia was carried in there by a cruiser. there being other circumstances mentioned in the same letter relative to our affairs which I know to be true, I am afraid this capture is also true.\n     The king sets out on the 21st. inst. for Cherburg in order to animate by his notice the operations going on there. the Count d\u2019Artois has lately been there. this is an astonishing effort of human industry. it is believed it will be among the best ports in the world & will contain the whole navy of France. those threats of invasion on England heretofore made, may become real in a future war, besides the bridle which this fixes in the mouth of the Thames.\n     Present me affectionately to mr\u0303s & miss Adams, assuring them of my friendly & respectful remembrance of them, & how much I\nregret that I am not of their party in visiting the gardens this summer; and accept yourself assurances of the esteem & regard with which I have the honor to be Dear Sir / Your most obedient humble servt\n      Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0183", "content": "Title: To John Adams from the Marquis de Lafayette, 16 June 1786\nFrom: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nTo: Adams, John\n      My dear Sir\n      Paris june the 16th 1786\n     This letter is Going by a private Hand, and While I am Reminding You of one of Your Sincerest friends, I am Happy in this Opportunity to Converse with You on some Objects of a Public Nature\n     The Committee for American Commerce Has Met Some times, when I Have Endeavoured to Carry down the farm Generale\u2014 there I fought Unsupported, so Great is the influence of that Body, and altho\u2019 I proved that We Would do Better Without them, than With them, and that the King\u2019s Reven\u00fce Should Encrease, While the price of Snuf was decreasing, Yet I lost the Battle, and Wished at least to Make a Handsome Retreat. there I was Countenanced By Many, Count de Vergennes Among them, who disapprouved of the Way of doing Business now adopted By messieurs of the farm\u2014 A\nContract with Mr\u0303 Moriss is Existing which furnishes the Whole Consumption at a High price, and Has Greatly Reduced the Val\u00fce of that Commodity\u2014 the Bargain is preserved with A very formal Resolution Never More to Enter into Monopolizing Contracts, and in the Mean while the farmer Generals will take Annually from twelve to fifteen Hgshds of American tobacco, Coming from an American port on American or french Vessels, on the Same Conditions with that of mr\u0303 Moriss While the Contract lasts. as I went immediately after into the Country, You will Have been Acquainted with this By mr\u0303 jefferson\n     in the Month of july, the Committee are to Meet Again, and I Hope the important Affair of Whale oil will be taken in Consideration\u2014 a Cargoe of timber, Shipped By mr\u0303 tracy, is Now at Brest, and a Very proper letter Has Been, I am Assured, writen By the Minister of the Navy\u2014 How far it Will Conquer Riga prejudices, I do not Yet know\n     it Seems, My dear Sir, that lord George Gordon Has Been let loose Upon You\u2014 But the Gentleman is so wild, that it Very little Matters what He does\u2014 Your difficulties with that Ministry are of a More Serious Nature\u2014 I Confess I thought Great Britain Would act More Wisely\u2014 those people are Very Backward in American Concerns, Excepting when they Can Blacken the National Character\u2014 I am Happy to Hear the people at large are about taking f\u0153deral Measures.\u2014 Virginia Has Begun Appointing Commissionners\u2014and I Hope Congress will Have those powers that are Necessary to Give Energy to the Confederation, without Encroaching on those Rights which it is proper to leave within States so far distant, and so differently Circumstanced.\n     Actuated By a desire of f\u0153deral Measures, By the feelings I Have too often experienced while I Heard the situation of America so Much Mistaken, and By a sense of pride that Makes me wish to See the United states disdain to Walk the Beaten and Common path, I Confess I would like a Manly opposition to those Algerine Rascals\u2014 I am told they May Be Blocked up\u2014and from mr\u0303 jefferson you Have Received particulars about it\u2014 Should Naples and portugal join, and What I would prefer, Give their Quotas in Monney, a Summer Blockade and Winter Cruize Might take place\u2014 Had You Any time to Spare, I Beg You Will let me know Your Sentiments which I know to be more favourable to a Negotiation\u2014 perhaps am I led too far By My Passions\u2014But However Must Be less so, than if a land operation Could take place\n     Should Some thing Be tried with the Court of Naples, and an American Gentleman Was sent there don\u2019t You think our friend Mazzey to Be a Very proper Person?\u2014 He is Honest, Sensible, and Speacks the language\u2014and in Case Some Commission Charg\u00e9 d\u2019affaires to italy was ever sent, He would I think answer the purpose\u2014 How far Congress may turn their Views towards that Country, I am not to determine.\n     this letter is writen in Hurry, as I am to Send it to mr\u0303 jefferson without delay\u2014 I Beg You will present My Affectionate Respects to Mr\u0303s and Miss adams to whom Md\u0303e de lafayette and family Beg to be Remembered, as well as to Yourself and clel Smith whom I Beg to Receive My Most friendly Compliments\u2014 with Hearty and Ever lasting Sentiments of Attachement and Respect I Have the Honour to Be / My dear Sir / Your obedient Humble / Servant\n      Lafayette", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0184", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Philip Mazzei, 17 June 1786\nFrom: Mazzei, Philip\nTo: Adams, John\n      Dear Sir,\n     I received in due time, from the Count of Sarcefield, the letter you honored me with, dated 20. ulto. According to your obliging direction, I have perused Hutchinson\u2019s compilation, which the Count had of you & has been so good as to lend me. I have likewise perused Douglass\u2019s, which I have borrowed of Mr. Jefferson. I cannot find in any one of them, that \u201cles sauvages devoient \u00eatre d\u00e9pouill\u00e9s de toutes les terres qu\u2019ils ne cultiveroient pas\u201d as Raynal says p. 449; nor what he says p. 461. about children \u201cOn immole des enfans de dix ans.\u201d The injurious resolution, against the Indians, was taken by the People, according to him, in the year 1630; & the horrible sentence, against children 10. years old, was executed at the time when witchcraft was in fashion.\n     A gentleman from Boston (Mr. Appleton) promised me to read with attention, in Raynal, the history of New-England, & to send me his observations, to help me in my confutation of his errors. Your time is precious, I Know, & I would not presume to desire of you to take any part of it from more important objects; but I hope that, without the least hindrance to them, you can & will please (whenever you see Mr. Appleton) desire of him in my name to performe his promise, as also to desire our good, noble, & worthy Friend Col. Smith, to send me his observations, on the same Author, abt. New-York & New-Jersey. I would be very glad to be informed of the truth or falsity of the 2. above-mentioned facts. I beg you will excuse the liberty I take of troubling you, Sir; that you will please to present my most respectful & sincere compliments to your most valuable Lady, & that will ever believe me a true wellwisher of your good Family, & most sincerely & respectfully, / Dear Sir, / Your Excellency\u2019s most Humble, / & most Obedient Servant,\n      Philip Mazzei", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0186", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thomas Jefferson, 23 June 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n      Dear Sir\n     I hear of a conveyance which allows me but a moment to write to you. I inclose a copy of a letter from mr\u0303 Lamb. I have written both to him & mr\u0303 Randall agreeable to what we had jointly thought best. the Courier de l\u2019Europe gives us strange news of armies marching from the U.S. to take the posts from the English. I have received no public letters & not above one or two private ones from America since I had the pleasure of seeing you, so I am in the dark as to all these matters. I have only time left to address heaven with my good wishes for mr\u0303s Adams & miss Adams, & to assure you of the sincere esteem with which I have the honour to be Dear Sir / Your most obedt. / & most humble sert\n      Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0187", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 25 June 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n      Dear Sir\n     last night I received yours of the 16.\u2014 Mr Lamb has not written to me. Mr Randal I have expected every day, for a long time. but have nothing from him, but what you transmitted me. my opinion of what is best to be done, which you desire to know is, that Mr Lamb be desired to embark immediately for New York, and make his Report to Congress and render his Account, and that Mr Randal be desired to come to You first and then to me, unless you think it better for him to embark with Lamb. It would be imprudent in Us, as it appears to me to incurr any further Expence, by sending to Constantinople, or to Algiers, Tunis or Tripoli. it will be only So much Cash thrown away, and worse, because it will only increase our Embarrassments make Us and our Country ridiculous, and irritate the Appetite of those Barbarians already too greedy.\u2014 I have no News of the Clementine Captain Palmer.\n     The Sweedish Minister here, has never asked me any Question concerning the Island of St Bartholomew.\u2014 I Suspect there are not many confidential Communications made to him, from his Court; he has been here 20 or 30 Years and has married an English Lady, and is a Fellow of the Royal Society. From these Circumstances he\nmay be thought to be too well with the English. This is merely conjecture. Your Advice was the best that could be given.\n     The Kings Visit to Cherbourg will have a great Effect, upon a Nation whose Ruling Passion is a Love of their Sovereign, and the Harbour may and will be of Importance.\u2014 But the Expectation of an Invasion will do more than a Real one.\n     Mrs Adams and Mrs Smith, have taken a Tour to Portsmouth We took Paines Hill in our Way out, and Windsor, in our Return: but the Country in general disappointed Us.\u2014 from Guilford to Portsmouth is an immense Heath. We wished for your Company, which would have added greatly to the Pleasure of the Journey. Pray have you visited the Gardens in France? how do you find them? equal to the English?\n     with great Regard I am, dear sir your / Friend & humble sert\n      John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0188", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Edward Augustus Holyoke, 26 June 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Holyoke, Edward Augustus\n     About the time of the proposition of a Correspondence between your society and the Royal society of Medicine at Paris, I made a similar overture to the Royal Accademy of Chirurgery, & met with a reception equally encouraging, but having never received from Mr. Louis the Perpetual secretary, any thing in writing I supposed it was forgotten or neglected\u2014 it is but a few Day\u2019s since the inclosed\nextract from the registres of the Royal Accademy of Chirurgery was sent to me from Paris, and I embrace the first oppertunity of doing myself the honor of transmitting it to you, to be laid before the medical society of which you are President\u2014\n     Yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0189", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 26 June 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n      Dear sir\n      Grosvenor Square June 26. 1786\n     Sometime Since I received from Gov. Bowdoin some Papers relating to Alexander Gross, with an earnest desire that I would communicate them to the French Ambassador here. I did so and his Excellency was so good as to transmit them to the Comte De Vergennes.\u2014 Mr Bartholomy however advised me to write to you upon the Subject, that you might prevent it from being forgotten.\n     inclosed is a Letter, which I received Yesterday from Griffin Green at Rotterdam, with a Paper inclosed dated Dunkirk 15. June. 1786. relating to this unhappy Man. What can be done for his Relief I know not. Neither the Ransom Money nor the other Charges I Suppose can ever be paid. for Government never is expected to redeem Such Hostages and his Relations are not able. If this is the Truth as I Suppose it is, it would be better for the French Government and for the Persons interested, to set him at Liberty, than to keep him a Prisoner at Expence.\n     Let me pray you to minute this affair among your Memorandums to talk of, with the Comte De Vergennes & Mr Rayneval, when you are at Versailles.\u2014 They will shew you the Papers, which have been transmitted them through the Comte D\u2019Adhemar.\n     I wrote you on the 23d. of May ulto\u2014and on the 6th. inst.\u2014which Letters I hope you have received.\n     yours\n      John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0190", "content": "Title: From John Adams to the Marquis de Lafayette, 26 June 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\n      My dear Marquis\u2014\n     I am much obliged to you for your kind Letter of the 16th. I most heartily wish you success in your endeavours to introduce a benificial Commerce in Tobacco, oil, Timber & all other things, between the U.S. & France,\n     Ld. G. G.\u2019s attack was easily repulsed, The Ministry will not be so easily managed, in one word, I will let you into the whole secret, They think, that whatever wealth or Power may be possessed by the U.S. in Case of another war it will be all thrown into the scale of France, spain & Holland against them\u2014 They therefore dread the Growth of our Power, as much as they do that of the house of Bourbon\u2014 all their Arts, however cannot prevent our Growth, & their follies will cause the very event they fear, They scarcely leave us a Possibility of Neutrality, & if they were not fools, they would know that if we take a side at all, it will be & ought to be against them\n     I confess I am sorry, that a Convention is to take Place because Congress would have done as well, at a less Expence & in a shorter time\u2014\n     I am in favour of a Negotiation with the Turks, & averse to all proposals of blocking them up fighting them & to all other speculations which may divert the Minds of our People, from the Policy of making immediate & perpetual treaties of Peace with them\u2014 My Reason are\u2014The Damage to our affairs, arising from their Hostilities, is infinite\u2014\n     Insurance upon 3.000.000 of exports at 6. pr. Cent.\n     Do\u2014 at Do\u2014 Do\u2014 imports at Do\u2014\n     Vessells & Cargoes Captured\u2014\n     Prisoners to be redeemed at 1500 Doll. pr. head\n     Loss of all the Mediterranean & Levant trades.\n     Do. & interruption of Trade to spain & Portugal\n     Expence of Building & Equipping six & 8. frigates\n     expence of maintaining them\u2014 Compute these Articles & You will find they will cost you a Million sterling every Year\u2014\n     On the other hand treaties of perpetual Peace may be had with them all for 3,00000\u00a3\u2014 Nay supposing in addition to this you should be obliged to give them annually 60.000 pr. annn. which is more than is given them by France or England\u2014 Cast up your account & strike your Ballance, & you will find it immense in favour of Negotiation\u2014\n     2d. A War with them will only enhance their demands\n     3d. The Southern States will never agree to fight them because the ships & seamen must all be supplied from the states to the Northward of Maryland\u2014\n     From these Reasons I am alway\u2019s mortified to hear Projects of War with the Algerines, because they appear to me to have a tendency to divert the Minds of our fellow Citizens from what is practicable & politick, to what is impracticable & unwise\u2014\n     I would not give a farthing for all the assistance that could be afforded us by Portugal & Naples\u2014\n     When we know it is easy to have peace for a small sum of money, it is very imprudent to think of War, I confine this Maxim however to the Turks, comprehending under that Term 5 Nations\u2014\n     with other Nations I would fight for Liberty, for Right, for Glory\u2014 at any Expence of Money, But when all the great Powers of Europe, encourage these Pirates & when they are manifestly stimulating them against us, & piquing our honour & spirit to fight them, from the most base and selfish & Malicious Motives, I am for outwitting these knowing ones\u2014 I hope we are too old to be taken in the Snare\u2014 The Glory of Wit & Wisdom is a prescious as that of Valour & Arms, & I would never submit to the Ignominy of being out generalled in Politicks, if I could help it, any more than in War\u2014\n     My family desire their Respects to Yours\u2014 A Marriage has taken place in it, which I suppose will not surprize you as you probably was apprized of the Intentions of the Parties I wont take another sheet for the Name of your friend", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0191", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Philip Mazzei, 26 June 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Mazzei, Philip\n      Dr Sir\n     The insinuation of the Abby Raynal, mentioned in your Letter of the 17th.\u2014that \u201cthe Savages were to be dispossessed of Lands, which they would not cultivate,\u201d is injurious.\n     The first Settlers of New England, as well as of the other Parts of America, were Scrupulous to purchase the Title of the Indians, wherever they planted. In a Course of many Years practice in the\nCourts of Law, I have had a great opportunity of knowing this Fact. There is Scarcly a Suit concerning Land, in which the Titles and Pretensions are not traced back to Indian Deeds.\n     The \u201cImmolation of Children of ten Years old,\u201d is a Fiction of some Brain or other. The Abby I suppose, found it in some Newspaper Pamphlet or other Repository of political Lyes. He could have no Motive to adopt it, if he had not Supposed it to be true; but any Person in the least acquainted with the true History of the Country, would have corrected it.\n     I have not yet Seen Mr Appleton: when I do, I will remind him of his Promise to You.\u2014 I am, very respectfully, Sir / your most obedient\n      John Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0192", "content": "Title: To John Adams from David Griffith, 26 June 1786\nFrom: Griffith, David\nTo: Adams, John\n      Philadelphia 26th. June 1786\n     The General Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church acknowledge themselves greatly obliged to your Excellency, for your kind attention to their religious concerns, in forwarding their endeavours to obtain Consecration for Bishops, and such a succession in the Orders of her Ministry as is most conformable to their Principles, and agreeable to their wishes.\n     Having instructions, from the Convention, to transmit, to your Excellency, their Vote of thanks, I do myself the ho\u00f1or, now, to inclose it.\n     With the greatest respect for your Character, both private and publick, I have the ho\u00f1or to be, Your Excellency\u2019s, most humble / and Obedient Servt.\n      David Griffith, Prest.\n     ENCLOSURE\n     In Convention\n     Resolved that the Thanks of this Convention be given to his Excellency John Adams Esqr. Minister Plenipotentiary at the Court of\nGreat Britain, for his kind attention to the concerns of this Church, and that the President be desired to transmit the same.\n     Extract from the Minutes\n      Fras. Hopkinson Secry.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0193", "content": "Title: Thomas Barclay to the American Commissioners, 26 June 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: American Commissioners\n      Gentlemen\n      Morocco 26th. June 1786\n     This day week we arrived here, since which I have had two audiences from His Majesty, the first a public one & the second a private one of yesterday. It is but a few minutes since I heard that a Courrier will depart this Evening for Daralbeyda, & I have not time to enter into particulars. It will be agreable however for you to know, that the last draught of the Treaty is made, & will probably be signed in a few days, & that our stay here will not exceed that of a week from this time. I believe you will be satisfied on the whole, as there is only one article more I could wish to see inserted, & that I really think, in all human probability will never prove of the least Consequence.\n     I shall proceed to Tangiers and take an early Opportunity of sending you a more detailed account of my proceedings; In the mean time I recommend your transmitting as soon as possible, through Mr. Carmichael The Powers to treat with Tunis & Tripoli, & (if Mr. Lamb has declined all further concern) for Algiers. If you had a Treaty with the Porte I flatter myself the rest would follow, & at all Events Tunis & Tripoli should be invited to our friendship.\u2014\n     There is a young man now under my Care, who has been a Slave some time with the Arabs in the Desart, his Name is James Mercier, born at the Town of Suffolk Nansimond County Verginia. The King sent him after the first Audience, & I shall take him to Spain. I have not time to add, but that I am Gentlemen / Your most obedient, / humble Servant,\n      Thos Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0195", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Jay, 27 June 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\n     I have received the Letter you did me, the Honour to write me, on the 1st. of May; and the Pleasure of Congress Signified in it, Shall be Strictly observed. You will perceive by my Letter of the 4th. of March, that it was my Determination to make no Reply to his Lordships Answer of the 28th. of Feb. to the Memorial of the 30 of November, untill I should receive the Orders of Congress. As We hear that the Vessell which carried out that Dispatch, Sprung a Leak at Sea, put into Lisbon and did not Sail from thence till late in April, I do myself the Honour to inclose a Duplicate, of Lord Carmarthens Letter of 28. Feb. and of the Representations of the Merchants inclosed in it.\n     With great Respect I have the Honour to be / Sir your most obedient and most / humble servant\n      John Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0197", "content": "Title: Sidi Haj Tahar Ben Abdulhaq Fennish to the American Commissioners, [28 June 1786]\nFrom: Fennish, Sidi Haj Tahar Ben Abdulhaq\nTo: American Commissioners\n      Translation of the within Letter from his Excellcy. Sidi Hadg Taher Ben Abdelhack Fennish to their Excellcies: John Adams and Thomas Jefferson Esqrs.\u2014\n      Grace to God who is the Sole unity Whose Kingdom is the Only Existing one\n      To their Excellencies John Adams and Thomas Jefferson Esqrs. This is to Acquaint You that I am ordered by the Emperor my Master (whom God preserve) to Acknowledge the receipt of your Letter, Sign\u2019d at London and Paris on the first and Eleventh of October 1785, which has been delivered, into his own hands by the Ho\u00f1ble Thomas Barclay Esqr. who Came to this Court, in order to negociate an Amicable Peace between My Master (whom God preserve) and all his Dominions, and those of the united States of America. This Matter has been happily concluded to the Satisfaction of all Parties, The Contents of this Treaty, you will learn from your Envoy the Said Thomas Barclay, to whom His Imperial has delivered it, together with \u00e1 Letter for the united States;\u2014\n      I have likewise His Imperial Majesty\u2019s Orders to assure you of his entire Aprobation of the Conduct of your Envoy, who has behaved himself with integrity and honor Since his arrival in our Country appearing to be \u00e1 Person of good understanding, and therefore His Imperial Majesty has been Graciously pleased to give him two honorable favourable and unparalleled audiences, Signifying his Majesty\u2019s perfect Satisfaction at his Conduct;\n      As I am Charged with the affairs of your Country at this Court, I Can assure you, that I will do all That lies in my power to promote the friendly intercourse that is So happily begun; And of the assistance I have already given in your affairs, your Envoy will acquaint You, and Concluding I do Sincerely remain, Morocco the first day of the blessed Month of Ramadan 1200,\u2014 / (Sign\u2019d) the Servt. of the King My Master\u2014 / whom God preserve\u2014\n       Taher Ben Abdelhack Fennish\n      I do hereby certify that the above is \u00e1 true Translation from the arabic Language of the annexed Letter, Morocco the 16th. July 1786\n       Isaac Cardozo Nu\u00f1ez", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0198", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Nicolaas & Jacob van Staphorst, 30 June 1786\nFrom: Staphorst, Nicolaas & Jacob van (business)\nTo: Adams, John\n      Amsterdam 30th June 1786\n     We are honored with Your Excellency\u2019s Favor of 19th: Inst: mentioning You had perfected the Congress Bond No: 4543 and returned it by Mr: Daniel Parker, Who has delivered same to us\u2014\n     We take the Liberty, to inclose Your Excellency, the Edict of His Most Christian Majesty, appointing us in conjunction with Messr: Henry Fizeaux & Co: the Treasurers of his Finances in these United-Provinces. A Commission so highly honorable and consequential and congenial to our system of Politics, is very flattering to us; and it can but give Pleasure to the Well-Wishers to the Credit of America, that its Management is confided to a Commissioner of Congress Loans in this Country\u2014\n     We are respectfully / Your Excellency\u2019s / Most obedient humble Servants\n      Nics. & Jacob van Staphorst.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0199", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thomas McKean, 1 July 1786\nFrom: McKean, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n      Dear Sir,\n      Philadelphia July 1st. 1786.\u2014\n     I do not write to you now as a Public Minister, tho\u2019 I have a heartfelt pleasure in your being so, and at the very court where I long wished you to reside. The office of Chief Justice of this State now engages my principal attention; having quit the Congress in 1783. The affairs of our University, Philosophical & Agriculture Societies &c. employ my vacant time; and I enjoy a good state of health. So much respecting myself.\u2014\n     Permit me now, Sir, to request your attention to the subject-matter of the Letter inclosed herewith. It was written by William Augustus Atlee Esquire, senior Justice of the Supreme court of this State, one of my brethren. His father, William Atlee, an Englishman, died in this city, about forty years ago, without having made any disposition of his estate in England. It is believed, his real estate there was valuable, tho\u2019 his eldest son, & heir at law, knows nothing more about it, than what he mentions in his letter to me. Will you be so kind as to make some inquiry regarding it, or cause it to be done? I should desire to be informed, whether the estate in the parishes of Acton and Ealy, called Ford-hook, near London, and that in Lincolns-Inn-fields, are to be found? What may be their present condition & value? Who is in possession? What shall be said by the possessors, when told of the claim of Mr: Atlee? Whether his being now an Alien, and very active in the late glorious Revolution, will be a Bar or even a Prejudice to his recovering real property in England? And any thing else relating to this matter, that can be known.\n     I am aware of the liberty I am now taking with you, and of the trouble this will give you; but in behalf of a friend, and a worthy Gentleman, who has a numerous offspring, and from our former acquaintance, I am induced to sollicit your friendship on the occasion. It is not meant, that you should step out of your line in the least about it, but only, that you would be pleased to engage some sensible and trusty person to manage it under your direction. Your countenance alone will be of great weight, and may perhaps\nintimidate mere occupants or possessors, and leave them more readily to yield up the estates to the true owner.\n     The expences, this will occasion you, will be thankfully repaid to you or Order, by Mr: Atlee or myself, as soon as known.\n     Mr: Cutting, who will deliver this, has just now been so good as to undertake the performance of every thing necessary, under your direction; so that you need not apply to any other person. I must beg the favor of you to pay him any money, that may be necessary for searches in offices, travelling expences &c. about this business. Could I form any judgment of them, I would advance the money here.\n     I write in haste, and have only time to assure you, that you have my best wishes for your happiness, and that I am, with the warmest attachment, / Dear Sir, / Your Excellency\u2019s / most obedient humble servant\n      Thos M:Kean", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0200", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 3 July 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n       Dear Sir\n      Yours of the 23 of June is come to hand, with a Copy of Mr Lamb\u2019s of 6 June from Aranjuez.\n      There is no Intelligence from America of Armies marching to take the Posts from the English. The News was made as I Suppose against the opening of the Three Per Cents, and it had the intended Effect to beat down the Stocks a little.\n      Altho the Posts are important, the War with the Turks is more So. I lay down a few Simple Propositions.\n      1. We may at this Time, have a Peace with them, in Spight of all the Intrigues of the English or others to prevent it, for a Sum of Money.\n      2. We never Shall have Peace, though France, Spain, England and Holland, Should use all their Influence in our favour without a Sum of Money.\n      3. That neither the Benevolence of France nor the Malevolence of England, will be ever able materially to diminish or Increase the Sum.\n      4. The longer the Negotiation is delayed, the larger will be the Demand.\n      From these Premisses I conclude it to be wisest for Us to negotiate and pay the necessary Sum, without Loss of Time. Now I desire you and our noble Friend the Marquis, to give me your opinion of these four Propositions. which of them do you deny? or doubt? if you admit them all do you admit the Conclusion? Perhaps you will Say, fight them, though it Should cost Us a great Sum to carry on the War, and although at the End of it We should have more Money to pay as presents. if this is your Sentiment, and you can perswade the southern States into it, I dare answer for it that all from Pensylvania inclusively north ward, would not object. it would be a good Occasion to begin a Navy.\n      at present We are Sacrificing a Million annually to Save one Gift of two hundred Thousand Pounds. This is not good \u0152conomy.\u2014 We might at this hour have two hundred ships in the Mediterranean, whose Freight alone would be worth two hundred Thousand Pounds, besides its Influence upon the Price of our Produce, our Farmers & Planters will find the Price of their Articles, Sink very low indeed, if this Peace is not made. The Policy of Christendom has made Cowards of all their Sailors before the Standard of Mahomet. It would\nbe heroical and glorious in Us, to restore Courage to Ours. I doubt not We could accomplish it, if We should set about it in earnest. But the Difficulty of bringing our People to agree upon it, has ever discouraged me.\n      You have Seen Mr Randall before this no doubt, if he is not fallen Sick on the Road.\n      This Letter is intended to go by Mr Fox. The Chev. De Pinto\u2019s Courier unfortunately missed a Packet, which delayed him and consequently the Treaty a Month. The Queen his Mistress, as I wrote you a few Days Since, has given orders to her Squadron cruising in the Streights to protect all Vessells belonging to the United States. This is noble and Deserves Thanks.\n      Accept the Sincerest Assurances of Esteem and / Affection from dear sir your most / obedient\n       John Adams\n      Mrs Adams having read this letter finds it deficient in not having added her best respects to mr Jefferson and Sincere thanks for his petitions.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0201", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Robert Murdoch, 4 July 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Murdoch, Robert\n     I am no stranger to the case of the unfortunate Alexander Grosse in whose favour You did me the honor to write me your Letter from Dunkirk of the 30th. June, I lately received from His Excellency James Bowdoin Esqr Governor of the Massachusetts an Application from the friends of Mr. Grosse, which as I was desired, I communicated to the Comte D\u2019Adhemar, who has transmitted it to the Comte De Vergennes. I since received a Letter from a Captain Green at Rotterdam relative to the subject, which I have transmitted to Mr. Jefferson Minister Plenipotentiary from the United States of America at the Court of France\u2014\n     It is not the Custom, for Governments to redeem hostages\nexcepting such as were pledged by themselves, it is not, therefore in my power nor in that of Mr. Jefferson\u2019s to redeem Mr. Grosse. but in this case the Captors for their own Interest should discharge him, since there is no hope, nor scarce a Probability that the Ransom or any part of it, should ever be paid\u2014 it is better to loose what is past, than to add continually to the Loss, although it be but a British shilling a day\u2014\n     Mr. Grosse would do well to write to Mr. Jefferson at Paris\u2014and desire him to speak to the Ministers at Versailles, and if any thing can be done, with propriety, it will be, nevertheless, I believe that Government will not interfere, unless the Captors should throw upon them the Expence of the Maintenance of the Hostage, in which Case they may sett him at Liberty\u2014 The Captors I believe will find themselves obliged to carry this affair to account of profit & loss & poor Grosse himself, must probably sett down 7 Years of his Life as annihlated, it is the fortune of War\u2014\n     Your", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0202", "content": "Title: From John Adams to James Warren, 4 July 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Warren, James\n      Dear Sir\n      London July 4. 1786\n     Your Favour of 30. April, is arrived. I am Surprized to read in your Letter that \u201cour Poverty cant relieve Us from the Piracies of the Algerines.\u201d Are the thirteen United States then not worth two or three hundred Thousand Guineas? Suppose they borrow it at Six per Cent. there will be Eighteen thousand Guineas to pay Yearly. We now loose a Million sterling a Year, by this War.\u2014 Are We able to loose a Million and not pay Eighteen Thousand Pounds? Give Congress Power and let them lay on Duties upon Imports or Exports upon thirteen states Sufficient to pay this Interest and you may borrow the Money. But I never heard or read of sluggards, who saw so many fantastical Lions in the Way, as our People appear to have Seen Since the Peace.\u2014\n     Our Oil may find a Market in every City where a Lamp is burn\u2019d in the night, if our Merchants will take Pains by Samples and\nExperiments to Shew the Inhabitants the Superiour Qualities of our Sperma C\u00e6ti Oil.\n     The Picture you draw of the Ruin of the Country is horrible.\u2014 Bad as it may be, Paper Money or a suspension of Law Processes, I will venture to say would make it much worse.\u2014 I cannot be of your Opinion that there is \u201ca total Change in Principles and manners\u201d \u201cnor that Interest is the only Pursuit,\u201d \u201cnor that Riches only are respected.\u201d If you look back to the Year 1760 and from thence to 1774, You will find that Interest was courted and Riches respected, by as many, as they were during the War, and during the War by as many, as since the Peace.\u2014 as great a Number of, Men of Merit, who are poor are respected now, as were respected at any time Since our Memory. it is most certain that our Countrymen, are not and never were, Spartans in their Contempt of Weath, and I will go farther and Say they ought not to be. Such a Trait in their Character would render them lazy Drones, unfit for the Agriculture Manufactures Fisheries, and Commerce, and Population of their Country: and fit only for War. I am never apprehensive of Anarchy, because I know there is Wisdom and Address enough to prevent it.\n     All Things must tend to restore publick Faith & Confidence. The Debt must be funded and the Interest paid. This will put an End to that Speculation in public Paper, which now employs all the Capitals, and produce a Circulation that will releive every Distress.\n     The Encyclop\u00e6dia is a valuable Collection of Knowledge and worth the Money. The Gentlemans Pocket Farrier and Truslers practical Husbandry, I will endeavour to send you. You may pay Dr Tufts for them.\n     The Enthusiasm for Agriculture like Virtue will be its own Reward. may it run & be glorified.\n     I have given my Daughter to Col. Smith a Man of Merit formed in the School of his Countries Afflictions. I Shall want her Company, in my old Age, but the Conveniences of Parents are not the principal Points to be consulted, in the Marriages of Children. The young Couple appear to be very happy, and may they continue so as long as they live.\n     To return to Politicks, Our Countrymen are not yet informed of the magical Effects of Circulation, and of the ruin of Stagnation.\u2014 Stagnation must exist and Circulation can never take Place in Society where there is not Confidence of the Members in the Public & in one Another. This Confidence never will be restored, untill the Debt is funded and all Apprehensions of Paper Knavery is\nannihilated. The only Way and the effectual Way to restore our affairs is for every Wise & good Man to Unite in restoring Confidence in the Publick.\n     With great Esteem & regard, I am dear sir / your most obedient & humble sert\u2014\n      John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0203", "content": "Title: To John Adams from the Marquis of Carmarthen, 6 July 1786\nFrom: Carmarthen, the Marquis of\nTo: Adams, John\n      Whitehall July 6th: 1786\n     I have received His Majesty\u2019s Commands to inform You, that, in order to prevent the Abuses to which the Indulgence given by the Foreign Ministers is frequently liable, by granting that Protection which their Compassion often inclines them to afford to Persons who solicit it for the sole Purpose of screening themselves from the Laws of their Country, His Majesty has instructed His Secretary of State, for the future not to give Notice to the Sheriffs of London and Middlesex to insert the Name of any of His Majesty\u2019s Subjects in the List of those, who are to be deemed under the Protection of any Foreign Minister excepting only such Persons, as may be employed by the said Foreign Ministers in the Capacity of menial Servants.\n     I am with great Truth and Regard / Sir / Your most obedient / humble Servant.\n      Carmarthen.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0204", "content": "Title: The American Commissioners to John Lamb, [7 July 1786]\nFrom: \nTo: \n     The Importance of Peace with the Algerines, and the other Inhabitants of the Coast of Barbary, to the United States, renders it necessary that every information which can be obtained, should be laid before Congress: And as the demands for the Redemption of Captives as well as the amount of Customary Presents, are so much more considerable than seem to have been expected in America, it appears to us necessary that you should return without loss of Time to New York, there to give an Account to Congress of all the particulars which have come to your knowledge as well as of your own proceedings and of the Monies which have been paid on account of the United States, in consequence of your draughts upon the Minister in London.\n     From Congress when you arrive there you will receive orders for your future Government and in the meantime we have no further Occasion for your Services in Europe.\n     If you know of a Certain Passage immediately from any port in Spain, We advise you to avail yourself of it: if not, we think it most adviseable for you to come to Paris, and from thence, after having consulted with Mr. Jefferson, to repair to L\u2019Orient and embark for New York, in the first Packett\u2014 As the Instructions we send to Mr: Randal are to come on to Paris in his Way to America, unless he should choose to accompany you from some port in spain, We desire you to furnish him with money for his Expences to Paris, & London out of the Cash already in your Hands, And We recommend to him as well as to you all reasonable attention to Economy\n     We are Sir Your most / Obedt. Humble Servt.\n      London June 29. 1786. John Adams\n      Paris July 7. 1786. Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0206", "content": "Title: From John Adams to the Abb\u00e9s Chalut and Arnoux, 8 July 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Chalut, Abb\u00e9,Arnoux, Abb\u00e9\n      Mes chers Amis\u2014\n     Permettez moi de vous presenter Mon Ami monsieur John Trumbull Fils du Governeur Trumbull et cidevant Colonel au service des Etats Unis\u2014 Il a l\u2019Ambition noble de consigner a l\u2019immortality les Evenemens de notre Histoire par son Pinceau\u2014 vous verrez son Warren et son Montgomery\u2014 Mr. Trumbull est un Citizen tres estimable, et Je vous prie de l\u2019assister avec vos Bont\u00e9s\n     TRANSLATION\n      My dear friends\n     Allow me to present to you my friend Mr. John Trumbull, son of Governor Trumbull and erstwhile colonel in the service of the United States. He has the noble ambition of immortalizing the events of our history with his\npaintbrush. You will see his Warren and his Montgomery. Mr. Trumbull is a very praiseworthy citizen, and I pray you to assist him with your hospitality.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0207", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thomas Jefferson, 9 July 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n      Dear Sir\n     I wrote you last on the 23d. of May. your favor of that date did not come to hand till the 19th. of June. in consequence of it I wrote the next day letters to mr\u0303 Lamb & mr\u0303 Randall, copies of which I have now the honour to inclose you. in these you will perceive I had desired mr\u0303 Randall, who was supposed to be at Madrid, to return immediately to Paris & London, & to mr\u0303 Lambe, supposed at Alicant, I recommended the route of Marseilles & Paris, expecting that no direct passage could be had from Alicant to America, and meaning on his arrival here to advise him to proceed by the way of London, that you also might have an opportunity of deriving from him all the information he could give. on the 2d. of July mr\u0303 Randall arrived here and delivered me a letter from mr\u0303 Lambe dated May 20. of which I inclose you a copy, as well as of another of June 5. which had come to hand some time before. copies of these I have also sent to mr\u0303 Jay. yours of the 29th. of June by Dr. Bancroft & inclosing a draught of a joint letter to mr\u0303 Lambe, came to hand on the 5th. inst. I immediately signed & forwarded it, as it left him more at liberty as to his route than mine had done. mr\u0303 Randall will deliver you the present and supply the informations heretofore received. I think with you that Congress must begin by getting money. when they have this, it is a matter of calculation whether they will buy a peace, or force one, or do nothing.\n     I am also to acknolege the receipt of your favors of June 6. 25. & 26. the case of Grosse shall be attended to. I am not certain however\nwhether my appearing in it may not do him harm by giving the captors a hope that our government will redeem their citizen. I have therefore taken measures to find them out & sound them. if nothing can be done privately I will endeavour to interest this government.\n     Have you no news yet of the treaty with Portugal? does it hang with that court? my letters from N. York of the 11th. of May inform me that there were then 11. states present & that they should ratify the Prussian treaty immediately. as the time for exchange of ratifications is drawing to a close, tell me what is to be done, and how this exchange is to be made. we may as well have this settled between us before the arrival of the ratification, that no time may be lost after that. I learn through the Marechal de Castries that he has information of New York\u2019s having ceded the impost in the form desired by Congress, so as to close this business. corrections in the acts of Maryland, Pennsylvania &c will come of course. we have taken up again the affair of whale oil, that they may know in time in America what is to be done in it. I fear we shall not obtain any further abatement of duties; but the last abatement will be continued for three years. the whole duties paiable here are nearly 102 livres on the English ton, which is an atom more than four guineas according to the present exchange.\n     The monopoly of the purchase of tobacco for this country which had been obtained by Robert Morris had thrown the commerce of that article into agonies. he had been able to reduce the price in America from 40/ to 22/6 lawful the hundred weight, and all other merchants being deprived of that medium of remittance the commerce between America & this country, so far as it depended on that article, which was very capitally too, was absolutely ceasing. an order has been obtained obliging the farmers general to purchase from such other merchants as shall offer, 15,000 hogsheads of tobacco at 34, 36, & 38 livres the hundred according to the quality, and to grant to the sellers in other respects the same terms as they had granted to Robert Morris. as this agreement with Morris is the basis of this order I send you some copies of it which I will thank you to give to any American (not British) merchants in London who may be in that line. during the year this contract has subsisted, Virginia & Maryland have lost 400,000\u00a3 by the reduction of the price of their tobacco.\n     I am meditating what step to take to provoke a letter from mr\u0303s Adams, from whom my files inform me I have not received one these\nhundred years. in the mean time present my affectionate respects to her and be assured of the friendship & esteem with which I have the honour to be Dear Sir / Your most obedient and most humble servt\n      Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0209", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Samuel Austin, 11 [July] 1786\nFrom: Austin, Samuel\nTo: Adams, John\n      Boston 11th. June [July] 1786\u2014\n     Your favor of the 25 May last per Capt Biggilo, now lies before me.\u2014 In answer to which, shall only Observe. The difficulties and Obstacles you mention, which are in the way, and which at Present Prevents my Recovering my money, however Plausible, are altogether falacious, and without foundation with Respect to this State, yet it seems they are made an objection of such Magnitude that neither I, nor your Excellency can at Present Remove, but hope will soon be done by Congress.\u2014\n     With Respect to Brittish Subjects not Recovering their debts here, there is no Foundation for such a Charge against this state, there is not the least Obstruction in their way, nor any thing done to impeade their availing themselves of every law of this state, Eaqually with any Subject in it, and they are every day without any difficulty Recieving their just & legal demands, so that upon the same Principals, upon Supposition that there is State on the Continent who have made a law Preventing Brittish Subjects from recovering their just debts, and hereby done wrong, yet I say on the same Principles that the latter is Condemned, Most Certainly that Goverment where no such impediment takes place, must be acquited, and intirely Exculpated from every Charge of the kind, as not being by any Means in the like Predicament, with the State objected to.\u2014\n     This affair is of great Consequence to me, and must hope in time will have a favorable Issue\u2014\n     I think my self happy in having it Committed to your care, and under the Patronage of Congress and am well Sattisfied there will be nothing wanting on your part to serve me herein.\u2014 I would only further Observe, that Notwithstanding the Similarity there is in my case, and the other three Gentlemen, Yet I was the only Person to whom Genl How made Solemn Promise, he would either Restore the goods again or Pay for them\u2014\n     With the greatest Respect & Esteem / to you, your good lady, & family, / I am Sir Your oblidg\u2019d Hume. Sert.\n      Samuel Austin\n      P.S Deacon Smith\u2019s wife died about a fortnight since", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0210", "content": "Title: To John Adams from James Bowdoin, 11 July 1786\nFrom: Bowdoin, James\nTo: Adams, John\n       Boston July 11th. 1786\n      In addition to the papers I sometime ago sent you, relative to the encroachments made upon our Eastern boundary by our Neighbours of New Brunswick, I have the honor of transmitting to your Excellency copies of other Letters & papers upon the same subject\u2014\n      By Messrs. Smith & Bowles\u2019s Deposition it appears, that the Province of New Brunswick is by its Charter bounded on the Western shore of Passamaquoddy; & that the seventh Town or Parish, besides other islands, includes Moose, Fred[k]: & Dudley Islands, which lie on the West side of Passamaquoddy bay, & are & have been for some time possessed by our people.\u2014\n      The proceedings of the Sheriff of the County of Charlotte, relative to these Islands & some of the people upon them, you have already been informed of.\u2014\n      The Papers now sent, respecting the seizure of the two Vessels mentioned in them, shew that it is the intention of the Government of New Brunswick, said to be founded on Letters or Instructions from Lord Sidney, to exclude us from the Navigation of that Bay: on the Western shore of which, & of the River Schooduck, running into that bay, a number of Townships have been by order of this Government laid out, & some of them sold. These Townships must for a long time be inaccessible, & of no value, if we are to be excluded from navigating that Bay: to the use of which, if the territory of the two nations bounds upon it, they have each, by the Treaty of peace, an equal right: the seizure of those Vessels must therefore be considered as a violation of the Treaty: especially as they were when seized on the Western side of the Bay.\n      You will observe by the Deposition & by Colo Allan\u2019s Letter it is said, that Lord Sydney had wrote to the Governor of New Brunswick, that Mr. Adams in April last had not mentioned any thing to the British Ministry, respecting the boundary lines of that territory or our claims to it: from whence the people there concluded, though very erroneously, that the territory or themselves were to be abandoned. It is hoped your Excellency has by this time had instructions from Congress to remonstrate to the British Ministry on\nthat head; & that you will be able at least to procure orders to the Governor of New Brunswick, that our people on these Islands be not in future molested; & that no interruption be given to our vessels with regard to the navigation of that bay\u2014\n      You will also observe by one of Mr. Delesdernier\u2019s letters, that the seizure of the vessels was in retaliation for a vessel taken at the Westward. If this respects a vessel lately seized at Martha\u2019s Vineyard, & I do not know of any other it can relate to, she was seized in the breach of our navigation Act, & the trial I am informed will be had at the next Court for that County. This however can be no justification of their seizures within the jurisdiction of this Commonwealth\u2014\n      At the late Session of the General Court that Act was suspended until the other States should adopt similar ones: Rhode Island & New Hampshire having suspended or repealed their Navigation Acts.\n      I lately received your Letter with the Enclosures relative to the Whalefishery &c & this day had the honor of your Letter of the \u2003 of May\u2014 The former I have communicated to a number of Gentlemen in the mercantile line; & hope they will profit by the communication: & the latter will be shewn to confidential friends only\u2014 The Vessel being on the point of departure, I have only time to acknowledge the receiving of them, & to thank you for the information contained in them\u2014\n      With real & the most respectful regard, / I have the honor to be / Sir, / Your Excellency\u2019s / Most obt. hb\u0303le Servt.\n       James Bowdoin\n      Papers enclosed\n      1 Message to the Court about seizure of Vessels at Passamaquoddy\u2014\n      2 Messrs. Avery & Jones\u2019s Letter about ditto\n      3 Messrs. Delesdernier & Allan\u2019s Letters to do. about do.\n      4 Resolve of the General Court about do:\n      5 Proceedings of Council about do:\n      6 Messrs. Jones & Avery\u2019s 2d letter about do: enclosing\n      7 Messrs. Smith & Bowles\u2019s deposition about do:\n      8 Messrs. Cochran & Tuttle\u2019s Deposition about Sheriff Wier\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0211", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Tristram Dalton, 11 July 1786\nFrom: Dalton, Tristram\nTo: Adams, John\n      Dear Sir\n      Boston July: 11th: 1786\n     This morning has honored me with your most esteemed favors of the 26th May\u2014for which be pleased to accept my sincere thank[s\u2014]\n     All on this side of the Atlantic, who speak of the affairs of these United States, joyn in the Opinion you express, \u201cthat they must soon take a turn for the better or become much worse\u2014[\u201d]\n     Most of our Citizens appear too unconcerned, falsely supposing that they now sit, in safety, under their own vines\u2014and that there are none to make them afraid\u2014 No People ever had a fairer opportunity to be what they have anxiously wished to be\u2014 None ever neglected their interests more\u2014 Jealousy\u2014Pride & Luxury\u2014an unbounded Thirst for baneful Commerce\u2014want of attention to the internal resources of their Country\u2014an insensibility of our truly independent Situation\u2014with a great disregard to the importance of establishing a fair national Character\u2014seems to pervade the Continent\u2014 From the seeds of division among us, much is to be dreaded\u2014 The popular disposition to reduce the payment of our domestic\nDebt to nothing is a fruitful Subject for those, who wish us ill, to work upon\u2014while Men of Honor and Friends to their Country execrate the Idea of such public Injustice\u2014 You presume that the Impost of 5 per Cent is granted to Congress\u2014 considering that our political Salvation so much depended upon it, there was the utmost reason to expect it\u2014 This Commonwealth has freely granted it agreeably to the requisitions made by Congress\u2014 all the States have passed grants thereof, but some with one restriction & some with others, that prevent its operation\u2014 New York is the farthest from their duty\u2014even to an Absurdity for that State\u2014well known for regarding their own particular interest\u2014 Congress have rejected their Bill that lately passed\u2014 This Commonwealth has, in the late session of their General Court, granted to Congress the supplementary Aid required by them\u2014 We anxiously wait the Completion of these measures\u2014the consequence of neglecting which Congress has pointed out very fully, in their resolves of the past year\n     The G Court of this State, in their late session, which ended on Saturday Evening being adjourned to the 31st of Jany. discarded, by a great majority, a proposal to emit a paper currency\u2014and another for making real & personal Estate a tender in payment of Debts\u2014\n     A bill passed, to suspend totally the Navigation Act untill the other States adopt similar measures\u2014 This Act was a favorite one of mine\u2014and the suspension of it, altho\u2019 the few neighbouring States who had passed like laws had repealed theirs, gives me much uneasiness\u2014 I even fancied good effects began to flow from it\u2014 our large Vessells, lain by for a long time, were hired & hiring to freight Timber and other bulky articles to Ireland &c. our smaller ones enjoyed, uninterrupted, a snug business\u2014 Our importations from G Britain greatly lessened, and our trade become more safe, if not more extensive\u2014 indeed I had formed an idea that the Government was, in fact, bettered by this restraint\u2014and that the continuance of it might be a considerable mean of saving us from ourselves\u2014 Now the door is again open\u2019d for British Factors\u2014British GewGaws British Manners & Customs\u2014of all which our fellow Citizens are too fond\u2014& from which, I thought, we were, in some degree, weaned\u2014 My Sentiments on this head are unpopular\u2014 The Country people are lead into a belief that their produce will fetch more money\u2014and that Silver will be plenty in our Streets\u2014 May they not see the contrary\u2014 it may be expected that our importations, which began to be moderate, will encrease\u2014and that the little remaining specie among us will\nbe drained in payment for necessaries that we could furnish ourselves with\u2014or for trifles that a people, situated as we are, are better without\u2014\n     From the Treaty of Peace being laid before the General Court I have, uniformly, opposed the Measures taken to prevent the admission of Tories\u2014and the last year had the Success, in the House of Representatives, to obtain a bill repealing these obnoxious Laws\u2014 This was stopped at the Senate\u2014 tired with my endeavours, I have not called up the bill in the late session\u2014but have charged myself to do it the beginning of the next\u2014 I do not know of any law to prevent the recovery, in our Courts, of British Debts\u2014 The interest due upon those recovered is to be calculated and entered on record\u2014and, if a negotiation of this article between the Courts of the U States & of G Britain, which was expected, should determine the payment thereof, an execution may be taken out to the amount without a new trial\u2014\n     That the British Merchants should be cautious of such as are connected with America may be a point of prudence\u2014but it is unreasonable to stamp a Nation\u2019s Character with infamy because a few, otherwise unnoticed, persons have been imprudently credited to large amounts\u2014 Any American who shewed his face in England immediately after the peace took place, and asked for goods, was entrusted\u2014 As might have been expected, most of them failed, and brought ruin on their Creditors\u2014 what is this to a nation?\u2014 To speak confidentially my opinion, this Nation must be in a much worse condition than even her enemies wish her, whenever her Character depends upon the conduct, of, not only a few paltry traders, but, even the whole commercial Line\u2014 Great & valuable I esteem this part of the community\u2014but by no means the most considerable. Among many respected Characters who differ from me in the Act against the Tories\u2014and in the Navigation Act, I am sorry to find our Friends\u2014Tufts and Cranch, of the Senate\u2014 Even their Authority does not induce me to alter my opinion\u2014 I confess it ought to create a diffidence\u2014\n     Pardon my detaining you so long on Subjects that you are infinitely better informed of\u2014and be pleased to accept of my sincerest wishes for success in your public negotiations\u2014and for happiness in your private life\u2014for with the highest regards, I am, / Dear Sir\u2014 / Your obliged Friend / And most hble Servant\n      Tristram Dalton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0212", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thomas Jefferson, 11 July 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n      Dear Sir\n     Our instructions relative to the Barbary states having required us to proceed by way of negotiation to obtain their peace, it became our duty to do this to the best of our power. whatever might be our private opinions, they were to be suppressed, and the line marked out to us, was to be followed. it has been so honestly, & zealously. it was therefore never material for us to consult together on the best plan of conduct towards these states. I acknolege I very early thought it would be best to effect a peace thro\u2019 the medium of war. tho\u2019 it is a question with which we have nothing to do, yet as you\npropose some discussion of it I shall trouble you with my reasons. of the 4. positions laid down in your letter of the 3d. instant, I agree to the three first, which are in substance that the good offices of our friends cannot procure us a peace without paying it\u2019s price, that they cannot materially lessen that price, & that paying it, we can have the peace in spight of the intrigues of our enemies. as to the 4th. that the longer the negotiation is delayed the larger will be the demand, this will depend on the intermediate captures: if they are many & rich the price may be raised; if few & poor it will be lessened. however if it is decided that we shall buy a peace, I know no reason for delaying the operation, but should rather think it ought to be hastened. but I should prefer the obtaining it by war. 1. justice is in favor of this opinion. 2. honor favors it. 3. it will procure us respect in Europe, and respect is a safe-guard to interest. 4. it will arm the federal head with the safest of all the instruments of coercion over their delinquent members, & prevent them from using what would be less safe. I think that so far you go with me. but in the next steps we shall differ. 5. I think it least expensive. 6. equally effectual. I ask a fleet of 150. guns, the one half of which shall be in constant cruise. this fleet built, manned & victualled for 6. months will cost 450,000\u00a3 sterling. it\u2019s annual expence is 300\u00a3 sterl. a gun, including every thing: this will be 45,000\u00a3 sterl. a year. I take British experience for the basis of my calculations, tho\u2019 we know, from our own experience, that we can do, in this way, for pounds lawful, what costs them pounds sterling. were we to charge all this to the Algerine war it would amount to little more than we must pay if we buy peace. but as it is proper & necessary that we should establish a small marine force (even were we to buy a peace from the Algerines,) and as that force laid up in our dockyards would cost us half as much annually as if kept in order for service, we have a right to say that only 22,500\u00a3 sterl. per ann. should be charged to the Algerine war. 6. it will be as effectuel. to all the mismanagements of Spain & Portugal urged to shew that war against those people is ineffectual, I urge a single fact to prove the contrary where there is any management. about 40. year ago, the Algerines having broke their treaty with France, this court sent Monsr. de Massac with one large & two small frigates, he blockaded the harbour of Algiers three months, & they subscribed to the terms he dictated. if it be admitted however that war, on the fairest prospects, is still exposed to incertainties, I weigh against this the greater incertainty of the\nduration of a peace bought with money, from such a people, from a Dey 80. years old, & by a nation who, on the hypothesis of buying peace, is to have no power on the sea to enforce an observance of it.\n     So far I have gone on the supposition that the whole weight of this war would rest on us. but 1. Naples will join us. the character of their naval minister (Acton) his known sentiments with respect to the peace Spain is officiously trying to make for them, & his dispositions against the Algerines give the greatest reason to believe it. 2. every principle of reason tells us Portugal will join us. I state this as taking for granted, what all seem to believe, that they will not be at peace with Algiers. I suppose then that a Convention might be formed between Portugal, Naples & the U.S. by which the burthen of the war might be quotaed on them according to their respective wealth, and the term of it should be when Algiers should subscribe to a peace with all three on equal terms. this might be left open for other nations to accede to, and many, if not most of the powers of Europe (except France, England, Holland & Spain if her peace be made) would sooner or later enter into the confederacy, for the sake of having their peace with the Pyratical states guarantied by the whole. I suppose that in this case our proportion of force would not be the half of what I first calculated on.\n     These are the reasons which have influenced my judgment on this question. I give them to you to shew you that I am imposed on by a semblance of reason at least, & not with an expectation of their changing your opinion. you have viewed the subject, I am sure in all it\u2019s bearings. you have weighed both questions with all their circumstances. you make the result different from what I do. the same facts impress us differently. this is enough to make me suspect an error in my process of reasoning tho\u2019 I am not able to detect it. it is of no consequence; as I have nothing to say in the decision, and am ready to proceed heartily on any other plan which may be adopted, if my agency should be thought useful. with respect to the dispositions of the states I am utterly uninformed. I cannot help thinking however that on a view of all circumstances, they might be united in either of the plans.\n     Having written this on the receipt of your letter, without knowing of any opportunity of sending it, I know not when it will go: I add nothing therefore on any other subject but assurances of the sincere esteem and respect with which I am Dear Sir your friend & servant\n      Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0213", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Jay, 15 July 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\n     On Wednesday, the 13. the Marquis of Carmarthen, informed me, that, Captain of the Mercury Man of War, to use his Lordships own Words \u201chad received a Severe Rap, over the Knuckles, from the Lords of the Admiralty, for his Conduct at Boston.\u201d His Lordship had \u201creceived a Letter from Lord How, accompanied with a long dull Letter, from Captain Stanhope which instead of being a justification of his Conduct was rather an Aggravation of it.\u201d\u2014 His Lordship then called in his Under Secretary of State, Mr Fraser, and ordered the Letter from the Admiralty to be brought to him, which he read to me.\u2014 [It] inform\u2019d him, that the Lords of the Admiralty, had called upon Captain Stanhope, for his justification of his Conduct to Governor Bowdoin and had received from him the Letter, inclosed for the Information of his Majesty, which their Lordships however thought no Apology. That their Lordships had accordingly, Signified to Captain Stanhope their Sensible Displeasure at his Conduct; and as the Mercury had been ordered home from the American Station, their Lordships would take Special Care, that he Should be no longer continued in that Service.\n     The Secretary of State, was pleased to Say farther that he would Speak to Lord Sidney, concerning the Affair of the Eastern Line, that Sir Guy Carleton might have Instructions concerning it before he went out.\n     His Lordship was asked if any Appointment had been made of a Minister Plenipotentiary to the United States, and Answered \u201cNot Yet.\u201d\n     With great Respect I have the Honour / to be, sir your most obedient / and most humble servant\n      John Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0214", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 16 July 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n      Dear Sir\n     last night Mr Randal arrived with yours of the 9th. If the Prussian Treaty arrives to You, I think you will do well to Send Mr Short with it to the Hague and Exchange it with Thulemeier, and get it printed in a Pamphlet Sending a Sufficient Number to you and to me. if it comes to me and you approve, I will Send Some one or go myself.\n     The Chevr. De Pinto\u2019s Courier unfortunately missed a Packet by one Day, which obliged him to wait a month at Falmouth for another. The Chevr. was greatly chagrined at the Delay. He is much obliged for your Notes, and I Should be more so for another Copy, having Sent mine to my Brother Cranch, who writes me that your Argument in favour of American Genius, would have been much Strengthened, if a Jefferson had been Added to a Washington, a Franklin and a Rittenhouse. I wrote you lately that the Queen of Portugal had ordered her Fleet cruising in the Streights to protect all Vessells belonging to American Citizens equally with those of her own Subjects against the Algerines.\n     Boylstons Vessell Arrived in Boston, with Sugars, and he expects another Vessell hourly, with which he will go again to France.\u2014 He desires me, to express his Obligations to you and the Marquis, for your former Assistance. Coffin Jones has Sent a Vessell to L\u2019Orient, with another Cargo of Oil. The French Government would do well to encourage that Trade. if they do not, it will go elsewhere. it is in vain for French or English to think, that Sperma C\u00e6ti Oil cannot find a Market but in their Territories. it may find a Market in every City that has dark nights, if any one will do as Boylston did, go and shew the People its qualities by Samples & Experiments. The Trade\nof America in Oil and in any Thing else will labour no longer, than public Paper is to be sold under Par. while a Bit of Paper can be bought for five shillings that is worth twenty, all Capitals will be employed in that Trade, for it is certain there is no other that will yield four hundred Per Cent Profit, clear of Charges and Risques. as soon as this lucrative Commerce shall cease We shall see American Capitals employed in sending all where it will find a Market that is all over Europe if France does not wisely monopolise it as she may, if she will.\n     inclosed is an oration of Dr Rush.\n     I am my dear sir, your most / obedient\n      John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0215", "content": "Title: Thomas Barclay to the American Commissioners, 16 July 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: American Commissioners\n      Gentlemen\n      Morocco 16th. July 1786.\n     I wrote you the 26th. of last Month and expected to have followed my Letter in a Week, but several unforeseen Matters have hitherto detained us; however I expect we shall set out tomorrow or the day following. The 13th. Instant the Treaty was sent to me by the Effendi since which some important alterations have been made which the Villainy & carelessness of the Talbe Houdrani (to whom the drawing was committed) made necessary; and yesterday it was again delevered from Tahar Fennish, to whose hands the King committed the arrangement of the Matter. It still wants an additional Article, or rather a Declaration which His Majesty has permitted to be made in his Name, but which he desired might not make a Part of the Treaty: when this is done, it will stand as I described it in my last Letter Vizt. \u201cthere is only one Article more I wish to see inserted & that I think will never prove of any\nConsequence\u201d. \u2026 When I send you the Treaty it will be necessary to accompany it with some Remarks with which I will not now trouble you, & the only one I shall make is, that the King throughout the whole has acted in a Manner the most gracious and condescending, and I really believe the Americans possess as much of his Respect & Regard as does any Christian Nation whatever. If you should think my services at Algiers, Tunis or Tripoli necessary, I hope your Commands will meet me in the South of Spain, for after returning to Paris it will be utterly impossible for me to engage further in the Business. A Peace with the Barbary Powers is absolutely essential to the Commerce of our Country, and I think a general one might be made notwithstanding the impediments that appear. The Emperor has ordered five Frigates on a Cruize in the Atlantic Ocean; He is now at Peace with all the World except Russia, Malta, Hamburg and Dantzick\u2014 A Treaty with the first of these Powers was concluded on, and the Articles drawn, but it was afterwards broke off. The Emperor complains much of the Treatment he receives from England, & Mr. Duff who came here some time ago as Pro-Consul, returned the day before we arrived, highly offended at His Reception, the Emperor having refused to receive the Letter which Lord Sydney wrote, saying he would read no Letters from England but such as were written by the King. I had a Letter yesterday from Mr. Carmichael and was in great hopes it would have covered one from you, but I am hitherto without the Pleasure of hearing from you;\n     I am allways, / Gentlemen / Your most obet. humble / Servant.\n      Thos Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0217", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Isaac Stephens, 18 July 1786\nFrom: Stephens, Isaac\nTo: Adams, John\n      algir July 18th. 1786\n     I take the Liberty of Directing a Letter to your Honour in order to Convey My Letters to Boston and Will be much obliged to you to forword them & further for gods Sake and the Love of Man to assist Us in this Sad State of Slavery allthough the Sum Is Large But we Cannot help that it is Despreat To be Under the Situation of a Slave as We are the property of the King as Much as his horse Sir if Mr Lamb has Related the Matter as he Told the King he Would be hear in four months and this King Never puts any Confidence in a Nation that Deceves him once I hope Mr Lamb will be hear Within the time for the King has given out that word\u2014\n     our Rademption Nothing Conserrns the peace from Your most obedent and humble Servent\n      Isaac Stephens", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0218", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Samuel Adams, 21 July 1786\nFrom: Adams, Samuel\nTo: Adams, John\n      My dear Sir\n      Boston July 21 1786\n     There are two great Objects which I think should engage the Attention of Patriots here, & which appear to me to involve every thing else\u2014to preserve entire our political Liberties, & to support our National Faith. To effect either of these Capital Ends, we must\ncounterwork the Designs of Great Britan, who to say the least does not appear to be our most cordial Friend, by her Emissaries amongst us, to ruin both. The internal Enemies of this Country ridiculed our early Ideas of Opposition, embarrassed our Measures through the whole Conflict and prolonged the War. They had nearly broke up our Army in 1782, and they are now practicing the same Arts, by influencing many weak Men to with-hold the necessary Aid of Taxes, to destroy the publick Faith. I should therefore think it very impolitick to increase their Number by admitting the Tory Refugees without Discrimination. Jonathan Philanthrop whom you well knew, with many others took a very active Part, & they were very successful in promoting the Designs of the British Government before the War; There are some among them who would be the fittest Instruments to be employed by that Court in tearing up, or rather undermining the Foundations of our newly erected Fabrick.\u2014 If you ask, What has thrown me into this Fit of Zeal against the Refugees? I answer, they already have or soon will in my opinion form a dangerous Faction. But I will be more explicit in my next.\n     This Letter I commit to the Care of Mr Benjn. Austin junr whose Father and Connexions you are not unacquainted with. Adieu & believe me / your affectionate Friend", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0219", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Charles Storer, 21 July 1786\nFrom: Storer, Charles\nTo: Adams, John\n     Nay, Sir, do not confine enthusiasm & patriotism entirely to Tories & Refugees\u2014 You have always had a good share of it, and I was going to claim a little too\u2014 You will see by my letter to Mrs: Adams how I mean to dispose of my self here\u2014wh: I hope will meet with your approbation\u2014 On an other score I wish to ask your advice & opinion\u2014but I always remember what you once told me, vizt: that, where you could with propriety answer me, you would\u2014further than that you would not\u2014nor do I wish it, Sir\u2014\n     I am lately from Passamaquoddy with Gen1: Lincoln\u2014and while there, three of our vessells from the Westward loaded with Lumber were seized by the Sheriff, Naval Officer & others fm. St: Andrews as they were laying at Anchor under Dudley Island, a deed of which our Government sometime since gave to Colo: Allen\u2014 One sloop was unloading on Campo Bello which is supposed to belong to the British.\u2014 It seems they have been laying out the Province of New Brunswick into Districts\u2014and the western District includes Moose, Deer, Dudley, & Frederick Islands, the last of which our Naval Officer lives on. Further, they extend their boundary of the Western District \u201cto the western shore of the west passage into the Bay\u201d: thereby claiming both Channels\u2014but, should the Islands belong to them by the exception in the treaty, the channels do not most surely\u2014 The People of St: Andrews, howr: talk of havg: guard-Ships & Galleys placed in each Channel\u2014\n     Leonard, a Refugee Miller fm. this town is Naval Officer on their side and has ordered ours to quit the Bay as having no right there\u2014 He was answered, that he knew of no authority but that of Massachusetts, by which he was appointed, & by which alone he should quit his place\u2014 However, as we were leaving the Bay we were assured, or at least heard that the Government of New Brunswick has disapproved of the conduct of the Naval Officers & that the vessells were returning, being given up\u2014 There are great disputes about our Eastern boundaries\u2014 The British say the St: Croix is what is now called the Scudick\u2014 we say, & the Indians have been consulted on the point, that the true St: Croix is what is now called the\nMecakadawick, 12. or 15. miles farther Eastward\u2014& the river next westward of St: John\u2019s, which I am told you say is the river you meant in settling the treaty\u2014 The next thing they claim is all the Islands in the Bay, by virtue of that clause in the treaty which excepts in their favor all Islands, within 20. leagues of the Coast wh: were at the time of the Peace & were formerly within the limits of Nova Scotia\u2014 Whether these Islands are in this predicament I know not\u2014but if they are to have them, they have the finest part of the Bay & will have it in their power to injure us greatly\u2014 Some there say that the Islands meant in the Treaty were those lying on the eastern side of the Bay of Fundy, near the coast of Nova Scotia, & which come with 20. leagues of our Coast\u2014 The British say further that, in proof of those Islands in the Bay of Passamaquoddy belonging to them by virtrue of the treaty, Lord Sydney or some Minister writes that tho\u2019 Mr: Adams has been written to on the subject, he has never made any representation to the Ministry; which is an acknowledgement that those were the Islands excepted\u2014 Now, Sir, mostly for my own satisfaction, as I am going to settle there, I would request you to inform me on the above subject, that I may know how to govern myself\u2014 One thing more I would add\u2014which is\u2014that the inhabitants of Moose Island have been repeatedly summoned to act as Jurymen & otherwise to appear at the Courts at St: Andrews\u2014& have as often refused, declaring themselves Citizens of the U: States & under the Government of Massachusetts\u2014 On the British side they say, that if that Island is determined to fall within their line, they will make them pay for their refusal\u2014 This looks like uncertainty of the right\u2014 The Governor & Council have the above matter now under consideration\u2014but what will be the result I know not\u2014 \u2019Tis considered here as a daring insult to the U: States & to Massachusetts in particular\u2014 I hope therefore that good-will come from this fracas\u2014 I mean that it will determine our boundaries with more precision & certainty\u2014\n     \u201cVoila un beau tableau\u201d en verite, as you represent it\u2014 I am much indebted for your information\u2014 If you join in the belief that all will yet be well, I am more satisfied in my opinion\u2014 You speak of restraining Commerce\u2014 I hold up both hands for confining it to the very narrowest bounds possible\u2014 That we are in a fair way of establishing a general system is a peice of information that affords me particular satisfaction\u2014 Heaven forbid that it should fail of success!\u2014 You speak of having a market in Europe for all our Produce\u2014 I hear that Mr: Barrett, not only compleated the Oyl contract he\nwent to France upon\u2014but has also engaged with the French Court to supply their whole Navy with Masts & Spars\u2014 Commerce in this way is of no disservice to us\u2014 Encouraging our own productions will enrich us\u2014\n     Accept my thanks for the continuance of your Correspondance\u2014 which I wish not to carry beyond bounds agreable to yourself\u2014 Be assured Sir, of my best respects, in which our family joins, and that I am with great esteem / Yr: much oblig\u2019d & / humle: servt:\n      Chas: Storer.\n      NB. I enclose a Newspaper giving an account of Commencement\u2014 You will be probably surprised at the political disputations there introduced\u2014as are many others\u2014 There are Subjects that Students have no right to meddle with\u2014& which ought not to be debated in public\u2014 It was observed that there were many serious truths told, that had better have been concealed\u2014 \u2019Twas really so indeed.\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0220", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Richard O\u2019Bryen, 25 July 1786\nFrom: O\u2019Bryen, Richard\nTo: Adams, John\n       Algiers July the 25th. 1786\u2014\n      your letter by Mr. Lamb I received and wrote you shortly Afterwards Informing you of the Unfortunate event of Mr. Lambs Voyage to Algiers. the particulars long Ere to this you have known.\n      Mr. Lamb Signified to the Dey that he would try & Get the Money for our Redemption in four Months. but three is past and we have heared nothing particular Since But hopes that our Country will Shortly extricate us from our unfortunate situation. we the once sons of Liberty. at present In the fetters of Slavery.\n      the Dey of Algiers can do as he thinks proper with us if it is Not his pleasure to let us go\u2014 on the same terms that he Lets other nations go for. we Cannot help it.\n      If it is not the pleasure of Congress, to Redeem us at the price the Dey asks here we Unfortunate Americans Must Remain\u2014\n      the Algerines has been out on a Cruise and has taken, five saile of shiping on boarde of the prizes was in all 86 Men. the are fitting out at present, and will saile about the 10th. August I belive five of the Largest will go out of the streights. the are not affraid of any of the Cruisers, of those nations in the Mediteranian that the are at war with. the Count D Expelly is in spain &c. I belive Mr. Carmical will have the best Information from the Count Respecting, the Policy of the Algerines and the Method we should fall on in making a peace with this Regency\u2014\n      I really think Mr. Lamb a very unfit man to Negotiate and affaire of so Much Importance & by his\u2014Unpolitical proceedings in Algiers he Enhanced our price His particular Intimacy with the British Consul whom I have very Great Reason to belive is &c. Inviterate Enemy To the Interest of the Americans\n      so that I am shure Congress Could not have got a More unfit man\n      the foundation of all treaties should be laid by some one in Algiers and then very private\n      the Commercial nations, would not wish that the Americans would obtain a peace here\n      Which I am shure you are fully sensible of We are treated very sivilly by the Count & french Consul and has no Connections with Mr. Logie\u2014\n      I remain your Most obt. & very humble servant.\n       Richd. OBryen\n      the uncertainty of these letters will not admit me to write you of some particulars but I have wrote by a safe Oppertunity to Mr. Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0222", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Jay, 31 July 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\n      Dear Sir\n     Paul Randall Esqr, who has been with Mr Lamb to Algiers will have the Honour to deliver this Letter. in order to lay before Congress the earliest Information of all that has come to his Knowledge, in the Course of his Journeys and Voyages he proposes to return, without loss of Time to New-York. He has conducted, as far as I can judge, with Prudence and Fidelity, and has merited a Recommendation to Congress.\n     His Salary, will be paid him by Mr Lamb if arrived in New York, out of the Monies remaining in his Hands. Mr Lamb has drawn upon me for Three Thousand two hundred and twelve Pounds twelve Shillings Sterling, and his Bills for that sum have been accepted and paid. He will account with Congress for the Expenditure of it, and pay the Ballance into their Treasury. Mr Randal was at some Small Expence for Cloathing, which it will be but reasonable to allow him.\n     There are, it Seems, at Algiers, one and twenty Prisoners taken on board the two American Vessells. Mr Lamb has left Some Money for their Benefit, but however anxious they may be to be redeemed from Captivity, there is reason to fear, that all that Money will be expended before they obtain their Liberty, in which Case they will probably write to me for more. I should therefore be happy to receive the Instructions of Congress, whether I may be permitted to relieve them and how far, or whether they must be left to the Care and Expence of their Friends in America. if the last Should be the\nDetermination of Congress, I should think it will be necessary that Some publick Advertisement Should be made that those Friends may know their Duty according to their Abilities. The Provision that is made, for the Subsistence and Cloathing of Captives either by the Government or their Masters is Said to be very inadequate to their Comfort and Necessities.\n     With great Respect and regard I have the / Honour to be, dear Sir your most obedient / and most humble Servant\n      John Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0223", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 31 July 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n      Dear Sir\n     I have recd, the Ratification of the Prussian Treaty, and next Thursday Shall Sett off for the Hague in order to exchange it with the Baron De Thulemeyer.\n     Your favour of the 11th. instant I have recd. There are great and weighty Considerations urged in it in favour of arming against the Algerines, and I confess, if our States could be brought to agree, in the Measure, I Should be very willing to resolve upon eternal War with them. But in Such a Case We ought to conduct the War with Vigour, and protect our Trade and People. The Resolution to fight them would raise the Spirits and Courage of our Countrymen immediately, and We might obtain the Glory of finally breaking up these nests of Banditti. But Congress will never, or at least not for years, take any Such Resolution, and in the meantime our Trade and Honour suffers beyond Calculation.\u2014 We ought not to fight them at all, unless We determine to fight them forever.\n     This thought is I fear, too rugged for our People to bear. to fight them at the Expence of Millions, and make Peace after all by giving more Money and larger Presents than would now procure, perpetual Peace, Seems not to be \u0152conomical.\u2014 Did Monsieur De Massae, carry his Point without making the Presents. Did Louis 14. obtain his Point without making the Presents? has not France made Presents ever Since? Did any Nation ever make Peace with any one Barbary State, without making the Presents? is there one Example of it? I believe not.\u2014 and fancy you will find that even Massae himself made the Presents.\n     I agree in Opinion of the Wisdom and Necessity of a Navy for other Uses, but am apprehensive it will only make bad worse with the Algerines. I will go all Lengths with you in promoting a Navy, whether to be applied to the Algerines or not. but I think at the Same time We should treat. Your Letter however has made me easier upon this Point.\u2014 Nevertheless I think you have rather undercalculated the Force necessary to humble the Algerines. They have now fifty Gun Boats, which being Small objects in Smooth Water against great Ships in rough Water are very formidable. None of these existed in the time of Monsieur Massae. The Harbour of Algiers too is fortified all round, which it was not, in Mr Massaes time, which renders it more difficult and dangerous to attempt a Blockade.\n     I know not what dependence is to be had upon Portugal and Naples, in Case of a War with the Barbarians. perhaps they might assist us, in some degree.\u2014\n     Blocking Algiers would not obtain Peace with Morocco Tunis or Tripoli, so that our Commerce would still be exposed.\n     After all, tho I am glad We have exchanged a Letter upon the subject, I percieve that neither Force nor Money will be applied. our States are so backward that they will do nothing for some Years. if they get Money enough to discharge the Demands upon them in Europe, already incurred, I shall be agreably disappointed.\u2014 A Disposition Seems rather to prevail among our Citizens to give up all Ideas of Navigation and naval Power, and lay themselves consequently at the Mercy of Foreigners, even for the Price of their Produce.\u2014 It is their Concern, and We must submit. for your Plan of fighting will no more be adopted than mine of negotiating.\u2014 This is more humiliating to me, than giving the Presents would be.\n     I have a Letter from Mr Jay of 7. July, by Packet, containing\nnothing but an Acknowledgment of the Receipt of our Letter of 25. of April.\u2014\n     N. Hampshire and R. Island have suspended their Navigation Acts and Massachusetts now left alone will suspend theirs, so that all will be left to the Convention, whose system if they form one, will not be compleated adopted and begin to operate under Several years.\u2014\n     Congress have recd the Answer which you saw, to my Memorial of 30 Nov. and Mr Ramsay writes me, he is not distressed at it, because it will produce a repeal of all the Laws, against recovering private Debts.\n     With every Sentiment of Friendship I am / yours\n      John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0224", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Lamb, 31 July 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Lamb, John\n      London july 31st 1786\u2014\n     Mr Randall who proposes to Sail in a few Days for N York, will deliver you this Letter. If, I have not Overlookd any Article in your Account you have drawn Bills upon me which have been accepted & paid to the amount of 32 hundred and 12 Pounds 12 shillings Sterling for the Expenditure of which you will Account with Congress and pay the Ballance into their Treasury after paying Mr Randall his Salery. The Articles of Extra Expence for Cloathing I think Should be allowed to Mr Randall exclusive of his Salary\n     If it Should not be the intention of Congress to treat farther with the Algerines every Man of Humanity must feel for our unfortunate Countrymen in Captivity and at Least it ought to be publickly known whether Congress mean to make any provision for their Comfort in the Articles of Subsistance & Cloathing that their Relations and Friends may do the Best in their Power. You will do well to represent this matter to Government, that they may give Instructions to their Ministers what to do in it\u2014 I am fully of your opinion of the Policy of treating with the Barbary Powers: but if Congress Should determine against it, they will I presume prepare a Naval\nForce to give some Protection to their Commerce and Portugal at least will Cooperate with us perhaps Naples will do so too\u2014\n     I am Sir yours &c &c\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0226", "content": "Title: From John Adams to James Bowdoin, 1 August 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Bowdoin, James\n      London August 1. 1786.\n     I have lately written to Congress, An Account of the Sentiments and Conduct of the Lords of the Admiralty, upon Captain Stanhopes Letters, which will no doubt be transmitted to you from\nN. York. It consists in Substance in the Signification to Capt. Stanhope of the \u201cSensible Displeasure\u201d of their Lordships, and in his Recall from the American Station.\n     In a late Visit to the Hide a Country Seat of Thomas Brand Hollis Esqr, he told me, that among a Parcell of Books he lately Sent to the University or the Accademy of Arts and Sciences he intended to have placed Prices Treatise, on Minerals, Mines and Mining, but it was then lent out. being Since returned, he requested me to transmit it\n     The Bearer, will take the Charge of it and deliver it to your Excellency as President of the Accademy of Arts and Sciences to be presented to them, in the Name of Thomas Brand Hollis Esqr, one of their Members, and a Gentleman, with whom, as a beneficent private Character and a warm Friend of Liberty, and of America, I have the Pleasure to live upon Terms of Intimacy.\n     With great Respect, and Esteem, I have the / Honour to be, Sir your most obedient and / most humble Servant\n      John Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0227", "content": "Title: From John Adams to David Ramsay, 1 August 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Ramsay, David\n      London August 1st. 1786\n     I am much obliged by our Letter of the fourth of May. there have been hints of designs or desires to publish a mutilated Edition of your History, but your Friends have expressed so much Indignation at them that I hope & believe they will be laid asside, and that by degrees the American Edition may be sold\u2014 There is an Eagerness to read it, even among those who are least favourable to it, all who have read it, express an high Opinion of its impartiality as well as of its Composition. The Bishop of St. Asaph, Doctor Priestly, & Dr. Price, good judges have highly applauded both in my hearing as well as several others, of less Name. Mr. Dilly I believe was as apprehensive of private Resentment as of public Prosecution.\n     The Barbary Piracies will compell the states to give Congress a Revenue for the purpose of treating or fighting or both,\u2014or if the States should continue determined against both, Many of their Country-men will fall into Captivity, their Navigation will languish for many Years, and the Produce of the Country in all the states will fall very low, and more money will be paid in insurance than would procure Peace. The Interest of the foreign Debt must be paid upon pain of War.\n     The only thing that is wanting is honour, a terrible deficiency indeed you will say. I agree with you. But we must be bold to say to one another, it has been Wanting Treaties of Peace, have by all nations been deemed the most sacred of Treaties\u2014 Yet Parties have been found to have influence enough in Particular states to violate our first Treaty of peace\u2014 I wish the memory of it could be blotted out of our history, The Posts & the Negroes are our Excuse, and if you write a general History I hope you will make the most of them\u2014But I hope you will not alledge them as a justification, Credit can only be obtained or continued by Punctuality. Confidence rests only upon honour.\n     The proposed Conventions, will necessarily do good by bringing the Continent nearer together by extending acquaintances, and by informing a greater Number of Persons\u2014but they will require time And the demands upon the public are pressing, a great sum is wanting for 1787.\u2014 speculations of foreigners are much to be dreaded in our f\u0153edral & State Paper, Immense fortunes will be made by jobbing in our stocks, by Dutch English and French; and the Labour of\nour Country must be sent abroad to pay it, how to prevent it is the question? I suppose, if Congress had now in Europe one Million in Cash, they might sink by it 5 or 6 million of their Debt, by Selling bills of Exchange for their own Paper at 2 or 3 shillings for a Pound, our Debt would not hurt us if we could keep it due to our own Citizens alone. but when it falls into foriegn hands the Case is altered\u2014Yet we had better owe foriegners one million than five\u2014 The Debt must be funded at all events this will strengthen the Conf\u0153deration, and produce a Circulation immediately both of principal & Interest, and raise spirit of our People as well as our Reputation with the World, and Reputation is Power according to truth, altho that Truth with others is to be found with many falshoods in that old rogue Hobbes\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0228", "content": "Title: John Adams Visits the Netherlands, 3 Aug. \u2013 6 Sept. 1786\nFrom: \nTo: \n     John Adams returned to London on 29 July from a weeklong visit to Thomas Brand Hollis at The Hyde and found John Jay\u2019s 6 June letter awaiting him (above; JA, D&ADiary and Autobiography of John Adams, ed. L. H. Butterfield and others, Cambridge, 1961; 4 vols., 3:200). Enclosed was the 10 September 1785 Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce ratified by Congress on 17 May 1786. Replying on 30 July, Adams indicated that with the one-year period allotted for exchanging ratified copies of the treaty drawing to a close, he would either go to The Hague himself to conduct the business with the Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Thulemeier, Prussian minister to the Netherlands, or send William Stephens Smith to act in his stead. The next day, however, he wrote to Thomas Jefferson to inform him that he would go and take Abigail with him because, according to Abigail Adams 2d, \u201cit was a good oppertunity for Mamma to visit Holland\u201d (both above; AFCAdams Family Correspondence, ed. L. H. Butterfield, Marc Friedlaender, Richard Alan Ryerson, Margaret A. Hogan, and others, Cambridge, 1963\u2013 ., 7:300). Because he remained minister to the Netherlands, there was a third reason for him to undertake the mission, namely, his need to assuage the sensibilities of the States General and other Dutch officials offended at his failure to take formal leave in 1785 prior to taking up his post as minister to Great Britain (to Jay, 27 Oct. 1786, below).\n     John Adams took leave of the British court on Tuesday, 2 August, and the following day he and Abigail departed London, leaving his new son-in-law, William Stephens Smith, as charg\u00e9 d\u2019affaires. Adams\u2019 departure did not go unnoticed. Newspaper reports indicated that he was abandoning his\npost as minister to Great Britain because of his inability to resolve Anglo-American issues in negotiations with the Pitt ministry. Reports had him either going to Madrid to conclude a commercial treaty with Spain, or heading to North Africa to negotiate with the Barbary States (London Chronicle, 1\u20133, 3\u20135, 5\u20138 Aug.).\n     The Gazette de Leyde of 22 August, after conferring with Adams, declared the reports erroneous. The conflict between the United States and the Barbary corsairs had been somewhat alleviated owing to the decision of Queen Maria I of Portugal to have her fleet protect American ships. The Prussian-American treaty, according to the Gazette de Leyde, signaled a new epoch in the history of diplomacy because of its appreciation of and respect for human rights, presumably a reference to the treaty\u2019s provisions regarding noncombatants (Gazette de Leyde, 11, 22 Aug.; Gazette d\u2019Amsterdam, 11 Aug.).\n     The Adamses sailed from Harwich, England, on 5 August, bound for Hellevoetsluis, Netherlands, and after an overnight stay at Rotterdam, they arrived at The Hague on the 8th. That very day John Adams and Thulemeier met and exchanged the ratified copies of the treaty, and presumably celebrated the occasion at their dinner on the 12th. The Adamses remained at The Hague for six days. During that time John took leave of the Netherlands with visits to the president of the States General; the States\u2019 secretary, Hendrik Fagel; and the grand pensionary, Pieter van Blieswyck (to Jay, 27 Oct., below). With Abigail he dined with Sir James Harris, British envoy to the Netherlands, and his wife, and on two occasions with the French ambassador, Charles Olivier de Saint Georges, Marquis de V\u00e9rac. They also had time to visit the Huis ten Bosch, William V\u2019s residence, although the stadholder had moved to the Het Loo Palace at Apeldoorn in the province of Gelderland.\n     With the exception of Adams\u2019 reports on the exchange of the ratified treaties and his taking leave of the States General, virtually all of the information regarding the Adamses\u2019 visit to the Netherlands is derived either from newspaper reports or from Abigail\u2019s letters to Abigail Adams 2d, Mary Smith Cranch, or Cotton Tufts (AFCAdams Family Correspondence, ed. L. H. Butterfield, Marc Friedlaender, Richard Alan Ryerson, Margaret A. Hogan, and others, Cambridge, 1963\u2013 ., 7:315\u2013317, 318\u2013320, 324\u2013325, 333\u2013339, 362\u2013363). It is from Abigail that we learn that the two went to Leyden, \u201cthe cleanest City I ever saw,\u201d on 14 August, and of their journey to Amsterdam on the 17th. There John must have consulted with the Dutch bankers, for he and Abigail dined with Jan Willink on 19 August and with his older brother, Wilhem, on the 23d. Abigail recounts visits to the Pieterskirk, \u201cthe Church at Leyden in which our forefathers worshipd,\u201d Amsterdam\u2019s exchange and theaters, and to the towns of Delft, Saardam, Gouda, and Utrecht. Abigail\u2019s letters are lively and informative but leave largely unanswered the question as to what her husband was doing when not pursuing his official duties or socializing with her.\n     It is remarkable that John Adams, after an absence from the Netherlands of almost exactly two years, wrote virtually nothing about his visit.\nHe took no note of the fact that on the day he took leave of the British court Margaret Nicholson tried to assassinate George III (AFCAdams Family Correspondence, ed. L. H. Butterfield, Marc Friedlaender, Richard Alan Ryerson, Margaret A. Hogan, and others, Cambridge, 1963\u2013 ., 7:xv, 301). Nor did he mention until his 27 October letter to Jay the death of Frederick II, king of Prussia, on 17 August. His reticence was particularly notable considering the political ferment roiling the Netherlands upon his arrival and which continued throughout his stay. The longstanding conflict between the Patriot Party, Adams\u2019 ally during his residence in the Netherlands, and William V was coming to a head. Within the year William would be briefly deposed only to be restored by the Prussian Army. Most relevant to the Adamses\u2019 visit, however, was a major victory scored by the Patriots only six days before they arrived at The Hague, when the party succeeded in ousting the pro-Orangist Regency Council of Utrecht and replaced it with an elected panel of magistrates (Gazette d\u2019Amsterdam, 4 Aug.). John and Abigail were at Utrecht on 28 August for the swearing-in of the new council, and John wrote to Jefferson on 11 September that \u201cin no Instance, of ancient or modern History, have the People ever asserted more unequivocally their own inheerent and unalienable Sovereignty.\u201d Abigail testified that she had witnessed \u201ca Grand scene, the Triumph of Liberty, which having deposed a Number of their old Majestrates Elected 15 New ones, and in the most Solemn Manner in a large Square upon an elevated platform, amidst a Multitude of ten thousand persons assembled on the occasion, the chief Seceratary Administerd the oaths to them and all the people said Amen! in other words gave three huzzas.\u201d\n     In the absence of any letters by John Adams between 2 August and 10 September, except a 5 August letter to William Stephens Smith from John and Abigail that was partly in his hand, it is impossible to know what he was thinking during that period (AFCAdams Family Correspondence, ed. L. H. Butterfield, Marc Friedlaender, Richard Alan Ryerson, Margaret A. Hogan, and others, Cambridge, 1963\u2013 ., 7:307\u2013309). But there is evidence that the political events occurring during his visit and conversations with his Patriot friends planted the seeds for\u2014or at least hastened his decision to begin drafting\u2014his Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America (3 vols., London, 1787\u20131788; Volume 1 of John Adams\u2019 A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America, [ca. 15 Jan. 1787], Editorial Note, below), and his publishing, almost immediately after returning to London, his 1780 replies to questions from the Dutch lawyer Hendrik Calkoen entitled Twenty-six Letters, Upon Interesting Subjects, Respecting the Revolution in America, London, 1786. That Adams would undertake such publications to instruct his Dutch friends was in line with his efforts from his first entry upon the Dutch political scene in 1780, when he immediately secured the publication of the 1780 Massachusetts constitution; Pens\u00e9es sur la r\u00e9volution de l\u2019Am\u00e9rique-Unie, Amsterdam, 1780, the French translation of his redaction of Thomas Pownall\u2019s Memorial Addressed to the Sovereigns of Europe; and a collection of American constitutions entitled Verzameling van de Constitutien der Vereenigde Onafhanglijke Staaten van Amerika, 2 vols., Dordrecht, 1781\u20131782 (vols. 9:157\u2013221, 531\u2013588; 10:148\u2013152, 157\u2013158, 163, 196\u2013252; 12:128\u2013130).\nAdams\u2019 purpose in these earlier publications and particularly in his replies to Calkoen had been to equate the American Revolution with the sixteenth-century Dutch Revolt against Spain, to emphasize that the Netherlands and the United States were the products of a shared love of liberty and hatred for despotism. For John Adams, therefore, the events at Utrecht were evidence of the triumph of the ideas of the American Revolution, and they marked the culmination of his efforts to transform the Dutch nation.\n     The exact nature of John Adams\u2019 interaction with the Patriots is unknown, but it is clear that they influenced his decision to write the Defence. Upon arriving at The Hague, Adams immediately sought out C. W. F. Dumas, a staunch Patriot and the de facto American charg\u00e9 d\u2019affaires. They presumably consulted regarding the diplomatic business to be conducted but likely also discussed the Dutch political situation and the prospects for the Patriots. Either there or at Amsterdam, Adams likely met such old friends and Patriots as Engelbert Fran\u00e7ois van Berckel and Cornelis de Gyslaar. Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan Van der Kemp, a former Mennonite minister and ardent Patriot, did not indicate when he met Adams, but he thanked him for his kindnesses during his visit to the Netherlands (from Van der Kemp, 31 Oct. 1786, below). But the most compelling evidence of Adams\u2019 involvement with the Patriots and Dutch politics is Antoine Marie Cerisier\u2019s 10 August letter, below. There Cerisier comments on his efforts to promote constitutional reform in the Netherlands, and he expresses a desire to confer with Adams on the subject. It is likely that John Adams and Cerisier did meet, particularly since Cerisier was writing from Leyden, and the Adamses were there by the 14th. Certainly Adams met either Cerisier or Jean Luzac, editor of the Gazette de Leyde, or both, because the Gazette of 22 August indicates that Adams provided a copy of the French text of the Prussian-American treaty, which it planned to print in succeeding issues.\n     Moreover, writing to Richard Cranch on 15 January 1787, below, after the first volume of the Defence had been published, Adams indicated that it was a hasty production, for which he had only begun to assemble materials following his \u201creturn from Holland in September.\u201d However, \u201cmy Friends in Holland were much employed, in Revolutions. in Several Conversations there, I had occasion to mention some Things respecting Government, which some of those Gentlemen wished to see upon Paper. their desire falling in with the Seditious Meetings in the Massachusetts determined me to write.\u201d Although Adams mentions the outbreak of Shays\u2019 Rebellion as an incentive for writing the Defence, the first reports of the disorders reached him only in late November 1786, almost three months after he began drafting it, and by 13 December John Brown Cutting was reading a manuscript copy (from Rufus King, 3 Oct.; from Cutting, 13 Dec., both below). While it may be that news of the rebellion spurred him to complete his three-volume work, it was the encouragement of his Dutch friends that led him to embark on the first volume of the Defence, and it is that which gives Adams\u2019 interlude in the Netherlands its real significance.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0230", "content": "Title: Thomas Barclay to the American Commissioners, 11 August 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: American Commissioners\n      Gentlemen\n      D\u2019Aralbyda. 11th. Aug. 1786\u2014\n     I arrived here today, and shall Continue My Journey to Tangiers Early in the Morning,\u2014 The Plague being at Constantina occasions a Rigorous Quarranteen of 40 Days (from Barbary) in Spain\u2014 I shall therefore Endeavor to Get into Ceuta, which being in the hands of the Spaniards is an Exception to the Above remark, and I think the Quarranteen from thence is only [ten] Twelve Days\u2014\n     The Treaty shall be forwarded with all Expedition as soon as I arrive in Europe, and in the Mean time I am Gentlemen / Your Very Obed. / Serv.\n      Thos Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0231", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thomas Jefferson, 13 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n      Dear Sir\n     The inclosed came to hand this morning. mr\u0303 Carmichael you observe, and mr\u0303 Barclay suppose something may yet be done at Algiers. it remains for us to consider whether the conduct of the Dey of that country leaves any room to hope that any negotiator can succeed without a great addition to the price to which we are confined? and should we think in the negative, yet whether the expences of mr\u0303 Barclay\u2019s going there may not be compensated by additional information, by the possibility that he may get at their ultimatum, by the importance of possessing Congress of this ultimatum, that knowing their ground, they may not suspend a decision. Spain having made it\u2019s peace with Algiers, we may see whether their interference can count as money, as it has done at Marocco. hostilities too may possibly be suspended or slackened a while longer. these are all chances on which I acknolege I build very little; yet as nothing weighs against them but the expence of mr\u0303 Barclay\u2019s journey, they might be tried. if you are of that opinion, send me the necessary papers for mr\u0303 Barclay ready signed by you, & I will sign them & forward them.\u2014 there is lodged in mr\u0303 Grand\u2019s hands money enough to support the diplomatic establishment of our country in Europe three months, on which your draughts & Col\u00f5 Smith\u2019s shall be honoured if you think proper to make them. I am with sincere esteeme Dear Sir, your friend & servt.\n      Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0232", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Jay, 18 August 1786\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Adams, John\n      New York 18th: August 1786\n     I have the Honor of transmitting to you herewith enclosed, a Copy of a Report on the Case of the Brig Jane and Elizabeth of Portsmouth in New Hampshire seized by a british man of War at Barbadoes; together with Copies of the Papers on that Subject annexed to it.\u2014\n     The Conduct of the Captain of the Boreas as stated in these Papers appears very exceptionable, but unfortunately for the Brig, her Attempt to pass as a british Vessel by means of false Papers was equally so.\u2014\n     This Business therefore must be submitted to your Discretion, for as on the one Hand it would be improper to support the Cause of the Brig further than it may appear just, so on the other it ought to be asserted as far as it may be right.\u2014\n     The Owners doubtless have Correspondents in London who will probably apply to you on the Subject; and it is intended by this Report to leave you at perfect Liberty to give them such Advice and such official Countenance and Aid, as may appear to you to be proper.\u2014\n     With great and sincere Esteem and Regard / I am, Dr Sir, / Your most obt. & hble: Servt.\n      John Jay\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0233", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Jay, 19 August 1786\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Adams, John\n      New York. 19th: August 1786\n     I wrote to you on the 7th: of last Month, and also on the 18th: of this enclosing some Papers respecting an american Vessel seized at Barbadoes by a british Man of War. I have been honored with yours of 16th. 25th. and 28th. May and 6th. June last, which with the Papers accompanying them were immediately laid before Congress.\u2014\n     The Situation in which the Want of an adequate Representation had for many Months placed Congress, put it out of their Power to decide on several of my Reports, some of which were founded on your Letters. These Delays oblige me to leave those Letters unanswered, and to leave you without Instructions on Points on which I think you should be furnished with the Sentiments of Congress.\u2014\n     We daily expect to receive the Treaty with Portugal. {I have advised that new commissons be Issued to you and Mr. Jefferson.}\n     You will herewith receive the late Requisition of Congress, their Ordinance for the Indian Department and several other printed Papers. A Vessel for London has just touched here, and given me an Opportunity of writing you these few Lines. I am mortified to write you such Letters, but that must be the Case, until Congress enable me to write more particularly and satisfactorily. You want Answers to many Questions, and tho\u2019 I am not at a Loss to form a Judgement of what they should be, yet my private Sentiments and those of Congress may not coincide.\u2014\n     With great and sincere Esteem and Regard, I am, Dr Sir, / Your most obedient Servt.\n      John Jay\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0234", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Charles Storer, 19 August 1786\nFrom: Storer, Charles\nTo: Adams, John\n      Dear sir,\n      Boston. 19th. August. 1786.\n     Excuse me if I only enclose letters to your family\u2014 I have not wherewithal to gratify you in the News way, as our brightest prospects are but gloomy\u2014and I know you have enough to vex you where you are\u2014 I mentioned to Mrs: Adams a County Convention forming here in the County of Bristol\u2014 They have called upon almost every other County to join them\u2014 Worcester however has given them a positive denial & utterly disapproves their Conduct\u2014 This I hope will have weight\u2014\n     In my last I troubled you with particulars respecting our Eastern boundaries\u2014 All here depend upon your opinion on the subject\u2014and I hope you will not be of the opinion with our Lt: Governor, who says\u2014\u201cpho! pho! don\u2019t let us make any disturbance\u2014 let us give up this disputed Country\u2014 It is not worth quarrelling about\u201d\u2014 This tract of Country, however, is from 15. to 20. miles on the Bay of Passamaquoddy, and stretching it to the sources of the two disputed Rivers includes some hundreds of miles\u2014 You will judge if this should be given up so tamely\u2014\n     I have the pleasure to inform you of your family\u2019s being in usual health\u2014 Your Son Thomas is to be examined at Cambridge the next week\u2014 John & Charles have been [\u2026] resident there\u2014\n     If I can get any Newspapers will enclose them to you\u2014and have only to add that I am with great esteem & respect, dr: sir, / Yr: much oblig\u2019d / humle: servt:\n      Chas: Storer.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0235", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thomas Jefferson, 27 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n      Dear Sir\n     Your favour of July 31. was lately delivered me. the papers inform me you are at the Hague, and, incertain what stay you may make there, I send this by mr\u0303 Voss who is returning to London by the way of Amsterdam. I inclose you the last letters from mr\u0303 Barclay & mr\u0303 Carmichael, by which we may hope our peace with Marocco is signed, thanks to the good offices of a nation which is honest, if it is not wise. this event with the naval cruises of Portugal will I hope quiet the Atlantic for us. I am informed by authority to be depended on, that insurance is made at Lorient, on American vessels sailing under their own flag, against every event, at the price usually paid for risks of the sea alone. still however the most important of our marts, the Mediterranean, is shut. I wrote you a proposition to\naccept mr\u0303 Barclay\u2019s offer of going to Algiers. I have no hope of it\u2019s making peace; but it may add to our information, abate the ardor of those pyrates against us, and shut the mouths of those who might impute our success at Marocco & failure at Algiers to a judicious appointment to the one place & an injudicious one at the other. let me hear from you as soon as possible on this, & if you accede to it send me all the necessary papers ready signed. I inclose you the article \u201cEtats Unis\u201d of one of the volumes of the Encyclopedie, lately published. the author, M. de Meusnier, was introduced to me by the D. de la Rochefoucault. he asked of me information on the subject of our states, & left with me a number of queries to answer. knowing the importance of setting to rights a book so universally diffused & which will go down to late ages, I answered his queries as fully as I was able, went into a great many calculations for him, and offered to give further explanations where necessary. he then put his work into my hands. I read it, and was led by that into a still greater number of details by way of correcting what he had at first written, which was indeed a mass of errors & misconceptions from beginning to end. I returned him his work & my details; but he did not communicate it to me after he had corrected it. it has therefore come out with many errors which I would have advised him to correct, & the rather as he was very well disposed. he has still left in a great deal of the Abb\u00e9 Raynal, that is to say a great deal of falsehood, and he has stated other things on bad information. I am sorry I had not another correction of it. he has paid me for my trouble, in the true coin of his country, most unmerciful compliment. this, with his other errors I should surely have struck out had he sent me the work, as I expected, before it went to the press. I find in fact that he is happiest of whom the world sais least, good or bad.\u2014 I think if I had had a little more warning, my desire to see Holland, as well as to meet again mr\u0303s Adams & yourself, would have tempted me to take a flying trip there. I wish you may be tempted to take Paris in your return. you will find many very happy to see you here, & none more so than, Dear Sir, your friend and servant\n      Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0236", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Ezra Stiles, 28 August 1786\nFrom: Stiles, Ezra\nTo: Adams, John\n       Yale College Augt 28 1786.\n      I think you will make no Impression upon the Court of Great Britain. And it is probable little Impression will be made on Algiers, while Britain on one hand may be inciting them to stand on too high Terms for us, & we on the other hand send Characters too trifling for so important a Negotiation. Was the Levant Trade open to America, the Profits to us would soon be very great, as we could export even Wheat as well as Fish to the Mediterranean; and it might be perhps the surest Step to make Britain feel the Necessity of opening their W. India Trade to us.\n      A Stoppage of our Com\u0303erce will be attended with what has already come to pass the Annihila of our Credit in Europe, an Infamy & Dishonor which we cannot avoid & must painfully bear. It will however stop or diminish our Consumption of European Goods\u2014set us to increase our domestic Manufactures\u2014& throw us back into the Wilderness where by settling abroad over a large Territory we may in half a Century create a larger aggregate Property than in a Centy by Com\u0303erce. American Produce will be a sure Basis for stable Trade & firm Com\u0303erce. For however indigent we are (or rather seem to be) a Centy hence the super[flu]ous Produce of the XIII States will be not less than twenty Millions sterlg for Exportation. And will I believe the World will not open the way for our freely carryg this to the shores of all Nations?\u2014in our own Vessels too. But Britain, will loose this Trade. She has not Wisdom in the Hour of her Malice, not Wisdom eno\u2019 to bring back this Trade to herself. She ought, if she consulted her Interest, to make it of the most free access of all nations to [\u2026] their Com\u0303odities to her & exchange for her Manufactures. With the greatest Honor & undissembled Respect I am Sir / Yr most obedt Servt\n       Ezra Stiles\n      Permit me to take the Liby to inclose a Letter to Dr Wales, who sailed from hence 14th may last for France to try the Ocean Air & Travels for Recovy from nervous Disorders. Intended to be in London as at this time, & to wait upon yourself & Dr Price.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0238", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 11 September 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n       Dear Sir\n       Grosvenor Square Septr. 11. 1786\n      On my Return from Holland, on the Sixth instant I found your Favours of the 8. and 13. Aug.\u2014 on my Arrival at the Hague The Exchange of Ratifications was made on the 8 of August with The Baron De Thulemeier, and I had it Printed. it is only in French.\u2014 Copies Shall be Sent you as Soon as I can find an Opportunity. We were present at Utrecht at the august Ceremony of Swearing in their new Magistrates. in no Instance, of ancient or modern History, have the People ever asserted more unequivocally their own inheerent and unalienable Sovereignty.\u2014 But whatever Pleasure I might have in enlarging upon this Subject, I must forbear.\n      The Affair of Oil has taken a turn here. The Whalemen both at Greenland and the southward, have been unsuccessful and the Price of Spermac\u00e6ti Oil, has risen above fifty Pounds a Ton. Boyston\u2019s ship arrived with two or three hundred Ton, and finding he could pay the Duties and make a Profit of five and twenty Per Cent, he sold his Cargo here, instead going again to France as he intended.\u2014 This Circumstance will oblige the French Court, or the French Merchants or both to take other Measures, or they will loose this Trade. The Price of Oil will rise in Boston, so much that I am afraid Mr Barrett\u2019s Contract must be fullfilled at an immense Loss.\n      As to Mr Lambs Settlement, I still think he had better embark forthwith for New York from Spain. if he cannot he may transmit to you and me his Account, and remit to Us the Ballance in favour of U.S.\n      Mr Barclays Proposal, of going to Tunis and Tripoli, I Suppose appears to you as it does to me, from what We learned from the Ambassador from Tripoli in London, to be unnecessary at least till We hear farther from Congress. It Seems to me too, very unlikely that any Benefit will be had from a Journey to Algiers.\u2014 I wish to See the Treaty with Morocco, and to know the Particulars of that Affair, first.\u2014 At present I believe We are taken in, and that We shall be plagued with Demands for annual Presents. I confess, I have no\nFaith in the Supposition that Spanish Interference has counted for Money, or at least that it will pass long for it.\n      If however you are clearly in favour of Sending Mr Barclay to Algiers, I will make out a Commission, and send it to you, for your Signature Signed by myself, because I would not set up my own Judgment against yours, Mr Charmichaels and Mr Barclays: but I confess, at present I cannot See any Advantage in it, but on the contrary Several Disadvantages. Mr Randal is gone to Congress, and We may expect their further orders, e\u2019er long.\n      With Sincere Affection I am, dear sir, your / Friend and servant\n       John Adams\n      inclosed is a Project of an Answer to Mr Lamb, if you approve it, you will Sign and Send it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0239", "content": "Title: The American Commissioners to John Lamb, [ca. 11\u201319 September 1786]\nFrom: \nTo: \n     We have received your two Letters, of the 15 & 18. July from Alicant and are sorry to learn that your indisposition discourages you from travelling by Land or sea\n     We still think it most adviseable, both for your own interest & that of the United states, that you should return to Congress, for their further Instructions, as soon as possible, & we again propose to you, to embark from spain, by the first oppertunity.\n     Congress have never informed us, of any Promise made, or Encouragement given you, that you should be settled with in Europe, and we think it best you should settle with their Board of treasury. Nevertheless if you transmit to us, your account we will adjust it, as far as lies in Us, subject to the revision of Congress. Your Letter of\nCredit we wish you to return to one of us, by the first oppertunity, as you will not have occasion to draw again by Virtue of it.\n     Mr. Randall is gone to N. York & it is our wish that you might be there with him that Congress might have an oppertunity of receiving from both together, as much information as possible, that you might mutually aid each other in settling your account\u2014\n     We are", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0240", "content": "Title: Thomas Barclay to the American Commissioners, 13 September 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: American Commissioners\n      Gentlemen.\n      Tangier 13th. September 1786.\u2014\n     Though, in a letter written at this place\u2014dated the 10th. instant, I gave you a long answer to the questions with which you charged me, I will now add some farther particulars on the Subject of this Country, which you will possibly be inclined to know.\u2014\n     The Emperor is on the most cordial and friendly footing with Spain, the presents, made him from that Court, have been uncommonly great, and among other valuable articles lately sent, were 80 thousand Dollars in Specie.\u2014\n     It was, some time ago, debated in the Council at Versailles whether war Shou\u2019d not be declared against Morocco for the treatment which the Emperor gave Mr. Chinie the french Consul when he was last at Morocco. The fact was that the Emperor wrote to Rabat desiring to see the Consul at the Court from which Mr. Chinie excus\u2019d\nhimself on account of his health, which the Emperor was informd was very good\u2014 Some time after the Consul went up to Morocco, with a letter from Mr. De Castries, in answer to one which the Emperor had written to the King of France, but the Emperor was so much offended at the letter, not being from the King himself, and at Mr. Chinie for not complying with his Desire to go to Morocco, that, He wou\u2019d not look at it, but ordered it, at the Public Audience, to be tied round the Consul\u2019s neck, and dismissed him\u2014 The late proConsul of France has been very Successful in reconciling matters, and the present Consul was very well receiv\u2019d while I was in Morocco,\u2014the Emperor however Strongly advising him to avoid the ways of his Predecessor.\u2014\n     The Swedes are bound by treaty to Send an Ambassador once in two years, and the presents are considerable and very usefull to the Emperor.\u2014\n     The Danes are bound by treaty to pay an annual tribute of 25 Thousand Dollars.\u2014\n     The Venetians, by treaty also, are bound to pay ten thousand Chequins being about Twenty two thousand Dollars.\u2014\n     The presents, from Holland, are more considerable than those from any of the three last mention\u2019d Powers, but they are not Stipulated\u2014\n     The English pay also very high without being bound to do so by treaty, and they enjoy at present very little of the Emperor\u2019s friendship or good wishes\u2014 There is not a Nation on earth of which he has so bad an opinion, and I have heard him Say they neither minded their Treaties nor Promises.\u2014 It wou\u2019d be going into too long a Detail to mention all the particulars that gave rise to these prejudices which may very possibly end in a war.\u2014\n     The Emperor of Morocco has no Treaty with the Emperor of Germany\u2014and has given notice to the Imperial Consul at Cadiz, that unless the Emperor of Germany sends him Three frigates, He will cruize against his Vessells.\u2014\n     With the Portugueze, He is very friendly. their Men of War come into this bay to get Supplies of Provisions and other necessaries, During their cruizes against the Algerines\u2014and a Man of War of 64 Guns which is lying at Anchor here for that purpose will Sail in a few days to join the Portugueze Squadron of Six Vessels that are now in the Mediterranean to prevent the Algerine Cruizers from getting into the Atlantic.\u2014 By the treaty between Portugal and Morocco the Emperor is not to allow his Vessels to Cruize to the\nNorthward of Cape Finistre.\u2014 My information says Cape Finistere, but Probably it ought to be Cape St. Vincent, I Cannot at present be Certain about it.\u2014\n     I have already mentioned the Situation of the Emperor with the Porte\u2014with Tunis and Tripoli he is on very good terms\u2014but a Coolness has Subsisted between Him and the Dey of Algiers for some time, which began I believe upon the Emperor\u2019s having made Peace with Spain without communicating with the Dey. I am told, however, that Some late friendly overtures have been made from Algiers which will probably reinstate the Countries in their old Situation.\u2014\n     The Dominions of the Emperor consists of the Kingdoms of Fez, Morocco, Tafilet and Sus, and his influence extends a great way into the Desert; Fez and Morocco are in many parts very fertile in Corn, fruit and oil, and any quantity of wine might be rais\u2019d but the use of it is prohibited\u2014 The last Harvest has produced an encrease of 40 for one, an asertion which from examination I know to be true, and 30 for one is not deem\u2019d extraordinary\u2014 The resources of the Country are great\u2014but the cultivation of those resources Slovenly to a Degree.\u2014 All the Arts and Sciences are buried in Oblivion, and it appears almost impossible that these are the Descendants of the people who conquer\u2019d Spain, ruled it for Seven hundred years, and left Some very Striking memorials behind them in that country\u2014 The Streets and Houses in the City of Morocco are despicable beyond belief, with here and there the remains of Something that, with the Mosques, Shews the City was once of more consequence.\u2014 There are Schools in all the Towns where reading and writing are taught and in Some places arithmetic, and very rarely a little astronomy, and those branches comprehend the Learning of the Moors.\u2014 The people Seem to be warlike, fierce avaritious and Contemners of the Christians. The Arabs, who dwell in Tents, dispise the Inhabitants of the Cities, but unite with them in their attachment to the Sovereign.\u2014 The Emperor is 66 years of age according to the Mahometan reckoning which is about 64 of our years\u2014 He is of a middle Stature inclining to fat, and has a remarkable cast in his right eye which looks blacker than the other; His Complexion is rather dark owing to a Small mixture of Negro blood in him\u2014 He possessed in his early years all the fierceness of his ancestors, but being entrusted by his father in Public matters, He turned his thoughts on the art of Government, and during his father\u2019s lifetime obtain\u2019d absolute Dominion not only over the Country, but over his father who\nentrusted everything to his management, appoveing even of those acts which he did contrary to his instructions and the most perfect friendship always subsisted between them. It is about 28 years since he ascended the Throne without a Competitor, Since which he has taken the Utmost pains to conquer those habits and prejudices in which he was educated\u2014 One of his people, not long ago, making a Complaint of Some ill treatment he had receiv\u2019d, and not meeting Such reddress as he expected broke out into Some language that the Emperor was not accustom\u2019d to hear, His Majesty, with great temper, Said \u201cHad you Spoke in Such terms to my Father or Grandfather, what do you think wou\u2019d have been the consequence\u201d\u2014\n     The King is fond of accumulating wealth and of distributing it\u2014 The Sums he Sends to Mecca are so extraordinary that they occasion conjectures that He may possibly retire there one Day Himself. He is religious and an observer of Forms, but this did not hinder him on a late journey from Sal\u00e8 to Morocco to Strike out of the direct road and go to a Saints House, where a number of Villains\u2014 (about 300) had taken Sanctuary, every one of which he order\u2019d to be cut in pieces in his presence\u2014 He is a just man according to his Idea of Justice, of great personal Courage\u2014liberal to a Degree\u2014A Lov[er] of his People, Stern, and rigid in distributing justice, and though it is customary for those people who can bring presents Never to apply to him without them, yet the poorest Moor in his Dominions, by placing himself under a Flag which is erected every Day in the Court where the public Audiences are given, has a right to be heard by the Emperor in preference to any Ambassador from the first King upon earth, And to prefer his complaint against any Subject be his rank what it may.\u2014 His families which are in Morocco, Mequinez and Tafilet consist of,\n     4 Queens.\u2014\n     40 Women who are not married, but who are attended in the same manner as if they were Queens.\u2014\n     243 Women of inferior Rank, and these are attended by,\n     858 Females who are Shut up in the Seraglios, and the number of Eun[uc]hs is great.\u2014 The last Queen which He married t[wo] years ago, is now about 14 or 15 years of age\u2014and his children are Sixteen Sons and Seven Daughters.\u2014\n     I shall conclude this letter with a short account of the two audiences I had, [the] first was a public one at which there were about one thousand people present\u2014 The Emp[eror] came out on\nhorseback, and we were presented by the Basha of Morocco. After Enquiring what kind of Journey we had and whether we came in a frigate, He asked the Situation of America with respect to Great Britain, and the Cause of our Separation. He t[hen] question\u2019d me concerning the number of the American Troops during the war and Si[nce] the peace\u2014of the religion of the white Inhabitants and of the Indians\u2014of the lati[tude] of the United States and remarked that no person had Sail\u2019d farther than the 80th. Degree of North Latitude, and enquired whether our Country produced Timber fit for the construction of Vessels. He then asked for the letters, and ordering the [one] from the King of Spain to be open\u2019d, He examin\u2019d it and Said He knew the writing very well, He then looked at an alarm Watch which happened to Strike, and as[ked] Several questions about it, he concluded by Saying, \u201cSend your Ships and trade with us, I will do every thing you can desire,[\u201d]\u2014at which he looked Round to his Great Officers and people, who all cried out\u2014God preserve the life of our Master. He then ordered his Gardens to be Shewn us and the American boy to be sent to me.\u2014\n     The Second audience was in the Garden, when the King was again on horseback and as soon as we bowed to him he cried, bona! bona! and began to complain of the treatment he had receiv\u2019d from the English. He examin\u2019d a watch that was among the presents, and an Atlas with which he seemed very well acquainted, pointing out to Different parts of the World and Naming them, though he cou\u2019d not read the names as they were printed. He asked to see the Map of the United States, which was among the others, and after examining it, called for a pen and paper and wrote down the latitudes to which his Vessels had Sail\u2019d\u2014after which he put down the latitudes of the Coasts of America, desiring to know which were the best ports, and Said he wou\u2019d probably send a Vessel there\u2014 I presented him with a book containing the constitutions of America and other public papers, and one of the Interpreters told him it also contained the reasons which induced the Americans to go to war with Great Britain\u2014 Let these reasons, Said he, looking over the book, be translated into Arabic and Sent to me as soon as possible. After Some talk about Tobacco, the Day of the Month, and the Sun\u2019s Declination, and Saying he wou\u2019d order a Bag of herbs of Great and peculiar qualities to be sent me, I inform\u2019d him that I wou\u2019d appoint Mr. Francis Chiappi of Morocco, as an Agent to act in behalf of any American Citizens, who coming to this Country may have occasion\nfor his Service\u2014or to transmit to His Majesty through Mr. Tahar Fenish any letters or papers from the Congress of the United States Untill the farther pleasure of Congress Shall be known\u2014\n     In this account of the Audiences I have omitted Some particulars which were of no consequence, and what I have related Serves only to shew the turn of thinking which the Emperor possesses, and the Objects that engross his attention.\u2014 I have the honor to be / Gentn. / Your most obedt. h\u2019ble Servt.\u2014\n      Thos Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0241", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Charles Storer, 16 September 1786\nFrom: Storer, Charles\nTo: Adams, John\n       Dear Sir,\n       Boston. 16th. Septemr: 1786.\n      I wish you would finish your business in London & return home\u2014We want you here more than a little\u2014 Every thing seems to be going wrong, and there is great reason to fear that we soon shall be in a state of anarchy & confusion\u2014 When Government has not energy eno: to enforce the laws, what is to be done? When our executive Officers have not power to suppress Mobs, Riots & armed associations, what is to be done? \u2019Tis herein we want your advice, counsel & assistance: You, who had so principal a share in framing our Constitution, can best apply a remedy for its defects\u2014 The story in short is this\u2014The people of Hampshire & Berkshire Counties find themselves much aggrieved in being sued for their debts: here blame is thrown upon the Lawyers, who, \u2019tis said, have wantonly ruined many worthy, good families\u2014 This is the case likewise in Bristol County\u2014 In consequence of this grievance a Convention was sometime ago proposed to almost every County & Town in the State to consider of the present state of public affairs & to petition for a redress\u2014 Many towns met\u2014many refused to join\u2014& some sent Members to try to keep them in order\u2014 They publish\u2019d many grievances, such as their heavy taxes, the present mode of representation, the State debt\u2014the great salaries given to the Officers of Government, and above all, the sitting of the Court of Common Pleas\u2014 In consequence of these proceedings an armed Mob prevented the sitting of the Court in the upper Counties\u2014 Hearing the same thing was intended at Concord & again at Taunton, where the Court was to sit last week, the Governor, with the advice of his Council, called upon the Officers of the Militia to defend & protect the Court\u2014 The rioters in the mean time, fearing perhaps something serious might ensue fm. the above orders, proposed to the several neighboring towns of Concord the choosing each a Committee to meet at Concord the day before the sitting of the Court\u2014in order to prevent such violent measures as were pursued the week before at Worcester, where a body of armed men, abt: 500., took possession of the Court house\u2014\nbayonetted the Judges when they offered to enter it & obliged them to retire to the tavern where they again obliged them to adjourn sine die\u2014 This seemingly pacific disposition induced the Governor, who consulted the whole Council, the Bench of Judges, & as many of the House of Representatives as he could get together, to countermand the marching of the Militia to Concord\u2014 Notwithstanding the above measures, the mob assembled at Concord, took possession of the Court-house, called on every one to join them or they would destroy the town\u2014were riotous\u2014ill-treated the inhabitants & finally obliged the Court to adjourn without day\u2014 They were about 300. in number\u2014a set of miserable, unprincipled wretches, tis said\u2014& were headed by several Officers who had been disgraced during the war & a Nathan Smith of Groton, who has been outlawed\u2014 They declared publickly their intention was to put an end to all debts & begin anew again\u2014to annihilate the State Debt & to lessen their taxes\u2014 At Taunton, the same day, the Court sat & adjourned to a distant day, being protected by Genl: Cobb at the head of about 200. of the Militia\u2014 A mob collected to oppose their sitting, but nothing was attempted\u2014 Within these few days we hear nothing of them, any further than that they complain of the Senate being a grievance, & the Attorney General a Nuisance\u2014 The Governor has issued several proclamations for apprehending the Ringleaders\u2014but without effect\u2014 He accordingly called, in the first instance, the Genl: Court together the 2d. week in October\u2014but since the affair of Concord, he has called on them to meet next week\u2014 What will be the result is yet uncertain.\u2014\n      Things appear again quiet\u2014 It was expected the Rioters would have opposed the sitting of the Supreme Court, which met at Worcester a few days ago\u2014but no attempt was made\u2014 \u201cThe Chief Justice gave a most interesting & pathetic charge to the Jury, in which the ruinous consequences of the late Commotions were pointed out in a manner wh: could not fail of forcing conviction upon the minds of all who heard it\u201d\u2014 I wish it may have that happy effect\u2014\n      The Gentleman who will deliver you this is Mr: Thos: Martin of Portsmo: He is a Kinsman of ours & therefore I take the liberty of introducing him to you & will be bound in equal obligation with him for any attentions\u2014\n      I shall leave town soon for my new settlemt: at Passe: where the\nGovr: & Council have been pleased to appoint me Justs: Pacis & one of the Quorum\u2014 If I shd. be the means of any good, it will repay me for the anxiety this entirely new employment occasions me\u2014\n      I am, sir, with much esteem, / Yr: oblig\u2019d, huml: servt:", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0242", "content": "Title: Thomas Barclay to the American Commissioners, 18 September 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: American Commissioners\n      Gentlemen\n      Ceuta 18th. Septr. 1786\n     As you will probably wish to know the particulars of the Negotiations of the Treaty with the Emperor, and as the perusal will not take up a great deal of time, I shall lay them before you\u2014\n     After the first Audience was over Mr. Taher Fennish, in whose Hands the Negotiation was placed, came from the Emperor and informed me that His Majesty had read the Translation of the Letters\u2014That he had made a Treaty with Spain very favorable for that Country, that he would write to His Most Catholic Majesty to give a Copy of that Treaty, from which, one, with the United States might be formed, & that he would either request the King of Spain to order it to be signed at Madrid, or it might be sent to Morocco for Signature by Express\u2014 I replyed, that, \u201cI had taken a long Journey in order to make this Treaty, and that I would be very sorry to return untill it was finished, If Mr. Fennish would give a Copy of the Spanish Articles I would point out such as would be necessary for us, and I doubted not but we would soon agree upon them.\u201d\n     Mr. Fennish said that some of the Papers were at Mequinez and some at Fez, and that it would be impossible to collect them so as to make them useful on this Occasion. I answered that If permission was given to me I would lay before the Emperor through him the Heads of such a Treaty as I imagined would be perfectly agreeable to both Countries; that if any objections should appear, we would talk them over, and after due Consideration, do what would seem right. To this Mr. Fennish agreed, promising his best Offices to forward and settle every thing on good and reasonable Terms The next day but one, the Heads of the Treaty in Arabic, were put into the Hands of Mr. Fennish, who shew\u2019d them to the Effendi, by whom Seven of the Articles were objected to as highly unreasonable; They were however read before His Majesty and some of the principal Officers of the Court, when all the Articles except four were admitted without hesitation; and the next Morning I received a Message from one of the Persons who was present at the reading, with Compliments upon the Progress I had made, and taking to himself entirely, the Merit of removing three of the Objections\u2014\n     When the proposition for an Exchange of Prisoners was read The King said \u201cThis is not right, why are the Christians Powers so averse to go to war with me? It is the Fear of their Subjects falling into\nSlavery.\u201d To which the Kings Preacher replyed These People deserve more indulgence from you than many others with whom you are in Alliance. They are nearer our Religion, and our Prophet mentions those who profess their manner of Worship, with Respect. Upon which the Emperor said, Let this Article be admitted\u2014 The next day I put the Treaty at full length into the Hands of the Interpreter to get it translated into Arabic and in a few days a rough draught in Arabic formed from my draught but much curtailed was delivered to me by the Talbe who had drawn it up by His Majesty\u2019s Instructions, and who though he had altered it in the Form preserved the Substance; I caused this draught to be translated into English by one Person, and into French by another, and agreed to receive the Treaty as it then stood; And I was the more anxious not to differ upon points of Form merely, because I knew the Effendi, who is the chief Officer at Court wanted to embarrass me and to draw the Affair into a length of time, and to get it into his own Hands, and this disposition had appeared on various Occasions, indeed on all that offered.\n     In the opening of the Affair I was asked by the Interpreter what I had to offer on the side of the United States by way of Presents in future, or by way of Tribute, to which I replyed (supposing the Question might come from Mr. Fennish on the Part of the Emperor) that I had to Offer to His Majesty the Friendship of the United States and to receive his in Return, to form a Treaty with him, on liberal and equal Terms. But if any engagements for future presents or Tributes were necessary, I must return without any Treaty; I took Care that these Sentiments should be conveyed to Mr. Fennish, and nothing was afterwards said about it, nor a hint droped that any thing was expected.\n     While the last draught of the Treaty was making, I was told it would be proper that the Delivery to me in behalf of the United States should be inserted, to which I very readily acquiesced, and wrote on a piece of Paper what I wished should be added, when the Treaty was finally put into my hands, seald by the King, and not \u2019till then, did I see or suspect in what Manner that Insertion is made, and which I wish with all my Heart was extinguished, at least one of the two.\n     Mr. Fennish being confined to his Chamber our Papers fell into the Hands of the Effendi, who notwithstanding the Emperor had ordered them to be delivered, detained them under various pretences, But at length (without our coming to an open Quarrel) He\nsent them, when on examination we found the Talbe had omitted a Matter of some Consequence in one of the Articles, the rectifying of which and the getting a Declaration made by Mr. Fennish by order of the King, took up a Day or two, I was asked to sign an Acceptation of the Articles on the Part of the United States but as the Treaty was not drawn up in the Form I expected, I excused myself without however giving any Offence, referring Mr. Fennish to Congress and the Ministers. It is a Friendly well intended Treaty given by the Emperor without much being demanded on his Part; If it proves satisfactory it will be proper for you Gentlemen to give your Sentiments of it to Mr. Fennish and that Congress ratifies it\u2014 And here perhaps it may not be unnecessary to say, that Mr. Fennish throughout the whole as far as I can judge, has acted with the Utmost Candor and veracity, and I thought myself very happy in having been put into his hands. When the Business was over, the Emperor sent a Message to me by Mr. Fennish, desiring to know whether I had any thing to ask and (to be repeat the Words in which it was delivered) if I had, not to be ashamed or backwards in doing it. I was prepared for this Compliment before I left Spain and was advised to request a Permission to export twenty thousand Fanegas of Wheat without Duty by which I should probably gain as many Dollars, and with great Truth I assure you that I am persuaded it would have immediately been granted. But I did not chuse to end an Embassy, begun avowedly on disinterested Principles, by making such a Request, especially as I was informed he would look on the United States as under some Obligations for such an Indulgence shewn their Servant; And as the Professions of an Inclination to give a mark of his Approbation of the transactions were repeated, I accepted them and pointed out a Manner in which he might shew the friendly disposition he had expressed; This was by his giving Letters to Constantinople, Tunis, Tripoli and Algiers recommending to these several States to enter into an Alliance with the United States and by advising them to receive in the most friendly manner such Agents and propositions as should be sent them from America. The Emperor immediately came into these Views and Mr. Fennish desired that I would draw up the Form of a Letter such as I wished should be written, which I did, and the indisposition of this Gentleman, was the Reason given why I did not get them at Morocco. I wrote twice to the Emperor and waited in Tangiers for an Answer, which I received from Mr. Fennish saying the Letters were not prepared, & at\npresent I shall add no more than that the Emperor is perfectly well informed that I had no orders to ask such Letters and that if there is any thing wrong in having done it, it is entirely an act of my own. The Treaty having been compleated, His Majesty gave a written Paper not only discribing our Rout but the time we should remain at the principal Towns. We came to this place to avoid a Quaranteen in Spain, and have been detained by some tempestuous weather. The Commandant of the Marine at St Roque hearing we were at Tangiers and at a Loss how to reach Spain without performing a Quaranteen sent a Vessel for us, directing the Commander to attend us wherever we should choose.\n     I think it probable that you will not judge it necessary for me to go up the Mediterranean as Mr. Lamb I hear has returned to Algiers, a Circumstance that will make me very happy, for though I was not backward in offering my Services, I was influenced only by the necessity I thought there was of doing something.\n     Therefore if I do not receive your decided Orders at Cadiz to pursue these African Objects, I will embrace the first Opportunity of embarking from Spain for America.\n     I beg leave to assure you of my being with every Sentiment of Esteem and Respect / Gentlemen / Your most obt humble / servant\u2014\n      Thos Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0244", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Charles Storer, 26 September 1786\nFrom: Storer, Charles\nTo: Adams, John\n      Dear sir,\n      Boston. 26th. September. 1786.\n     Mr: Martin, who will deliver you this, is a Kinsman of ours & therefore I take the liberty of begging your notice of him: assuring you I shall think myself equally obliged by any attentions he may receive.\u2014\n     Since writing the within there has been an insurrection in the State of New-Hampshire\u2014 President Sullivan & the Court were sitting at Exeter: an armed mob, abt: 500, surrounded the House & swore no one shd. come out untill they had voted an Emission of Paper Money\u2014 The President, however, found means to send orders to the Militia at Portsmo: & elsewhere to march to his relief\u2014who no sooner, on their ar[riva]l were ordered to form & attack the Rebels, than they fled every m[. . . .] best\u2014 Twenty five of the Ring-leaders they have got in Jail [. . . .]\n     A General Moulton who is involved in debt, was at the head of the Rebels\u2014 The [\u2026] found him & told him he was that day on duty & asked for his sword\u2014 On his saying it was at home, one was given him, & also a Cockade & feather: after wh: The President made him take the Command of the Rear of the Militia\u2014thus making him act against his own party\u2014 He is now despised by both sides\u2014\n     News fm. Congress you will have fm. better authority than mine\u2014 so I say nothing on that subject\u2014\n     I have only to add to wish you joy & to make my Compts: on the occasion of the marriage in your family\u2014 May it exceed a fond Parent\u2019s wishes\u2014\n     I am, sir, with every sentiment of esteem & respect, / Yr: much obliged, huml: servt:\n      Chas. Storer.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0245", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Richard O\u2019Bryen, 29 September 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: O\u2019Bryen, Richard\n      London September 29. 1786\n     I, Yesterday received your Letter of July 25, and am obliged to you for the Information it contains.\n     You may possibly have heard an erroneous Report, of what Mr Lamb Said to the Dey. it is not likely that He made any Promises. however that may be, We must all wait the orders of Congress.\n     It is painfull to the Mind of a Freeman, to think that he is in Slavery, and every one of your Countrymen I doubt not Sincerely Simpathizes with You: but by the best Accounts your actual Sufferings are much less than those which were the Lot of hundreds of our brave Countrymen in the Prisons of England during the late War. The Consideration of this will induce you to keep up your Spirits, and bear with as much Patience as possible, what cannot be avoided: Since the unfortunate Situation of our Country, may render it impossible for her to relieve you so soon as she would wish.\n     We are much obliged to the French and Spanish Nations, for their polite and Friendly Behaviour to you, as well as to all others of our Countrymen, wherever they meet them. And if the British Nation had as much Wisdom, their Consuls, Ministers and other officers abroad would be equally civil.\n     I am very Sorry it is not in my Power, to give you any Assurances, or comfortable hopes of Speedy Relief. Nothing can be done without the Instructions and assistance of Congress and what their determination will be, I know not. and to deceive you with false hopes, would be neither agreable to my Duty nor long pleasing to You. nothing could be more agreable to me, than to receive from my Superiours orders and means to procure You Liberty, being with very Sensible / Feelings for your Misfortune, sir your most obedient / and most humble servant\n      John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0246", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Isaac Stephens, 29 September 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Stephens, Isaac\n      London september 29th. 1786\u2014\n     Your Letter of July 18 was brought to me Yesterday, and your Letter to Mr. Foster with its Enclosures, shall be sent to Boston by the first oppertunity, and any other Letters you may think proper to write, and send under cover to me shall be forwarded as early as possible\u2014 I sincerely wish it were in my Power to do you more material service, but it is not\n     If mr. Lamb has deceived the Dey, by making promises, not in his power to perform, so much the worse for him: but I hope better things, and that the report you have heared is ill founded\u2014\n     You think that your \u201cRedemption nothing concerns the Peace,\u201d but in this I am not clear\u2014 The Relations and private friends of Persons who have had like you the misfortune to be in Captivity, have sometimes redeemed them but I believe that Government at the public expence have rarely if ever done it, but upon the Conclusion of a peace And in Your case, although I cannot pretend to say what Congress will do, yet I doubt very much whether they will think themselves justifiable, in redeeming you, untill a peace shall be made\u2014to agree to pay at the public expence such exorbitant demands, as no other Nation, ever paid, perhaps, would be not only encouraging an extravagant avidity, upon future Occasions, but would be such an humiliation, as in my opinion Congress will never submit to\u2014\n     Mr. Lamb will not go again to algiers, in all probability, nor can I at present say, when any other person will be sent, nor who it will be\u2014\n     Be of good cheer Nevertheless, in hopes that your Redemption draweth nigh. Your Country is not insensible to your situation & will do all for you, that she can, consistently with Justice and Prudence\u2014\n     I am sir / Your Countryman &c", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0247", "content": "Title: Thomas Barclay to the American Commissioners, 2 October 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: American Commissioners\n      Gentlemen.\n      Cadiz 2nd: October 1786.\n     By the bearer Colonel Franks I do myself the honor to Send you in a Small Box the following articles.\n     1st: A Book containing the original Treaty in Arabic between the Emperor of Morocco and the United States.\u2014\n     2. Three translations of the Treaty in English, to each of which is added a translation of a Declaration made by Tahar Fennish by order of His Majesty in addition & explanation of the 10th: article.\n     3. A Letter from the Emperor to the President of Congress\n     4. The translation of this letter in English.\u2014\n     5 Translation of the Emperor\u2019s letter to the King of Spain.\n     6 A Letter from Tahar Fennish to the Ministers at Paris and London, and Translation.\u2014\n     7 Signals agreed on by which the Moorish & American Vessels may distinguish each other at Sea.\n     8th: The answer to the Queries which you put to me, Dated Tangier the 10th. September.\n     9 An Account of Some other particulars relative to this Country\u2014 Dated Tangier\u201413th. September.\n     10 An Account of the proceedings relative to the Treaty Dated Ceuta 18th. September.\u2014\n     11. Copy of a Commission given to Francisco Chiappe of the City of Morocco untill the pleasure of Congress Shall be known, and the names of the Agents at Mogadore and Tangier.\u2014\n     These matters have been detain\u2019d a considerable time from you by various accidents, among which contrary winds and Stormy weather were a part\u2014 But I hope, as all Such impediments are now remov\u2019d, you will receive them with the utmost Expedition.\u2014\n     The Original of the Declaration made by Mr. Fennish, cou\u2019d not be placed in the Same Book with the Treaty Seal\u2019d by the Emperor, the Moorish forms not permiting it, therefore Mr. Fennish wrote it in another Book which I had placed in his hands with a Copy of the Treaty for examination, in order that he might certify the Verity of it, lest any accident Shou\u2019d happen to the original, which Book\nwith authenticated Copies of the other papers, remain in my hands\u2014\n     I am with great respect / Gentn. / Your most Obedt. Servt.\n      Thos Barclay (Copy)", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0248", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Jay, 3 October 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\n      Dear Sir\n      London October 3. 1786\n     An Event has taken Place, of too much Importance to the United States, to be omitted, in Dispatches to Congress. A Messenger arrived at the Secretary of States Office, last night, with a Treaty of Commerce between France and England, Signed by the Comte De Vergennes and Mr Eden. it cannot be Supposed that the Contents can be fully known: but it is Suggested that England has Stipulated, to reduce the Duties upon French Wines, to the Sum which is now paid upon Portugal Wines, reserving at the Same time a Power of reducing those upon the latter, one third lower than they are if necessary. A Minister Mr Faulner, is in the mean time Sent off to\nLisbon, to negotiate there, both this Point and another in dispute with Ireland.\n     England has Stipulated that France shall enjoy, all the Priviledges in Trade of the most favoured Nation in Europe, So that a Reservation is made of a Right to allow the United States of America, Some Superiour Advantages.\n     It is Supposed that France is to admit, British Manufactures, and that all the Commerce is to be carried on in British Bottoms.\n     The Treaty is probably Subject to the Ratification, or Consent of Parliament, and will be kept as Secret as possible till the Meeting of that assembly.\n     The Consequences of this Treaty, cannot be indifferent and Time alone can reveal who is the gainer. but this is clear that if either obtains any considerable Advantage a War must eer long be the Consequence of it, for neither of these nations can bear to be outwitted by the other in commercial affairs.\n     The Negotiation between England and Russia is at a Stand and the foreign Ministers here are anxious to learn whether there is to be a better Understanding, between London and Berlin, during the present Reign in Prussia, than there was in the last.\u2014 It is certain that England, more or less, underhand, Supports the Prince of Orange, who is more openly encouraged by his Brother in Law the present King of Prussia. France on the other hand has Connections with the Republicans, who seem determined that no foreign Power shall interfere in their internal Policy. The Emperor would not be Sorry to see, France and Prussia, at variance, concerning Dutch affairs. For all these Reasons together I hope the Patriots in Holland, will have a peaceable Opportunity to go through their projected Restoration and Improvements of their Constitution.\n     The Designs they entertain are interesting to Mankind in general as well as to their particular Country, Since the Principles of Liberty and the Theory of good Government, may be propagated by them.\n     A Writer of great Abilities and Reputation, has been employd to draw up a Plan for the Settlement of the Republick, to which many of the ablest Men in the several Provinces have contributed their assistance. it has been published in three Volumes under the Title of Grondewellige Herstelling, and near five Thousand Copies of it have been sold, which shews the Zeal with which it has been generally approved. The Author of it is Mr Cerisier, who has been constant to his Principles and has professedly recommended the Constitutions of our United States as Models, as far as the Circumstances will\nadmit. Several Cities have reformed their Regencies according to his Ideas, and many more, perhaps all, will follow their Example if no foreign Power should interfere. In a late Excursion to the Low Countries, I happened to be at Utrecht on the Day of the Ceremony of Administering the Oaths to the new Magistrates elected by the free suffrages of the People. it was conducted with perfect order, and Striking Dignity, in the Presence of the whole City, well armed and well cloathed in Uniform and apparently well disciplined, besides a vast Concourse of Spectators from other Cities. a Revolution conducted in this decisive manner and with Such Decorum, Shows that the Principles upon which it was founded, must have taken a very deep root.\n     If neighbouring Monarchies Should not from Jealousies, that democratical Principles may Spread too far, and in time affect their own Subjects, interfere and disturb this free People they will exhibit to the World something worthy of its Attention. When I mention democratical Principles, I dont mean that it is their Intention to establish a Government merely democratical. but a well regulated Commonwealth, consisting in a Composition of Democratical Aristocratical, and monarchical Powers without which they are too enlightened to suppose, that Peace and Liberty can ever be long preserved among Men.\u2014\n     With great and sincere Esteem, I have the Honour / to be, Sir your most obedient and most / humble servant\n      John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0249", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Richard Cranch, 3 October 1786\nFrom: Cranch, Richard\nTo: Adams, John\n       Dear Bror:\n      The Genl Court met here last Wednesday being called together much sooner than was expected, on acct. of the Disturbances that have taken place in several Counties by unlawfull Assemblies of armed-Men to stop the Courts of Justice. I herewith send you the News-Papers in which you will find a general account of the Proceedings in the Counties of Bristol, Hampshire, Worcester, and at Concord in Middlesex.\n      I mentioned to you in a former Letter my Ideas of some of the Causes of uneasiness among the People, as arrising from Debts too\nfreely contracted soon after the Peace, when the great plenty of Money in circulation encouraged many to purchase Lands and Stock on credit at a high Price, with fair Hopes of soon paying for them. But Money being almost the only Remittance sent to Europe for the immense quantities of Goods that were then so madly imported, this soon caused a comparative Scarcity of circulating Cash, by which means those who had run in debt for real Estate, found their Lands daily falling in value, and the Difficulty of borrowing Money to prevent their being sued, increasing in the same proportion. European Goods also having been such a Glutt at that time that the Merchants knew not what to do with them, they therefore very freely sold them on Credit to the Country Traders and others, and they again trusted them out as freely to Individuals. Thus there was laid a Foundation for innumerable Law-Suits when ever the time of payment should be elapsed.\n      Altho\u2019 Money became very soon much scarcer and more difficult to come at than it had been some time before, by means of the large exportations of Gold and Silver to Europe; yet there was another, and perhaps a greater, Cause that operates very much against those who wanted to borrow Money, and who had real Estate enough to give sufficient Security in common Times; and that was the Endeavours that had been used to get Paper Money issued and made a legal Tender for Debts due in Gold and Silver, and the Efforts made use of to get Tender-Acts, by which the Creditor might be forced to take such real or personal Estate as he knew not what to do with, in discharge of Money lent. Such Motions in the General Court, and among the People, alarmed those who had Money to lend, and made them afraid to lend it, lest they should be forced to take their Pay in Paper Money or some other Tender.\n      Things being thus circumstanced, Law-suits soon became numerous and pressing, and the Debtors, meerly for gaining time, would often get Continuances from Term to Term untill the Costs of Court amounted very high. At the same time several Gentlemen of the Law who are not old in Practice, imprudently at least, display\u2019d great Appearances of Wealth by their splendid Tables, rich Furniture, setting up Chariots and the like; and this occasioned many of the People, especially those in Debt, to look on the Order of Lawyers with Disgust and Aversion. And this Temper was increased by a Writer under the Signature of Honestus, who at that time taking advantage of the sour and fretted temper that prevailed in various Parts of the Commonwealth, especially in the western\nCounties, published his Declamations against the Forms and Profession of Law, representing the whole Order of Lawyers as being not only useless but hurtfull and pernicious to the Community. These Papers were eagerly read by many, especially by those whose cicumstances were involved, and to whome the legal means of compelling Payment of Debts were unwelcome. Persons of this Class being numerous in all parts of the State, and some of them being of the most turbulent and desperate Dispositions, made it their Business to run from Town to Town, and from one County to another, enflaming the Minds of the lower Class of People against the Government, by representing those who form the General Court as needlessly and wantonly spending the publick Money by giving exorbitant Salaries to the higher Officers of State, such as the Governor, Judges &c, and so adding to the Burdens of the Poor. Rhode Island some time ago emitted Paper Money and made it a Tender so that if the Creditor will not take it the Debtor may lodge it with a civil Officer and so be discharg\u2019d of his Debt. This Paper passes no further than it is thus driven, and is a most convenient Instrument in the Hand of the Debtor with which to cheat his Creditor under the colour of Law. The neighbouring County of Bristol, wishing, as I suppose, to be enabled to pay their Debts as easily as their Neighbours of R: Island did, were the first who formed themselves into a County Convention for the Purpose of getting Paper Money issued by this State, and accordingly presented a Memorial to the Genl. Court the Session before last for that Purpose, but a great majority in both Houses was then against the measure. Letters missive for holding County Conventions have from that time been much in fashion\u2014the high Ideas of the Multitude that all the Power of Government (which doubtless originated in the People) is yet in them, makes their Delegates feel very important in those august Assemblies in which they may \u201cSnatch the Ballance and the Rod.\u201d\n      This Idea of collecting the publick Mind in those County Conventions, appears to me to be subversive of the free Course and Operation of Government, and furnishes a Pretence for neglecting or postponing the Orders of Government in almost every case. It is difficult to know precisely what the Grievances are that are complained of, as the Conventions differ among themselves.\u2014 The general Cry is\u2014\u201cthe want of a circulating Medium\u2014[\u201d] that there must be Paper Money, or a Tender-Act, or both.\u2014 that the Courts of general Sessions of the Peace and Common Pleas are a Grievance and must be annihilated, and that petty Courts should be held in every\nTown, where every one should tell his own Story before a single Justice of the Peace.\u2014 that the State Debt, which has been liquidated and consolidated, be discharged (in Paper money to be emitted) not at the Value which Government promised to pay to the Holders of the Notes in Gold and Silver, when they agreed to loan their Debts, but at the low rate to which they have since fallen through the deficiency of Payment of the Principal and Interest as they became due; which deficiency was owing to the want of punctuality in the payment of the Taxes and Duties destined for that purpose.\u2014 that the Constitution of this Commonwealth (which may be revised in the Year 1795) be now revised and new modelled to suit the Taste of our new Masters\u2014 that publick Salaries be reduced\u2014 I suppose that the Wages of the meanest Tradesman will be tho\u2019t sufficient pay for those who perform the publick Service, that so some uniformity may appear between such Servants and their Masters.\n      A Letter from the Judges dated the last Week at Springfield has this Day (Octr. 3d) been read in Senate, containing Information to this effect\u2014 That a small Party took possession of the Court House in favour of Government on Sunday preceding the Tuesday when the Supreme Court was by Law to sit there\u2014 that the Insurgents to the number of about 750 Men equipped with fire Arms, and about 500 more with Clubbs &c came the next Day with a professed design to stop the Supreme Court from doing any Civil Business.\u2014 that Major Genl. Shepheard of that County with about 800 Gentlemen and substantial Farmers well armed came as Volunteers to defend the free execution of Law and Justice in their County, who were determined to risque every thing in defence of constitutional Liberty\u2014 that the Insurgents encamped so as to include within their Lines the House where the Judges lodged: that when the Judges passed their Lines they gave them the military Salute\u2014 that under this military Parade the Court opened and finally adjourned, it being impossible to do Business under such Circumstances\u2014 that during the little time that the Court sat at Springfield the Insurgents were so infatuated as eagarly to insist on being led on to Battle, and to try their Power at the Point of the Sword; but their Leader moderated their Rashness and no Blood was shed. When the Court had adjourned the Insurgents retired.\n      This State of our publick Affairs is now before the Genl Court, and a large Committee of both Houses are considering what measures will be most prudent for Government to adopt under our present Embarrassments.\n      If Capt: Sohier who will deliver you this, should not sail for a few Days I may be able to add something further. I am, with the highest Esteem, your affectionate / Brother\n       Richard Cranch.\n       Please to present my warmest Congratulations to your amiable Daughter and her happy Partner; and let your dearest Friend know that her Sisters and all the young Connections are well. Your Hon. Mother is also well and the Family.\n      Capt. Barnard from London arrived this Day at Boston.\n      Capt. Callahan is safe arrived, and we have to thank you and Sister for your Letters by him. Your Letters to your Son John and to Dr. Williams by way of N. York I have sent up to Cambridge.\n      My Billy is here from Cambridge\u2014 your Sons are well, and I can add, what is of more importance than even Health itself, that your Boys and mine behave as we would wish they should, free from Blame, or so much as a suspicion of being blame-worthy.\n      Bror. Shaw and his Wife are to be here to day as I hear, having arrived as far as Mistick last Evening; I here they are all well at Haverhill.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0251", "content": "Title: To John Adams from C. W. F. Dumas, 12 October 1786\nFrom: Dumas, C. W. F.\nTo: Adams, John\n      Monsieur\n     Autant nous avons \u00e9t\u00e9 en peine de Vous savoir avec Madame en mer par la temp\u00eate qu\u2019il faisoit, autant nous a r\u00e9joui la nouvelle de votre arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 Londres, laquelle \u00e9crite ici par Mr. De Lynde, me fut com\u0303uniqu\u00e9e en son temps par Mr. Fagel, avec qui j\u2019eus occasion de m\u2019entretenir de V. E. \u00e0 l\u2019h\u00f4tel de France, & qui m\u2019a charg\u00e9 de vous faire parvenir ses complimens.\n     Mr. Jrujo, mon tr\u00e8s cher ami, Charg\u00e9 d\u2019Affaires d\u2019Espagne, que j\u2019ai eu l\u2019honneur de vous pr\u00e9senter chez Mr. le Ms. De Verac, part pour r\u00e9sider en la m\u00eame qualit\u00e9 \u00e0 la Cour Britanique. Avec le juste desir qu\u2019il a de cultiver l\u2019honneur de votre connoissance, un exc\u00e8s\nde modestie lui fait penser qu\u2019il a besoin pour cela d\u2019une recom\u0303andation de ma part, qui est bien \u00e0 son service, bien que je sache que sa patrie, son caractere, son m\u00e9rite & ses qualit\u00e9s aimables, lui serviront aupr\u00e8s de V. E., com\u0303e par-tout ailleurs, d\u2019introduction bien supr\u00e9ieure \u00e0 la mienne.\n     Nous esp\u00e9rons de voir en ce pays, com\u0303e vous nous l\u2019avez fait esp\u00e9rer, Made. Smith avec Mr. son Epoux, & de leur y rendre nos services agr\u00e9ables; & Madame Adams voudra bien recevoir avec eux les assurances de nos respects.\n     Je suppose que V. E. lit assidument la Gazette de Leide. Elle d\u00e9crit si exactement, quoique succinctement la succession des \u00e9venemens dans ce pays, que cela me dispense d\u2019entrer dans des d\u00e9tails l\u00e0-dessus.\n     Aujourd\u2019hui est le grand jour du renouvellement de la R\u00e9gence \u00e0 Utrecht. J\u2019ai tout lieu de m\u2019assurer que tout se sera pass\u00e9 avec la d\u00e9cence & la fermet\u00e9 dont vous avez \u00e9t\u00e9 t\u00e9moin \u00e0 une occasion analogue.\u2014 Les Etats postiches d\u2019Utrecht \u00e0 Amersfort ont accept\u00e9 la M\u00e9diation de L. N. & G. P. & des autres Conf\u00e9d\u00e9r\u00e9s, entre la Ville & eux.\u2014 Les Bachas de Gueldre, avec leur Sultan, s\u2019embourbent de plus en plus. Apr\u00e8s avoir menac\u00e9 de tout envahir, ils n\u2019osent sortir avec les troupes dont ils ont farci la Province, de peur que leurs Bourgeoisies ne leur cassent le cou.\u2014 En Frise une autre Oligarchie veut imiter celle de Gueldre; mais les Frisons n\u2019endureront pas cela.\u2014 En Groningue, Overyssel & Z\u00e9lande, ainsi qu\u2019en Hollande, l\u2019horreur contre la tyranne n\u2019y fait que cro\u00eetre & embellir.\u2014 Et nos Diplomatiques ici depuis quelque temps sont muets com\u0303e des Disciples de Pythagore.\n     Je suis avec grand respect / De Votre Exc1. le tr\u00e8s humble & / tr\u00e8sob\u00e9issant serviteur,\n      Cwf Dumas\n     TRANSLATION\n      The Hague, 12 October 1786\n     As much as we were grieved to hear you were on the seas with madam in such a storm, we were just as delighted to hear the news of your arrival in London, which was marked here by Mr. Lynden, and was communicated to me in time by Mr. Fagel, with whom I had the opportunity to speak about your excellency at the H\u00f4tel de France, and who requested that I relay his regards.\n     Mr. Irujo, my very dear friend, charg\u00e9 d\u2019affaires of Spain, whom I had\nthe honor of introducing to you at the Marquis de Verac\u2019s, is departing to assume the same post at the British court. With the just desire that he has to foster the honor of your acquaintance, an excessive modesty causes him to believe that he needs a recommendation on my behalf, which is happily granted, though I know that his nation, his character, his merit, and his amiable qualities will serve as a far greater recommendation to your excellency, as to anyone else.\n     We hope to see in this country, as you have caused us to hope, Mrs. Smith with her husband, and to render them our gracious services; and would Mrs. Adams kindly accept, along with them, assurances of our respect.\n     I suppose that your excellency assiduously reads the Gazette de Leyde. It precisely, though succinctly, reports the succession of events in this country, which excuses me from having to enter into details.\n     Today is the grand occasion of the renewal of the regency at Utrecht. I have every reason to believe that everything will transpire with the decency and firmness to which you were a witness on a similar occasion. The false states of Utrecht at Amersfort have accepted mediation between them and the city from Their High Mightinesses and other confederates. The pashas of Gelderland, along with their sultan, are becoming more and more mired in the mud. After having threatened to invade everything, they do not dare to mobilize the troops they have spread over the countryside for fear of getting their necks broken by their citizens. In Friesland another oligarchy wishes to imitate that of Gelderland, but the Frisians will not endure it. In Groningen, Overijssel, and Zeeland, as well as in Holland, a sense of repulsion against tyranny only grows greater and more beautiful. And our diplomats here have been, for some time, as silent as disciples of Pythagoras.\n     I am with great respect your excellency\u2019s most humble and most obedient servant\n      Cwf Dumas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0253", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Singleton Copley, 15 October 1786\nFrom: Copley, John Singleton\nTo: Adams, John\n      George Street Hanover Square Octr: 15. 1786.\n      Dear sir\n     I thank you for the loan of the Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, they have afforded me much entertainment particularly those written by Governor Bowdoin on the structure of the Heavens, and on Light; I feel my-self happy that my Countrymen are inspired with a thirst after knowledge, and to see them emulating the Nations of Europe in the cultivation of the Arts and Sciences.\n     As you have done me the honor to desire my opinion of the plates in this work, I will give it to you without reserve; I think them well Engraved, much better than I should have expected, as there was no person that knew much of that Art, in the State of Massachusetts when I left it; but there is a total want of the knowledge of Perspective in every part of them; It is by this Art that all objects are truly represented just as they appear to the Eye be they ever so complex, and none of the Imitative Arts are capable of perfection but this, because it is the only one that is wholly within the sphere of Mathematical Science.\n     All objects deminish as they recede from the Eye and finally lose themselves in a point in the Horizon, called the point of sight; this point is always opposite to the spectator and on a level with his Eye; but as example is always better than precept, I herewith send to you a Drawing of a pavement with eight square Pillars set in two rows and at equal distances from each other, with the process of drawing them explained by the dotted lines.\n     I am / Sir / Your Most Obt: / Humbl: Sert.\n      John Singleton Copley", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0254", "content": "Title: To John Adams from James Warren, 22 October 1786\nFrom: Warren, James\nTo: Adams, John\n       My dear Sir\n      A few days since, I had the pleasure of receiving yours of the 4th. July\u2014\n      You think the picture I gave you in my last too high wrought. You Cannot be of my opinion that there is here a total Change in Principles, & Manners. nor that Interest is the only pursuit. & that riches only are respected.\n      Your distance will not permit you to form your Opinion from your own Observation. Your partiality for your Country Inclines you to more favourable Accounts, and that Patriotism which I revere Exhibits to your Imagination more Agreable Colours, & like self Love hides those deformities which disgust, & give pain. I sincerely wish that the present situation of the Country was such as to Justify your partiality & wishes, & to Condemn any picture, & the Opinion & Apprehensions I Expressed to you, but Unhappily it does not. We are now in a State of anarchy & Confusion bordering on a Civil War. The General Court at their last Session could not or would not see the general Uneasiness that threatneded this Event. however they did not provide for the public Tranquility dureing their recess. but dosed themselves into an Unusual Adjournment for 6 or 7 Months. They have been Called to Meet on the present Occasion sooner than the Time Adjourned to, have set near a Month without any Appearance of that Wisdom & Address necessary to redress the Unhappy situation we are fallen into.\u2014\n      I do not say that they are Incompetent to the Business before them, or that the State of things is Incapable of redress, but it is possible, (at least) that they should set, till next Election without deviseing the Mode of doing it. The Papers will Inform you that the Three upper Counties, (and Bristol is not much better) have refused submission to the Government Established by the constitution, & obedience to the Laws made under it, that is they have violated their Compact, & are in a State of Rebellion while the three\nEastern Counties are petitioning to be seperated from us, & formed into a New Government, of their own Construction. These are very Singular Events, which must have been produced by some singular Causes, if they are the Natural Consequences of that State of things I described in my last. you will not think my picture more horrible than the reality. I have long been Mortified by the Imbecility, & Inattention with which our public Affairs have been Conducted. it is probable that when I wrote that Letter I felt also some Indignation. I Claim a right to Express it to you. my small Efforts were Joined with yours, & others for many Years in rearing a Glorious Fabrick on Foundations that should have been as permanent as Time, but suffered to fall into ruin in less than half the Time it took to Build it. I feel for the Character of the Country. I am Mortified at the Triumphs of our Enemies. I am sorry for you, who must from your Situation be peculiarly Exposed to them. I wish every thing may be so Conducted as to restore order, & submission to Government, but I fear it will be some time first. The Scarcity of Money is a great Obstacle, and the folly and Extravagance that Made it scarce, in a great degree remains.\u2014 I am Acquainted with Coll Smith Character, tho I have not the pleasure of knowing his Person. I am glad you have given your Daughter to a Man of so much Merit. please to give her my Blessing & good Wishes\n      Mrs. Warren desires her regards, to be Joined with mine to Mr & Mrs. Adams & Mr & Mrs. Smith.\n      I am with great / Esteem & regard Your Most / Obedt. Humbl. Servt\n       James Warren\n      I have Just heard that the Supreem Court are setting at Taunton supported by 450 of the Militia, which proved a Stronger Body than the Mob mustered to prevent it\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0255", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thomas Jefferson, 23 October 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n      Dear sir\n     Your favor of Sept. the 11th. came to hand in due time & since that I have recieved the copies of the Prussian treaty you were so kind as to send me. I have recieved a short letter from mr. Barclay dated Cadiz Sept. 25th. only announcing his arrival there & that he should proceed immediately to Madrid. At this latter place he would meet my letter informing him that we did not propose any thing further with the Piratical states at this time. The inclosed extract of a letter from mr. Carmichael also mentions mr. Barclay\u2019s arrival at Cadiz. A letter from mr. Carmichael some time ago informed me that a bill had been drawn on him by mrs. Lamb in America, by order as she said of mr Lamb; This gentleman not proposing to proceed either to New-York, London, or Paris to settle his accounts, I desired mr. Carmichael, if any money remained yet in the hands of mr. Lamb\u2019s banker at Madrid, to obstruct its going out until he could give us information. His answer was that it was all withdrawn by mr. Lamb. By some means or other I omitted to mention these circumstances to you at the time. I mention them now to explain the reasons of mr. Carmichaels touching on that subject in the inclosed. We may now hourly expect from Mr. Barclay a copy of the preliminary treaty with Morocco. Is it your opinion that the definitive one should be executed through his agency, or that of Colo. Franks or of any other person? I beg you to present my most friendly respects to Mrs. Adams & to be assured yourself of the esteem & attachment with which I have the honor to be sir, your most obedient humble servant\n      Th: Jefferson(Test W Short sec)", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0256", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Benjamin Hichborn, 24 October 1786\nFrom: Hichborn, Benjamin\nTo: Adams, John\n      Boston 24th Octr: 1786\n     I have long intended to write you, but the fear of giving you more trouble than Information, has hitherto prevented me\u2014 the present critical Situation of public Affairs, & the probable issue of them, so different from what is conceived by most of our Polititians, have at length overcome every other Consideration & I have now taken my Pen to communicate a Sentiment which I must entreat of you, by every tie of honor & friendship, (let the Event, be what it may) that you, never will mention it as having come from me\u2014 after this grave Introduction I may venture to tell you that there is a first determination in the Minds of Men of the greatest Influence, to change the form of Government thro\u2019 the Continent, & shoud the present convulsions in this State continue the Change will most assuredly take Place in a very short time\u2014 you may wonder at my Confidence, but depend upon the prediction,\u2014what form of Government will succeed the present I will not pretend absolutely to determine, but that a great change will happen soon, unless, contrary to all appearances & the uniform bias of the human Mind, the most violent civil Commotions which ever made thier appearance, shoud suddenly subside without either hope or fear to produce the change\u2014 perhaps I am writing not a word of news to you, & I think it not improbable, at least I can say I hope so because I never wish to see the political wheel in motion unless you have some share in the direction of it, & I most ardently wish shoud any great Event take place I hope before it is compleated, that you will be on the Spot\u2014 you have friends & Confidants I Know, & perhaps some of them, have wrote you on the same subject; but I know some of your confidential Friends, have no Idea of the Subject\u2014; shoud you incline to receive any furthe communications on this head, if you will honor me with a line by the Packet, I will without Reserve let you know every thing that I may possess, respecting it\u2014 you may observe Sir, that I use very little ceremony, & I think I Know your Character too well to suppose it necessary\u2014 I have always wished for an opportunity of demonstrating the esteem & Confidence I feel & if possible to afford you a Satisfaction proportionate to the accidental injury I occasioned your feelings in suffering your letters to fall into the Enemies hands\u2014 I had determine to write you about two years since to inform you of\nwhat I dare say no one else woud, which was that in case you returned to America, you without the least doubt have been chosen Governor\u2014 I suppose we[re y]ou here at any time before our next Elect[ion] you woud have almost an unanimous vote\u2014 Bowdoin I beleive will not be chosen & unless you shoud be here I suppose Hancock will\u2014 I write in a hurry that is scarcely decent, but as I do not write to recommend myself I hope it will be the more readily excused The Vessel which carries this will sail in a few minutes\u2014 I beg leave to recommend my much esteemed Friend & Brother Mr Gardner (who is again in London with Mrs: Gardne) to your notice & shall acknowledge any civilities you may shew them as doubly done to myself\u2014 please to present my respects for Mrs: Adams & beleive me your undissembled / Friend\n      B Hichborn\n      NB I shoud not dare to write this but under cover to Mr. Gardner you may answer it if you please thro [\u2026] channel as letters to & from Persons in your Station are frequently [\u2026]\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0257", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Jay, 27 October 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\n      Dear Sir\n      Grosvenor Square October 27. 1786\n     When the Ratification of Congress, of their Treaty with the King of Prussia, arrived here, the Term limited for the Exchange of it was near expiring. as a few Members of the States general, had discovered Uneasiness at my coming to London without going to the Hague to take Leave, it Seemed a convenient Opportunity to go over and Shew them as much of the Respect they required as remained in my Power. accordingly I went, and making the customary Visits to the President, Pensionary and Secretary, renewed the assurances of the Friendship, Esteem and Respect of the United States for their High Mightinesses and the Republic, and the Visit appeared to be kindly received. The Exchange of Ratifications was soon made with the Baron De Thulemeier who had time to transmit the Act of Congress to the great Prince, who first proposed the Treaty, Some days before he expired. The Ratification under the Signiture of Frederic the great is here inclosed.\n     At the Same time, Sir, you will receive so much of the substance of a Treaty of Commerce, between France and England, as the Ministry have thought fit to publish. This is So great an Event. and must have Consequences so extensive, that I feel myself incapable of forming any Judgment of it upon the whole. Every Treaty of Commerce between these nations, for three hundred Years, has been found beneficial to France and hurtful to England.\n     But at present, this Nation is very Sanguine, the Advantage will be theirs. They boast of the Superiour skill of their Manufacturers the Superlative Excellence of their Manufactures; the Multitude of Inventions and Machines peculiar to themselves, by which Time and Labour is Saved, and Productions Sold cheaper than in any other Country. A Markett like France, where five and Twenty Millions of People have Occasion for English Fabricks must be a valuable Acquisition. Commercial Connections by softening Prejudices, may lessen the Disposition to War. and a Friendship, even an Alliance with France, would enable the two nations to govern the World. This is at present the style of Conversation, and the Treaty appears to be popular.\n     France and England, are both endeavouring, at this moment to impose upon each other by professing Desires of Friendship which they never felt. The secret Motive of both is to impose upon the\nUnited States of America. The English imagine that by assuming an appearance of Friendship for France, they shall excite a Jealousy of France in America, and provoke Congress to break their Faith with her. The French are in hopes that by putting on a shew of Familiarity with England they shall stimulate Congress to make them Proposals of closer Connections. The whole at Bottom is a Farce of political Hypocrisy.\u2014 The United states will continue Steadily, it is to be hoped, on the Reserve.\n     England is now pursuing her Proposals of Treaties of Commerce with the Emperor, the Empress of Russia, with Denmark, and Portugal, and perhaps spain. France & the Emperor took the only Way, to compell England to treat when they by their Edicts prohibited British Manufactures. The United States must imitate the Example, or they will never be attended to.\n     The present Appearances of Friendship, are forced and fained. The time may not be far distant, however, when We may see a Combination of England and the House of Bourbon, against the United states. it is not in gloomy Moments, only but in the utmost Gaiety of Heart, I cannot get rid of the Perswasion that the fair Plant of Liberty in America must be watered in Blood. You have seen enough in Europe, to know that these melancholy forebodings are no chim\u00e6ras. There is such a Disposition, in the principal Powers who have Possessions in the Indies, that Our Country will find no other Resource, but to swear her Children on the holy Altar, to fight them all at once in defence of her Liberties.\u2014 it may have some tendency, to save Us from Such Extremities if We enter into Treaties with the two Empires, for these will soon be jealous of any Connection between France and England.\n     The Chevalier De Pinto\u2019s Courier is not yet returned from Lisbon with the Treaty. This worthy Minister makes frequent Apologies, on Account of the Absence of the Queen in the Country and the Unsettled state of the Court, but perhaps there may be difficulties, which he is not apprized of, or not inclined to mention.\n     Mr Barclays Treaty with Morocco is not yet come to hand. Congress will I hope determine whether We are to send him or any other to Algiers, without more Money in his Hands. it would cost Us three or four Thousand Pounds to send any one and unless he has Power to offer larger Presents he would only make matters worse.\n     I hope our Country in every part of it, will cherish their Militia as the Apple of their Eyes, and put every Thing in as good a Posture of\ndefence as possible, and keep up a constant Expectation of War. This is the best and most Serious Advice that can be given, by, Dear sir / your most obedient and most / humble servant\n      John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0258", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Edward Augustus Holyoke, 27 October 1786\nFrom: Holyoke, Edward Augustus\nTo: Adams, John\n     I have the Honour to inclose Your Excellency a Vote of the Massachusetts medical Society; by which You will percieve the grateful Sense they entertain of your Excellencys. Favours: and, in Compliance with their agreable Injunction, to return You the Thanks of the Society, for the fresh Instance of your Excellencys. Attention to their Interests, in forwarding the Extract from the Register of the Royal Academy of Surgery at Paris.\n     Permit the Society Sir, still to hope for the Continuance of your Excellencys. good Offices, and Me the Honour to subscribe myself, with all possible Respect, / Your Excellencys. most obedient / & very humble Servant\n      E. A. Holyoke\n     ENCLOSURE\n     At a Meeting of the Massachusetts Medical Society\u2014in Boston 18h October 1786\n     Voted That the President return the Thanks of this Society to His Excelly: John Adams Esqr. for his kind attention to their interest, in forwardg. the Extract from the Register of the Royal Academy of Surgery at Paris, passed in March 1783\u2014\n      A true Copy from the RecordsAttestN. W. AppletonRecg Secry.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0260", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thomas Jefferson, 27 October 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n      Dear Sir\n     I formerly had the honour of mentioning to you the measures I had taken to have our commerce with this country put on a better footing; & you know the circumstances which had occasioned the articles of whale oil & tobacco to be first brought forward. latterly\nwe got the committee, which had been established for this purpose, to take up the other articles, & on their report the king & council have come to the decisions explained in the inclosed letter from M. de Calonnes to me. the abandonment of revenue raised on articles of importation shews a friendly disposition. I have had thro this business a most zealous, & powerful auxiliary in the M. de la fayette, by whose activity it has been sooner & better done than I could otherwise possibly have expected. tho you are free to shew the inclosed letter as you please, I would wish it to be kept out of the public papers two or three months. I am Dear Sir your affectionate friend & servant\n      Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0262", "content": "Title: To John Adams from the Board of Treasury, 31 October 1786\nFrom: Board of Treasury\nTo: Adams, John\n      Board of Treasury October 31st: 1786.\n     In your Letter of the 19th May last, you were pleased to inform us that you had already accepted Bills which had been drawn on you to a considerable amount by Mr. Barclay and Lamb, in consequence of\nthe appropriation which had been made by Congress for forming Treaties with the Barbary Powers; but as we have no advice from you since that date, we are at a loss to know whether the whole or what part of the appropriation has been drawn for on the Dutch Commissioners to the present day\u2014 The Accounts transmitted by those Gentlemen to the first of June last do not specify the particular disbursements for this object; but as far as we are able to form an Estimate from the Accounts transmitted, we presume that out of the various drafts you have made on them to the first of June last, 76.000 Florins have been on Account of the Barbary Negociations\u2014 If this is the Case 114.000 Florins remained after that day subject to the appropriation abovementioned.\u2014\n     The Embarrassments of the Government for want of a steady and operative system of Revenue are daily growing more distressing; and such commotions have of late prevailed in the States of Massachusetts and New Hampshire, that we cannot promise ourselves that the complexion of our Affairs will soon change for a Better. Thus circumstanced it has not been in our power since the remittance of the last sum of 144,000 Florins, through your hands to make any considerable remittance to the Dutch Commissioners\u2014 We wish therefore most anxiously that the whole of the Monies appropriated by Congress may not have been exhausted by an unsuccessfull attempt to form Treaties; as we are Extremely apprehensive that in this case there may not be sufficient funds in the Month of February next, in the hands of the Dutch Commissioners to enable them to discharge the Interest which will then be due; and it is not in our power to remit in season any Funds to make up a deficiency.\u2014\n     If therefore you can possibly avoid drawing out of the hands of Messrs: Willinks the whole of Monies which have been appropriated for the Barbary Treaties till the February Interest is discharged, we must request the favor of you to do it; and no time shall be lost on our Part in making such further remittances, as may complete any part of the sum of 200.000 Florins, which may have been applied towards the Payment of Interest\u2014 We are / with great Respect & Esteem / Sir / Your Obedt: Huml. Servts.\n      Samuel OsgoodWalter LivingstonArthur Lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0263", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan van der Kemp, 31 October 1786\nFrom: Van der Kemp, Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan\nTo: Adams, John\n      Monseigneur!\n     L\u2019accueil, dont vous m\u2019avez honor\u00e9s pendant votre Sejour dans cette Republique et les marq\u00faes d\u2019estime et d\u2019amitie, avec lesquelles vous m\u2019aves daign\u00e9 de favoriser, m\u2019ont anim\u00e9, d\u2019interrompre vos occupations Serieuses, et d\u2019implorer en vous les secours d\u2019un ami, qui je hesiterai de vous communique en qualite d\u2019Ambassadeur, n\u2019etant point accoutum\u00e9, de faire la cour aux gens en place, et ne Souhaitant jamais de briguer leurs faveurs.\n     L\u2019etat de cette Republique, compar\u00e9 avec celle des Etats Unis, m\u2019ont fait Souhaiter depuis Quatre ans de changer d\u2019habitation, et la persuaion d\u2019etre dans l\u2019impossibilite de me Soutenir dans l\u2019amerique Sans aucun biens a empech\u00e9 l\u2019execution, quoique cet empechement n\u2019auroit point retard\u00e9 ma retraite, Sitout que le coup fatal Seroit port\u00e9 a la libert\u00e9 ou par le Stadhouder, ou par les Aristocrates.\n     A present ma fortune est un peu amelior\u00e9, et l\u2019esperance, que celle Suffiroit en amerique et pour nourrir une Epouse et deux enfans et pour procurer aux derniers un etablissement convenable, j\u2019ai tach\u00e9 de me procurer des informations\u2014Sur les maniere et les moyens de vivre\u2014principalement en New-hampshire et New-york. Je Souhaiterois de vivre dans la campagne\u2014 Sachant, que la vie champetre nourrit avec plus d\u2019aisance au plus grand nombre que Le villes. On m\u2019informe que le climat \u201cde ces deux Provinces est plus heureux, qu\u2019ic\u00ff; le degrees de froid moindres, dans l\u2019hiver, dans l\u2019ete plus de chaleur, et en tout cas que the weather is not so variable as in Holland through the different Seasons\u2014 que 6 or 800 florins Suffiroit pour faire Subsister une famille dans les PLEASANT countr\u00ff parts of New-hampshire or New-York State\u2014[\u201d]\n     Sont ces Rapports vra\u00ffs\u2014Sont ce contr\u00e9es plaisantes\u2014fertiles? Pourrois-je Subsister avec aisance (ease, dignity and in reputation) dans le New-york\u2014or New-hampshire\u2014a\u00ffant 16000 a 17000 florins?\n     Pourois-je esperer avec cette Somme\u2014de pourvoir a la Subsistance de Ma Famille d\u2019une maniere aisee\u2014et laisser a mes enfans un patrimoine, dont ils pourroient Subsister?\n     Ayez la bont\u00e9 d\u2019eclaircir mes doutes\u2014rends moi un detail, ample asses pour persuader une respectable Epouse de quitter cet Sejour dans l\u2019esperance de vivre heureux dans un pays libre, et d\u2019ameliorer le Sort de Ses enfants, un detail de ce qui est necessaire a Savoir pour nous determiner. je le compterai toujours pour un bienfait, Monseigneur! et en ce cas Je ne hesterai point, en partant pour ces pa\u00ffs, de vous demander des recommandations. Procur\u00e9 moi, [Situ?], que vos travails ministerielles le permettent, une reponse; a cause, qu\u2019a\u00ffant re\u00e7u une, Selon mes desirs, a\u00ffant persuad\u00e9 mon epouse, je ferois tous mes devoirs de me defaire des mes biens immobiles\u2014meublements\u2014Bibliotheque\u2014pour une partie\u2014afin de pouvoir m\u2019embarquer en May or Juin de 1787. Je l\u2019attend, je desire cet moment avec impatience.\n     Les choses ne prennent point ic\u00ff une bonne tour\u2014quoique les aveugles instruments de l\u2019Aristocratie, et une Bourgeoisie dup\u00e9 crie triomphe\u2014et certains personnes en place\u2014chez vous connus\u2014croyent le pouvoir du Stadhouder assez abattu, pour oser miner Sourdement, jusqu\u2019ic\u00ff, l\u2019esperance de retablir une influence juste du peuple dans le gouvernement\u2014et ils Sont Si aveugles, de ne voir point qu\u2019eux memes Seront les dupes. Mons. le Stadh. et Son parti Se tiennent fermes, ceux d\u2019Hollande tachent de conserver ce qu\u2019ils ont escroques a lui, au moyen de l\u2019appaiser par la conservation de Son influence dans la gueldre et autres provinces, et a cet fin ils cajolent Sous main les deux premiers Membres des Etats d\u2019Utrecht, et jouent de tems en tems de mauvais tours aux villes de Utrecht et Wyek. Nous avons bien arrang\u00e9 deja tous nos affaires domestiques dans ces deux villes\u2014mais a quoi Sert-il Si non pour endormir; parceque nous restons dans le meme peril, tandis que les griefs Provenciaux ne Sont point redress\u00e9es, et que les troupes, qui nous contraignent de vieller nuits et jour, restent cantonn\u00e9s dans le plat pa\u00ffs\u2014\n     j\u2019ai de raisons a craindre, que deux cours connues, asses intress\u00e9s dans nos affaires, Se Sont arrang\u00e9s a l\u2019amiable\u2014pour etre\u2014dans un certain moment les medeateurs!! peut-etre qu\u2019une proposition d\u2019Amsterdam, pour appaiser tous ces troubles, et un certain plan d\u2019assopiation et mediation: doivent cr\u00eber cet moment fatal\u2014alors le pouvoir aristocrate que Seroi etablie\u2014pour quelques ans! le Stadhouder regnera avec Ses esclaves Sur un ton moder\u00e9\u2014les amis du peuple Seront peut-etre les victimes, Si on ne le dedaigne pas asses pour Se [servir?] d\u2019eux, et Guillaume V ou plutost Madame Ro\u00ffale\u2014\nqui a tonjours bien fait! atteindra dans plus d\u2019ann\u00e9es cet Sommet, que Guill. IV. etant S[tadhou]der de Gueldre avoit en vue, et auroit atteint [S\u2019il a]voit voulu, ou, S\u2019il avoit os\u00e9\u2014\n     jecrira[is dava]ntage, Si je ne craignais d\u2019abuser de votre tems precieux. jaurais ecris en Anglais, Si je n\u2019avois point le malheur de m\u2019exprimer encore plus fautif, et pour cela Seul je vous demande excuse. je me recommende, Monseigneur! et Suis avec le plus profond respect / Monseigneur / Votre plus devou\u00e9 / et plus obeissant Serviteur\n      Fr Ad[r van de]r Kemp\n      P.S. S\u2019il me reussit de pouvoir vivre honnetement avec un capital de 16000 des autres familles Suivront mes traces\u2014cet espoir est un motif pour engager ma chere Epouse!\n     TRANSLATION\n      My lord!\n      Leiden, 31 October 1786\n     The reception, with which you have honored me during your stay in this republic and the tokens of esteem and friendship with which you have deigned to grace me have motivated me to interrupt your important business, and to implore your help on behalf of a friend whom I would hesitate to introduce in the quality of ambassador, being unacquainted with the courting of high-ranking individuals, and never wishing to solicit their favors.\n     It has been four years that the state of this republic, compared to that of the United States, has caused me to wish to move, and the conviction of being unable to support myself in America without any possessions has impeded its fulfillment, though this impediment would not have delayed my retreat the moment the fatal blow were to have fallen upon liberty, either by the stadholder or by the aristocrats.\n     My fortune has improved a little now, and with it, the hope that it would suffice in America to nourish a wife and two children and to procure for these last a suitable position. I have tried to procure some information on the manner and means of living, principally in New Hampshire and New York. I would like to live in the countryside, knowing that rural life provides more ease to a greater number than the cities. I am told that the climate \u201cof the two states is more fortunate than here, the temperatures not so low in winter, in the summer more heat, and in any case that the weather is not so variable as in Holland throughout the different seasons\u2014that 600 or 800 florins would suffice to sustain a family in the PLEASANT country parts of New Hampshire or New York state.[\u201d]\n     Are these reports true, are these lands pleasant and fertile? Could I subsist in comfort (ease, dignity, and in reputation) in New York or New Hampshire, having from 16,000 to 17,000 florins?\n     With this sum, could I hope to provide a subsistence for my family in an easy manner and leave a heritage to my children with which they might survive?\n     Have the goodness to clarify my doubts, send me a description, as ample as possible to persuade a respectable spouse to leave our abode in the hopes of living happily in a free country and to better the fortunes of our children, a description of what is necessary to know for us to make up our minds. I will always count it as a blessing, sir! And in that case, I do not hesitate, in leaving for this country, to request your recommendations. Provide me, your ministerial duties permitting, a response; because, having received one according to my desires and having persuaded my wife, I will do everything I can to cast off my property\u2014furniture, library\u2014in part, in order to be able to embark in May or June of 1787. I await. I desire that moment with impatience.\n     Things here are not taking a turn for the better, though the blind instruments of the aristocracy and a duped bourgeoisie are crying victory, and certain high-ranking people\u2014known to you\u2014believe the power of the stadholder to be sufficiently beaten to dare to surreptitiously undermine, thus far, the hope of reestablishing a just influence of the people in the government, and they are so blind that they do not see it is they who will be duped. My lord, the stadholder and his party are holding fast, those of Holland are trying to preserve what they have swindled from him, by means of appeasement with the conservation of his influence in the Gelderland and other provinces, and to this end they secretly cajole the two first members of the States of Utrecht, and play tricks from time to time on the cities of Utrecht and Wyck. We have already arranged all of our domestic affairs in those two cities, but what does that serve other than to slumber? Because we remain in the same peril, while provincial griefs have not been redressed and our troops, who night and day force us to lie awake, remain billeted in the lowlands.\n     I have reasons to fear that two known courts, rather interested in our affairs, have kindly arranged themselves to be, in a little while, the mediators! Perhaps a proposition from Amsterdam to appease all of these troubles, and a certain plan of association and mediation will bring about this fatal moment: then the aristocratic power will be established for several years! The stadholder will reign moderately with his slaves, and the friends of the people will perhaps be the victims, if the people are indeed condescended to be taken advantage of, and William V or rather Madame Royal, who always did so well! shall reach in a few more years that summit which William IV, being stadholder of Gelderland, had in his sights, and which he would have reached if he had wished to, or if he had dared.\n     I would write more if I did not fear abusing your precious time. I would have written in English if I did not have the misfortune of expressing myself still worse, and for that alone I beg your pardon. I refer myself to you, sir, and am with the most profound respect, sir, your most devoted and most obedient servant\n      Fr Ad[r van de]r Kemp\n      P.S. If I am able to live honestly with a capital of 16,000, then other families will follow my lead\u2014this hope is a means of persuading my dear spouse!", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0264", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Jay, 1 November 1786\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Adams, John\n      Dr Sir\n      New York 1st: November 1786\n     My last to you was dated 4th: Ult: since which I have been honored with yours of the 15th. July last, which was immediately communicated to Congress.\u2014\n     My Report on the Answer of the british Minister to your Memorial respecting our frontier Posts is under the Consideration of Congress. Your Ideas and mine on those Subjects very nearly correspond, and I sincerely wish that you may be enabled to accommodate every Difference between us and Britain, on the most liberal Principles of Justice and Candor. The Result of my Enquiries into the Conduct of the States relative to the Treaty is that there has not been a single Day since it took Effect on which it has not been violated in America by one or other of the States\u2014and this Observation is equally just whether the Treaty be supposed to have taken Effect either at the Date or Exchange of the provisional Articles, or on the Day of the Date of the definitive Treaty, or of the Ratification of it.\u2014\n     Our Affairs are in a very unpleasant Situation and Changes become necessary and in some little Degree probable. When Government either from Defects in its Construction or Administration, ceases to assert its Rights, or is too feeble to afford Security, inspire Confidence and overawe the ambitious and licentious, the best Citizens naturally grow uneasy and look to other Systems.\u2014\n     How far the Disorders of Massachusetts may extend or how they will terminate is problematical; nor is it possible to decide whether the People of Rhode Island will remain much longer obedient to the very extraordinary and exceptionable Laws passed for compelling them to embrace the Doctrine of the political Transubstantiation of Paper into Gold and Silver.\u2014\n     I suspect that our Posterity will read the History of our last four Years with much Regret.\u2014\n     I enclose for your Information a Pamphlet containing the Acts of the different States granting an Impost to Congress.\u2014\n     You will also find enclosed a Copy of an Act of Congress of 20th. and 21st. Ult. for raising an additional Number of Troops. This Measure was doubtless necessary, although the Difficulty of providing for the Expence of it, is a serious one. I flatter myself you will be able to obviate any improper Suspicions which the Minister may be led to entertain respecting the Object of this Force. I have pressed the Policy of deciding on my Report on the Infractions of the Treaty without Delay, that you may thence be furnished with conclusive Arguments against the Insinuations of those who may wish to infuse and support Opinions unfavorable to us on those Points.\u2014\n     The Newspapers herewith sent will give you Information in Detail of Indian Affairs, but they will not tell you what however is the Fact that our People have committed several unprovoked Acts of Violence against them. These Acts ought to have excited the Notice of Government and been punished in an exemplary Manner.\u2014\n     There is Reason to believe that the People of Vermont are in Correspondence with Canada. This Hint by calling your Attention to that Subject may possibly suggest Modes of Inquiry and further Discoveries on your Side of the Water. Some suppose that the eastern Insurgents are encouraged if not moved by Expectations from the same Quarter\u2014but this is as yet mere Suspicion.\u2014\n     I have left my Dispatches for Mr. Jefferson (which you will find under the same Cover with this) open for your Inspection. You will perceive that the Nature of them is such, as to render it expedient\nthat they should be conveyed to him without Risque of Inspection. That Consideration induced me to decline sending them by the french Packet.\u2014\n     With great and sincere Esteem and Regard / I have the Honor to be / Dr Sir / Your most obt. & very hble: Servt.\n      John Jay\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0265", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Jay, 1 November 1786\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Adams, John\n      Dear Sir\n      New York 1 Novr 1786\n     accept my thanks for your Letter mentioning the Marriage of your Daughter, and my cordial Congratulations on that pleasing Event.\u2014 they who best know the Coll: speake of him as brave and honorable; and Strangers to the Lady draw the most favorable Inferences from her Parentage, and from the attention and Example of a Mother whose charater is very estimable.\n     I sincerely wish my dear Friend that you had as much Reason to be pleased with your political as with your domestic Situation\u2014 The sweets however of the latter, must greatly soften the asperity of the former; and when public cares and Considerations excite painful Emotions, you doubtless enjoy the Reflection that tho\u2019 Patriots seldom rest on Beds of Roses, yet that your private Pillow, like your Conscience, is free from Thorns.\n     as it is not right that the public should be charged for the postage of Papers not interesting to them or their concerns; I inclose an order in your Favor on Joshua Johnson, for any Sum within six Guineas\u2014 Be so good as to take as much from him as will replace what you paid for the Postage of the Pamphlets &c.\u2014\n     I am Dear Sir / Your affectionate Friend & Servt\n      John Jay\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0267", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Samuel Osgood, 14 November 1786\nFrom: Osgood, Samuel\nTo: Adams, John\n      Dear Sir.\u2014\n      New York Novr. 14th. 1786\n     I have to acknowledge the Rect. of your Favor, which I should have answered sooner, had any Thing within the Compass of my Knowledge occurred, of sufficient Consequence to inform you of.\u2014 The present Secretary for foreign Affairs, I have no Doubt, keeps you well informed of all the political Occurances here.\u2014\n     But in a Government, where expedients only keep up its Existence; it is impossible to foresee what sudden & unexpected Changes may take Place\u2014\n     The federal Government seems to be as near a Crisis as it is possible for it to be\u2014 The State Governments are weak & Selfish enough; & they will of Course annihilate the first\u2014 Their stubborn Dignity will never permit a federal Government to exist\u2014 There are however a few Men in every State, who are very seriously impressed with the Idea, that without a proper federal Head, the Individual States must fall a Prey to themselves, or any Power that is disposed to injure them\u2014 with this Idea, they are thinking very seriously in what Manner to effect the most easy & natural Change of the present Form of the federal Government, to one more energetic; that will at the same Time create Respect, & secure properly, Life, Liberty & Property\u2014 It is therefore not uncommon to hear the Principles of Government stated in common Conversation\u2014 Emperors, Kings, Stadholders, Governors General, with a Senate, or House of Lords, & House of Commons, are frequently the Topics of Conversation Many are for abolishing all the State Governments, & for establishing some Kind of general Government. but, I beleive very few agree in the general Principles; much less in the Details of such a Government.\n     How to effect a Change is the Difficulty\u2014 The Confederation provides that Congress shall make the Alterations, & that they Shall be adopted by the several Legislatures\u2014 Yet the Idea of a special Convention appointed by the States, to agree upon, & propose such Alterations as may appear necessary, seems to gain Ground\u2014 But the Danger is that neither Congress nor a Convention will do the Business\u2014for the Situation of the United States, & of some of the particular States, is such, that an Army must be keept up\u2014 And the Probability is at present, that, that Army, will be seriously employed\u2014 And in Case of a civil War\u2014The Men of Property will\ncertainly attach themselves very closely to that Army; the first issue of which, it is feared, will be, that the Army will make the Government of the united States.\u2014 Many say already, any Change will be for the better\u2014And are ready to Risque any Thing to effect it\u2014 The Disturbances in Massachusetts seem most likely to produce some very important Event. It is a little surprising to some, how they come to break out in such a Manner there.\u2014 It is said that the Insurgents have two Objects in Veiw\u2014 One to reduce their State Debt, & those Securities given by the united States to Citizens of that State for their Servies, or Monies loand, to their current Value in the Market\u2014the other, to annihilate private Debts.\u2014 Perhaps this may be in Part true\u2014 And the greater Number may have nothing farther in Veiw but to remedy some supposed Greivances Yet as it affords a fine Opportunity for the restless Enemies of this Country to sow Dissentions, we have too much Reason to beleive, that they are not only looking on as Spectators, but that they are industriously employed in disseminating Disaffection to the present Forms of Government\u2014 If these Enemies are british, or their old Adherents among, us, which seems to be the Case, because they are traced from Hampshire & Berkshire, to Vermont, & from thence to Canada. If they are british, their Object must be something farther than mere Revenge\u2014 And that Object can be nothing Short of establishing a monarchical Government in this Country, & placing some one of George\u2019s Sons on the Throne.\u2014 If this Object is worth to the british, from five to ten Millions Sterg. & they can advance the Money\u2014 they can & will effect it. Not by Force of Arms, for if they should come out openly against us we Should fight again\u2014 But be assured, this Country is extremely poor, as well as extravagant\u2014And I have no doubt but ten Millions artfully applied would secure nearly the whole Country.\u2014 That the british will, & do cherish all their old Adherents is not to be doubted\u2014And that those Adherents never will be Americans, is a Principle founded in Nature\u2014\n     That the french will not be silent, unoperative Spectators in these Negociations, if they should happen, is most certainly to be expected\u2014 They wish to keep us Just where we are; or if a little more insignificant quite as well; they will therefore Veiw without Emotion any civil Commotions that tend to weaken us; But if there Should be any Danger of the Scale\u2019s preponderating in favor of any other foreign Power, they will act with their usual Address.\u2014\n     The British Party is, & will be great\u2014 The french Party also\u2014 The genuine Americans few.\u2014 The Speculators numerous, who care not\nwhat the Government is, so that they can speculate upon & spunge it.\n     Mr. Jay will probably have furnished you with the News Papers of this Country, which will contain much with Respect to the Hostile Disposition of the Indians\u2014 That the british instigate them to make Depredations on us, is very natural\u2014 But why they are reinforcing Canada, which by the public Papers appears to be the Case, is not so easy to determine.\u2014\n     All Things are operating here to bring the Cincinnati into Vogue.\u2014 I cannot say, I think they are all for supporting Government; but they are for having Government\u2014\n     The Leader of the Insurgents in Massachusetts is entitled to the Ribbon & Eagle\u2014 He left the Army in the Fall of 1780 being then a Captain of good Reputation; his Name is Shays.\u2014 A Man without Education\u2014 But not without Abilities.\u2014 He is privately involved\u2014 which may be the Reason why he has adopted such violent Measures\u2014 It is generally supposed that he cannot Retreat.\u2014\n     As to the Situation of the Finances of the united States they can scarcely be in a worse Condition.\u2014 As to making any farther Attempts to discharge any Part of the Principal or Interest of our Foreign Debt it is in vain\u2014 The thirteen States do not pay enough to keep the civil List together, which do not require more than one hundred thousand Dollars a Year.\u2014 I have enclosed you a Schedule which will give you a full View of the Requisitions of Congress\u2014the Payments & Balances due.\u2014\n     I am Sir / with great Respect / Your most obedient Servant\n      Samuel Osgood.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0268", "content": "Title: Thomas Barclay to the American Commissioners, 15 November 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: American Commissioners\n      Gentlemen\n      Escurial 15th. Novr. 1786\n     I came here a few days ago to deliver a Letter from the Emperor of Morocco to the King, which I put into the Hands of the Count de Florida Blanca, acknowledging the Sense I had of his Attention & thanking him with great sincerity on the Part he had taken in our business at Morocco, He seemed very much pleased with our Success, and smiling replyed \u201cNow that we have happily finished this Treaty we will see what we can do with others for you.\u201d I am persuaded that this Minister is extreamly well disposed to serve our Country, & I doubt not but this Court will greatly strengthen our endeavors with the Barbary Powers. It is the decided opinion of the Count D\u2019Espilly that nothing ought to be attempted with Algiers at present & that you should begin with the Porte; He proposes sitting out for Africa some time hence & promises a continuation of his good Ofices\u2014 He remarked that if we could capture one Algerine Cruiser it would greatly facilitate a Treaty. But this mode of negotiating would I think prove more expensive than any other & it ought to be our last Resort. I am informed by a Letter from Mr. Chiappi of Mogadore that a Vessel is arrived there, the Master of which Reports that on his Passage from Lisbon he saw an Algerine Frigate of 40 Guns & four Xebecs & that the people who were on board one of them informed him they were going to cruise on the Coast of America, but I cannot give entire Credit to the Account as the Season of the Year is far advanced, & we have not heard that any of the Algerine Cruisers have passed the Streights of Gibralter, within which I hope the portuguese Squadron will keep them, this being all that may be expected from them. Tomorrow I shall return to Madrid & from thence to Alicante from whence I shall give you as clear an Account of Mr. Lambs situation as Circumstances will admit of. I believe there are some Effects belonging to the United States at Corunna worth looking after, it is some Years since in Consequence of a Letter from Mr. Morris I endeavored to recover them I shall take all the information I can of their Value & if it appears clearly that they are worth so much Attention I will return to France by that\nPlace, if not, I shall go as soon as possible home by the shortest Rout. I am with Great Respect / Gentlemen / Your most obt. humble sert.\n      Thos Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0269", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Rufus King, 29 November 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: King, Rufus\n      Grosvenor Square Nov 29 1786\u2014\n     The tumultuous Conduct of many People in New England which is mentioned in your obliging Letter of the 3d of October, does not I hope arise from any Competitions for the Government. If the People who wish for Hancock, or those who prefer Bowdoin, those who vote for Sullivan\u2014or such as desire Langden, are Capable of exciting such kinds of Discontent, and Convulsions in order to keep out\u2014or to get in one or Another it will portend a long Course of Unhappiness and never will be remedied by making one or the other hereditary and that must produce hereditary Senates. But before the Body of the People Should be convinced of the Necessity of this, I Suppose they would go on pulling down the Governor\u2014Senate, and Committing all to a Single House, for this is the Hobby horse of too many of Our People and too many of Our Clergy. According to this Calculation we may have half a Century of Anarchy to End at best in a limited Monarchy with an hereditary nobility\u2014 But I trust our People have Understandings to Comprehensive to Suffer the Present Disorders to proceed\u2014\n     Giving the Choice of Captains Lieutenants and Ensigns to the soldiers of the Militia in our Constitution was a Capital Mistake and the overthro of every democratical Constitution heretofore has\nbeen Occationed by some such Little matter that nobody thought of much Importance at first\n     with much Esteem I am yours &c\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0270", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Jay, 30 November 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\n      Dear Sir\n      Grosvenor Square Nov. 30th 1786\n     Your Favour of the fourth of october, I have had the Honour to receive, and have dispatched the Resolution inclosed in it to Paris to go from thence to Spain: but I hope Mr Lamb is already on his Passage for America.\n     The Commotions in New England, will terminate in additional Strength to Government, and therefore they do not allarm me\n     I have lately received from Lord Carmarthen officially the enclosed Treaty between France and England. Congress will be able to form a Judgment of it, with more Accuracy than I can pretend to.\u2014 There is no obvious particular in which it can be prejudicial to Us.\nat first it appeared to be popular here: at present there is Some Appearance of opposition.\n     There are no Symptoms of a more favourable Inclination to a Treaty with confederated America, although the Taxes have fallen short very considerably. Mr Pitt will be obliged to propose fresh Taxes and the People will bear them. For in this Country, The People Universally endeavour to reconcile themselves to their inevitable situation, and to encounter their Difficulties with Courage and Constancy. They know that the Interest of their public Debt must be paid, or they must be ruined: for nobody even here is profligate enough even to insinuate that public Faith and Credit is to be trampled under foot or trifled with.\n     It is a Pity that every American could not be transported to Europe for a few Weeks, to take a View of the Taxes paid in France Spain Holland, and England; and see how the People live. it would soon reconcile them to their situation, and make them ashamed to have ever uttered a Complaint. The just Complaints of the People of real Grievances ought never to be discouraged, and even their imaginary Grievances may be treated with too great severity: But when a Cry is sett up for the Abolition of Debts, An equal Division of Property, and the Abolition of senates and Governors it is time for every honest Man to consider his situation. The People at large will be miserable Dupes indeed, if they indulge themselves in Slumbers, which may give scope to a few of the most worthless in society, in point of Morals as well as Property to render their Lives, Liberties, Religion Property and Characters insecure. The Laws alone can Secure any Man his own Body, Estate or Peace of Mind: and if these are Scorn\u2019d in Gods name what is ever to be respected? What is there worth living for?\n     Dr White & Dr Prevost &c are arrived at Falmouth but not yet come to Town: by them We expect more Letters.\n     With great Respect I have the / Honour to be, Sir your most obedient and / most humble servant\n      John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0272", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan van der Kemp, 1 December 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Van der Kemp, Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan\n      Grosvenor Square Decr 1. 1786\n     I have received your Letter, and am much concerned to perceive your Apprehensions that Affairs might take an unfavourable Turn. The Questions you do me the Honour to propose to me, are very\ndifficult to Answer. I have ever been Scrupulous of advising Strangers to emigrate to America. There are difficulties to be encountered in every Exchange of Country. Arising from the Climate soil, Air, manner of Living &c, and Accidents may always happen.\n     With the Sum of Money You mention, a Man and a Family may live in America: but it must be in a frugal manner\u2014 With a Taste for Rural Life, by the Purchase of a Farm, and diligent Attention to it, a Man might live very comfortably. You may have Views of Commerce, or other Occupations, which may improve the Prospect.\n     If a Number of Friendly Families were to remove together, they would mutually assist each other and make the risk less as well as Life more agreable.\n     If you determine to go, I will give you Letters of Introduction with Pleasure, being with / Sincere Esteem and Regard, your Friend / and humble Servant\n      John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0276", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Brown Cutting, 13 December 1786\nFrom: Cutting, John Brown\nTo: Adams, John\n      My Dear Sir\n      Inner Temple. 13 Decr 1786\n     A croud of thanks to You for the pleasure and instruction I have received from your defence of the american constitutions. I have as yet read it but three times, because I wish to forget it a little before I read it a fourth; but I find that impossible: I shall therefore only wait till you give us the augmentation promised. Let me intreat You for the sake of mankind in general and the united states in particular not to defer it long. I pant impatiently to peruse it entire.\n     I beg my best compliments to Mrs Adams and am much obliged for the intelligence contained in the judicious letter of Judge Cranch; she will pardon my detention of it and a newspaper, which on being interrupted in reading, I pocketed, last sunday, without ceremony.\n     The bussiness of Mr Atlee\u2019s estate I mean immediately to undertake. For which purpose, agreably to the direction of Mr Chief Justice McKean, (who in his letter to me says, \u201chis Excellency John Adams Esquire will advance any money, for searches in offices, copies of wills and deeds, travelling and all other expences about this enquiry\u201d). I am to request a draught on your banker for five and twenty guineas, by the bearer, who is trusty and faithful.\n     I have the honor to be with much esteem & respect / Your obliged and most obedient servt:\n      John Brown Cutting", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0278", "content": "Title: To John Adams from James Sullivan, 16 December 1786\nFrom: Sullivan, James\nTo: Adams, John\n      My Dear Sir\n      Hartford December 16th 1786\n     I have neglected writing to you perhaps more than I Should have done had I not supposed that your Numerous correspondents had become a burden to you. indeed our Country has afforded but little lately to write upon.\n     I have been here seventeen days on a mission to settle by a way of Compromise with the State of N York a Controversy between our Commonwealth and them respecting the Western Territory the business was concluded yesterday excepting the Sending of the parchment which is now engrossing and will be compleated today.\n     N York cedes to the Commonwealth a tract of Territory bounded begining on Pensylvania Line Eighty Two miles from the N E Corner of that State thence running due north to Lake ontario and into the Lake to the British dominions then by the British Dominions through the Waters of Niagara and Lake Erie to a meridian passing through the Northwest corner of Pensylvania, then on the Line of that state to the beginning New York having one mile on the East Side of the Straight of Niagra and Parrell thereto, which includes the Forts. Masstts. has also 240,000 acres in the Forkes of the Susquehannah. N York has the Jurisdiction of the Whole. not to lay any Tax on the Land while ungranted by this Commonwealth: nor to tax\ntheir Grantees till fifteen years after the Date of their Grants\u2014 All Grants to be recorded in the secretaries office of the Commonwealth, and we to march any armies necessary to Treaties with the Indians &c the Waters of the Two Lakes to be navigable by the Citizens of both States in common. The Tract Ceded to us exclusive of Waters is Six millions of acres or near seven. we were in fact glad to be excused from holding the Jurisdiction because the Country is too remote to be Governed by us and if we Colonized they would soon unite with the Wyoming people & revolt.\n     we make a poor hand indeed of Governing the state as it is now. Insurgents are every day attacking and Stopping our Courts of Justice. some of the ring leaders have been lately taken by Coupe D main but the Government has neither learning ability energy or honesty the Legislature is parlementem indoctum compleatly the whole Tribe of Lawyers is excused from seats, and they have Scarcely a man who has Courage and ability to pen a useful act. the year has been spent in attempts to destroy the Men of the black robe and to lessen the numbers and expence of Lawsuits, to which purpose a variety of acts have been passed which make us the ridicule of the whole union. while the Doctors are only encreasing the malady they wish to cure; our G. has no Legal Ideas he wishes to do well but the path not being plain he is affraid to act and yet dares not to refuse. Laws are made altering the nature of private Contracts and rendering property totally insecure. this, while it disaffects all who have Supported the Government does by no means conciliate the affections of the Insurgents who have for their object being released from all Debts and Taxes without paying either.\n     The F\u0153deral Government is Still weaker and we dare not try to compel a compliance with the requistions of Congress in any of the States. our old Whigs are all now talking very Seriously of a change of System. they consider these seperate sovereignties as insupportable and quite incompatible with a general Government. Congress are raising a small Trove which I consider as the beginning of a Standing army and am sorry to say that all our fine Spun ideas of Democratical Governments being founded in the Virtue of the people are vanished & that we find the americans like other people obliged by force only to yield obedience to the Laws. our Constitution with regard to the Militia has nearly ruined us. in N Hampshire where the officers are appointed by the president of the State they have quelled their rebellions with ease and dispatch.\n     As you frequently see that great and good man Doctor Price pray\nremember me to him. I Shall soon write him. and make my Compliments agreeable to your Lady and Famaly.\n     I am Sir with the Most unfeigned Friendship your Most obedient Humble Servant\n      James Sullivan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/06-18-02-0280", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thomas Pownall, 18 December 1786\nFrom: Pownall, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n       Dear Sir.\n      I have often wished, since I came here into the Country, to fancy I could find a time when I might suppose you at leisure & Liberty having a few daies that you might pass in the Country. Christmass is a kind of Saturnalia when, for a week or ten daies, nothing but eating drinking & gambolling about is done in London I wish to seize this interval to claim a kind of promise You made me to come & pass a few daies with me & Mrs Pownall in our Country Retirement. & I will venture To ask the favor of You & Mrs Adams & Miss to do us The honor of coming this Christmass to us at Everton. We are but 49 miles from London, & about seven hours post\u2014 You can come between an early breakfast & dinner. In return for the pleasure You will do us We will endeavour to make the Christmass as pleasant To You as our house & neighbourhood will afford\u2014\n      The Earl of Scarb\u2019rough, nephew to the late Sr George Saville, has been here with me & leaves me today: & hearing me say I wished his frank to You, desires Me to give him My Letter, that by carrying it to You himself he might, without the Ceremony of a formal presentation, take an occassion of makng himself known to you\u2014& of knowing You.\n      I will hope a favorable Answer & am Dr Sir / Yr most Obedt / & most humble / Sert\n       T Pownall\n      My address is Govr Pownall Everton House near Biggleswade", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0451", "content": "Title: John Jay to John Adams, 2 Jan. 1786\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Adams, John\n              Office for foreign Affairs\n          I have the Honor of transmitting to you herewith enclosed a Copy of\n            a Letter of the 21st. December from Mr: Temple to me, which I laid before Congress. They have been pleased to direct\n            that you communicate it to His Britannic Majesty\u2014That you inform him, that the Complaint\n            stated in it, being in general Terms, and unsupported by any particular Facts, or\n            Evidence, they do not think it necessary, or proper, to take any Measures in Consequence\n            of it. And that you assure him, that as it is their determination the Treaty of Peace\n            shall be punctually observed by their Citizens, and that His Majesty\u2019s Subjects shall\n            enjoy here all the Rights which friendly and civilized Nations claim from each other; so\n            they will always be ready to hear every complaint which may appear to be well founded,\n            and to Redress such of them, as on Investigation, shall prove to be so.\n          This communication will give you an Opportunity of Remarking, that\n            the Office of Consul General does not extend to Matters of this Kind\u2014Neither the Rights\n            of copropriety of such an Application from a Consul General, which induced Congress to\n            treat it with this Mark of Attention.\n          It would perhaps be well to pursue the Subject, to intimate the\n            Expediency, as well as Propriety, of sending a Minister here, and if Circumstances\n            should so dictate, to accompany it with assurances that Congress expect a Minister and\n            are ready to receive and treat him in a Manner consistent with the Respect due to his\n            Sovereign.\n          The advantage alluded to in one of your Letters, if no other, would\n            result from such an Appointment, viz:\u2014That the British Court would then probably receive\n            more accurate Representations of Affairs in this Country, than they are at present\n            supplied with by Men, who Write and Speak more as their Wishes and Feelings, than as\n            Truth and Knowledge dictate.\u2014\n          I have the Honor to be, With great Respect, / Sir, / Your most\n            obedient, and / Very humble servant,\n            P.S. Your Letters of the following Dates are arrived 15. 17. 21.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0452", "content": "Title: Mr. Maltby to John Adams, 3 Jan. 1786\nFrom: Maltby\nTo: Adams, John\n          Mr. Maltby\u2019s most respectful\n            compliments to Mr. Adams, inclosing herewith the copy of the\n            letters patent of Jay. 1st. to\n            the council of Plymouth, together with a printed book of the Charters\u2014He has not yet\n            been so fortunate as to find the Grant from the council of Plymouth to Sr. Henry Roswell & others, or any copy thereof, but\n            his most diligent endeavours shall be exerted in the Search\u2014this however is recited in\n            the printed Charter of Wm. & Mary.\n          Inclosed also are Mr. Cushings Letters\n            & ye. [thorn] account of the expence attending the\n            Copy now procured\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0455", "content": "Title: John Adams to the John Jay, 4 Jan. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\n              Grosvenor Square\n          A day or two after the receipt of your Letter of Novr. 1st. & that of\n            President Lee, which came with it I wrote to the archbishop of Canterbury, by Colo. Smith, for an Hour when I might have the Honor to pay my\n            Respects to his Grace\u2014and was answerd very politely that he would be glad to have the\n            Honour of seeing me, next day, between Eleven & twelve, accordingly I went\n            Yesterday & was very agreably recieved, by a venerable and candid Prelate, with\n            whom I had before only exchanged Visits of Ceremony\u2014\n          I told his Grace that at the desire of two very respectable\n            Characters in America, the late President of Congress and the present secretary of State\n            for the Department of foreign affairs\u2014I had the honor to be the Bearer to his Grace of a\n            Letter from a Convention of Deligates from the Episcopal Churches in most of the\n            southern States\u2014which had been transmitted to me open, that I might be acquainted with\n            its Contents\u2014That in this Business however I acted in no official Character, having no\n            Instructions from Congress nor indeed from the Convention, but I thought it most\n            respectful to them, as well as to His Grace to present the Letter in Person\u2014The\n            Archbishop answered, that all that he could say at present, was that he was himself very\n            well disposed to give the satisfaction desired, for he was by no means one of those, who\n            wished that contentions should be Kept up between the two Countries, or between one\n            Party & another in america but on the Contrary was desirous of doing every thing\n            in his power to promote Harmony & good Humour\u2014 \u2014 \u2014\n          I then said that if his Grace would take the trouble of reading two\n            Letters, from Mr. Lee and Mr.\n            Jay he would perceive the motives of those Gentlemen in sending the Letter to my Care, I\n            gave him the Letters which he read attentively & returned, and added that it was\n            a great satisfaction to him to see, that Gentlemen of Character and Reputation,\n            interested themselves in it, for that the Episcopalians in the United States, could not\n            have the full & compleat Enjoyment of their religious Liberties, without it and\n            he subjoined that it was also a great satisfaction to him, to have received this visit\n            from me, upon this occasion and he would take the Liberty to ask me, if it were not an\n            improper Question, whether the interposition of the English Bishops would not give\n            uneasiness & dissatisfaction in America\n          I replyed that my answer could be only that of a private citizen,\n            and in that capacity I had no scruple to Jay that the people of the United States in\n            general were for a liberal and generous toleration\u2014I might indeed employ a stronger word\n            and call it a right & the first right of Mankind to worship God, according to\n            their Consciences & therefore that I could not see any reasonable Ground for\n            Satisfaction and that I hoped & believed that there would be none of any\n            consequence\n          His Grace was then pleased to say that religion in all Countries\n            especially a Young one, ought to be attended to as it was the foundation of\n            Government\u2014He hoped the Characters which should be recommended would be good ones\u2014I\n            replied that there were in the Churches in America able men of Character altogether\n            irreproachable and that such & such only\u2014I presumed would be recommended\u2014I then\n            rose to take my leave, and His Grace then asked me, if he might be at liberty to mention\n            that I had made him this Visit on this occasion I answered, Certainly if his Grace\n            should judge it proper.\n          Thus Sir I have fulfilled my Commission and remain as usual\u2014Your\n            Sincere friend & most / obedient Servant\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0456", "content": "Title: John Adams to Rufus King, 4 Jan. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: King, Rufus\n              Grosvenor Square\n          In Consequence of a Letter from Lt. Governor Cushing I have caused\n            the Records to be searched and have found the inclosed Copy of one of the Instruments\n            desired. the other cannot be found as yet. The Expence is fifteen Guineas, which the\n            Gentlemen will be so good as to pay to the Hon. Cotton Tufts, for me, whose Rect Shall\n            be a discharge. With great Respect, I / have the Honour to be, sir your most / obedient\n            & humble servant\n          Sent a copy of this letter to Mr.\n            Lowell Sullivan & Parsons. Ap. 12. 86.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0457", "content": "Title: John Paul Jones to John Adams, 7 Jan. 1786\nFrom: Jones, John Paul\nTo: Adams, John\n          On the 8th. of october last Mr. Jefferson wrote me a Letter approving of a proposition I\n            had made to him that I should deputize Dr. Bancroft to\n            sollicit the Court of Denmark, through the Danish Minister at London, for the\n            Compensation due for the Prizes made by the Squadron I commanded in Europe and given up\n            to the British by the Danish Government, in the year 1779 in the port of Bergen in\n            Norway. Mr. Jefferson was also so obliging as to undertake\n            to write to you on the subject, and to pray you to support Dr. Bancroft\u2019s application.\n          In consequence of this arrangement I wrote to Dr. Bancroft the 11th. of October,\n            and inclosed the Papers that I thought necessary to give effect to the Application, all\n            which he has of course communicated to you.\n          I had two Reasons for proposing the application in this manner.\n              1st. I intend to return myself to America in the Spring,\n            to render an account of the Business I have concluded with the Court of Versailles. And\n              2dly. there is no Danish Minister here nor expected here,\n            \u2019till the Summer. I shall esteem myself personally and particularly obliged by the Kind\n            support you are pleased to give Dr. Bancroft\u2019s\n            application.\n          I am, with sentiments of great esteem & respect, / Sir your\n            most obedient / and most humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0458", "content": "Title: the Marquis de Lafayette to John Adams, 9 Jan. 1786\nFrom: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nTo: Adams, John\n          Extract\n          I present You with my New Year Good Wishes so far as to conform\n            ourselves to the European Calendar; for altho\u2019 my sentiments for You are the same Every\n            Day, yet dont I think it right in us to mention any Day as the beginning of the Year but\n            the blessed 4th. of July.\n          Mr. Barret\u2019s Business is coming on\n            pretty well; he has made a Six Years Contract with Mr.\n            Sangraine for the Sum of four hundred thousand Livres a year & would not carry\n            it further in order to give to the other merchants an Opportunity to do business on\n            their own account. Mr. Sangraines Consumption amounts to an\n            annual Sum of one Million of Livres and I dont doubt but that Three Millions of Livres\n            worth may be easily sold in France, which is as comfortable to the Nantucket people as a\n            Settlement at Shelburne Town in Nova Scotia. Two Things remain to be settled. the one to\n            have this Six Years Contract authorised by Government; the other to see what can be done\n            for the following Years. I am sure Mr. Jefferson will find\n            in the Ministry a good Disposition to encourage an Exchange Trade. The last time I saw\n            the Controleur General, he had received Complaints from the Welsh French Wale\n            Company, upon which he expatiated not a little; but as they cant furnish more than a\n            very small part of our Consumption, France must for a pretty long time at least get\n            foreign Oil; & that of New England indeed smells better than that of Great\n          Mr. Barret has entered into a\n            Partnership with Messrs. le Couteux, who have promised to\n            accept Bills for any American Goods from any American State that will be sent to Mr. Barret, so that the Connection will extend to every part of\n            the Continent & Remittances will be made in French Goods, under the Inspection\n            of Mr Barret, who is to sail by the next packet, fix his\n            Correspondences, and return with the first Cargo of Oil, in order to settle in\n          The Article of Spermacetti Candles may go a great Length: Samples\n            have been sent by some of my Friends in Boston: Mr Jefferson\n              Mr Barret & myself are of Opinion the best way\n            will be to bring the Materials here, make the Candles to the Taste of the people\n            & see how they will take. We have been for three Days fixing Pins into them to\n            measure their Duration & conclude it may become an Article for Remittances of a\n            pretty great Value.\n          Mr. Tracy\u2019s naval Stores Plan is going\n            on & I don\u2019t doubt but what a Contract will take place. It is the avowed Opinion\n            of the Brittish Navy that American Timber is good for Nothing, which affected me the\n            more as I know it to be quite disinterested; But am happy to find those Prejudices are\n            dying away in France, so far at least as respects live Oak, Red Cedar, Trees; and a few\n            Experiments will also restabilitate the Masts: Officers are sent for that purpose to the\n            Eastward, & I hope my Friend Mr. Brook Mr. Barret, and others will contract for an Envoice of Timber.\n            In the mean while I am desired to ask General Green for Thousand cubit feet of live Oak\n            as an Experiment, & an Officer is sent to Georgia to contract with him on a\n            large Scale. American Pitch is acknowledged to be excellent & a certain Quantity\n            is asked for as a farther Experiment, Pot Ash too has been tried & is far\n            superior to any other.\n          It seems to me there may be given in this Country a Vent for a\n            Million Sterling worth of American Produce; that to be paid in french Goods, and I wish\n            a preference may be given to natural productions, or useful manufactures, over the\n            extravagant Trinkets of Fashion & Luxury. When a solid exchange Trade is well\n            fixed then is time for a bounded Credit to take place. If Great Britain is complaining\n            of her Losses she may blame her Ministers who while they had sent their Goods\n            to America took great Care that Every Door be shut against Remittances, evincing an\n            equal Wisdom with one, who after he had exchanged a Watch for a Bank bill, would\n            contrive while he is locking it in his pocketbook, very cunningly to let it slip into\n          I find by the American Papers that Sir Robert Herries had proposed\n            furnishing the Farm with Tobacco, which is very kind indeed considering the Trouble he\n            would have to go & fetch it. Upon this Affair of Tobacco Mr. Jefferson has wrote a Letter which is a Master-Piece. As this Government is\n            friendly disposed, I wish a Committee might be appointed to examine Article by Article\n            the Means of Remittance that America has to dispute with the forme Generale upon every selfish or prejudiced Trial, to facilitate\n            Exportations from America into France and level every Obstacle that attends the French\n            Goods from the Manufacturing Place to the Vessel wherein they are embarked: In a Word,\n            to benefit both Trades, and bend together both Nations on the Basis of mutual\n            Advantages. Such a measure I think, would be of immense Profit to either of the two\n            Countries, and many good Things could also be added on the East India Trade.\n          Brant, the Indian is, I am told, in England. It would seem to be a\n            very ingenious Plan for Great Brittain to pursue, while they are losing their mercantile\n            Interest in America for the Sake of some few Furr Merchants, or rather of a few petty\n            Officers in Canada, also to give themselves all the political Disadvantages of a War\n            with the United States, so far at least as to alienate every Mind and cut off every Hope\n            of a good Understanding; and that for the Sake of a few Scalps! What Obligations, my\n            dear Sir, are we laid under to British Councils, not only in the course of, but still\n            after the Revolution, which they have so well prepared, encouraged, hastened,\n            consolidated and are now bringing to Perfection.\n          I have two Favors to beg of You: The one is to find out what\n            remains of Fothergill\u2019s Works on the Slavery of Negroes, and to send me every Thing that\n            has been written in England about the Means to discourage it: I would like to add the\n            several Laws passed in America for a gradual Enfranchisement of those injured People: My\n            second Request is, for you to get acquainted with a Mr.\n            Howard, who has travelled all over Europe to enquire into, and has written an excellent\n            Book to amend, the State of Prisons. I have a great Desire to be honored with his\n            Correspondence.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0459", "content": "Title: John Adams to Wilhem & Jan Willink and Nicolaas & Jacob van Staphorst, 10 Jan. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Van Staphorst, Jacob,Van Staphorst, Nicholas,Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan\n              Grosvenor square\n          I am honoured with your Letter of the 23d of Decr. and remember very well my giving the\n            Credit for a 1000\u00a3\u2014It was to pay for swords medals &c for officers,\n            which Coll. Humphries had orders from Congress & their Financier to have made\u2014I\n            informed you of it at the same time\u2014I only gave the power to Mr. Jefferson to draw for the Money as Humphry might want it, in order to\n            multiply the checks\u2014This Credit stands very well\u2014\n          You will please to advertise for the payment of the Interest as you\n          On the 9th. of this month I accepted a\n            Bill of John Ledyard on me at 60 Day\u2019s sight for twelve Guineas in favour of Mr. Grand dated Paris Decr. 29.\n            1785\u2014indorsed by Mr. Grand to Louis Tessier. certified by\n              Mr. Jefferson to be drawn by order of John Lamb expressed\n            in a Letter in Mr. Jeffersons possession\u2014on the 10th. of this month I drew a Bill on Messrs. C & R Buller in favour of Coll. Smith for 150\u00a3 sterling\n            to pay for a sword for the [Baron] De Steuben according to the order of Congress\n            & the Board of War\u2014\n          I think I have informed you before that I have accepted Bills of\n              Mr. Barclay as far as No.\n            12.\u2014Late as it is I wish you Gentlemen the Compliments of the Season & have the\n            honor to be with much esteem / Your &c", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0460", "content": "Title: Richard Cranch to John Adams, 11 Jan. 1786\nFrom: Cranch, Richard\nTo: Adams, John\n              Dear Brother\n          Mr. John Jenks, the Bearer, has this\n            moment inform\u2019d me that he shall sail for London this Day in Capt. Lyde. As he has been so long connected with our most valuable Friend Doctr Tufts, and is knowing to so many of our Friends and\n            Relations, I think it must be a Pleasure to you and you Family to see him in London. He\n            comes, as I am inform\u2019d, in behalf of some Merchants in Salem to transact some Business\n            of importance in which they are concerned. He expects to be back in the Spring, and will\n            gladly take Charge of any thing you may want to send by him. I left your dear Charles at\n            our House Yesterday he is very well, and behaves exceeding well at the University. It is\n            now the long Winter Vacancy. Your Sons, Mr. Thaxter, and the\n            rest of our Friends, at Haverhill were well last Week. Please to give my most\n            affectionate Regards to my dear Sister and to your amiable Daughter, and believe me to\n            be your obliged Friend and Brother\u2014\n              Richard Cranch\n            Our Friends are all well\u2014You will have Letters from all of us by\n            Before I had seal\u2019d my Letter the Post from Haverhill came in,\n              and bro\u2019t a Letter for your dear Partner, which I have given in Charge to Mr. Jenks, I suppose it contains several Letters.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0461", "content": "Title: James Bowdoin to John Adams, 12 Jan. 1786\nFrom: Bowdoin, James\nTo: Adams, John\n          I am honored by your Excellency\u2019s Letter of 2d. of Sept. by Mr. Storer.\n          The navigation Act of Massachusetts having been found to militate\n            with the french treaty of commerce, & to exclude our fish from the Levant by\n            excluding the subjects of the italian & other states coming with their Vessels\n            for it, when our own in attempting to carry it to them would be intercepted by the\n            Algerines, it was judged expedient to repeal it in part: so that it now operates in full\n            force, only against the subjects of great Britain & their property. A Copy of\n            the repealing Act will be sent to you, & also of an Act passed by the\n            Legislature of Rhode Island at their last Session\n          I have transmitted copies of our repealing Act to the Executives of\n            the several States, & warmly urged a similitude of measures, without which the\n            United States cannot hope to bring about an alteration in the commercial System of\n          That System, in my idea of it, is clearly opposed to her own\n            interest considered in all its parts, & in a complex view of it. It is very\n            true, their encouragement of their whale fishery, by suffering the alien duty on oil to\n            supress ours, will encrease their shipping in this branch, encrease their seamen,\n            & in several other ways be advantaageous to them. To a person, that looks no\n            further, it would appear, that this was good policy, & the goodness of it would\n            be inferred from the advantages arising. But when he should extend his view, &\n            see how that stoppage of the American whale fishery, by depriving the Americans of so\n            capital a mean of paying for the woolen Goods they used to take of Britain, must at the\n            same time occasion the American demand to cease or be proportionably diminished, not to\n            mention the risk of a change or deviation of the trade from the old channel, he will\n            calculate the national profit & loss, that arises from that stoppage\u2014\n          3000 tons of oil was the usual annual quantity produced by the\n            Whalemen at Nantucket: all of which was shipped to England at an average price of\n          The whole of which went to pay for & purchase a like amount\n            of woolens & other british goods: nine tenths of the value of which are computed\n            to arise from the labor of the manufacturer, & to be so much clear gain to the\n            nation: the other tenth therefore being deducted gives the national gain rising from the\n            industry of the Nantucket Whalemen, & the American capital employed in that\n          without the nation\u2019s paying a shilling for the risk of insurance or any other risk\n          On the change of trade, pursuant to the new regulations, the\n            british Merchants must employ a large capital in the Whale fishery, whose\n            products we will suppose, equal to that of the Nantucket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n          They will have made an exceeding good voyage if the whole of that\n            sum should be equal to one half of the cost of the outfits: though from many of the\n            vessels not meeting with Fish, & from a variety of accidents, to which such a\n            voyage is subject, it probably would not be a quarter. The whole of the product goes\n            towards payment of the outfits & charges of the voyage, & a large sum\n            must be advanced for the second Voyage &c.\u2014\n          Now altho\u2019 this mode of commerce would be productive of some\n            national benefits, yet considered in a comparative view with the benefits resulting from\n            the former mode they would be found of little importance.\n          A like comparison may be made with other branches of commerce,\n            particularly the british West Indian, & the result will be found the same: For\n            the sake then of gaining pence & farthings, Britain is sacrificing Pounds by her\n            new regulations of Trade.\u2014She has a right to see for herself: but unhappily, resentment\n            & the consequent prejudices have so much disordered her powers of vision, that\n            it requires the skilful hand of a good political optician, to remove the obstructing\n            films. If she will not permit the application of your couching instruments, or if\n            applied, they can work no effect, the old lady must be left to her fate, &\n            abandoned as incurable.\u2014\n          But it is to be hoped, not so much on her account as our own; that\n            they may be successful.\u2014One ground of hope is the private negotiation, which Mr Nathl. Barrett is gone to France\n            to perfect & execute, relative to their taking our whale oil duty free, and in\n            lieu of it giving at an agreed rate, according to their quality, such french\n            manufactures as are best suited to our market: excepting a certain proportion of the\n            oil, which must be paid for by bills of exchange, to raise money for the men engaged in\n            the voyage.\u2014 About two months ago, Mr. Barrett sailed for\n            France, with letters for Mr Jefferson & the Marquis\n            de la Fayette, & if he succeeds, a great revolution in trade will probably be\n            the consequence: & France, on the principle of reciprocal benefit, exclude\n            Britain from all trade with America. This appears to me so probable, that if you could\n            impress the british Ministry with the same idea, you would find little difficulty to\n            bring about a commercial treaty with them, perfectly agreeable to your own mind,\n            & to the wishes of the United States. An interchange of a few letters on this\n            subject with Mr. Jefferson would give you the present state\n            of the negotiations.\u2014\n          With the most perfect regard, / I have the Honor to be, / Sir, /\n            Your Excellency\u2019s / Most Obedt. hble Servt.\n              James Bowdoin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0462", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 12 Jan. 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n          You were here the last year when the interest due to the French\n            officers was paid to them, and were sensible of the good effect it had on the credit\n            & honor of the U.S. a second year\u2019s interest is become due. they have presented\n            their demands. there is not money here to pay them, the pittance remaining in\n            mr[expansion sign] Grand\u2019s hands being only sufficient to pay current expenses three\n            months longer. the dissatisfaction of these officers is extreme, and their complaints\n            will produce the worst effect. the treasury board has not ordered their paiment,\n            probably, because they knew there would not be money. the amount of their demands is\n            about 42,000 livres. and mr[expansion sign] Grand has in his hands but twelve\n              thousand. I have thought it my duty under this emergency to ask you whether you\n            could order that sum for their relief from the funds in Holland? if you can, I am\n            persuaded it will have the best of effects.\n          The imperial Ambassador took me apart the other day at Count\n            d\u2019Aranda\u2019s, and observed to me that Doctr. Franklin about\n            eighteen or twenty months ago had written to him a letter proposing a treaty of commerce\n            between the Emperor & the U.S. that he had communicated it to the Emperor\n            & had answered to Doctor Franklin that they were ready to enter into\n            arrangements for that purpose: but that he had since that received no reply from us. I\n            told him I knew well that Doctor Franklin had written as he mentioned, but that this was\n            the first mention I had ever heard made of any answer to the letter. that on the\n            contrary we had always supposed it was unanswered & had therefore expected the\n            next step from him. he expressed his wonder at this and said he would have the copy of\n            his answer sought for & send it to me. however, he observed that this matter\n            being now understood between us, the two countries might proceed to make the\n            arrangements. I told him the delay had been the more unlucky as our powers were now near\n            expiring. he said he supposed Congress could have no objections to renew them, or\n            perhaps to send some person to Brussels to negotiate the matter there. we remitted all\n            further discussion till he should send me a copy of his letter. he has not yet done it,\n            and I doubt whether he has not forgotten the substance of his letter which probably was\n            no more than an acknowedgement of the receipt of Dr.\n            Franklin\u2019s and a promise to transmit it to his court. if he had written one proposing\n            conferences it could never have got safe to Doctor Franklin. be this as it will he now\n            makes advances, and I pray you to write me your sentiments immediately as to what is\n            best to be done on our part. I will endeavor to evade an answer till I can hear from\n            you. I have the honor to be with the highest respect & esteem Dear Sir/ your\n            most obedient & most humble servant\n              Th:Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0463", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 12 Jan. 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n          I had just closed the preceding letter when M. de Blumendorf the\n            Imperial Secretary of legation called on me with the answer to Doctr. Franklin. it was that of Sep. 28. 1784 which you\n            remember as well as myself, wherein Count Merci informed us the Emperor was disposed to\n            enter into commercial arrangements with us & that he would give orders to the\n            Government of the Austrian Netherlands to take the necessary measures. I observed to M.\n            de Blumendorff that this answer shewed the next step was to come from them. he\n            acknoleged it, but said these orders having been for the Netherlands only, they had\n            waited in expectation of others for comprehending Hungary, Bohemia & the\n            Austrian dominions in general, and that they still expect such instructions. I told him\n            that while they should be expecting them, I would write to you on the subject, as it was\n            necessary for us to act jointly in this business. I think they are desirous of treating,\n            & will urge it. I shall be anxious therefore to receive your sentiments on the\n            subject; and renew the assurances of the esteem with which I am Dear Sir / Your friend\n              Th:Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0464", "content": "Title: Edward Church to John Adams, 14 Jan. 1786\nFrom: Church, Edward\nTo: Adams, John\n              Much hond. & esteemed\n          Notwithstanding the deep wound which one branch of our fishery had\n            rec\u2019d by an act of the british parliament, We were not without hope, while we had a free\n            and an uninterrupted Commerce with the mediterranean, and it\u2019s neighbouring ports, that\n            we might still be able not only to employ, but increase the number of our fisherman, and\n            from our local advantages, it is not an extravagant Idea to expect, that we might e\u2019er\n            long have monopolized the Cod-fishery, so far at least as to the exclusion of all\n            Europeans, by being able to undersell them at all foreign markets\u2014but this is a Subject\n            which I am well aware You have long e\u2019er now fully investigated, with all it\u2019s vast, and\n            almost endless Train of concomitant advantages to the Commerce of the United States in\n            general, and that of the Massachusetts in particular\u2014it is not therefore with a\n            presumption to offer any Information, that I now take the Liberty to address you, but\n            only to observe that the Consequences of an interruption to the prosecution of this\n            important object, at this very critical, and alarming Conjuncture, seem to threaten\n            little less than Ruin.\n          You are doubtless informed that the King of France has sometime\n            since established a Company under his particular patronage for the purpose of carrying\n            on the Whalefishery, and has granted a large Sum of Money to be applied to the\n            indemnification of said Company in case of Loss, with particular priviledges to those\n            who serve in that employment\u2014such singular Indulgencies must doubtless give vigour to\n            any Enterprize, and the better to secure success to this favorite object, the Company\n            offer such Encouragement to those acquainted with the business, as has already drawn a\n            number of Americans, and even English, into their Service\u2014In Autumn 1784 I was in\n            Dunkirk, when three ships saiIed from thence for the Coast of Brazil, commanded,\n            & in part manned by Americans\u2014also one for Davis\u2019s straights, & another\n            for Greenland, commanded & principally manned by English\u2014The americans seemed to\n            be greatly elevated wth: their flattering prospects, and\n            often regretted that there were not more of their Countrymen to partake with them, as\n            they seemed to express a fear that many of them were almost starving at home for want of\n            employ\u2014this I then considered only a temporary Evil arising from a Cause that materially\n            affected the Commerce of all the States, and for which therefore the Wisdom of Congress\n            wou\u2019d soon find a Remedy, more especially when they saw the danger of our\n            being farther exhausted of our remaining Strength by a most potent Rival, at a time when\n            we were just emerging from the havoc of a most wasteful war\u2014when our taxes are\n            enormous\u2014yet incompetent, and the best\u2014if not the only means, to render them more\n            productive, greatly obstructed\u2014I presume not to point out any mode\u2014or even to say that\n            the Case is remediable\u2014but only that if the danger of remaining in Status quo is so\n            greatly alarming, the necessity of a speedy\u2014and if possible permanent peace, with all\n            the Powers on the Coast of Barbary is equally obvious, and pressing, and if attainable\n            cannot be purchased too soon, or perhaps too dear\u2014We have now unfortunately some of our\n            Countrymen groaning in Slavery under the iron hand of those merciless barbarians, These\n            also call aloud on their Country for instant relief, & redemption\u2014The Portuguese\n            I am informed are now making use of the french Interest & mediation to bring\n            about a peace with the Algerines\u2014for notwithstanding they have 7 or 8 Ships of war\n            constantly cruising to protect their trade, yet those pirates still swarm on their\n          I came here upon a plan of Commerce peculiarly advantageous to my\n            Country, but not practicable \u2019till the grand obstacle is removed\u2014I have also lately\n            written to some of my friends in America to ask their Interest & recommendation\n            in any behalf whenever Congress shall think proper to appoint a Consul here\u2014Shou\u2019d no\n            one appear with a pressable Claim, and you shou\u2019d deem me eligible\u2014 May I beg Leave to\n            ask the Favor of You to signify to Congress that such a choice wou\u2019d meet Your\n            approbation\u2014and in the mean time permit me to offer myself, in any thing wherein I can\n            be serviceable\u2014my Losses have been very great by the War, particularly in the\n            depreciation of our paper money, which totally annihilated a moderate Independence\u2014It is\n            not long since I concluded to try to repair my ruined fortune in this place, the\n            Consulship wou\u2019d greatly facilitate my design\u2014I have a large family who have been long\n            expecting my Return, but I have a better prospect of providing for them here, if the\n            Communication was uninterrupted\u2014I am with Tender of my best Services in all your\n            Commands\u2014of my most respectful Regards to Your Lady & family\u2014\n          With the most perfect Esteem / Sir / Your most humble &\n            most obedt. Servant\n            P.S. Shou\u2019d you favor me with a Line be pleased to direct to the\n              Care of Messrs. Cruz & Silva & Compy. Merchants\u2014Lisbon\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0465", "content": "Title: Thomas Barclay to John Adams, 16 Jan. 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n          I have the honor to inform you that I have valued on you two Bills\n            in Favor of M Grand for Two Hundred Pounds Sterling each viz of the 15th. No. 13 at Usance \u00a3200\u2014\n          of this Date 14 \u00a3\u2014\u2014200 which please to honor and Charge to Account\n            of the United States\u2014\n          I shall Probably farther value on you in a few Days from Lorient\n            for \u00a3380 Stg. which will make the whole Amount of them (My Bills) \u00a32500\n          You will very shortly hear of me from Spain, and in the mean time I\n            Remain with Great respect D Sir / Your Very obed.\n              Tho Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0467", "content": "Title: John Adams to the John Jay, 21 Jan. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\n              Grosvenor Square\n          On Wednesday, the Chevalier De Pinto informed me that he had\n            written to Lisbon, for Explanations from his Court upon certain Points: that he expected\n            an Answer, in a few days, and that as soon as he should receive it, he would call upon\n            me and proceed in the Negotiation. That in the mean time he would not disguise from me,\n            the Solicitude of his Court to Send a Minister, to Congress. Ettiquette forbid, that the\n            Court of Portugal should Send an Ambassador, Minister Plenipotentiary or Envoy, to\n            America, untill the United States would agree to Send one of equal Rank to Lisbon.\u2014But\n            if Congress had any Reasons for not sending Ministers of so high an Order, they might\n            send a Resident or Charg\u00e9 D\u2019Affaires.\u2014I answered him that I had heard it was the\n            Intention of Congress to Send a Consul, but that I could Say no further.\n          Lord Carmarthen on Thursday told me, he was at Work upon an Answer\n            to my Memorial concerning the Posts, and should compleat it, as soon as he could collect\n            some further Information concerning the Debts, of the Obstructions to the Payment of\n            which the Ministry had recd Complaints from Persons in this\n            Country who were interested in them.\u2014You may conclude from this as well as I, what kind\n            of answer it will be. I am very glad that I am to have an Answer. Whatever it may be, it\n            will lead to further Ecclaircissement and a final Accommoodation. Yet I think the Answer\n            will not come before the Spring.\u2014It will take Eighteen Months more to settle all\n            Matters, exclusive of the Treaty of Commerce.\n          Mr. Eden has said within a few Days,\n            that he believed there would be a Treaty of Commerce with the United States of America,\n            within a Year or two. He may wish to be employed in it, for however Sanguine he may be\n            of his success at Versailles I shall loose my Guess if he ever accomplishes a commercial\n            Treaty with that Court.\u2014He may however.\u2014This Nation would now crouch to France for the\n            Sake of being insolent to Us. The Disposition to crush the Weak is almost always\n            attended with that of cringing to the Strong. Arrogance to Inferiours is ever servile to\n            superiours. But a Treaty with France, Such as She would accept, would be hurtfull to\n            such Numbers and raise such an opposition that I cannot yet believe Mr. Eden will be permitted to sign one. The Term of two years\n            is expired and Del Campo, has done nothing.\u2014Crawford is returned without doing any Thing\n            as I Suppose.\n          The true Secret of the Appointment of Eden, as I conceive is the\n            Court of Versailles was offended, that Crawford was not allowed to do any Thing and used\n            Some Sharp Expressions, which intimidated the Ministry. Eden was appointed for two Ends\n            first to appease the Wrath at Versailles and Secondly to keep up a misterious delusive\n            hope in the English Nation. Perhaps too the Ministry are afraid of commercial\n            Speculations between France & Ireland. These Conjectures are precarious, and no\n            great Stress should be laid upon them.\n          With great Respect I have the Honour / to be, dear Sir, your most\n            obedient / and most humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0469", "content": "Title: John Adams to the Marquis de Lafayette, 21 Jan. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\n          I am very glad to learn by your Kind favour of the 9th. that Boylston has sold his oil to sangrains Correspondent\n            because this will both shew the Bostonians that a Markett may be found in france, much\n            better than in England, & the Parrisians that this oil is much better &\n            Cheaper than any other\n          Mr. Barretts Contract bids fair to\n            compleat the business & to introduce a regular Exchange of American for french\n            productions\u2014The french Nation cannot be interested in their Whaling Company so much, as\n            they are in their general productions of agriculture and Manufactures\u2014 \u2014It is very\n            pleasing to hear, that our naval stores & pot-ash have an undisputed Reputation\n            and you may depend upon it that our timber, and Masts will very soon, vindicate\n            themselves from all the English slanders\u2014I wish I had a Copy of Mr. Jefferson\u2019s Letter upon tobacco\u2014Brant is come for half pay, as it is given\n            out\u2014I believe his hopes of scalps at present is lost in the fear of loosing his own\u2014\n          I will look up the writings you desire against the slavery of\n            negroes, & send them by the first good oppertunity\u2014The Laws passed in America\n            are not to be found here\u2014Mr. Howard is now, as I am told by\n            my friend Dr. Price, at Marsailles\u2014 \u2014 \u2014\n          there is not a possibility of forming an adequate Idea, of what is\n            passing in the News papers, in this town without taking 7\u2014or 8\u2014of them daily\u2014You find\n            yourself encumbered in the Course of a few Days with an enormous pile of waste\n            paper\u2014which contains nothing of any value, tho\u2019 it Cost you a large sum of Money\u2014\n          The Morning Cronicle is the best for parliamentary debates, but is\n            good for little else.\n          The light Troops of the Ministry skirmish in the Morning post\u2014those\n            of opposition in the Morning herald\u2014but there is little in either but the battles of the\n            sons of dulness\u2014\n          tell Anastasia she must prepare herself to let Papa go\u2014There will not be time to wait for George to grow\n            up according to the latest advices\u2014\n          Mr. Hancock is president of Congress\n            & in his absence Mr. Ramsay of So. Carolina fills the Chair\u2014Mr.\n            Temples Commission was before Congress, but not determined on, at the date of my Letter\n            from Mr. Jay of the 26th. of\n          The ensuing season of parliament will be stormy opposition will\n            have materials enough & Ministry will be pressed from various quarters\u2014 \u2014\n          The taxes the last year have been very productive, and Mr. Pitt is purse proud, but in the opinion of the deepest Men\n            he is too sanguine, in presuming that the next Year, will be equally prosperous\u2014\n          If france\u2014the Emperor & America persevere, he will be\n            terribly disappointed\u2014The British Empire is now in the power of its Rivals, who will be\n            weak indeed, if they again contribute to build it up to a dangerous height\u2014 \u2014\n          It was very pleasant the other day to see at the drawing room, how\n            all Nations were of one blood, dwelling together in Love\u2014 there was Colonel Smith, and\n            his Royal Majesty King Brant, who had been so lately in action against each other in the\n            Wilderness\u2014 Brants Phisiognomy was much admired by the Ladies.\u2014They saw a remarkable\n            goodness in his Countenance & I suppose were amused with that harmless play\n            thing\u2014his hatchett, in another part of the Room were seen the American Ambassador\n            & King Pascall Paoli, in a familiar Conversation with each other\u2014Who can\n            immagine a more striking scene of gratification for Philanthropy\n          The Ladies are very sensible of your politeness and desire me to\n            convey their best respects to you & Madam Lafayette & their affectionate\n            remembrance of the little family\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0470", "content": "Title: John Adams to the Comte de Sarsfield, 21 Jan. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Sarsfield, Guy Claude, Comte de\n              Grosvenor Square\n          If I were as fortunate as you are and could pass the Water from\n            Dover to Calais in 3 hours, I would go to Paris 7 dine with you in some of your American\n            Parties but I can never get over from Harwich to Helveot nor from Dover to Calais in\n            less than 17 hours, & sometimes not under three Day\u2019s\u2014\n          I have all the peices relative to the United Provinces excepting Le\n            Pay\u2019s de Drenthe. I have one peice upon slavery\u2014one upon Woemen, & two\n            introductions to the subject of fiefs. Voila tout que J\u2019en ai\u2014\n          Among all my acquaintance I Know not a greater Rider of Hobby\n            Horses than Count Sarsefield\u2014One of your Hobby Horses is to assemble uncommon\n            Characters\u2014I have dined with you 2 or 3. times at your House in Company with the oddest\n            Collections of Personages that were ever put together\u2014I am thinking if you were here, I\n            would Invite you to a dinner, to your taste\u2014I would ask King Paoli\u2014King Brant\u2014Le\n            Chevaleir DeEon, & if you pleased you might have\n            you dined in America\u2014How much speculation would this whimsical association afford\n          How goes on your Enquiry into fiefs? if you do not make haste I may\n            perhaps interfere with you I have half a Mind to devote the next ten Years to the Making\n            of a Book, upon the subject of Nobility\u2014I wish to enquire into the practice of all\n            Nations ancient & modern, civilized & savage, under all Religions\n            Mahometan, Christian, & Pagan\u2014to see how far the division of Mankind into\n            Patricians & Plebeins, Nobles & simples is necessary &\n            inevitable & how far it is not Nature has not made this discrimination. art has\n            done it\u2014Art may then prevent it\u2014I believe would it do\n            good or evil to prevent it? I believe good think what you will of it\u2014How can it be\n            prevented? in short it is a splendid subject and if I were not too Lazy I would\n            undertake it.\n          I want to see Nations in Uniform\u2014No Church Canonicals: no Lawyers\n            Robes\u2014no \u2014\u2014\u2014no distinctions in society, but such as sense and Honesty make\u2014 \u2014what a\n            fool? what an Enthusiast you will say\u2014what then? why should not I have my Hobby Horse to\n            ride as well as my friend\u2014I\u2019ll tell you what\u2014I believe this many headed beast the\n            people, will some time or other have wit enough to throw their riders\u2014and if the should\n            they will put an End to an Abundance of tricks with which they are now curbed &\n            bitted, whiped & spurred", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0472", "content": "Title: Granville Sharp to John Adams, 21 Jan. 1786\nFrom: Sharp, Granville\nTo: Adams, John\n          The Books which I had the honour to request your Excellency\u2019s\n            acceptance of, (vizt. My Grandfathers Works) are but this\n            moment returned from my Bookbinder, or I should have fulfilled my promise sooner.\n          I had an opportunity of making some Enquiries concerning the\n            Reports which I mentioned to your Excellency about the supposed backwardness of Governmentto \n              permit the Bishops to consecrate Bishops for America; and I am happy to find that\n            these Reports had no foundation in truth.\n          Nevertheless I am under great concern on accot. of some other reports that are current, vizt.\n            that the Convention of the American Churches has so far altered the Liturgy as to give\n            room to suspect that they do not maintain the Profession of the primitive Church: for if\n            that should really be the case the English Bishops cannot, consistently with their duty\n            to God, give consecration to any Man, who does not unequivocally acknowledge \u201cthe Faith that was\n            delivered\n            to the Saints\u201d and the Creeds by which that Faith has since been maintain[\u2019d]\n          The Promise which I wrote to Dr. Franklin on this Head, through the Assurances, I had\n            received from a person of high Authority, I read over this day to the same\n            worthy person, and I have had the satisfaction to receive his entire approbation of my\n            manner of expressing it; and he again assured me, in the most solemn manner, this day,\n            that he will abide by that promise. If your Excellency should desire to see any\n            part of the Correspondence I have had with America on this point, I will wait\n            upon you at any time you shall be pleased to appoint to shew you the Letters, &\n            will give you copies of any that you may think worthy your notice. I am with\n            great respect and esteem Sir / Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient humble Servant\n              Granville Sharp.\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0474", "content": "Title: Tristram Dalton to John Adams, 23 Jan. 1786\nFrom: Dalton, Tristram\nTo: Adams, John\n              Newburyport\n          Under the 18th of last October I did\n            myself the honor and pleasure of addressing you, comitting[expansion sign] the Letter to\n            the Care of Doctor Gordon, who since tells me that He put the same into a safe Channel\n            of Conveyance\u2014I hope you received it in due time\u2014as I therein acknowledged y[thorn\n              sign]e Satisfaction given to me and my family, by your\n            good & worthy Son, who had passed a day with us\u2014and was the bearer of your favor\n            of the 26th April\u2014the last letter I am honored with from\n            Yourself\n          The General Court of this Commonwealth did very little business in\n            their late fall session\u2014Several important bills were brought forward, and, after some\n            time spent on them, referred to the next session\u2014\n          A new Valuation, reported by a Committee, not being compleated,\n            served as a pretext for not issuing any tax\u2014either for the Services of Government\u2014or in\n            compliance with y[thorn sign]e recommendations of Congress,\n            passed in September\n          Our Navigation bill, was struck at, by the French Interest\u2014the\n            British Interest\u2014and by Self Interest: for we have all these Interests in our small Body\n            Politic\u2014It had nearly suffered a total repeal in the\n            house\u2014every part, however, that related to the British, was retained, but nothing\n            respecting all other foreigners, excepting a little extra Light Money. Esteeming this\n            bill as the Corner Stone of all our commercial importance, every aim to remove it\n            affects me most sensibly\u2014New Hampshire & Rhode Island have passed similar\n            laws\u2014and, I believe, Pennsylvania a much better digested one New York and the other\n            States have it in Contemplation\u2014and, after recommending the measure to them, as Governor\n            Bowdoin has done, in consequence of a request of the Legislature, to take off the\n            restraints laid on the British, would render this Government truly ridiculous\u2014and make\n            vain every future attempt to unite the States in any commercial Affairs\u2014Some\n            distinctions would have been preserved with respect to different Nations, had any of the\n            Court been well informed of the Spirit of their laws so far as they may affect American\n            Ships\u2014but not only Gentlemen of the Court were uninformed of them, Even the Merchants of\n            Boston could give no satisfactory Account As the British Navigation was the principal\n            Object of the Laws it was thought better to relax too far as to other Nations, than\n            retain, as was asserted, unjustifiable or at least impolitic impositions\u2014\n          The importance of an American Navigation Act appears to me so\n              great as to be the only means whereby\n            we can arrive to a degree of respectability, &, I am almost tempted to add,\n            whereby the Independence of these States may be fully enjoyed\u2014 \u2014\n          A Bill, for repealing the restrictive Law against the Refugees\u2019\n            Admittance, passed in the House\u2014141 to 10\u2014it was nonconcurred by the Senate\u2014In the House\n            it was said that the 6th Article of the Treaty of Peace with\n            G Britain, ensured to every British Subject, without exception the right of Aliens, and that not one of\n            them, of any description, could, consistent with the\n            said Article, be deprived thereof, on Account of the part he had taken in the war\u2014That\n            the present Law did not allow the Refugees the liberty of coming and tarrying as other\n            Aliens\u2014therefore &c\n          As to the 5th of the Articles, called\n            the recommendatory, nothing more could be meant than that such of the Refugees, (all of\n            whom, by the construction of the 6th, had rights as Aliens)\n            who had had any Estates confiscated, might enjoy the priviledge of Citizens, for twelve month, so far\n            as related to the purchasing their confiscated Estates\u2014which priviledge they could\n            not enjoy as Aliens\u2014\n          The Senate construed these Articles differently\u2014asserting that the\n            recommendatory Article alone respected the Refugees\u2014and\n            that the admission of any of them, for a day, depended\n            upon a Compliance with\n            of the recommendation\u2014\n          This business will be taken up again the ensuing session, &\n            I beleive some relaxation of our present absurd indiscrimination will be adopted\u2014I am\n            sensible of the Trouble the framing of this Article cost you and fear lest our present\n            Conduct thereon may give you more in your Negotiations\u2014Pardon my giving you this further\n            interruption on so disagreeable a Subject\u2014\n          The Codfishery of this Government increases fast, and amounts\n            already to one third of whatever it was previous to the late War\u2014 Their success the past\n            fall has been abundant\n          The Whalefishery is encouraged by the Countenance of Government,\n            which has granted bounties on Oyle, caught by the Vessells belonging to their\n            Citizens\u2014and by the prospect of a lucrative Barter of that Commodity in France\u2014\n          The Climate and Air of Shelburne, in Nova Scotia, proves so\n            unsuitable for the curing of fish, that the settlers are discouraged & the\n            fishermen wishing to have free Liberty to return to our Ports, but\u2014say some of our warm Patriots, and, as\n              such, of the first Bank too, that the breaking up that fishery\u2014nay the total Loss\n            of our own\u2014and the retention of our Western Posts, are not of so much Consequence, as to\n            balance the danger arising from the free admission of the Refugees\u2014Infatuated Zeal!\n            Inglorious and dangerous Resentment!\u2014\n          The Earnestness of some ambitious restless Persons in the late Province of Main, to erect that district into a\n            seperate independent State, which I took occasion to hint at in my last, seems to\n            slacken, as it has not awakened like sentiments in any considerable Number\u2014Enclosed you\n            have a Gazetter, giving an Acct of the proceedings of their\n            late Convention, held at Falmouth\u2014wherein are mentioned the Grievances which they think\n            they labor under\u2014or would induce the people at large to think\u2014If the General Court acts\n            with prudence, sound policy, and spirited resolution, it appears to me, that this\n            Bustle, which the British here boast of as tending to our ruin, will end in nothing of\n            Evil Consequence\u2014\n          It is with pleasure we find that Ambassadors are gone to Morocco\n            and Algiers, for the purpose of concluding treaties with those powers\u2014We wait anxiously\n            the Event, as our trade up the Levant and even to Cadiz, is totally stopped, by the\n            danger apprehended from these piratical rovers\n          I will detain you no longer than to add that my best respects, with\n            those of my family, attend You & Yours\u2014being, with all possible regards\u2014 / Dear\n            Sir Your obliged Friend &/ most obdt hble\n              Tristram Dalton\n            Miss D. asks permission to enclose a Letter for your esteemed", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0475", "content": "Title: Philip Mazzei to John Adams, 23 Jan. 1786\nFrom: Mazzei, Philip\nTo: Adams, John\n          I have just been honored with your Excellency\u2019s favor of 15 ulto; & am extremely obliged to you for your discussions\n            on the several topics therein mentioned. As to News-papers, I beg leave to transcribe\n            for your perusal the conclusion of a paragraph, which Marquis de la Fayette, to\n            contradict a false assertion in which he had been named, sent to several Gazeteers in\n            various parts of Europe, & was by them faithfully inserted. \u201cC\u2019est une occasion\n            d\u2019avertir Messrs: les Gazetiers Europeens que toutes les\n            lamentations qu\u2019ils re\u00e7oivent sur la pretendu\u00eb Anarchie, corruption, et d\u00e9tr\u00easse des\n            Am\u00e9ricains, n\u2019ont en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d\u2019autre but que de combattre \u00e0 couvert les \u00c9tats Unis, les\n            id\u00e9es de libert\u00e9, et surtout l\u2019esprit d\u2019Emigration.\u201d\n          The publishing of such a paragraph, and others which at different\n            times have been sent to several printers by Mr. Jefferson or\n            myself, show most clearly that the printers are not all bribed, or controuled by the\n              Govts. the live under, at least on affairs relative to\n            America. Some of them are; but that being Known, they are not much credited. The harm is\n            done by [those] who, although they would be glad to furnish their readers with true\n            American accounts, are obliged to copy them from english papers, for want of a better\n            information. Even the great Republican Luzac has found it necessary to do the same, not\n            to appear negligent or partial in our favor, \u2019though he did not credit himself such\n            things as his business, or rather his duty as a gazeteer, obliged him to insert in his\n            gazette. There is no comparison, in the inducements to publish falsities to our\n            disadvantage, between the English printers, & those of other Countries.\n            Selfishness in that Country is now, & has been for some time past, beyond\n            conception. Were they not to humour their people with the constant abuse of other\n            Nations, & the puffing of their own, they would not sell a third part of their\n            papers. In the abuse of America they have several other motives to feed the national\n            pride with. Their people must be flattered, & the rest of the World prejudiced\n            with notions, that the loss of America has been a blessing for Great-britain. Mean while\n            they view with envy & jealousy our future consequence & grandeur,\n            & feel most bitterly the idea that every degree of honor & importance we\n            shall acquire, will be a reflection on them. They are animated by the spirit of revenge,\n            & cannot pardon us the most noble & confortable acquisition of the true\n            character of Citizens, while they remain subjects. All these inducements center within\n            the narrow limits of that Island, unless they descend down-right to Hell, or go to\n            Nova-Scotia, which is nearly the same; they do not certainly cross the Channel or the\n            Baltic. And even in regard to the general one, which is to prevent emigration, they are\n            much more interested in it then other Nations for 3. great reasons. lo. Their natural pride is infinitely more hurt by it, on\n            account of their constantly extolling to the Sky the pretended happiness of living under\n            the blessings of their thick foggs. 2[o.] The danger of\n            their people removing to America is much greater, because they are better acquainted\n            with it than others, besides their amazing advantage in on account\n              of the similarity of Language & manners. 3o.\n            And the loss of Inhabitants to them is more hurtful than it is to other Nations, their\n            Country being the least prolific I Know of in the production of animals of our specie.\n            As to the propriety of laying out money to contradict the false assertions of our\n            Enemies, I will only beg leave to observe, that, when sanctified by the silence of the\n            party injured, they certainly are much more apt to fix the stigma; that the pains I took\n            to contradict falsehood, & to bring truth to light, while I was in\n            Europe before, were not intirely lost; that national honor is one of the most noble\n            conforts to the feelings of a good Citizen; & that it contributes not a little\n            to promote, through various channels, even that interest which is too often the only\n            object of a wretched policy.\n          National honor has been my first inducement to undertake the\n            confutation of the mistakes, follies, indiscretions, & falsities of certain\n            writers; adding to it some observations for the consideration of our Countrymen. I had\n            already thought of Paw & Buffon, whom you are pleased to mention as proper\n            objects in your Kind letter to me. As to Paw, I am very short with him; I only say that\n            the World is obliged to him for a performance of a very singular nature, & (as\n            far as I Know) the only one existing in the World; that is a collection of falsities\n            sufficient to fill up 3. vol; for every one of which he has some authority, taken\n            however from the clear fountains of News-papers & ignorant travellers. As to\n            Buffon, who has been unwillingly induced into error, chiefly by the said Paw, I shall\n            refer my reader to the Annotations on the State of\n              Virginia, wherein Mr. Jefferson has confuted him most\n            masterly & completely. I will prove that Abb\u00e9 Raynal is a wilful Lyer; &\n            as to Mably, I have already brought to a geometrical demonstration his ignorance of our\n            Constitutions & Codes of Laws, his mad prosumption as a Legislator, his false\n            reasoning, his constant contradictions, & partly his dogmatical insolent\n            pedantry. I say partly, because it is not in the power of man to say enough of it. You\n            are pleased to observe to me, that he was an honest & independent man. For my\n            part, I have no business with the man; my object is his book, which has\n            contributed much more than all other writings put together to sanctify all\n            the lies which have been spread to our disadvantage, & especially in regard to\n            our pretended Anarchy & confusion. His wrong observations & false\n            reflections on our Constitutions, founded on his ignorance or inexcusable inattention,\n            are sufficient to make the World think\n            believe that we must really be in a dreadful situation; especially as he has\n            been supposed (from his indiscretion) to be rather partial in our favor. His affected\n            declarations of zeal for our prosperity, only intended to cast a veil on his unbounded\n            vanity, are provoking to me. I Knew him well; & his obstinate refusal to\n            contradict that impudent reflection on the United States, that he had been applied to by\n            them to write our Constitutional Laws, would have been\n            more than sufficient to make him Known to me, had I been in want of it. As to what he\n            says in point of frugality, honesty, &c; I don\u2019t conceive that it can be of any\n            service in America to read, in a stupid book of a french Abby, those things which every\n            good father tells his children with more grace, in a better stile, & with some\n            good reasons to support his arguments, which the Abby does not, either\n            because he was not able, or because he disdained to perform any office below that of a\n            Dictator. As to the propriety, or rather necessity of making Laws tending to the\n            encouragement of virtue & the banishment of vice, I don\u2019t conceive that the\n            opinion of a pedant can corroborate those sentiments which are so nobly &\n            clearly expressed in our Declaration of Rights. Had he offered some good reasons for it,\n            the case would have been different. But how could he the poor fellow! his head having\n            never contained any thing more than confused & undigested ideas. He proves\n            nothing, & teaches nothing; if we except a few wrong, silly, &\n            overbearing principles of Govt. The stile is the only thing\n            of his writings, that may be of some service in certain diseases, as it operates quicker\n            than Laudanum. I defy the whole Corps of his friends to point out, in any one of his works, a single good thought of his own,\n            or any matter whatever properly discussed & thoroughly digested. Let them come\n            on if they dare; I shall meet them on a safe ground; I am certain of the justice of my\n            cause, & am a writing in a language in which I can make\n            myself understood. So much the better, you will say,\n            reflecting on my insufficiency whenever I write in this.\n          I sincerely thank you, Sir, for the pains you have taken\n            after the paper I am in want of, to exhibit to the World, for our honor & to the\n            confusion of the British Merchants, the monstruous difference in their expressions at\n            that time & the present. Should you succeed to find it, I would still be much\n            obliged to you for it. As to the other points, they are not of much consequence.\n          Would be much obliged to you, Sir, for your opinion on\n            my little essay on sumptuary laws; & desiring my most hearty &\n            respectful compliments to Mrs. Adams, I wish you will be so\n            good as to tell her, that whatever you do, or can write to me in regard to your\n            sentiments & feelings for that Lady, cannot exceed what I ha[d]\n            conceived from your countenance, more than from your expression in our conversations\n            under the trees of the Tuelleries. Please to tell her\n            likewise that, although I begin to be old, I hope I shall on[e] day or other have the\n            honor to pay her my respects personally in Boston, & that to enjoy that\n            satisfaction I would go almost any where, except Great-britain or Nova-Scotia.\n          Please to direct your favors for me to Mr. Jefferson, as usual, [&] to believe me most sincerely, / Dear Sir, /\n            your Excell.y\u2019s most Obedient. Humb. Se[rt]\n              Philip Mazzei.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0476", "content": "Title: John Lamb to John Adams, 24 Jan. 1786\nFrom: Lamb, John\nTo: Adams, John\n          I have the Honor to announce to you my several Draughts for \u00a32.000\n            stg. according to the Note following from Messrs: Etiene\n            Drouilhet & Co. Bankers\u2014\n          Jean Lamb \n          60 Days after / Date\n          Pous notre traitte de ce jour\u2014pour sept Lettres sur Londres qu\u2019il nous a fourni sur son\n              Excy Monsieur Jean Adams Ministre plenipotr. des Etats Unis. d\u2019Amerique de \n          I doubt not to merit your Approbation herein and shall write to you\n            more fully on my Arrival in Barcelona\u2014\n          I am sir with respect / your most obedient servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0477", "content": "Title: Samuel Osgood and Walter Livingston to John Adams, 24 Jan. 1786\nFrom: Livingston, Walter,Osgood, Samuel\nTo: Adams, John\n              Board of Treasury\n          We request the Favor of your Excellency to forward the Enclosed\n            Letter to the Commissioners of the Dutch Loans at Amsterdam.\n          We have the Honor to be with / great Respect, and Esteem, / Your\n            Excellency\u2019s Obedt. Hble. /\n              Samuel Osgood\n              Walter Livingston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0478", "content": "Title: William Carmichael to John Adams, 25 Jan. 1786\nFrom: Carmichael, William\nTo: Adams, John\n          Permit me to present to your Excellencys friendly notice Richard\n            Harrison Esqre. a Gentleman from the State of Virginia who\n            has resided in Cadiz more than five years, during which Period he has disinterestedly\n            served the Public, first at the request of Mr Jay &\n            since from the Necessity of having some one at that Place in the Character of Consul to\n            aid & assist such Americans whose Interests might require his immediate\n            Interference with the Spanish Government of that Port. Altho\u2019 without a proper\n            commission his personal Conduct has been such as to procure him the Esteem of all Ranks\n            there whether Natives or Foreigners, & there are few or none of the Consuls from\n            Other Nations who have been treated with so much distinction by the first Officers of\n            the Government than he has been. The Nature of his situation exposed him to unavoidable\n            Disbursements as well to releive the Distresses of Many of his Countrymen, as to support\n            a character considered & respect a public one. I mention these circumstances,\n            because I am persuaded they will excuse the Liberty I take in Recommending Mr Harrison to Your friendly Offices not only during his\n            residence in England but also to your friends in Congress for whom he will take your\n            Excellencys commands\n          I have the honor to be / with great Respect / Your Exc.ys / Most Obedt Humble Sert\n              Wm. Carmichael", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0480", "content": "Title: John Adams to John Hancock, 26 Jan. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Hancock, John\n              GrosvR. Square\n          I beg leave to introduce to your Excellency, Mr. Anstey a Barrister at Law, and member of Parliament, who\n            seems to be an amiable man, and it is to be hoped his Tour to America may have some good\n          By the papers this morning it seems a motion was yesterday made in\n            the house of Commons for an account of the Number of Vessels cleared out from any of the\n            ports in Great Britain, with Licences for the importation of flour, Biscuit, and Live\n            stock from any place or Country belonging to the United States of America into any of\n            the islands of Newfoundland pursuant to an Act &c &c And also an\n              act account of all Flour, Biscuit, and Live Stock imported into any of the\n            Islands in Newfoundland between the 10 Jany. 1784 &\n          This early attention, shews that something is to be done we shall\n            at least learn something.\n          Lord Stormont and Mr Fox seem\n            determined to draw the attention of the nation to foreign Politicks the best ground they\n            could possibly take if they were determined to promote a friendly commercial Connection\n            with America\u2014because this alone can prevent the United States from finally throwing\n            their weight into the scale against Great Britain, by enabling them to Maintain a\n            Neutrality\u2014Yet I dont believe they look so far\u2014\n          Permit me to congratulate you, upon your return to the chair of the\n            United States & to subscribe myself\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0481", "content": "Title: John Adams to John Jay, 26 Jan. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\n              Grosvenor Square\n          Give me Leave to introduce to you John Anstey Esq Barrister at Law\n            and a Member of Parliament, who goes out by Authority to verify the Claims of the\n            Loyalists, as they call themselves.\u2014I believe it to be the Design of Mr Pitt to pay their Demands which shall be found to be\n            Supported and withdraw their Pensions and then leave them to seek their Fortunes. in\n            such a Case if our States repeal their Laws against them, they will generally return, to\n            their old homes, or to some other Part of the United States, where they must become good\n            Citizens or be compleatly insignificant.\n          By Mr Anstey, I Send you, the Kings\n            Speech and the Debates upon it. \n          The most remarkable Thing in them, is, that the King and every\n            Member of each House, has entirely forgotten that there is any Such Place upon Earth as\n            the United States of America.\u2014We appear to be considered as of no consequence at all, in\n            the Scale of the World. The next Thing observable is, that Administration and opposition\n            are agreed in turning their Thoughts to a Confederation with Russia and Denmark, in\n            which they wish to get the Emperor to join, as a Ballance to the Confederation, between\n            the House of Bourbon and Holland, to which they Suppose Sweeden attached.\n          They are agreed also in the Fact that there is a Surplus of Revenue\n            in the Treasury, and therefore that the Resources of the Country are inexhaustible. You\n            may perhaps Smile at this Inference but they are very grave.\n          I don\u2019t know whether we ought not to wish that they may Succeed, in\n            their Project of Connections with Russia and Denmark and the Emperor too: because, when\n            one Part of Europe shall become thus formally pitted against the other, probably both\n            sides may begin to recollect that there is Such a Power as the United States of America,\n            and that she has some Influence. Congress may in Such a Case take more time to\n            deliberate whether it is necessary for them to engage at all. and if it should appear\n            inevitable, they may make better Terms.\n          In the mean time it is much to be wished, that a friendly\n            Settlement could be made with Spain, and that a Minister might be sent to Holland, whose\n            inhabitants are the most cordial Friends We have in Europe.\n          I have had an opportunity this week of Conversation with the\n            Marquis of Lansdown and Lord Abbington his Friend and Admirer. They appear to me, to be\n            as far from having adopted any decisive system relative to Us, as Mr Pitt or Mr Fox. This\n            Conversation has removed every Expectation that there will be any Party or even any\n            Individual in Parliament in favour of a liberal Commerce with Us.\n          The United States therefore have no Choice left. They must Support\n            their own navigation, or have none.\n          With great and sincere Esteem, I / have the honour to be, Sir, your\n            / most obedient and most humble / Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0483", "content": "Title: John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 28 Jan. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n              Grosvenor Square\n          I have recd yours of the 12, but\n            Yesterday, and wish it were in my Power to order the Interest due to the French Officers\n            to be paid: but it is not.\u2014They must remain unpaid, be the Consequence what it may\n            untill Congress or the Board of Treasury order it. indeed, I dont know how your\n            Subsistence & mine is to be paid after next month.\u2014Mr Grand will be likely to advance yours, but from whence mine is to come I know\n          I am clearly for treating with the Emperors Ambassador immediately,\n            and even for the Netherlands only, although it would be better to extend it to all the\n            rest of his Dominions.\u2014Why will not the Prussian Treaty answer for the Model. I pray you\n            to proceed in the Business, as fast as you please. Treaties commercial with\n            the two Imperial Courts cannot possibly do Us any harm that I can conceive.\n          This Letter goes by Mr Joy, whom I pray\n            you to attend to a little. He wishes to go to the East Indies, with Views of promoting a\n            Trade between the United States and that Country.\n          In great Haste yours forever", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0484", "content": "Title: Nathaniel Barrett to John Adams, 29 Jan. 1786\nFrom: Barrett, Nathaniel\nTo: Adams, John\n          I have delayed for some Time writing to your Excellency, being\n            desirous of compleating someg of Importance.\u2014I have now the\n            pleasure of informing you, that I have contracted in my own Name, & in behalf of\n            others in America, for Oil to the Amt of 400,000 Livres p\n            annum, for 6 years, at a price which I think will answer, I have the Guarrantee of Mess\n            Le Couteulx, for accepting 1/3 bills on purchase in America in Cash d 60 Days & 2/3 Credit on Manufactures on delivery of\n            the Oil, for Goods, wherever I shall procure them\n          These Gentlemen have not only promised me their support, during my\n            Connection wth them in this Business, but have\n            enabled me to take one Quarter of the Contract myself\u2014\n          As this Supply is only for Paris, & its\n            Invirons, there will be an opening throughout the Kingdom for the Introduction, to all\n            speculators. & I shall be so connected in the sea Ports, as to afford the\n            support of Mess. Le Couteulx, to any persons, who may send their Merchandize to any part\n            of the Kingdom\u2014The marquis de la fayette has been indefatigable in this Business,\n            & I doubt not We shall be able to obtain a Continuance of the same privelledge,\n            as are enjoyd by the Dutch, & hanse Towns\u2014if the present Duties are raised on\n            them, they will be on us\u2014but Ministry do not incline absolutely to engage the\n            Continuance for the Term of my Contract,\u2014which will cease if the Duties are raised.\n          It will afford me the highest pleasure, if through your Excellencys\n            reccommendation, some public mark of Approbation of the Marquis Conduct in this Matter,\n            might be had from our Court\u2014\n          I shall sail for New York \u214c the packet, a Letter from your\n            Excellency \u214c return of post will just reach me. I wish much for your Approbation of my\n            Conduct\u2014on my return, I shall sett down near this City, to be in the best situation, for\n            return Cargoes to which I shall attend\u2014Mr Le Couteulx house\n            in Rouen will receive & deliver the Oil, to the person to whom I have sold it\u2014As\n            I found it impossible to form any Contract, without asertaining my Securities on the\n            other side the water, I was obligd to promise only 2 or 3 principal Merchants shd be named\u2014who might be responsible\u2014& thout it best to\n            make Contract for the Introduction of a certain Quantity even under this\n            Limitation of the utmost Importance\u2014especially as the Amount, could not\n            intile it to be called a Monopoly, & it would be the means of a general\n            Introduction of an Article of so much Consequence to us\u2014\n          Let me beg a Line from your Excellency in Answer to this, that I\n            may have your opinion, whether I have acted right\u2014\n          As I would not wish to have this matter made public, I have\n            inform\u2019d no one of the Contract I have made, but your Excelly, to whom I thot it my Duty\n            to be explicit\u2014\n          I have the honour to be with / the most perfect Esteem, / Your\n            Excellency\u2019s / Most Obd & mo hl Servant\n              Nat Barrett", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0485", "content": "Title: Granville Sharp to John Adams, 29 Jan. 1786\nFrom: Sharp, Granville\nTo: Adams, John\n          As your Excellency mentioned to me the desire of the Marquis de\n            Fayette to collect what has been written against the Slave\n              Trade, I have sought out a Copy of each of my own Tracts on that subject and\n            request that you will be pleased to transmit them to the Marquis as a mark of the\n            Author\u2019s sincere esteem for a Nobleman so eminently distinguished for his generous zeal\n            & exertions in behalf of the natural Rights & Liberties of Mankind! I\n            would have had these books properly bound for the Marquis, had I not feared the loss of\n            time by the Workmen; & therefore lest any opportunity of sending should be lost,\n            I thought it most prudent to send the Books in their present state without delay.\n            Besides the Books on the Slave Trade, I have sent a few\n            on some other subjects which perhaps may not be unacceptable to the Marquis:\n            as a Tract to render the pronunciation of the English\n            to Foreigners; a Tract against Duelling addressed to Military Men in\n            particular, a Tract on Militia & national Defence; & my Tract in defence of America. But if there should be any\n            impropriety in sending Books on subjects which the Marquis did not mention or desire, I\n            hope your Excellency will be pleased to retain them. I have also sent, in another\n            parcel, duplicates for your Excellency of all these Tracts except three, vizt. \u201cthe Representation against\n            in England\u201d and the Tract against Duelling, because I have no other Copies of either, having only found\n            these by chance to day\u2014; and the Tract on Militia or National Defence I did not send because I suppose I have\n            already presented it to your Excellency when I gave you the Tract on Congregational\n            Courts last Summer: but if I am mistaken in this, it shall be sent hereafter.\n          With great respect and esteem I remain, / Sir, Your Excellency\u2019s /\n            most obedient & most humble Servant\n              Granville Sharp", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0487", "content": "Title: Walter Brown to John Adams, 31 Jan. 1786\nFrom: Brown, Walter\nTo: Adams, John\n              Newcastle upon Tyne Newgate\n          I have made free to trouble Your Excellency with the following\n            Letter, on which Lord Howe & the Navy Office have Corresponded with Me, but as I\n            am under a disagreable Arrest in Goal for a Debt of 21.\u00a3 for which Lord Howe\n            will not agree to pay one farthing, however much My plan would save Government,\n            therefore think I am free to offer my Service to any whom I please and if agreable may\n            shew it to the French Ambassador below is the Copy of my Letter sent to the Admiralty\n            and a Letter from a private Gentleman Manufacturer to Me by which You will learn He has\n            some Thoughts of encouraging Me. Sr. Your Answer\n              to the above will be esteem\u2019d a great Favour / By Your Excellency\u2019s most\n          After many Experiments I have found by one Way of dressing\n            Sailcloth after it is wove, it will last one third longer & lose 1/5 or 1/6 of\n            its Weight, & be 1/5 easier wrought, at Sea, & gain 1/5 better Colour,\n            This would if adopted far exceed the Russian German Dutch & Patten Sailcloths in\n            resisting Milldewn as the Cause is remov\u2019d & a preservative infused theirin, if\n            this is worth Your Notice give Me Your Answer & Oblige / You\u2019s &c.\n          P.S. The great Attachment I have had for the American Cause\n            & for which I have suffer\u2019d for in my Native & I may say Arbitrary\n            Country. & to which I am again invited\u2014Well knowing the Usefulness of my\n            Knowledge & Abilitys if enabled to go to America I should chuse it &\n            their resign my Breath amongst so brave a People who have withstood such a Storm of\n            Tyranny & Oppression\u2014& as I know the course Linnen Manufacture from the\n            Seed to the Needle with all its various Process, & Utensils I could direct them\n            all personally without any Models as I perfectly understand it", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0488", "content": "Title: Rufus King to John Adams, 1 Feb. 1786\nFrom: King, Rufus\nTo: Adams, John\n          Seven States only have been represented in congress since October,\n            of consequence very few questions of national importance have been under the examination\n            of this Assembly\u2014the meetings of the Legislatures have probably detained many of the\n            Delegates, but it is expected, that Ten States will, within a short period, be\n            represented\u2014there is some ground to expect that several of the Southern States will do\n            what is right on the subject of the commercial powers of congress\u2014I inclose a Report\n            made by the Secretary, some weeks Since in pursuance of an order of congress for that\n            purpose\u2014It explains itself, and will give you true information upon several very\n            important points.\n          New York & Georgia are delinquent States relative to the\n            Revenue system\u2014their Legislatures are both in Session, and it is greatly to be desired\n            that they should comply with the import plan, before they adjourn\u2014Maryland will\n            undoubtedly pass an act granting the import conformable to the Recommendation of\n            congress of the 18th. of April 1783.\n          their not having before passed such an Act, does not evidence any\n            disinclination, because it is Known to have happened from a mistake\u2014\n          I shall do myself the Honor to write to you by a private hand, who\n            leaves this City in a few weeks for Londo\u2014the conveyance being secure I can then write\n            with more freedom\u2014Mr. Gerry is still here, although not in\n            congress, he returns soon to Massachusetts with a most amicable Wife, whom he has\n            married here\u2014\n          With perfect respect & esteem I have the honor to be my\n            Dear Sir your / most obedient servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0489", "content": "Title: Charles Storer to John Adams, 1 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Storer, Charles\nTo: Adams, John\n          Enthusiasm is as necessary to the science of Politics as of\n            Religion: without zeal in the Cause there can be no success\u2014Such zeal was once\n            conspicuous, and this enthusiasm has borne us hitherto through a difficult &\n            dangerous war. But that it should now leave us, all at once, is disagreable\u2014not more so,\n            however, than apparently true. What can have become of this said public spirit I cannot\n            say\u2014 but certain it is that People seem in a manner indifferent to what is going\n            forward; or to speak more properly to what should be going forward\u2014Several persons have\n            I seen, since my return, who during the war were active & forward, that have\n            asked me how public matters now stood. I answered that they were not altogether as they\n            should be abroad\u2014but that I hoped all was getting to rights at home\u2014 \u201cIndeed, said they\n              each, I know no more of our affairs than you\u2014Since I left Congress, said\n            one, I have not troubled by head with public matters\u2014they are perplexing, difficult\n            & disagreable\u201d\u2014Upon my word, Sir, I do not like these sentiments, particularly\n            at this time, when matters are on so uncertain a footing. Every man, that can do it,\n            should rise up & exert himself\u2014every man\u2019s help is wanted\u2014But it is impossible\n            to turn a streem untill a new Channel is actually cut, or \u2019till a Dam is made to block\n            its course. That such an obstruction was put to our folly & to our political\n            wickedness I most heartily wish\u2014By political wickedness I mean that predilection, or\n            rather that fearful respect & awe of Great-Britain, which is but too evident,\n            & which is altogether incompatible with perfect independance\u2014We are sadly\n            cramped, Sir\u2014Our foreign & domestic State debts are heavy, & we cannot\n            yet agree upon a mode to discharge them, though many have been proposed\u2014Add to this that\n            our private debts are a grievous burden to us\u2014We owe to Great- Britain, &\n            therefore our hands are tied up from seeking other Commerce\u2014Here are swarms of\n            Englishmen among us whom we may look upon as so many Spies; & otherwise as\n            enemies, for their politics have no similarity to ours.\u2014These one would immediately say\n            were sufficient damps to the fire of enthusiasm\u2014You will say perhaps that untill we are\n            oppressed\u2014exertion is not required\u2014Yet, Sir, when both mind & body are borne\n            down the spirit must fail\u2014 \u2014However we have really seen worse days & have risen\n            superior to them\u2014 & I cannot but hope that such measures will be pursued as\n            shall eventually produce order, harmony, prosperity & happiness among us.\u2014Hope\n            implies a degree of expectation, and I really expect some exertions will by &\n            bye be made, on the principle of there being an absolute necessity for it\u2014I am sure we\n            are able to support, defend & protect ourselves; but such is our backwardness to\n            perceive our true situation that it must be forced upon us\u2014If this is the case, the\n            sooner the better is my opinion.\u2014\n          Excuse this long preachment, Sir. I\n            can only say I wish I had a subject to write upon that would give you more pleasure. Yet\n            I am sure you are interested in the state of our Country, & on that score hope\n            your forgiveness\u2014\n          I wrote you largly by Capn: Lyde,\n            & forwarded sundry letters under cover with mine for you also. They were given\n            in charge to a young Gent: who had lived with Dr: Tufts, so I trust you have recd. them safe e\u2019er this\u2014Since then I have a letter fm. Mr: Jay, who, speaking of Mr: Lambe, says, \u201cAs smoke to the eyes & as vinegar to the teeth,\n            so is the Sluggard to him that sendeth him.\u201d\u2014His sentiments & yours used to correspond.\u2014\n          With every sentiment of esteem & respect I am, Sir, / Yr: much obliged, humle: Servt:\n            PS. I am desired & have the honor to transmit you a vote\n              of thanks from the Cooperation of Harvard College to Mr:\n              Nicholls, requesting your care of it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0490", "content": "Title: John Adams to Mr. Maltby, 2 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Maltby\n          I received last night your favour of Feb. 1. Mr. Jackson in southampton Buildings, who has been long\n            conversant in American affairs, writes me that he has reason to believe that the grant\n            of the Plymouth Company to sir Henry Roswell, Sir John Young & others, &\n            which bears date of the 9 of March 1627. was enrolled in the Court of Chancery &\n            is to be found among the records of that Court, probably at the Registers office\" if it\n            is not to be found there, it will scarcely be heard of upon an advertisement. if however\n            you are of opinion that there is a Chance for obtaining it, by that means, We will\n            attempt it\u2014with great esteem", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0492", "content": "Title: John Jay to John Adams, 2 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Adams, John\n          I lately wrote you a few hasty Lines just to as the\n            vessel which carried them was departing; and inclosed and a Pamphlet\n            containing my Correspondence with a Mr Littlepage, who was\n            formerly in my Family. The attack which produced that Pamphlet, was not only\n            countenanced but stimulated by some of the Subjects of our good allies here. It is no\n            Secret either to You or me that I am no favorite with them: nor have I any Reason to\n            apprehend that they are pleased to see me in the Place I now fill. A Minister whose Eye\n            is single & steadily fixed on the Interest of America, must expect to be opposed\n            by the unfriendly Influence of those whose wishes & measures he does not\n          I should have treated this Attack with silent Contempt, had not\n            false Facts been urged, propagated and impress with Industry & Art, and which if\n            not exposed and refuted, might have appeared after my Death in the Memoirs of some of\n            these People.\n          This Edition of that Pamphlet is so inaccurately printed, that I\n            have directed another to be published, which when compleated Shall be sent to You, and\n              Mr Jefferson\u2014\n          with great & sincere Esteem & Regard / I am Dear\n            Sir Your Friend & Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0493", "content": "Title: John Adams to the Comte de Sarsfield, 3 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Sarsfield, Guy Claude, Comte de\n          In your Kind Letter of the 26. of Jany.\n            you ask an explanation of that expression of the Massachusetts, \u201ca Ridder of hobby\n            horses\u201d in the original of the Word Hobby horse it signified a little horse, the same\n            with Poney in English\u2014or Bidet in french,\u2014\n          The English then transferred it to Irish and Scottish horses\u2014Cheval\n            de Irlande ou D Ecosse from this sense it was transferred to those little Wooden Horses\n            which are ready made for Children to ride on for their Amusements. it is\n            defined a stick on which Boy\u2019s get astride & ride\u2014\u201cUn baton sur lequel les\n            Enfans vont a Cheval\u201d\u2014it is defined in Latin Arundo Longa, a reed or cane, for the Boy\u2019s\n            in want of better instruments made use of these\u2014from these originals it has been used, I\n            don\u2019t Know whether metaphonically or Poettically to signify any favourite amusement of\n            grown Men of all Ranks and Denominations, even sages & Heroes Philosophers\n            & Legislators, Nobles, Princes & Kings all Nations I believe have some\n            Word appropriated to this Meaning\u2014There is one in french which I once Knew familiarly\n            but have forgotten the Dutch have a Proverb \u201cJeder heeft zyn speelpop every one has his\n            hobby horse\u2014for Example the hobby horse of Mr. Lionel, was\n            the Anatomy of Catterpillars\u2014that of Mr. Ploos Van Amstell\n            to collect drawings &c. The Italians say \u201cquel legno o bastone che i fanciulli\n            si mettono fra gambe e chiamano il loro cavallo\u201d\u2014The Dutch Proverb is very true, every\n            Man has a staff which he puts sometimes between his Leggs & rides &\n            calls it his hobby horse\u2014It is in this sense the hobby horse of many curious Persons, to\n            become acquainted with singular & extraordinary Characters\n          It has ever been my hobby horse, to see rising in America an Empire\n            of Liberty & a Prospect of two or three hundred Millions of freemen, without one\n            noble or one King\u2014among them\u2014You say it is impossible\u2014If I should agree with you in\n            this, I would still say let us try the experiment and preserve our equality as long as\n          A better system of Education for the Common People, might preserve\n            them long from such artificial inequalities, as are prejudicial to society by\n            confounding the Natural distinctions of Right and Wrong, Virtue and vice", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0494", "content": "Title: John Adams to John Woddrop, 3 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Woddrop, John\n              Grosvr. square\n          I have received the Letter you did my the honor to write me on the\n              27th. of January\u2014and several others before that some of\n            which contained Letters for America, which I sent with my first dispatches.\n          I have not answered any of those Letters because they related to a\n            subject with which I have nothing to do. I am not come to this Country Sir, to solicit\n            emigrations to the United states of America, not to offer any Kind of Encouragement to\n            such as wish to go\u2014\n          All the World Knows that my Country is open to strangers\u2014But she\n            offers no rewards or assistance\u2014Those who love liberty, Innocence And Industry, are sure\n            of an easy, comfortable Life, but they must go there to obtain it at their own Cost\n          As to your Letters which may arrive from America, I\n            shall never see them, & if I should I must be excused from opening them, as I\n            have no concern in them whatever\u2014\n          It is by no means my business to carry on or convey the\n            Correspondences of Gentlemen at a distance who are total strangers to me, and therefore\n            I pray that this intercourse may cease.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0495", "content": "Title: William Carmichael to the American Commissioners, 3 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Carmichael, William\nTo: Adams, John,Jefferson, Thomas\n          On the 4th. of December last Mr. Lamb delivered me the Letter which your Excellencies did me\n            the Honor to address me dated from London the 1st, &\n            from Paris the 11th. of October\u2013At the same Time that\n            Gentleman communicated to me his Instructions, & I all the Intelligence I had\n            been able to procure relative to the Negociation between this Country & the\n            Regency of Algiers.\n          The Count D\u2019Expilly whose Friendship I cultivated had returned to\n            Algiers long before Mr. Lamb\u2019s Arrival & a Secretary\n            whom he had dispatched from that Place after his Return with Letters for the Minister\n            had also set off for Alicant. From these Gentlemen I had obtained an Account of the\n            State of the Negociation. The principal Articles proposed by Spain had been agreed to by\n            the Dey & his Ministers: but as the former wished to include the Courts of\n            Naples and Portugal in the Pacification, the Count de Florida Blanca had instructed the\n            Count D\u2019Expilly to prevail on the latter to admit & receive Ministers from these\n            Courts, & was actually waiting the Answer from Algiers at the Period when Mr, Lamb came hither. It was evident to me that should this\n            Proposition be accepted, of which I had no Doubt with Respect to the first mentioned\n            Court, the Nomination & Voyage of these Ministers would occasion Delay &\n            until the Treaty between Spain & the Regency should be concluded, I had reason\n            to think that this Court would not interfere directly in our Favor. The Manner in which\n            his Excy. the Count de Florida Blanca had explained his\n            Sentiments to me on this Subject, induced me to form this Opinion. For as soon as I knew\n            the probable Success of D\u2019Expilly\u2019s Negociation, I insinuated to the Minister how\n            acceptable the good Offices of his Majesty to accommodate the States with the Barbary\n            Powers would be to the People at large in America, & his Excellency then assured\n            me that as soon as their own Affairs were arranged with Algiers, His Catholic Majesty\n            would employ all his Influence to accelerate a Peace for the United States that & the other Barbary States, &\n            authorized me to inform Congress of the King\u2019s Intentions. Having received these\n            Assurances I engaged the Count D\u2019Expilly to prepare by every favorable Insinuation the\n            Dey\u2019s Ministers & Favorites to support any Overture which might be made by the\n            States, which he promised me to do & the Proofs of Confidence he gave me, induce\n            me to rely on his Promises. He also engaged to give me the earliest Information with\n            Respect to the Intentions of those People, and since his Return has proved by his\n            Behavior to our Captives & his Correspondence with me, that he will avail\n            himself of all the Means which he can employ with Propriety to fulfil his Promises. When\n              Mr. Lamb arrived the Royal Family had just come to this\n            Capital from Escurial & during its Residence here it is extremely difficult to\n            have Access to the Minister. The King in a few Days after went to Aranjuez on a hunting\n            Party & the Count de Florida Blanca accompanied him & none but the\n            Family Ambassadors follow the Court on this Occasion. However as I was desirous to have\n            a Conference with the Minister as soon as possible on the Subject of your Excellencies\n            Letter, I wrote to the under Secretary in the Department of Foreign Affairs charged with\n            the Correspondence to the United States, to know whether if I came to Aranjuez I should\n            have an Opportunity of speaking with his Excellency to whom I wished to make a\n            Communication in Person of some Advice I had received lately. No. 1. is a Copy of the Answer I recieved from that Gentleman. On the Return of\n            his Majesty to this Capital I procured an Audience from the Minister to whom I\n            communicated Mr. Lamb\u2019s Arrival & the Object of his\n            Mission, making Use of such Arguments & Insinuations as I thought most likely to\n            induce his Excellency to contribute to its Success. I received from him the strongest\n            Assurances to the same Purport as those beforementioned, at the same Time however he\n            added, that until he should recieve further Advice from Algiers it was impossible for\n            him to take an open Part in the Negociation & advised me to detain my Countryman\n            until the Count went to the Pardo when he hoped to have it in his Power to give me a\n            more explicit Answer. During this Audience I took an Occasion of mentioning without\n            Affectation your Excellencies\u2019 Sentiments with Respect to his generous Interference in\n            the Affair of Morocco, with which he appeared much pleased & told me it should\n            not be his Fault, nor did he think it would be mine if Spain and the United States were\n            not as good Friends as they were near Neighbours in America. In the same Conversation he\n            promised me ample Satisfaction on a Subject in which I had been obliged to have Recourse\n            to him & I have since recieved it, His Majesty having been pleased to fine\n            & render incapable of serving in the Revenue, the Governor of Laredo on a\n            Complaint made to me by an American Captain of the unjust & arbitrary proceeding\n            of the latter. All the Officers employed in this Affair by the Governor have been also\n          I communicated to Messrs. Lamb\n            & Randall what passed on this Occasion & these Gentlemen consented to\n            wait without Reluctance here until the Period mentioned by the Minister.\n          Four Days after the Court had been fixed at the Pardo, I again\n            waited on the Minister who recieved me very well, but on explaining the Motive of my\n            Visit His Excellency declared to me that it was not in his Power to be more explicit as\n            he had not yet recieved the Letters he expected from Algiers, that until he recieved the\n            Intelligence he expected he could not order the Count D\u2019Expilly to employ the King\u2019s\n            Interference in our Affairs, repeating his former Assurances & hinting the\n            Obstacles we must expect to encounter in this negociation, at the same Time he observed\n            to me that we must not be discouraged. He told me that the first Objection made by the\n            Algerines would arise from our not having a Treaty with the Grand Seignior, as this\n            Circumstance occasioned great Difficulties to Portugal in the actual Negociation. I\n            intreated his Excellency to pardon my Importunity & Anxiety in this Subject as\n            they proceeded as much from my Wish to cement an amicable Intercourse by reciprocal good\n            Offices between the two Countries of Spain & America, as from my Apprehension\n            that unless Mr Lamb should arrive at Algiers before their\n            Cruisers were sent to Sea, further Hostilities on their Part might render an\n            Accomodation still more difficult: I also urged the Nature of Mr. Lamb\u2019s Instructions & the Necessity of Congress being early informed\n            of the Disposition of the Regency, expressing a Hope that by the Time Mr. Lamb could arrive at a Sea-port & prepare for his\n            Departure from thence it might be in his Excellency\u2019s Power to afford him all the\n            Assistance necessaary to ensure the Success of his Mission. To these Reflexions I added\n            the Loss that would accrue to Spain from the Difficulties to which we should be exposed\n            in our Intercourse with a Country whose Produce found a ready Sale in America &\n            from which Country Spain could be supplied with so many Articles that it now takes from\n            the Northern Nations of Europe, whose Consuls his Excellency knew did every Thing in\n            their Power to obstruct the Peace which he was endeavouring to make for the commercial\n            & political Interests of a\n            Country the Councils of which he directed. The Count de Florida Blanca\n            replied that he acquiesced in my Reasons for the Departure of Mr. Lamb & repeated to me and authorized me to write your Excellencies\n            that \u201cthe Day after their own Affairs should be arranged with\n              Algiers His Catholic Majesty would employ all his Influence to facilitate our\n              Accomodations to which he added many Assurances of his Desire to give a\n            Preference to the Commerce of the United States to that which Spain at present carried\n            on with the Northern Part of Europe, particularly with Sweden & Denmark. The\n            Freedom with which this Minister has spoken to me on several Occasions his Sentiments\n            with Respect to the Northern Powers hath not less surprized than convinced me of his\n            Wish to diminish their Commerce & Influence in the Mediterranean. In the Course\n            of this Conversation he appealed to my own Experience on the Reliance that might be\n            placed on his Word to which I made the proper Answer & Acknowledgments &\n            concluded by asking Passports & Letters for Messrs.\n            Lamb & Randall which his Excellency promised to send me. On my Return to this\n            City from the Pardo I recieved Letters from Algiers of which No. 2 3. are Copies. They were brought by a Courier extraordinary & the\n            Arrival of that Courier induced me to hope that the Minister might have recieved such\n            Information as might enable him to act openly in our Favor, although in Fact this Hope\n            arose more from my Wishes that such might be the Case, than from the Reasons which ought\n            to induce a contrary Sentiment in Consequence of the Information which I had recieved\n            with Respect to their Negociation previously. Your Excellencies will easily concieve\n            that the first Efforts of this Court must be employed to procure a Peace for those\n            Nations to which they are allied by the Ties of Family Connexions, Engagements, to which\n            these Connexions have given Rise, and the Mutual Aids which they have recieved from\n            these Nations during their late Operations against Algiers. However notwithstanding\n            these Considerations, I took the Liberty in\n            of reminding his Excellency the Count de Florida Blanca of the Passports\n            & Letters he had promised me, to insinuate my Expectations of being able to\n            obtain all that might be necessary for Mr. Lamb on his\n            Arrival at Algiers. To this Application I recieved a Reply of which No. 5. is a Copy; as also a Letter to the Count de Cessalto,\n            Captain General of Catalonia of which I also annex a Copy No. 6. as I do of the several Letters which, I have recieved from Algiers since\n            the Arrival of Messrs. Lamb & Randall in Madrid.\n          The latter set off for Barcelona the 26th. ulto. in company of Mr. Harrison a native of Virginia who will have the Honor to deliver your\n            Excellencies Letters from me. Mr. Lamb did not leave this\n            until the first Inst. but as he travels Post he will arrive at Barcelona before the\n            Gentleman abovementioned. I refer your ExceIlencies to the Account these Gentlemen may\n            render you of my Conduct in this Business. I have procured Bills for Mr. Lamb on Barcelona for the Amount of which he has drawn\n            agreeable to his Instructions. I have established a Credit for whatever he may chuse to\n            draw. I have given him Letters to the Count D\u2019Expilly & have given him all the\n            Advice that I thought might be useful to him. On his Arrival at Algiers he will find\n            Letters of Introduction to most of the Consuls employed by foreign Nations there from\n            their Ministers at this Court. I did not chuse to expose his Mission to these Gentlemen\n            until his Departure from Barcelona renders it public. Having rendered to your\n            Excellencies an Account of my proceedings in Consequence of the Letter which you did me\n            the Honor to address me by Mr. Lamb it may be necessary to\n            add for your Information & that of Congress to which Body I take the Liberty of\n            requesting you to forward a Copy of this Letter, that the Peace negociating at present\n            between this Country and the Regency of Algiers will cost this Country near one million\n            & a half of Dollars, & I beg Leave to add that my Information is so\n            circumstantial & derived from such a Source as leaves me not the smallest Reason\n            to doubt its Authenticity. The Dey of Algiers is now more than eighty Years old\n            & his Ministers all press a Conclusion of the Treaty in Order that while they\n            are in Power they may participate the Presents made on this Occasion. The Durability of\n            this Peace is uncertain or of any other made in the present Moment with these Pirates.\n            If I am rightly informed as soon as this Treaty is concluded with Spain and Naples, they\n            mean to declare War against Denmark, the Venitians & perhaps the Dutch. I shall\n            not fail to inform you of all I can learn on these Points, because there may be\n            Circumstances on which may depend your future Instructions to Mr. Lamb & the Measures which Congress may think proper to adopt.\n          On the 30th. ulto. the Convention was signed by the Ambassadors of France & Portugal,\n            respecting their Differences on the Coast of Africa. As I have not an accurate Map of\n            that Coast before me I refer to a future Letter the Limits accorded by the latter for a\n            free Trade to other Nations. Mutual Demands of Indemnification have been waved on each\n            Part a mutual Expression of good Will & a Desire to be on the best Terms will\n            appear in the Articles of this Convention in the Expression of which France preserves\n            its Dignity. With the highest Sentiments of Gratitude for the Confidence your\n            Excellencies have been ^ to accord me I have the Honor to be with great\n            Respect & Regard / your Excellencies /most obedient & humble Servant\n            (signed)W Carmichael", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0497", "content": "Title: Rufus King to John Adams, 3 Feb. 1786\nFrom: King, Rufus\nTo: Adams, John\n          Mr. Wingrove who some months since\n            arrived here from England with a recommendation from you to Mr. Jay, submitted to congress a plan for an american commercial establishment in\n            the East Indies\u2014the project was referred to a committee of congress, who were of Opinion\n            that the commercial intercourse between the United States and India would be more\n            prosperous if left unfettered in the hands of private adventurers, than if regulated by\n            any system of a national complexion\u2014this Opinion received the approbation of congress,\n            and of consequence Mr. Wingrove is frustrated in his project\n            of an India Establishment\u2014\n          I am extremely sorry that Mr. Wingrove\n            has made an expensive Voyage without benefit, and the more so as he appears to be\n            modest, and intelligent\u2014He has been well esteemed by several Gentlemen of congress, to\n            whom he has been presented\u2014and it is with sincerity that on his request I have written\n            the foregoing\u2014and am with every Sentement of Respect Dear / sir your obt. servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0499", "content": "Title: John Adams to the Marquis of Carmarthen, 6 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Carmarthen, the Marquis of\n              Grosvenor Square\n          I have the Honour of transmitting to your Lordship a Copy of a\n            Letter of the twenty first of December last, from His Majestys Consul General in the\n            United States to their Secretary of State for the Department of foreign Affairs, which\n            has been laid before Congress, who have been pleased to direct me to communicate it, to\n            his Majesty, with this Information, that the Complaint Stated in it, being in general\n            Terms, and unsupported by any particular Facts or Evidence, they do not think it\n            necessary or proper, to take any measures in consequence of it: and with this assurance,\n            that as it is their Determination the Treaty of Peace Shall be punctually observed by\n            their Citizens, and that his Majesty\u2019s Subjects Shall enjoy, in the United States,\n              all the Rights which friendly and civilized Nations claim from each other,\n            So they will always be ready to hear every Complaint, which may appear to be well\n            founded, and to redress Such of them, as on Investigation Shall prove to be So. Let me\n            request your Lordship to lay this Communication before His Majesty.\n          Your Lordship will permit me to avail myself of this opportunity of\n            remarking, that the Office of Consul General does not extend to Matters of this Kind;\n            neither the Rights of Commerce, nor of Navigation being in question; and therefore that\n            it was Delicacy towards his Majesty, rather than a Sense of the Propriety of Such an\n            Application from a Consul General, which induced Congress to treat it, with this Mark of\n            Attention.\n          As the United States my Lord have a Minister Plenipotentiary,\n            residing at this Court, in Consequence of a Proposition to that Purpose, made by his\n            Britannic Majestys Ministers, through His Grace the Duke of Dorsett his Ambassador at\n            Paris, Your Lordship will permit me, to propose to the Consideration of his Majestys\n            Ministers the Expediency, as well as Propriety of Sending a Minister Plenipotentiary,\n            from his Majesty to the United States of America. I am authorized My Lord to give\n            Assurances that Congress expect Such a Minister, and are ready to receive and treat him\n            in a manner, consistent with the Respect due to his Sovereign\n          With great Respect I have the Honour / to be, my Lord, your\n            Lordships / most obedient and most / humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0500", "content": "Title: Fran\u00e7ois Soul\u00e9s to John Adams, 6 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Soul\u00e9s, Fran\u00e7ois\nTo: Adams, John\n              no. 35 Berwick Street /\n          The scene is changed, and at the moment you shall receive this\n            letter the Tacitus of America, will be safely lodged in\n            newgate, there to finish the two next volumes of his history if he can, The old maid of\n            Duke street my former LandLady enraged that I shou\u2019d leave her house, and disentangle\n            myself from a set of spies and Jacobites, refused a note of hand which I offered her at\n            leaving her house, and arrested me last saturday. So great was the malice of my enemies\n            that the writ is returnable to day so that I had not even time to turn myself in order\n            to find bail. she did more she acquainted all the persons to whom she knew I was\n            indebted with what she had done, spoke every where very disrespectfully of me, tho\u2019\n              tho\u2019 the greatest crime I have been guilty of is that I would not court\n          farewell now prospects of happiness\n          farewell delightful chimeras\n          the suggestions of too heated an imagination; hail horrors, slavery, and death\u2014strange\n            life! how many times was I almost on the surface of the water ready to extricate myself\n            from all my difficulties, when a sudden blow replunged me at the bottom of miserys.\n            believe me, Sir, whatever your Excellency may hear to the contrary my principles are the\n            most honest; I wish my heart was as visable to all men as it is to God. I have been\n            through all my life extremely unfortunate; but I must, however, thank the almighty,\n            since my life was to be a scene of misfortunes that he blessed me with a mind quem neque pauperies neque mors neque vincula terrent. but\n            why should I trouble your Excellency with my affairs: Indeed I must be very presumptuous\n            to imagine they may interest you. farewell, Sir, may every sort of happiness attend your\n            Excellency, and family\u2014I am / most Respectfully, / Sir, / your most obedt. and / most humble servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0501", "content": "Title: David Humphreys to John Adams, 7 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Adams, John\n          I hope Your Excellency, as well as your most worthy Colleague in\n            the Commission to which I am attached as Secretary, will approve of my proposed return\n            to America in the Spring, for the reasons I have already had the honour of suggesting in\n            conversation; and that, in this case, I may be the bearer of a joint or seperate letters\n            from Mr. Jefferson & yourself purporting that I have\n            not left Europe with your displeasure or conducted myself, while there, in such a manner\n            as to render me unworthy of your confidence. Since it is the fact, I think it ought to\n            be known to Congress, that the most perfect harmony & good understanding prevail\n            among all the public Servants on this side the water\u2014On this, and many other topics\n            relative to their foreign affairs, I flatter myself, my particular representations to\n            Individuals of my aquaintance in office may not be unprofitable to the public good.\n          As I propose departing for Paris in a few days, and as the\n            conveyance by private hands between this and that City seems not to be very frequent, I\n            thought it might not be inexpedient to trouble you with this Note; and to take the\n            occasion of reiterating the heart-felt obligations for all your acts of friendship\n            & civility with which\n          I have the honour to be / Your Excellency\u2019s / Most obedient\n            & very hble Servt\n              D Humphreys", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0502", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 7 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n          I am honored with yours of Jan. 19. mine of Jan. 12. had not I\n            suppose at that time got to your hands as the receipt of it is unacknoleged. I shall be\n            anxious till I receive your answer to it.\n          I was perfectly satisfied, before I received your letter, that your\n              opinion had been misrepresented or misunderstood or\n            misrepresented in the case of the Chevalier de Mezieres. your letter however will enable\n            me to say so with authority. it is proper it should be known that you had not given the\n            opinion imputed to you, tho\u2019 as to the main question it is become useless, Monsieur de\n            Reyneval having assured me that what I had written on that subject had perfectly\n            satisfied the Ct. de Vergennes & himself that this\n            case could never come under the treaty. to evince still further the impropriety of\n            taking up subjects gravely on such imperfect information as this court had, I have this\n            moment received a copy of an act of the Georgia assembly placing the subjects of France\n            as to real estates on the footing of natural citizens & expressly recognizing\n            the treaty. would you think any thing could be added after this to put this question\n            still further out of doors? a gentleman of Georgia assures me General Oglethorpe did not\n            own a foot of land in the state\u2014I do not know whether there has been any American\n            determination on the question whether American citizens & British subjects born\n            before the revolution can be aliens to one another? I know there is an opinion of Ld Coke\u2019s in Calvin\u2019s case that if England & Scotland\n            should in a course of descent pass to separate kings, those born under the same\n            sovereign during the union would remain natural subjects & not aliens. common\n            sense urges strong considerations against this. e. g. natural subjects owe allegiance.\n            but we owe none.\u2014aliens are the subjects of a foreign power we are subjects\n            of a foreign power.\u2014the king by the treaty acknoleges our independance; how then can we\n            remain natural subjects.\u2014the king\u2019s power is by the constitution competent to the making\n            peace, war & treaties. he had therefore authority to relinquish our allegiance\n            by treaty.\u2014but if an act of parliament had been necessary, the parliament passed an act\n            to confirm the treaty. &c &c. so that it appears to me that in this\n            question fictions of law alone are opposed to sound sense.\n          I am in hopes Congress will send a minister to Lisbon. I know no\n            country with which we are likely to cultivate a more useful commerce. I have pressed\n            this in my private letters.\n          It is difficult to learn any thing certain here about the French\n            & English treaty. yet, in general, little is expected to be done between them. I\n            am glad to hear that the Delegates of Virginia had made the vote relative to English\n            commerce, tho they afterwards repealed it. I hope they will come to again. when my last\n            letters came away they were engaged in passing the revisal of their laws, with some\n            small alterations. the bearer of this, mr[expansion sign] Lyons, is a sensible worthy\n            young physician, son of one of our Judges, and on his return to Virginia, remember me\n            with affection to mrs[expansion sign] & miss Adams, Colos. Smith & Humphreys and be assured of the esteem with which I am Dr. Sir / Your friend & servant\n              Th:Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0503", "content": "Title: John Paul Jones to John Adams, 7 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Jones, John Paul\nTo: Adams, John\n          I am honored with the Letter you wrote me from London the 21st. Ult. which I receive as a personal obligation. I yesterday\n            mentioned to Mr. Jefferson that you propose to begin the\n            Business in question by writing to the Baron de Waltersdorff. Mr. Jefferson says the Baron is appointed Governor of a Colony in the West Indies\n            and he beleives is sailed from Copenhagen. I hasten to advise you of this that you may\n            take such information, or adopt such remedy as may answer the end proposed.\n          I have the honor to be with great Respect / Sir, your most obedient\n            / and most humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0504", "content": "Title: John Adams to David Humphreys, 8 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Humphreys, David\n              Grosvenor Square\n          I received with Pleasure, your kind Letter of Yesterday, and\n            although I cannot absolutely disapprove of your proposed Return to America in the Spring\n            for the Reasons you Suggested in Conversation, yet I feel a sensible Reluctance at the\n            Thought of loosing your Assistance, and Still wish you may find it convenient to Stay at\n            least \u2019till the Expiration of your Commission. I believe, and I hope, that Congress have\n            further Services for you in Europe, where, it is but Justice to Say, you have done\n            honour, to yourself and your Country.\n          The Harmony which you observe prevails, among the Servants of the\n            Publick, in Europe, is much to their honour and the publick Advantage. While Persons\n            born and liberally educated in America, who have acquired the Confidence of their\n            Countrymen by their Behaviour and Services under their Eyes, are employed in Europe and\n            are Supported by their Constituents, in the faithfull discharge of their Duty, against\n            insidious Schemes, this Harmony will continue.\n          Your whole Conduct Sir, has been highly Satisfactory to me: and I\n            am particularly happy in your Society in London, where from a more familiar and personal\n            Intimacy, I have conceived an Affection and Friendship for you, which will not easily be\n            diminished. If you return to America, I hope for your Correspondence. I know it will\n            give you Pleasure if I add here, that I have found in your Friend and former Colleague\n            Coll Smith, all those amiable qualities which you led me to expect in him, before I knew\n            him. and I think it is doing Service to the Publick to Say, that you have both acquired\n            much Respect in Europe, and given Proofs of Talents and Address, which would become any\n            higher Station in the Diplomatic Order.\n          With great Esteem and Affection, I have the / Honour to be, dear\n            sir, your / Friend and most humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0506", "content": "Title: John Adams to John Jay, 9 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\n              Grosvenor Square\n          Colonel Humphreys informs me, that he expects to return to America,\n            in the Spring, if he Should not receive orders from Congress to remain longer in Europe.\n            It would be doing Injustice to the Public as well as to this Gentleman if I were to let\n            him return home, without the best Testimony I can give him, of my entire Satisfaction in\n            his Conduct, from his first Arrival, and without the fullest Recommendation of him to\n            Congress. This Gentleman and another whom Congress have employed in Europe, from General\n            Washingtons Family have Accomplishments which do Honour to their Appointments, and to\n            the great Model under whom they were formed to the Service of their Country.\n          With great Respect and Esteem / I have the Honour to be, Sir / your\n            most obedient and / most humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0507", "content": "Title: John Adams to David Ramsay, 9 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Ramsay, David\n              Grosvenor square\n          I have received the Letter you did me, the honor to write me, on\n            the 23d. of Decr. and am much\n            obliged to you, for the present of the history of the late revolution in south Carolina,\n            I have not yet received it: calling on Mr. Dilly, on the\n            receipt of your Letter I was informed that the Books consigned to him were still on\n            board the ship; and would not be landed under 10 or 12 day\u2019s\u2014I wish, sir, that your\n            Example may be followed by some Gentlemen of suitable talents & the necessary\n            leisure, in each of the States.\n          There have been in fact 13. Revolutions, for that Number of\n            established Goverments were overthrown and as many new ones erected\u2014for this Reason I\n            think that a compleat history of the American Revolution can never be written untill,\n            the history of the Change in each state is known, nor can any Man be competent to the\n            general Undertaking who is not master of the particulars.\n          There are already half a dozen histories written in Europe, and\n            there is an hundred other writers who wish to engage in it. Those already published are\n            worse than nothing, and such as are intended will be no better. My constant answer to\n            all who propose writing is, that there is no Man now living qualified for the Work, nor\n            would it be possible even for those who have been most active and the best informed, to\n            collect the indispensable materials even if the most secrect Papers could be laid open\n            to him, in a short time.\n          Let me request your acceptance of a Pamphlet, \u201cAn Address to the\n            landed, trading and funded Interests of England, on the present state of public\n            affairs\u201d\u2014This is the first publication which in any sense may be called judicious\u2014it is\n            well worth the attention of our Citizens\u2014 \u2014\n          No writings however will be sufficient to produce a change in the\n            sentiments of this Nation\u2014without an Union in America in Measures to vindicate their own\n            Navigation, and even that would opperate but slowly.\n          You will oblige me much Sir, by continuing this Correspondence, and\n            Communicating to me your advice upon things which relate to the public affairs committed\n          With great respect I have the honor to be", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0508", "content": "Title: Wilhem & Jan Willink and Nicolaas & Jacob van Staphorst to John Adams, 10 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Van Staphorst, Jacob,Van Staphorst, Nicholas,Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan\nTo: Adams, John\n          We are favour\u2019d with your Excelly\u2019s\n            Most Esteemed Letter of the 20th. Janry. advising us your Acceptance of a Bill for Twelve Guineas in favour of Mr. Grand, of which due notice is taken.\n          Likewise of your Draft on Messr. C. R.\n            Pullers of \u00a3150.\u2014 in favour of Collo. Smith, to which due\n            honour is paid by P. Gentn..\n          We are Kindly Obliged to your Excelly.\n            for his gracious Compliments of the Season, we have the Honour to Reciproquate Our best\n            Wishes, for your Health, happiness and Prosperity during the Ensuing and Many following\n          We have the Honour to Remain With / respectfull Regard. / Sir /\n            Your Excelly. Most Obt. Humble\n            Servants\n              Wilhem & Jan Willink\n              Nic. & Jacob van Staphorst.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0509", "content": "Title: John Adams to John Jay, 14 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\n              Grosvenor Square\n          I have received your Letter, inclosing two Pamphlets one of which I\n            have Sent to Mr Jefferson, by Coll Humphries who Setts out\n            for Paris this Morning.\n          These Letters will be sufficient to Show any Man of common Decency,\n            the Characters of the Writers. on one Side there is the Condescension of a provident but\n            indulgent Father: on the other the Impertinence and Ingratitude of a Prodigal son, not\n            yet reduced to the Mortification of eating Husks with the Swine.\n          What with the imprudence of Some of our young Men who like\n            Littlepage are natives of America, and what with the assurance of Some others who assume\n            the American Character, with less Pretensions to it our Country Suffers very much in its\n            Reputation.\n          The Scene to which I was witness, is truly and candidly described\n            and I have So certified to Mr Jefferson and to others.\n          It is indeed a mortifying Consideration that neither Purity of\n            Character, Rank in Society, nor any Degree of Merit or Reputation, Should be a\n            Protection against Such rude and virulent Attacks, which, however dispized or resented\n            by virtuous and judicious Men, are commonly received and applauded without thinking, by\n            the Profligate, and, with malignity by the designing. Even Such Extravagants as\n            littlepage, as you and I have known before, are sometimes cherrished and courted for the\n            deliberate tho Secret Purpose, of doing Business which cannot be done by fairer\n          In this Case I rely upon it, that no Injury will be done to you.\n            The Attempt is too gross.\n          My best Respects, in which my Family desires to join to Mrs Jay.\n          With great Esteem and Affection, I have / the Honour to be, dear\n            sir, your Friend / and Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0511", "content": "Title: Edward Bridgen to John Adams, 14 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Bridgen, Edward\nTo: Adams, John\n          I take the liberty to send for your Excellency\u2019s perusal the\n            inclosed letter from me to the Governor of North Carolina requestnig the favour of you\n            sir to forward the same to Dr. Franklin, and if it meets\n            your approbation to request the Dr. to recommend it to the\n            consideration of the Governor, Senate and Assembly of that state with any addition or\n            subscription in my favour which you sir may please to honour me with and thereby very\n          Your Excellency\u2019s / Faithfull and Obedient / Humble servant\n              Edward Bridgen", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0512", "content": "Title: John Adams to John Jenks, 14 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jenks, John\n              Grosvenor Square\n          Mr Adams presents his Compliments to\n              Mr Jinks and requests the Honour of his Company to dine on\n            Sunday next at 4 o\u2019clock\u2014\n            The favour of an answer is desired", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0513", "content": "Title: John Jenks to John Adams, 14 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Jenks, John\nTo: Adams, John\n          Mr. Jenks\u2019s Compliments to his\n            Excellency thanks him for his Politeness will do himself the honor of waiting upon him", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0514", "content": "Title: John Adams to [John?] Nichols, 14 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Nichols, John\n          Mr Adams presents his Compliments to\n              Mr Nichols, and has the honour of inclosing a Resolution\n            of the President and Fellows of the University of Cambridge Massachusetts of Feb. 14.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0516", "content": "Title: John Adams to John Jay, 16 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\n              Grosvenor Square\n          The Expences of Insurance on American Vessells,\u2014the Obstructions of\n            their Commerce with Spain Portugal and Italy: and Compassion for our Fellow Citizens in\n            Captivity: all occasioned by Apprehensions of the Barbary Corsairs, must excite\n            Solicitude in every Man capable of thinking or Feeling. it is nevertheless certain that\n            too great an Alarm has been Spread, Since no more than two Vessells have been taken by\n            the Algerines, and one by Morocco. Artificial Allarms might be diminished, by\n            discontinuing the Practice of insuring in England. Loyds Coffeehouse has made a great\n            and clear Profit, because no Vessell has yet been taken, which has been there insured.\n            if the American Merchants would open offices at home the Praemium would be saved to the\n            Country, and they would find a large Ballance in their favour. The Ballance of Trade\n            with the English is so much against Us, that We ought not unnecessarily, to make\n            ourselves tributary to them.\n          Mr Lamb drew upon me Bills for 2000\u00a3,\n            at Madrid the 24th. of January, and assures me in his Letter\n            of Advice that I shall hear from him soon at Barcelona. This Gentlemans Motions are\n            Slow: what can have detained him So long, I know not.\u2014an entire Stranger to him as\n              I  having never Seen him, nor heard of him untill he was announced in your\n            Letter, I can Say nothing of his Character or Conduct. Mr\n            Jefferson understood him to be recommended by Congress and he was certainly the Bearer\n            of their Orders, and I could not but concur in the Sentiment of my excellent Colleague,\n            and in his Construction of the Intentions of Congress.\u2014Since the Appointment was made\n            and became irrevocable, I have heard such Opinions and Reports of him, as have\n            astonished me. he has with thim in Mr Randall an ingenious\n            worthy Man, who, may Supply any deficiencies, as we hope, and We must now wait with\n            Paitience, untill they inform Us of their Proceedings.\n          Mr Barclay, and Mr Franks are at length departed from Paris. Their Delay was occasioned by Mr Beaumarchais.\u2014It will be so late before these Gentlemen can\n            arrive at Morocco, that the Emperor may be out of Patience and Send out his\n          If the Agents were arrived, there would be little reason for\n            Confidence in their Success. The Sum of Eighty Thousand Dollars, it is much to be feared\n            will not be Sufficient to procure Treaties of Peace. We may find the whole Sum consumed,\n            and the Difficulty of making Peace augmented. Congress will take all these Things into\n            Consideration, and transmit their Orders both respecting the Sums to be given as\n            Presents, and the Funds from whence they are to be drawn. without a fresh Loan in\n            Holland, the Treasury of the United States in Europe will Soon be exhausted.\n          The american Commerce can be protected from these Affricans, only\n            by Negotiation or by War. if Presents should be exacted from Us, as ample as those which\n            are given by England, the expence may amount to Sixty Thousand Pounds sterling a Year, an enormous Sum to be Sure,\n            but infinitely less than the Expence of fighting. two Frigates of 30 Guns each would cost as much, to fitt\n            them for the Sea besides the accumulating Charges of Stores, Provisions, Pay and\n            Cloathing. The Powers of Europe generally Send a Squadron of Men of War, with their\n            Ministers, and offer Battle at the Same time that they propose Treaties and promise\n            Presents. Mr Barclay and Mr Lamb\n            are armed only with Innocence and the Olive Branch: and there is some reason to expect\n            that the Emperor, and Dey will feel their Dignity hurt by the Appearance of Deputies not immediately appointed by Congress. Time will clear up\n            all doubts, and Subsequent Arrangements may be taken accordingly.\n          an Envoy from Tripoli is here at present. I Saw him at Court but\n            have not made him a Visit. He wishes to See me, as is Supposed from what he said\n            yesterday to a Gentleman. He said \u201cthat most of the foreign Ministers, had left their\n            Cards, but the American had not. We are at War with his Nation, it is true, and that may\n            be the Reason of his not calling. We will make Peace with them however for a tribute of\n            an hundred Thousand Dollars a Year. Not less.\u201d He Speaks no European Language,\n              unless except a little of the Lingua Franca, and perhaps a little Italian.\n            to go with an Interpreter would occasion Speculation, and Suggest to him Schemes which\n            he might not otherwise think of.. to treat with him before any Measures are taken with\n            Morocco and Algiers might offend them.\n          With great Respect, I have the Honour / to be, Sir your most\n            obedient and / most humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0518", "content": "Title: Isaiah Doane to John Adams, 16 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Doane, Isaiah\nTo: Adams, John\n          Your Excellency\u2019s goodness will excuse my Troubling you at this\n            time, (I am certain) when you Consider the Consequence it is to me. I Refer to the Cause\n            of the Brigt Mentor, the Papers of which Mr S. Brown and my self sent you last Spring through the hands\n            of my Friends Messrs Land Son & Fraser, and have not\n            since ben Honourd with any Account of the same, the Cause is of very great Consequence\n            to me as I am half the owner of the sd Brigt & Cargo, and not one Shilling Insurance on same,\n              wch falls very heavy Indeed, and I suppose if ever I get\n            Justice it must be through your Influence, whch will lay me\n            under an Eternal\n            Obligation. I most Sincerely wish that your Excellency\n            will think of the Cause and if your Business will Permit, let me know your mind on the\n            Subject, whch will give great Satisfaction to your Obliged\n            Friend / and Very Humble Servant\n              Isaiah Doane", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0519", "content": "Title: John Lamb to John Adams, 16 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Lamb, John\nTo: Adams, John\n          On the 11th. Day we arivd. here\n            I have Drawn on my credite for Twenty six hundred pounds Sterling\n            in all, Two thousand of which I shall receive on munday next. I hope that, and the Small\n            trinquets which I brought from Paris will introduce me to an audience at Algiers. have\n            mett maney little Disapointments Since we left france which hath Detaind us untill this\n            time. hope to sail from this next week. must refer your Excellency to mr. Harrison for the Perticulars of my present\n            situation, he is fulley aquainted\n          I am with Due / Respects your / Excellencyes most Obt / Humle. Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0520", "content": "Title: John Adams to John Jay, 17 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\n              Grosvenor Square\n          At a late Levee, the King, in conversation with one of the foreign\n            Ministers, was pleased to say \"that the Tripoline Ambassador, refused to confer with his\n            Ministers, and insisted on an Audience: but that nothing had been said at it, more than\n            that Tripoli and England were at Peace, and desirous to continue so. His Majesty added,\n            all he wants is a Present, and his Expences borne to Vienna and Denmark.\u201d\n          If nothing more was said, at the Audience, there are not wanting,\n            Persons in England, who will find means to Stimulate this African to Stir up his\n            Countrymen against american Vessells. it may reasonably be suspected that his present\n            Visit is chiefly with a View to the United States: to draw them into a Treaty, of Peace,\n            which implies Tribute, or at least Presents: or to obtain Aids from England to carry on\n            a War against Us. feeling his Appearance here to be ominous, like that of other\n            irregular Bodies, which \"from their horrid hair Shake Pestilence and War\u201d I thought at\n            first to avoid him but finding that all the other foreign Ministers had made their\n            visits, and that he would take amiss, a longer inattention it was judged necessary to\n            call at his Door, for the form. but when the Attempt was made, which was last Evening So\n            late that there was no Suspicion of his being visible, the Ambassador was announced at\n            home and ready to receive the Visitant. it would Scarcely be reconcileable to the\n            Dignity of Congress to read a Detail of the Ceremonies which attended the Conference: it\n            would be more proper to write them to Harlequin for the Amusement of the Gay at the New\n            York Theatre. It is Sufficient to say, that His Excellency made many Enquiries\n            concerning America; the Climates, Soil, Heat and cold &c and observed \u201cit is a\n            very great Country; but Tripoli is at War with it.\u201d in\n            return, it was asked, how there could be War, between two nations, when there had been\n            no Hostility, Injury, Insult or Provocation on either Side? His Excellency replied, that\n            Turkey Tripoli, Tunis, Algiers and Morocco, were the Sovereigns of the Mediterranean,\n            and that no nation could navigate that Sea, without a Treaty of Peace with them. that\n            America must make such Treaties, with Tripoli, first; then with Constantinople, then\n            with Algiers & Morocco, as France, England, and all the other Powers of Europe\n            had done. A Secretary brought him some Papers, one of which was put into my hand. it was\n            a french Translation of a Full Power from the Pacha, Dey and Regency of Tripoli, to\n            treat with all the Powers of Europe, and to manage all the foreign concerns of his\n            Country, without limitation of time or Place. The original Commission in his own\n            Lanaguage was also produced and Shewn. it was observed that America was not named in it:\n            but it was replied that the Power was universal to manage every Thing and that a Treaty\n            might be made at once, or at least that Conferences might be held, and the Result\n            written to Tripoli and America for further Instructions. \u201cWhat time was required to\n            write to Congress, and receive an Answer?\u201d Three months, at least. \u201cThat was too long,\n            but he Should remain here, Sometime. You may call here tomorrow or next day, with an\n            Interpreter, and We will hear and propose Terms\n          As his Excellency expected to gain by the Negotiation, as much as\n            the American knew he must lose you will perceive the former was the most eager to\n            promote it. When Mr Jeffersons answer to a Letter upon this\n            subject Shall arrive, it will be proper to learn his Terms, but there is reason to\n            believe they will be too high, for your Ministers to accept, without further\n            Instructions.\n          This is the Substance of a Conference, which was carried on with\n            much difficulty, but with civility enough, on both Sides, in a Strange mixture of\n            Italian Lingua Franca, broken French and worse English.\n          This Minister appears to be a Man of good Sense and temper.\n          With great Respect, I have the Honour / to be, Sir, your most\n            obedient and / most humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0521", "content": "Title: John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 17 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n              Grosvenor Square\n          I was Sometime in doubt, whether any Notice Should be taken of the\n            Tripoline Ambassador; but receiving Information that he made Enquiries about me, and\n            expressed a Surprize that when the other foreign Ministers had visited him, the American\n            had not; and finding that He was a universal and perpetual Ambassador, it was thought\n            best to call upon him. last Evening, in making a Tour of other Visits, I Stopped at his\n            Door, intending only to leave a Card, but the Ambassador was announced at Home and ready\n            to receive me.\u2014I was received in State. Two great Chairs before the Fire, one of which\n            was destined for me, the other for his Excellency. Two Secretaries of Legation, men of\n            no Small Consequence Standing Upright in the middle of the Room, without daring to Sitt,\n            during the whole time I was there, and whether they are not yet upright upon their Legs\n            I know not. Now commenced the Difficulty. His Excellency Speaks, Scarcely a Word of any\n            European Language, except Italian and Lingua Franca, and in which, you know I\n            have Small Pretentions. He began soon to ask me Questions about America and her Tobacco,\n            and I was surprized to find that with a pittance of Italian and the simitude of\n              the a few French Words which has he understands, We could so well\n            understand each other.\u2014 \u201cWe make Tobacco in Tripoli,\" said his Excellency \u201cbut it is too\n            strong. Your American Tobacco is better.\u201d\u2014By this Time, one of his secretaries or upper servants brought two Pipes ready filled and lighted;\n            the longest, was offered me,: the other to his Excellency. it is long since I took a\n            Pipe but as it would be unpardonable to be wanting in Politeness in so ceremonious an\n            Interview, I took the Pipe, with great Complacency, placed the Bowl upon the Carpet, for\n            the stem was fit for a Walking Cane, and I believe more than two Yards in length, and\n            Smoaked in aweful Pomp returning\n            reciprocating Whiff for Whiff, with his Excellency, untill Coffee was brought\n            in. His Excellency took a Cup, after I had taken one, and alternately Sipped at his\n            Coffee and whiffed at his Tobacco, and I wished he would take a Pinch in turn from\n              his snuff box for Variety: and I followed the Example with Such Exactness\n              and solemnity that the two secretaries, appeared in Raptures and the\n            superiour of them who Speaks a few Words of French cryed out in Extacy, Monsieur votes\n            etes un Turk\u2014 \u2014 \u2014The necessary Civilities being thus compleated, His Excellency began\n            upon Business; asked many Questions about America: the soil Climate, Heat &\n            Cold, &c and said it was a very great Country. But \u201cTripoli is at War with it.\u201d\n            I was \u201cSorry to hear that.\u201d \u201chad not heard of any War with Tripoli.\u201d \"America had done\n            no Injury to Tripoli.\" \"committed no Hostility: nor had Tripoli done America any Injury\n            or committed any Hostility against her, that I had heard of.\u2014True he\n              said His Excellency \"but there must be a Treaty of Peace. There could be no\n            Peace without a Treaty. The Turks and affricans, were the souveriegns of the\n            Mediterranean, and there could be no navigation there nor Peace without Treaties of\n            Peace. America must treat as France & England did, and all other Powers.\u201d\n            America must treat with Tripoli, and then with Constantinople and then with Algiers and\n            Morocco.\u201d\u2014Here a Secretary brought him some Papers, One of which a Full Power in\n              French from the Pacha, Dey and Regency of Tripoli, as Ambassador, to treat with\n            all the Powers of Europe, and to make what Treaties he pleased and to manage in short\n            all the foreign Affairs of his Country, he delivered me to read.\u2014 \u2014He was ready to\n            treat, and make Peace. if I would come tomorrow or next day, or any other day and bring\n            an Interpreter, He would hear & propose Terms, and write to Tripoli and I might\n            write to America, and each Party might accept or refuse them as they should think fit.\n            How long would it be before one could write to Congress and have an Answer? three\n            months. This was rather too long, but he should stay here sometime.\u2014When I had read his\n              French Translation of his Full Power He Shewed me the Original in his own\n            Language. You perceive that his Excellency was more ready and eager to treat, than\n              I wasas he probably expected to gain more by the Treaty.\u2014I could not see him\n            Tomorrow nor next day but would think of it.\n          I must now my dear sir beg of you to send me a Copy of the Project\n            of a Treaty sent by Mr Barclay and Mr Lamb, as I had not time to take one, when it was here. You will please to\n            write me your Thoughts and Advice upon this occasion. This is a Sensible Man,\n            well known to many of the foreign Ministers who have seen him before, in sweeden, at\n            Vienna, in Denmark &c He has been so much in Europe that he knows as much of\n            America, as anybody: so that nothing new will be suggested to him or his Constituents by\n            our having Conferences with him. it seems best then to know his Demands. They will be\n            higher I fear, than We can venture.\n          The King told one of the foreign Ministers in my hearing at the\n            Levee, that the Tripoline Ambassador refused to treat with his Ministers and insisted\n            upon an Audience of his Majesty. But that He only Said to him\n            all he had to say was that Tripoli was at Peace with England and desired to\n            continue so. The King Added all he wants is, a Present, and his Expences born to Vienna\n          The Relation of my Visit is to be sure, very inconsistent with the\n            Dignity and Gravityof your Character and mine, but the Ridicule of it, was\n            real and the Drollery inevitable. How can We preserve our Dignity in negotiating with\n            Such Nations? and Who but a Petit Maitre, would think of Gravity upon such an\n          With great Esteem your / most obedient", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0523", "content": "Title: John Adams to Stephen Higginson, 18 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Higginson, Stephen\n              Grosvenor square\n          Your valuable Letter of Decr. 30 is\n            received, and has much obliged me. The Conduct of this Country both in a\n            political & Commercial Point of View appears to me in the same point of light as\n            it does to you\n          The remittances from the United States which have been made since\n            the peace, thro\u2019 Holland, France Spain & Portugal, as well as those made\n            directly in Cash & Produce, notwithstanding the continual Complaints, have been\n            very large, & have contributed more than any other cause, towards turning the\n            Ballance of Exchange in favour of England and producing that Surplus of Revenue which is\n            now so much boasted of\u2014 \u2014\n          You were not perhaps informed of the alliance between Holland and\n            france, the most fatal event to this Country which has occured in Europe, since the\n            family Compact\n          The friendship of the Dutch will never return to England, untill it\n            shall be brought back by the United States of America\u2014These are bound by their honor\n            & their public faith pledged in treaties, so far that they cannot form an\n            Alliance with England against france, and if they were at Liberty it would be bad policy\n            to join the weakest Side. We have therefore no choice left, but to United with france,\n            Spain, Holland, Sweeden & Prussia (for I consider all these as connected) or be\n            neutral\u2014It will even be scarcely possible that we should maintain a Neutrality.\n          There is every motive to Keep ourselves quite clear of all\n            political Engagements to England & cultivate the friendship of the other Powers,\n            although we should endeavour to be as impartial as possible and preserve a neutrality as\n            long as we can\n          I often feel a difficulty of entering into all Circumstances and\n            forming a right Judgement of Measures taken or proposed by the Legislatures of the\n            States: but as far as at this distance, after so long an absence, I can comprehend the\n            subject, I must agree with you in relation to the Refugees, Their Influence is not great\n            where they are: but it would be less so if they were in the United States, or\n            at Liberty to go there. They were highly pleased at the News of the Vote of the House\n            & seem generally desirous by what I hear of returning to the United States\n            rather than to Nova Scotia or Canada.\n            our Navigation act will have little effect upon the British Counciles, untill\n            it shall become general\u2014 Then indeed it will be severely felt. if strictly executed\u2014By\n            the accounts from the southern and middle States, the Probability of an Union in this\n            measure, is much Stronger at present, than it could be in Boston at the date of your\n            Letter. Indeed the southern States must come into it They are now distressed for want of\n            ships to export their Produce. The English refusing as they do our ready built ships,\n            cannot furnish a sufficient Number. If the substence of the act should be adopted only\n            from Pensylvania north ward it will have a great effect. The Jealousy you mention has\n            always existed, & has very probably been fomented: but where is the Contrariety\n            of interests? If Boston or Philadelphia can furnish ships to Charlestown to export the\n            Produce of Carolina cheaper than the french, Dutch or English, you will be sure of the\n            freight\u2014cannot this be done? Let the N. E. States persevere in their acts, and every\n            state which can build ships must follow\u2014if from no other motive than this Jealousy.\n              Masstts: always appeared to me to play a sure game in\n            taking the lead\u2014 because the other states must imitate her if she perseveres as soon as\n            they can, in order to prevent her Benifits from being too great, and to share with her.\n            Shipwrights & the other Tradesmen connected with them, seaman, &c\u2014are\n            Articles very precious, and even if the whole Community should be obliged to contribute\n            largely to their support and increase they will richly repay the temporary sacrifice Let\n            us not be intimidated then if we see a Number of foreign Vessels driven by our Laws to\n            other States. Nay tho our Lands & cattle should fall in their price at first,\n            Let us persevere\u2014\n          Accounts from various Quarters, concur with yours, in the\n            flourishing Circumstances of the Cod fishery nothing could give me greater pleasure. The\n            Bounty upon oil, I hope will be increased\u2014You have it in your power by such means to\n            allure home agian all your sperma C\u00e6ti fishermen, which are indeed almost all there are\n            in the World\u2014There is a sure markett in france & in Spain, Boylstone sold his\n            Cargo at Rouen for 30 pr. Cent.\n            profit,\u2014as your oil is preferred to any other, you may sell all you can make, for 30\n            Cities are not illuminated with a few Lamps\u2014But I would give a Bounty which should\n            enable you to make undersell the English in London, and make british\n            Manufactures pay the cost\u2014The Consumption of oil increases in England, from the high\n            duties on Candles, so that you may depend on a Markett: I don\u2019t Know whether I should\n            hesitate to make British Fripperies pay the whole alien Duty of\n            Barrett has succeeded in France to his satisfaction Our pot & pearl ash, has\n            been Authentically tried in France & pronounced the best in the World The\n            Consumption of this article is very great\u2014\n          You must attack the Mode, an Enemy more dangerous at this moment to\n            our Commerce than all the Policy of England\u2014Make it the fashen to wear french\n            Manufactures. We cannot expect that france will buy our produce, and pay for it in Cash\n            or Bills to be carried instantly to England, and there laid out in British\n            Manufactures\u2014The Spirit for encreasing our manufactures in the Article you mention does\n            great honor & will produce lasting benifits to the Country. The Legislature will\n            no doubt encourage it by bountys & duties, judiciously laid on, The salting of\n            Beef &c ought to be studied as a science & brought to perfection, and\n            many regulations are wanting for securing the Merchantable Quality of our timber,\n            Lumber, Staves, &c. &c. &c. Iron too & other articles\n            should be encouraged by Bounties & Duties\u2014\n          We are astonished here that You don\u2019t insure your own Vessels\u2014Loyds\n            has made a vast sum by ensuring against Algerines and not one Vessel has been taken\u2014are\n            there Insurance offices in America, upon an honourable footing? punctual in Payment? it\n            is high time it should be held infamous to dispute a Policy without clear cause, a\n            litigious Man should not be admitted. Disputes of this Kind were too common formerly, as\n            I know to my vexation tho\u2019 to my Profit\u2014\n          There is no better prospect here, & I wish I could say\n            there was from Barbery. The Agents are gone but I have not so much confidence as I wish\n            in the Man who is destined for Algiers\n          I never saw him, & if I had heard of him before he went\n            what has been told me since he should never have had my Consent to go. But he came from\n            Congress & how could we do otherwise? I have less confidence still in the Sum we\n            are to offer, as presents, But we shall learn what is indispensable. In the mean time\n            the Alarm is much too great in America The Chance of capture is very little and the Men\n            if taken must & will be redeemed, & that very Soon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0524", "content": "Title: James Bowdoin to John Adams, 18 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Bowdoin, James\nTo: Adams, John\n          As I understand it is the wish of Doctor Spooner to be introduced\n            to you before his return to Boston, he will, as I presume, have an opportunity of\n            delivering to your Excellency this Letter for that purpose.\n          The Doctor was graduated at Harvard in 1778; and Some time after\n            went to Edinburgh, to qualify himself as a physician: where he received the medical\n            honours of that University. \n          Mr. Spooner before his departure had\n            the character of a sensible worthy young Gentleman; and has, as I am\n            informed, supported that character Since. I therefore take the liberty of recommending\n            him to Your friendship; and have y[thorn sign]e honour to be\n            with great esteem / Sir Yr Excy\u2019s[expansion sign] most\n              obedt. hble Servt\n                James Bowdoin\n          PS\u2014Being desirous of Govr. Bowdoin\u2019s\n            Opinion, Respecting my Demand on Government I have shewn him my Letters address\u2019d to you\n            on the Subject, and he is kind enough to give you his Sentiments as follow\u2014 \n            Bulfinch has communicated to me [the] two Letters address\u2019d to you, and I cannot but\n            think [tha]t the Distinction he has made in the Letter of this Date, Respecting his\n            Demand is juste, and merits Attention it appearing evident to me, that, his, must be a\n              esteemed bona fide Debt and operate accordingly\u2014\n          I have the honour to be with great regard, Sir / Yr\n            Excy\u2019s[expansion sign] most obedt. hble servt.\n              James Bowdoin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0525", "content": "Title: Thomas Bulfinch to John Adams, 18 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Bulfinch, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n          The forgoing is Copy of what I wrote you P Lyde, since which Govr. Bowdoin has favor\u2019d me with the Doings of Congress,\n            relative to the Above, and am happy to find they have referr\u2019d the Conduct of the whole\n            Affair to You, upon which I cannot but observe, that the Circumstances of my Demand are\n            widely different from those of the other Gentlemen; as mine is an acknowledged Debt from\n            the British Government for Goods taken in Decr. 1775. for\n            the express Use & Benefit of their Army\u2014And the Demand from the other Gentn. for Goods taken from them in March 1776. just before the\n            Execution of the Town, and for no express purpose, but to prevent their falling into the\n            hands of their suppos\u2019d Enemies\u2014I must therefore pray your Attention to these\n            particulars, and urge the Payment of my Debt agreable to the fourth Article of the\n            Treaty of Peace\u2014I am Sr. with every Sentiment of Esteem\n            & respect / Your most obedient & very humble Servant\n              Thomas Bulfinch\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0526", "content": "Title: John Adams to Benjamin Franklin, 20 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Franklin, Benjamin\n              Grosvenor Square Westminster\n          At the request of Mr. Bridgen I have\n            the honour to inclose to you his letter to the Governor of North Carolina and his letter\n            to me of the 14th. Inst.\n          As Mr. Bridgen desires some Certificate\n            from me, I am happy to say that from his Universal Reputation and from all I have ever\n            known of him, he has uniformly been an advocate for America; and the friend of her\n            principals and Cause as your Excellency has a longer and More particular\n            Acquaintance with him, I dare say your Certificate will be more ample in his favour. \n          With great respect I have / the honour to be your / most Obedient\n            and / most Humble servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0527", "content": "Title: John Adams to John Jay, 20 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\n              Grosvenor Square\n          Yesterday the Tripolitan Ambassador Sent a Message by a Doctor\n            Benamor, an English Jew most probably, who has formerly resided in Barbary, and Speaks\n            the Arabic Language as well as the Italian and Lingua Franca, to inform me, that he\n            wished to return his Visit, in the Same friendly and respectfull manner, and that as he\n            had much at heart a Treaty between the Barbary and American States, he wished it might\n            be soon. It was agreed that he Should be received at noon.\n          At twelve His Excellency came in Ceremony, accompanied with his\n            Secretary, and Benamor for an Interpreter, \u201cwhom he had chosen in Preference to the\n            Interpreter assigned him by the Court, because he was sorry to See, that this nation was\n            not so Steady in its Friendship to America as the French. The French Consul at Tripoli\n            congratulated him upon his Appointment and hoped he would meet in England with a\n            Minister with whom he might make a Treaty of Peace with America: but he was Sorry to Say\n            he found here much Ill Will to the Americans and a Desire to prevent him from Seeing the\n            American Minister,. For this Reason he would have nothing to do with the Court\n            Interpreter. It was the delight of his soul and the whole pleasure of his Life to do\n            good: and he was zealous to embrace an opportunity which now presented itself, of doing\n            a great deal. The Time was critical, and the sooner Peace were made the better for from\n            what passed before he left home, he was convinced if the Treaty should be delayed\n            another year, it would after that, be difficult to make it. If any considerable Number\n            of Vessells and Prisoners Should be taken, it would be hard to perswade the Turks\n            especially the Algerines to desist. a War between Christian and Christian was mild and\n            Prisoners on either Side were treated with Humanity: but a War between Turk and\n            Christian was horrible, and Prisoners were Sold into Slavery. Although he was himself a\n            Mussulman he must Still say he thought it a very rigid Law, but as he could not alter\n            it, he was desirous of preventing its operation, or at least of Softening it, as far as\n            his Influence extended.\u201d The Algerines were the most difficult to treat. They were eager\n            for Prizes, and had now more and larger ships than usual. if an Application should be\n            made first to Algiers they would refuse: but when once a Treaty was made by Tripoli or\n            any one of the barbary States, they would follow the Example. There was Such an intimate\n            Connection between ally that when one made Peace, the rest followed. Algiers had refused\n            to treat with Spain, in defyance of all her Armaments, untill Tripoli interposed, \"and\n            then they relaxed at once. He called God to Witness, that is to say, he swore by his\n            Beard, which is a Sacred Oath with them, that his Motive to this Earnestness for Peace,\n            although it might be of some benefit to himself, was the Desire of doing good.\u201d\n          When he was informed that Congress had received some friendly\n            Letters from the Emperor of Morocco, and that an Agent was gone to treat with his\n            Majesty, \u201che rejoiced to hear it and doubted not that the Agent would Succeed, as the\n            Emperor was a Man of extensive Views, and much disposed to promote the Commerce of his\n            subjects.\u201d As it was now apparent that his principal Business here was to treat with the United States, and\n            that no Harm could be done by dealing frankly with him, the Commission of Congress to\n            treat with Tripoli was shown him, as well as those to Morocco, Algiers and Tunis. He\n            \u201cwas rejoiced to See them, and although he could not answer for Algiers, he would\n            undertake for Tunis and Tripoli, and he would write in favour of any Person Who might be\n            sent or go with him in Person to assist in the completion of Peace with all the States\n            of Barbary, which was more than he had ever before Said to any Ambassador or Minister in\n            Europe.\u201d It was then proposed that His Excellency should mention the Terms which he\n            might think proper to propose, but he \"desired to be excused, at present, and that\n            tomorrow Evening at his House he might have an Opportunity of explaining himself more\n            particularly.\" This was agreed to.\u2014\n          It was then observed, that although America was an extensive\n            Country the Inhabitants were few in Comparison with France, Spain and England, nor would\n            their Wealth bear any Proportion to that of these Nations or of Holland; that We were\n            just emerged from the Calamities of War, and had as yet few ships at Sea, especially in\n            the Mediterranean, so that the Barbary Corsairs could not expect to make any\n            considerable Number of Prizes. \u201cGod forbid, was his reply that I should consider America\n            upon a Footing at present, in Point of Wealth with these nations. I know very well that\n            she has but lately concluded a War which must have laid Waste their Territories, and I\n            would rather wish to leave to her own Generosity, the Compliments to be made upon the\n            Occasion, than Stipulate any Thing precisely.\u201d\n          This Man is either a consummate Politician in Art and Address, or\n            he is a benevolent and wise Man. Time will discover whether he disguises an interested\n            Character, or is indeed the Philosopher he pretends to be. if he is the 1atter\n            Providence Seems to have opened to us an Opportunity of conducting this thorny Business\n            to an happy Conclusion. Col Smith will go to Paris to communicate the whole to Mr Jefferson and intreat him to come over to London in order to\n            finish as much as possible of it, immediately, and to agree with the Portuguese Minister\n            at the Sametime. MrJefferson has long projected a Visit to\n            England, and this will be a good Opportunity. No Notice will be taken of it, publickly\n            in America, and his real Errand will be concealed from the Public here.\n          If the Sum limited by Congress Should be insufficient We Shall be\n            embarrassed, and indeed a larger sum could not be commanded unless a new Loan shouId be\n            opened in Holland. I doubt not a Million of Guilders might be obtained there, upon the\n            Same terms with the last two Millions. This would enable Congress to pay their Interest\n            in Europe and to pay the French officers, who are uneasy.\n          With great Respect, and Esteem, / I have the Honour to be, Sir your\n            most obedient and /most humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0528", "content": "Title: John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 21 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n              Grosvenor Square\n          I have desired Colonel Smith to go Express to Paris, to\n            intreat you to come here without loss of Time. The Portuguese Minister has received his\n            Instructions from his Court, and we may here together conduct and finish the Negotiation\n            with him, I suppose in three Weeks. But there is another Motive more Important. There is\n            here a Tripolitan Ambassador with whom I have had three Conferences,, the Substance of\n            what passed Colonel Smith will explain to You.\u2014Your Visit here will be imputed to\n            Curiosity to take a Look at England and pay your Respect at Court and to the Corps\n            Diplomatick. There is nothing to be done in Europe, of half the Importance of this, and\n            I dare not communicate to Congress what has passed without your Concurrence. What has\n            been already done and expended will be absolutely thrown away and We shall be involved\n            in a universal and horrible War with these Barbary states, which will continue for many\n            Years, unless more is done immediately. I am so impressed and distressed with this\n            affair that I will go to New York or to Algiers or first to one and then to the other,\n            if you think it necessary, rather than it should not be brought to a Conclusion.\n            Somebody must go to N York, one of Us, or Humphries or Smith in order to perswade\n            Congress of the Necessity of doing more. Then somebody must go to Holland to obtain the\n            means, and then somebody perhaps to Algiers to make Use of them. The Tripolitan might be\n            perswaded to go with him. I refer you to the Bearer for all other Particulars, and have\n            the Honour to be, with / great Esteem your Friend", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0529", "content": "Title: John Adams to Mathew Robinson Jr., 21 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Robinson, Mathew, Jr.\n              Grosvenor Square\n          My Friend Dr Price has kindly permitted\n            me to read his Letter and to inclose mine with it\u2014\n          before the Commencement of Hostilities in America a Pamphlet was\n            presented to me at Boston in your Name, which I read with more pleasure than I ever\n            received from any other. it was intituled Considerations on the Measures Carrying on\n            &c\u2014it has been a Constant Scource of Astonishment to me that a Nation after the\n            Publication of a Pamphlet Containing Views of their Empire so Comprehensive and\n            Clear\u2014and pointing out Consequences so obvious and Certain could support a Ministry in\n            the Prosecution of a War. the Whole History of Which has been but a simple Relation of\n            the Accomplishment of your Prophecies\u2014\n          I read the Address to the Landed trading and funded Interests of\n            England which appeard to me to be Demonstration as Clear, as the Considerations but\n            recollecting the little Attention which was given to the latter, I trembled least the\n            former should be equally ineffectual\n          I cannot but observe however that you have in a great measure\n            overlookd the U\u2013states of America and Dr Price in his Letter\n            has not mentioned them\u2014you may Possibly upon further reflection see Reasons to beleive\n            that this Nation is now pursueing as Absurd a system towards America as it was when you\n            wrote your Considerations and that the Consequences may even be more fatal to your\n            Country Permit me to suggest to your Consideration whether it would not be wise to begin\n            with the United states and open all the Ports of the British Empire to them in return\n            for their opening theirs to the British! This alone would be such an Extension of the\n            Commerce and Revenue of this Country as is not at Present Comprehended by Administration\n            or opposition and would have greater Influence upon its Political Interest than perhaps\n            even you Sir are aware of\u2014\n          Accept my thanks for the Entertainment you have given me and\n            beleive me to be / with great respect Yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0530", "content": "Title: John Adams to John Jay, 22 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\n              Grosvenor Square\n          On Monday Evening another Conference was held with the Tripolitan\n            Ambassador, attended with his Interpreter Benamor, who is a decent Man, and very ready\n            in the English as well as Arabick and Italian. The Foreign Ministers here Say it is the\n            Custom of all the Ambassadors from Barbary to be much connected with Jews to whom they\n            are commonly recommended. It may be Supposed the Jews have interested Motives, and\n            therefore allthough their Interference cannot be avoided, they ought to be Objects of\n            Jealousy. Benamor soon betrayed Proofs enough, that he had no aversion to the\n            Ambassadors obtaining large Terms.\n          The Ambassador who is known to many of the foreign\n            Ministers here is universally well Spoken of.\n          When he began to explain himself concerning his Demands, he Said\n            \u201cthey would be different, according to the Duration of the Treaty. if that were\n            perpetual, they would be greater, if for a Term of years less. His Advice was that it\n            should be perpetual. Once Signed by the Bashaw, Dey and other Officers, it would be\n            indissoluble and binding forever upon all their Successors. but if a temporary Treaty\n            were made, it might be difficult and expensive to revive it. for a perpetual Treaty,\n            Such as they had now with Spain, a sum of Thirty Thousand Guineas must be paid, upon the\n            Delivery of the Articles Signed by the Dey and other Officers. if it were agreed to he\n            would Send his Secretary by Land to Marseilles, and from thence by Water to Tripoli, who\n            should bring it back by the Same rout Signed by the Dey &c. He had proposed so\n            Small a sum, in Consideration of the Circumstances, but declared it was not half of what\n            had been lately paid them by Spain. if We chose to treat upon a different Plan, He would\n            make a Treaty perpetual, upon the Payment of Twelve Thousand five hundred Guineas for\n            the first Year and three Thousand Guineas annually untill the Thirty thousand\n            Guineas were paid.\u201d It was observed that these were large sums, and vastly beyond\n            Expectation but his Excellency Answered, that they never made a Treaty for less. Upon\n            the arrival of a Prize, the Dey and the other officers were entituled by their Laws to\n            large shares, by which they might make greater Profits than these Sums amounted to,\n            & they never would give up this Advantage for less.\n          He was told that altho there was a Full Power to treat the American\n            Ministers were limited to a much smaller sum So that it would be impossible, to do any\n            Thing untill We could write to Congress and know their Pleasure. Col Smith was present\n            at this as he had been at the last Conference And agreed to go to Paris to communicate\n            all to Mr Jefferson and perswade him to come here, that We\n            may join in further Conferences and transmit the Result to Congress. The Ambassador\n            believed that Tunis & Morocco would treat upon the Same terms, but could not\n            answer for Algiers. They would demand more. When Mr\n            Jefferson arrives We shall insist upon knowing the Ultimatum and transmit it to\n          Congress will perceive that one hundred and Twenty Thousand Guineas\n            will be indispensible, to conclude with the four Powers at this Rate, besides a Present\n            to the Ambassadors, and other incidental Charges. besides this a Present of five hundred\n            Guineas is made upon the Arrival of a Consul in each state. No Man wishes more fervently\n            that the expence could be less, but the Fact cannot be altered and the Truth ought not\n            to be conceal\u2019d.\n          It may be reasonably concluded, that this great Affair cannot be\n            finished, for much less than two hundred Thousand Pounds sterling.\u2014There is\n            no Place in Europe or America where Congress can obtain such a sum, but in Holland.\n            Perhaps a loan for two Millions of Guilders might be filled in Amsterdam upon the terms\n          If it is not done, this War will cost Us more Millions of sterling\n            Money in a short time. besides the miserable Depression of the Reputation of the United States and the cruel\n            Embarrassment of all our Commerce, and the intollerable Burthen of Insurance, added to\n            the Cries of our Countrymen in Captivity.\n          The probable Success of Mr Barclay and\n              Mr Lamb, need not be pointed out.\n          If a perpetual Peace were made with those states the Character of\n            the United States would instantly rise, all over the World, our Commerce and Navigation\n            and Fisheries would extend into the Mediterranean, to Spain & Portugal, France\n            and England. The AdditionaI Profits would richly repay the Interest, and our Credit\n            would be adequate to all our Wants.\n          Col Smith is gone to Paris; he departed Yesterday. By the Sixth\n            Article of the Confederation \u201cNo State, without the Consent of the United States in\n            Congress assembled Shall Send any Embassy to or receive any Embassy from, or enter into\n            any Conference, Agreement, Alliance or Treaty with any King, Prince or state\u201d. All the\n            States are so deeply interested in this Case, that Surely no Seperate State can have\n            Occasion to move for the Consent of Congress upon this Occasion, but if unexpectedly\n            Congress should not agree to treat, there are Several States in the Union So deeply\n            interested in Navigation that it would richly compensate each of them, to go to the\n            whole Extent of two hundred Thousand Pounds to Obtain Peace. Nevertheless a Single State\n            might obtain Peace and Security for its ships at a much cheaper rate.\n          With great and sincere Esteem I have / the Honour to be, Sir your\n            most / obedient and most humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0531", "content": "Title: John Jay to John Adams, 22 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Adams, John\n          I had the Honor of writing to you on the 3d. Instant, since which I have not had the Pleasure of receiving any Letters\n            from You. Among other Papers then sent, was a Copy of a Report (agreed to by Congress)\n            on the Subject of certain Representations from Massachusetts, but Copies of the\n            Documents referred to in it, and which were then making could not be compleated in time\n            to be then sent. You will find them herewith enclosed, together with a List or Account\n          Nine States are not yet represented in Congress, and therefore the\n            Affairs of this Department continue in the same State that they were in at the Date of\n          The public Papers will enable you to see the Complection of the\n            Times\u2014f\u0153deral Opinions grow, but it will be some time before they will bear Fruit; and\n            what is not the base with most other Fruits, they will, to judge from present\n            Appearances, ripen slower in the South than in the North.\u2014\n          The Packet will sail next Week\u2014I shall then write to You\n          With great & sincere Esteem & Regard I have the\n            Honor to be / Dr: Sir / Your most obt. and very hble: Servt.\u2014\n          [enclosure]\n          Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of Representatives.\u2014\n          Upon receiving information from our Excise Officer at Machias, that\n            the Inhabitants of Moose Island in Passamaquoddy Bay in this Commonwealth, had been\n            notified by the Sheriff of the County of Charlotte, in the British Province of New\n            Brunswick, to send Jurors to that County-Court, on penalty of forfeiting their estates\n            in case of refusal, I wrote a Letter on the subject to Mr.\n            Carleton, Governour of that Province, dated the 9th. of\n            September.\u2014As I was not informed, that Governour Carleton had interposed his authority,\n            I mentioned to him, that I was inclined to believe my informant was mistaken in his\n            opinion, that the Government of New Brunswick had given its sanction to a measure\n            altogether unexpected and insupportable; and that I assured myself, he would issue\n            orders effectually to prevent the abovementioned, and every other encroachment on the\n            territorial rights and sovereignty of this Commonwealth, and of the United States.\n          To that Letter I have received an answer dated at St. John the 18th. October, which\n            not only justifies the proceedings of the Sheriff, but contains an implied declaration,\n            that the said Island, with several other Islands, is, by virtue of the Treaty of Peace,\n            within that Province.\n          As it seems clear, they mean to obtain possession of those Islands,\n            by compelling the Inhabitants to acknowledge the right of Jurisdiction to be in the\n            Government of New Brunswick, I think it highly expedient you should be informed of their\n            proceedings as soon as may be, that such measures may be adopted concerning them, as you\n            shall judge suitable.\n          Of those proceedings Congress have been informed by my letter to\n            our Delegates: and have sent an account of them to the Minister of the United States at\n          My Letter to Governour Carleton and his answer to it will be\n            delivered to you Gentlemen, by the Secretary.\n                James Bowdoin.\n          Council Chamber / Novr. 24th.\n            1785 / True Copy / Attest\u2014 / John Avery jun Secretary\n          [enclosure]\n          Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of Representatives\u2014\n          I sent you a Message the 24th of\n            November last, relative to the encroachments, which the Government of the New British\n            Province of new Brunswick were disposed to make on the territorial rights, and\n            sovereignty, of this Commonwealth, and of the United States. Since which a letter has\n            been received from James Avery Esqr. our Excise Officer at\n            Machias dated the 24th. December last: in which he mentions\n            he had just received advice from Passamaquoddy, that Mr.\n            Wier the high Sheriff for Charlottee County in that Province, a few days before went on\n            to Moose Island, and took the body of Mr. Tuttle Deputy\n            Collector of Excise on an action of debt; and told him he must either find bail, or be\n            carried to Goal at St. Andrews. Upon Mr. Tuttle\u2019s informing the Sheriff, that he considered himself a subject of this\n            State, and should not regard him as an Officer, the Sheriff called on some of the\n            Inhabitants to assist him to carry Mr. Tuttle to Goal, but\n            they refusing, he informed them, he should go to the neighbouring Island of Campo Bello,\n            and get Assistance from the Ship lying there; being determined to carry the said Tuttle\n            to Goal; and that orders had come from St. John\u2019s to\n            exercise jurisdiction over the inhabitants of Moose Island.\n          This account is in part confirmed by a letter communicated to me by\n            Leonard Jarvis Esqr., who as he has lately been in that\n            Country, can give information concerning the circumstances of it\u2014\n          Mr. Avery concludes his letter with\n            expressing his hope, that Government will take some steps to prevent its subjects from\n            being insulted by a foreign power; and being liable to be dragged away by armed\n          In my former Message on this subject I informed you, Gentlemen,\n            that Congress had been made acquainted with all the proceedings referred to in that\n            Message; and had sent an account of them to the Minister of the United States in\n          This affair, Gentlemen, merits your serious consideration.\n          Mr. Avery\u2019s letter, which will be laid\n            before you, mentions several things respecting the Duty of his Office; and of that of\n            the Naval Officers within his District: which may also require your consideration.\n                James Bowdoin.\n          Council Chamber / February 10th. 1786 / True Copy / Attest\u2014\n            / John Avery jun Secretary\n          [enclosure]\n           Machias December 24th.\n          Inclosed you have Captain Smiths returns of the Naval Office\u2014I\n            ought as Collector to make a Return of all the Entries &ca. in my District (in which there is four Naval Officers and\n            five Deputies) but the Naval Officers have been so remiss as not to make returns to me\n            which puts it out of my power to do it, many of the Naval Officers are quite\n            ignorant of the duties of their Office and often issue out old Registers signed by the\n            late Governour and dated at this time, which I consider very improper.\n          I have just recieved advice from Passamaquoddy, that Mr. Wier the high Sheriff for Charlotte County, a few days ago\n            went on to Moose Island and took the body of Mr. Tuttle\n            Deputy Collector of Excise on an action of debt and and told Mr. Tuttle he must either find bail or be carried to Goal at St. Andrews.\u2014 Mr. Tuttle told him\n            he cou\u2019d not get Bail and considered himself a Subject of this State, and shou\u2019d not pay\n            any regard to any other power\u2014Mr. Wier then call\u2019d on some\n            of the inhabitants to assist him to carry Mr. Tuttle to\n            Goal, they all refused on which Mr. Wier informed them he\n            shou\u2019d go to Campo Bello and get the Ships Boat that was there to come to his\n            assistance, as he was determined to carry Tuttle to Goal and that orders had come from\n              St. Johns to exercise their jurisdiction over the\n            Inhabitants on Moose Island\u2014Thus the matter stood when I heard from there\u2014I hope\n            Government will take some steps to prevent their Subjects from being so daily insulted\n            by a foreign power and be liable to be so drag\u2019d away by armed force.\n          In haste, / I am, / Dear Sir, / Your hble Servt.\n          [enclosure]\n          Commonwealth of Massachusetts\n          The Committee of both Houses to whom was committed the Message of\n            His Excellency the Governor of the 10th: of February 1786.\n            respecting the conduct of a Mr. Wire, the high Sheriff of\n            Charlotte County in the british province of New Brunswick, in taking & carrying\n            off the body of Mr: Tuttle (on an Action of Debt) from Moose\n            Island; as represented in a Letter from James Avery Esqr. to\n              Mr. Secretary Avery, dated at Machias the 24th: of December last: Have attended that service, &\n            ask leave to report as their opinion\u2014That the matter complained of in the said Letter,\n            involves in it such a great national question respecting the bounds of territory, as can\n            only be taken up, with propriety, by Congress.\u2014That therefore His Excellency the\n            Governor be requested to procure, as soon as possible, the evidence necessary to\n            ascertain the facts complained of, & to transmit the same to the Delegates of\n            this State in Congress, to be by them laid before the United States in Congress\n            assembled, for their consideration & determination.\n          And with regard to the latter clause of the Governor\u2019s Message,\n            respecting the canduct of the Naval Officers & their Deputies, the committee are\n            of opinion that the difficulty mentioned in the Letter from James Avery Esqr. Collector at Machias, may be prevented in future, by\n            directing the Secretary to transmit, forthwith, to each of the naval officers in that\n            department, printed copies of the several Acts & Resolves, now inforced, that\n            respect the office & duty of naval officers & their deputies, that so no\n            plea of ignorance in their duty may for the future be made\u2014\n          And whereas another Message from His Excellency the Governor dated\n            November 24th: 1785 (which was committed to a joint\n            committee at the last sitting of the General Court, but not acted upon) is now committed\n            to the present Committee, in which, his Excellency acquaints the two houses, with the\n            conduct of the aforementioned Sheriff, in compelling the inhabitants of Moose island to\n            send Jurors to the County Court of Charlotte County, on pain of forfeiting their Estates\n            in case of refusal; And that on his representing to Mr\n            Charleton Governor of New Brunswick, the conduct of the said Sheriff, he received from\n            the said Governor such an answer as contained an implied declaration that the said\n            Island, with several other islands, is, by virtue of the Treaty of Peace, within that\n            Province.\u201d And that thereupon he had \u201cby Letter to our Delegates, informed Congress of\n            those proceedings, & also sent an account of them to the Minister of the United\n            States at London\u201d. This Committee therefore ask leave further to report as their\n            opinion\u2014That the early attention & vigilance of His Excellency the Governor, in\n            taking such prudent care that the Commonwealth should suffer no harm, is worthy the\n            Character of a virtuous & patriotic Governor, & deserves the warm\n            approbation of the Legislative body: And that His Excellency be requested to procure all\n            such further evidence, as may be thought needful to be laid before Congress, &\n            take all such other measures as he shall think requisite, to prevent encroachment on the\n            territorial rights & sovereignty of This Commonwealth & of the United\n          All which is submitted / Richard Cranch \u214c Order \n          In Senate March 11th. 1786 Read\n            & accepted / Sent down for concurrence / Saml.\n            Phillips jun. Presidt. / In the House of Representatives\n            March 13th. 1786 / Read & Concurred / A Ward\n              Speakr. / True Copy / Attest.\u2014 / John Avery jun\n            Secretary\n          [enclosure]\n          Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of Representatives\u2014\n          A number of persons, who appear to be Inhabitants of Moose Island\n            in the Bay of Passamaquoddy, have by their Letter of the third of January just received,\n              representated, that the Officers of the neighbouring british Province of\n            New Brunswick are pursuing every method to subjugate them; and that several Writs had\n            been executed upon them: imploring the interposition of this Government, and that such\n            steps may be immediately taken as are necessary to quiet their minds, and give them full\n            possession of their rights in the said Island: as you will observe by their said\n          This matter, in consequence of former similar representations, has\n            been at your request laid before Congress; and as it is in a train of settlement, there\n            seems to be nothing further necessary to be done, but to quiet the minds of those\n            Inhabitants, by informing them, that Congress had taken measures to procure an amicable\n            adjustment of the dividing line between the territory of the United States, and the said\n            Province of New Brunswick; to commend them for their resolution, that no allurements or\n            threats shall induce them to forsake that System and Constitution, by which they, very\n            justly think their natural rights & priviledges will be secured; and to exhort\n            them to abide by that Resolution.\n          The said Letter Gentlemen, is laid before you for your\n            determination concerning it.\n                James Bowdoin\n          To / John Avery Esqr. / Secretary\u2014 / True Copy / Attest\u2014 /\n            John Avery jun Secretary\n          Council Chamber / March 21st. 1786\u2014\n          Commonwealth of Massachusetts\u2014\n          In Senate March 23d. 1786\n          Ordered, That his Excellency the Governour be, and he hereby is,\n            requested to write to the Inhabitants of Moose Island, and inform them, that Congress\n            have taken measures to procure an amicable adjustment of the dividing Line between the\n            Territory of the United States and the Province of New Brunswick, and to advise them to\n            abide by their commendable Resolution, not to forsake that system and Constitution by\n            which, they justly think, their natural rights and priviledges will be secured.\n          sent down for Concurrence / Samuel Phillips junr. President / In the House of Representatives March 23d. 1786\u2014 / Read and Concurred / Artemas Ward Speaker / True\n            copy / Attest\u2014 / John Avery jun Secretary", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0532", "content": "Title: the Marquis de Lafayette to John Adams, 22 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nTo: Adams, John\n          I Have Been Honoured With Your favour By Mr[expansion sign] joy to\n            Whom I Will Readily Render Every Service in My power, and am also to thank you for the\n            Valuable Books You took the trouble to Collect for me\u2014in the Cause of my Black Brethren\n            I feel Myself Warmly interested, and most decidedly Side, so far as Respects them,\n            Against the White part of mankind\u2014Whatever Be the Complexion of the Enslaved, it does\n            not, in my opinion, Alter the Complexion of the Crime Which the Enslaver Commits, a\n            Crime Much Blaker than Any Affrican face\u2014it is to me a Matter of Great Anxiety and\n            Concern to find that this trade is Some times perpetrated Under the flag of Liberty, our\n            dear and Noble Stripes, to which Virtue and Glory Have Been Constant Standard\n            Bearers\u2014enclosed I Beg leave to Send a letter for Mr[expansion sign] Sharp With\n            Aknowledgement for His Attention\n          No Event of Great Importance in Paris\u2014Cardinal de Rohan\u2019s Afair Has\n            produced Many Memoirs\u2014Which of the different tales is the Right one, I do not pretend to\n            Say\u2014the Cardinal Has Been Either a Rogue or a fool, the later Seems the More\n            probable\u2014all the farms Have Been Renewed With an Augmentation of Revenue, that of\n            tobacco Excepted, and on this as well as Every other point I Stand a Warm Opposer to the\n            Principles of the farm\u2014on this Side of the Channel, When Good deeds fail, you will at\n            least find Good Intentions\u2014 in England Neither\u2014While policy is the Result of Passion not\n            of Reason, Every Sensible Calculation is at an End, and it is Still a Matter of doubt\n            with me, However Strange it Appears, if they Will Give up the forts, or let us Have the\n            pleasure to Walk into those formidable Works on our Saratoga tune of Yankee doodle.\n          My Best Respects Wait on the ladies to Whom as Well as to You Mde\n            de Lafayette and our little family present their Affectionate Compliments\u2014Remember me to\n            My friend Colonel Smith\u2014With Every Sentiment of Affection and Regard I Have the Honour\n            to Be\u2014 / My dear Sir / Yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0534", "content": "Title: Robert Delap to John Adams, 24 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Delap, Robert\nTo: Adams, John\n              Fleet Prison\n          The number of years that have elapsed together with the various\n            important objects that have engrossed your attention during that period have very\n            possibly obliterated the remembrance of so insignificant a person as me; but cannot I\n            flatter myself that of my late Father Mr Saml. Delap of Bourdeaux with whose house under the firm of S:\n            & I: H Delap you have had considerable connexions during the american\n            War.\u2014Presuming therefore in the reciprocal respect that always subsisted between you I\n            humbly take leave to solicit your assistance in the unhappy Situation to which I am\n          Not to trespass on your time Sir, it will be sufficient to inform\n            you that notwithstanding the Known extensive property of our house thro\u2019 the unforseen\n            Misfortunes of it\u2019s connexions it has become Bankrupt; and in it all my fortune is\n            involved\u2014the consequence of which has been that after struggling with inexpressible\n            difficulties, I have been arrested, and thrown into the Fleet Prison, where I am at this\n            time confined, overwhelmed with every accumulation of Want and Distress, fatally\n            experiencing the frowns and neglect of those whom I considered and who ought to have\n            shewn themselves my friends.\n          In this unforseen distress I am encouraged from your generous\n            character, and the former connexion that existed between you and your Brother Mr. Saml. Adams with our House to\n            sollicit such releif from you as you may think (upon inquiring the unhappy State of my\n            Circumstances) proper:\u2014assuring you at the same time that it shall be repaid to you so\n            soon as the affairs of my Brother\u2019s House shall be arranged, which there is every reason\n            to expect will be \u2019eer long. But by this at the same time I would not have you\n            understand that by this I wish to solicit any greater assistance than what\n            may afford me a temporary releif.\n          I have the honour to remain, / with the utmost Respect / Sir / Your\n            most hble & obedt. Servt.\n              Robert Delap.\n            Mr. Adams never had the least Connection of any Kind with\n              the House of S. and I. H. Lelap of Bourdeaux directly or indirectly that he knows", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0535", "content": "Title: Paul R. Randall to John Adams, 25 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Randall, Paul R.\nTo: Adams, John\n          The last Letter I had the Honor to address to your Excellency was\n            of the 17th: instant\u2014conveyed by Mr Harrison, who has resided in Cadiz, I believe in Quality of Consul\u2014in which I\n            suggested some small Difficulties embarrassing Mr Lamb\u2019s\n            Embarkation\u2014but as I had not received Intelligence of their Removal until Mr Harrison was on the point setting out\u2014he will supply to your\n            Excellency that permission is granted to Mr Lamb for\n            extracting the Sum of \u00a32000 st out of the Kingdom upon giving Caution to abide the\n            Directions of the Court thereupon.\u2014\n          Mr Lamb has since purchased a Vessel,\n            instead of freighting, which was perhaps rendered necessary considering a full\n            Quarantine, and that he was demanded half the Price of a small Vessel for the Freight of\n            a few Months. In three or four Days the Vessel will be rendered fit for Sea\u2014at the End\n            of which Time I know of no further Obstacles to impede our progress to Algiers. We have\n            no late Intelligence from thence, and are not acquainted or even informed:\u2014whether the\n            spanish Peace is absolutely concluded or not\u2014tho\u2019 we are in the presumption that it must\n          My Industry should not be wanting in seeking every Occasion to\n            advise your Excellency upon each individual Step, could my Services be equal with my\n            Intentions\u2014but that crude Information might rather obscure than reflect Light\n            upon the Business\u2014especially as we have not always safe Conveyances to command at\n            this Distance.\n          Mr Jefferson will conclude from Mr Harrison that Mr Lamb will\n            shortly proceed\u2014therefore it may not be of so much Importance to offer this Letter for\n            his Inspection\u2014rather than take a more unsuspicious Method of forwarding it to your\n            Excellency inclosed to my Brother\u2014but as I conceived it might be in some Measure\n            satisfactory to your Excellency to be ascertained in these trifling particulars in a\n            Business so interesting;\u2014I have taken the Liberty to write, and at the same time to\n            evince, that in Matters of more Consequence my Attention shall not be wanting.\n          With sentiments of the highest Respect, your Excellency will permit\n            me to consider myself / Your most obedient Hum st\n            With the purest satisfaction I reflect upon the Expressions of\n              Kindness from Mrs. & Miss Adams on my Expedition,\n              and wish on all Occasions to be suffered respectfully to declare my Sensibility of the\n              Honor confered on me.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0537", "content": "Title: John Adams to John Jay, 26 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\n              Grosvenor Square\n          The Envoy from Portugal, has received from his Court an Answer to\n            his Dispatches relative to the Treaty with the United States, and the enclosed Extract\n            from it, which has been delayed sometime by the Sickness of the Chevalier de Freire, the\n            Portuguese Secretary of Legation, this Minister did me the Honour to deliver to me two\n            days ago, with his request that it might be transmitted to Congress. at the Sametime he\n            delivered me the enclosed State of the Trade between the United States and Portugal the\n          When Mr Jefferson arrives We Shall\n            endeavour to finish this Business.\n          The Proposition of Sending and receiving a Minister has been many\n            times made before.\u2014Congress will no doubt answer this which is now made formally and\n            Officially. The Regard which is due from one sovereign to another, and indeed common\n            Decency seems to require it. to refuse it would be thought Surprizing. indeed according\n            to all the Rules of Politeness between Nations and sovereigns, it ought to be left to\n            the option of her most faithfull Majesty to Send what Species of public Minister She\n            shall judge proper, and Assurances should be given of the most amicable Disposition of\n            Congress to receive him with all the respect due to his sovereign and to send a Minister\n            to her Majesty of equal Rank Character.\n          The United States are at this moment Suffering Severely for Want of\n            an equitable Adjustment of their Affairs with the Powers of Europe, and\n              Affrica which can never be accomplished but by conforming to the Usages\n            established in the World.\n          If the United States would come to the Resolution to prohibit all\n            foreign Vessells from coming to their Ports, and confine all Exports and Imports to\n            their own Ships and Seamen they would do, for any thing that I know, the wisest Thing\n            which human Prudence could dictate,. But then the Consequence would be obvious. They\n            must give up the most of their Commerce, and live by their Agriculture. in this Case\n            They might recall their Ministers and Send no more.\n          On the other Hand, if the United States would adopt the Principle\n            of the French OEconomists, and allow the Ships and Merchants of all Nations equal\n            Priviledges with their own Citizens, they need not give themselves any further Trouble\n            about Treaties or Ambassadors. The Consequence nevertheless would be the Sudden\n            Annihilation of all their Manufactures and Navigation; We should have the most luxurious\n            set of Farmers that ever existed, and Should not be able to defend our sea Coast against\n            the Insults of a Pirate.\n          As these are two Extreams that We know America will never consent\n            to, We must vindicate our own Manufactures and Navigation, by Legislation at home and\n            Negotiation abroad, and therefore, the Prejudice against Exchanges of Public Ministers\n            Will be found some of the most pernicious that ever have arisen among American Citizens.\n            Laws at home must be made in Conformity to the State of Affairs abroad, which can never\n            be known to Congress but by Ambassaders.\n          With great Respect I have the / Honour to be, Sir your most\n            obedient / and most humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0538", "content": "Title: the Marquis de Lafayette to John Adams, 26 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nTo: Adams, John\n          Your friendly favor jany the 31st Has Been long Unanswered which I\n            Beg you will attribute to the daily expectation, I was in to see you in Paris\u2014But as you\n            are not yet come I am going to send this letter at Random\u2014Your Opinion of, and\n            Sentiments for Mr. Dumas Have found in me a very Hearty Partaker\u2014and from a sense of His\n            Merit and His services United with Your own ideas Respecting Him I will be Happy to join\n            Mr. Dumas\u2019s friends in every measure that is pointed out to do Him justice\u2014as to\n            Banister\u2019s Business it is possible He Has Been Mistaken and you will Be Right to let Him\n            know of it\u2014But the speculation, if advantageous, May Be Begun anew, although it was not\n          When you Come to this place, my dear Sir, I will Be Happy to know\n            your sentiments in the politics of Holland\u2014as a Republic, and an ally of france and the\n            United States, it has a triple Right to my Concern. I wish Her internal disputes May be\n            Healed so far as is consistant with liberty and that I think may Be done\u2014and I also\n            think if the United provinces may pay some Regard to their Navy and Army, if the\n            excellent Material that Compose the latter are managed with skill and activity, that\n            Holland will Be again what she Has so gloriously Been.\n          Most affectionately Yours with Sincere Regards / Yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0539", "content": "Title: John Adams to John Jay, 27 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\n              Grosvenor Square\n          At the last Conferences, as they call here what is understood in\n            Paris by Ambassadors Days the Marquis of Carmarthen was pleased to make an Apology for\n            not having yet answered the Memorial requiring the Evacuation of the Posts. \"It will\n            Sound oddly to Say that he had delayed his Answer, to prevent Delays, but it was true.\n            He had drawn up his answer, but as he was obliged to Say Something, concerning the old\n            Debts, he had been obliged to wait for a little further Information, that he might State\n            in one View all the Acts of the Assemblies which had interposed Impediments.\u2014As this is\n            some kind of Respect to the Memorial, it ought to be communicated to Congress as no\n            doubt it was intended And expected, that it should be.\n          The publick Prints will inform you, that the Newfoundland Bill and\n            the American Intercourse Bill is revived. it would be sufficient to convince every\n            American what the system is, to say that Mr Jenkinson was\n            the Member of Administration and the House of Commons, Selected to conduct this\n            Business. comparing his well known Character with what he Said, You will believe that\n            the same Men and the Same Principles which have governed this Nation in their Conduct\n            towards America these twenty Years, prevail to this hour as far as the Circumstances\n            will admit; and that Mr Pitt is either a convert to their\n            sentiments, or is only an ostensible Minister.\n          It remains with the States to determine what Measures they will\n            take to discourage a Commerce the most impoverishing and ruinous, that can be imagined,\n            to promote a more beneficial Intercourse with the rest of Europe, and to support their\n            own Manufactures and navigation, for on Such measures alone can they have any\n            Dependence, in future.\n          With Sincere Esteem I have the Honor / to be, Sir your most\n            obedient / and most humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0540", "content": "Title: the Archbishop of Canterbury to John Adams, 27 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Moore, John\nTo: Adams, John\n              Lambethhouse\n          After full communication with the Arch Bishop of York and the\n            Bishops on the Subject of the Address which you delivered to me from the Deputies of the\n            Protestant Episcopal Church in Convention in Philadelphia, I concur with them in\n            requesting the favour of you to forward our Answer to the Committee appointed to receive\n            it. Duplicates of the Answer accompany this letter; which, if sent by different Ships,\n            We hope may give a better chance of the early arrival of one of them. I have the honour\n            to be / Sir, your Most Obedt. / Humble Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0541", "content": "Title: Mathew Robinson Jr. to John Adams, 27 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Robinson, Mathew, Jr.\nTo: Adams, John\n              Horton near Hythe Kent.\n          I sincerely want words to express my sense of the honor done me by\n            your letter; which I shall preserve as a valuable remembrance in my favor: I esteem no\n            qualities or circumstances of any private person equally with understanding and\n            integrity nor respect any public character more than the Representative of thirteen free\n            Governments or perhaps so much.\n          I recollect on reading the favor of yours what was indeed from the\n            length of time gone out of my memory that I formerly desired a few copies of the\n            considerations &c to be sent to America and that I took the liberty to mention\n            in particular the names of you and Mr. Hancock; which I\n            shall now reckon a lucky incident; if it has assisted towards introducing me to your\n            knowledge or attention.\n          It was immediately upon the separation of England and North-America\n            by treaty and has ever since been my ardent desire; that the Americans should\n            nevertheless be consider\u2019d and continue as Englishmen; I mean with respect to commerce\n            and navigation foreign or domestic, to purchasing, to inheriting, exercising trades\n            among us, voting for or being chosen into offices of all kinds and in every other light;\n            just as they used to be. If two or three Americans were return\u2019d to Parliament; could\n            the most jealous Englishman be alarmed; lest they should over-turn the state? The Nabob\n            of Arcot did by an agent of his not chuse less than six or seven of the last House of\n            Commons. I wish\u2019d these things to be settled and declared by act of Parliament without\n            consulting or making any parade with the Americans on the subject. There could be no\n            doubt; but that such circumstances would in due time have their full effect and\n            operation and the more liberally the matter was done on each side the better.\n          I fully concur with you therefore in the opinion of opening all the\n            Ports of both States to one another; but leading a very retired life in the Country I\n            was unacquainted with the particular points in agitation between the two Governments or\n            that the Americans were now willing to come into the mutual agreement mention\u2019d by you;\n            until I receiv\u2019d the favor of your letter: So that my ignorance on the subject precluded\n            any such proposition being made part of the Address &c; if it would otherwise\n            have occur\u2019d to Me. I knew no better; than that the chief commercial difference between\n            us was concerning a free intercourse with our West-Indian Islands. That circumstance is\n            observed and pressed in the Address and indeed was at first more strongly so; but that\n              it was for prudential reasons and to avoid offence thought proper to soften\n          I do not perfectly understand; whether you include in your\n            expression of \u201call the ports of the British-Empire\u201d those of the East- Indies or except\n            such as are subject to Charters with regard to ourselves. I hardly need to add; that the\n            former circumstance would be very far from an objection with me; although I should\n            think; that being a sort of new regulation in commerce it may require to be particularly\n            explain\u2019d and understood; if it is so meant.\n          I am sensible, that I do not see to the utmost extent of\n            this object; which indeed appears (as you point out) of extreme magnitude and\n            importance: I have however always believed; that England might in some respects probably\n            receive upon the plan before mention\u2019d by me in this letter more benefit; than if\n            America had remain\u2019d under the restraints of our own Government. Very different\n            principles nevertheless prevail and the event may perhaps before long shew; whither they\n            will lead us\n          You seem to wonder; that our nation should have supported Ministers\n            in certain proceedings; but give me leave to observe; that the Nation has truly no share\n            and hardly any influence in the Government of itself. We chuse once in Seven Years a few\n            Members of the House of Commons, who are lost in that great crowd; but did by any means\n            the general sense of the Public suggest our measures or counsels; I firmly believe, that\n            the only contention between England and America would long have been and now be, a\n            mutual and reciprocal one of good offices. I could more particularly explain myself on\n            this head; if it was convenient.\n          I have almost troubled you with a pamphlet instead of a letter and\n            am with sincere honor and respect. / Sir, Your Most Obedient /Humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0543", "content": "Title: John Adams to William White, 28 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: White, William\n              Grosvenor Square\n          Your Favour of the 26 of Nov. by Mr. Peters, I had not the Honour\n            to receive, till a few days ago. I am much obliged to you, for this Mark of your\n            Confidence, and for the Pamphlets and Papers inclosed, which I had Yesterday an\n            Opportunity of communicating to the Archbishop of Canterbury, when his Grace did me the\n            Honour of a Visit to deliver me the inclosed Letter, with the Desire of the Bishops that\n            I would transmit it to the Committee.\n          I have not understood, that there will be any political Objection\n            against the Measure you desire. if any Such Should arise, as an American Citizen\n              tho not an Episcopalian I can very consistently endeavour to remove it:\n            because I do not believe that the Benevolence of the Father of all, is confined by our\n            Lines of Distinction or differences of Opinion: and because I think that when We can\n            enlarge our Minds to allow each other an entire Liberty in religious matters the human\n            Race will be more happy and respectable in this and the future Stage of their Existence.\n            It would be inconsistent with the American Character, and with the Principles of our\n            Constitutions to raise political Objections against the Consecration of\n            Bishops as it is merely a religious Ceremony. The States will no doubt take Care that no\n            Temporal Powers inconsistent with their civil Politics shall be annexed to the\n            Character. This however is their Affair.\n          With great Respect and Esteem, I have the Honour / to be, Sir your\n            most obedient and most / humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0544", "content": "Title: the Marquis of Carmarthen to John Adams, 28 Feb. 1786\nFrom: Carmarthen, the Marquis of\nTo: Adams, John\n          In Answer to the Memorial You did me the Honour to deliver to me on\n            the 8th. Decr:, I have to\n            observe to You, Sir, that it is His Majesty\u2019s fixed Determination, upon the present, as\n            well as on every other Occasion, to act in perfect Conformity to the strictest\n            Principles of Justice and good Faith.\n          The Seventh Article both of the Provisional and of the Definitive\n            Treaties\u2014between His Majesty and the United States, clearly stipulates the withdrawing,\n            with all convenient Speed, His Majesty\u2019s Armies, Garrisons and Fleets, from the said\n            United States, and from every Port, Place and Harbour within the same; and no Doubt can\n            possibly arise respecting either the Letter or the Spirit of such an Engagement.\n          The Fourth Article of the same Treaties as clearly stipulates, that\n            Creditors, on either Side, shall meet with no lawful Impediment to the Recovery of the\n            full Value, in Sterling Money, of all bon\u00e2 fide Debts\n            heretofore contracted.\n          The little Attention paid to the fulfilling this Engagement, on the\n            Part of the Subjects of the United States in general, and the direct Breach of it in\n            many particular Instances, have already reduced many of the King\u2019s Subjects to the\n            utmost Degree of Difficulty and Distress: nor have their Applications for Redress (to\n            those whose Situations in America naturally pointed them out as the Guardians of public\n            Faith) been as yet successful, in obtaining them that Justice to which, on every\n            Principle of Law, as well as of Humanity, they were clearly and indisputably\n          The Engagements entered into by Treaty ought to be mutual, and\n            equally binding on the respective Contracting Parties. It would therefore be the Heighth\n            of Folly, as well as Injustice, to suppose one Party alone obliged to a strict\n            Observance of the Public Faith, while the other might remain free to deviate from its\n            own Engagements, as often as Convenience might render such Deviation necessary, though\n            at the Expence of its own National Credit and Importance.\n          I flatter myself however, Sir, that Justice will speedily be done\n            to British Creditors; and I can assure You, Sir, that whenever America shall manifest a\n            real Determination to fulfil her Part of the Treaty, Great Britain will not hesitate to\n            prove her Sincerity, to cooperate in whatever Points depend upon her, for carrying every\n            Article of it into real and compleat Effect.\n          The inclosed Paper contains a State of the Grievances complained of\n            by Merchants and other British Subjects, having Estates, Property, and Debts due to\n            them, in the several States of America.\n          I am, / Sir, / Your most obedient / humble Servant.\n              Carmarthen.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0545", "content": "Title: John Adams to Mathew Robinson Jr., 2 Mar. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Robinson, Mathew, Jr.\n              Grosvenor Square\n          you have obliged me very much by your kind Letter of the 27th\n            Feb. The Americans are indeed Englishmen, and will continue such in Language\n            & sentiments and manners whether they are allowed to be friends or Compelled to\n            be Ennemies of those other Englishmen who inhabit these Islands Great Britain and\n            Ireland. the priviledges of purchasing inheriting exercising Trades, voting for or being\n            chosen into Offices of all kinds, if declared by Act of Parliament would no doubt be\n            considered in a friendly light but give me leave to say would have no material effect.\n            While embarrassments are either studiously or ignorantly thrown in the Way of\n            Commerce\u2014the United states are willing to throw Wide Open every Port in their dominions\n            to British Ships and Merchants and Merchandizes, and I am ready in their behalf to\n            pledge their Faith in a Treaty to this Effect; upon the reciprocal Stipulation of this\n            Nation that her Ports Shall be equally open to our Ships, Merchants and Produce But the\n            United States must repel Monopolies by Monopolies, and answer prohibitions by\n            Prohibitions. I may be uninformed respecting the East Indies But although the E.I.\n            Company have by their Charter and Act of Parliament an exclusive Priviledge of Importing\n            East India Goods into the Port of London only. I dont know that Americans or any other\n            Foreign Nation are Prohibited to Trade with the British Factories and Settlements in\n            Asia. this nevertheless is not a Point with us. the Ministry might except the Charter of\n            the rights of the East India Company. But the American Commerce is a system and a free\n            Intercourse between the United states and Canada Nova scotia Newfoundland, and the West\n            India Islands as well as a Markett for their Oyl and Fins and Sperma C\u00e6ti Candles and\n            ready Built Ships is so Essential to it, that if One Nation will not another must\u2014If\n            England will not Germany Holland France &c\u2014will\u2014this Commerce is even more\n            necessary to your Colonies\u2014than it is to us, and the Present Policy is Sowing the seeds\n            of disquiet and discontent in the Minds of your Colonies that will alienate them all if\n            persisted in. this Uneasiness has already broke out in Barbados into Violence which\n            occasioned the Troops to fire upon the People by which a Number were Killed, as the\n            Public Prints inform us, and it will increase from day to Day. the 5thof March 1770 ought to be an eternal Warning to this Nation\n            on that Night the foundation of American Independance was laid I have the Honour to\n            agree perfectly with you in opinion that England might receive more benefit from a\n            liberal Commerce with America, than She would if We had remained under her Government.\n            and I may be permitted to say, that having been from 1774 to this day either in Congress\n            or in her Service Abroad I have been fully acquainted with every Step and Motive of her\n            Conduct towards the Powers of Europe, and it has been her Constant Rule to conceed no\n            Preferences to France or any other Nation, that She might be at Liberty to Settle a\n            Commercial Plan with England upon the Fairest Terms. little did She expect or foresee\n            that England would refuse the favours intended her\u2014I must say the Ministry appear to\n            have no idea of the Principles on which Congress have acted. The consequence must be\n            that the Trade of America must Leave this Country and go to her rivals\u2014the Ministry and\n            the Nation too, seem to Consider the United States as a Rival: and we know very well\n            What in English Lexicography, is the meaning of the Word Rival. it is an Ennemy to be\n            beat down by every means. but it may be depended on that if the United States are\n            treated in this manner, they will make Common cause with the other rivals of British\n            Commerce which at this day are almost as numerous as the Nations of Europe\u2014\n          It is the Earnest desire of the United States to live in friendship\n            with this Country, and to have no other Contention, but in reciprocal good offices. it\n            seems to be your opinion that the People of England have the same disposition. I beg you\n            to explain yourself on this Head, as I must confess I have not met with any\n            symptoms of it excepting in a few a very few Individuals. much fewer than I expected\n            when I first arrived here. to What purpose is the universal Industry to represent the\n            Commerce of the United States as of no Importance\u2014Where would have been the Stocks\u2014the\n            Exchange and the revinue of this Country without it? there has been a Constant stream of\n            Produce Cash and Bills flowing into this Country Since the Peace from the U\n            S\u2014Remittances to an immence amount have been made and even a large Sum through France\n            Spain Portugal and Holland, which has contributed in no Small degree to turn the\n            Ballance of Exchange so much in your favour as well as to throw a surplus into the\n            Exchequer, and raise the stocks. and these Remittances might have been nearly doubled if\n            Common sense had dictated the British Policians to receive from us in Payment such\n            things as we have.\n          The Americans are at this day a great People and are not to be\n            triffled with their Numbers have increased fifty per Cent Since 1774. a People that can\n            Multiply at this rate amidst all the Calamities of such a War of Eight years, will in\n            twenty years more be too respectable to want Friends. they might sell their friendship\n            at this time at a very high Price to others however lightly it may be Esteemed here\n          I have the Misfortune to differ widely from your opinion in the\n            address that the \u201cIndependance of America happened a Century too soon\u201d it would be easy\n            to Shew that it happened at the best point of time. there is no imaginable Period past\n            or future, at which it could have been brought into Event to so much Advantage for\n            America but this would lead me too far. the Information you may have received concerning\n            the Confusions Distresses &c of the U.S. are of a piece with those\n            misrepresentations which have constantly misguided this Nation for five and twenty years\n            The Inconveniences now felt are confined to those who have been deceived into an Excess\n            of Trade with this Country, by Expectations which have been disappointed that the Usual\n            Remittances would have been received; and have arrisen from a desire to Live and Trade\n            in friendship with England. The Country in General is in a thriving and flourishing\n            Condition and this Country alone will finally be the sufferer by the Impediments they\n            have thrown in the Way of their own Interest\n          you will perceive Sir that I have written too freely and too\n            largely. in my Situation it may be imprudent. But the subject is of Great Importance and\n            deserves your closest attention. you will Greatly Oblige me by Communicating your\n            Sentiments with equal Frankness\n          With Great Esteem I have the Honour to be / yours &c", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0546", "content": "Title: Richard Price to John Adams, 2 Mar. 1786\nFrom: Price, Richard\nTo: Adams, John\n              Newington-Green\n          I have been wishing to call upon you all this week, but the weather\n            has been so discouraging as not to Suffer me to go much from home. I have communicated\n            your request to the Gentlemen who manage the affairs of the meeting at Hackney. They\n            agree with me in thinking the Society much honoured by your attendance; and they have\n            directed me to inform you that, as the pew lately made is a permanent improvemt: of the meeting-house, they do not chuse to let you bear any\n            part of the expence.\n          Their usual expences are a quarterly collection at the\n            door towards paying Clerk, pew-openers, repairs &c. to which all Sums are given\n            from Shillings to five Shillings, and I believe, Sometimes half guineas; and a half-yearlySubscription for the ministers payable at\n            Lady-day and Michaelmas to which all Sums are given from half-guineas to three guineas\n            half-yearly; and two heads of families give one of them five guineas and the other Six\n            guineas half-yearly, but the last of these is the master of a School that\n            takes up the lower part of the meeting.\n          I am ashamed to mention these particulars to you; but I do it in\n            compliance with your desire. Deliver my kind respects to Mrs\n            Adams and Miss Adams. Wishing them and you all possible happiness I am, Dear Sir, with\n            particular respect and affection, /Your very obedt: and\n            humble Servt:\n            I received a letter last night from M Robinson in wch: he tells me that he has writ to you\u2014[. . . ] Deliver my\n              respectful remembrances to Colo Smith when you See", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0548", "content": "Title: John Adams to David Humphreys, 4 Mar. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Humphreys, David\n          I wrote you a few days agone, and least that Letter Should miscarry\n            I write again to beg of you to procure a Passage in the April Packett from L\u2019orient for\n            a Gentleman and Lady to New York. They will have only one Maid servant.\n          yours affectionately", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0549", "content": "Title: John Adams to John Jay, 4 Mar. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\n              Grosvenor Square\n          I have the Honour to inclose to you ,Copies of the Secretary of\n            States answer, dated the 28 of February, to the Memorial dated the 30th. of November and presented to him on the 8th of December last, and of a State of Grievances of British\n            Merchants and others. I Shall make no Reply, to his Lordship untill I receive the orders\n            of Congress.\n          With great Respect, I have the / Honour to be, Sir your most /\n            obedient and most humble / Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0550", "content": "Title: John Adams to Mathew Robinson Jr., 4 Mar. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Robinson, Mathew, Jr.\n              Grosvenor Square\n          Among all the Pamphlets which have been written Since the Peace I\n            cannot recollect One, before the Address to the Landed Interest &c\u2014which did not\n            appear to me to be written with an express Intention to deceive the Nation by concealing\n            Some real danger or holding out Some false hope, in order to recommend One Candidate for\n            the Ministry, or Surpress another. You will not be Surprized at the Impression it has\n            made upon me, when I Confess to you, that though I admire the Candour & Wisdom\n            which appear in it, in General. I am extreamely hurt by certain Passages\n            which relate to my own Country\n          If it is a fact that the Sciences arose in the East and have\n            travelled Westward, this was probably a mere accident not arising from any necessary\n            cause in Nature; and ought not to discourage the Friends of human Improvements from\n            indeavouring to Propogate them Northward, and Southward, and Eastward, too as well as\n            Westward. Those whose Minds were turned lately to America, by Such an Idea only\u2014may be\n            as easily diverted from it: But he who Considers a vast Continent unpeopled, with Every\n            advantage of Clymate, Soil, and Situation, for the Accommodation of human Life and the\n            Enjoyment of Liberty, Arts, Sciences and Commerce; where Despotism and Superstition have\n            not yet established their Thrones, if he has any degree of Philanthropy or Philosophy\n            will be anxious that Virtue may be there preserved and no Improper Principles or\n            Education Introduced\n          That Independance was neither sought nor desired, but was forced\n            upon America is very true. She was happy in her Liberty and desired no more. She was not\n            yet Smitten with the Charms of Ambition and Avarice enough to think of Wading in Blood\n            to Obtain them there is nevertheless with Submission, neither \u201cSense nor Reason\u201d in the\n            Saying that Independance has come too soon by a Century on that Country. In a Century,\n            according to Every Principle of Population there will be an Hundred Millions of free\n            Inhabitants, a Number that upon Such a Revolution must have crumbled into twenty\n            different Nations and it would have Cost every two or three of them as long a War to\n            have Settled the disputes amongst them as it has to Seperate them from Great Britain\u2014In\n            Such a case they would have been Infinitely more perplexed and Embarrassed, than they\n            are Now. Such Enormous Masses of Mankind are not to be managed. What is Still worse\n            British Governments would in twenty Years more have introduced Manners and Habits which\n            would have been incureable and a revolution after that Period would have only\n            Substituted One System of Vice Folly and Tyranny for another, the appearances of\n            Perplexity and Embarrassment to which you allude arise from Causes which are not known\n            and would not be beleived in this Country\u2014 The first is a Preference of Liberty to\n            Commerce, the 2d\n            Second is an aversion to hurt the Commerce Revenue and the Power of Great\n            Britain.\u2014they know the nature of a Free Government too well to give an unlimited\n            Sovereignty to a Body constituted as Congress is. they are justly apprehensive that\n            Aristocracies or Still worse Governments would Grow out of it. Unlimited Powers to that\n            Senate would Soon remove the Difficulties from their Commerce: But enjoying every\n            necessary and Comfort of Life from their Agriculture, they had rather their Commerce\n            Should Labour, than their Liberty be endangered.\u2014All their difficulties Arise from the\n            mistaken Policy of G\u2013Britain. these might easily be removed by Measures of Retaliation\n            and by transfering their Trade from England to France Germany and other Nations of\n            Europe. they are loth to do this with out an apparent necessity, Time may improve the\n            Confederation as well as the Seperate Constitutions, but there is as much order at\n            Present as in any Country I know: and Why Should they Hazard the Principles of Liberty\n            from an Impatience to Grow Suddenly Rich\u2014?\n          You are apprehensive that they may find it difficult to discharge\n            or Support their Debt. it would be easy to demonstrate that they are able to discharge\n            the last farthing of it in ten Years. Principle and Interest. Nay from the best\n            Information from all the Principle States, and from the Measures already taken and now\n            taking there is not a doubt but that it will be done.\u2014and what a Phenomenon will that\n            People be without a Debt and almost without a Tax,\u2014for the Charges of Government are not\n            in that Country as they are in this\n          you ask Whether the Dependance & Friendship of the 13\n            states, are not turnd into a violent Enmity and Aversion!\u2014I answer with the Utmost\n            Sincerity they are not.\u2014On the Contrary it is the ardent Wish of that Country to Live in\n            Friendship with this. and they have a Great Reluctance to entering into Closer\n            Connections Commercial or Political with France Spain & Holland, because they do\n            not wish to See England humbled and depressed in the manner they know She must be. if\n            they Should take a part against her. they will try to persuade this Country to see and\n            Pursue her own Interests: But if neither they nor you can open her eyes, they will as\n            they ought to look out for themselvs and it is in their Power to take such measures for\n            encouraging their own Manufactures and Navigation, and to Enter into Such Commercial\n            Treaties with other Powers, as would never be recovered by G\u2013B\u2014Leaving all Political\n            Arrangements out of the Question\n          My Fellow Citizens, since the Peace\u2014desirious of Enjoying its\n            Blessings in tranquility have made but little Noise at home or abroad after so long an\n            Exertion they had need of repose. their time and thoughts have been employed in\n            repairing the Ravages of War, and I have the pleasure to assure you from the best\n            Authorities, that their Labours have had such success as to have repaired and rebuilt\n            their Burnt Towns in a more commodious and Beautifull manner than before their\n            destruction, repaird their Fences, and replaced their Stocks upon their Plantations,\n            revived their Fisheries and their Manufactures of Pot Ash\u2014pursued the Commerce in\n            Peltries, and in various other Ways reestablished the Conveniences of Life at the same\n            time that they have been able to remit to England immense quantities of the Produce of\n            their Agriculture. that Industry which for three years past has been exerted in\n            reparation will in future be employed in Production, and the Exports will Increase with\n            a rapidity beyond the expectations of Europe.\n          I shall not Controvert your Applauses of Ireland: but it should be\n            remembered that Irish Liberty as well as Dutch Liberty has been purchased with American\n            Blood and that Whatever She has done resembling What is delivered down to Us of Ancient\n            Greece and Rome, she Learnd from American Precept and Example. I respect and Esteem\n            Ireland as much as any Friend She has: but I will venture to Say that She will no longer\n            be usefull to England if America is made hostile. America has and must have from various\n            Causes great Influence in Ireland and Holland, and England may depend upon the Enmity of\n            the Latter and cannot depend upon the friendship of the former\u2014if America Should be\n            driven into the defensive Alliance of France Spain and Holland. there is Indeed a new\n            order of things arisen in the World, Which British Statesmen do not Comprehend. they\n            turn their Eyes willfully from it: but twenty years time will force it upon their\n            Observation and their Feelings\u2014if it is not attended to now, the British Empire never\n            saw a more critical moment than this\u2014Salvation I beleive to be now in her Power, but if\n            neglected only two years, it will be lost in my opinion forever\u2014\n          The two preceeding Sheets I had written on the 4th of this Month and delayed to proceed till I should have\n            your answer to my Letter of the 2d.\u2014this Morning Mr Partridge called upon me with your favour of the 18th full of the Wisest sentiments Your Letters to me will never\n            be too long, I will take an early opportunity to answer this more Particularly\u2014the\n            Removeall of every Obstacle to a sincere and Lasting Friendship between England and\n            America is the only public measure which according to my feeble Sight; is\n            necessary to the lasting Peace, Liberty and Safety of my Country and which consequently\n            engrosses my attention. I can Say with truth and Sincerity that it will not be the fault\n            of me or my Constituents if it is not accomplished\n          I am Sir with Great Esteem\u2014 / yours &c &c\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0551", "content": "Title: David Humphreys to John Adams, 5 Mar. 1786\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Adams, John\n          Colonel Smith has been so good as to take charge of a printed copy\n            of Mr Dwight\u2019s Poem and a letter from that gentleman to your\n            Excellency, which I found at my return from London had been forwarded under cover to me.\n            He is also the bearer of a manuscript copy of Mr Barlow\u2019s\n            Vision of Columbus together with letters from the Author and our friend Mr Trumbull on the subject of its publication.\n          As you are placed in the enviable situation of being considered as\n            the Mec\u00e6nas of America and as I have often heard you express your wishes that the Poems\n            in question might be published; I find it unnecessary for me to say what might otherwise\n            have been proper with respect to these performances & the Authors of them.\n            Indeed the Public, as well as your Excellency, is already in posession of my opinion of\n            their poetical abilities: but I cannot conceal my anxiety that their works may be\n            ushered into the old world under as favourable auspices as the circumstances will\n            permit. The success or failure will operate powerfully in stimulating or extinguishing\n            the future efforts of genius in America.\n          While writing the above, I am honoured with the receipt of your\n            letter of the 27th Ulto. and\n            will tomorrow make effectual arrangements for securing a passage in the April Packet for\n            a Gentleman, Lady & Servt agreeably to your\n            instructions.\n          With my best Complts to the Ladies / I\n            have the honor to be Yr Excellencys / sincere friend\n            & / most devoted servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0552", "content": "Title: Philip Mazzei to John Adams, 5 Mar. 1786\nFrom: Mazzei, Philip\nTo: Adams, John\n          I return you my sincere thanks, Sir, for the petition from the City\n            of Bristol in 1775, which I have found here on my return from Holland in the letter you\n            did me the honor to write me the 29th. of December. It will\n            be of great service to prove, that the conduct of our Countrimen has been & is\n            continually misrepresented. The petition, memorial, or address to the King, or some body\n            else from the Merchants of London, would answer the same end, & as far as I\n            remember still better. Therefore I hope you will not spare some trouble to find it, as\n            you are so good as to say in your said letter. In my performance I have endeavoured to\n            offer to the Public a striking contrast between the well reasoned & true\n            patriotism of our People, & the vain enthusiasm of the Romans. I want anecdotes,\n            & have put several noble fellows under contribution for that purpose. Our good\n            friend Col. Smith (the bearer of this) a gentleman for whom I feel a great regard\n            & friendship, as I always reckon from the merit & never from the date of\n            an acquaintance, has favoured me with some. Marquis de la Fayette has done the same,\n            & has promised me more. My dear Sir, will you suffer to be put under\n            contribution too? I Know that you have it greatly in your power to supply me with many\n            very interesting ones. For such things I am in want of I beg leave to refer you to Col.\n            Smith, who will be able to inform you better than I could myself,\n            particularly as I find that the older I grow the worse I write in this language. The\n            high esteem & great attachment I find with pleasure the bearer has for you,\n            encourages me to take such liberty without making an apology for it. Pray, present my\n            respectful compliments to one of the most valuable & amiable women on earth, I\n            mean Mrs. Adams, whose merit I shall not be satisfied to\n            Know only from the testimony of others, as soon as she becomes inhabitant of\n              another part of the globe. Beleave me most respectfully, / Dear Sir, / Your\n            Excellency\u2019s most humble / & most Obedient Servant\n              Philip Mazzei", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0553", "content": "Title: John Lamb to John Adams, 7 Mar. 1786\nFrom: Lamb, John\nTo: Adams, John\n          I hereby wish to apprise your Excellency of my Draught of this Date\n            for \u00a3200 sg in favor of Messr Etienne Drouilhet &\n              Co. of Madrid recommended to me by Mr Carmichael.\u2014I have nothing material to communicate at present except being\n            upon the Point of Embarkation.\n          Double Usance / No. 4\u2014\n          I Have the Honor to be / with proper Respect / Your Excellencys /", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0554", "content": "Title: the Board of Treasury to John Adams, 7 Mar. 1786\nFrom: Board of Treasury\nTo: Adams, John\n              Board of Treasury\n          We do ourselves the honor of transmitting to you the Resolves of\n            Congress of the 15th. Day of February last, from which you\n            will observe the embarrassments under which the United States labor to comply with their\n            Foreign Engagements through the want of Exertions in the several States to Pay in their\n            Quotas of the Annual Requisitions.\u2014The present State of the Treasury is in consequence\n            so reduced that we are apprehensive it may not perhaps be in our power to Remit to the\n            Commissioners of the Dutch Loans in Europe sufficient Funds in season to discharge the\n            whole Interest which will become due on the Dutch Loans on the First day of June next if\n            the Sum of Eighty thousand Dollars, which has been appropriated by the Resolves of\n            Congress of the 15th. February 1785, for the purpose of\n            Forming Treaties with the Barbary Powers should be drawn out of the hands of the Dutch\n            Commissioners before that day.\u2014We are using our endeavours to make Arrangements so that\n            our Remittances may arrive in season; but as they may be prevented by some casualty from\n            coming to hand by the first of next June, it becomes our duty to request the favor of\n            you to avoid (if it possibly can be done) drawing out of the hands of the Dutch\n            Commissioners, the Monies appropriated for the purpose of making Treaties with the\n            Barbary Powers, before the first of June next, and to direct it (if our Remittances\n            should not arrive in Season) to be appropriated for the payment of the June\n          You may rest assured, Sir, that every exertion will be made by this\n            Board that the Remittances may arrive in season without placing any dependence on this\n            resource; and that at all events the Sum of Seventy thousand Dollars, shall be Remitted\n            to the Dutch Commissioners on or before the first Day of August next to wait your\n          To your Excellency who knows so well the importance of preserving\n            the Publick Faith with Foreign Nations, and particularly with the Dutch Money Lenders,\n            it would be unnecessary to use any Arguments to shew the propriety of our Application on\n            this Subject.\u2014We are satisfied that if the State of the Negotiations will possibly admit\n            of it, that you will permit this Money to remain for the purposes we have\n          On examining the Abstract of the Distribution of the Obligations on\n            the Five Million Loan to the 30h. September last, we find\n            that there remained Undistributed on that Day One hundred and thirty eight Obligations,\n            equal to 138,000 Florins. It is much to be wished that this Loan may be completed with\n            all the dispatch possible: Without it we have too much reason to fear we shall\n            experience difficulties in remitting sufficient Sums to Europe to Pay the Interest of\n            the Foreign Loans, and the Salaries of the Foreign Ministers and Agents during the\n            present Year.\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0556", "content": "Title: John Lamb to John Adams, 8 Mar. 1786\nFrom: Lamb, John\nTo: Adams, John\n          Your Excellency is hereby advised of my second Draught from hence\n            in favor of Messrs: Etienne Drouilhet & Co. of Madrid Bankers\u2014for \u00a3300 Stg. of this date, double\n            Usance.\u2014We sail with the first fair Weather to my last plan of Destination.\u2014\n          With due Deference / I am your Excellency\u2019s / humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0557", "content": "Title: John Adams to Benjamin Goodhue, 10 Mar. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Goodhue, Benjamin\n              Grosvenor Square Westminster\n          Your kind Letter of 20 Decr. has much\n            obliged me. The accurate States of the Mackarel, Cod and Whale Fisheries are very\n            valuable Pieces of Information, and as long as I shall Stay in Europe I shall be happy\n            to learn from you, from time to time the Progress of these valuable Branches of\n            Commerce, and of all others in which our Country is interested.\n          We have Such Advantages over France & England both in our\n            Situation, So near the Fishing Ground, and in Superiour skill, or brighter Skies, for\n            curing the Fish; that We have it in our Power, to monopolize this Fishery by\n            underselling all Competitors, at the Marketts of Spain Portugal and Italy. The Chevalier\n            De Pinto, the Portuguese Ambassador at this Court has Said to me Several times that We\n            have nothing to fear from the Rivalry of the English or French, for that our Fish was of\n            a quality, so Superiour to theirs, that We should always have the Preference in the\n            Lisbon Market, and command a superiour Price. To make the greatest Advantage of it, We\n            must have Peace with the States of Barbary.\u2014 \u2014This will cost Us two hundred Thousand\n            Pounds Sterling at once. for that Sum I believe a perpetual Peace may be made with\n            Morocco Algiers Tunis & Tripoli. dont let our People deceive themselves, with\n            notions of obtaining it at a cheaper rate, or of fighting the Powers, or of carrying on\n            their Commerce amidst a War with them. it will cost the Massachusetts alone, in\n            Insurance, and Loss of Trade more Money every Year. The first Thing to be done is to\n            convince Congress of the Necessity of giving as much Money, as will buy the Peace. the\n            next is to get the Money. This I hope might be had in Holland.\n          Mr Nat. Barrett will convince you that\n            a profitable Markett may be had in France for your Oil.\u2014I am sorry, that the Bounty\n            given by the General Court upon Oil is not larger. I would make it \u00a318:3s a Ton, the\n            exact amount of the Alien Duty, and would in the same Act lay on Duties upon British\n            Merchandizes the least necessary, and appropriate them expressly to the Payment of the\n            Bounty, as long as the Alien Duty should be continued in England.\n          Our People must consider more and more the Efficacy of Bounties and\n            Duties cooperating together, and must not be Sparing of them, when the support of\n            Interests so important demand them. the English pay annually an hundred Thousand Pounds\n            Sterling in Bounties to their Greenland Whalemen. Every Seaman in that Fishery costs\n            them thirteen Pounds sterling a Year.\u2014the Same Bounties are given as I suppose to the\n            Adventurers in the Sperma Cati Fishery, with an Additional Bounty of 500\u00a3 to the ship\n            which makes the greatest Voyage 400 to the 2d. 300 to the\n          The New England Fishermen, aided by much smaller Bounties from\n            their Legislators, will find no difficulty in worming the English out of this\n          Our Oil as well as Fish is acknowledged to be better than that of\n            the English French or Dutch. This is a great Advantage. The State Should not hesitate at\n            any Exertion or Expence, to support their Fishers, in a critical Moment, when a Blow is\n            manifestly aimed at their Existence by a Rival.\n          *Navigation Acts must and will be made by all the thirteen States.\n            Those who have already made them will I hope persevere with Constancy, and\n            never cease to perswade the others till they all come in. The Southern States must come\n            in. without this they will not be able to procure ships to export their own Produce. The\n            English while they, refuse to purchase our newly built ships cannot furnish them.\n          But the War with Barbary is the most essential Thing, to be now\n            attended to. This hurts our Fisheries, ruins our carrying Trade and universally damps\n            all our Commerce. at all Events We must have Treaties with those Powers. The English\n            will only be worse and worse till this is done. I am sir / with great Respect your most\n            obedient / and obliged humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0558", "content": "Title: Resolution of the Society for Constitutional Information, 10 Mar. 1786\nFrom: Brocklesly, Richard\nTo: \n          At a Meeting of the Society for Constitutional Information, held on\n            Friday the 10th. March 1786\n          Resolved Unanimously\n          That the Thanks of this Society be given to His Excellency John\n            Adams Esqr. Envoy and Minister plenipotentiary from the\n            United States of America to the Court of Great Britain, for the Affectionate Mark of\n            respect shewn by him to the Memory of their late Member, that real patriot and\n            distinguished Assertor of the rights of Mankind, Doctor John Jebb, by Attending the\n            voluntary Procession at his Funeral on Thursday last.\n              Richard Brocklesly", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0560", "content": "Title: Mathew Robinson Jr. to John Adams, 17 Mar. 1786\nFrom: Robinson, Mathew, Jr.\nTo: Adams, John\n              Horton near Hythe Kent\n          I am much honor\u2019d with your letter of 2d March and have read with great pleasure the favorable circumstances contain\u2019d\n            in it respecting the English.\n          Nothing but a fatal infatuation somewhere can in all appearance\n            prevent the reception of the plan mention\u2019d by you for a mutual commerce between England\n            and America. It seems a likely means to delay and defer a little longer our evil day. I\n            am also perswaded that it would be most acceptable to our people and nation; the\n            generality of whom appear to me perfectly disposed to consider the Americans as brethren\n            and countrymen; that is to say, as one part of that great body of English, Irish,\n            Scotch, West-Indians or however they may in their different situations be called; who\n            form our intire, national family: They would be pleas\u2019d to see them here, as\n            Merchants or as resident and united in our common franchises. It would be their true and\n            great interest and there seems no reason to doubt; but they are sensible of it: The\n            former violences and present impediments assuredly have not arisen from them; but I must\n            repeat, that we are only as a flock of Sheep in our country. Our political\n            mischiefs fall first and heaviest upon us at home; who are nearest to the consequences,\n            pay the expence and bear the burthens of them: Where is then the wonder; if\n            that we cannot prevent their effects from others, when we are unable to do it\n            from ourselves? If these most salutary and desirable measures therefore do not take\n            place or if any contrary proceedings obtain; it is not owing to the body of our people;\n            but the cause or causes must be looked for elsewhere: If there is any pique or prejudice\n            respecting the Americans; it exists in some other quarter. I dont however know; how far\n            I am at liberty to speak more minutely on this subject; but it is perhaps impossible\n            rightly to explain or understand our national state without distinguishing between the\n            people and the government or governors of England: This seems the only means to clear up\n            the apparent contradictions between our interest or inclinations and our conduct. I do\n            myself perhaps believe; that we are concerning the American commerce, as well as in\n            other respects running the direct road of our ruin.\n          There is likewise in our Merchants from an opinion of their\n            immediate, personal advantage and in some others induced by their authority or by their\n            own situation certainly a predilection towards a confin\u2019d system of commerce; whether\n            with regard to America or our West-Indian Islands or in any other case; where it can be\n            got into exclusive hands; but you will best judge if the discourse of those may be\n            tinctured by such means, whom you mention to have conversed with. I am for my own part\n            in the belief; that mankind will one day or other arrive to a great degree of perfection\n            in political government; although hardly during your time and mine: I assure\n              you however; that I do not conceive; that this will proceed from the\n            prevalence of public spirit, but from our becoming in general more enlighten\u2019d and\n            informed concerning our private interest; which will then be better understood to\n            coincide with that of the Public, a part of learning towards which we seem as yet to\n            have made very little progress.\n          Respecting the time of American independence; it has very long and\n            many years before the late war been my settled opinion; that our debt always increaing\n            and never in any correspondent degree diminishing must a little sooner or later and in\n            some shape or other unavoidably prove our ruin. It was in fact the want of money; which\n            set our ministers on the fatal measure of taxing America; but had our rulers not been so\n            hasty and our dissolution come by some other means; your provinces would in that case\n            have probably fallen off like ripe fruit from the parent stock without a civil war and\n            without a debt; which circumstance may now perhaps happen to some other of our\n            dependences. This used to be my humble conception concerning the likely and convenient\n            \u00e6ra of your infranchisement; but you will laugh; if I tell you how I came by the\n            expression of a century too soon; which is not mention\u2019d\n            in the pamphlet, as immediately my own. I had heard it reported in company (although I\n            dont exactly recollect where or when; but I think during your stay in Holland) that you\n            had used such a saying. It is now evident; how idle the story was; but I did not then\n            know the falsehood of it and it was what I refer\u2019d to in my own thoughts.\n          I have already detain\u2019d you with a very long letter; but the spirit\n            nevertheless moves me with your leave to babble a little about American Politics; I mean\n            according to my present opinions and information. If I had the honor to be an American,\n            I should be exceedingly desirous of a trade, an importation and exportation totally free\n            to and from the whole world without Customs or Custom- House Officers and without any\n            preference or difference between one nation and another. I should think this the means\n            to have the greatest number of purchasers come to buy our own produce and the greatest\n            variety of foreign merchandise offer\u2019d for our money. I dont know; that I should be very\n            greedy after a great, immediate navigation; I dont mean, that I might not\n            wish it; but I would not endeavour to force it by prohibitions on others or bounties to\n            ourselves: Liberty, property, harbours and an extensive coast will infallibly bring it\n            in its due time and it is perhaps not best; that it should be hastened before or until\n            other matters are prepared; if we could comprehend the whole combination of the case.\n            Nature well knows how to proceed by due degrees; if she is neither press\u2019d on one hand\n            nor impeded on the other. The inhabitants of an Island run at every step into the sea;\n            but the Americans are at present surely called towards their immense, unpeopled and\n            unoccupied continent\u2014I would defend my country by a general, voluntary Militia under\n            their own Officers, like that lately in Ireland, but without a formal uniform or any\n            expensive establishment: They might be better prepar\u2019d on any particular occasion. It is\n            not likely that many nations would in such a situation desire to disturb or quarrel with\n            you. How do the petty States of Barbary with only a few frigates impose tribute on all\n            the most rich and most powerful, whether Military or Maritime Nations of Europe; by\n            having themselves no Merchant Vessels or distant dominions to defend?\u2014No consideration\n            should induce me to meddle in European Politic\u2019s or squabbles. Our Princes and Courts\n            cannot sleep in their beds for contriving means to murder mankind; they do not know why\n            or wherefore; although they may perhaps be better disposed to rest in peace; now that\n            England has no more money left, with which to set them together by the ears and to pay\n            both parties by turns.\u2014You might in all appearance enjoy by these means peace, plenty\n            and happiness and what have men to desire more? Riches and all their consequences would\n            certainly come in their season and when you were arrived at a proper period to receive\n            them. No age or stage of a nation is commonly more honor\u2019d in history and by posterity,\n            than its virtuous beginnings. It is perhaps as unfit for a State suddenly to start into\n            maturity; as it would be for an human creature; if he was immediately born into manhood\n            without being previously trained and educated to that condition\u2014A debt however (one of\n            the worst among national Evils) may perhaps stand in the way of such fine fancies; If\n            any part of which is owing to those who personally stood in the gap and saved by\n            Military services their country in the moment of distress; they certainly ought to be\n            most fully satisfied; though all the rest of America were forced to go barefoot for the\n            doing of it; but for states and governments, whose motives may have been more\n            problematical or equivocal and who would perhaps have bought the event at a much higher\n            price without hopes of return, they stand on different ground: They should be paid; if\n            it is practicable, but who can perform impossibilities? They may and ought to wait\n            contented; until time shall introduce a greater plenty of gold and silver and more means\n            of payment. I dont know whether these things may at first sight seem a loose, national\n            morality: They are nevertheless not so meant: There is however now no room for that\n            discussion; but they are founded on the welfare of the whole and the great principle of\n            the Public Good. These are at least some sentiments of an ignorant Englishman concerning\n            the trade and state of America not offer\u2019d (I assure you) for the consideration of one;\n            who knows so much better the subject, but thrown out meerly for your and (let me add)\n            his own amusement.\n          I most earnestly desire in the mean time and nevertheless the very\n            nearest connection and communion between our two countries whether in Politics, in\n            foreign trade and navigation or in domestic privileges, rights and franchises; Who have\n            the honor to be with great respect / Sir, / Your Most Obedient / and Humble Servant\n            P.S. I intend to trouble you with no more such long letters, but\n              you may suppose a mischance of some sort or other to have happened; if you do not\n              receive from me some answer to any favor of yours. My neighbour Mr. Partridge is going to London; who some times assists me,\n              either as a steward or an Amanuensis and whom I shall make the bearer of this.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0564", "content": "Title: John Adams to C. & R. Puller, 24 Mar. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Puller, C. & R.\n              Grosvenor Square\n          on the 11. March I accepted a Bill of Mr Barclay in favour of the order of Mr Grand, for\n            one hundred Pounds Sterling at 30 days Sight. 1st. of the\n            sett. marked Letter A. not numbered. dated Bayonne.\n          N.B. This 24. March I drew an order on you for two hundred Pounds\n            sterling in favour of Coll Smith to be charged to Messrs.\n            Willinks & Vanstaphorst and by them to the U. States as part of his Salary as\n            Secretary of Legation.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0565", "content": "Title: John Adams to Wilhem & Jan Willink and Nicolaas & Jacob Van Staphorst, 24 Mar. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Van Staphorst, Jacob,Van Staphorst, Nicholas,Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan\n              Grosvenor Square\n          inclosed is a Letter from the Board of Treasury, which I am to\n            transmit to you.\n          on the 20. Feb. I drew an order for fifty Guineas in favour of Coll\n            Smith to bear his Expences to and from Paris, on the public Service of the United\n          on march 11. I accepted a Bill of Mr\n            Barclay in favour of the order of Mr Grand for one hundred\n            Pounds Sterling at 30 days Sight. 1st. of the sett. marked\n            Letter A. not numbered. dated Bayonne.\n          N.B. This 24 March I drew an order on Messrs Puller for two hundred Pounds Sterling in favour of Coll Smith to be charged\n            to the U States as part of his Salary as secretary", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0567", "content": "Title: John Adams to James Bowdoin, 24 Mar. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Bowdoin, James\n              Grosvenor Square\n          I do myself the honour of inclosing a few Extracts of Letters\n            written in 1783 to Mr Livingstone, which it is to be\n            presumed were laid before Congress: but I have not heard that the Plan Suggested in them\n            of purchasing raw Sugars in France, Spain and Portugal, to be refined in Boston, New\n            York and Philadelphia for Exportation to Russia, Germany & Italy, has been ever\n            attempted, untill this Winter by Mr Thomas Boylston. Upon\n            the Arrival of a Cargo of Oil in the Thames he resolved instead of paying the Alien\n            Duty, to embark on board of the Vessell and carry it abroad. He arrived in Ostend,\n            unloaded the ship, Seperated the Sperma C\u00e6ti from the Oil, and went with both to Havre\n            de Grace and thence to Rouen. He had Letters from me to Rouen & to Paris,\n            particularly to Mr Jefferson, the Marquis de la Fayette\n            & Messrs Le Couteule. with Some difficulty they got\n            the Duties somewhat reduced, and with his Sagacity, Activity and Perseverance, he got\n            the better of those Devices which are too frequent in Trade in that Country, sold his\n            Oil for a good Price, bought a Quantity of raw sugars which cost him Six or seven\n            hundred Guineas more than the Proceeds of his Oil, and sent the Head matter and sugars,\n            to Boston. No other Man at his Age, would have undertaken So much fatigue Risque\n            & Vexation: and I much question whether Delays and Charges and Leakage\n            considered, his Profits have been very great. but A Beginning is made and an Example\n            sett. If We can make Remittances to Russia in this manner, it will be a Resource. It\n            well deserves the Consideration of the state of Massachusetts, whether any Encouragement\n            can be given by Bounties or Drawbacks of Duties upon Sugars thus imported\n            from Europe. a Markett in this Way may Surely be found for all your Oil. Mr Boylston has certainly rendered a considerable service to\n            his native Country, by applying his Capital, his Talents and Industry in this\n          With great Respect I have the Honour to be Sir, your Excellencys\n            most obedient & most / humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0571", "content": "Title: Timothy Dwight to John Adams, 31 Mar. 1786\nFrom: Dwight, Timothy\nTo: Adams, John\n              May it please your Excellency,\n          This letter accompanies to you the Conquest of Canaan. It is the\n            wish of the writer, that this poem may be published in England. For the accomplishment\n            of this design, he becomes a suitor to your Excellency, for such assistance as may be\n            necessary.\n          As an apology for this application, he could allege, that it was\n            recommended to him by Col Wadsworth, who indeed offered him a letter of recommendation\n            on the subject, that he has heard, from good authority, that your Excellency has invited\n            an application of the same nature from Mr Trumbull,\n            & expressed your wishes to see attempts of this kind made by your countrymen;\n            that your Excellency is known to be generously partial to every effort of real genius\n            made in America; that he has not a friend in England, to whom a design of this nature\n            might be addressed; & that literary merit forms a species of claim, from\n            necessity, to the fostering influence of eminent personages. But he is fearful that all\n            these reasons would form an insufficient excuse. His genius & literary merit, he\n            is aware, are at best but questionable. Perhaps the perusal even of a small part of this\n            poem may reduce them below that standard, in your Excellency\u2019s opinion. Should this\n            unfortunately prove the event, he can only console himself with reflecting that the\n            trial of his talents has been innocently made; & has only to request of your\n            Excellency that this applicaton may be concealed from all men.\n          If your Excellency should judge the work deserving of the public\n            Eye, & not unworthy of that degree & kind of assistance, which may be\n            necessary to introduce it, the writer hopes he shall not be guilty of impertinence in\n            solliciting, that, if it can conveniently be accomplished, the publication may be made\n            of pecuniary advantage to himself. He is sensible that, as the book is already published\n            in America, any printer can obtain a copy; but no printer can obtain a correct one, or\n            one in a reasonable degree correct. This circumstance, he imagines, would have weight\n            with the purchaser, if exhibited in a manner resembling the annexed Advertisement;\n            & might perhaps secure to the printer, who was enabled to avail himself of it,\n            almost an exclusive sale.\n          If this article should by any circumstances be prevented, he would\n            however wish the poem might be published, & that it might be published under\n            such advantages, as might be fairly & easily obtained. But this, & every\n            thing pertaining to the subject, he leaves to your Excellency, & is, with every\n            sentiment of respect, your Excellency\u2019s / very obedient, / & most humble\n              Timothy Dwight.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0573", "content": "Title: John Adams to Edward Augustus Holyoke, 3 Apr. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Holyoke, Edward Augustus\n              Grosvenor Square\n          I now do myself the Honour of inclosing to you, as President of the\n            Medical Society, the original Letters of Monsieur De Lassone Monsieur Geoffroy and\n            Monsieur Vicq D\u2019Azyr Copies of which I Suppose have been before recd.\u2014The Vote of the Royal Society of Medicine in Parliament\n            authenticated by its Officers is also inclosed, and a Journal.\n          I received in due Season your Letter, inclosing a Vote of the\n            Medical Society, both of which do me great honour. I ought to make my Apology for not\n            answering that Letter, and for not transmitting these original Papers, sooner: but many\n            Removals of my Papers and my Family with various Calls of public Service, have been the\n          With my best Respects to the Medical Society / and the most Sincere\n            Wishes for their Pros / perity, I beg Leave to subscribe myself your / most obedient and\n            obliged servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0574", "content": "Title: William Fraser to John Adams, 3 Apr. 1786\nFrom: Fraser, William\nTo: Adams, John\n          Mr. Fraser presents his Compliments to\n              Mr. Adams, and has the Honor to acquaint him that He did\n            not fail to relate to The Marquis of Carmarthen the Conversation He had with him when He\n            last called at the Office. He is directed to inform Mr.\n            Adams that as the Paper which His Lordship received from Him some Time ago was not\n            confined to Commercial Matters only, His Lordship would wish to receive from Mr. Adams & Mr. Jefferson\n            the Project of a Treaty of Commerce containing only such Points as are necessary for\n            that Purpose.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0576", "content": "Title: John Adams to Joel Barlow, 4 Apr. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Barlow, Joel\n              Grosvenor square\n          I am much obliged to you for your favour of December 12th. 1785, and for the oppertunity of reading the vision of\n            Columbus a Poem of very great Merit\u2014as soon as I had read it, I went out with it to my\n            friend Dr. Price at Newington Green, and left it with him,\n            together with your Letter to him\n          The Doctor will do you every service in his Power & I will\n            do what may be in mine.\n          As the English is very little read in any Country of Europe, except\n            England, a Poem in that Language will never, or at least for many years to come make any\n            fortune in any part of the World except England & America,\u2014\n          In French, if it had the same merit it would sell to some degree\n            every where\u2014I hope that you & your friends Dwight, Trumbull and Humphreys will\n            contribute with other causes to make our Language more generally studied\u2014But this must\n            be the work of time\u2014 There is not extant a Poem, written by any Englishman now living;\n            that will bear any Comparison, with the Vision of Columbus, or the Conquest of\n            Canaan\u2014There is indeed no very eminent Poet on the stage\u2014Sherriden, Anstey Mason,\n            Hayley, Day & some others have written some things well. As Day & Hayley\n            have been rather favourable to America, it may be proper to consult one of them\u2014\n          The Dedication to the King of France, will do it honour in that\n            Kingdom but not in this\u2014It is even questionable, whether it would not ruin the sale of\n            it here where alone it can be sold at all, very few Copies will ever be disposed of in\n            france, or any other part of Europe, at least for many years to come. You must consider\n            that the public opinion here is very different from that in America\u2014This Nation is\n            & ever has been profoundly Ignorant of what has happened in America, and all the\n            Channels of information are so stopped up by Influence & Power, that it is\n            utterly impossible to convey the truth to their minds.\n          There are some Expressions in the Vision of Columbus which would be\n            adjudged libellous by any Court & Jury in the Kingdom. And the Attorney General,\n            ex officio would think himself bound to prosecute the Printer & Publisher for\n            Example in what you say of Adams, whether you mean John or Samuel, I know not: but as it\n            is left doubtfull it will be here applyed to me, and as I am the public Minister from\n            the U States here, if I were to be instrumental, or only accessory to the Publication of\n            it for what I know it might produce a Declaration of War. \u201cFrom all the tyrants\n            guileful plotts the Veil he drew\u201d I have taken the liberty to write guileful,\n            instead of Tyrants, a Word that never has been tolerated in England They never dared\n            even to publish the declaration of Independance without gutting it\u2014The Poem must be\n            revised by somebody who will determine what Corrections of this Sort are indispensable\n            for no Printer will run the risk of a Pillory & Imprisonment for the sake of\n            publishing a Poem that notwithstanding its beauty, harmony & Sublimity, too\n            probably will have a dull sale. Neither America nor her Heroes nor her sages, are\n            popular here. Much otherwise\u2014The United States must encourage their own Poets, as well\n            as Warriors\u2014or they will be discouraged\u2014All Europe is too Jealous of both to do this\n          You may depend however upon every thing in my power to do, and when the Poem is\n            printed, I will consult the Imperial Ambassadors here, to Know if a copy may be\n            presented to each of their sovereigns, without offence. I shall be glad at any time to\n            hear from you & am with great esteem / Yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0578", "content": "Title: Thomas Barclay to John Adams, 5 Apr. 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n          I Beg leave to Refer you to the Copy of what I wrote M. Jefferson\n            today, to which I have nothing to Add relative to M. Lamb or Myself. The Accession of\n            this Court to the Treaty with France Holland and Sweden seems highly probable, if a\n            Judgement may be made from several Circumstances taken and Compared together, and the\n            Consequences that are Drawn Here, are, that a Counter Treaty will be Formed by England,\n            with some of the Northern powers\n           I will write you before I leave Madrid, and when I get to Cadiz,\n            In the mean time I remain, Most respectfully Dear Sir Your Most Obed serv.\n              Thos Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0581", "content": "Title: Samuel Partridge to John Adams, 6 Apr. 1786\nFrom: Partridge, Samuel\nTo: Adams, John\n          I Suppose that Before this Comes to your hand, you will Receive\n            some papers from Congress Reletive to goods taken from me And four others by\n            order of Genl. How at the time that he Left this town, which\n            I was indebted for to Lane son And Fraser in London, And it was takeing Away the means\n            of Paying them. And thay Are this day A pushing me for Payment or Security by\n            there Atturneys hear, which will Leave me in disagreable Circumstances, if this Money\n            Cannot Be obtain\u2019d, I am Sensable of your fealings for Such As Exerted themselves in\n            bringing About the grate Event, Of Independance, I have ondly to Request that you will\n            Make our Case your one So far as you Can, And favour Me With A few lines Adviseing of\n            the Reception that our deman[d] Meats with, And you will grately oblige\u2014 / Sr: / Your Most obedd. Hume Sert\n              Saml. Partridge\n            PS. Shall be farther oblgd. of Your\n              Appinon any Matter So far As may be Consistant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0582", "content": "Title: John Jay to John Adams, 7 Apr. 1786\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Adams, John\n          I lately sent you five or six copies of the last Edition of my\n            Pamphlet. I then supposed it to be correct, but have since discovered in it the Errors\n            mentioned in the inclosed note\u2014be pleased to correct it accordingly.\n          we are well tho not officially informed that all the States have\n            granted the Impost to Congress, except new York, in whose Legislature there is a strong\n            Party against it. You will think it strange, and yet so the Fact is that this Party has\n            not a little been cherished by certain Gentlemen of Congress who were here last\n          Your Letters by the last Packet have been recd.\u2013but I defer particulars to a private opportunity which I am told will soon\n          Yours very sincerely\n            Transcription of Cipher\n          In my opinion a categorical answer to your memorial should not be\n            prest without the further order of Congress.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0584", "content": "Title: Mercy Otis Warren to John Adams, 8 Apr. 1786\nFrom: Warren, Mercy Otis\nTo: Adams, John\n          While in the silent watches of the Last night I was Contemplating\n            the Viccissitudes of Life, the Fickleness of Mankind & the Instability of human\n            Friendships\u2014I determined to take up my Pen in the morning & inquire if it was\n            possible that Mr Adams should never have directed one line\n            to his friends at Milton since he held the Rank of Minister at the Court of Britain. \n          I have been always Confident he is among the Last in the United\n            States that would forsake so known, so tryed, & so uniform a Friend as he has on\n            that pleasant Hill, which I Expect to Leave before long Even if Life is protracted\u2014\n          But while we were at Breakfast we had the pleasure of yours dated\n            Dec 12th Confirming (what I sincerely wish may Ever be the\n            Case, with those who have observed so well of their Country) that your situation is\n            Eligible to the Height of your Wishes\u2014\n          Another Circumstance inducing me to interrupt you by this\n            Conveyance was to forward the inclosed. \n          The Reason of this address to the public you will see in the\n            Exordium, & my Motive for puting it into your hand is to Corroborate what I\n            [asserteed] in my Last, that the Gentleman whose signature you will there see, has not\n            forsaken his Country, but his Country have forgoten him\u2014and what is still more\n            Extraordinary\u2013He has not a political Friend Either in Braintree or Weymouth.\n          If you or yours Can investigate the Cause of this Remarkable Change\n            you can do more at a distance, than we who reside in the Neighbourhood are able to\n          Calihan is to sail on the Morrow so that you must Excuse but a\n            short letter from me & perhaps none from Mr Warren\u2014\n            but be assureed the next oppertunity will Convey you the warm Expressions of a Friendly\n            Heart, with the General Observations on political and Commercial affairs, of one who is\n            invariably the same both in public and private life\u2014\n          Yours Came unaccompanyed with any thing Either from Mrs or Miss Adams though they are both much in arrears on the\n            Epistolary [score]\u2014But were my spirits in the usual key that would be no bar to my\n            inclination to Cherish Every social Moment that Friendship may Claim. But\n            while my mind is Clouded by the Recent pangs of Domestic sorrow, to which till of Late\n            my Heart has been a stranger, it would be hardly kind to Call her from the Zenith of\n            prosperity, & the full Enjoyment of all the Felicity that Honour affluance\n            & Health Can give, to listen to the plaintive strains of Maternal tenderness,\n            which daily pours its tears over the tomb of a most amiable son\u2014\n          My Charles is no more\u2014my other Children Yet live\u2014God Grant they may\n            live above any dependance on a Cold ungratful World\u2026 prepare them Early like their\n            Excellent Brothers to Enter in a state of Higher Perfection\u2014\n          To my dear Naby my best Love with the inclosed Momento from the\n            Boston Gazette\u2014\n          With Every sentiment of Esteem Regard & / affection to Mrs Adams & Yourself / [subscribes] your Respectful", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0585", "content": "Title: Samuel Williams to John Adams, 9 Apr. 1786\nFrom: Williams, Samuel\nTo: Adams, John\n              Cambridge in America,\n          I wish to present to the Royal Society of London the memoirs of our\n            American Academy of Arts and Sciences: and to convey to Manheim the inclosed packet of\n            papers. As we have no direct conveyance from America, may I take the liberty to commit\n            them to your care?\n          It gives us much pleasure to have two of your Sons in this\n            University. Both of them are young Gentlemen from whom their friends have the most\n            encouraging hopes and prospects. The youngest is not yet under the mathematical and\n            philosophical instruction. The eldest has been with us but a short time; and appears to\n            engage with ardor in mathematical and philosophical studies. He can not do me a greater\n            pleasure than to put it into my power to be of any service to him in this way.\n          The public attention was much engaged the last winter, by Dr.\n            Gordons proposals of publishing an history of the American Revolution. The idea of his\n            leaving this country to publish his history in Great Britain occasioned an almost\n            universal suspicion. He has met with very little encouragement here: And unless his\n            history shall appear to be very impartial, it will be altogether disregarded in\n          With due regards to your good Lady, and Daughter, I am, Sir, / Your\n            most obedient, / and humble Servant\n              Samuel Williams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0586", "content": "Title: James Bowdoin to John Adams, 10 Apr. 1786\nFrom: Bowdoin, James\nTo: Adams, John\n          I had the honour of writing to you in August last relative to the\n            conduct of Captain Stanhope; and twice since on the subject of British Encroachments\n            upon territory of the United States, adjoining the newly established Province of New\n            Brunswick. I hope those Letters came to your hand.\n          New complaints from our people in those parts have been received,\n            particularly from the Inhabitants of Moose Island, situated on the Westerly side of\n            Passamaquoddy bay: who by their petition declare, that Mr.\n            Wier Sheriff of the County of Charlotte in that Province, has served writs on some of\n            those Inhabitants; and threatened to come with an armed force, and carry them to the\n            Goal at St. Andrews: and therefore they earnestly pray for\n            protection.\n          I laid their petition and a letter from Mr. James Avery, concerning the proceedings of the said Sheriff, before the\n            General Court, accompanied with a Message on the subject: and to pacify the people the\n            Secretary was directed to write them a Letter informing them, that every proper measure\n            had been and would be taken, for procuring an amicable adjustment of this business. He\n            has also been directed to procure from them a proper statement of the facts, duely\n            authenticated by a Justice of the Peace. A copy of the said Petition, Letters and\n            Message, is herewith enclosed.\n          The Government of New Brunswick, as I am informed, extend that\n            Province to the Schooduck, which is the most western river, that runs into the aforesaid\n            bay, and has not been distinguished by the name of St.\n            Croix: the Shire-town (St. Andrews) being on the east side\n            of that river and bounded by it; and many other settlements upon it going on, to secure\n            the posession.\n          The Schooduck takes a turn to the northwest and west, and issues\n            from ponds, as I am told, in the neighbourhood of Penobscot river; and will add a large\n            territory to the said Province, in case it should extend to it.\n          I have been told, that Mitchel\u2019s Map governed the American and\n            British Commissioners in settling the territorial line between the two nations: and as\n            your excellency was one of them, you must know, whether the most western river, falling\n            into the said bay, was the river intended by the treaty. By the information we have, the\n            real St. Croix is the most eastern river, that falls into\n            it; and which the indians also call Megacadava; but according to the said Map an\n            intermediate river bears the name of St. Croix. If there be\n            time for copying it, I will send you a copy of a plan of that Bay, and of the rivers\n            running into it, so far as they have been surveyed by Rufus Putnam Esqr. who has been employed by a Committee of the General Court\n            in Surveying and laying out Townships, in the eastern part of this State.\n          We are making settlements on the west side of the Scooduck, within\n            the Townships laid out by Mr. Putnam: several of which have\n            been sold by the aforesaid Committee.\n          With regard to Moose Island, which contains about 2000 acres, it is\n            of importance in this view: that in case it should be determined to belong to Britain,\n            we should be excluded the navigation of the bay, up to our settlements on the Scooduck:\n            the passage between that Island and the western main being narrow and Shoal.\n          I thought it needful your Excellency should be informed of the\n            above mentioned facts: of which, as well as of the enclosed Papers, such use may be made\n            as you shall think proper.\n          The enclosed Paper, to which the Seal of the Commonwealth is\n            annexed, will inform you of the unhappy situation of Alexander Gross of Truro in the\n            County of Barnstable mariner, who in July 1777, saild from Boston in a Schooner in\n              a Schooner to Demarara, and on his return was taken by a Liverpool Privateer;\n            was forced into the British service; & afterwards, to gain his liberty, entered\n            on board a british Sloop, which was soon after taken by a French Privateer. The Captain\n            of the sloop ransomed her for 200 Guineas, persuading the said Gross to become a\n            hostage; & promising to redeem him in a short time, by paying the ransom money.\n            But he has never performed his promise: which occasioned the said Gross to be put in\n            prison at Dunkirk; where he was in August last; & from whence it is wholly out\n            of their power to redeem him.\n          His friends have requested me to transmit the state of his case to\n            your Excellency: which they earnestly pray you to lay before the French Ambassadour in\n            London; humbly imploring his Excellency\u2019s influence for effecting the liberation of the\n            unhappy young man; and for restoring him to liberty, and to his disconsolate\n          The revd. Dr. Gordon, by whom\n            this Packet comes, will give you y[thorn sign]e State of\n            American Politicks, general & local.\n          I have the honour to be, with y[thorn sign]e. most perfect esteem, / sir, Yr Excy\u2019s[expansion sign] most obedt: hble Servt.\n              James Bowdoin\n            On examination I find that Putnam\u2019s Plan does not include y[thorn sign]e whole of Passamaquoddy Bay. It is therefore not sent.\n            8 Papers enclosed herewith.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0587", "content": "Title: Thomas Barclay to the American Peace Commissioners, 10 Apr. 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: American Peace Commissioners,Jefferson, Thomas,Adams, John\n          The Day before yesterday Mr Carmichael received Letters from\n            Algiers from Mr Lamb, dated the 29th. of last Month, and from Mr Randal the 26th. (which I think a wrong Date) with a Postscript from\n            onboard a Vessel in the Bay of Alicant of the 1st. Inst.\n            after a Passage of 26. [. . .]. He cannot come on shore without a Permission from Court\n            to shorten his Quarantine, which Mr Carmichael has applied for, & probably Mr.\n            Randal will soon be at Paris.\n          Though Mr. Carmichael will write to you\n            on this Subject and though I have no Information from Africa, but what I derive from\n            him. I think it a Part of my Duty to give you the Outlines of what Intelligence I can\n            collect though it should prove a work of Supererogation.\n          Mr Lamb\u2019s Letter is short & obscure nor do I understand the\n            whole of it. However he says \u201cno Peace can be made until Congress grant a larger Sum to\n            pay for it, & that he will return to Spain to wait for [. . .].\u201d Mr. Randal says the Dey of Algiers has refused to treat with\n              Mr. Lamb without assigning any Reason for it. It does not\n            appear by either Letter that Mr. Lamb has had any Audience\n            of the Dey of Algiers: but I shall think it very strange if he returns to Europe without\n            knowing on what Terms a Treaty may be made. And I find that to be the Case unless I have\n            your Directions to the contrary I shall hold myself justifiable at the Expence of some\n            Time & Money to attain this knowledge.\n          The Removal of the Court, the Compliance with necessary forms\n            & the Intervention of the Holy Week (during some Days of which I need not\n            pretend to set forward) has detained me some Time longer than I expected, but the Delay\n            can be of no Consequence, as the Count de Florida Blanca was so condescending as to\n            apprize the Spanish Consul at Morocco of my being thus far on the Way, Indeed the\n            Attention shewn here to the Business in which I am engaged far surpassed my warmest\n            Expectations. It will give me great Pleasure to receive a Letter from you. If an\n            Opportunity to Cadiz should offer please to put it under Cover to Messrs Lynon & Bellew of that Place who will take Care of\n          I am with great Respect & Esteem / Gentlemen,\n            (signed) Thos\n            I wish what I / put in Cypher may be / tolerably correct, not\n              having / Time to examine it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0588", "content": "Title: Elbridge Gerry to John Adams, 12 Apr. 1786\nFrom: Gerry, Elbridge\nTo: Adams, John\n          A few Days since, I recd your Letter of\n            the 13th of Decr last, without\n            either of the Arrets therein referred to. from the Cover of the Letter, which is\n            inclosed for your Inspection, I suspect it has been opened, previously to my receiving\n            it; if so, I should be well pleased to know who the person is that is so very curious as\n            to loose his Sense of Honor in this Matter.\n          When I left New York, the Board of Treasury were seriously disposed\n            to investigate minutely, y[thorn sign]e Expenditure of the\n            foreign Loans, & I flatter myself, whatever has been wrong, will be rectified,\n            or at least brot to Light.\n          Virginia has proposed a F\u0153deral commercial Convention, &\n            Massachusetts have appointed their Commissioners; should the other States accede to the\n            Measure, I think some effectual plan will be adopted for putting our Commerce on a\n            respectable Footing\u2014\n          the States appear likewise to be sensible they have long eno\u2019\n            trifled with public Credit, & to be disposed to ward of the impending Blow, by\n            granting the Impost of supplementary trends. New York alone is opposed to the former,\n            & will probably adopt it soon.\n          What is the Issue of your Negotiations respecting the Interest of\n            british Debts during the War? this is a more important Matter than I formerly supposed\n            it, & the Idea of being subject to such a Demand, strikes the American Merchants\n            thro\u2019out the Continent so disagreably, that an Attempt to recover the Interest by a\n            legal process, would I am apprehensive produce dangerous Convulsions in every State.\n            indeed there would be too much Reason for them, for at the Time that the\n              American Merchant is responsible for the principal of the british Debt\n            & the Interest accruing since the War, and must either pay it, or be subject to\n            Arrest, & Attachments, he cannot recover the principal of his Debtors inless he\n            takes real Estate or public Securities, neither of which will his british Creditor take\n            at their Value, nor even Specie, without an allowance of 6 \u214c Ct for Loss on Bills of Exche.\u2014indeed every State\n            seems to be so impressed with the Injustice of allowing\n            to the british Creditors, Interest under such Circumstances, & more especially\n            as American Merchants cannot recover on their [Book] Debts Interest, that\n            States have almost universally expressed their Sense against such an\n            allowance; but at the same Time all Eyes are turned to your Negotiations, & if\n            the british Minister will not come into the propositions of Congress, it may be\n            necessary in order to give Satisfaction to the Union, for you to hint to Congress what\n            it will be best for them to adopt, to do Justice to your & their Constituents. I\n            have Reason to expect some of your Competition are laying concealed, to make a Clamour\n            against You, should your Measures not be satisfactory to our Merchants\u2014pray give my best\n            Respects to the Ladies & be assured I / am my dear sir Yours / sincerely", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0589", "content": "Title: William Vaughan to John Adams, 12 Apr. 1786\nFrom: Vaughan, William\nTo: Adams, John\n          Mr WVaughan presents Compts to Mr.\n            Adams is sorry a particular engagement will deprive him the pleasure of waiting on him\n            on Tuesday the 18th: instt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0590", "content": "Title: Samuel Adams to John Adams, 13 Apr. 1786\nFrom: Adams, Samuel\nTo: Adams, John\n          Doctor Gordon is to deliver you this Letter. He is going to the\n            Land of his Nativity, wishing for the best Happiness of his own Country & ours\n            and hoping that mutual Affection will be at length restored, as the only Means of the\n            Prosperity of both. As he determines to spend the Remainder of his Days in the Country\n            where he was born, what rational Man who considers the Ties of human Nature will wonder,\n            if \u201cEsto perpetua\u201d is his most ardent Prayer for her?\n            But the Attachments he has made here\u2014his private Friendships and the Part he has taken\n            in our publick Cause afford Reason to believe that his second Wish is for us. I am\n            affraid however, that the Doctor builds too much upon the Hopes of the Return of mutual\n            Affection; for Can this exist without Forgivness of Injury, and Can his Country ever\n            cordially forgive ours whom she intended to injure so greatly? Her very Disappointment\n            will perpetually irritate her own Feelings, and in Spite of Reason or Religion prevent\n            her concieving a Sentiment of Friendship for us. And besides, she will never beleive\n            that there is a Possibility that we can forgive her. We must therefore be content, at least for a great\n            While to come, to live with her as a prudent Man will with one who indeed has professd a\n            Friendship for him, but whose Sincerity he has Reason vehemently to suspect; guarding\n            against Injury from him by making it his Interest to do as little as possible. This is\n            an arduous Task our Country has committed to you. Trade is a Matter I have had so little\n            to do with, that it is not in my Power to aid you in this more than in any one thing\n            else.\u2014May He who has endued you with a Strength of Understanding which your Country\n            confides in afford you all that Light which is necessary for so great an\n            Undertaking!\n          The Child whom I led by the Hand\n            with a particular Design, I find is now become a promising Youth. He brought me one of\n            your Letters.\u2014God bless the Lad! If I was instrumental at that Time of enkindling the\n            Sparks of Patriotism in his tender Heart, it will add to my Consolation in the latest\n            Hour.\u2014Adieu my Friend. Mrs Adams desires your Lady &\n            Family may be assured of her cordial Esteem & Love \n          Believe that I am very affectionately / Your Friend / &\n            humble Servant\u00a0", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0591", "content": "Title: William Carmichael to the American Peace Commissioners, 13 Apr. 1786\nFrom: Carmichael, William\nTo: American Peace Commissioners,Jefferson, Thomas,Adams, John\n          I forward the inclosed Letter from Mr.\n            Lamb for your Excellencies Information: That Gentleman has also written to me, But as I\n            suppose he has given Mr. Jefferson a more ample &\n            satisfactory Detail of the State of his Negotiation than I can comprehend from his\n            Letter to me, I do not think it necessary to forward a Copy of it. Mr. Barclay to whom I have communicated all the Intelligence I\n            have recieved on this Subject will write your Excellencies more explicitly than my\n            Situation permits me to do. I cannot however refrain from remarking that either Congress\n            must adopt other Methods than the present to make Peace or instantly determine to\n            protect their Trade with the Southern Parts of Europe by a maritime Force.\n          I have the Honor to be &c.\n            (signed)W Carmichael", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0592", "content": "Title: Thomas Barclay to John Adams, 15 Apr. 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n          Having finish\u2019d my Business here very much to my satisfaction I\n            intend to leave Madrid tomorrow. of this Date I have valued on you at Usance to the\n            order of Mess. Etienne Druihlet & Co. for Two\n            Hundred and Fifty Pounds sterling which please to honor and place to account of the\n            United states.\n          I am with great respect. / Sir / Your most obed / Humble\n              Thos Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0593", "content": "Title: Daniel Denison Rogers to John Adams, 15 Apr. 1786\nFrom: Rogers, Daniel Denison\nTo: Adams, John\n          As I had not an Opportunity of taking leave of you, previous to my\n            leaving London, I now beg leave to tender you my warmest Thanks for the many Proofs of\n            your Condescension and Politeness\u2014in particular for your obliging, kind Advice\u2014\n          I have left a Post, which I defended to the last Moment in hopes of\n            the Arrival of Succours\u2014To have maintaind that Post any longer would have render\u2019d my\n            Retreat impracticable: and I despaird of the timely Arrival of Succours\u2014my Presence can\n            now be of no Consequence but in my own Country, and thither I am bound to assist in\n            raising those Succours\u2014These being the Facts, I submit to those whose Profession leads\n            them to be, at least, as nice of their Honor as a Merchant, whether I ought to suffer,\n            either in my own feelings or the Opinion of the World\u2014\n          Mrs. Rogers unites with me in best\n            Respects to yourself and Mrs. Adams and kind Regards to Miss\n            Adams and I will thank you Sir to present my Compliments to Coll. Smith\u2014\n          If I can render you any Services whatever, in my Peregrinations\n            from Boston to Philadelphia & from Philadelphia to Boston, I shall be happy in\n            the performance of them and I beg you Sir, freely to command me\u2014\n          If the Wind is favorable we shall leave, this in the Morng. and wish you Health and every other Happiness, I remain,\n            with very sincere Esteem and the greatest Respect / Dear Sir, / Your much oblig\u2019d\n            & most obedt. humble Servt.\n              Danl Dens. Rogers", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0594", "content": "Title: Isaac Stephens to John Adams, 15 Apr. 1786\nFrom: Stephens, Isaac\nTo: Adams, John\n              To the Honourable John Adams Esqr.\n          Sir, I take the Liberty to enclose a line to you as we receivd one\n            from you, by the hand of Mr. Lambe which came here to make\n            peace for America & to redeam the Americans in slavery But not power to do\n            either as the price was so high as six thousand Dollars for a Master and four ditto for\n            a mate and fifteen hundred for sailors the King will not bate one sixpence and will not\n            have any thing to say as to a peace with america which obliged Mr. Lambe to return to Madrid, which I think Mr. Lamb\n            acted with precaution and safety & for the honor and esteem you bear if\n            consistant with your power & good will to the unfortunate Americans I could wish\n            this money may be paid without going to Congress as it will take such a time for the sum\n            to be brought about, for the sum must be paid if ever we are cleared\u2014\n          Sir, I am american Born in the town of Braintree and a young family\n            near Boston and by misfortunes in the War & at this time, I did not leave them\n            in so agreable Situation to live without my help as I could wish them to due or even\n            Comfortable for so long a time\u2014 But Blessed be God I am Midling well as I hope these\n            will find your honour and Keep my Spirits up as well as can be expected with an Iron\n            around my Legg and bearing all the insults from the Moors crying there goes american\n            Slave and the English out Behind in Comforts\u2014Sir\u2014I shall rest with a full assurance that\n            you still will continue the grant of the sum and goodness to the Unfortunate Americans\n            as it is of so great a Consequence to me asspecially that has a family and a great\n            mortification to me for the sum must be paid if ever We are redeemed from this dessert\n            place the People is Carrying rocks and timber on their backs for nine miles out of the\n            Country over sharp rocks and mountains which raises great Lumps on their shoulders as\n            big as ones fist\u2014Sir for the Love of God and mankind extricate us from this slavery as\n            soon as may be from your most Obedient humble servt\n              Isaac Stephens", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0597", "content": "Title: Matthew Robinson Jr. to John Adams, 25 Apr. 1786\nFrom: Robinson, Mathew, Jr.\nTo: Adams, John\n          I am honor\u2019d with your letters both by Mr. Partridge and by the post and am proud to observe; that we so much concur in\n            our public and political sentiments. I am particularly pleas\u2019d to agree with you in the\n            reciprocal opinion; that the closest union and connection between our two countries is\n            one of their very first and greatest mutual interests. I do for that and other reasons\n            so exceedingly dislike some of our own proceedings both in the East, the West and at\n            home; that I scruple to express my thoughts concerning them; but I dont see, what can\n            possibly be our future part or fate in the world, except to prove a most signal example\n            for instructing and warning the rest of mankind.\n          My desire of a trade totally free however goes to so great an\n            extent; that whatever nations should act differently, I might probably be for leaving\n            them to the sure punishment of their own misconduct in that respect and continue\n            nevertheless in the mind of abiding firmly ourselves by the former principle; which, I\n            should believe, would lead to wealth and plenty a people steadily adhering to it; let\n            others do what they would: Warlike in particular, that is to say, defensive, as well as\n            offensive alliances with other States I never think of without abhorrence.\n          There is another subject of American politics, in which I must\n            confess myself rather to differ from what appears to be the opinion of some wise and\n            honest men; although I have not by your letters observ\u2019d; that I do so from you. I most\n            highly honor your Congress, the annual representation of so many free states; but I\n            should for one as a Citizen of America nevertheless be cautious of placing too much\n            permanent power even in their hands: It might be a dangerous experiment and not easily\n            amended, if any thing proved amiss. I should rather look to the Swiss, than\n            the Dutch confederation. The former no where bordering on the Sea nor having the least\n            means of Naval Commerce are not so rich and populous, as the latter; but they seem for\n            their numbers and situation to be at least as happy a people as any in Europe.\n          By repeating the observation concerning the Western progress of\n            Arts and Sciences, I meant no more than the present appearance; that the same\n            circumstance or accident may perhaps be continued in Ireland and America. I alluded\n            herein to a common and trite remark; but human improvements certainly are by degrees\n            taking a wider compass (as you seem to say) and will probably continue to do so, until\n            they shall spread over our whole habitable globe; although they have in general\n            proceeded hitherto from East to West.\n          When I put the question \u201care these circumstances not turn\u2019d to\n            violent enmity and aversion\u201d I was applying to a particular description of men and\n            speaking according to their real or profess\u2019d sentiments, but the expression might have\n            been as proper; if I had ask\u2019d \u201cHave we to thank ourselves, if these circumstances are\n          I heartily wish; that you may find your Public Debt so manageable,\n            as you seem to expect; but no such circumstance has come within my observation or\n            experience. With the example however, which I see daily and hourly before my eyes; it is\n            no wonder; if I have contracted an utter aversion for all national debts.\n          The superstitious belief or pretension of any divine right in\n            Princes is totally eradicated out of England: Not the least circumstance of that kind\n            remains among us; but bribery and corruption have succeeded in their place: These are\n            become the great or almost only means of government and have proved far more\n            powerful and more fatal, than the other: They have done, what those neither did not\n            could do and will without doubt perfectly compleat their work; before they leave:\n            Englishmen are as yet, but at the beginning of their sorrows; however important some\n            events may of themselves appear; which have already happen\u2019d.\n          These matters nevertheless are perhaps too extensive for a letter\n            nor do I know, how long business may require your presence in London: My Health may\n            probably carry me to Aix-la-Chappelle; (when the season shall suit for such a journey)\n            and sooner or later, as it may press me more or less: I have formerly found great\n            benefit from those waters and baths and have now occasion for them: If you can in the\n            mean time however induce yourself to visit my hermitage at Horton; I shall be very proud\n            and happy. I can offer you no conveniences or advantages here; except a most perfect\n            freedom in all respects; which you will certainly find. It would likewise greatly add to\n            my pleasure; if Dr. Price should be perswaded to accompany\n            you. I may however give a fuller commission on this subject to Mr. Partridge; whom I will take the liberty to make the bearer of this letter. I\n            am with sincere esteem / Sir, / Your most Respectful / and obedient Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0598", "content": "Title: Project of a Treaty, Draft Portuguese-American Treaty, 25 Apr. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: \n          Draught of a treaty of Amity & Commerce between her\n                most faithful Majesty the Queen of Portugal and the Algarva\u2019s and\n            the United States of America\u2014\n          The Parties being willing to fix in a permanent & equitable\n            manner the rules to be observed in the Commerce they desire to establish between their\n            respective Countries, have judged that the said end cannot be better obtained than by\n            taking the most perfect equality & reciprocity for the Basis of their agreement.\n            On these principles after mature deliberation, they have agreed to the following\n          Art. 1st. There shall be a firm,\n            inviolable & universal Peace & sincere friendship between Her most faithful Majesty the Queen of Portugal\n              & the Algarves, her Hiers, successors, & subjects on the one Part\n            & the United States of America & their Citizens on the other, without\n            exceptions of Persons or Places\n          Art. 2d. The subjects of Her most faithful Majesty the Queen of Portugal\n              & the Algarves may frequent all the coasts,\n                bays, harbours, ports, rivers & Countries of the United\n            States of America and reside & trade there in all sorts of Produce manufactures and merchandize the importation of which\n                shall not be prohibited by the laws, and shall pay within the said United\n            States no other or greater Duties charges or fees whatsoever than the most favoured\n            nations are or shall be obliged to pay: and they shall enjoy all the rights, privileges\n            & exemptions in navigation & commerce which the most favoured Nation\n            does or shall enjoy.\n          Art. 3d. In Like manner the Citizens of\n            the U. S. of America may frequent all the Coasts bays, harbours, ports,\n              rivers & Countries of her most faithful Majesty the\n              Queen of Portugal in\n            of the domination of her most faithfull majesty where the commerce is not\n            prohibited by the laws to all foreign nations and reside and trade there in all sorts of\n            Produce manufactures & Merchandize; the importation of which shall not be\n              prohibited by the laws. & shall pay in the dominions of her said Majesty\n            no other or greater duties, charges or fees whatsoever than the most favoured Nation is\n            or shall be obliged to pay, and they shall enjoy all the rights, privileges &\n            exemptions in navigation and Commerce, which the most favoured nation does or shall\n          Art. 4th. More especially each Party\n            shall have a right to carry any kinds of Produce Manufactures\n              & Merchandize the importation of which shall be permitted to any\n              foreign nation of whatever place they be the growth or Manufacture in their own\n            or any other vessels to the parts of the Dominions of the other before described where\n            it shall be lawful for all persons freely to purchase them and thence to take\n              the produce Manufacture & merchandize of whatever place or\n              the growth which all persons shall in like manner be free to sell them, paying in both cases such duties, Charges &\n              fees only as are or shall be paid by the most favoured nation. whose\n              priviledge is not the [. . .] effect & N. B. of a particular\n              reciprocal Compensation\u2014Nevertheless &c &c &c\n            Nevertheless the United states of America\n            each Party reserve to itself\n            themselves the right where any Nation restrains the transportation of\n              Merchandize to the Vessels of the Country of which it is the growth or manufacture to\n              establish against such nation retaliating regulations: and each party\n              also the right to prohibit in their respective Countries the exportation or\n              importation of any species of goods or Commodities whatsoever, when reasons of state\n              shall require it. In this case the subjects or Citizens of either of the Contracting\n              parties shall not import or export the Merchandize prohibited by the other but if one\n              of the Contracting parties, permits any Person of their own or any other nation to\n              import or export the same merchandize the Citizens or subjects of the other shall\n              immediately enjoy the same Liberty\n          Art. 5th. All merchants, commanders of\n            Vessels & other subjects & Citizens of each party shall have free\n            liberty, in all places within the dominion or jurisdiction of the other, to manage their\n            own business themselves or to employ whomsoever they please to manage the whole or any\n            part thereof for them, they shall also be free to unload their merchandize at such\n              time & into such Vessels as they shall think most convenient\u2014and shall not be obliged to make use of any interpreter\n                broker, or other person whatsoever, nor to pay them any salary or fees, unless they\n                chuse to make use of them. Moreover they shall not be obliged in loading or\n                unloading their Vessels to make use of those workmen who may be appointed by public\n                Authority for that purpose, but it shall be entirely free for them to load or unload\n                them by themselves, or to make use of such persons in loading or unloading them as\n                they shall think fit, without paying any fees or salary to any other\n                whomsoever: neither shall they be forced to unload any sort of merchandize into\n              any other Vessels, or to receive them into their own, or to wait for their being\n              loaded longer then they please\u2014.\n          Art. 6. That the Vessels of either party loading within the ports\n            or jurisdiction of the other may not be uselesly harrassed or detained, it is agreed\n            that all examinations of goods requird by the Laws shall be made before they\n            are laden on board the vessel & that there shall be no examination after; nor\n            shall the Vessel be searched at any time unless articles shall have been\n            laden therein clandestinely & illegally in which case the person by whose order\n            they were carried on board, or who carried them without order, shall be liable to the\n            laws of the land in which he is\u2014but no other person shall be molested, nor shall any\n            other goods nor the Vessel be seized or detained for that Cause\u2014\n          Art. 7. Each party shall endeavour by all the means in their power\n            to protect & defend all the Vessels & other effects belonging to the\n            subjects or the Citizens of the other, which shall be within the extent of their\n            Jurisdiction by sea or by land; and shall use all their efforts to recover &\n            cause to be restored to the right owners their Vessels & effects which shall be\n            taken from them within the extent of their said jurisdiction\u2014\n          Art. 8 The Vessels of the subjects or Citizens of either party\n            coming on any coast belonging to the other whose\n                commerce is not forbidden to all foreign nations but not willing to enter into\n              port, or being entered into port & not willing to unload their Cargoes or\n            break bulk\u2013shall have liberty to depart and to persue their Voyage without molestation,\n            and without being obliged to pay any duties, charges, or fees\n              whatsoever except such port charges as are paid by the most favoured\n                nations nor to render an account of their Cargo but they shall be obliged\n            to receive the usual guards as practised with the most favoured nations.\n          Art. 9th. When any Vessel of either\n            party shall be wrecked, foundered, or otherwise damaged on the Coasts or within the\n            dominions of the other, their respective subjects or Citizens shall receive, as well for\n            themselves as for their Vessels & effects the same assistance which would be due\n            to the Inhabitants of the Country when the Damage happens, & shall pay the same\n            Charges & dues to the only as the said Inhabitants would be subject\n            to pay in a like case\u2013and if the operations of repair shall require that the whole or\n            any part of their Cargo be unladed, they shall pay no duties, Charges or fees, on the\n            part which they shall relade & carry away\u2013the ancient & barberous right\n            to wrecks of the sea shall be entirely abolished, with respect to the subjects or\n            Citizens of the two Contracting Parties\u2014\n          Art. 10th.. The Citizens or Subjects of\n            each Party shall have power to dispose of their personal goods within the jurisdiction\n            of the other by testament, donation, or otherwise: & their representatives,\n            being subjects or Citizens of the other party, shall succeed to their said personal\n            Goods, whether by testament, or ab intestato; and may take possession thereof either by\n            themselves or by others acting for them, & dispose of the same at their will,\n            paying such dues only as the Inhabitants of the Country wherein the said goods are shall\n            be subject to pay in like Cases, and in case of the absence of the Representative such\n            care shall be taken of the said goods & for so long a time as would be taken of\n            the goods of a Nation in like case untill the lawful owner may take measures for\n            receiving them & if question shall arise among several claimants to which of\n            them the said goods belong the same shall be decided finally by the laws &\n            judges of the land wherein the said goods are\u2013and where on the death of any person\n            holding real estate within the limits\n            territories of the one party such real estate would be the laws of the Land\n            descend on a Citizen or Subject of the other where he not disqualified by\n            alienge such subject or Citizen shall be allowed a reasonable time to sell the same\n            & to withdraw the proceeds without molestation\u2014\n          supplied by Art. XI.2 in the observations Art. 11th.. The most perfect freedom of Conscience & of the\n              worship is granted to the Citizens or subjects of either party within the jurisdiction\n              of the other, without being liable to molestation in that respect for any cause other\n              than an insult on the religion of others: Moreover\n              when the subjects or Citizens of the one party shall die within the jurisdiction of\n              the other, their Bodies shall be buried in the usual burying grounds, or other decent\n              & suitable places, and shall be protected from Violation or\n            disturbance\n          Art. 12th. If one of the contracting\n            parties should be engaged in a War with any other power the free intercourse\n            & commerce of the subjects or Citizens of the party remaining neuter with the\n            belligerent powers shall not be interrupted\u2013on the contrary in that Case; as in full\n            peace the vessels of the neutral Party, may navigate freely to and from the ports\n            & on the Coasts of the belligerent Parties, free Vessels making free goods,\n            insomuch that all things shall be adjudged free which shall\n              be on board any vessel belonging to the neutral party, although such things belong to\n              an enemy of the other except the Merchandizes [. . .] in the\n              observations, and the same freedom shall be extended to persons who shall\n            be on board a free Vessel, although they should be enemies to the other party, unless\n            they be soldiers in actual service of such enemy, on the other hand enemy Vessels shall\n            make enemy goods, insomuch that whatever shall be found in the Vessels of an Enemy shall\n            be confiscated without distinction, except such goods & merchandize as were put\n            on board such Vessel before the declaration of War and within six months after it, which shall be free\u2014\n            Art. 13th. And in the same case of one of the\n              Contracting parties being engaged in a War with any other power, to prevent all the\n              difficulties & misunderstandings that usually arise respecting the merchandize\n              heretofore called contraband, such as Arms, ammunition and military stores of every\n              kind, no such Articles carried in the Vessels or by the\n                subjects or Citizens of one of the parties to the Enemies of the other shall be\n                deemed contraband so as to induce confiscation or condemnation & a loss of\n                property to individuals, nevertheless it shall be lawful to stop such Vessels,\n              and to make them unlade such articles in the nearest port, putting them under safe\n              keeping; or to detain them for such length of time as the Captors may think necessary\n              to prevent the inconvenience or damage that might ensue from their proceeding; paying\n              however a reasonable Compensation for the loss such arrest shall occasion to the\n              proprietors: or it shall be allowed to use in the service of the Captors the whole or\n              any part of the military stores so detained, paying the owners the full value of the\n              same to be assertained by the current price at the place of its\n                destination\u2014but In the case of\n              any Vessel so shall be here stopped for articles\n                heretofore deemed contraband if the master will deliver over the goods\n              supposed to be of contraband Nature, he shall be admitted to do it, & the\n              Vessel shall not in that case be carried into any port, nor further detained, but\n              shall be allowed to proceed in her voyages nor shall any such articles be subject to\n              be taken or delayed in any case if they be not in greater quantity than may be\n              necessary for the use of the ships, or of the persons in it.\n          Art. 14th. And in the same case where\n            one of the parties is engaged in war with another power that the Vessels of the neutral\n            party may be readily & certainly known, it is agreed that they shall be provided\n            with sea-letters or passports which shall express the name, the property and burthen of\n            the vessel, as also the name & dwelling of the master; which passports shall be\n            made out in good & due forms (to be settled by Convention between the parties\n            whenever occasion shall require) shall be renewed as often as the Vessel shall return\n            into port & shall be exhibited whensoever required as well in the open sea as in\n            port\u2014but if the said vessel be under convoy of one or more Vessels of War belonging to\n            the neutral party, the simple declaration of the officer commanding the Convoy that the\n            said vessel belongs to the party of which he is, shall be considered as establishing the\n            fact, and shall relieve both parties from the trouble of further examination\u2014\n          Art. 15th. And to prevent entirely all\n            disorder & violence in such cases, it is stipulated, that when the vessels of\n            the neutral Party sailing without convoy, shall be met by any Vessel of War, public or\n            private of the other party, such Vessel of War shall not approach within Cannon shot of\n            the said neutral Vessel, nor send more than two or three men in their boat on board the\n            same to examine her sea-letters or pass-ports & all persons belonging to any\n            vessel of War public or private who shall molest or injure in any manner whatever the\n            people, vessels or effects of the other party shall be responsible in their persons\n            & property for damages & interest and more especially the Comd\n              officer of the Vessel shall be responsible civily for the same in his person &\n              property by whomsoever of his crew the injury was done, sufficient security for\n            which shall be given by all Commanders of private armed Vessels before they are\n            Commissioned.\n          Art. 16th. It is agreed that the\n            subjects or Citizens of each of the contracting parties their vessels & effects\n            shall not be liable to any embargo or detention on the part of the other for\n            any military expedition or other public or private purpose whatsoever and in all cases\n            of seisure, detention, or arrest for debts contracted, or offences committed by any\n              Subject Citizen or Subject of the one party within the\n            Jurisdiction of the other, the same shall be made and prosecuted by order &\n            authority of law only, and according to the regular course of proceedings usual in such\n          Art. 17. If any Vessel or effects of the neutral Power be taken by\n            an Enemy of the other or by a pirate, and retaken by that other they shall be brought\n            into some port of one of the parties & delivered into the Custody of the\n            officers of that port in order to be restored entire to the true proprietor as soon as\n            due proof shall be made concerning the property thereof\u2014\n          Art. 18th. If the Subjects\n            Citizens or Subjects of either party, in danger from tempests, pirates\n            enemies or other accidents, shall take refuge with their Vessels or effects within the\n            harbours or jurisdiction of the other, they shall be received protected &\n            treated with humanity & kindness & shall be permitted to furnish\n            themselves at reasonable prices with all refreshments provisions & other things\n            necessary for their sustenance, health, & accomodation and for the repair of\n            their vessels\u2014\n          Art. 19th. The Vessels of War publick\n            and private of both parties, shall carry freely wheresoever they please the Vessels\n            & effects taken from their enemies without being obliged to pay any duties, charges or fees to officers of admiralty, of the customs,\n            or any others except the port charges paid by the most favoured nation nor\n            shall such prizes be arrested, searched, or put under legal process when they come to\n            & enter the ports of the other party, but may freely be carried out again at any\n            time by their captors to the places expressed in their Commissions, which the Commanding\n            officer of such vessels shall be obliged to shew, but no\n                vessel which shall have made prizes on the subjects of His most Christian\n              Majesty the King of France shall have a right of assylum in the ports or havens of the\n              said U. S. and if any such be forced therein by tempest or dangers of the sea, they\n              shall be obliged to depart as soon as possible according to the tenor of the treaties\n              existing between his said most Christian Majesty & the said\n              United-States\n             but nothing herein contained shall be understood to derogate from the obligations\n              of the U. S. of A towards his M. C. M.\u2013y as stipulated in the blank articles of their\n              treaty of N 16 amity & Commerce\n          Art. 20th. No Subject\n            Citizen or Subject of either of the Contracting parties shall take from any\n            power with which the other may be at War any Commission or Letter of Marque for arming\n            any Vessel to act as a Privateer against the other on pain of being punished as a\n            pirate, nor shall either party hire, Lend or give any part of their naval, or military\n            force to the enemy of the other to aid them offensively or defensively against that\n          Art. 21st. If the two contracting\n            parties should be engaged in a War against a Common Enemy, the following points shall be\n            observed between them. 1st. If a Vessel of one of the\n            parties retaken by a privateer of the other shall not have been in possession of the\n            Enemy more than twenty four hours, she shall be restored to the first owner, for one\n            third of the Value of the Vessel & Cargo, but if she shall have been more than\n            twenty four hours in possession of the Enemy she shall belong wholly to the\n              recaptor\u20142d. if in the same case the recapture were by a\n            public Vessel of War of the one party restitution shall be made to the owner for one\n            thirtieth part of the Value of the Vessel & Cargo, if she shall not have been in\n            possession of the Enemy more than twenty four hours; And one tenth of the said value\n            where she shall have been longer: Which sums shall be distributed in gratuities to the\n            recaptors 3d. the restitution in the Cases aforesaid shall\n            be after due proof of property & surety given for the party to which the\n            recaptors are entitled 4th. the Vessels of War public\n            & private of the two parties shall be reciprocally admitted with their prizes\n            into the respective parts of each, but the said prizes shall not be discharged, nor sold\n            there untill their legality shall have been decided according to the Laws and\n            regulations of the state to which the Captor belongs\u20145th. it\n            shall be free to each party to make such regulations as they shall judge necessary for\n            the Conduct of their respective Vessels of War public & private, relative to the\n            vessels which they shall take & carry into the ports of the two parties\u2014\n          Art. 22d. Where the parties shall have\n            a common Enemy, the Vessels of war of each shall upon all occasions take under their\n            protection the Vessels of the other going the same Course, and shall defend such Vessels\n            as long as they hold the same Course against all force & Violence in the same\n            manner as they ought to protect & defend vessels belonging to the party of Which\n          Art. 23d. If war should arise between\n            the two contracting parties, the merchants of either Country then residing in the other\n            shall be allowed to remain nine months\n            one year to collect their debts &\n            settle their affairs & may depart freely, carrying off all their effects,\n            without molestation or hindrance: and all Women & Children, Scholars of every\n              profession faculty, cultivators of the Earth, artizans, manufacturers\n            & fishermen unarmed, & inhabiting unfortified Towns, Villages or places,\n            and in general all others, whose occupations are for the common subsistance &\n            benefit of mankind shall be allowed to continue their respective employments, &\n            shall not be molested in their persons, nor shall their houses or goods be burnt or\n            otherwise destroyed, nor their fields wasted by the armed force of the Enemy into whose\n            power by the events of war, they may happen to fall: but if any thing is necessary to be\n            taken from them for the use of such armed force, the same shall be paid for at a\n            reasonable price And all merchant & trading Vessels employed in exchanging the\n            products of different places and thereby rendering the necessaries, conveniences\n            & Comforts of human Life more easy to be obtained and more general, shall be\n            allowed to pass free & unmolested, and neither of the contracting Powers shall\n            grant or issue any Commission to any private armed Vessels empowering them to take or\n            destroy such trading Vessels or interrupt such Commerce\u2014\n          Art. 24th. And to prevent the\n            destruction of prisoners of War by sending them into distant and inclement Countries, or\n            by crouding them into close and noxious places, the two contracting Parties solemnly\n            pledge themselves to each other & to the World that they will not adopt any such\n            practice\u2014that neither will send the prisoners whom they may take from the other into the\n            East Indies, or any other parts of Asia or africa: but that they shall be placed in some\n            part of their dominions in Europe or America in wholesome situations, that they shall\n            not be confined in dungeons, prison-ships, nor prisons, nor be put into Irons, nor\n            bound, nor otherwise restrained in the use of their limbs, that the officers shall be\n            enlarged on their paroles within convenient districts & have comfortable\n            Quarters and the Common Men be disposed in cantonments open & extensive enough\n            for air and exercise, and lodged in barracks as roomly & good as are provided by\n            the party in whose power they are for their own troops, that the officers shall also be\n            daily furnished by the party in whose power they are with as many rations & of\n            the same articles & Quality, as are allowed by them, either in kind or by\n            commutation to officers of equal rank in their own army, & all others shall be\n            daily furnished by them with such ration as they allow to a common soldier in their own\n            service, the Value whereof shall be paid by the other party on a mutual adjustment of\n            accounts for the subsistance of prisoners at the close of the War, and the said account\n            shall not be mingled with or sett off against any others, nor the balances due on them\n            be withheld as a satisfaction or reprisal for any other article or for any other cause\n            real or pretended whatever, that each party shall be allowed to keep a Commissary of\n            Prisoners of their own appointment with every seperate cantonment of prisoners in\n            possession of the other, which Commissary shall see the Prisoners as often as he\n            pleases, shall be allowed to receive & distribute whatever Comforts may be sent\n            to them by their friends & shall be free to make his reports in open Letters to\n            those who employ him\u2014but if any officer shall break his parole, or any other Prisoner\n            shall escape from the limits of his cantonment after they shall have been designated to\n            him, such Individual Officer or other prisoner shall forfeit so much of the benifit of\n            this Article as provides for his enlargement on parole or cantonment. And it is declared\n            that neither the pretence that War disolves all treaties, nor any other whatever shall\n            be considered as annulling or suspending this & the next preceding article, but\n            on the contrary that the state of War is precisely that for which they are provided\n            & during which they are to be as sacridly observed as the most acknowledged\n            articles in the law of nature or Nations\u2014\n          Art. 26th.. The two contracting parties\n            grant to each other the liberty of having each in the ports of the other, Consuls, Vice\n            Consuls, agents & Commissaries of their own appointment whose functions shall be\n            regulated by particular agreement whenever either party shall chuse to make such\n            appointment but if any such Consuls shall exercise Commerce they shall be\n            submitted to the same laws and usages to which the private individuals of their nation\n            are submitted in the same place\u2014\n          Art. 2 67. If either party shall hereafter grant to any\n            other nation any particular favor in navigation or Commerce, it shall immediately become\n            common to the other party freely where it is freely granted to such other nation,\n              as in yeilding the compensation\n            where such nation does the same\u2014\n          Art. 2 78th. Her Majesty the\n            Queen of Portugal & the United States of America agree that this treaty shall be\n            in force during the term of 10 years from the exchange of ratifications and the\n              ratification shall be within the space of one year after the signature or earlier if\n              possible & if the expiration of that term should happen during the\n            course of a War between them then the Articles before provided for the regulation of\n            their Conduct during such War shall continue in force untill the conclusion of the\n            treaty which shall reestablish Peace & that this treaty shall be ratified on\n            both sides & the ratification exchanged within one year from the Day of its\n            signature\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0599", "content": "Title: Chevalier de Pinto\u2019s Observations on Treaty, 25 Apr. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: \n          Observations Sur le Trait\u00e9 D\u2019Amitie et de Commerce.\n          We must conform ourselves, as to the Titles to the following Rule\n            \u201cbetween her most faithfull Majesty the Queen of Portugal and the Algarves\u201d.\n          We must observe in this Article the Same Rule, above established.\n            The Rest will meet with no Difficulty.\n          The same Observation, in the words underscored. it appears moreover\n            convenient to add to this Article, that which follows. \u201cmay frequent all the Coasts,\n            Bays, Harbours, Ports, Rivers and Countries &c.\u201d\n          to the words underscored (N. 4) it will be necessary to add the\n            following Declarations\u2014\u201cthe Entry whereof, Shall not be forbidden by the Laws.\u201d All the\n            rest is agreed to.\n          The Same Remarks upon the precedent Article, are common to this,\n            which Should be the Copy of it.\u2014 The blank line N. 5. ought to be filled up in the\n            following manner \u201cAnd Countries of the Domination of her most Faithfull Majesty where\n            Commerce is not prohibited by the Laws to all foreign nations\u201d. The Rest is\n          It is necessary to add to the Words underscored N. 6. the following\n            Declaration \u201cthe Entry whereof Shall be permitted,\u201d and to the Words underscored of the\n            Note 7. it is necessary to add \u201cBy the Nations the most favoured, whose Priviledge shall\n            not be the Effect of a particular And reciprocal Compensation according to Treaties\n              now existing.\u201d The rest of this Article, from the perpendicular Line in the\n            Margin, to the End, appears inadmissible.\n          The Clauses underscored N. 9. are inadmissible, because they are\n            contrary to the Regulations established in Portugal, which are common to all the\n            commercial Nations.\n          Agreed, with the following Explanation, after the Words,\n            underscored N. 10. \u201cWhere Commerce is not forbidden.\u201d But the Expression, \u201ccoming on any\n            Coast belonging to the other,\u201d appears ambiguous, and one cannot well comprehend the\n            Sense of it.\u2014To the Words underscored N. 11. it is necessary to add \u201cexcept those which\n            are attached to the Ports; and they Shall be obliged to receive the usual Guards\n            according to the Custom practised with all other Nations.\u201d\n          Agreed entirely.\n          Agreed without Exception.\n          Agreed with the addition N. 12. \u201cprovided always, that in the\n            Exercise of their Religion, they conform themselves to the Laws and Rules established in\n            the Country.\n          N. 13. it should be declared at the End of the Words underscored\n            except Merchandizes prohibited and deemed Contraband; namely Cannons, Morters, Fire\n            Arms, Pistols, Bombs, Grenades, Bullets, Balls, Fusils, Flints, Matches, Powder, Salt\n            Peter, Sulphur, Cuirasses, Pikes, Swords, Belts, Cartouch Boxes, Saddles, Bridles,:\n            excepting nevertheless the Quantity which may be requisite, for the defence of the\n            Vessel, and of those who compose the Crew.\n          This Article cannot be admitted, unless Contraband Goods are\n            Subject to Confiscation, according to the Public Law, universally acknowledged and\n          Agreed entirely.\n          Agreed, with a declaration that the Commander of the Vessel, who\n            shall order the Visit, Shall be personally responsable, for all the Losses occasioned,\n            and which Shall be legally proved.\n          Art. XVI. Agreed without Exception. Art. 17. Agreed. Art. 18.\n          N. 15. Except such Charges as are incurred at the Entry of the\n            Ports. Although Portugal cannot pretend, to any Derogation, in her favour from existing\n            Treaties, nevertheless, Decency appears to require that We Should not Specify the\n            Clauses contained in the N. 16, since the Reciprocity is not preserved in this point,\n            and because that Such a declaration would appear odious.\n          Art. 20. agreed. Art. 21. Agreed\n          The Expressions underscored N. 17. ought to be entirely\n            obliterated, as contrary to every Principle of Neutrality. besides the Admission of this\n            Article does not depend upon my Will.\n          Agreed N. 18. But the Term of Nine months appears to me short, and\n            that of one year, would Seem more convenient.\n          Art. 24 Agreed. Art. 25. Agreed. Art. 26. Agreed.\n          N. 19. Shall be in Force, during the Space of 10 years. and the\n            Ratifications shall be exchanged in the space of one year after the Signature, or\n            earlier if possible.\n          N. B. There is an Article necessary to be added to this Project, to\n            the End to give to Navigation more Security.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0600", "content": "Title: Correction to Draft of Portuguese-American Treaty, 25 Apr. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: \n          And it is further specially agreed that\n            except the liberty of introducing woollens into the kingdom of Portugal\n              which has been ceded to certain nations in compensation for their\n              privileges yeilded on their grant to the commerce of Portugal, shall not be understood\n              to be communicated to the citizens of the U. S. by this or any other article of the\n              present treaty.\n            which is the effect of a particular & reciprocal compensn [expansion\n          strike out the words \u2018whose privilege is not the effect of a\n            particular and reciprocal compensation\u2019 and add at the end of the clause the above\n            paragraph.\n          Saving however the Liberty of introducing Woolens", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0601", "content": "Title: Articles Proposed by Pinto at Final Conference, 25 Apr. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: \n          + There shall be, a full and entire Liberty of Conscience allowed,\n            to the Inhabitants and Subjects of each Party and no one Shall be molested, in regard to\n            his Worship, provided he Submits, as to the public Demonstration of it, to the Laws of\n            the Country. There Shall be given moreover Liberty when any Subjects or Inhabitants of\n            either Party, Shall die in the Territory of the other, to bury them in the usual\n              burying Places in decent & convenient Places, which Shall be appointed\n            for that Purpose. and the two contracting Parties agree Shall provide, each\n            in its own Jurisdiction, that the Citizens & Subjects of the other, may obtain,\n            Certificates in Cases of Deaths, in Case\n            whenever they Shall be required, to be delivered.+\n          Declaration to the Article XII.\n          Except the Merchandizes deemed contraband * namely + Cannons,\n            Morters, Fire Arms Pistols, Bombs, Grenades, bullets Balls, Fusils, Flints, Matches,\n            Powder Salt peter, Sulphur, Cuirasses, Pikes, Swords, Cartouch Boxes, Belts, Saddles and\n            Bridles, which shall be adjudged Contrabande, and Subject to Confiscation, excepting\n            nevertheless the Quantity, which may be requisite for the Defence of the Vessell, and of\n            those who compose the Crew.+\n          This Article cannot Subsist, after the foregoing Declaration,\n            respecting Contraband Merchandizes Subject to Confiscation.\n          Article to be added 25\n          The Squadrons or Vessells of War of the two Contracting Parties,\n            may enter freely into the Ports, Roads or Bays of the other one or the other\n            Dominion, where Commerce is permitted provided, nevertheless that they never exceed the\n            Number of Six Vessells of War, in the great Ports, and of four in the Small Ports\n            without the express Permission of the Governor or Commandant of the District; and that\n            they do not make there a Station, With View to hurt the Commerce of other\n            Nations in Amity and Alliance with either of the two contracting Parties.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0603", "content": "Title: John Jeffries to John Adams, 27 Apr. 1786\nFrom: Jeffries, John\nTo: Adams, John\n              Margt: St. Cavendish\n          Dr Jeffries respectful compliments to\n            his Excellency Mr Adams, & does himself the honour\n            to present him with a Narrative of his Aerial Voyages, which if they in any degree\n            should meet his approbation or for a few minutes divert him, will make him very", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0604", "content": "Title: James Sutton & Co. to John Adams, 27 Apr. 1786\nFrom: James Sutton & Co.\nTo: Adams, John\n              Dyers Court, Aldermanbury\n          Messr: James Sutton & Co: present their respectfull compliments to his Excellency\n              Mr: Adams.\u2014 would be oblig\u2019d to him to inform them if the\n            two Drafts herewith drawn by John Lamb dated Barcelona 7 March at double Usance for \u00a3300\n            & \u00a3300\u2014are not meant to be drawn at 60 days date as Mr. Lambs former Bills were, instead of four Months which the present ones are\n            made out for\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0605", "content": "Title: John van Heukelom & Son to John Adams, 27 Apr. 1786\nFrom: Van Heukelom, John\nTo: Adams, John\n              Honorable Sir\n          Our distressed Situation on the one Side, and the Many Civilities\n            & friendly regard Which your Excellency bestowed on us on the other,\n            make us So free to implore your Kind assistance: We daily lament of having Sent any\n            goods to America, We cannot get any accounts or remittances ever Since Several Years:\n            and as Mr: Cranch wrote us, he would be glad to get rid of\n            the whole business, we invested Mr. duncan Ingraham Junior\n            With our power of attorney, to take all our business into his hands. but as Mr Cranch entrusted the whole business to a third Person, who\n            Left Boston, every thing Concerning our Property is So Confused, that we have reason to\n            fear immense Losses. We are however unwilling to trouble your Excellency, With\n            particularities, and We\u2019ll Spare all complaints on this point, as these\n            Undertakings where all done for our own risk:\u2014it is more particularly to Mr. Barclay\u2019s unaccountable behaviour, that We must impute our\n            distressed Situation, which has plunged My Father in a most fatal Melancholy disorder,\n            whose Consequences may be dreadfull.\n          on the Subject of Mr. Barclay, We wrote\n            the inclosed letter to his Excellency Ths: Jefferson Esqr. at Paris; but not having received any answer,\n            and being informed, that he is in London: We take the liberty to Send a Copy of it\n            inclosed joining to it Mr. Barclay\u2019s account Current With\n            us: Where is Mr. Barclay! he left Paris clandestinely,\n            without informing any Person whom We Know of the place of his abode. if he be alive we\n            Surely ought to Know where to address him.\n          We introduced Mr. Barclay to a Merchant\n            at Haarlem from whom he bought for about 10,000 florins on the Same Credit of a twelve\n            Month: this Gentleman, enraged by Mr. Barclay\u2019s Conduct, and\n            Considering him as a Man who by clandestinely getting away from the place of his\n            residence, Shews an intention not to trouble himself Much about his Creditors; wants to\n            Expose Mr. Barclay\u2019s Conduct to the world in all public\n            papers, as a fellow for Whom every man ought to be warned. We have done all, which was\n            in our power to prevent it, tho\u2019 certainly Mr. Barclays\n            Conduct is unexcusable; and we have prevailed on them to Subside with it for Some time,\n            Engaging ourselves to use every possible means to procure them Some information and\n            Certainty: Indeed Mr. Barclay, who always professed to be a\n            Man of Property, who wrote us in 1783 that he had Send Mr\n            Loreihle to Philadelphia to Collect his property to the amount of more then 800,000\n            Livres & transmit it; he could easily transfer a\n            part of that property, as a Surity on the names of his Creditors if he intended to pay\n          it is in this miserable State of uncertainty that we address your\n            Excellency imploring your Kind assistance and advice how to disengage us from this fatal\n          We hope your Excellency Will not deny us the favour of an Answer\n            which we Expect the Sooner the better remaining With great respect / Honorable Sir /\n            Your Most obedient Servts\n              John van Heukelom & Son", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0606", "content": "Title: James Warren to John Adams, 30 Apr. 1786\nFrom: Warren, James\nTo: Adams, John\n          I was a few days ago honoured with your favour of the 12th: of Decr. I am much obliged to\n            you for your Attention to my Son & your favourable, if not partial opinion of\n            the Merits of his Family. Winslow left Lisbon & returned Home last fall: after a\n            disagreable residence there for more than Twelve months, at a great Expence, fully\n            convinced of the futility of Court promises, which his former Experience could no longer\n            Justify any future dependence upon. it has been my opinion that Consuls\n            should be Appointed in several of the European Ports, & perticularly at Lisbon\n            where we have had a great Trade till Interrupted by the Algerine Corsairs. no [usance]\n            is so natural & beneficial for the supply of that great Branch of Business the\n            Fishery as the Trade with Lisbon, & Cadiz, & I can scarcely Conceive how\n            it can be supported without it, unless by a dependence on foreigners for the\n            Importation, which must defeat all the policy of our Navigation Acts, however founded in\n            Policy or Oeconomy. How we are to be releived from the Injury of these Pirates I am at a\n            loss to determine. their Generosity will not do it, & our Poverty cant,\n            & if it is not done the Fishery & Trade must be depressed and\n            discouraged. You who are acquainted with the Means the Agents to Algiers are possessd. of, can Judge of their prospects of Success. I can only\n            wish them Success. I can form some Idea of the difficulty & delays of your\n            Treaties, which render their Completion uncertain even to the best Informed. The Trade\n            with Britain if it has been Attended with some loss & disappointment to them,\n            has almost ruined us: & with their own conduct may Justify a severe\n            Navigation Act, with regard to them but I am not so well satisfied of the propriety of\n            it with regard to any other Nation, tho\u2019 I think the policy of the French in their duty\n            on our Fish, & the Bountys on their own very Absurd. I wish I could see, for the\n            Benefit of Mankind a fair Experiment made, of a Goverment supported without Duties or\n            Bounties, at least that they should operate, only as prohibitions or severe\n            restrictions, without any regard to a revenue. in that case even those in question might\n            not have Existed.\n          if our oil can find a Market in France it will I think disconcert\n            the views of the British Ministery, & be very Advantageous to us as well as to\n            the Commerce of France I took great pains to Impress the Marquis de Fayate with proper\n            Sentiments on that subject when here last, & have reason from his Letters to\n            suppose it has had a good Effect\n          I know you wish to be Informed of the situation of your beloved\n            Country. it would give me pleasure to gratify you. in former Times when you was Absent I\n            used to Attempt it, but it is now so Novel & so Extraordinary that I dare not\n            Undertake the Task. The constant drain of Specie to make remittances for Baubles\n            Imported from England is so great as to Occasion an Extreem Scarcity. Commerce is\n            ruined: & what is worse the husbandry & Manufactures of the Country\n            cannot be supported. the only Branch of Business that promises any success is the\n            Fishery, & that is greatly Injured from the same Cause. No Debts can be paid, or\n            Taxes collected. the first are severely demanded by multiplyed Law suits. the last are\n            become more necessary than ever by the wants of the public. Our General Court sets often\n            & long, do little & give no satisfaction to their Constituents. Paper\n            Money, Tenders of Land, &c. suspension of Law processes, & a variety of\n            Expedients are proposed, & Nothing Adopted. a Total change in principles\n            & Manners. Interest is the great object, the only pursuit, and Riches only\n            respected. every thing seems verging to Confusion, & anarchy, &\n            certainly great Wisdom & Address are necessary to prevent it. Our Elections have\n            been much the same this as the last Year. indeed when a Man is once in it is for Life. A\n            repetition Annually is nugatory. few Attend the Meetings & hardly one\n            inquired further than who was in last, & Vote for him again without the trouble\n            of recuring to Priciples, or traceing Consequences.\n          Be assured No Body can Wish you & Family more happiness, or\n            desire more to see you in the Vicinity than your Friends on Milton Hill. make our\n            Compliments to Mrs. Adams & Love to Nabby\u2014I am /\n            Your Friend & Servt\n            will you give me your Opinion of the Encyclopedia, &\n              whether it be worth purchaseing\u2014\n            if it would not be an Impertinent request to a Minister of State,\n              I would request\n              ask the favour to send me the Gentn. pocket\n              Farrier & Trusler, practical Husbandry. I will pay, the cost to your order\n              here. R Baldwin Pater Noster Row. A charming Enthusiasm is prevailing for\n              Agriculture", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0607", "content": "Title: John Adams to Wilhem & Jan Willink and Nicolaas and Jacob van Staphorst, May 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Van Staphorst, Jacob,Van Staphorst, Nicholas,Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan\n              Grosvenor Square\n          On the 27 of April, I accepted a Bill of John Lamb dated Barcelona,\n            March 7. 1786. for 300\u00a3 Sterg. at double Usance,\n            in favour of Etienne Drouilhet & Co. Bankers or\n            order\u2014first of the sett\u2014indorsed to the order of James Sutton & Co\u2014Accepted No. 5. dated March 8.\n            1786\u2014in all other particulars like the preceeding. \n          May 7. accepted a Bill of Mr. Barclay\n            dated Madrid April 15. 1786 for 250\u00a3 stg. in\n            favour of the order of Etienne Drouilhet & Co. at\n            usance 1. of the sett, indorsed to the order of James Sutton & Co. to be paid at the House of Messrs: C. & R. Puller on your Account and to be by you charged to the\n            United States of America.\n          I am Gentlemen your humble / Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0608", "content": "Title: John Jay to John Adams, 1 May 1786\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Adams, John\n              Office for foreign Affairs\n          I have the Honor to be with great Respect / Dr, Sir / Your most obt. & very hble: Servt.\n            It is the pleasure of Congress that you protract your\n              Negotiations with the Court of great Britain respecting the posts which should have\n              been before this surrendered to the United States, and other infractions of the said\n              Treaty by that power\u2014so as to avoid demanding a categorical answer respecting the same\n              untill the further orders of Congress\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0609", "content": "Title: Rufus King to John Adams, 2 May 1786\nFrom: King, Rufus\nTo: Adams, John\n          Mr. Alsop of this city, whom you must\n            recollect as a delegate from this State to congress in 1775 & 1776, and whose\n            daughter I have lately married, requests me to ask your Opinion, whether a Refugee,\n            whose Estate has been confiscated here, and to an amount exceeding that of his Debts,\n            can by the British laws, or the Treaty of peace between G. Britain & the united\n            States of america, be compelled by Process in the British courts to pay a Debt due to an\n            american Citizen, anticedent to the late war? the Determination of this question is of\n            some importance to Mr. Alsop, and indeed to many others of\n            our Countrymen\u2014\n          It has been objected against such recovery that the confiscated\n            Estates of the Refugees being by the act of confiscation liable to, or by subsequent\n            laws charged with, the payment of their Debts, in all cases where the confiscated Estate\n            equalled the amount of the Debts of any Refugee, that there the State to whose use the\n            Estates confiscated inured, took upon itself to pay the Debts, and the Refugee was\n            discharged\u2014and being discharged by an american law, the treaty could not affect them, for no Debt was due from them\u2014How far these\n            objections are founded, is submitted to your good Judgment\u2014If the Estate of a Refugee\n            escaped confiscation, his american Debts must be paid under the Treaty\u2014So if the\n            confiscated Estate is insufficient to pay the whole of his Debts, the Deficiency is in\n            like manner recoverable\u2014How then is it in the principal case?\n          Will you have the Goodness to examine this question, and oblige\n              Mr. Alsop, & myself with your Opinion\u2014\n          With the highest Respect, I have the Honor to be D. Sir your obt & very Hble[expansion sign] Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0610", "content": "Title: John Jay to John Adams, 4 May 1786\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Adams, John\n              Office for foreign Affairs\n          Since the 22d. February which was the\n            Date of my last Letter to You, I have been honoured with yours of the 4. 5. and 11\n              Novemr. and 2. 6. 9. 12. and 15 and one of Decemr. last, and also of 4th. 21. and\n            26. January 1786. All of them have been laid before Congress, from whom I have no\n            Instructions to say any thing more on the Subjects of them than what you will find in my\n            Letter to you of the 1st. Inst.\u2014This is to be imputed to there not being so many States convened in Congress as\n            are necessary to decide on Matters of that kind, for since last Autumn when the new\n            Election took place they have not had nine States on the floor for more than three or\n            four Days, until this Week\u2014There are nine at present and more are expected, so that I\n            hope more Attention will now be paid to our foreign Affairs than has been the Case for\n            many Months past.\u2014\n          Your and Mr. Jeffersons joint Letter\n              dated 2d. & 11th. October last with the Prussian Treaty has been received and I have reported\n            a Ratification of it, which when agreed to shall without Delay be transmitted. The\n            printed Papers herewith transmitted will give you some Ideas of our Affairs. The\n            proposed Impost gains Friends and the Legislature of this State has passed an Act in its\n            Favor rather in Compliance with the popular Opinion, than that of a Majority in the\n            House\u2014it departs however from some material Parts in the Recommendation of Congress, and\n            it is not certain that in it\u2019s present State it will be accepted. As this Letter will go\n            by the Packet, I avoid minute Details\u2014I hope by the next private Ship to write more\n            circumstantially especially as it is probable that Congress will by that Time have\n            concluded on several Matters respecting foreign Affairs, which have long been and now\n            are under their Consideration.\u2014\n          Mr. Anstey is here, and I think has\n            Reason to be satisfied with the Attention shewn him. The English Papers do us Injustice,\n            and are calculated to create a much greater Degree of Asperity in this Country than\n            really exists in it.\u2014\n          Mr. Hancock is still at Boston, and it\n            is not certain when he may be expected\u2014this is not a pleasant Circumstance, for though\n            the Chair is well filled by a Chairman, yet the President of Congress should be absent\n            as little and seldom as possible.\n          With great & sincere Regard I am / Dr Sir / Your most obt. & hble: Servt.\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0611", "content": "Title: John Jay to John Adams, 4 May 1786\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Adams, John\n          I have been favored with your Letter in which you mention Mr Warren. Your opinion of that Gentleman, added to the Merits\n            of his Family, cannot fail to operate powerfully in his Favor. I have communicated that\n            Letter to Mr King, an able & valuable Delegate from\n            Massachusets; who I have Reason to think wishes well to you, and to all who like You,\n            deserve well of their Country.\n          Our Friend Gerry has retired from Congress with a charming amiable\n            Lady, whom he married here. I regret his absence, for he discharged the Trust reposed in\n            him with great Fidelity, & with more Industry and persevering Attention than\n            many are distinguished by. Mr King has also married a Lady\n            of Merit, and the only child of Mr Alsop, who was in\n            Congress with us in 1776. I am pleased with these Intermarriages\u2014they tend to assimilate\n            the States, and to promote one of the first Wishes of my Heart vizt. to see the People of america become one Nation in every Respect\u2014for as to the\n            separate Legislatures, I would have them considered with Relation to the\n              States Confederacy, in the same Light, in which Counties stand to the State\n            of which they are parts\u2014vizt merely as Districts to\n            facilitate the purposes of domestic order, & good Governmt. With great & sincere Regard I am / Dr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0613", "content": "Title: Paul R. Randall to John Adams, 4 May 1786\nFrom: Randall, Paul R.\nTo: Adams, John\n          I should have addressed your Excellency long e\u2019er this, since my\n            Arrival from Algiers\u2014but being in Expectation of bringing on Mr; Lamb\u2019s Letters\u2014was entirely without Suspicion of the many Impediments which\n            retarded my Progress thus far. Mr Lamb must undoubtedly have\n            given your Excellencies the reasons of sending me from thence\u2014and however repugnant to\n            my Inclinations I must be necessitated to submit to his express Desire\u2014as he might\n            otherwise have left it in a spanish Brigantine\u2014and have given me the Charge of his\n            Vessel to convey me to Marseilles. I therefore prefered the Alternative of attending the\n            Count D\u2019Expilly\u2019s Secretary in Hopes of obtaining a Release from Quarantine with\n            himself\u2014but by one unfortunate Concurrence of Circumstances I was detained twenty two\n            Days\u2014and obliged to go from Alicant where the vessel was arrived\u2014to Carthagena whither\n            she was sent to perform her Quarantine.\u2014I endeavored to reach Madrid with all possible\n            Dispatch after my Discharge.\u2014Here I find that Mr Lamb is\n            returned to Alicant with Intention of coming to Madrid immediately:\u2014The Information\n            therefore that I might have conveyed of the Situation of Affairs upon my leaving Algiers\n            must be rendered of very little Consequence by the Lapse of Time\u2014and such Change as has\n            made his Withdrawal necessary\u2014which most unquestionably your Excellencies must be\n            advised of\u2014In this I am allowed to judge\u2014as Mr Lamb had\n            given me no Instructions of what Information I should be the Bearer of on his Part.\u2014\n          I think myself bound\u2014and by the Opinion of Mr Carmichael am determined to await the Arrival of Mr Lamb & be governed by future Instructions & Circumstances.\n            What Observations I have been enabled to make in my short Stay there shall be\n            transmitted to your Excellencies by the first safe Occasion being in Hopes a Courier\n            will set out shortly which must arrive before I can travel to London\u2014altho\u2019 I have\n            disencumbered myself from my Baggage. Mr Carmichael was\n            acquainted as soon as [\u2026] I could possibly write with every Thing I could [\u2026] be\n            possessed of respecting Algiers\u2014however I sh[all be] as particular as my Memory will\n          In this and on all other Occasions I am entirely devoted to the\n            Service of my Country\u2014and am most particularly Your Excellency\u2019s / Obt & hum", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0614", "content": "Title: Rufus King to John Adams, 5 May 1786\nFrom: King, Rufus\nTo: Adams, John\n          It has undoubtedly been said in England that the act of congress of\n            the 15. of February relative to the federal Revenues, is full proof that the united\n            States are in the utmost confusion, and that the Union is nearly dissolved\u2014ignorant as\n            the People of England still are of the Genius and Temper of the Citizens of America, it\n            will not be extraordinary that such Opinions should be fondly embraced\u2014when in fact the\n            Resolutions, to which they refer to establish the Justice of their conclusions, have\n            produced measures the reverse of their expectations, and most salutary in favor of our\n            union\u2014If the people are truly informed of their situation, they will eventually acceed\n            to such measures as will best secure their Freedom and Honor\u2014Rhode Island, which had\n            continued five Years in opposition to the system of a general impost upon the Terms\n            recommended by Congress passed an act agreeing to the system in consequence of the Act\n            of congress of the 15. of Feb.; Georgia has likewise made the Grant, and Maryland has\n            acceeded\u2014New York has passed an act upon the subject within a few days; it has not been\n            before congress, but if I have heard it truly recited, it is imperfect\u2014However as twelve\n            States have made the Grant to the acceptation of Congress, I think there can be little\n            Doubt, but that the next Assembly of New York will fully acceed to the system, and\n            thereby authorise the commencement of a plan of Revenue substantial &\n            productive\u2014\n          that there exists a criminal neglect in several of the states in\n            their most important Duties to the confederacy cannot be denied,\u2014I hope a reform will\n            take place\u2014the People generally through the confederacy remark that we are at a\n            crisis\u2014our Finances are not on that firm basis, which the Riches of our country will\n            authorise without Danger to the liberties of the Citizens\u2014our commerce is almost ruined,\n            because Jealousies of an unwarrantable nature have been dessiminated through the more\n            southern states\u2014But there is good reason to expect that our Finances will be\n            strengthened, and made certain\u2014and a proposition has originated in Virginia, for a\n            convention of Delegates, in September, from the several States to agree on Such\n            commercial regulations as shall extend the american navigation & promote the\n            Trade of the Union\u2014the most important states have already appointed Delegates for this\n            purpose, to assemble in Maryland and if any thing can be concluded from the general\n            Reputation of the Delegates already appointed, there is reason to hope that wisdom will\n            govern their Deliberations, and that their Result will produce an union of Opinions on\n            the subject of Commercial Regulations through all the States\u2014\n          the situation we are in with the Barbary powers is a great\n            discouragement to certain Branches of trade; Wheat may be shipped from America cheaper\n            than has been the case for many years\u2014Produce of all sorts has greatly fallen in its\n            price\u2014but it is difficult to persuade our Seaman to navigate unarmed vessels on those\n            Seas where the Barbary corsairs cruize\u2014the consequence is, that even our own merchants\n            charter foreign Vessels which are protected from the Barbary Cruizers, to carry our\n            produce to Market\u2014we are in anxious expectation of the issue of the Barbary\n            negotiations\u2014every one wishes the abilities of our Country were more adequate to an\n            effectual Bribery of these powers than they are; and my own wish, always has been, that\n            the small sum dedicated for these negotiations, had been put into abler hands than those\n            of Mr. Lamb; but I suppose a better character would not be\n            obtained by the commissioners when he was authorised\u2014\n          the arrets of the French King, relative to the cod Fishery, will\n            very materially affect our Eastern Brethren\u2014the difference of 15 Livres the Quintal on\n            the west India Fish destroys all competition. Add this farther circumstance concerning\n            the west india Trade from the Eastern States\u2014you very well know that we took from the\n            Islands large quantities of Molasses at a very low price, and distilled it\n            into Rum with a hansome profit\u2014since the war the French Merchants & Planters\n            have gone into the business of Distilling their molasses, of consequence they have\n            increased the price; and so considerably as to affect the Profits of our\n            Distillation\u2014For all these disadvantages to which our commerce is exposed there is a\n            full remedy in the power of the States\u2014that remedy you long since have discovered and\n            repetedly recommended\u2014I hope the proper measures will be agreed to\u2014these inconveniencies\n            will urge & their adoption; and in this view are far from disagreable\u2014they will\n            teach america, what he has to learn, that her Honor, prosperity, Riches, &\n            Glory, must depend upon herself\u2014\n          I pray God that the day may soon arrive when all our fellow\n            Citizens may see this subject in the same light that you do.\u2014when this is the case,\n            their natural good sense will dictate the necessary measures\u2014\n          with perfect respect I have the honor to be, Sir, your obt. & very hble servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0616", "content": "Title: J. B. Pike to John Adams, 8 May 1786\nFrom: Pike, J. B.\nTo: Adams, John\n          You may probably remember that when in town a week or two ago I\n            took the liberty of waiting upon you to request the favor of any information you could\n            give concerning the recovery of the Estate of the late James Wainwright Malin Esqr. at port Beaufort Nice River Bath County North Carolina\n            & you kindly afforded me what information I asked, but as I did not then\n            recollect every question which the friends of the young man who is heir to the Estate\n            wished me to propose I have presumed upon this further Liberty\n          Before the American Revolution the british Governor was thought to\n            be the proper person to apply to for information & about 19 Years ago the\n            friends of this young man who was then a Child wrote to the then Governor & it\n            appeared that he (the Governor) then possessed it as an unclaimed Estate We wish to ask\n            Who is the proper person now in that County to whom application should be made? We suppose\n            that as the british Governor was formerly the proper person it is to some public officer\n            we should now apply.\n          I beg further to ask If any Loyalist or person inimical to the\n            freedom of that Country has since had it in possession, may it not have been\n            confiscated? & if so, whether any recovery by the right heir in England is\n            possible or probable? also if possible to whom in that\n              case application should be made?\n          If you will kindly oblige me with a reply addressed to The Revd Mr Pike Briamore near Fordingbridge Hants you will confer an additional\n            favor on / Sir / Your already obliged / & truly respectful", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0617", "content": "Title: Roger Sherman to John Adams, 8 May 1786\nFrom: Sherman, Roger\nTo: Adams, John\n          This will be delivered to you by Dr.\n            Wales Professor of Divinity in Yale College in New Haven who is About to take a Voyage\n            to England for the recovery of his Health\u2013 \u2013 \u2013\n          There is a Cause depending in the Superior Court in this State,\n            that is of National concern on which I wish to receive Some information from Your\n            Excellency respecting the law and usage of Nations, it is an Action of Debt\n            between two Subjects of the King of Great Brittain on a contract under hand &\n            Seal Made at Nova Scotia and was to have been performed\n            there, but the Deft. came with his Effects into this State,\n            where he resides at present, the Plaintiff employed Counsel here who brought an action\n            on the contract & Attached a Vessel & other effects of the Deft. the Deft. Pleads abatement to\n            the Jurisdiction of the Courts here because both parties are foreigners & the\n            Contract was made & to have been performed in a foreign State, the Cause has\n            been once heard before the Supe. Court and continued to\n            Advise, there were no precedents in point produced on either side; I Should take it as a\n            particular favour to be informed by your Excellency what is the law and usage of Nations\n            in Europe in Such cases & particularly in Great Britain, whether the Courts\n            there would Sustain Such an Action between two Citizens of the United States, I take it,\n              that that Case does not differ from Debt on a Bond or any other tansitory\n            Action, as to the right of maintaing it, \u2013 \u2013 \u2013And we wish to give foreigners the\n              Same privileges in our Courts as they will give our Citizens in theirs. \u2013 \u2013\n            \u2013this cause is to be heard again the first Tuesday in Sepr. next, I Should therefore wish to have an Answer before that\n            time, if convenient.\n          I have No News remarkable to communicate, we hear that New York\n            State has Granted the General Impost to the united States. all the other States had\n            granted it before\u2014the matter of revenue is the greatest difficulty attending\n            our political affairs\u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013I Shall be obliged to your Excellency for any\n            information that you may think proper to give respecting our affairs in Europe\u2014\n          I am with Great Esteem & Respect / Your Excellency\u2019s humble\n              Roger Sherman\n            Q.1. Whether a Subject of France can maintain a personal Action\n              against another Subject of France, in the Courts at Westminster Hall, for a Debt\n              contracted in France\n            Q.2. Can a British Subject maintain an Action in France against another British\n              Subject for a Debt, contracted in Britain\u2014Suppose it a Note or Bond, and both the\n                Frenchmen in England\n              Englishmen in France.\n            Q.3. Can one American Citizen recover of another in London a Debt contracted in the\n            Q.4. Does the Priviledge of Alien Friends of maintaining personal Actions extend to\n              Causes of Action happening out of the British Dominions, and to other alien", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0618", "content": "Title: John Adams to C. and R. Puller, 9 May 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Puller, C. & R.\n              Grosvenor square\n          On the 27th. of April I accepted a Bill\n            of John Lamb dated Barcelona March 7. 1786 for \u00a3300 st. at\n            double usance in favour of Etienne Droilhet & Co. or\n            order, first of the sett. indorsed to the order of James sutton & Co.\u2014\n          Accepted also No. 5. dated March 8.\n            1786. in all other particulars like the preceeding\u2014\n          On the 7. May 1786. I accepted a Bill of Mr. Barclay dated Madrid April 15. 1786. for 250\u00a3 stg. in favour of the order of Etienne Drouilhet & Co. at usance 1. of the sett. indorsed to the order of James\n          These are to be paid on Account of Messrs: Willinks & Van staphorsts & to be by them charged to the\n            united states of America\u2014\n          I am Gentlemen your humble Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0619", "content": "Title: John Adams to James Bowdoin, 9 May 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Bowdoin, James\n          Your Excellencies Letter of the 12. of January I have had the\n            Honour to receive, and am much obliged to you for the Information in it.\n          Your Opinion of the Policy of this Country, will be found in the\n            Result of Things to be just, and your Reasoning in Support of it is so conclusive and at\n            the same time, so obvious, that it is astonishing it has not its Effect upon the\n            Cabinet. Every Consideration has been repeatedly urged to no Effect. Seamen, the Navy,\n            and Power to Strike an awfull Blow to their Ennemies at Sea, on the first breaking out\n            of a War, are the Ideas that prevail over all others. Mr\n            Jenkinson, an old Friend of the British Empire, is Still at his Labours. He is about\n            establishing a Bounty upon fifteen Ships, to the southward and upon two to double Cape\n            Horn for Sperma C\u0153ti Whales. Americans are to take an Oath that they mean to settle in\n            England, before they are entitled to the Bounty. I have long since informed Congress,\n            that nothing is to be expected from this Country, but Poverty, Weakness and Ruin. if\n            after all our People will carry on a ruinous Trade, it is their own Concern. But no Man\n            can do them a greater Injury, than by holding up to their View a hope, that We shall\n            receive any Relief, by taking off the Duty on Oil, or by admission to the West India\n            Islands. They will infallibly be deceived if they entertain any such Expectations.\n          I have been circumstancially informed from time to time and Step by\n            Step, from Mr Jefferson the Marquis de la Fayette and Mr Barrett of all the Negotiations for exchanging our Oyl for\n            the Produce, Manufactures and Sugars of France. The great Revolution in Trade, which you\n            mention ought to be promoted by every Friend of America, and it must take Place. I have\n            made Use of all these Considerations But if an Angel from Heaven should declare to this\n            Nation that our States will unite, retaliate, prohibit or trade with France, they would\n            not believe it. There is not one Man in the Nation, who pretends to believe it, and if\n            he did he would be treated with Scorn. \n          Let me intreat you, Sir, and every other Citizen of the United\n            States to extinguish all hopes of relief to their Trade from this Country.\n          Peace with the Turks, comprehending under this Term Constantinople\n            Tunis, Tripoli, Algiers and Morocco, is essential to our Navigation and Commerce and\n            political Consideration in Europe. Two or three hundred Thousand Guineas, and nothing\n            less will obtain it. it will be miserable Policy and OEconomy, to loose two or three\n            millions in Trade, Insurance &c and Still worse to add two or three millions\n            more in filling out a Navy to fight them, in order to Save that Sum in customary\n            Presents. We are now limited to a Sum that will be worse than thrown away.\n          Intrigues of Individuals are said to be on foot, to sett South\n            America free from Spain, and not improbably the Pulse may be felt in the United States.\n            But I hope the States will not only be prudent themselves, but oblige Individuals to be\n            so too.\u2014 \u2014Portugal & Spain are bound by a Treaty of 1778 to Support each other\n            in such a Case, and all the world will be in flames. We had better avoid the fury of\n          Three great Objects agitate the Cabinets of Europe in Secret. The\n            Passage of the Dardanells and navigation of the Danube, I consider as one, a free\n            Commerce with all the East Indies is a Second, and the Independence of South America is\n            the third. They will all be pursued untill they are obtained, as I fully believe. But as\n            all know the Contest will be Sharp, extensive and long, all are afraid to begin. This is\n            all confidential, between you and me and a few of our discreet Friends.\n          God bless our Country, but I still tremble for its Safety. \n          With great Respect, I have the Honour / to be your Excellencys most\n            obedient / and most humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0621", "content": "Title: John Adams to J. B. Pike, 11 May 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Pike, J. B.\n          I have received the Letter you did me, the honor to write me on the\n              8th of this month.\n          There is a Governor in each of the States of America by their New\n            Constitutions, to whom every thing should be addressed, which it was proper before the\n            revolution to address to a Governor under the Crown of Great Britain\u2014 \u2014\n          But a Governor never had Authority to dispose of private Property,\n            or to give or recover a title or Possession of an Estate, Recourse must be had to the\n            Laws and the only proper method in your Case is to apply to some Lawyer in North\n            Carolina, who can give every Information, and take every step, that may be necessary\n          A Lawyer will be able to inform you whether the estate has been\n            confiscated or not, & whether a recovery by the right Heir in England is\n            probable\u2014I am not informed of these things If the British Court had a public Minister\n            residing near Congress and Consuls in the several States or Vice Consuls as other\n            Nations have, Information and advice from such officers might be had,\u2014But this is not\n            within my Department\u2014His Excellency Richard Caswell Esqr. is at present Governor of the State of North Carolina\u2014 \u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0623", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 11 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n          I do myself the honour of inclosing to you letters which came to\n            hand last night from mr[expansion sign] Lamb, mr[expansion sign] Carmichael and\n            mr[expansion sign] Barclay. by these you will perceive that our peace is not to be\n            purchased at Algiers but at a price far beyond our powers. what that would be indeed\n            mr[expansion sign] Lamb does not say, nor probably knows. but as he knew our ultimatum,\n            we are to suppose from his letter that it would be a price infinitely beyond that. a\n            reference to Congress seems hereon to be necessary. till that can be obtained mr Lambe\n            must be idle at Algiers, Carthagena or elsewhere. would he not be better employed in\n            going to Congress? they would be able to draw from him & mr[expansion sign]\n            Randall the information necessary to determine what they will do. and if they determine\n            to negotiate, they can reappoint the same, or appoint a new negotiator, according to the\n            opinion they shall form on their examination. I suggest this to you as my first\n            thoughts; an ultimate opinion should not be formed till we see mr[expansion sign]\n            Randall, who may be shortly expected. in the mean time, should an opportunity occur,\n            favour me with your ideas hereon that we may be maturing our opinions. I send copies of\n            these three letters to mr[expansion sign] Jay by the packet which sails from l\u2019Orient\n            the 1st. day of the next month.\n          On my return to Paris the Imperial ambassador informed me he had\n            received full powers for treating with us. I repeated to him the information that ours\n            would expire the 12tth. of this month. he said he supposed\n            Congress would have no objections to renew them, proposed that I should write to them on\n            the subject, and in the mean time desired our project and observed that we might be\n            proceeding to arrange the treaty, so as that it should be ready for signature on the\n            arrival of our powers. I gave him a copy of our project, in which, taking the Danish one\n            for the ground work, I made the alterations noted on the within paper: being such as had\n            occurred & met our approbation during the Prussian Tuscan & Portuguese\n            negotiations. I write to Congress an information of what has passed, and in the mean\n            time shall take no other step till you favor me with your opinion whether we should\n            proceed to prepare terms according to Count Merci\u2019s proposition.\n          I inclose you a copy of the queries of which I had put an illegible\n            one into your hands when in London.\n          I beg to leave to present my most friendly respects to the ladies,\n            and to yourself assurances of the esteem with which I have the honor to be Dear Sir your\n            most obedient and most humble servant\n              Th:Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0624", "content": "Title: P. Hodinpyl to John Adams, 12 May 1786\nFrom: Hodinpyl, P.\nTo: Adams, John\n          I have not had the Pleasure to Write to you Since your Departure\n            from this Country however I have had the Pleasure to hear Of your Reception &\n            Progress you have made While In the Land of Pleasure Ceremony & Parade\n          The Liberty I have taken By this is throug[h] the aplication of a\n            Citisen from Amerika from the State of Rhode Iland for aid & asistance to get\n            Back to the Same Country The Gentleman is a Cousin german of gen Green & Partner\n            In Concerns The Aid he Wants is a Mediteranean Pass to Convey him Safe Back again Your\n            Influence We doubt not But your Excellency will Comply with our Joint Desires The\n            Expences Thereon youll Be Pleased to Send for By application to My Son In Law Mr Shadrach Jones In Bartholomew C Case London N 55 Will Repay\n            the Charge for the Same I have The honour to Remain With great Respect/ Dr Sir / Your Execelencys Most Obed / & Humble\n            P:S The Reason Why we Are Obliged to trouble you on this head of\n              Late a New Regulation has taken Place here so as no Passes Can be granted But to dutch\n              Bottoms Built here In the Country\n            NB the Gentleman for Whom I apply is Griffin Green from Rhode", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0625", "content": "Title: David Ramsay to John Adams, 14 May 1786\nFrom: Ramsay, David\nTo: Adams, John\n          Your favor of the 9th of February with\n            the pamphlet inclosed came to hand on the 13th instant for\n            which please to accept my thanks.\n          Your official dispatches of the 4th of\n            March contain very important intelligence. I am not distressed at the footing on which\n            the British put their tenure of the western posts. It will promote the general cause of\n            justice & restrain our legislatures from interferring in private contracts which\n            they are too apt to do.\n          The Algerine depredations have made more converts to the necessity\n            of vesting Congress with larger powers and of supporting public credit than the many\n            labored addresses here to fore presented to the public. I hope for much good out of\n            these partial evils.\n          Mr Dilly has declined publishing my history from an apprehension\n            that it would expose him to prosecutions. I cannot but be of opinion that his\n            apprehensions are ill founded. I expect the end of the matter will be a pirated edition\n            & that mine will remain unsold. I flatter myself he will make no difficulty in\n            furnishing you with the copy designed for your own use.\n          Congress have now seven\n            eleven States on the floor. Shame to tell for the first six months we did not\n            for four days exceed eight. A strange langour seemed to prevail; but I hope it is going\n            off. When the contents of your last dispatches are communicated confidentially to the\n            Governors I think they will produce salutory consequences. The British posts will effect\n            a repeal of every legal impediment to the recovery of debts. The Foreign debt will force\n            on us systems of revenue which will also comprehend the Domestic debt. Things for some\n            time past have been proceeding from bad to worse. I trust we have already reached the\n            point of ultimate depression from which public affairs will revert in a direction\n            contrary to what they have lately been in. The States seem generally impressed with\n            ideas of the necessity of commercial systems. Almost all have appointed deputies to\n            attend the proposed convention in Annapolis. A plan will shortly be brought into\n            Congress to recommend a continental convention for the purpose of enlarging the powers\n            of Congress. Our government hitherto has rather been advisory than an efficient system.\n            You do me great honor by requesting a continuance of my correspondence. Your letters\n            have given me infinite pleasure & have established your reputation in the minds\n            of every member of Congress on not only the industrious but the able Statesman. In this\n            opinion no one joins more heartily than he who has the honor to subscribe himself / with\n            the most exaulted / sentiments of respect & esteem / your most obedient\n            & / very humble servant\n              David Ramsay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0627", "content": "Title: Mr. Grand to John Adams, 15 May 1786\nFrom: Grand\nTo: Adams, John\n          Among the Several bills which Mr.\n            Barclay gave me on your Excellency, there is one for \u00a3100,\u2014at 30 days Sight which I\n            Suppose to have been drawn about the 22. 8ber & the\n            negotiation where of I can not trace out, which [concerns] me, that it never took place\n            (tho\u2019 I have paid the amount to Mr. Barclay) & gives\n            me a certainty that the first having been mislaid, & no Second given by Mr Barclay, it was not discharged.\n          Give me leave, Sir, to apply to you, to have this matter cleared\n            up, by comparing the bills which M. Barclay advised having drawn on you Since September\n            last to my order, with those which have been paid, & in case you find, as I am\n            pretty certain, you will, that there is one for \u00a3100,\u2014Still unpaid, give me leave to beg\n            that you would pay that Sum to Mr. Lewis Tensier for my\n            account taking his receipt with my guaranty, that the first of that bill Shall not be\n            presented to you for payment & if you chuse, my engagement to Send you the 2d. or 3d. of the Same, which M.\n            Barclay has already promised that he would Send, & has however hitherto\n            overlooked to do\n          I beg your pardon Sir, for troubling you with this affair; you will\n            approve of my desire to See it Settled after having been So long depending.\n          I am with the greatest Regard / Sir / Your most Obedient &\n            most / humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0628", "content": "Title: John Adams to John Jay, 16 May 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\n              Grosvenor Square\n          Last night I was honoured with your Letter of April. 7th. and am happy to find that Twelve States, have granted to\n            Congress the Impost. New York I am persuaded will not long withhold her Assent, because,\n            that in Addition to all the other Arguments in favour of the measure, She will have to\n            consider that all the Blame of Consequences must now rest upon her, and she would find\n            this alone, a greater Burthen that the Impost.\u2014This Measure alone, as soon as it is\n            compleated will have a great Effect, and instantly raise the United States in the\n            Consideration of Europe, and especially of England. Its beneficial Effects will be soon\n            felt in America, by producing a Circulation of that Property, the long\n            Stagnation of which, has been a principal Cause of the Distress of the Community. The\n            States jointly and Severally, would find immediate Benefits from Establishing Taxes to\n            pay the whole Interest of their Debts, those of the Confederation as well as those of\n            particular States.\u2014The Interest of Money would instantly be lowered, and\n              Capitals be employed in Manufactures & Commerce that are now at\n            Usury. It is no Paradox to Say, that every Man would find himself the richer, the more\n            Taxes he pays, untill and this Rule must hold good untill Every\n              Creditor, the Taxes shall amount to a sum sufficient to discharge the Interest\n            due to every Creditor, in the Community.\n          The Power to regulate the Commerce of the whole, will not probably\n            be long witheld from Congress, and when that point shall be agreed to, You will begin to\n            hear a Cry in England for a Treaty. Like Daniel Defoes Game Cock, among the Horses Feet,\n            it will be \u201cPray Gentlemen dont let us tread upon one another.\u201d\u2014\n          You have, I hope before now, Lord Carmarthens Answer of Feb. 28. to\n            my Memorial of Nov. 30.\u2014I had determined in my own Mind not \u201cto demand a Categorical\n            Answer, without the further Orders of Congress,\u201d and it is a great Satisfaction to find\n            your opinion coincide. It is now with Congress to deliberate what Answer, they should\n            make to his Lordship and for my own Part I dont see what Answer they can give untill\n            they know the sense of Massachusetts, New York, Virginia and South Carolina.\n          With the highest Regard I have the Honour to be / Sir your most\n            obedient humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0629", "content": "Title: John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 16 May 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n              My dear Friend\n              Grosvenor Square\n          Mr Smith, a Son of the Lady you Saw\n            here, who is a Sister of our old Acquaintances the Rutledges, will deliver you this\n            Letter. He goes to reside Sometime in France. Mr Jay, in a\n            Letter of the 7. of April, writes me \u201cWe are well, \u2019tho not officially informed, that\n            all the States have granted the Impost to Congress, except New York, in whose\n            Legislature there is a Strong Party, against it.\u201d and this is all his Letter\n          New York, I think must Soon come in, if not, all the Blame of\n            Consequences must rest upon her, and She will find the Burthen of it, heavier than the\n          I need not ask your Civilities to our young Countryman, who takes\n            this from / my dear sir your Friend & sert.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0631", "content": "Title: Thomas Watwood to John Adams, 18 May 1786\nFrom: Watwood, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n              May it Please Your Excelency\n              Bloomsbury\n          Some unfortunate conections by Which I have been brought from A\n            State of Effluance to that of Indegance nescescated Me to apply My Self to Mr. Lawrence at his lodgings at Mr:\n            Stackdals in Picadilly 3 Years Ago begging Only his humain Aid in Ordering Me a Passage\n            to My Native City of N: York & was Orderd to Wait on him Next Morning which\n            being Sunday Persuaded My Self I had Mistaken My Orders: did not call till Monday when I\n            to My great Misfortune was Informd he was gone for France that Morning\u2014Still labouring\n            under Some dificulty & Wishing to See that Country in which I drew My first\n            Breath and being convinced of the goodness of Your Excelencys heart towards those in\n            distress Most humbly beg to Inform Your Excelency I Am so fair from becoming A burthin\n            to that Country that I flatter My Self I can render it Many Services\u2014as being well\n            Acquainted with the Manufactoring of Many Articles of Smiths & Ironmongery as\n            well as Every Branch of Gun Making and can Make it Apear I can Execute as good a Peice\n            [of] Workmanship in the above Business,s as Perhaps Most Men in this Country &\n            having So Much the Intrest of My Country at hart if your Excelency will Pleas to\n            Condcend so far as to recomend Me So fair as that I May Only get Credit for a Passage to\n            that Country Am deternind by a Perieverance in Industry to devote My Self to its\n          and Shew My Self ever Gratfuly Your Excellency[s] Most Obedient\n              Thos: Watwood", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0632", "content": "Title: John Adams to the Board of Treasury, 19 May 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Board of Treasury\n          Yesterday I received the Letter, you did me the honor to write on\n            the 5th. of April, and to day, your Letter to Messrs. Willinks & Co.\n            inclosing a Bill of exchange was forwarded by Post\u2014As Mr.\n            Barclay and Mr. Lamb are sett out upon their travels, and We\n            Know that the former is arrived at Algiers, and the Latter has passed Madrid on his Way\n            to Morocco it is not in my Power to withhold the Money appropriated for that Service. I\n            have already accepted Bills of theirs some of which have been paid, to a considerable\n            amount, and must accept others as they are presented to me. Yet I hope there will be no\n            deficiency before the month of August when the further Remittances proposed by you to be\n            sent shall arive. If New York should concur, with the other twelve States in granting to\n            Congress the Impost it may be expected that Remittances may be made for discharging the\n            Interest and part of the principal for the Year 1787. with less difficulty. it is,\n            nevertheless difficult to comprehend how we shall find the Means of discharging all the\n            Demands for money, that will rise up in Europe in the Course of this and the next\n            year\u2014with great respect & Esteem I have / the honor to be Gentlemen Yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0633", "content": "Title: John Adams to Wilhem & Jan Willink and Nicolaas & Jacob van Staphorst, 19 May 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Van Staphorst, Jacob,Van Staphorst, Nicholas,Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan\n          The Letter in which this is inclosed, I received open\n            yesterday\u2014open for my Inspection\u2014The Bill of Exchange drawn by Mr. Morris for 144.000 florins, will I hope be some relief to you Our Secretary\n            of State for foreign affairs informs me on the 7th. of April\n            that twelve of the States had granted the Impost\n          New York only remained to come in\u2014And it is not likely the\n            Legislature of that State will take upon its\u2019 self all the Blame, of the Consequences of\n            its holding out long\u2014I flatter myself it will not be long before American Obligations at\n            Six or even five pr. Cent, will be sought for as much as\n            English Stock at 3 pr. Cent at seventy or 71\u2014\n          It will be very extraordinary, if the few Obligations you have\n            remaining on hand, cannot be disposed of, rather than the affairs of the United States\n            should be ruined\u2014half a dozen Americans here in London might make a purse and buy\n            them\u2014Nay I think it very likely I could sell them or new ones like them, here in London\n            among the Jews. I wish not to borrow Money in England, and had rather be bound in this\n            respect only in Holland, for many reasons\u2014with / great respect I am &c", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0634", "content": "Title: William Carmichael to the American Commissioners, 19 May 1786\nFrom: Carmichael, William\nTo: American Commissioners,Adams, John,Jefferson, Thomas\n          The enclosed copy of a letter, which I lately received from the\n            Count D\u2019Espilly, contains the best information that I have in my power to afford your\n            Excellency, with respect to the situation of our affairs at Algiers. Mr. Lamb arrived at\n            Alicant the 24th ultimo, and undoubtedly will have advised you of his proceedings after\n            Mr. Randall\u2019s departure. That gentleman is now with me, and avails himself of the\n            present opportunity of laying before you all the information that he could collect. I\n            expect Mr. Lamb soon at Aranjuez, to which place I go to-morrow, and hope he will\n            speedily receive instructions to regulate his future conduct.\n          If your Excellency, after communicating to Mr. Adams the Count\n            D\u2019Espilly\u2019s letter, should think proper to sound the disposition of the Porte through\n            the channel indicated, it will be a pleasure to me to receive your instructions and\n            orders. I take the liberty of offering my services on this occasion, because I think I\n            can manage the affair in such a manner as not to compromise the honor of Congress,\n            should any backwardness be apparent on the part of the Ministers of the Porte.\n          Mr. Barclay arrived at Cadiz on the 9th instant, and I suppose may\n            now be in Morocco.\n          I have a letter from the Spanish Charg\u00e9 d\u2019Affaires, dated New York,\n            the 13th of March, but no official intelligence. I am sorry to find that no more than\n            seven States have been represented for several months past.\n          I drew on Messieurs Grand, lately, two bills, of which I hope you\n            will direct the payment. It will appear by my accounts with the United States, that I\n            take no liberties which I am not justifiable in doing.\n          The Spanish negotiation with Algiers is not yet concluded. There is\n            still a probability of delay; but too much has been done not to occasion a compliance\n            with new pretensions. It is equally probable that the Courts of Naples and Portugal may\n            not, for some time, at least, effect their pacification.\n          I have the honor to be, &c.,\n              WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0637", "content": "Title: John Lamb to the American Peace Commissioners, 20 May 1786\nFrom: Lamb, John\nTo: American Peace Commissioners,Adams, John,Jefferson, Thomas\n          After many little Disapointments, I arivd at Algiers the 25th March and within the term of\n            three or four Days I found that the whole amt. of the money\n            in my hand belonging to the publick would not purchas the people who are the\n            unfortunates in consequence of which I dispatchd. Mr. Randall so that your Excellencyes might have the earlyest\n            notice of our matters in that Quarter: in a short letter to your Excellencys I stated\n            our matters accordingly mr. Randall saild the 29th. or 30 march. with my desire to him to proceed\n            with all posible Dispatch,to give the earlyest notis that was in my power, but\n              when I came here I found Mr. Randall was in\n            Aranjuez I recd. a line from him at nine next\n            evening in consequence of which I wrote him, and Desired him to Proceed. he answerd. my letter, the three letters I here in inclose so that your\n            Excellency\u2019s will naturally excuse me for the Detention.\n          [margin note]Mr. Randall is the bearer of this therefore I\n            have not inclosd. his letters it seemes he has been unwell\n          On the 3d. Day of april was admitted to\n            an Audience with the Day. but he would not speek of Peace, set the Slaves a most\n            Exorbitent price, far beyond my limittes. The Seventh I had a second intervuw, but still\n            he was of the same mind. a bout the Seventeenth, I had the thurd and last, intervuw. He\n            fell sumthing of his first Price, and I here inclos the Last Price, which is inormous.\n            as Your Excellencys will see, my next vews were to have an acquaintance with their\n            principle minister with one of their principal men whih I soon brought to\n            pass by sum presents to this Ministers confident and he was our\n            interprater he told me it was his greatis Desire that our peace might be made with their\n            Regency and that for his part he would use his utmost indeavours for the purpose. but\n            until the affaires of Spain were settled, could be little done on our matter. And\n            further told me not to mind the little Putoffs by the Day nor the enormous\n            pric askd. for our slave. that the pric that was set on our\n            people was ondly to Put a more modist face on the pric that they intend to\n            make the Spaneard pay for their People, and advisdd. me to\n            go to Spain and wate untill they had Done with Spain, and that I might rest assured that\n            he would at all opertunitys write to me. I begd.\n            him to write to Mr Carmichael. he Did. I begd. him to give\n            me a free pass to come to Algiers and to go when I pleasd.\n            he likewise Did, but told me that if the letter was exposd that he had wrote\n              Mr. carmichael, he should lose his life, and when I\n            returnd that I might expect the same. I had several intervus with this minister and the\n            above is the purport and substanc, Excepting that they had an intire rite to make peace\n            or war without the Voyce of the Grand Segnor, and that they were under no controls by\n            the Ottoman port. he told me that it would not be long after my arival in Spain before\n            he should let me know what steps it would be best to take, and when for me to return if\n            I was orderd back. and as I found it was of no consequence to Tarry longer their untill\n            I had further Orders took his advise, and Returnd, their is no Doubt but I shall here\n            from him soon: after wating in Spain a long time for the influence of that court, was\n              obligd. to leve madrid without my wishes on\n            that for I got no letter alltho Mr Carmichael took the\n            utmost pains. about four or five Dayes before I left Algiers I recd. Two letters from Mr Carmichael inclosd. in one of those was an open letter from the court of Spain\n            In faivour of our mission to the That Regency and Directed to Count De\u2019Expilly. but\n            Previous to the reception of the letter he Told me if shuch a Letter came to\n            him he could not make any use of it neither Did he. the reasons he best knows. but this\n            is sure that he cares verry little about our peace in that Quarter: the letter I\n              carryd. from france was of no consequence. if your\n            Excellency could procure a letter from the court of France and Directed it to the Day\n            with their Desires to him for a Peace with the United States of America it would give\n            Greate wate but such a letter I Dare say would be heard to be procured: the treatement I\n              recd. from the french consel was Polite indeed he paid me\n            Greate atention. mr. Logie Likewise recd me as an oald friend: and Declared to me that he had no\n            orders to counter act my mission. from his court, which I am Sure of so I left the\n            Packett in the hands of Count De\u2019Expilly who hath imployd. her for Spain untill I call for her and have the\n            Counts receit for the vessele: Thought Proper to leave my owne stores which I carryd. over, in Algiers and left them with Mr. Woulf whome is a\n            verry honest Good Gentleman, and I believe a friend to our Cause in that\n            Quarter. And by the desire of Count De\u2019Expilly have left\n            the care of our unfortunate People Likewise in his hands, Together with Four hundred\n            Dollars to Pay their Past Expince, and buy them such things as will make them\n            comfortable which money I am sure will be frugally Expended. I shall wate\n            your Excellencys further orders at Alicant. hopeing that my conduct may be aprovd. of And am with Due Respect /Your Excellencys Most /\n            Obedient Humbl / Servt.\n          NB The Plague is within the limites of the Regency of Algiers. in\n            consequence of which it will make Verrey Long Quarantines in Spain. the vessel\n              that I have bought for the\n            conveniancy of our bussiness I believe will be order\u2019d to me here to Proforme\n            Quarantine. To purchase this vessel was unavoydable as I could not get to Algiers well\n          I here Give your Excellencys an acct.\n            of the Prices of our unfortunate people and it as followes Viz\n          3 capts a 6-M Dollars Each Pr. head\n          2 mates a 4 M Ditto Each Pr. head .\n          2 Passengers 4 M Ditto Each Pr.\n          14 Saylors a 1400 Ditto Each Pr.\n          Numbr21 amounts To The enormous sum of . . . . . . . . . .\n          Eleven Pr. cent to be added according to custom\u20145896\n          is Spanish milled Dollrs.\u201459496\n          So that your Excelencys sees how far beyond your Expectations the\n            sum amts: which renders me incapable of acting untill\n            further orders. the price the Spaniards are Giving for their people is little short of\n            what is chargd. us and they have Eleven hundred men\n            & Sum upwards in Algiers it will cost Spain more than one million and one half\n            of Dollars for their slaves ondly, the Peacse of Spain and their Slaves will amt to more than three millions of Dollars. I have ondley to add\n            that their Cruzers will in all Probability be at Sea by the Tenth of June. at farthest.\n            I am of Opinion that if we follow our Pretensions for Peace this summer that they will\n            hear Proposals, but not at the price we Expected, nor by the open way we first went to\n            work. if France will Give nothing but Seal\u2019d letter, we had better have none:\n            to fight those People the first year will cost us more than half a million Pounds\n            Sterling. I have by Experience of a long Dait a Perfect knowledg of the cost of armd. Vessels and at the Distance we are from those people and\n            foreign Ports to make use of. It will be a heavy Tax on us, and without the least\n            Prospect of Gain. I hope I shall be Excusd. in speaking my\n            minde so freely, it is out of Zealus Desires for the Good of the Country I belong To.\n            and it is my Opinion that for a less Sum than the first year would cost us to fight, we\n            can make Peace, and if we intend it at all now is the ondley time to Persue, as the way\n            is Seemingly open for a Tryal. I hope there is no more of our People will be so unhappy\n            as to fall into those peoples hands this summer. and in that Case, in a\n            measure it will discourage them of their Expectations: Spain is our Sure\n            friend in our Peace with Algiers: but they have not finishd.\n            their Peace at Presant. we shall have their assistance at the conclusion of their peace\n            with Due Respect As above.\n            I have no Objections of there being a Tryal made at\n                Constantinople but it will be of no Consequence as to Peace with Algiers.\n              as the Count mentions in this letter, his Vews are to have Mr. Woulf appointed in our peace with Algiers and Mr. Woulf is a verey Good man. but it is well to take time before large power\n              is Given Strangers. The Count keept me as much in the Dark as he could, on all acct: my advise is if we should arme against those\n              people to unite our selves with those Nations that are not at Peace with Algiers, and\n              that will lessen our Expence much on the Ocation.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0638", "content": "Title: John Adams to P. Hodinpyl, 21 May 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Hodinpyl, P.\n          I wish it were in my power to send you a Mediterranean pass, as you\n            desire, but it is not. My Compliments to Mr. Green and your\n            good family, if you please\u2014with great esteem / I am &c &c", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0639", "content": "Title: John Adams to John van Heukelom & Son, 21 May 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Van Heukelom, John\n          In Answer to your Letter, I can only say that Mr. Barclay is gone from France upon the public Service of his\n            Country and I suppose will return in a few months, so that his absence will not be of\n            any detriment to you, as I immagine\u2014with much esteem I am &c", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0640", "content": "Title: John Adams to Wilhem & Jan Willink and Nicolaas & Jacob van Staphorst, 21 May 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Van Staphorst, Jacob,Van Staphorst, Nicholas,Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan\n          I am really very much obliged to you for your civil and friendly\n            Letter of the 16. of this Month. and I believe I did put too Strong an interpretation on\n            the Expressions of your former Letter\u2014By the last post I sent you a Letter from the\n            Board of Treasury, with a Bill of Exchange for 144.000 florins which I hope you have\n            received\u2014I am with great esteem Gentlemen / &c &c", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0642", "content": "Title: Thomas Barclay to the American Peace Commissioners, 23 May 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: American Peace Commissioners,Adams, John,Jefferson, Thomas\n          I hope to have the Pleasure of soon hearing from you, and of being\n            informed whether you have a my Commands for me farther than Morocco. I have long been\n            anxious to see the Trade of our Country to these Parts, put on a safe and respectable\n            footing, as I am well acquainted with the Importance of the Object, and if I can, while\n            I am in the Neighbourhood of Africa, in the smallest Degree contribute towards the doing\n            it, no care or Attention on my Part shall be wanting. If my going to Constantinople will\n            be thought by you useful, you have only to command me and I offer you my Services there\n            or anywhere else without Limitations. As soon as I have executed the business in which I\n            am engaged, I intend to return to America for a few Months having already procured\n            Permission from Congress to go there to settle some of my Affairs that require my\n            Presence. I send you herewith an Extract of a Letter written from Morocco to the Consul\n            of the Emperor of Germany at this Place from whom I received it, but it is the only\n            Intelligence here of the Emperor of Morocco having made such a Declaration, and probably\n            is no more than a sudden Gust of Passion which has blown over with the Circumstance that\n            occasion\u2019d it. It is however certain that the British are not at present a favor\u2019d\n            People in Morocco, and that a Letter from his Catholic Majesty is likely to have greater\n            Weight in that Country than one from any other Potentate on Earth.\n          I have had some Conversation with the Marquis de Vialli who is well\n            known to the Emperor of Morocco, and who says he has frequently talked with him on the\n            Subject of America. His Opinion is that the Emperor will demand a Tribute of 18,000\n            Dollars p. Annum. This Gentleman to whom I was made known by General O Reily the late\n            Governor of Andalugia and Cadiz has given me a good deal of useful Information and\n            Advice, but to what Purposes I shall be able to apply either remains to be tried. Indeed\n            I much fear the Emperor\u2019s Ideas will exceed those of my Constituents. rmmediately on my\n            Arrival here I wrote to him that I would embark for Magadore as soon as possible which I\n            did to cut short any Delays that might occur there by waiting-for his Permission to go\n            to Morocco where he is at present, and I expect by the Time I get to Magadore, orders:\n            will be lodged for my getting forward.\n          I beg you will believe me Gentlemen, &c.(signed)\n              Thos. Barclay\n   (Copy W. Short Secy)", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0645", "content": "Title: Robert Pierepont to John Adams, 24 May 1786\nFrom: Pierepont, Robert\nTo: Adams, John\n          Alth\u2019o I have not the honor of being known to your Excellency, yet\n            I am not ignorant of the connection which subsisted between you & my Father, At\n            that period I was but a Child; but th\u2019o a Child I was taught to venerate & to\n            respect your Excellency\u2019s character, by the manner in which my Father ever mentioned\n            you. A Character which will be dear to every American as long as time endures.!\n          Pardon me, Sir, for presuming so far upon your acquaintance with\n            our family as to address your Excellency in this manner, and condescend to indulge me\n            with your permission to represent to your Excellency my present situation.\n          I left America sixteen months since for the recovery of my Health,\n            which was at that time in a desperate State; the places of my destination where Lisbon\n            & St Petersbourg to which places I was honored with\n            letters of recommendation by His Excellency Governor Hancock, Mr. Thos. Russell, & other respectable\n            Gentlemen of Boston. After being two months at Lisbon I continued my Voyage to St Petersburg, and on my arrival there I had the honor to be\n            presented to her Grace the Dutchess of Kingston, who was pleased to take great notice of\n            me, and learning that my intention was, to return to Lisbon, gave me an invitation to\n            accompany her in her tour to France which I accordingly accepted, at the same time Her\n            Grace made me an offer of returning to America in her Ship, upon our arrival at Calais.\n            But learning that no Vessells where permitted to enter the Ports of the United States\n            with English Colours, She Altered the Voyage and invited me to continue with her, near\n            ten months have elapsed since I have been under her Graces protection, and she has ever\n            been as a Mother to me. My attachment to her is so great, that notwithstanding the duty\n            I owe my aged Parent may require my return to America, yet I have not relosution enough\n            to leave her. She will in a short time set out on her return to Russia, and as her\n            intention seems to be to take me with her I am at a loss how to act. I have\n            wrote my father upon the Subject but the period of Her Graces departure will not admit\n            of my receiving an answer in time. I am too young to decide for myself. Suffer me then\n            to supplicate your Excellencys advice how to act; in which your Excellency will confer\n            an obligation upon me, for which I shall always retain a most gratefull remembrance. I\n            have had the honor to pay my respects to Mr. Jefferson since\n            his return from England, and he has since done me the honor of an invitation to dine\n            with him; As I had not the least Idea of being in France when I left America, I have not\n            the advantage of letters to the Minister or any other Person here. I have however had\n            the happiness of meeting with the Marquis La Fayette & several other French\n            gentlemen with whom I had the honor to be acquainted in America. and have besides been\n            introduced to several respectable characters who are honored with your Excellencys\n            acquaintan[ce.] I hope your Excellency, as well as Mrs:\n            Adams & your amiable daughter are in the enjoyment of perfect Health; Will your\n            Excellency permit me to make my respectful compliments to them, and at the same time to\n            assure your Excellency of the profound respect with Which I have the honor to be your\n              Excys Obedient Sert.\n              Rt Pierepont", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0646", "content": "Title: John Adams to Mercy Otis Warren, 24 May 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Warren, Mercy Otis\n          I this day received your Favour of April 8th. and Sincerely condole with you under the Loss of your amiable son. These\n            Afflictions are the Lot of Humanity and so little of the System of which We are a Part\n            is Submitted to our View, that as We never can discover the Reasons of them,\n            they are left only to our Reflections and Submission.\n          My Situation, would be eligible, to the Heights of my Wishes, if I Saw a Disposition in this Country\n            friendly to mine, or even friendly to their own true Interests. but the Fact is far\n            otherwise.\n          To See, as I do the affairs of my Country every where labouring\n            under Embarrassments,; to know that Thousands are looking up to me, for relief, from\n            their distresses, and to have no Power to do the least Thing for their Assistance, is\n            painfull, beyond all Expression. You Speak of Honours, Madam. But what Honours have been\n            decreed to me? Do you Suppose I am honoured in this Country.?\n          The Reffugees indeed, honour me, now and then as you see in the\n            Newspapers. You Speak of Affluence too. If I were my own Master and could Spend what is\n            allowed me as I Should choose, I should live in Affluence indeed, but when you consider\n            that I have a Rank to support here that I hold in Trust for others, and that this rank\n            cannot be let down, without betraying that Trust, you may depend upon it, I am driven to\n            my Wits Ends for means.\n          I know of no change at Braintree or Weymouth in their political\n            Friendships, but one Thing I know, that a good Profession, or even trade is better for\n            the Individual than all Politick.\u2014 \u2014Our Country will do like all others\u2014play their\n            Affairs into the Hands of a few Cunning Fellows, and leave their faithfull Servants to\n            close their long Glories with a sigh to find Th\u2019 unwilling Gratitude of base Mankind.\n            Yet I dont wholly approve this sentiment. Human Nature is not ungratefull. But while\n            many rate their Merits higher than the Truth, it is almost impossible that the\n              publick Mind Should be exactly\n            informed, to whom they are really obliged. Real services are never held out to View. The\n            Modesty of the Individual, the Jealousy of Rivals, or the publick Interest require that\n            they should be concealed. do you wonder then that ostensible Pageants should be adored,\n            while those who moved the Springs are neglected.\u2014I expect my turn and am prepared for\n            it, in my own mind. My Family and Circumstances are not prepared for it by any means.\n            Yet they must come to it. I always foresaw it and shall meet it firmly.\u2014at least I\n            believe so. I wish my Friend Warren in public Life, because I know he would be usefull\n            there. But his numerous Refusals I am informed, are made Use of, against him, and I\n            really fear will prevail. I expect to be myself in private Life, very soon, and in his\n            Neighbourhood, and I dont despair of going even sometimes to Plymouth Inferior Court, to\n            get my bread and my Boys through the Colledge. The young Rogues shall not be\n            dissappointed of their Education, if I am obliged to draw Justices Writs to obtain it. I\n            am obliged in Europe to Spend immense sums in Support of dignity, but He be hanged, if I\n            trouble my head about it, in private Life in America.\n          With Sincere Esteem, I have the Honour / to be Madam your Friend\n            and / humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0650", "content": "Title: John Adams to Samuel Partridge, 25 May 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Partridge, Samuel\n          I yesterday received yours of the 6th.\n            of April & have scarcely time to advise you, before the sailing of Capt. Bigelow that I have received from Congress the papers\n            relative to the Goods taken by order of General Howe\u2014I feel for you & your\n            fellow sufferers whose case is as hard and unjust as can well be conceived: but as my\n            orders are discretionary as to the time of applying I am much embarrassed\u2014I am not to\n            apply without a prospect of success: Now so far from having any prospect of success, I\n            am certain of having none, in short I was never in my Life in a situation so\n            discouraging as at present, Knowing that many thousands of my friends & fellow\n            Citizens are looking to me for relief from distresses of various Kinds and at the same\n            time seeing & feeling that I have it not in my power, to afford them the\n            least\u2014whatever may be practicable, with my feeble powers forces, you may\n            depend upon shall be done! \n          but it would be cruel to deceive you with false hopes and I assure\n            you I have myself no real ones\u2014My Countrymen have not yet any adequate Idea, how\n            general, how universal an unfavourable disposition towards them, is in this Kingdom\u2014I", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0651", "content": "Title: John Adams to Tristram Dalton, 26 May 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Dalton, Tristram\n          Your favour of Jan: 23. like all your other Letters, contains\n            valuable information & Judicious reflections\u2014\n          The time is now come, when the affairs of the United states must\n            take a turn for the better or become much worse\u2014The Impost I presume is granted to\n            Congress by this time. I only wish it were 20 pr. Cent\n            instead of 5\u2014indeed if 40. were necessary, to pay the Compleat interest of the national\n            Debt & a portion of the Capital Annually, I would give my Voice for carrying it\n            on\u2014The great error & misfortune of our Country, is exessive Importation from\n            Abroad, and nothing will ever correct it, but Prohibitions or Duties yhe Latter should\n            be adopted while we have a debt to pay, and the former when it shall be all paid, large\n            Imposts upon Importations, would immediately increase the Industry of the people\n            & produce a Circulation among themselves, which would change the face of all\n            things\u2014Is it not a shame that Iron, steel, anchors, Nails should be imported into the\n            United States, nay hemp & Duck & Cordage should be prohibited, but from\n            other states, The United states could form a Commerce with each other that would soon\n            render the trade of Europe unnecessary,\u2014The Gentlemen in England are universally turning\n            their Thoughts to schemes for rendering themselves independant of the U.S in all\n            things\u2014nothing is more probable popular than any project for making any\n            article from America\u2014Rice, Indigo. Corn, ships, oil &c unnecessary\u2014and if we do\n            not turn the tables upon them, we shall soon be more dependent on them than ever we\n            were, I don\u2019t mean in Government\u2014for I am sure they would not now accept of the\n            Government of the U. states if we should offer it unwise as they are they are not now\n            such fools, knowing as they do that we could throw them off again whenever we\n          The Disposition in this Country towards us is\n              uncertainiversally hostile, at least as much as it is to france,\n            and I think more it would be very easy to produce a War between the two Countries, low\n            as their Revenues and spirits are\u2014But every Man of Honour & Humanity would\n            endeavour, by all fair means to avoid such an Extremity\u2014it is not however to avoid a\n            War, but to preserve our own public faith and private Justice, to improve our own\n            Commerce and a general Credit, & Circulation, that I wish all the Laws repealed\n            which now subsist against the tories, and the recovery of British Debts contrary to the\n            Treaty\u2014never was a more impolitick thing done than these Laws. I wish I could say it if\n            not dishonest\u2014if these laws were repealed all America would feel the benifit of it\u2014The\n            Debtors themselves would be better off. Their Creditors in Europe would immediately be\n            contriving schemes & employing Capital, to enable their Debtors to pay them\n            & to live\u2014The Corn trade would revive & even oil stand a Chance to be\n            admitted as well as the west India Islands opened, at least these are my opinions\u2014at\n            present there is no circulation, the Property of the Country is in Chains, and every\n            American House both in England & the U.S. is looked upon with Pity, Detestation\n            or Horror\u2014Every Man in England who is known to be much connected in American trade,\n            whether American or Englishman\u2014whether there or here finds all Warehouses shut against\n            him\u2014The Gamblers at Brookiss & the Gentry on the high Way are not more\n          I have let my pen run with freedom but Sincerity\u2014I know the\n            Unpopularity of the subject, and expect a Clamour\u2014but while I think the honour, Justice,\n            wealth Grandeur, & Glory of my Country all concerned, I will not dread unmeaning\n            noise or malicious Envy\u2014 Yours.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0652", "content": "Title: John Adams to Charles Storer, 26 May 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Storer, Charles\n          Dr. Gordon called this morning and\n            delivered me yours of the 7th. of April in a Bundle of News\n            Papers, thank you for both\u2014you might wish for public spirit to prevail without requiring\n            it to be enthusiastic, I wonder where it was that enthusiasm\n            appeared in the course of the last War,? it was amongst Tories & Refugees,\n            & British fleets & Armies if anywhere\n          If the inhabitants of the U.S. had been animated only with equal\n            enthusiasm, they would have ended the War in two years, A very moderate public spirit\n            carried us thro the war and would be quite sufficient to rectify what is amiss now, and\n            I may add is now at work upon the Business\u2014don\u2019t think too highly of what was when you\n            was not, so much in the world, nor too lowly of what you see now in it\n          The U.S. are proceeding in a regular Course towards a Completion of\n            their systems & it will be the better finished for not being in a hurry\u2014you have\n            good reason for your firm hopes that all will yet be well\u2014But let me say to you freely\n            that things can never go well while the People Act an inconsistent part\u2014The people must\n            understand one another which can never be but upon principles of justice and good\n            faith\u2014they must Keep their faith sacred, not only with france and Holland, not only with\n            their Creditors abroad and at home, but even with Great Britain\u2014they must repeal every\n            law against the treaty of Peace, establish funds for paying the interest of their public\n            Debt and when this is done you will have the posts surrendered, the Negroes pay\u2019d for,\n            means will easily be obtained to procure peace with the Turks, and you will have\n            Marketts enough for all the produce of the states, and you will be courted by all the\n            Politicians & Merchants in Europe\n          Voila un Beau tableau\u2014\n          I shall be as useless as an old Almanack untill such a system is\n            adopted by the states\u2014no arguments will induce this Country to do any thing till\n            then\u2014but as soon as they see Congress have Power and will to encourage Manufactures\n            & restrain Commerce, they will either seek, our Connections, or we shall be both\n            without them\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0653", "content": "Title: Thomas Barclay to John Adams, 26 May 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n          In half an Hour I shall Embark on Board a Ragusian Vessel bound to\n            Megadore, and Refer you to what I wrote to you and Mr.\n            Jefferson a few days ago from this place, where I have been obliged to make a purchase\n            of Tea, Sugar and Linen in addition to the presents, and of this date have valued on you\n            in favor of Mess. Symn & Bellew for three Hundred Pounds Sterg. which please to\n            place to Account of the United States\u2014I am under a necessity of of taking Money with\n          I am Dear Sir / Your Very obed.\n              Thos Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0654", "content": "Title: John Adams to John Jay, 28 May 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\n              Grosvenor Square\n          An Agent from South America, was not long Since arrested, at Rouen\n            in France, and has not Since been heard of.\u2014another Agent, who was his associate, as I\n            have been told is here, and has applied to Government, for Aid. Government, not in a\n            condition to go to War with Spain declines having any Thing to do with the Business. but\n            if Application Should be made to rich Individuals, and profitable Prices offered, for\n            twenty or thirty Thousand stands of Arms, a Number of Field Pieces, a few battering\n            Cannon, Some Mortars, a good deal of Ammunition Cloathing &c. do you think that\n            in this Capital of Mammon they might not be obtained?\u2014 \u2014 \u2014I might mention Names and\n            Facts, which have been communicated to me. but my Information is not official, nor\n            authentic enough for this. It is Sufficient to Say that an\n            the Office, like that once undertaken by Mr Beaumarchais, would not probably be refused by all Men here.\n          You are probably better informed, than I can pretend to be of the\n            Disturbances which took Place in the Spanish Provinces of South America, during the late\n            War: of the Pacification of them; and of the Complaints and Discontents which now\n            prevail. it is a fixed opinion in many minds here, that a Revolution in South America,\n            would be agreable to the United States, and it is depended on that We shall do nothing\n            to prevent it, if We do not exert ourselves to promote it. I Shall decline entering far\n            into this Speculation, which is out of my depth.\u2014but I must venture to Say, that\n            Portugal is bound by a Treaty of 1778 to assist Spain in Such a Case. France must assist\n            her, from the Family Compact, and for a Still more weighty Reason, vizt to prevent\n            England from getting too rich & powerfull by it. and Holland is now bound by\n            Treaty to France & perhaps to Spain.\u2014 \u2014 \u2014We Should be very cautious, what We do.\n            for England will certainly reap the greatest Advantage, as she will Supply with her\n            Manufactures, all South America, which will give her a Sudden Wealth and Power, that\n            will be very dangerous to Us. \n          That British Ambassadors will very soon endeavour, to excite the\n            two Empires, & Denmark, to an Alliance, for the Purpose of Setting the Spanish\n            and Portuguese Colonies free, is very probable. as an Inducement they may agree to\n            assist in opening the Danube and the Navigation by the Dardanells. The Object of the\n            next War, I think will be the Liberty of Commerce in South America, & the East\n            Indies. We Shall be puzzled to keep out of it. but I think We ought if We can. England\n            would gain the most, by Such a Turn in affairs, by the Advantages she has over other\n            nations in the improvements of her Manufactures Commerce and Marine, and England\n            unfortunately We cannot trust.\n          Such Speculations as these are not new. a Pamphlet was written in\n            1783, under the Title of La Crise de L\u2019Europe, by a learned British Knight, and\n            circulated upon the Continent. as I cannot Send you the whole, you may possess yourself\n            of the Spirit of it, by a few Extracts.\n          [French missing]\n          Such are the Secret Thoughts of many in this Country but not a Word\n            or hint Escapes in Conversation. They are Sent to you because, they afford a Clue, for\n            the whole political Conduct of G. Britain in future. and for the present too, for it is\n            impossible Otherwise to account for the Inattention of this Country to the Commerce and\n            Friendship of the United states of America. They are keeping up their Navy, and\n            Sacrificing every Thing to Seamen, in order to be able to Strike a sudden and awful Blow\n            to the House of Bourbon, by setting south America free, and they rely upon it the United\n            states will not oppose them.\n          With great and Sincere Esteem, I have the Honour to be / Sir your most obedient and most /\n            humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0656", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 30 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n          In my letter of this day I omitted to inform you that according to\n            what we had proposed I have had a long consultation with the Count de Vergennes on the\n            expediency of a Diplomatic mission to Constantinople. his information is that it will\n            cost a great deal of money, as great presents are expected at that court & a\n            great many claim them: and his opinion is that we shall not buy a peace one penny the\n            cheaper at Algiers. he says that those people do indeed acknowlege a kind of vassalage\n            to the Porte & avai1 themselves of it when there is any thing to be claimed; but\n            regard it not at all when it subjects them to a duty. that money & fear are the\n            two only agents at Algiers. he cited the example of Spain which tho under treaty with\n            the Porte is yet obliged to buy a peace at Algiers at a most enormous price. this is the\n            sum of his information. the Baron de Tott is gone to Flanders for the summer. I am with\n            sincere respect & esteem Dr Sir / Your friend\n              Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0658", "content": "Title: John Adams to the Comte D\u2019Adh\u00e9mer, Jun. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: D\u2019Adh\u00e9mer, Comte\n              Grosvenor square\n          I do myself the honor to inclose to Your Excellency an Extract of a\n            Letter, I received yesterday, from His Excellency James Bowdoin Governor of\n            Massachusetts, together with the Document under the seal of the State, therein referred\n          As the ransoming Captain is an English Man, he no doubt applauds\n            himself for the address with which he persuaded a simple American to go as an Hostage\n            upon Promises, which, as he never has given himself any concern about he probably never\n            intended to fulfill\u2014at present as Gross can have no remedy, against him\u2014he has no\n            Compassion for Gross & would probably, with great indifference suffer him to\n            pass all his Days in Prison, & as the Relations of the Hostage, are poor and\n            unable to pay the ransom, he must remain in Prison till he perishes, unless the\n            Government, or the Persons interested, will consent to his Liberation.\n          I beg leave to intercede with your Excellency in behalf of my\n            unfortunate Countryman, that his Case may be transmitted to your Court, to the End that\n            he may be sett at Liberty, either by the humanity of the persons interested, or by the\n            authority of Government upon whom the expence of his Maintenance in prison for Life will\n            otherwise fall\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0659", "content": "Title: John Adams to James Bowdoin, 2 Jun. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Bowdoin, James\n          Dr. Gordon, Yesterday called upon me,\n            with the Letter which your Excellency did me, the Honour to write me, on the 10th. of April I have long since transmitted to Congress, the\n            Answer of the Board of Admiralty to the Representations relative to the Conduct of\n              Capt. Stanhope, in which the Letters of that officers are\n            disapproved,\n          The Representations of the Encroachments on the territory of the\n            United States, have been laid before the British Ministry: but I presume, they will,\n            like many others be little attended to\u2014in short Sir, I must be so free as to say to you,\n            that by every thing I have seen & heard in this Country, nothing of any material\n            Consequence will ever be done, while there remains in force, a Law of any one State\n            impeding the recovery of bona fide Debts contracted before the 30th. of Novr. 1782 or inconsistant with the Article\n            of the Treaty of Peace respecting the tories\u2014\n          It is very true that Mitchels Map, governd the American &\n            British Plenipotintiaries, in settling the Line between the two Nations. There is upon\n            that Map but one River, which is marked with the Name of St.\n            Croix, and that was the object undoubtedly fixed upon.\n          There is no river upon that Map that I remember marked with the\n            name of schooduck or Megacadava Next to the great river St.\n            Johns, proceeding westward upon that Map, is a little River inscribed Mechior R. Next to\n            that is another stream running between the Words Carriage Harbour, next to that we come\n            to a larger River, running from Kousaki L. into the Bay of Passimaquaddi and inscribed\n            with the name of R. St. Croix next to that still proceeding\n            Westward is Passamaquade R. But that inscribed R. St. Croix\n            running from the sea, or what I call Passamaquaddi Bay, up to the Kousaki L. was marked\n            with the Pencil for the Boundary\u2014It is impossible for me to say more\u2014if the true St\n            Croix cannot be discovered by these marks, there is no remedy, but by an Ulterior\n            Agreement, or the Law of the Strongest\u2014It is astonishing that to this hour, no Man can\n            produce a Map of all the Bay\u2019s Harbours, Islands, & Rivers in that\n            neighbourhood, that can be depended on, If the Ministry will meet me, in a fair\n            discussion of the Question, or in any of the Methods pointed out to me by my superiors\n            for a Settlement, I shall be glad, they have it under Consideration, & as soon\n            as they give me an answer, I shall transmit it to Congress\u2014but as they dont love pains\n            & trouble as well as you & I do, I fear they will leave it all to sir\n            Guy Carleton, who is no more of a friend to the United states, than any other British\n            Knight and will be guided by the Royalists more than by Maps or Surveys. Why any of my\n            Countrymen should choose to give to these Royalists so much Importance as they do, I\n            Know not, we should recollect that all Parties in this Country are pledged to support\n            them, & Party faith is a stronger tye than national Faith\u2014\n          The paper relative to Alexr. Gross of\n            Truro, I must transmit to Mr. Jefferson, it being in his\n            Department. I may nevertheless, previously communicate it to the Comte De.Adhemar, & request his friendly offices in the", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0660", "content": "Title: John Adams to Robert Pierepont, 4 Jun. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Pierepont, Robert\n          I am honoured with your Letter of the 24. May & from a\n            regard to your father as well as yourself, I should be glad to give you my advice, or\n            render you any service in my power that might be usefull to you, but from your Letter I\n            perceive your attachment to the Dutchess of Kingston, is so strong that you will be\n            likely to be of her Grace\u2019s Party let my advice be what it may\u2014The Duty you owe to an\n            aged & worthy father, ought no doubt to be very seriously considered by You\n          Perhaps you might persuade her Grace to go to Boston instead of\n            Petersbourg, which would remove all your Difficulties\u2014The Objection to this, that \u201cThe\n            English flagg is not permitted to enter the harbour of Boston\u201d is without\n            foundation\u2014English ships enter freely into all the ports in America, although it is true\n            they are not permitted to export certain Articles from Boston\u2014But this I presume will be\n            no inconvenience to the Dutchess of Kingston, or her ship, The Dutchess would find our\n            Country as curious & interesting as any she has seen\n          But if such a Project is impracticable, it is not in my power to\n            advise you, because I am not acquainted with the views & expectations you may\n            have in continuing in the family of the Dutchess\u2014\n          These may be such as might justify you to your father, They must\n            nevertheless be very advantageous to excuse you, for leaving so respectable and\n            venerable a Parent, at an age when all the Consolations his family can give him, may be\n            necessary to his Comfortable existence, I wish you a pleasant Voyage whether it be to\n            Boston or to Petersburg\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0662", "content": "Title: John Adams to John Jay, 6 Jun. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\n              Grosvenor Square\n          I do myself the Honour ro enclose Papers, relative to affrican\n            Affairs, altho Mr Jefferson has transmitted them before, as\n            it is possible his Conveyance may fail.\n          The Intelligence all tends to confirm what has been more than once\n            written to you before, that two or three hundred Thousand Pounds Sterling, will be\n            necessary to obtain a perpetual Peace. . It is very clear, that a Peace would\n            be worth more than that Sum annually, if you compute Insurance, and the Levant,\n            Mediterranean, Portuguese & Spanish Trade.\n          If Congress should be empowered to lay on Taxes upon Navigation and\n            Commerce or any Thing else to pay the Interest of the Money borrowed in Europe You may\n            borrow what you will.\u2014if that is not done, The servants abroad had better be all\n            recalled, and our Exports and Imports all Surrendered to foreign bottoms.\n          Inclosed is a Bill now pending. The System of this Country is quite\n            settled.\u2014It is with our States to unsettle it, by Acts of Retaliation, or to acquiesce\n            in it, as they judge for their own Good.\n          With great Regard, I have the / Honour to be Sir your most obedient\n            / and most humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0663", "content": "Title: John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 6 Jun. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n              Grosvenor Square\n          Yesterday I received your Favour of 30. May with its Inclosures.\n            You have Since that day no doubt received my Answer to yours of the 11th., in which I agreed perfectly with You in the Propriety of\n            Sending Mr Lamb to Congress without Loss of time. I am\n            content to Send Mr Randal with him but had rather he Should\n            come to You first and then to me, and embark in London after We shall have had\n            opportunity from his Conversation to learn as much as We can.\n          The Comte de Vergennes is undoubtedly right in his Judgment that\n            Avarice and Fear are the only Agents at Algiers, and that We shall not have Peace with\n            them the cheaper, for having a Treaty with the Sublime Porte. But is he certain We can\n            ever at any Price have Peace, with Algiers, unless We have it previously with\n            Constantinople? and do not the Turks from Constantinople, Send Rovers into the\n            Mediterranean? and would not even Treaties of Peace with Tunis, Tripoli, Algiers and\n            Morocco be ineffectual for the Security of our Mediterranean Trade, without a Peace with\n            the Porte.? The Porte is at present the Theater of the Politicks of Europe? and\n            commercial Information might be obtained there.\n          The first Question is, what will it cost Us to make Peace with all\n            five of them? Set it if you will at five hundred Thousand Pounds Sterling, tho I doubt\n            not it might [be] done for Three or perhaps for two.\n          The Second Question is, what Damage Shall We Suffer, if We do not\n          compute Six or Eight Per Cent Insurance upon all your\n            Exports, and Imports. compute the total Loss of all the Mediterranean and Levant Trade \n          compute the Loss of half Your Trade to Portugal and Spain.\n          These computations will amount to more than half a Million sterling\n          The third Question is what will it cost to fight them? I answer, at\n            least half a Million sterling a Year, without protecting your Trade and when\n            You leave off fighting you must pay as much Money as it would cost you now for\n          The Interest of five Mill half a Million Sterling is,\n            even at Six Per Cent, Thirty Thousand Guineas a Year.\u2014for an Annual Interest of 30,000\u00a3.\n            st. then and perhaps for 15,000, or 10,000 We can have Peace, when a War\n            would Sink Us annually ten times as much.\u2014\n          But for Gods sake dont let Us amuze our Countrymen with any further\n            Projects of Sounding. We know all about it, as much ever We can know, untill We have the\n            Money to offer. We know if We Send an Ambassador to Constantinople, he must give\n            Presents. How much, the Comte de Vergennes can tell you better than any Man in Europe. \n          We are fundametally wrong. The first Thing to be done is for\n            Congress to have a Revenue. Taxes Duties must be laid on by Congress or the Assemblies\n            and appropriated to the Payment of Interest. The Moment this is done We may borrow a Sum\n            adequate to all our Necessities. if it is not done in my Opinion you & I as well\n            as every other Servant of the United States in Europe ought to go home, give up All\n            Points, and let all our Exports & Imports be done in European Bottoms. My\n            Ind[ig]nation is roused beyond all Patience to see the P[eople] in all the United States\n            in a Torpor, and see the[m] a Prey to every Robber, Pirate and Cheat in Europe. Jews and\n            Judaizing Christians are now Scheeming to buy up all our Continental Notes at two or\n            three shillings in a Pound, in order to oblige Us to pay them at twenty shillings a\n            Pound. This will be richer Plunder than that of Algerines or Loyds Coffee House. My dear\n            friend Adieu.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0664", "content": "Title: John Jay to John Adams, 6 Jun. 1786\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Adams, John\n          My last to You was dated 4th: Ult:,\n            since which I have been honored with several from you vizt.\n            & 27th. February and 4th. March last\u2014all of which with their several Enclosures were immediately laid\n            before Congress.\u2014\n          I have at length the Pleasure of informing you that nine States\n            begin to be frequent in Congress, and consequently that there is a Prospect of my being\n            soon enabled to send you some Dispatches of more Importance than many of my late ones\n          It will not be long before a good private Opportunity will offer,\n            and then I mean to write you at least a long private Letter if not a public one.\u2014\n          You will find herewith enclosed a Ratification of the Prussian\n            Treaty, which for many Months was delayed for want of a proper Number of States in\n            Congress to order and compleat it.\u2014\n          There are several of my Reports on your Letters before Congress and\n            I assure you these Delays are as painful to me as they can be to you.\u2014\n          Our Country has yet much to think of, and much to decide on\u2014a\n            natural but improper Rage for paper Money prevails. Rhode Island, New York and New\n            Jersey are making Experiments upon it, and I think injuring themselves and the Union in\n            some Measure by it. The next London Ship shall carry you some Journals, and Acts of\n            Assembly which by the Packet would cost more Postage than they are worth.\n          With great and sincere Esteem and Regard I have the Honor to be,\n              Dr, Sir / Your most obt.\n            & huble[expansion sign]: Servt.\n              Translation\n            I doubt the propriety of borrowing more money without funds or\n              prospect to repay any\u2014our treasury is low\u2014the States backward\u2014our people intent on\n              private gain & too inattentive to national Concerns & xigencies\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0665", "content": "Title: James Burrow to John Adams, 9 Jun. 1786\nFrom: Burrow, James\nTo: Adams, John\n              May it please your Excellency\n              From my Apartments in The Chappel Rooms at No: 12. Clerkenwell-Close, opposite Newcastle House\n          I presume to write Your Excellency both upon a Publick and Private\n            Business\u2014The inclosed Simple little Fugitive Peice, or Compilation (for it deserves no\n            better name) was hastily put together at an early \u00c6ra of the late Warfare between the\n            Mother Country and the Magnanimous United States of North-America: The Writer thereof\n            was intirely a Volunteer in their Service, and the little Book was extensively\n            circulated; but never expos\u2019d to Sale\u2014It was the last Efforts of a warm Advocate of\n            Publick Liberty, to stop the unnatural Effusion of Christian Blood after the D\u2013gs of War\n            were let loose; But before that, much Pains had been taken by the Author to open the\n            Eyes of some deluded Great Personages relative to the then approaching Rupture; And\n            which was honestly as well as Zealously done, from a certain Conviction that eminent\n            Danger Discomfiture and Loss would ensue by prosecuting Hostile measures:\u2014The Return for\n            which however (as might from the Circumstances of the Case, too naturally be expected)\n            was much Contumely from the Proud, together with not a little Spight and Malice, from\n            some mean artful interested People in domestic Affairs.\u2014\n          The above may be sufficient at present to furnish your Excellency\n            with a small Clue to this part of the Political Detail.\u2014\n          The underwritten is partly of a private nature.\u2014\n          I had a most worthy Friend in the late Commodore George Walker, a\n            brave useful Virtuous Gentleman, who after having acted with great Spirit, Resolution\n            & Success in the former Wars, and being very active in encouraging the Northern\n            Fisheries, went to and cultivated a Settlement, 1st: at\n            Canso, and then at a Place called Niposiquit in Chaleure Bay North America, where He\n            resided several Years: As he was growing in Years He found a Resolution of coming home\n            with a full Intention of spending the Remainder of his Days with me in Peace &\n            Quietness; for which purpose he Embarqued at the beginning of the late Troubles (and not\n            knowing that Hostilities were Commencd) on Board of a Fine Snow called \u201cThe John\u201d but\n            was snapped up (being totally Unarm\u2019d) by a small American Privateer called \u201cThe Civil\n            Usage\u201d and carried into the Port of Newbury near Boston in New-England, where (although\n            I heard not of any particular Uncivil Usage to him or his Crew, personally as Prisoners) He was nevertheless Stript of his\n            whole Property, vizt: his Vessell, Cargo, Furniture and\n            valuable Effects &c, to a very large Amount\u2014I had this honest Gentleman, and\n            some belonging to Him, to assist for a very considerable time; which I did with much\n            Chearfulness & Satisfaction, because I knew his real merit, Integrity and\n            benevolence of Heart: And He was surely one of the most innocent, as well as deserving\n            Sufferers of the whole Group of Petitioners that applied\n            for Relief at the Publick Treasury, for which He made proper Solicitations; but obtained\n            no Recompence or Remuneration whatsoever; And being tired out with Unavailing Promises,\n            He droopd, And died.\n          The unfortunate Gentleman had uncommon parts; was wellread; of\n            sound Theoretical, and great experimental professional Knowledge, not only as a\n            Sea-Commander, but as a Draughtsman\u2014He was naturally piqued at first, on the Loss of his\n            whole Property, but after he found himself slighted at home, and understanding the\n            Magnitude of the Greivances which the Subjects of the Now United States, Then, laboured under, He would have become Conficiently \u201cUn Converti\u201d to so glorious a Cause: And as\n            well from his Enterprizing Genius, as from his intimate Acquaintce: with most parts of South-America and the\n            West Indies, He would have been a most Valuable Acquisition to any Maritime State\u2014He\n            lost some invaluable Notes & Papers on Board the Snow \u201cJohn\u201d which he was taken\n            in; and would have given any thing (accordg. to his Ability)\n            for Recovery of them:\u2014They were written in a private Character, So that without a proper\n            Key, they could not possibly be of any Use to the Captors; But as The Commodore was a\n            kind of living Dictionary we endeavour\u2019d to Establish the most interesting of those\n            Papers by oral Communication from him; However \u2019tis not altogether improbable but that\n            the Papers themselves, i.e. \u201cthe very identical Papers\u201d may still remain undistroyd, and\n            be Yet recoverable.\n          I further presume in an humble manner to Signify unto Your\n            Excellency, That you may do me a great Kindness, and For which I shod. be bound in all Gratitude, to make you the best Return in\n            my Pow[er.]\u2014Nay I flatter myself that I could be somewhat Useful\u2014I was originally\n            brought up in a Publick Departmt. of Governmt., Even so long ago as when His late Grace Thomas Holles\n            Pelham Duke of Newcastle was one of The late King\u2019s Principal Secretaries of State, and\n            was also Employ\u2019d in His Graces private Auditorship Business\u2014But I know of no Warps in\n            my Education, either from Parents or Masters, nor yet from the Venal world; for I may\n            almost be said to have lived out of the world as it were, or very privately at least,\n            for some Years;\u2014My best Master has been Experience, aided, I trust, by some Strong\n            innate Traces or Reminiscence of those Faculties which humane Creatures were originally\n            indued with, prompting or leading them to be Religious, grateful, just, compassionate,\n            Useful, and vigilant; and if not corrupted or effaced by contrary Impressions, may be\n            brought into Action at sometime or other, for the benefit of Society.\u2014\n          The worthy Gentleman, Mr Walker,\n            mention\u2019d in the Former part of my Letter, And myself had much private Conversation\n            about the probable Rising Greatness and Opulence of No.\n            America. But He was apprehensive Then, The Fruit could not possibly come to that\n            perfection immediately, which it naturally wou\u2019d have done about a Century hence, when\n            ripened by the mellowing Hand of Time\u2014Providence however is above all human Conjectures\n            and Operations\u2014Mr W, was very capable of advising in matters\n            of Publick Emergency, and was of Opinion that the several different States on a proper\n            F\u0153deral Union, by Cultivating Commerce, might become the Arbiters of Europe, and\n            conservators of Publick Tranquility both in the Old and New\u2013world; And at the same Time,\n            He wou\u2019d have been equally capable of Hurling the Thunder-Bolts of War in the most\n            effectual manner upon the Transmarine Settlements of every publick Enemy; But He, ala\u2019s!\n            is no more.\u2014All I can say in addition to this at present, is, That I humbly solicite The\n            Honour of an Interview with your Excellency anyday when it may be convenient; And That I\n              shod. think my self happy to live under Government of the\n            United States of North-America, which have so much Virtue for their Principle.\n          I have the Honour to be, / May it please your Excellency / Your\n            Excellency\u2019s most devoted, / very respectful, and obedient / Humble Servant\n              James Burrow.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0666", "content": "Title: Nicolaas & Jacob van Staphorst to John Adams, 9 Jun. 1786\nFrom: Van Staphorst, Jacob,Van Staphorst, Nicholas,Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan\nTo: Adams, John\n          We have the honor to inclose Your Excellency a Bond No: 4543 of the Loan raised for Account of the United States of\n            America dated 11th. June 1782. of Which your Excellency\n            omitted to sign the Receipt. We therefore beg you to compleat this Formality, where we\n            have marked with a Pencil; And to return us this Bond by our Friend Mr: Daniel Parker, Who will shortly re-visit this Country.,\n          We are respectfully / Your Excellency\u2019s / Most Obedient &\n            very / humble Servants", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0667", "content": "Title: Thomas Barclay to the American Peace Commissioners, 10 Jun. 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: American Peace Commissioners,Adams, John,Jefferson, Thomas\n          I arrived here after an agreeable Passage of Five days and was very\n            well received by the Governor & by the People who seem pleased to see Persons\n            from a Country at so great a distance come to compliment their Sovereign; As the\n            Governor had no orders concerning our going forward, I was obliged to send a Courier to\n            Morocco to demand that Permission, and at the same time wrote to Mr. Chiappi of that Place, desiring him to lay my Request before the King, that\n            no greater Guard might be sent here, than would be sufficient to render the road safe\n            & the Journey comfortable. To this Letter an answer was returned the Day before\n            yesterday, that the King desired I might depend on a most gracious Reception, &\n            Yesterday the Governor of Morocco with thirty Soldiers arrived here to conduct us to\n            Court. His Majesty wrote to the Governor of Mogadore to furnish me with every thing I\n            want, & to send me from hence satisfied, and has given orders at two places on\n            the Road that we may be furnished with his own Mules. The Governor of Mogadore was so\n            polite as to request I would return on board the Vessel to give him an Opportunity of\n            receiving us at the Head of his Soldiers, & has since proposed making an\n            Entertainment in the Country, but I declined both Offers on Account of the Parade and of\n            the unavoidable expence that would have attended them. It [is] in vain to be troubling\n            you at present with any Opinion about the probability of our Success, which indeed I\n            think somewhat uncertain, there are some prejudices to be obviated and one Matter of\n            Moment stands in the way. We have fixed on the Day after tomorrow for our departure and\n            I shall as soon as possible have the pleasure of addressing you from Morocco. In the\n            mean time I am with the greatest esteem & Respect, / Gentlemen, / Your most\n              obt. humble sevt.\n              Thos Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0668", "content": "Title: Samuel Austin to John Adams, 11 Jun. 1786\nFrom: Austin, Samuel\nTo: Adams, John\n          Your favor of y[thorn sign]e. 25 May\n            last \u214c Capt. Biggilo, now lies before me.\u2014In answer to\n            which, shall only Observe. The difficulties and Obstacles you mention, which are in the\n            way, and which at Present Prevents my Recovering my money, however Plausible, are\n              altogether falacious, and without foundation with Respect to this State,\n            yet it seems they are made an objection of such Magnitude that neither I, nor your\n            Excellency can at Present Remove, but hope will soon be done by Congress.\u2014\n          With respect to Brittish Subjects not Recovering their debts here,\n            there is no Foundation for such a Charge against this state, there is not the least\n            Obstruction in their way, nor any thing done to impeade their availing themselves of\n            every law of this state, Eaqually with any Subject in it, and they are every\n            day without any difficulty Recieving their just & legal demands, so that upon\n            the same Principals, upon Supposition that there is State on the Continent who have made\n            a law Preventing Brittish Subjects from recovering their just debts, and hereby done\n            wrong, yet I say on the same Principles that the latter is Condemned, Most Certainly\n            that Goverment where no such impediment takes place, must be acquited, and intirely\n            Exculpated from every Charge of the kind, as not being by any Means in the like\n            Predicament, with the State objected to.\u2014\n          This affair is of great Consequence to me, and must hope in time\n            will have a favorable Issue\u2014\n          I think myself happy in having it Committed to your care, and under\n            the Patronage of Congress\u2014and am well Sattisfied there will be nothing\n            wanting on your part to serve me herein\u2014I would only further Observe, that\n            Notwithstanding the Similarity there is in my case, and the other three Gentlemen, yet I\n            was the only Person to whom Genl How made Solemn Promise, he\n            would either Restore the goods again or Pay for them\u2014\n          With the greatest Respect & Esteem / to you, your good\n            Lady, & family, / I am Sir Your oblidg\u2019d Hume. Sert.\n              Samuel Austin\n            P.S Deacon Smith\u2019s wife died about a fortnight since", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0669", "content": "Title: Thomas Barclay to John Adams, 13 Jun. 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n          I wrote you and Mr Jefferson the last\n            by a Vessel Bound from hence to Liverpool, a Copy of which go\u2019s by this Conveyance to\n            Cadiz\u2014At present I have little to add but that our Journey to Morocco has been postponed\n            by the Governor untill Tomorrow at Sunrise, and that of this Date I have valued on you\n            in Favor of Mrs Barclay at usance for one Hundred Pounds\n            Sterg which please to Honor and place to Account of the United states\n          I have been obliged to make presents here to All the Kings officers\n            from the Governor Down to the Two Rascalls who work at the Customs House, In the Custom\n            House the Amount of the whole perhaps 600 Dollars\u2014This is no more than one Introduction,\n            and as Matters End as they will\n            may, the Expence will be Considerable we have only a small Escort of 30\n            soldiers with the Governor of Morocco to Conduct Us, Things are great and small by\n            Comparison\u2014The Marquis of Vialli had upwards of 400 to Accompany him. My Best wishes\n            attend your Ladies and your self being Always / Dear Sir / your affec. & obliged\n              Thos Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0670", "content": "Title: John Adams to Samuel Williams, 14 Jun. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Williams, Samuel\n          I am much Obliged to you for your Letter of the 9. of April, The\n            Memoirs of the Accademy of Arts & sciences, shall be sent to Sir Joseph Banks,\n            & the other Packet to Manhiem\n          I am much more at ease in my own Mind to have my Sons with you,\n            than I should be to have them here with me, or at any other University\u2014and nothing can\n            give me more satisfaction than to hear, that they behave with propriety\u2014\n          Dr. Gordons Voyage to England, and his\n            intention of remaining here, have probably diminished the Number of Subscribers in\n            America, and I much doubt whether he will meet that Encouragement in Europe which he\n            expects\u2014Nobody thrives, no Books will sell in this Country, unless it is encouraged by\n            the Court, and the Drs. History be it what it may, will\n            never be cherished there\n          The Court & the Nation would be glad to have the whole\n            story blotted out of memory\u2014There is a general Disposition to prevent every American\n            Character & Work, from acquiring Celebration\u2014Every thing American is so\n            unpopular that even Printers and Booksellers are afraid of disobliging their Customers,\n            by having any thing to do with it\u2014Nothing of the Kind will sell in prose or Verse\u2014I am\n            sorry to say that it appears to me the Seperation between the two Nations must and will\n            be final and perpetual in affection as well as in Laws\u2014This, which is false policy in\n            this Country, will be ultimately its destruction and make it a signal example to the\n          It is a Pitty that because a People has been divided in halves that\n            the two Parts should be destined to be forever Rivals and Ennemies, at heart, and I\n            cannot say that our own Country men, have in all things acted a rational Part, Yet I do\n            think it has been and is in the power of this Cabinet to restore a real friendship\n            between the two People, But I think now there is very little Chance of it because those\n            very Men who acquired their fame, Popularity & Power by professing friendship to\n            us are now at last as bitter against us as the others\u2014all this however should not\n            prevent us from doing our Duty in all points\u2014we shall find our Interest in it at", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0671", "content": "Title: John Adams to Rufus King, 14 Jun. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: King, Rufus\n          Yesterday, arrived by the Post your Favours of the 2. 4. &\n          \u201cEvery Day will furnish America with fresh Proofs, of the\n            fallacious nature of all her hopes of Prosperity, Grandeur and Glory, from the friendly\n            disposition of foreign Powers. Whatever assistance she may ever derive from any of them,\n            must be purchased at a greater Price than it will be worth. Reverence thyself, is a\n            Precept of private Morality, but it is equally applicable And equally necessary to\n            States & Individuals..\u2014Know thyself is another of as much Importance\n            to both. Our Country is yet more deficient in the latter than in the former.\u201d\n          Credit, has been the Inlet to most of the Luxury and Folly which\n            has yet infected our People. He who could devise a method to abolish it forever, would\n            deserve a Statue, to his Memory.\n          Agriculture, manufactures, and Commerce with one another, would\n            Soon make Us flourish.\n          \u201cThe Want of Concert, and the Want of Confidence in each other,\n              and the trifling with public Faith have emboldened our Rivals, which are\n            all Europe, and have let loose the Barbarians, and alltogether have already not only\n            ruined our Navigation and Commerce, but reduced the Price of our Produce. This last will\n            be soon felt, and will arouse the Planters & Farmers. But it will fall much\n            lower, if our Navigation is not attended to, if We depend upon foreign ships, it will\n            dwindle to almost nothing.\u201d\n          The most allarming Circumstance, that has happened is the\n            Innattention to Congress.\u2014that Seven states only should be represented, for so long a\n            time, is Proof when the affairs of the Union, were in so embarrassed and\n            dangerous a situation is Proof of something so bad that I dare not name it.\n          The proposed Convention, it is to be hoped will do good: but I know\n            not why Congress could not have done as well or better.\n          The Barbary Powers, will not be appeased for less than two or three\n            hundred Thousand Pounds. Congress have Such Sums to pay in Europe in 1787, that I know\n            not how they will obtain the Money. Lay on Duties to pay the Interest and it may easily\n            be obtained by Loans.: but not otherwise. Mr.\n            Lamb was sent by Us to Affrica, because he was sent by Congress to Us. We could easily\n            have found better Men. But it will be in vain to send any body, untill he is provided\n            with Money Sufficient.\u2014We must not call it Bribery. We should learn to talk of it as\n            other nations do, as Gratuity Generosity, magnificence, Friendship, Custom & all\n            that. if we fight them We shall only increase their demands and be obliged to pay them\n            as much more as will make up all the Damage We do them.\n          \u201cAll Nations are contriving to take Advantages of Us and make\n            Profit and Power out of Us, and if Planters & Merchants North and south do not\n            unite in measures of Defence We shall find ourselves a Prey. The Agriculture of the\n            Country will feel the Ruin, when it comes to their Turn as severely as the\n          \"immense Quantities of Grain have been sent from England to\n            Bordeaux & Marseilles this Spring. This demand ought to have been supplied from\n            America. Why was it not.? because of the difficulty of freight.\u2014\u201d \n          Mr Jay mentions a Letter of the 1. of\n            May. This I have not recd. it contains perhaps the sense of\n            Congress, concerning the Exchange of Ministers.\u2014I shall punctually obey my orders. \u2014\n            \u2014Untill every Law of the States is repealed, whether respecting Debts or Tories, which\n            is inconsistent with the Treaty: Untill the frontier Posts shall be surrendered to Us\n            & the Negroes paid for \u201cUntill all the States shall have firmly established a\n            system of national Revenue and taken a decided Resolution in favour of their own\n            Navigation, by a Peace with the Barbary Powers as well as giving a clear Encouragement\n            to their own ships beyond all others, my situation here will be so unpleasant, that I\n            shall constantly wish to be at home.\n          To be obliged to embark with my Family in any miserable Merchant\n            ship, or accidental Packett, in the dead of Winter, would be very disagreable: but if\n            orders should arrive So that I could embark in Season in the Fall, or if they should be\n            delayed till Spring, they would relieve me from a heavy Load.\n          \u201cThe Poor Prisoners at Algiers, the old Debtors in all the States,\n            the suitors for Vessells captured after the Armistice, all the Merchants in America, and\n            all the Farmers are now or will soon be looking to me for Relief from their Distresses,\n            when I know I can do them no service, and all their hopes must depend upon the Measures\n            taken by Congress and their own Legislatures.\n          I see that Pains are taken in the American Newspapers to hold up to\n            the People hopes and Expectations of a Change of Councils here. nothing can be more\n            impolitik, fallacious and abusive.\u2014The Eyes of the People ought to be undeceived and\n            opened, upon their true Situation and real Danger.\u201d\n          My affectionate Respects to Mr Alson, and to your / Lady if you\n          With great Esteem, your most / obedient humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0673", "content": "Title: John Jay to John Adams, 15 Jun. 1786\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Adams, John\n          At the Request of General Washington I commit to your Care the\n            enclosed Letter for Mrs. Mc.Cauly Graham which I have received from him\u2014the Vessel that carries this is\n            preparing to sail\u2014You shall hear from me again by Capt.\n          I am Dr Sir / Your Friend &", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0677", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 16 Jun. 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n          I inclose you the copy of a letter received from mr[expansion sign]\n            Barclay dated Cadiz May 23. by which you will perceive he was still on this side the\n            Mediterranean. has mr[expansion sign] Lamb written to you? I hear nothing from him nor\n            of him, since mr[expansion sign] Carmichael\u2019s information of his arrival in Spain.\n            mr[expansion sign] Randall gave reason to expect that himself would come on. yet neither\n            himself nor any letters from him arrive. perhaps they find conveyances for reporting to\n            you the causes of their delay. I am anxious also to receive your opinion what is best to\n          The Swedish Ambassador asked me some time ago to give him in\n            writing my thoughts on the best method of rendering the island of St. Bartholomew useful in the commerce between Sweden &\n            the U.S. he afterwards pressed this on me every time I saw him till I was obliged to do\n            it. I gave it as my opinion that to render that island most instrumental to the commerce\n            of Sweden & the U.S. and also most useful to Sweden in every other point of\n            view, it should be made a free port without a single restriction. as he had pressed this\n            matter so much, I suspected his court might have instructed him to do it, and might also\n            direct their minister at London to get your opinion on the same point. this latter\n            possibility induced me to trouble you with information of what had passed here.\n          I observe in the Leyden gazette of June 2. the extract of a letter\n            dated Algiers Apr. 15. which says that on the 10th. of April\n            an American vessel the Clementina captain Palmer from Philadelphia was carried in there\n            by a cruiser. there being other circumstances mentioned in the same letter relative to\n            our affairs which I know to be true, I am afraid this capture is also true.\n          The king sets out on the 21st. inst.\n            for Cherburg in order to animate by his notice the operations going on there. the Count\n            d\u2019Artois has lately been there. this is an astonishing effort of human industry. it is\n            believed it will be among the best ports in the world & will contain the whole\n            navy of France. those threats of invasion on England heretofore made, may\n            become real in a future war, besides the bridle which this fixes in the mouth of the\n          Present me affectionately to mrs[expansion sign] & miss\n            Adams, assuring them of my friendly & respectful remembrance of them, &\n            how much I regret that I am not of their party in visiting the gardens this summer; and\n            accept yourself assurances of the esteem & regard with which I have the honor to\n            be Dear Sir / Your most obedient humble servt\n              Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0678", "content": "Title: the Marquis de Lafayette to John Adams, 16 Jun. 1786\nFrom: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nTo: Adams, John\n          This letter is going by a private Hand, and While I am Reminding\n            You of one of Your sincerest friends, I am Happy in this Opportunity to Converse with\n            You on some Objects of a public Nature\n          the Committee for American Commerce Has met some times, when I Have\n            Endeavoured to Carry down the farm Generale\u2014there I fought Unsupported, so Great is the\n            influence of that Body, and altho I proved that we would do Better without them, than\n            with them, and that the king\u2019s Reven\u00fce should Encrease, While the price of Snuf was\n            decreasing, Yes I lost the Battle, and wished at least to Make a Handsome Retreat. there\n            I was Countenanced By Many, Count de Vergennes Among them, who disapprouved of the way\n            of doing Business now adopted By messieurs of the farm\u2014A Contract with Mr. Morill is Existing which furnishes the Whole Consumption at\n            a High price, and Has Greatly Reduced the Val\u00fce of that Commodity\u2014the Bargain is\n            preserved with A very formal Resolution Never more to Enter into Monopolizing Contracts,\n            and in the Mean while the farmer Generals will take Annually from twelve to fifteen\n              Hgsds of American tobacco, Coming from an American post on\n            American or french Vessels; on the same Conditions with that of mr[expansion sign]\n            Morill While the Contract lasts. as I went immediately after into the Country, You will\n            Have been Acquainted with this By mr[expansion sign] jefferson\n          in the Month of july, the Committee are to Meet Again, and I Hope\n            the important Affair of whale oil will be taken in Consideration\u2014a Cargoe of timber,\n            shipped by mr[expansion sign] tracy, is now at Brest, and a very proper letter Has been,\n            I am Assured, writen by the Minister of the Navy\u2014How far it will Conquer Riga prejudices, I do not yet know\n          It Seems, my dear Sir, that lord George Gordon Has Been let loose\n            upon You\u2014but the Gentleman is so wild, that it very little matters what He does\u2014Your\n            difficulties with that Ministry are of a more serious Nature\u2014I Confess I thought Great\n            Britain would act More wisely\u2014those people are very Backward in American Concerns,\n            excepting when they Can Blacken the National Character\u2014I am Happy to Hear the people at\n            large are about taking f\u0153deral measures; Virginia Has Begun Appointing\n            Commissionners\u2014and I Hope Congress will Have those powers that are Necessary to give\n            Energy to the Confederation, without encroaching on those Rights which it is proper to\n            leave within States so far distant, and so differently Circumstanced.\n          Actuated by a desire of f\u0153deral measures, By the feelings I Have\n            too often experienced while I Heard the situation of America so much mistaken, and By a\n            sense of pride that makes me wish to see the United states disdain to walk the Beaten\n            and Common path, I Confess I would like a manly opposition to those Algerine Rascals\u2014I\n            am told they may Be Blocked up\u2014and from mr[expansion sign] jefferson you\n              Haved Received particulars about it\u2014Should Naples and portugal join, and\n            what I would prefer, give their quotas in Monney, a Summer Blockade and Winter Cruize\n            might take place\u2014Had you any time to Spare, I Beg You will let me know your Sentiments\n            which I know to be more favourable to a Negotiation\u2014perhaps I am I led too\n            far By my passions\u2014but However must Be less so, than if a land operation Could take\n          Should Some thing Be tried with the Court of Naples, and an\n            American Gentleman was sent there don\u2019t you think our friend Mazzey to Be a very proper\n            person?\u2014He is Honest, Sensible, and Speacks the language\u2014and in Case Some\n              Commission\n            charge d\u2019affairsto italy was ever sent, He would I think to Answer\n            the purpose\u2014How far Congress may turn their views towards that Country, I am not to\n            determine.\n          this letter is writen in Hurry, as I am to Send it to mr[expansion\n            sign] jefferson Without delay\u2014I Beg you will present my affectinate Respects to\n            mrs[expansion sign] and miss adams to whom mde[expansion sign] de lafayette and family\n            beg to be Remembered, as well as to Yourself and [clel]\n            Smith whom I Beg to Receive my most friendly Compliments\u2014with Hearty and ever lasting\n            Sentiments of attachement and Respect I Have the Honour to Be / My dear Sir / Your\n            obedient Humble / Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0679", "content": "Title: Philip Mazzei to John Adams, 17 Jun. 1786\nFrom: Mazzei, Philip\nTo: Adams, John\n          I received in due time from the Count of Sarcefield, the letter you\n            honored me with, dated 20 ulto. According to your obliging\n            direction, I have perused Hutchinson\u2019s compilation, which the Count had of you &\n            has been so good as to lend me. I have likewise perused Douglass\u2019s, which I have\n            borrowed of Mr. Jefferson. I cannot find in any one of them,\n            that \u201cles sauvages devoient \u00eatre d\u00e9pouill\u00e9s de toutes les terres qu\u2019ils ne cultiveroient\n            pas\u201d as Raynal says p. 429; nor what he says p. 461. about children \u201cOn immole des\n            enfans de dix ans.\u201d The injurious resolution, against the Indians, was taken by the\n            People, according to him, in the year 1630; &\n            the horrible sentence, against children 10. years old was executed at the\n            time when witchcraft was in fashion.\n          A gentleman from Boston (Mr. Appleton)\n            promised me to read with attention, in Raynal, the history of New England, & to\n            send me his observations, to help me in my confutation of his errors. Your time is\n            precious, I Know, & I would not presume to desire of you to take any\n            part of it from more important objects; but I hope that, without the least hindrance to\n            them, you can & will please (whenever you see Mr.\n            Appleton) desire of him in my name to performe his promise, as also to desire our good,\n            noble, & worthy Friend Col. Smith, to send me his observations, on the same\n            Author, abt New-York & New\u2013Jersey. I would be very\n            glad to be informed of the truth or falsity of the 2. above-mentioned facts. I beg you\n            will excuse the liberty I take of troubling you, Sir; that you will please to present my\n            most respectful & sincere compliments to your most valuable Lady, & that\n            will ever believe me a true wellwisher of your good Family, & most sincerely\n            & respectfully, / Dear Sir, / Your Excellency\u2019s most Humble, / & most\n            Obedient Servant,\n              Philip Mazzei", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0680", "content": "Title: Edward Forbes to John Adams, 18 Jun. 1786\nFrom: Forbes, Edward\nTo: Adams, John\n          Tho\u2019 unknown to your Excellency I take the Liberty of addressing\n            you in behalf of an honest tho\u2019 unfortunate Man a Subject of the United States of\n            America who has applied to me to use my Influence & Interest in behalf of\n            himself & Owners with the Commissioners of the Revenue of this Kingdom.\n          His Name is Aaron Sheffield Commander of the Brig called the Queen\n            of France belonging to himself Coll Saml Ward &\n            others of the State of Rhode Island said vessell has been condemned (upon a trial before\n            the Sub Commissioners at the Port of Cork) under a most severe clause in one of our late\n              Revenue Laws called the hovering Act,\u2014for coming to an\n            Anchor for one Tide only at a place called Ballycotton Bay\u2014a man having been produced at\n            the Trial that swore he bought a Cask or two of Rum out of said Vessell at that Place\n            notwithstanding the Mate & others of the Crew swore there was no Goods of any\n            kind deliver\u2019d out of said Ship at that Place. The whole of the 5 Sub Commissioners\n            signed the Condemnation of the Rum but so insufficient did the Evidence appear to two of\n            them (the Collector & another) that they refused signing the Condemnation of the\n            Ship & for same Reason the Collector refused signing the Condemnation of the\n            Tobacco which consists of 131 Hhds.\n          Capt Sheffield having transmitted to me\n            the whole of the Evidence I laid it before Council who was of Opinion there was Ground\n            for Condemnation tho\u2019 it was possible the Sentence upon an Appeal might be reversed this\n            with the Opinion of some Friends induced me to recommend to Capt: Sheffield not to prosecute an Appeal but to petition the Commissioners of his\n            Majesty\u2019s Revenue & throw himself on their Mercy\u2014as the Expence of an Appeal\n            would be considerable & the Issue so uncertain, Capt\n            Sheffield has acquies\u2019d in my Advice & I have prepar\u2019d a petition representing\n            the above Circumstances in the strongest Manner & praying the Commissioners\n            might restore the Tobacco & Vessell upon paying a reasonable Gratuity to the\n            seizing Officer which petition I mean to present in a few days aided by the Influence of\n            a Relation & Friend a Member of Parliament.\n          The peculiar Severity of this Law under which his Vessell &\n            Cargo has been condemned & the Hardship of this poor Mans Case induces me to\n            request your Excellency\u2019s kind Interposition with the British Ministry to write to the\n            Commissioners of the Revenue here to soften the Rigour of this very severe Law in behalf\n            of his Vessell & Cargo which I doubt not with the Interest I shall make here\n            will induce them to determine favourably for him & his Owners.\u2014From the\n            extensive commercial Intercourse between this Country & America I need scarcely\n            mention the Necessity of having a Consul to reside here (the Seat of Government) such an\n            Appointment would add Consequence to the Applications in behalf of such American\n            Property as might be endanger\u2019d thro\u2019 Ignorance or Misconduct of the Crews of Ships;\n            & least your Excellency should imagine that I am unnecessarily intruding on your\n            time\u2014I have inclosed this Letter to Messrs: Lane Son\n            & Frazer who can inform you that Capt Sheffield is\n            deserving of your Protection\u2014in the meantime I shall render him every Service in my\n            Power hoping shortly to be aided therein by your Interference\n          I have the Honour to be / Your Excellency\u2019s / most obedt humble. Servt:", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0681", "content": "Title: John Adams to Nicolaas & Jacob van Staphorst, 19 Jun. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Van Staphorst, Nicholas,Van Staphorst, Jacob\n          I was honoured by the receipt of yours of the 9th. inst. & agreable to\n            your request have signed the Bond No. 4543. of the Loan\n            raised for amount of the U.S. of A dated 11th. of June 1782.\n            have committed it to the Care of Mr. Daniel Parker\u2014I am", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0682", "content": "Title: William Osborn to John Adams, 19 Jun. 1786\nFrom: Osborn, William\nTo: Adams, John\n              May it please Your Excellency.\n              Adelphi Hotel\n          Having twice had the Honour to Lodge your Excellency and family\n            under my Roof the Adelphi Hotel, I presume with submission to address you on this\n            occasion, and to represent that the Bearer hereof Miles Brewton having apply\u2019d to me for\n            Charitable Relief: I immediately recollected him as the Son and Nephew of two\n            respectable and worthy Gentlemen, Robert & Miles Brewton Esqrs both of Charles Town, South Carolina\u2014He is a native\n            American and I well remember to have seen in his early youth, both at Bermudas and\n            Charles Town\u2014Being an American myself, born in Philadelphia, anno 1736, I must naturally\n            feel a partiality for all such, and particularly, for the Petitioner whose family rank\n            high as respectable Citizens of the New Empire: In hopes Your Excellency will excuse the\n            Liberty of this address, I beg Leave to subscribe myself, \n          Your excellencys most obedient and humble Servant\n              Willm Osborn", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0684", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 23 Jun. 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n          I hear of an conveyance which allows me but a moment to\n            write to you. I inclose a copy of a letter from mr[expansion sign] Lamb. I have written\n            both to him, & mr[expansion sign] Randall agreeable to what we had jointly\n            thought best. the Courier de l\u2019Europe gives us strange news of armies marching from the\n            U.S. to take the ports from the English. I have received no public letters & not\n            above one or two private ones from America since I had the pleasure of seeing you. so I\n            am in the dark as to all these matters. I have only time left to address heaven with my\n            good wishes for mrs[expansion sign] Adams & miss Adams, & to assure you\n            of the sincere esteem with which I have the honour to be Dear sir / Your most obedt. / & most humble sert\n              Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0685", "content": "Title: Episcopal Convention Resolution of Thanks to John Adams, 24 Jun. 1786\nFrom: Hopkinson, Francis\nTo: Adams, John\n              In Convention\n          Resolved that the Thanks of this Convention be given to his\n            Excellency John Adams Esqr. Minister Plenipotentiary at the\n            Court of Great Britain, for his kind attention to the concerns of this Church, and that\n            the President be desired to transmit the same.\n          Extract from the Minutes\n              Fras. Hopkinson Secry.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0687", "content": "Title: John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 25 Jun. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          last night I received yours of the 16.\u2014Mr. Lamb has not written to me. Mr Randal I have\n            expected every day, for a long time. but have nothing from him, but what you transmitted\n            me. my opinion of what is best to be done, which you desire to know is, that Mr Lamb be desired to embark immediately for New York, and make\n            his Report to Congress and render his Account, and that Mr\n            Randal be desired to come to You first and then to me, unless you think it better for\n            him to embark with Lamb. It would be imprudent in Us, as it appears to me to incurr any\n            further Expence, by sending to Constantinople, or to Algiers, Tunis or Tripoli. it will\n            be only So much Cash thrown away, and worse, because it will only increase our\n            Embarrassment make Us and our Country ridiculous, and irritate the Appetite of those\n            Barbarians already too greedy.\u2014I have no News of the Clementine Captain Palmer.\n          The Sweedish Minister here, has never asked me any Question\n            concerning the Island of St Bartholomew.\u2014 \u2014 \u2014I Suspect there are not many confidential\n            Communications made to him, from his Court; he has been here 20 or 30 Years and has\n            married an English Lady, and is a Fellow of the Royal Society. From these Circumstances\n            he may be thought to be too well with the English. This\n            is merely conjecture. Your Advice was the best that could be given.\n          The Kings Visit to Cherbourg will have a great Effect, upon a\n            Nation whose Ruling Passion is a Love of their Sovereign, and the Harbour may and will\n            be of Importance.\u2014But the Expectation of an Invasion will do more than a Real one.\n          Mrs Adams and Mrs Smith, have taken a Tour\n            to Portsmouth We took Paines Hill in our Way out, and Windsor, in our Return: but the\n            Country in general disappointed Us.\u2014From Guilford to Portsmouth is an immense Heath. We\n            wished for your Company, which would have added greatly to the Pleasure of the Journey.\n            Pray have you visited the Gardens in France? how do you find them? equal to the\n          with great Regard I am, dear Sir your / Friend & humble", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0688", "content": "Title: John Adams to Edward Forbes, 26 Jun. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Forbes, Edward\n          I have recd, the Letter you did me, the\n            honour to write me from Dublin on the 18th. of June,\n            & am very sorry for the misfortune of Capt.\n            Sheffield, & his owners, The Law must be very severe indeed, if you cannot\n            succeed in your application for Relief, at least of the Vessell & Tobacco\u2014\n          If any interposition of mine with the British Ministry, would have\n            any Effect in his favour I would cheerfully engage in it\u2014But as such cases must be\n            decided by the Laws, & by certain rules where the Commissioners have any\n            Discretion it would be in Vain for me to apply indeed I could not justify to Congress an\n            Interposition officially in any such Case without their express orders, I have no\n            Authority to demand or require the restitution of the Vessell & to ask it as a\n            favour, would neither be approved by my Sovereign nor would it be granted by the British\n            Ministry\n          I agree with you, in wishing that a Consul was appointed to reside", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0689", "content": "Title: John Adams to Edward Augustus Holyoke, 26 Jun. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Holyoke, Edward Augustus\n          About the time of the proposition of a Correspondence between your\n            society and the Royal society of Medicine at Paris, I made a similar overture to the\n            Royal Academy of Chirurgery, & met with a reception equally encouraging, but\n            having never received from Mr. Louis the Perpetual\n            secretary, any thing in writing I supposed it was forgotten or neglected\u2014it is but a few\n            Day\u2019s since the inclosd extract from the registers of the Royal Accademy of Chirurgery\n            was sent to me from Paris, and I embrace the first oppertunity of doing myself the honor\n            of transmitting it to you, to be laid before the medical society of which you are\n            President\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0690", "content": "Title: John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 26 Jun. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n              Grosvenor Square\n          Sometime Since I received from Gov. Bowdoin some Papers relating to\n            Alexander Gross, with an earnest desire that I would communicate them to the French\n            Ambassador here. I did so and his Excellency was so good as to transmit them to the\n            Comte De Vergennes.\u2014 \u2014Mr Bartholomy however advised me to\n            write to you upon the Subject, that you might prevent it from being forgotten.\n          inclosed is a Letter, which I received Yesterday from Griffin Green\n            at Rotterdam, with a Paper inclosed dated Dunkirk 15. June. 1786. relating to this\n            unhappy Man. What can be done for his Relief I know not. Neither the Ransom Money nor\n            the other Charges I Suppose can ever be paid. for Government never is expected to redeem\n            Such Hostages and his Relations are not able. If this is the Truth as I Suppose it is,\n            it would be better for the French Government and for the Persons interested, to set him\n            at Liberty, than to keep him a Prisoner at Expence.\n          Let me pray you to minute this affair among your Memorandums to\n            talk of, with the Comte De Vergennes & Mr Rayneval,\n            when you are at Versailles. They will shew you the Papers, which have been transmitted\n            them through the Comte D\u2019Adhemar.\n          I wrote you on the 23d. of May ulto\u2014\u2014and on the 6th: inst.\u2014\u2014which Letters I hope you have received.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0691", "content": "Title: John Adams to the Marquis de Lafayette, 26 Jun. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\n              My dear Marquis\n          I am much obliged to you for your kind Letter of the 16th. I most heartily wish you success in your endeavours to\n            introduce a benificial Commerce in Tobacco, oil, Timber & all other things,\n            between the U.S. & France,\n            attack was easily repulsed, The Ministry will not be so easily managed, in one word, I\n            will let you into the whole secret, They think that whatever wealth or Power may be\n            possessed by the U.S. in Case of another war it will be all thrown into the scale of\n            France, Spain & Holland against them\u2014They therefore dread the Growth of our\n            Power, as much as they do that of the house of Bourbon\u2014all their Arts however cannot\n            prevent our Growth, & their follies will cause the very event they fear, They\n            scarcely leave us a Possibility of Neutrality, & if they were not fools, they\n            would Know that if we take a side at all, it will be & ought to be against\n          I confess I am sorry, that a Convention is to take Place because\n            Congress would have done as well, at a less Expence & in a shorter time\u2014I am in\n            favour of a Negotiation with the Turks, & averse to all proposals of blocking\n            them up fighting them & to all other speculations which may divert the Minds of\n            our People, from the Policy of making immediate & perpetual treaties of Peace\n            with them\u2014My Reason are\u2014The Damage to our affairs, arising from their Hostilities, is\n          Insurance upon 3.000.000 of exports at 6. pr. Cent.\n          Vessells & Cargoes Captured\u2014\n          Prisoners to be redeemed at 1500 Doll. pr. head\n          Loss of all the Mediterranean & Levant trades.\n          Do. & interrupption of Trade to\n            spain & Portugal\n          Expence of Building & Equipping six & 8.\n            frigates\n          expence of maintaining them\u2014Compute these Articles & you\n            will find they will cost you a Million sterling every Year\u2014\n          On the other hand treaties of perpetual Peace may be had with them\n            all for 3,00000\u00a3\u2014Nay supposing in addition to this you should be obliged to\n            give them annually 60.000 pr. ann? which is more than is\n            given them by France or England\u2014Cast up your account & strike your Ballance,\n            & you will find it immense in favour of Negotiations\u2014\n          2d. A War with them will only enhance\n            their demands.\n          3d. The Southern States will never\n            agree to fight them because the ships & seamen must all be supplied from the\n            states to the Northward of Maryland\u2014\n          From these Reasons I am alway\u2019s mortified to hear Projects of War\n            with the Algerines, because they appear to me to have a tendency to divert the Minds of\n            our fellow Citizens from what is practicable & politick, to what is\n            impracticable & unwise\u2014\n           I would not give a farthing for all the assistance that could be afforded us by\n            Portugal & Naples\u2014\n          When we Know it is easy to have peace for a small sum of Money, it\n            is very imprudent to think of War, I confine this Maxim however to the Turks,\n            comprehending under that Term 5 Nations\n          With other Nations I would fight for Liberty, for Right, for Glory\n            at any Expence of Money, But when all the great Powers of Europe encourage these Pirates\n            & when they are manifestly stimulating them against us, & piquing our\n            honour & spirit to fight them, from the most base and selfish &\n            Malicious Motives, I am for outwitting these Knowing ones\u2014I hope we are too old to be\n            taken in the snare\u2014The Glory of Wit & Wisdom is a prescious as that of Valour\n            & Arms, & I would never submit to the Ignominy of being out generalled\n            in Politicks, if I could help it, any more than in War\u2014\n          My family desire their Respects to Yours\u2014A Marriage has taken place\n            in it, which I suppose will not surprize you as you probably was apprized of the\n            Intentions of the Parties I wont take another sheet for the Name of your friend", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0692", "content": "Title: John Adams to Philip Mazzei, 26 Jun. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Mazzei, Philip\n          The insinuation of the Abby Raynal, mentioned in your Letter of the 17th\n            that \u201cthe Savages were to be dispossessed of Lands which they would not cultivate\u201d is\n            injurious.\n          The first settlers of New England, as well as of the other parts of\n            America were scrupulous to purchase the title of the Indians, wherever they planted\u2014In a course of many years\n            practice in the Courts of Law I have had a great oppertunity of knowing this fact\u2014There\n            is scarcely a suit concerning Land, in which the titles & Pretensions are not\n            traced back to Indian Deeds\u2014\n          The Immolation of Children of ten years old is a fiction of some\n            Brain or other. The Abby I suppose found it in some News Paper Pamphlet or other\n            Repository of political Lyes, He could have no motive to adopt it, if he had not\n            supposed it to be true, but any Person in the least acquainted with the true\n            history of the Country would have corrected it\u2014I have not seen Mr. Appleton when I do, I will remind him of his promise to you\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0693", "content": "Title: John Adams to Robert Pierepont Jr., 26 Jun. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Pierepont, Robert, Jr.\n              Grosvr. square\n          I return you this Letter with all the papers accompanying it, by\n            the hand that brought it to me, I have no Authority from your Father to furnish you\n            Money, I pray you to give yourself nor me any further trouble about it, for it will be\n            in vain. I am yours &c", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0694", "content": "Title: Thomas Barclay to the American Peace Commissioners, 26 Jun. 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: American Peace Commissioners,Jefferson, Thomas,Adams, John\n          This day week we arrived here, since which I have had two audiences\n            from His Majesty, the first a public one & the second a private one of\n            yesterday. It is but a few minutes since I heard that a Courrier will depart this\n            Evening for Daralbeyda, & I have not time to enter into particulars. It will be\n            agreable however for you to know, that the last draught of the Treaty is made, &\n            will probably be signed in a few days, & that our stay here will not exceed that\n            of a week from this time. I believe you will be satisfied on the whole, as there is only\n            one article more I could wish to see inserted, & that I really think,\n            in all human probability will never prove of the least Consequence.\n          I shall proceed to Tangiers and take an early Opportunity of\n            sending you a more detailed account of my proceedings; In the mean time I recommend your\n            transmitting as soon as possible, through Mr. Carmichael the\n            Powers to treat with Tunis & Tripoli, & (if Mr. Lamb has declined all further concern) for Algiers. If you had a Treaty with\n            the Porte I flatter myself the rest would follow, & at all Events Tunis\n            & Tripoli should be invited to our friendship.\u2014\n          There is a young man now under my Care, who has been a Slave some\n            time with the Arabs in the Desart, his Name is James Mercier, born at the Town of\n            Suffolk Nausincond County Virginia, The King sent him after the first Audience,\n            & I shall take him to Spain. I have not time to add, but that I am Gentlemen /\n            Your most obedient, / humble Servant,\n              Thos Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0695", "content": "Title: Taher Ben Abdelhack Fennish to the American Commissioners, 26 Jun. 1786\nFrom: Fennish, Taher Ben Abdelhack\nTo: American Commissioners,Adams, John,Jefferson, Thomas\n          Translation of the within Letter from his Excellcy. Sidi\n            Hadg Taher Ben Abdelhack Fennish to their Excellcies. John\n            Adams and Thomas Jefferson Esqrs.\u2014\n          Grace to God who is the Sole unity Whose Kingdom is the Only\n            Existing one\n          To their Excellencies John Adams and Thomas Jefferson Esqrs. This is to Acquaint You that I am ordered by the Emperor\n            my Master (whom God preserve) to Acknowledge the receipt of your Letter, Sign\u2019d at\n            London and Paris on the first and Eleventh of October 1785, which has been delivered\n            into his own hands by the Honble[expansion sign] Thomas Barclay Esqr. who Came to this Court, in order to negociate an Amicable\n            Peace between my Master (whom God preserve) and all his Dominions, and those of the\n            united States of America. This Matter has been happily concluded to the Satisfaction of\n            all Parties, The Contents of this Treaty, you will learn from your Envoy the Said Thomas\n            Barclay, to whom His Imperial has delivered it, together with a Letter for the united\n          I have likewise His Imperial Majesty\u2019s Orders to assure you of his\n            entire Approbation of the Conduct of you Envoy, who has behaved himself with integrity\n            and honor Since his arrival in our Country Appearing to be a Person of good\n            understanding, and therefore His Imperial Majesty has been Graciously pleased to give\n            him two honorable favourable and unparalleled Audiences, Signifying his Majesty\u2019s\n            perfect Satisfaction at his Conduct;\n          As I am Charged with the affairs of your Country at this Court, I\n            Can assure you that I will do all That lies in my power to promote the friendly\n            intercourse that is So happily begun; And of the Assistance I have already given in your\n            affairs, your Envoy will Acquaint you, and Concluding I do Sincerely remain, Morocco the\n            first day of the blessed Month of Ramadan 1200,\u2014\n          Sign\u2019d the Servt. of the King My\n            Master\u2014 / whom God preserve\u2014\n              Taher Ben Abdelhack Fennish\n            I do hereby certify that the above is a true Translation from the\n              arabic Language of the Annexed Letter, Morocco y[thorn sign]e.16th. July 1786\n            Isaac Cardozo Nu\u00f1ez", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0696", "content": "Title: Mr. Grand to John Adams, 26 Jun. 1786\nFrom: Grand\nTo: Adams, John\n          I am much obliged to you for the trouble which you have been So\n            Kind to take relating M Barclay\u2019s bills, I am Surprised that you find no advice from him\n            of any bill for $100.\u2014besides these which you are So good as to point out, the 24th. 8ber. I paid him the amount of\n            two bills, the one for $200, which was accepted by you Sir & the other for\n            $100,\u2014the one about which I am now making inquirier, & which Mr Barclay advised you to have drawn at the Same time,\n            & by the Same letter with that of $200,\u2014I think both these bills were dated from\n            the 24th. 8ber. or the day\n            before, be pleased there fore to look on his letters of advice, & expecially on\n            that which informed you about that date that he had drawn the bill for $200 to my\n          I beg you will excuse this further trouble, & I am with\n            very great regard. / Sir Your most obedient / humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0697", "content": "Title: David Griffith to John Adams, 26 Jun. 1786\nFrom: Griffith, David\nTo: Adams, John\n              Philadelphia\n          The General Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church\n            acknowledge themselves greatly obliged to your Excellency, for your kind attention to\n            their religious concerns, in forwarding their endeavours to obtain Consecration for\n            Bishops, and such a succession in the Orders of her Ministry as is most conformable to\n            their principles, and agreeable to their wishes.\n          Having instructions, from the Convention, to transmit, to your\n            Excellency, their Vote of thanks, I do myself the honor, now, to inclose it. \n          With the greatest respect for your Character, both private and\n            publick, I have the honor to be, Your Excellency\u2019s, most humble /and Obedient Servt.\n              David Griffith, Prest.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0698", "content": "Title: David Rittenhouse to John Adams, 26 Jun. 1786\nFrom: Rittenhouse, David\nTo: Adams, John\n              Philadelphia\n          The Bearer Dr. Benjn. Barton will deliver to you two Copies of the Second Volume\n            of Transactions of our Philosophical Society, One of which I beg you, Sir, to accept of,\n            the other you will please to forward to Mr. Jefferson the\n            American Minister at Paris. Give me leave to recommend to your Notice the Bearer, he is\n            my Nephew and a worthy Young Gentleman. His Abilities and great application give reason\n            to expect that he will hereafter do honour to his Country.\n          I am, Sir, with great respect / your very Humble Servant\n              Davd. Rittenhouse", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0700", "content": "Title: John Adams to John Jay, 27 Jun. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\n          I have received the Letter you did me, the Honour to write me, on\n            the 1st. of May; and the Pleasure of Congress Signified in\n            it, Shall be Strictly observed. You will perceive by my Letter of the 4th. of March, that it was my Determination to make no Reply to\n            his Lordships Answer of the 28th. of Feb. to the Memorial of\n            the 30 of November, untill I should receive the Orders of Congress. As We hear that the\n            Vessell which carried out that Dispatch, Sprung a leak at Sea, put into Lisbon and did\n            not Sail from thence till late in April, I do myself the Honour to inclose a\n            Duplicate of Lord Carmarthens Letter of 28 Feb. and of the Representations of the\n            Merchants inclosed in it.\n          With great Respect I have the Honour to be / Sir your most obedient\n            and most / humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0701", "content": "Title: David Griffith et al. to John Adams, 28 Jun. 1786\nFrom: Griffith, David,White, William,Smith, William,Hopkinson, Francis,Powel, Samuel\nTo: Adams, John\n              Philadelphia,\n          The Condescension your Excellency has shewn in delivering to his\n            Grace the Archbishop of Canterbury a Copy of a former Address of the Convention of the\n            Protestant Episcopal Church & in transmitting the Answer to it, added to your\n            great Candor & Liberality in so stating y[thorn sign]e Laws & Constitutions of the United States on the Subject of it as will\n            be for ever remembered with Gratitude by the Members of our Church & by all\n            Friends of Religious Freedom, hath emboldened us as a Committee of a succeeding\n            Convention, to request the like Attention of your Excellency to their Address to the\n            Right Revd Bench: a Copy of which we do ourselves the Honor\n          The Revd Mr\n            Hultgren, a Native & Subject of Sweden, who is y[thorn sign]e Bearer of this Letter, hath taken y[thorn sign]e Charge of y[thorn sign]e Books\n            & other Communications referred to in y[thorn sign]e\n            Address, & will provide for their being delivered, with the Assistance &\n            under the Direction of the Revd Dr Murray formerly a Clergyman in the State of Pennsylvania, whose past\n            Endeavours to forward our Views have induced us to ask of him this Instance of\n          With a deep Sense of your Excellency\u2019s great Goodness, we have the\n            Honour to subscribe ourselves, / Your Excellency\u2019s obliged & very / humble\n              David Griffith\u2014\n              William Smith\n              Fras Hopkinson \n              Samuel Powel", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0702", "content": "Title: William White to John Adams, 28 Jun. 1786\nFrom: White, William\nTo: Adams, John\n          I had y[thorn sign]e Honor &\n            Satisfaction of receiving your Excellency\u2019s Letter, dated Feb: 28. 1786; and while\n            y[thorn sign]e Church to which I belong is emboldened by\n            your past Condescension to solicit your further Attention to her Concerns, I take the\n            Liberty to enclose you a [Production] wch can have no\n            Importance, but what it may derive from y[thorn sign]e\n            weighty Business of y[thorn sign]e Body before whom it was\n            delivered\u2014\n          I cannot conclude without expressing my most hearty Concurrence in\n            y[thorn sign]e Sentiments of your Letter; with my Wishes,\n            that they may always adorn those Characters, with whom y[thorn sign]e Honour & Happiness of our Country shall be\n            entrusted.\n          With y[thorn sign]e most perfect\n            Respect & Esteem, I have y[thorn sign]e Honour to\n            subscribe myself, Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient & very humble Servt\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0703", "content": "Title: John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 29 Jun. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          inclosed is a Letter to Mr Lamb\n            & another to Mr Randall: if you Approve them please\n            to Sign them and send them on, Why those Gentlemen have lingered in Spain I know not. I\n            have long expected to hear of their Arrival in Paris. Possibly they wait for orders. if\n            so, the inclosed will answer the End.\n          The Chev. De Pinto told me on Wednesday that he had orders from his\n            Court to inform me, that the Queen had sent a Squadron to cruise in the Mouth of the\n            Streights, and had given them Orders to protect all Vessells belonging to the United\n            States of America, against the Algerines equally with Vessells of her own Subjects.\u2014 \u2014\n          With much Affection yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0704", "content": "Title: The American Peace Commissioners to John Lamb, 29 Jun. 1786\nFrom: American Peace Commissioners,Adams, John,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lamb, John\n          The Importance of Peace with the Algerines, and the other\n            Inhabitants of the Coast of Barbary, to the United States, renders it necessary that\n            every information which can be obtained should be laid before Congress:\n          And as the demands for the Redemption of Captives as well as the\n            amount of Customary Presents are so much more considerable than seem to have been\n            expected in America it appears to us necessary that you should return without loss of\n            Time to New York, there to give an Account to Congress of all the particulars which have\n            come to your Knowledge as well as of your own proceedings and of the Monies which have\n            been paid on account of the United States, in consequence of your draughts upon the\n            Minister in London.\n          From Congress when you arrive there you will receive orders for\n            your future Government and in the meantime we have no further occasion for your Services\n          If you Know of a Certain Passage immediately from any port in\n            Spain, We advise you to avail yourself of it: if not, we think it most adviseable for\n            you to come to Paris and from thence, after having consulted with Mr. Jefferson to repair to L\u2019Orient and embark for New York, in\n            the first Packett\u2014As the Instructions we send to Mr. Randal\n            are to come on to Paris in his Way to America, unless he should choose to accompany you from some port in Spain,\n            We desire you to furnish him with money for his Expenses to Paris, & London out\n            of the Cash already in your Hands, and We recommend to him as well as to you all\n            reasonable Attention to Economy.\n          We are Sir Your most / Obedt. Humble\n             Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0705", "content": "Title: John Adams to Paul R. Randall, 29 Jun. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Randall, Paul R.\n          We have written to Mr Lamb, to return\n            to America without Loss of Time, either by the first Opportunity from any Port in Spain,\n            or by the French Packett at L\u2019orient.\u2014If You Should choose to Accompany him, We wish to\n            accommodate you and therefore consent: but our Desire is rather that you Should come\n            first to Paris & London that We may avail ourselves of an opportunity of\n            conversing with you more particularly upon the affairs of the United States with those\n            of Affrica. We have written to Mr Lamb to furnish You with\n            Cash from the Sum that remains in his Hands, to defrey the Expence of your Journey to\n            Paris and London.\n          We have the Honour to be, Sir / your most obedient & most /\n            humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0709", "content": "Title: Thomas Barclay to the American Commissioners, Jul. 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: American Commissioners,Adams, John,Jefferson, Thomas\n          I wrote you from Morocco under date of the 16th.\u2014As I do not know when that Letter is likely to reach you, I trouble you now\n            with a Copy of it, & as I shall set out in a few days for Tangiers. I defer\n            until my arrival in Europe being particular.\u2014\n          I am Gentlemen, / Your most obedt.\n            humble Servt\n              Thos Barclay.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0710", "content": "Title: Thomas McKean to John Adams, 1 Jul. 1786\nFrom: McKean, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n              Philadelphia \n          I do not write to you now as a Public Minister, tho\u2019 I have a\n            heartfelt pleasure in your being so, and at the very court where I long wished you to\n            reside. The office of Chief Justice of this State now engages my principal attention;\n            having quit the Congress in 1783. The affairs of our University, Philosophical &\n            Agricultural Societies &c. employ my vacant time; and I enjoy a good state of\n            health. So much respecting myself.\u2014\n          Permit me now, Sir, to request your attention to the subject-matter\n            of the Letter inclosed herewith. It was written by William Augustus Atlee Esquire,\n            senior Justice of the Supreme court of this State, one of my brethren. His father,\n            William Atlee, an Englishman, died in this city, about forty years ago, without having\n            made any disposition of his estate in England. It is believed, his real estate there was\n            valuable, tho\u2019 his oldest son, then at law, knows nothing more about it, than what he\n            mentions in his letter to me. Will you be so kind as to make some inquiry regarding it,\n            or cause it to be done? I should desire to be informed, whether the estate in the\n            parishes of Acton and Ealy, called Ford-hook, near London, and that in\n            Lincolns-Inn-fields, are to be found? What may be their present condition &\n            value? Who is in possession? What shall be said by the possessors, when told of the\n            claim of Mr; Atlee? Whether his being now an Alien, and very\n            active in the late glorious Revolution, will be a Bar or even a Prejudice to his\n            recovering real property in England? And any thing else relating to this matter, that\n            can be known.\n          I am aware of the liberty I am now taking with you, and of the\n            trouble this will give you; but in behalf of a friend, and a worthy Gentleman, who has a\n            numerous offspring, and from our former acquaintance, I am induced to sollicit your\n            friendship on the occasion. It is not meant, that you should step out of your line in\n            the least about it, but only, that you would be pleased to engage some sensible and\n            trusty person to manage it under your direction. Your countenance alone will be of great\n            weight, and may perhaps intimidate mere occupants or possessors, and leave them more\n            readily to yield up the estates to the true owner.\n          The expences, this will occasion you, will be thankfully repaid to\n            you or Order, by Mr; Atlee or myself, as soon as known.\n          Mr; Cutting, who will deliver this, has\n            just now been so good as to undertake the performance of every thing necessary, under\n            your direction; so that you need not apply to any other person. I must beg the favor of\n            you to pay him any money, that may be necessary for searches in offices, travelling\n            expences &c. about this business. Could I form any judgment of them, I would\n            advance the money here.\n          I write in haste, and have only time to assure you, that you have\n            my best wishes for your happiness, and that I am; with the warmest attachment, / Dear\n            Sir, / Your Excellency\u2019s / most obedient & humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0712", "content": "Title: John Adams to Robert Murdoch, 4 Jul. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Murdoch, Robert\n          I am no stranger to the case of the unfortunate Alexander Grosse in\n            whose favour You did me the honor to write me your Letter from Dunkirk of the 30th. June, I lately received from His Excellency James Bowdoin\n              Esqr Governor of the Massachusetts an Application from the\n            friends of Mr. Grosse, which as I was desired, I\n            communicated to the Comte D\u2019Adhemar, who has transmitted it to the Comte De Vergennes. I\n            since received a Letter from a Captain Green at Rotterdam relative to the subject, which\n            I have transmitted to Mr. Jefferson Minister Plenipotentiary\n            from the United States of America at the Court of France\u2014\n          It is not the Custom, for Governments to redeem hostages excepting\n            such as were pledged by themselves, it is not, therefore in my power nor in that of Mr. Jefferson\u2019s to redeem Mr.\n            Grosse. but in this case the Captors for their own Interest should discharge him, since\n            there is no hope, nor scarce a Probability that the Ransom or any part of it, should\n            ever be paid\u2014it is better to loose what is past, than to add continually to the Loss,\n            although it be but a British shilling a day\u2014\n          Mr. Grosse would do well to write to\n              Mr. Jefferson at Paris\u2014and desire him to speak to the\n            Ministers at Versailles, and if any thing can be done, with propriety, it will be,\n            nevertheless, I believe that Government will not interfere, unless the Captors should\n            throw upon them the Expence of the Maintenance of the Hostage, in which Case they may\n            sett him at Liberty\u2014The Captors I believe will find themselves obliged to carry this\n            affair to account of profit & loss & poor Grosse himself, must probably\n            sett down 7 Years of his Life as annihlated, it is the fortune of War\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0713", "content": "Title: John Adams to James Warren, 4 Jul. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Warren, James\n          Your Favour of 30. April, is arrived. I am Surprized to read in\n            your Letter that \u201cour Poverty cant relieve Us from the Piracies of the Algerines.\u201d Are\n            the thirteen United States then not worth two or three hundred Thousand Guineas? Suppose\n            they borrow it at Six per Cent. there will be Eighteen thousand Guineas to pay yearly.\n            We now loose a Million sterling a year, by this War.\u2014Are we able to loose a Million and\n            not pay Eighteen Thousand Pounds.? Give Congress Power and let them lay on Duties upon\n            Imports or Exports upon thirteen states Sufficient to pay this Interest and you may\n            borrow the Money. But I never heard or read of Sluggards, who saw so many fantastical\n            Lions in the Way, as our People appear to have seen since the Peace.\u2014\n          Our Oil may find a Market in every City where a Lamp is burn\u2019d in\n            the night, if our Merchants will take Pains by Samples and Experiments to Shew the\n            Inhabitants the Superiour Qualities of our Sperma C\u0153ti Oil.\n          The Picture you draw of the Ruin of the Country is horrible.\u2014 \u2014Bad\n            as it may be, Paper Money or a Suspension of Law Processes, I will venture to say would\n            make it much worse.\u2014I cannot be of your opinion that there is \u201ca total Change in\n            Principles and manners\u201d \u201cnor that Interest is the only Pursuit,\u201d \u201cnor that Riches only\n            are respected.\u201d If you look back to the year 1760 and from thence to 1774, you will find\n            that Interest was courted and Riches respected, by as many, as they were during the War,\n            and during the War by as many, as since the Peace.\u2014as great a Number of, Men of Merit,\n            who are poor are respected now, as were respected at any time Since our Memory. it is\n            most certain that our Country men, are not and never were, Spartans in their Contempt of\n            Weath, and I will go farther and say they ought not to be. Such a Trait in their\n            Character would render them lazy Drones, unfit for the Agriculture Manufactures\n            Fisheries, and Commerce, and Population of their Country: and fit only for War. I am\n            never apprehensive of Anarchy, because I know there is Wisdom and Address enough to\n          All Things must tend to restore publick Faith & Confidence.\n            The Debt must be funded and the Interest paid. This will put an End to that speculation\n            in public Paper, which now employs all the Capitals, and produce a Circulation that will\n            relieve every Distress.\n          The Encyclop\u00e6dia is a valuable Collection of Knowledge and worth\n            the Money. The Gentlemans Pocket Farrier and Truslers practical Husbandry, I will\n            endeavour to send you. You may pay Dr Tufts for them.\n          The Enthusiasm for Agriculture like Virtue will be its own Reward.\n            may it run & be glorified.\n          I have given my Daughter to Col. Smith a Man of Merit formed in the\n            School of his Countries Afflictions. I Shall want her Company, in my old Age, but the\n            Conveniences of Parents are not the principal Points to be consulted, in the Marriages\n            of Children. The young Couple appear to be very happy, and may they continue so as long\n            as they live.\n          To return to Politicks, Our Country men are not yet informed of the\n            magical Effects of Circulation, and of the ruin of Stagnation.\u2014Stagnation must exist and\n            Circulation can never take Place in Society where there is not Confidence of the Members\n            in the Public & in one Another. This Confidence never will be restored, untill\n            the Debt is funded and all apprehensions of Paper Knavery is annihilated. The only Way\n            and the effectual Way to restore our affairs is for every Wise & good Man to\n            Unite in restoring Confidence in the Publick.\n          With great Esteem & regard, I am dear sir / your most\n            obedient & humble Sert\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0714", "content": "Title: the Marquis of Carmarthen to John Adams, 6 Jul. 1786\nFrom: Carmarthen, the Marquis of\nTo: Adams, John\n          I have received His Majesty\u2019s Commands to inform You, that, in\n            order to prevent the Abuses to which the Indulgence given by the Foreign Ministers is\n            frequently liable, by granting that Protection which their Compassion often inclines\n            them to afford to Persons who solicit it for the sole Purpose of screening themselves\n            from the Laws of their Country, His Majesty has instructed His Secretary of State, for\n            the future not to give Notice to the Sheriffs of London and Middlesex to insert the Name\n            of any of His Majesty\u2019s Subjects in the List of those, who are to be deemed under the\n            Protection of any Foreign Minister excepting only such Persons, as may be employed by\n            the said Foreign Ministers in the Capacity of menial Servants.\n          I am with great Truth and Regard / Sir / Your most obedient /\n            humble Servant.\n              Carmarthen.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0715", "content": "Title: John Adams to the Comte de Sarsfield, 7 Jul. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Sarsfield, Guy Claude, Comte de\n              My dear Comte\n          Colonel Trumbul, whom I believe you saw at Mr. Wests will have the honor to deliver you this Letter\u2014He goes to Paris not\n            only to improve himself in his Art, but to practice & pursue it. He is a\n            Character that I dare recommend to your esteem\u2014it is in your power greatly to assist him\n            in his views, of becoming acquainted with the artists & productions of France,\n            & therefore I beg leave to introduce him & Recommend him to your\n            attention", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0717", "content": "Title: John Adams to Mr. Grand, 8 Jul. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Grand\n          I have rec\u2019d the Letter you did me the Honour to write me the 26.\n            of June. and have looked over Mr. Barclay\u2019s Letters\n            according to your desire,\u2014I find you in a Letter from him dated Paris 22 octr. 1785. these Words. vizt \u201cI\n            wrote you some time ago advising my Draught on you, in favour of Mr. Grand No. 3: for one hundred Pounds sterling. I\n            cannot refer to the date because the Copy is at St. Germains\n            to which place I have removed my family & Papers, where I expect they will\n            remain during my Absence, I heard at Mr. Grands, that my\n            Letter of advice had not reached you, I am now to inform you that I have of this date\n            valued on you in favour of Mr. Grand at 30 day\u2019s sight, or\n            rather at usance, No. 4. two hundred Pounds sterling, which\n            you will please to honor\u201d\n          Minutes from my Account\n          Octr. 8:1785. I accepted a Bill of Mr. Barclay, No. 2. for \u00a3100 stg.\n          Ocr. 17. accepted a Bill of Mr.\n            Barclay for \u00a3100 stg. 1st. of y[thorn sign]e sett, to y[thorn sign]e order of Mr. Grand\n          Octr. 31. accepted a Bill of Mr. Barclay for \u00a3200 stg. No. 4. first of y[thorn sign]eset\n            to y[thorn sign]e order of Mr.\n          Now comparing the foregoing Minutes, with the foregoing extract of\n              Mr. Barclay\u2019s Letter\u2014I suppose the Bill, which I accepted\n            on the 17th. of Octr. is the\n            Bill No. 3\u2014which Mr. Barclay\n            mentions, Is it not?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0718", "content": "Title: John Adams to the Marquis de Lafayette, 8 Jul. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\n              My dear Marquis\u2014\n          Give me leave to introduce to you Colonel Trumbull, a son of the\n            late Governor of Connecticut, He is a Painter who has given Proofs of uncommon Genius\n            & Talents for his Art, and is disposed to consecrate both to the Glory of his\n            Country\u2014He has already finished Bunkers Hill and Quebec, and is proceeding to saratoga\n            & York Town, and I hope will not stop, till he has finished all the principal\n            Actions of the War\u2014He will have occassion for your face & figure upon more\n            occassions than one\u2014He merits every attention and assistance you can give him. He wishes\n            to see all the most eminent Artists & Models in Paris. It is with no small share\n            of esteem & regard that I take the Liberty to recommend him to you &\n            your Friends as a Man, a Citizen & an Artist worthy of your Confidence", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0722", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 11 Jul. 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n          Our instructions relative to the Barbary states having required us\n            to proceed by way of negotiation to obtain their peace, it became our duty to do this to\n            the best of our power. whatever might be our private opinions, they were to be\n            suppressed, and the line marked out to us, was to be followed. it has been so honestly,\n            & zealously. it was therefore never material for us to consult together on the\n            best plan of conduct towards these states. I acknolege I very early thought it would be\n            best to effect a peace thro\u2019 the medium of war. Tho\u2019 it is a question with which we have\n            nothing to do, yet as you propose some discussion of it I shall trouble you with my\n            reasons. of the 4. positions laid down in your letter of the 3d. instant, I agree to the three first, which are in substance that the good\n            offices of our friends cannot procure us a peace without paying it\u2019s price, that they\n            cannot materially lessen that price, & that paying it, we can have the peace in\n            spight of the intrigues of our enemies. as to the 4th. that\n            the longer the negotiation is delayed the larger will be the demand, this will depend on\n            the intermediate captures: if they are many & rich the price may be raised; if\n            few & poor it will be lessened. however if it is decided that we shall buy a\n            peace, I know no reason for delaying the operation, but should rather think it ought to\n            be hastened. but I should prefer the obtaining it by war. 1. justice is in favor of this\n            opinion. 2. honor favors it. 3. it will procure us respect in Europe, and respect is a\n            safe-guard to interest. 4. it will arm the federal head with the safest of all the\n            instruments of coercion over their delinquent members, & prevent them\n            from using what would be less safe. I think that so far you go with me. but in the next\n              steps we shall differ. 5. I think it least expensive. 6. equally effectual.\n            I ask a fleet of 150. guns, the one half of which shall be in constant cruise. this\n            fleet built, manned & victualled for 6. months will cost 450,000\u00a3 sterling. it\u2019s\n            annual expence is 300\u00a3 sterl. a gun, including every thing: this will be 45,000\u00a3 sterl.\n            a year. I take British experience for the basis of my calculations, tho\u2019 we know, from\n            our own experience, that we can do, in this way for pounds lawful, what costs them\n            pounds sterling. were we to charge all this to the Algerine war it would amount to\n            little more than we must pay if we buy peace. but as it is proper & necessary\n            that we should establish a small marine force (even were we to buy a peace from the\n            Algerines,) and as that force laid up in our dockyards would cost us half as much\n            annually as if kept in order for service, we have a right to say that only 22,500\u00a3\n            sterl. per ann. should be charged to the Algerine war. 6. it will be as effectuel. to\n            all the mismanagements of Spain & Portugal urged to shew that war against those\n            people is ineffectuel, I urge a single fact to prove the contrary where there is any\n            management. about 40. year ago, the Algerines having broke their treaty with France,\n            this court sent Monsr. de Massac with one large &\n            two small frigates, he blockaded the harbour of Algiers three months, & they\n            subscribed to the terms he dictated. if it be admitted however that war, on the fairest\n            prospects, is still exposed to incertainties, I weigh against this the greater\n            incertainty of the duration of a peace bought with money, from such a nation\n            people, from a Day 80. years old, & by a nation who, on the\n            hypothesis of buying peace, is to have no power on the sea to enforce an observance of\n          So far I have gone on the supposition that the whole weight of this\n            war would rest on us. but 1. Naples will join us. the character of their naval minister\n            (Acton) his known sentiments with respect to the peace Spain is officiously trying to\n            make for them, & his dispositions against the Algerines give the greatest reason\n            to believe it. 2. every principle of reason tells us Portugal will join us. I state this\n            as taking for granted, what all seem to believe, that they will not be at peace with\n            Algiers. I suppose then that a Convention might be formed between Portugal, Naples\n            & the U.S. by which the burthen of the war might be quotaed on them according to\n            their respective wealth, and the term of it should be when Algiers should subscribe to a\n            peace with all three on equal terms. this might be left open for other nations to accede\n            to, and many, if not most of the powers of Europe (except France, England, Holland\n            & Spain if her peace be made) would sooner or later enter into the confederacy,\n            for the sake of having their peace with the Pyratical states guarantied by the whole. I\n            suppose that in this case our proportion of force would not be the half of what I first\n            calculated on.\n          These are the reasons which have influenced my judgment on this\n            question. I give them to you to shew you that I am imposed on by a semblance of reason\n            at least, & not with an expectation of their changing your opinion. you have\n            viewed the subject, I am sure in all it\u2019s bearings. you have weighed both questions with\n            all their circumstances. you make the result different from what I do. the same facts\n            impress us differently. this is enough to make me suspect an error in my process of\n            reasoning tho\u2019 I am not able to detect it. it is of no consequence; as I have nothing to\n            say in the decision, and am ready to proceed heartily on any other plan which may be\n            adopted, if my agency should be thought useful. with respect to the dispositions of the\n            states I am utterly uninformed. I cannot help thinking however that on a view of all\n            circumstances, they might be united in either of the plans.\n          Having written this on the receipt of your letter, without knowing\n            of any opportunity of sending it, I know not when it will go: I add nothing therefore on\n            any other subject but assurances of the sincere esteem and respect with which I am Dear\n            Sir your friend & servant.\n              Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0723", "content": "Title: James Allen to John Adams, 12 Jul. 1786\nFrom: Allen, James\nTo: Adams, John\n          I Beg you to excuse my obtruding on your Public attention: Tho the\n            Subject be comparativly Frivolous, to me it is Very Interesting\u2014You, will, Recollet,\n            Sir? what a Friendly Part you took to Adjust our Family Concerns with the late Colo Brattle\u2014They have Since been Settled by Public\n            Commissioners, and are now, after the return of Mr T.\n            Brattle revising by my consent, But the Proceedings are suspended that I may Prove a\n            point by Evidence I flatter myself you will be able to furnish\u2014It relates to An Action\n            you Brought Against Mr Oliver of Salem, I entreat you to\n            recollet, After droping that Action, my return to you from Mr Oliver who denied receiving the sum of Four thousand pounds which was Charged\n            him by Colo Brattle on the Probate Record; I beg you to\n            recollet your Sending me to Colo Brattle for his Receipts,\n            and that he could not find all of them,\u2014if, Unfortunatly, the multitude of your\n            Attentions have effaced the memory of these Circumstances to the Degree you can\u2019t\n            recollect them Precisly, I Pray, your Endeavours to remember what you Possibly may with\n            regard to what happend at that Period* and which may tend to cast Light on a Point of\n            Truth I ought not to be put to the Pain of illucidating\u2014\n          I Beg the Honor of An Answer by the most Convinient Opportunity\u2014 /\n            and am, Dear Sir, with Zeal / & Esteem and affection / your obliged Friend\n              James Allen\n            *your Conversations with me on Brattle not being able, and saying\n              he could not find the recits &c &c", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0725", "content": "Title: John Lamb to the American Peace Commissioners, 15 Jul. 1786\nFrom: Lamb, John\nTo: American Peace Commissioners,Adams, John,Jefferson, Thomas\n          I Recd. Your Excellencys letters of the\n              20th ult. I finde by them that Mr. Randall had not Come to Paris when they were wrote, by Mr. Randall I Stated the Exact Situation of our affaires in\n            Algiers. and sent forwd. a Duplicate to Congress. the\n            Demands at Algiers no Doubt will be greate. my health will by no means admitt of my\n            undertakeing the Journey your Excellency Points out. I Dare say my indisposition will\n            Excuse me if it, Doth not in Duty to my self. I must necessoryly have no further\n            Pretentions to this bussiness and that as long as I have been on this Journey I may be\n            Settled with. it will take Sum time before I can get my accts together here. I am under\n            bonds at Barcelona for the money I Extracted for Purposes of Algiers. I left the Vessel\n            in the Spanish Servis when I left Algiers as I wrote and She is now here under\n            Quaranteen and canot yeat be come at. not Doubting but I Should have Return\u2019d to Algiers\n            again left maney things their. but as Soon as may be will Collect all my Acct\u2019s when\n            that is Done I hope I shall be Settled with in Europe as that was promis\u2019d me before I\n            Left america: my letter of Credite will be return\u2019d to your Excellencys Orders. I have\n            Drawn as I have Advised. I have letters from Algiers Daited the 11th. July 1786. then no more of our Vessels were Taken. it is highly necessary\n            that Sum Orders Should be Given on acct. of Supplys for our\n            unfortunate people at Algiers. for their Past maintainance and Cloathing I have paid Sum\n            upwards of Eight hundred heard Dollars\n          With Due respect Your / Excellencys most Obedient / Hmle. Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0726", "content": "Title: John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 16 Jul. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          last night Mr Randal arrived with yours\n            of the 9th. If the Prussian Treaty arrives to You, I think\n            you will do well to Send Mr Short with it to the Hague and\n            Exchange it with Thulemeier, and get it printed in a Pamphlet Sending a Sufficient\n            Number to you and to me. if it comes to me and you approve, I will Send Some\n              one or go myself.\n          The Chevr. De Pinto\u2019s Courier\n            unfortunately missed a Packet by one Day, which obliged him to wait a month at Falmouth\n            for another. The Chevr. was greatly chagrined at the Delay.\n            He is much obliged for your Notes, and I Should be more so for another Copy, having Sent\n            mine to my Brother Cranch, who writes me that your Argument in favour of American\n            Genius, would have been much Strengthened, if a Jefferson had been Added to a\n            Washington, a Franklin and a Rittenhouse. I wrote you lately that the Queen of Portugal\n            had ordered her Fleet cruising in the Streights to protect all Vessells belonging to\n            American Citizens equally with those of her own Subjects against the Algerines.\n          Boylstons Vessell Arrived in Boston, with Sugars, and he expects\n            another Vessell hourly; with which he will go again to France.\u2014He desires me, to express\n            his Obligations to you and the Marquis, for your former Assistance. Coffin Jones has\n            Sent a Vessell to L\u2019orient, with another Cargo of Oil. The French Government would do\n            well to encourage that Trade. if they do not, it will go elsewhere. it is in vain for\n            French or English to think, that Sperm C\u00e6ti Oil cannot find a Market but in their\n            Territories. it may find a Market in every City that has dark nights, if any one will do\n            as Boylston did, go and shew the People its qualities by Samples & Experiments.\n              neither The Trade of America in Oil and in any Thing else will labour no\n            longer, than public Paper is to be sold under Par. while a Bit of Paper can be bought\n            for five shillings that is worth twenty, all Capitals will be employed in that Trade,\n            for it is certain there is no other that will yield four hundred Per Cent Profit, clear\n            of Charges and Risques. as soon as this lucrative Commerce shall cease We shall see\n            American Capitals employed in sending all where it will find a Market that is all over\n            Europe if France does not wisely monopolise it as she may, if she will.\n          inclosed is an oration of Dr Rush.\n          I am my dear sir, your most / obedient", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0728", "content": "Title: Abdelhack Fennish to the American Commissioners, 16 Jul. 1786\nFrom: Fennish, Taher Ben Abdelhack\nTo: American Commissioners\n          Grace to God who is the sole Unity\u2014Whose Kingdom is the only existing one.\n          To their Excellencies John Adams & Thomas Jefferson Esqrs..\u2014this is to acquaint you that I am ordered by the Emperor\n            my master (whom God preserve) to acknowlege the reciept of your letter signed at London\n            & Paris on the first & eleventh of October 1785, which has been\n            delivered into his own hands by the Honble. Thomas Barclay\n              Esqr., who came to this court in order to negociate an\n            amicable peace between my master (whom God preserve) and all his dominions, &\n            those of the United States of America. This matter has been happily concluded to the\n            satisfaction of all parties. The contents of this Treaty you will learn from your Envoy\n            the said Thomas Barclay to whom his Imperial has delivered it, together with a letter\n            for the United States.\n          I have likewise his Imperial Majesty\u2019s orders to assure you of his\n            entire approbation of the conduct of your Envoy, who has behaved himself with integrity\n            & honor since his arrival in our country appearing to be a person of good\n            understanding, and therefore His Imperial Majesty has been graciously pleased to give\n            him two honorable favorable & unparelleled audience, signifying His Majesty\u2019s\n            perfect satisfaction at his conduct.\n          As I am charged with the affairs of your country at this court, I\n            can assure you that I will do all that lies in my power to promote the friendly\n            intercourse that is so happily begun; & of the assistance I have already given\n            in your affairs your Envoy will acquaint you, & concluding I do sincerely\n            remain, Morocco the first day of the blessed Month of Ramadan 1200.\n          (Signed) the servant of the King my Master (whom / God\n              Taher Ben Abdelhack Fennish.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0729", "content": "Title: John Adams to John Paul Jones, 17 Jul. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jones, John Paul\n          I have recieved the letter you did me the honor to write me on the\n              10th: of this month & embrace the opportunity by\n              Colo. Trumbull to answer it. The Comte de Reventlow\n            complaisantly enough, inclosed my letter to the Baron de Waltersdorff in his despatch to\n            the Danish Ministry & informed him that it related to a public affair so that\n            there is no room to doubt that the letter went safe & that the Court are\n            acquainted with its contents. But no answer has been recieved. I am told that the Baron\n            de Waltersdorf has been at Paris & the Hague long since the date of my letter to\n            him & I was told he was coming to London where I should see him. But he has not\n            yet been here, as there is a Danish Minister now in Paris, I should advise you to apply\n            to him: for the foreign ministers in general at the Court of Versailles have [ . . .]\n            upon their spirits in all things relating to America than those at London. Cash, I\n            fancy, is not an abundant article, in Denmark, & your claim has probably delayed\n            & suspended all negotiations with Mr. Jefferson\n            & me respecting a commercial treaty, for which three years ago, there was so\n            little zeal. This however is only conjecture, in confidence.\u2014I have the honour\n            /Copy W. Short secy/", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0731", "content": "Title: Benjamin Franklin to John Adams, 18 Jul. 1786\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Adams, John\n          Mr Swanwick at whose Request I write\n            this Line to your Excellency, will acquaint you with his Motives for desiring it. If you\n            can in any way contribute to the Success of an Application he is making in Behalf of his\n            Father, you will serve in the Son a constant firm Friend of the American Cause, and\n            otherwise a most worthy Character much respected here.\n          You will also greatly oblige, / Sir, / Your Excellency\u2019s most\n              obedt / & most humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0733", "content": "Title: Isaac Stephens to John Adams, 18 Jul. 1786\nFrom: Stephens, Isaac\nTo: Adams, John\n          Sir I take the Liberty of Directing a Letter to your Honour in\n            order to Convay My Letters To Boston and Will be much obliged to you to forward them\n            & further for gods Sake and the Love of Man to assist Us in this Sad State of\n            Slavery allthough the Sum Is Large But we Cannot help that it is Despreat To be Under\n              the Situation of a Slave as We are the property of the King as Much as his\n            horse Sir if Mr Lamb has Related this Matter as he Told the\n            King he Would be hear in four months and this King Never puts any Confidence in a Nation\n            that Deceves him once I hope Mr Lamb will be hear Within the\n            time for the King has given out that word\n          our Redemption Nothing [Conserns] the peace\n           from Your most obed\u2019nt and humble Servant\n              Isaac Stephens", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0734", "content": "Title: John Swanwick to John Adams, 18 Jul. 1786\nFrom: Swanwick, John\nTo: Adams, John\n              Philadelphia\n          The Lines which you will find under this Cover from his Excelly. Benjamin Franklin Esquire President of the State of\n            Pennsylvania will introduce to your Acquaintance the Writer of this Letter, to whose Lot\n            it falls on the Threshold of his Acquaintance with your Excellency to have a favor to\n            request of you, which I know not how far it may be right for you to grant or me to\n              askit, but I submit the Whole to your better Judgment\u2014If it be found that\n            you can consistantly serve me in this Business, the exalted Opinion I have formed of\n            your Excellency\u2019s Character induces me to beleive you will do it\u2014Should any Obstacles\n            prevent I shall still be happy, whilst you forego the Compliance with my Wishes, to\n            think that I shall be known to you, and that by the most respectable Testimonial I could\n            have desired, from a Gentleman, the Evening of whose Political Career is as Brilliant as\n            the whole of its duration has been useful to his Country and ornamental to Mankind\u2014\n          The Case is this\u2014My Father Mr. Richard\n            Swanwick arrived in this Country a few Years before the late War with Britain commenced\n            and brought him with him from England some Money to purchase Lands with in\n            this State where he intended to pass the Residue of his days\u2014As an Aid to his Farming\n            Occupation he accepted a Commission from the King to command a Revenue Cutter employed\n            in the Bay and River of delaware\u2014in this Situation when the Struggle commenced, his\n            Birth as an Englishman, his late Arrival in America, and his holding an office under the\n            Crown, all conspired to range him on the British Side\u2014in pursuance of which he openly\n            espoused it, and as appears by Certificates in his possession from the Commander in\n            Chief of the British Forces rendered them considerable services and stedfastly adhered\n            to them to the time of their final Embarkation for Britain, when my Father found himself\n            an Exile from his Family\u2014attainted by the Laws of this State and all his Property\n            totally forfeited of which his Family never received a Shilling\u2014he is now pursuing\n            before the British Government his Claim for Compensation of his Losses\u2014Those he\n            sustained in Property are authenicated by a Certificate I have sent him from the\n            Comptroller General of Accounts of this State\u2014his Claim of Merit from the Government he\n            addresses is established by the Testimony of Sir William Howe Lord Cornwallis Genl. Pattison and others\u2014so far one would think his Title to\n            Compensation needed no other Aid\u2014but Influence often times at Courts has more Weight\n            than Merit and it appears to be my Fathers Wish to have his Claim countenanced by some\n            Gentlemen near the Court, who might perhaps by a Word in his favor secure the Attention\n            due to his Request from those to whom it may belong to consider it\u2014On these Grounds it\n            was that I have ventured to solicit your Aid in this Particular provided it be not\n            inconsistant with your Ideas of Propriety merely to say a word for my Father as you may\n            deem most prudent on his communicating his Wishes to you\u2014but if any Circumstance should\n            make it improper neither he nor myself will desire You to do anything in it\u2014\n          It may be necessary for your Information to add that after having\n            compleated my Education in Holland & France I arrived in 1773, at the age of 13\n            Years, in this Country, and ever since I have endeavoured to serve it to the best of my\n            Abilities\u2014During the War I have held many confidential Places of Trust and quitted them\n            at the Peace, I beleive, with universal Approbation at which Period I entered into the\n            Mercantile Line in which I have been ever since engaged\u2014The Circular inclosed will\n            inform you of my Establishment in Trade and make you or your Friends the Tender of its\n            Services\u2014Ever since my Father\u2019s Misfortunes he has had to depend on me principally for\n            his support\u2014I have been happy to have it in my power to contribute to it, but I wish the\n            Government should have the Charge of this in which Cause he lost his All\u2014\n          I am aware Sir, of the Awkwardness of my Situation soliciting\n            Attentions from your Excellency who have rendered such important Services to F\u0153deral\n            America, for One who has had the Misfortune to appear as an Enemy to her, but I know\n            your Magnanimity will not suffer you to dwell long on this Side of the Question\u2014when you\n            consider what my Father has suffered\u2014that the State has long been in Possession of all\n            he was worth\u2014that I have faithfully served my Country in the most trying times, and tho\u2019\n            in Opposition to this very Parent whom my duty led me to revere and whom now I must\n            support unless the Government he has served do something for him\u2014 When you consider all\n            these Circumstances I am sure you Commiseration will be excited and if you can not\n            receive or assist my Father you will pardon the present well meant Request\u2014\n          It is not in your public Capacity that I can expect the Attention I\n            solicit, but your Excellency in your private Character may more effectually serve me\u2014Any\n            Recommendation thus given must have its Weight and will have all my Gratitude\u2014happy will\n            it make me at any time to acknowledge the Obligation and to render for it such Returns\n            as may be most acceptable to you\u2014but of these None can equal in Value what your\n              Excelly. will immediately receive in the pleasing\n            Consciousness of having performed a benevolent Action\u2014\n          I would not wish to be understood as pleading the Cause of any of\n            those Men who in the late War forsook their Native Country, to which all that could\n            encite Affection, bound them\u2014Such Attachments on the Side of my Father were all to\n            Britain\u2014from thence had he brought the price of his Settlement here\u2014from thence did his\n            Livelihood as an Officer principally proceed\u2014all his Connections were there\u2014For the\n            Cause of America he never affected an Attachment he did not feel\u2014he hid not himself in a\n            neutral Garb, tho\u2019 a safe one\u2014he took an open and decided part\u2014in this he must be\n            allowed to have acted the part of an honest Man in so decidedly avowing the Cause he\n            espoused and the Consequence has been he has shared in its Catastrophe and\n            disgrace\u2014differently situated I have taken a different part\u2014As a Young Man, my\n            Attachments are to a young Country\u2014as educated in Holland, my Prepossessions had been\n            those of a Republican\u2014As expecting my Livelihood and all I hoped for from America I have\n            been faithful to her and would have suffered with her chearfully any Reverse, to which I\n            exposed myself by uniformly taking part with her in the most gloomy as well as fortunate\n            Periods of the War\u2014I have shared in the Triumphs of my Country, have enjoyed her\n            Confidence, have found my Circumstances every way fortunate\u2014and now, sir, I only desire\n            a Continuance of Existance to be a Witness of her increasing Glory and an humble\n            Instrument among others in promoting it\u2014If such Sentiments uniformly practised can\n            entitle me to your Excellency\u2019s Regard I hope to enjoy it, and then I shall never regret\n            having written this Letter, be the Success of the Request it contains relative to my\n            Father what it may\u2014\n          With the highest Veneration for your exalted Station and Merit I\n            have the honor to remain\u2014 /Your Excellys. / Obt. Hble. Servant\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0735", "content": "Title: Nathaniel Gorham to John Adams, 20 Jul. 1786\nFrom: Gorham, Nathaniel\nTo: Adams, John\n          This will be delivered you by Mr. James\n            Maury a Gentm. of reputation & credit in\n          I beg leave to introduce him to your acquaintance and from the\n            character I have heard of him I make no doubt you will be able through him to derive\n            great information of the state of affairs in this Country.\u2014I remain with great\n            respect\u2014Sir your most / Humbl Servant\n              Nathl Gorham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0737", "content": "Title: John Cooper to John Adams, 21 Jul. 1786\nFrom: Cooper, John\nTo: Adams, John\n              May it please Your Excellency\n              No: 21 Holles Street\n                ClareMarket\n          An Englishman, but one who was ever a strong Advocate and\n            wellwisher to the American Cause, most respectfully begs to lay the following before\n          Having spent the early part of my life in the East Indies, and\n            since my return being employed to do the writing of the King\u2019s Commissioners when at\n            Philadelphia and New York, it occurred to me how matters would end before Peace was\n            concluded; and I mentioned to John Temple Esqre in July 1778\n            a wish that I might be useful in East India matters\u2014Mr.\n            Temple on his then returning to England told me he had\n            spoke of it to Mr: Laurens, but it was too soon to take up\n            East India Affairs; and a confinement of three Years to a Sick bed, with a long\n            fruitless Attendance in hopes of a promised provision, has prevented my being so active\n            as I wished\u2014But as the East India Trade may be an Object which America would wish to\n            encrease, and which I am convinced the Politicks of this Country, as they are now\n            carried on never can manage; I beg leave to send your Excellency a List of some Books,\n            Chart &ca which I was Years in collecting, and which\n            I am confident would prove highly useful in the extension of East India Commerce\u2014\n          My disappointments and having buried a valuable Wife and Boy, are\n            other motives which make me wish to dispose of this Collection, but particularly as I am\n            precluded from returning to the East Indies in the Company\u2019s Service.\n          Your Excellency on calling to mind so remarkable a Paper as the\n            Letter to Congress dated in Philadelphia June 1778, and signed Carlisle, W Eden, and Geo\n            Johnstone will probably recognize this hand writing\u2014and should you approve of seeing\n            what is mentioned in the enclosed list, or purchasing the same\u2014On being honored with\n            your Commands I will immediately attend with them\n          I beg the Honor to subscribe myself with the profoundest respect /\n            May it please your Excellency / Your most Obedient & humble servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0738", "content": "Title: Charles Storer to John Adams, 21 Jul. 1786\nFrom: Storer, Charles\nTo: Adams, John\n          Nay, Sir, do not confine enthusiasm & patriotism entirely\n            to Tories & Refugees\u2014You have always had a good share of it, and I was going to\n            claim a little too\u2014You will see by my letter to Mrs: Adams\n            how I mean to dispose of my self here\u2014wh: I hope will meet\n            with your approbation. On another score I wish to ask your advice & opinion\u2014but\n            I always remember what you once told me vizt: that, where\n            you could with propriety answer me, you would\u2014further than that you would not\u2014nor do I\n          I am lately from Passamaquoddy with Genl: Lincoln\u2014and while there, three of our vessells from the Westward\n            loaded with Lumber were seized by the Sheriff Naval Officer & others from St: Andrews as they were laying\n            at Anchor under Dudley Island, a deed of which our\n            Government sometime since gave to Colo: Allen\u2014One sloop was\n            unloading on Campo Bello which is supposed to belong to the British\u2014It seems they have\n            been laying out the Province of New Brunswick into Districts\u2014and the western District\n            includes Moose, Deer, Dudley, & Frederick Islands, the last of which our Naval\n            Officer lives on\u2014Further, they extend this boundary of the Western District \u201cto the\n            western shores of the west passage into the Bay\u201d: thereby claiming both Channels. but,\n            should the Island belong to them by the exception in the treaty, the channels do not\n            most surely\u2014The People of St: Andrews, howr talk of havg guard-Ships\n            & Galleys placed in each Channel\u2014\n          Leonard, a Refugee Miller fm. this\n            town is Naval Officer on their side and has ordered ours to quit the Bay as having no\n            right there\u2014He was answered, that he knew of no authority but that of Massachusetts by\n            which he was appointed, & by which alone he should quit his place. However , as\n            we were leaving the Bay we were assured,  or at least heard  that the\n            Government of New Brunswick has disapproved of the conduct of the Naval Officers\n            & that the vessells were returning, being given up\u2014\n          There are great disputes about our Eastern boundaries\u2014The British\n            say the St: Croix is what is now called the Scudick\u2014we say, & the Indians have been\n            consulted on the point, that the true St: Croix is what is\n            now called the Mecakadawick, 12. or 15. miles farther\n            Eastward\u2014& the river next westward of St: John\u2019s,\n            which I am told you say is the river you meant in settling the treaty\u2014The next thing\n            they claim is all the Islands in the Bay, by virtue of that clause in the\n              treaty which excepts in their favor all Islands, within 20. leagues of the Coast\n              wh: were at the time of the Peace & were formerly\n            within the limits of Nova Scotia. Whether these Islands are in this predicament I know\n            not\u2014but if they are to have them, they have the finest\n            part of the Bay & will have it in their power to injure us greatly\u2014Some there\n            say that the Islands meant in the Treaty were those lying on the eastern side of the Bay\n            of Fundy, near the coast of Nova Scotia, & which come with 20. leagues of our\n            Coast\u2014The British say further that, in proof of those Islands in the Bay of\n            Passamaquoddy belonging to them by virtrue of the treaty, Lord Sydney or some Minister writes that tho\u2019 Mr: Adams has been written to on the subject, he has\n            never made any representation to the Ministry; which is an acknowledgement\n              that those were the Islands excepted\u2014Now, Sir, mostly for my own\n            satisfaction, as I am going to settle there, I would request you to inform me on the\n            above subject, that I may know how to govern myself. One thing more I would add\u2014which\n            is\u2014that inhabitants of Moose Island have been repeatedly summoned to act as Jurymen\n            & otherwise to appear at the Courts at St:\n            Andrews\u2014& have as often refused, declaring themselves Citizens of the U: States\n            & under the Government of Massachusetts\u2014On the British side they say, that if that Island is determined to fall within their line,\n            they will make them pay for their refusal\u2014This looks like uncertainty of the right\u2014The\n            Governor & Council have the above matter now under consideration\u2014but\n            what will be the result I know not\u2014\u2019Tis considered here as a daring insult to the U:\n            States & to Massachusetts in particular\u2014I hope therefore that good-will come\n            from this fracas\u2014I mean that it will determine our boundaries with more\n              precision & certainty\u2014\n          \u201cVoila un beau tableau\u201d en verite, as you represent it\u2014I am most\n            indebted for your information\u2014If you join in the belief that all will yet be well, I am\n            more satisfied in my opinion\u2014You speak of restraining Commerce\u2014I hold up both hands for\n            confining it to the very narrowest bounds possible\u2014That we are in a fair way of\n            establishing a general system is a peice of information that affords me particular\n            satisfaction\u2014Heaven forbid that it should fail of success!\u2014You speak of having a market\n            in Europe for all our Produce\u2014I hear the Mr: Barrett, not only compleated the Oyl contract he\n            went to France upon\u2014but has also engaged with the French Court to supply their whole\n            Navy with Masts & Spars\u2014Commerce in this way is of no disservice to\n            us\u2014Encouraging our own productions will enrich us\u2014\n          Accept my thanks for the continuance of your Correspendance\u2014which I\n            wish not to carry beyond bounds agreeable to yourself\u2014\n          Be assured Sir, of my best respects, in which our family joins, and\n            that I am with great esteem / Yr: much oblig\u2019d & /\n            NB. I enclose a Newspaper giving an account of Commencement\u2014You\n              will be probably surprised at the political disputations there introduced\u2014as are many\n              others\u2014There are Subjects that Students have no right to meddle with\u2014& which\n              ought not to be debated in public\u2014It was observed that there were many serious truths\n              told, that had better have been concealed\u2014\u2019Twas really so indeed.\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0739", "content": "Title: Willing, Morris, & Swanwick to John Adams, [22 Jul. 1786]\nFrom: Swanwick, John,Willing, Thomas,Morris, Robert\nTo: Adams, John\n              PHILADELPHIA,\n          REFERRING you to the annexed\n            circular Letter from the surviving Partners of the late House of Willing, Morris & Co. and Samuel Inglis\n            & Co. we only add the present Lines, for the purpose of tendering the future\n            Service of this new Establishment under the respective Signatures of the Partners.\n            We have the Honor to be, / Sir, / Your most obedient / and most\n              humble Servants,\n          The Signature of your most humble\n              Servant, T. Willing. \n             Willing Morris & Swanwick\n          The Signature of your most humble\n              Servant, R. Morris. \n            Willing Morris & Swanwick \n          The Signature of your most humble\n              Servant, J. Swanwick. \n             Willing Morris & Swanwick\n            SIR, PHILADELPHIA, \n          IT is with very great concern that\n            we inform you of the sudden and unexpected Death of our late Friend and Partner, Mr. Samuel Inglis, who departed this Life, after a short Illness,\n            in the Night of the 13th Instant. This worthy Man has conducted the Affairs of our late\n            Society, under the Firm of Samuel Inglis & Co.\n            entirely to our Content, and, so far as we know, to the Satisfaction of all those that\n            were interested in his Transactions. We lament his Loss most sincerely.\n          After paying the Tribute due to his Memory, it became necessary to\n            supply his Place, which we have done, by taking into our Partnership, Mr. John Swanwick, a young Gentleman that we bred up under Mr.\n              Morris, who has since employed him in a very extensive\n            Scene of publick and private Business, in the execution of which he has answered the\n            most sanguine Expectations that were formed of him, and proved that his Integrity,\n            Application and Talents entitle him to our utmost Confidence. We have concluded to\n            introduce our Names into the new Firm, and pray your Attention upon all Occasions, to\n            that of Willing, Morris and Swanwick.\n          We are, Respectfully, / Sir, / Your most obedient / and most humble\n              Thos. Willing\n              Robt Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0740", "content": "Title: Richard O\u2019Bryen to John Adams, 25 Jul. 1786\nFrom: O\u2019Bryen, Richard\nTo: Adams, John\n          Your letter by Mr. Lamb I received and\n            wrote you shortly Afterwards Informing you of the Unfortunate event of Mr. Lambs Voyage to Algiers, the particulars long Ere to this\n            you you have known.\n          Mr. Lamb Signified to the Dey that he\n            would try & Get the Money for our Redemption in four Months, but three is past\n            and we have heared nothing particular Since. But hopes that our Country will shortly\n            extricate us from our unfortunate situation, we the once sons of Liberty, at present In\n            the fetters of Slavery.\n          the Dey of Algiers can do as he thinks proper with us if it is Not\n            his pleasure to let us go\u2014on the same terms that he Lets other nations go for, we Cannot\n          If it is not the pleasure of Congress, to Redeem us at the price\n            the Dey asks here we Unfortunate Americans Must remain\u2014\n          the Algerines has been out on a Cruise and has taken five saile of\n            shiping on boarde of the prizes was in all 86 Men. the are fitting out at present, and\n            will saile about the 10th. August I belive five of the\n            Largest will go out of the Streights. the are not affraid of any of the Cruisers, of\n            those nations in the Mediteranian that the are at war with the Count D Expilly is in\n            Spain &c I belive Mr. Carmical will have the best\n            Information from the Count respecting the Policy of the Algerines and the Method we\n            should fall on in making a peace with this regency\u2014\n          I really think Mr. Lamb a very unfit\n            man to Negotiate and affaire of So Much Importance & by his Unpolitical\n            proceedings in Algiers he Enhanced our price\n          His particular Intimacy with the British Consul whom I have very\n            Great Reason to belive is &c Inviterate Enemy To the Interest of the\n            Americans\n          So that I am shure Congress Could not have got a More unfit man\n          the foundation of all treaties should be laid by some one in\n            Algiers and then very private\n          the Commercial nations, would not wish that the Americans would\n            obtain a peace here\n          Which I am shure you are fully sensible of\n          We are treated very sivilly by the Count & french Consul\n            and has no Connections with Mr. Logie\u2014\n          I remain your Most obt. & very\n            humble servant.\n            the uncertainty of these letters will not admit me to write you\n              of Some particulars but I have wrote by a safe Oppertunity to Mr. Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0741", "content": "Title: William Shippen, Jr. to John Adams, 26 Jul. 1786\nFrom: Shippen, William, Jr.\nTo: Adams, John\n              Philadelphia\n          Permit me to solicit your Attention & protection of my son\n            Thomas Lee Shippen as far as it may be useful to & compatible with his plan of\n            improvement at the Temple\u2014of which No one can be a better judge than your Excellency\u2014I\n            intreat you Sir to confirm & ripen by your sage advice those\n            principles of Liberty & Independence which you & his Uncle\n            Richard Henry Lee so long agoe planted in his young bosom. I sincerely wish you\n            & yours every happiness & am / with great affection / & profound\n            Esteem / Your Excellency s / most obedient servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0742", "content": "Title: Francis Hopkinson to John Adams, 27 Jul. 1786\nFrom: Hopkinson, Francis\nTo: Adams, John\n              PhilA[delphia]\n          As Secretary [. . . .] general [. . .]vention of the Pro[. . . .] I\n            am directed to add, [. . . .] to your Care, [. . . .] speedily as may [. . . .]\n            Canterbury. Your [. . . .] Affairs of our [. . . .]vention with [. . . .]tudes &\n            they expressd their [. . . ] sentiments\n            is a Letter to you, which must be the Ship Caesar a few books [. . . .] of which [. . .] are [. . .]. A Copy [. . . .] would [. .\n            . .] been forwarded [. . .] the Convention both to [. . . .] & the Original both\n          I am, Sir, with sincere [. . . .] / Your affectionate / and most\n            obedient / humble Servant\n              Fras Hopkinson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0743", "content": "Title: John Adams to John Jay, 30 Jul. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\n          I have received, the Letter you did me, the Honour to write me, on\n            the Sixth of June, with the Ratification of the Treaty with Prussia. As the Term\n            limited, is near expiring, I Shall go over to Holland or Send Col Smith, to make the\n            Exchange\n          Mr Penn, a Member of the House of\n            Commons, whose Character is well known in America and in England as a Steady Friend to\n            our Country will be the Bearer of this, and will be able to acquaint you with the\n            present Disposition of this Court and Nation, and I believe his Information altho a\n            British Subject and Senator will not be materially different from mine.\n          I cannot but lament from my inmost Soul, that Lust for Paper Money\n            which appears in some Part of the United States: there will never by any Uniform Rule,\n            if there is a Sense of Justice, nor any clear Credit, public or private, nor any settled\n            confidence in publickmen or measures, untill paper money is done away.\n          It is a great Satisfaction to me, to learn that you have recd in my Letter of the fourth of March the Answer of this Court\n            to the Memorial respecting the Posts. As that is a Dispatch of more importance than all\n            others you have recd from me, I Shall be anxious to know\n            your Sentiments upon it. You will not expect me to answer Lord Carmathens Letter, nor to\n            take any further Steps concerning it untill I shall receive the orders of Congress.\n          I wish for the Instructions of that august Body concerning a\n            Requisition in their Name for the Negroes. Whether I am to demand Payment for them; at\n            what Prices,; and for what Number.\n          With great Regard I have the Honour / to be &c", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0744", "content": "Title: John Adams to John Jay, 31 Jul. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\n          Paul Randall Esqr, who has been with\n              Mr Lamb to Algiers will have the Honour to deliver this\n            Letter. in order to lay before Congress the earliest Information of all that has come to\n            his Knowledge, in the Course of his Journeys and Voyages he proposes to return, without\n            loss of Time to New York. He has conducted, as far as I can judge, with Prudence and\n            Fidelity, and has merited a Recommendation to Congress.\n          His Salary, will be paid him by Mr.r\n            Lamb if arrived in New York, out of the Monies remaining in his Hands. Mr Lamb has drawn upon me for Three Thousand two hundred and\n            twelve Pounds twelve Shillings Sterling, and his Bills for that sum have been accepted\n            and paid. He will account with Congress for the Expenditure of it, and pay the Ballance\n            into their Treasury. Mr Randal was at some Small Expence for\n            Cloathing, which it will be but reasonable to allow him.\n          There are, it Seems, at Algiers, one and twenty Prisoners taken on\n            board the two American Vessells. Mr Lamb has left Some Money\n            for their Benefit, but however anxious they may be to be redeemed from Captivity, there\n            is reason to fear, that all that Money will be expended before they obtain their\n            Liberty, in which Case they will probably write to me for more. I should therefore be\n            happy to receive the Instructions of Congress, whether I may be permitted to releive\n            them and how far, or whether they must be left to the Care and Expence of their Friends\n            in America. if the last Should be the Determination of Congress, I should think it will\n            be necessary that Some publick Advertisement Should be made that those Friends may know\n            their Duty according to their Abilities. The Provision that is made, for the Subsistence\n            and Cloathing of Captives either by the Government or their Masters is Said to be very\n            inadequate to their Comfort and Necessities.\n          With great Respect and regard I have the / Honour to be, dear Sir\n            your most obedient / and most humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0745", "content": "Title: John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 31 Jul. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I have recd, the Ratification of the\n            Prussian Treaty, and next Thursday Shall Sett off for the Hague in order to exchange it\n            with the Baron De Thulemeyer.\n          Your favour of the 11th, instant I have\n              recd. There are great and weighty Considerations urged\n              in it in favour of arming against the Algerines, and I confess, if our\n            States could be brought to agree, in the Measure, I Should be very willing to resolve\n            upon eternal War with them. But in such a Case We ought to conduct the War with Vigour,\n            and protect our Trade and People. The Resolution to fight them would raise the Spirits\n            and Courage of our Countrymen immediately, and We might obtain the Glory of finally\n            breaking up these nests of Banditts. But Congress will never, or at least not for years,\n            take any Such Resolution, and in the meantime our Trade and Honour suffers beyond\n            Calculation.\u2014We ought not to fight them at all, unless We determine to fight them\n          This thought is I fear, too rugged for our People to bear. to fight\n            them at the Expence of Millions, and make Peace after all by giving more\n            Money and larger Presents than would now procure, perpetual Peace, Seems not to be\n            OEconomical.\u2014Did Monsieur De Massae, carry his Point without making the Presents. Did\n            Louis 14. obtain his Point without making the Presents? has not France made Presents\n            ever Since. Did any Nation ever make Peace with any one Barbary State, without making\n            the Presents? is there one Example of it? I believe not.\u2014and fancy you will find that\n            even Massae himself made the Presents.\n          I agree in Opinion of the Wisdom and Necessity of a Navy for other\n            Uses, but am apprehensive it will only make bad worse with the Algerines. I will go all\n            Lengths with you in promoting a Navy, whether to be applied to the Algerines or not. but\n            I think at the Same time We should treat. Your Letter however has made me easier upon\n            this Point.\u2014Nevertheless I think you have rather undercalculated the Force necessary to\n            humble the Algerines. They have now fifty Gun Boats, which being Small objects in Smooth\n            Water against great Ships in rough Water are very formidable. None of these existed in\n            the time of Monsieur Massae. The Harbour of Algiers too is fortified all round, which it\n            was not, in Mr Massaes time, which renders it more difficult\n            and dangerous to attempt a Blockade.\n          I know not what dependence is to be had upon Portugal and Naples,\n            in Case of a War with the Barbarians. perhaps they might assist us, in some degree.\u2014\n          Blocking Algiers would not obtain Peace with Morocco Tunis or\n            Tripoli, so that our Commerce would still be exposed.\n          After all, tho I am glad We have exchanged a Letter upon the\n            subject, I percieve that neither Force nor Money will be applied. our States are so\n            backward that they will do nothing for some years. if they get Money enough to discharge\n            the Demands upon them in Europe, already incurred, I shall be agreably disappointed.\u2014A\n            Disposition Seems rather to prevail among our Citizens to give up all Ideas\n            of Navigation and naval Power, and lay themselves consequently at the Mercy of\n            Foreigners, even for the Price of their Produce.\u2014It is their Concern, and We must\n            submit. for your Plan of fighting will no more be adopted than mine of negotiating.\u2014This\n            is more humiliating to me, than giving the Presents would be.\n          I have a Letter from Mr Jay of 7. July\n            by Packet, containing nothing but an Acknowledgment of the Receipt of our Letter of 25.\n          N. Hampshire and R. Island have suspended their Navigation Acts and\n            Massachusetts now left alone will suspend theirs, so that all will be left to the\n            Convention, whose system if they form one, will not be compleated adopted and begin to\n            operate under Several years.\u2014\n          Congress have recd the answer which you\n            saw, to my Memorial of 30 Nov. and Mr Ramsay writes me, he\n            is not distressed at it, because it will produce a repeal of all the Laws, against\n            recovering private Debts.\n          With every Sentiment of Friendship I am / yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0746", "content": "Title: John Adams to John Lamb, 31 Jul. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Lamb, John\n          Mr Randall who prepares to Sail in a\n            few Days for N York will deliver you this Letter. If I have not Overlookd any Article in\n            your Account you have drawn Bills upon me which have been accepted &\n            paid to the amount of 32 hundred and 12 Pounds 12 shillings Sterling for the\n            Expenditure of which you will Account with Congress and pay the Ballance into their\n            Treasury after paying Mr Randall his Salary. The Articles of\n            Extra Expence for Cloathing I think Should be allowed to Mr\n            Randall exclusive of his Salary\n          If it Should not be the intention of Congress to treat farther with\n            the Algerines every Man of Humanity must feel for our unfortunate Countrymen in\n            Captivity and at Least it ought to be publickly known whether Congress mean to make any\n            provision for their Comfort in the Articles of Subsistance & Cloathing that\n            their Relations and Friends may do the Best in their Power. You will do well to\n            represent this matter to Government. that they may give Instructions to their Ministers\n            what to do in it\u2014I am fully of your opinion of the Policy of treating with the Barbary\n            Powers: but if Congress Should determine against it, they will I presume prepare a Naval\n            Force to give some Protection to their Commerce and Portugal at least will Cooperate\n            with us perhaps Naples will do so too\u2014\n          I am Sir yours &c &c\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0747", "content": "Title: Thomas Barclay to John Adams, 31 Jul. 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n          Above is Copy of a Letter which I wrote this Day to Mr. Jay, and as it contains all that is proper to say at\n            present I shall not now make any additions on the Subject of the Treaty since my arrival\n            in Barbary I have taken up three thousand five hundred Dollars which are disposed of,\n            & for which I shall value on you some time hence, as it is impossible to\n            negotiate Bills on Europe at this place. Tomorrow I am to Set out on my way to Tangers\n            & at present conclude with the Assurance of being always Dear Sir / Your most\n              obt. / Humble Servt.\n              Thos. Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0748", "content": "Title: John Adams to John Lamb, Aug. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Lamb, John\n          We have received your two Letters, of the 15 & 18. July\n            from Alicant and are sorry to learn that your indisposition discourages you from\n            travelling by Land or sea\n          We still think it most adviseable, both for your own interest\n            & that of the United states, that you should return to Congress, for their\n            further Instructions, as soon as possible, & we again propose to you, to embark\n            from Spain, by the first oppertunity.\n          Congress have never informed us, of any Promise made, or\n            Encouragement given you, that you should be settled with in Europe, and we think it best\n            you should settle with their Board of treasury. Nevertheless if you transmit to us, your\n            account we will adjust it, as far as lies in Us, subject to the revision of Congress.\n            Your Letter of Credit we wish you to return to one of us. by the first oppertunity, as\n            you will not have occasion to draw again by Virtue of it.\n          Mr. Randall is gone to N. York\n            & it is our wish that you might be there with him that Congress might have an\n            oppertunity of receiving from both together, as much information as possible, that you\n            might mutually aid each other in settling your account", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0749", "content": "Title: The American Commissioners to John Lamb, Aug. 1786\nFrom: American Commissioners,Jefferson, Thomas,Adams, John\nTo: Lamb, John\n          We have received your two letters of the 15th and 18th July from\n            Alicant, and are sorry to learn that your indisposition discourages you from travelling\n            by land or by sea.\n          We still think it most advisable both for your own interest and\n            that of the United States, that you should return to Congress for their further\n            instructions as soon as possible, and we again propose to you to embark from Spain by\n            the first opportunity.\n          Congress have never informed us of any promise made, or\n            encouragement given you that you should be settled with in Europe, and we think it best\n            you should settle with their Board of Treasury. Nevertheless, if you transmit to us your\n            account, we will adjust it as far as lies in us, subject to the revision of Congress.\n            Your letter of credit we wish you to return to one of us by the first opportunity, as\n            you will not have occasion to draw again by virtue of it.\n          Mr. Randall is gone to New York, and it is our wish that you might\n            be there with him, that Congress might have an opportunity of receiving from both\n            together as much information as possible, that you might mutually aid each other in\n            settling your accounts.\n          We have the honor to be, &c.,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0750", "content": "Title: John Adams to James Bowdoin, 1 Aug. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Bowdoin, James\n          I have lately written to Congress, An Account of the Sentiments and\n            Conduct of the Lords of the Admiralty, upon Captain Stanhopes Letters, which will no\n            doubt be transmitted to you from N. York. It consists in Substance in the Signification\n            to Capt. Stanhope of the \u201cSensible Displeasure\u201d of their Lordships, and in his Recall\n            from the American Station.\n          In a late Visit to the Hide a\n            Country Seat of Thomas Brand Hollis Esqr, he told me, that\n            among a Parcell of Books he lately Sent to the University or the Accademy of Arts and\n            Sciences he intended to have placed Prices Treatise, on Minerals, Mines and Mining, but\n            it was then lent out. being Since returned, he requested me to transmit it\n          The Bearer, will take the Charge of it and deliver it to your\n            Excellency as President of the Accademy of Arts and Sciences to be presented to them, in\n            the Name of Thomas Brand Hollis Esqr, one of their Members,\n            and a Gentleman, with whom, as a beneficent private Character and a warm Friend of\n            Liberty, and of America, I have the Pleasure to live upon Terms of Intimacy.\n          With great Respect, and Esteem, I have the Honour to be, Sir your\n            most obedient and most humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0751", "content": "Title: John Adams to David Ramsay, 1 Aug. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Ramsay, David\n          I am much obliged by our Letter of the fourth of May. there have\n            been hints of designs or desires to publish a mutilated Edition of your History, but\n            your Friends have expressed so much Indignation at them that I hope & believe\n            they will be laid aside, and that by degrees the American Edition may be sold\u2014There is\n            an Eagerness to read it, even among those who are least favourable to it, all who have\n            read it, express an high opinion of its impartiality as well as of its Composition. The\n            Bishop of St. Asaph, Doctor Priestly, & Dr. Price, good judges have highly applauded both in my hearing\n            as well as several others, of less Name. Mr. Dilly I believe\n            was as apprehensive of private Resentment as of public Prosecution.\n          The Barbary Piracies will compell the states to give Congress a\n            Revenue for the purpose of treating or fighting or both,\u2014or if the States should\n            continue determined against both, Many of their Countrymen will fall into Captivity,\n            their Navigation will languish for Many years, and the Produce of the Country in all the\n            states will fall very low, and more Money will be paid in insurance than would procure\n            Peace. The Interest of the foreign Debt must be paid upon pain of War.\n          The only thing that is wanting is honour, a terrible deficiency\n            indeed you will say. I agree with you. But we must be bold to say to one another, it has\n            been Wanting Treaties of Peace, have by all Nations been deemed the most sacred of\n            Treaties\u2014Yet Parties have been found to have influence enough in Particular states to\n            violate our first Treaty of peace\u2014I wish the memory of it could be blotted out of our\n            history, The Posts & the Negroes are our Excuse, and if you write a general\n            History I hope you will make the most of them\u2014But I hope you will not alledge them as a\n            justification, Credit can only be obtained or continued by Punctuality. Confidence rests\n            only upon honour.\n          The proposed Conventions, will necessarily do good by bringing the\n            Continent nearer together by extending acquaintances, and by informing a greater Number\n            of Persons\u2014but they will require time And the demands upon the public are pressing, a\n            great sum is wanting for 1787.\u2014speculations of foreigners are much to be dreaded in our\n            f\u0153dral & State Paper, Immense fortunes will be made by jobbing in our stocks, by\n            Dutch English and French, and the Labour of our Country must be sent abroad to pay it,\n            how to prevent it is the question? I suppose, if Congress had now in Europe one Million\n            in Cash, they might sink by it 5 or 6 million of their Debt, by Selling bills of\n            Exchange for their own Paper at 2 or 3 shillings for a Pound, our Debt would not hurt us\n            if we could Keep it due to our own Citizens alone. but when it falls into foriegn hands\n            the Case is altered\u2014Yet we had better owe foriegners one Million than five\u2014The Debt must\n            be funded at all events this will strengthen the Confederation, and produce a\n            Circulation immediately both of principal & Interest and raise spirit of our\n            People as well as our Reputation with the World, and Reputation is Power according to\n            truth, altho that Truth with others is to be found with many falshoods in that old rogue", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0752", "content": "Title: Thomas Brand Hollis to John Adams, 3 Aug. 1786\nFrom: Hollis, Thomas Brand\nTo: Adams, John\n          I have just heard from Mr Bridgen that\n            you are coming this road. his letter was most unluckily missent to Ipswich otherwise\n            should have known of your Journey on Tuesday & have wrote to you sooner.\n          I hope it will not be inconvenient to call & by resting\n            here make your Journey more agreable to your self & Mrs Adams.\n          I wish to speak to you about the book mentioned to you, there is a\n            great demand for it abroad. if you could obligingly take a few copies with you for to\n            give away to principal persons or to settle a correspondence with some bookseller for\n            the remainder & the plates also it would be doing service publick.\n          I could communicate some circumstances when here, too long for a\n            letter, which are material. you will pardon this liberty but as you most obligingly\n            mentioned the affair I wish to avail myself of your offer & leave to your\n            Judgement the manner.\u2014it might go through Mr Bridgen\u2019s hands\n            to whom I have mentioned it.\n          My best compliments of thanks attend you & Mrs Adams the col & Lady for the pleasure you gave us\n            in your sojourn here which we wish you would renew at your return when convenient.\n          I am Dear Sir / with the greatest regard & esteem / your\n            most faithful Sert.\n              T. Brand Hollis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0754", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 8 Aug. 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n          Your favour of July 16. came duly to hand by mr[expansion sign]\n            Trumbul. with respect to the whale oil, tho\u2019 this country has shewn a desire to draw it\n            hither, & for that purpose have reduced the duties to about four guineas on the\n            English ton, yet I do not see a probability of a further reduction at this moment. it\n            has been much pressed, & I expect every day to receive a final determination.\n            should it not be obtained now we have reason to expect some years hence an\n            abatement of one third, as a promise was given to the people that the imposition\n              of 10. sous per livre should not be renewed at the expiration of the term for\n            which it was laid on, which will be about half a dozen years hence. I inclose you copies\n            of letters received from mr[expansion sign] Carmichael, O,Brian, and Lamb. be so good as\n            to say what answer we shall give the last about his settlement. shall we undertake the\n            settlement? if so, where shall it be done? I will join in any thing you please as to\n            this. taking for granted, from a message delivered by mr[expansion sign] Trumbul, that\n            you are now in Holland, I will only add a request to send me some copies of the ratified\n            treaty with Prussia, (which will be I hope in both languages,) and assurances of the\n            sincere esteem & respect with which I have the honour to be Dear Sir your most\n              obedt. humble servt\n              Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0755", "content": "Title: John Lamb to the American Commissioners, 10 Aug. 1786\nFrom: Lamb, John\nTo: American Commissioners\n          Finding my self unable to Imbark, and desiring to have my\n            declaration forwd. as soon as possible according to your\n              Excellency orders;. have sent the vessel to Give the earlyst notice. She Saild. the ninth of\n            this Curt. with Every Transaction, together with my last\n              orders from your Excellencys. the Vessel is insured and doth not sail at\n            publick expence. I should be glad if I could here if mr.\n            Randile had arrivd. and had dlrd. to your Excellency my decleration which I forwd,d\n            by him: at the reception of your Excellency last orders to me. I Stated my Situation in\n            Two letters one of the 15th July & the other of the\n              18th. ditto, hope they have come safe to hand\n          I am with due Respect / Your Excellencys most Obed,nt / Hmle. Serervt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0756", "content": "Title: Thomas Barclay to John Adams, 11 Aug. 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n          I arrived here today and shall Continue my Journey for Tangiers\n            Earlie in the Morning, the Treaty will be forwarded to Paris immediately on my arrival\n          Of this Date I have valued on you at 10 Days sight in Favor of\n            Mess: Lynch & Bellew for Five hundred Pounds sterling, and for Two hundred and\n            fifty Pounds sterg. making together Seven hundred and fifty Pounds, which please to\n            honor and place to Account of the United States\n          I am Very sincerely Dear Sir / Your obed serv.\n              Thos. Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0757", "content": "Title: Thomas Barclay to the American Peace Commissioners, 11 Aug. 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: American Peace Commissioners,Adams, John,Jefferson, Thomas\n          I arrived here to Day and shall Continue My Journey to Tangiers\n            Early in the Morning,\u2014The Plague being at Constantina occasions a Rigorous Quaranteen of\n            40 Days (from Barbary) in Spain\u2014I shall therefore Endeavor to get into Ceuta, which\n            being in the hands of the Spaniards is an Exception to the above remark, and I think the\n            Quaranteen from thence is only twelve [...] Days\u2014\n          The Treaty shall be forwarded with all Expedition as soon as I\n            arrive in Europe, and in the Mean time I am Gentlemen Your Very Obed. / Serv.\n              Thos. Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0758", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 13 Aug. 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n          The inclosed came to hand this morning. mr[expansion sign]\n            Carmichael you observe, and mr[expansion sign] Barclay suppose something may yet be done\n            at Algiers. it remains for us to consider whether the conduct of the Dey of that country\n            leaves any room to hope that any negotiator can succeed without a great addition to the\n            price to which we are confined? and should we think in the negative, yet whether the\n            expences of mr[expansion sign] Barclay\u2019s going there may not be compensated by\n            additional information, by the possibility that he may get at their ultimatum, by the\n            importance of possessing Congress of this ultimatum, that knowing their ground, they may\n            not suspend a decision. Spain having made it\u2019s peace with Algiers, we may see whether\n            their interference can count as money, as it has done at Marocco. hostilities too may\n            possibly be suspended or slackened a while longer. these are all chances on which I\n            acknolege I build very little; yet as nothing weighs against them but the expence of\n            mr[expansion sign] Barclay\u2019s journey, they might be tried. if you are of that opinion,\n            send me the necessary papers for mr[expansion sign] Barclay ready signed by you,\n            & I will sign them & forward them.\u2014there is lodged in mr[expansion sign]\n            Grand\u2019s hands money enough to support the diplomatic establishment of our country in\n            Europe three months, on which your draughts & Colo[expansion sign] Smith\u2019s shall\n            be honoured if you think proper to make them. I am with sincere esteem Dear Sir, your\n            friend & servt.\n              Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0759", "content": "Title: John Jay to John Adams, 18 Aug. 1786\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Adams, John\n          I have the Honor of transmitting to you herewith enclosed, a Copy\n            of a Report on the Case of the Brig Jane and Elizabeth of Portsmouth in New Hampshire\n            seized by a british man of War at Barbadoes; together with Copies of the Papers on that\n            Subject annexed to it.\u2014\n          The Conduct of the Captain of the Boreas as stated in these Papers\n            appears very exceptionable, but unfortunately for the Brig, her Attempt to pass as a\n            british Vessel by means of false Papers was equally so.\n          This Business therefore must be submitted to your Discretion, for\n            as on the one Hand it would be improper to support the Cause of the Brig further than it\n            may appear just, so on the other it ought to be asserted as far as it may be right.\u2014\n          The Owners doubtless have Correspondents in London who will\n            probably apply to you on the Subject; and it is intended by this Report to leave you at\n            perfect Liberty to give them such Advice and such official Countenance and Aid, as may\n            appear to you to be proper.\u2014\n          With great and sincere Esteem and Regard / I am, Dr Sir, / Your most obt. &", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0760", "content": "Title: John Jay to John Adams, 19 Aug. 1786\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Adams, John\n          I wrote you on the 7th: of last Month,\n            and also on the 18th. of this enclosing some Papers\n            respecting an american Vessel seized at Barbadoes by a british Man of War. I have been\n            honored with yours of 16th. 25th. and 28th. May and 6th. June last, which with the Papers accompanying them were immediately laid\n            before Congress.\n          The Situation in which the Want of an adequate Representation had\n            for many Months placed Congress, put it out of their Power to decide on several of my\n            Reports, some of which were founded on your Letters. These Delays oblige me to leave\n            those Letters unanswered, and to leave you without Instructions on Points on which I\n            think you should be furnished with the Sentiments of Congress.\n          We daily expect to receive the Treaty with Portugal. 217. 163. 375.\n          You will herewith receive the late Requisition of Congress, their\n            Ordinance for the Indian Department and several other printed Papers. A Vessel for\n            London has just touched here, and given me an Opportunity of writing you these few\n            Lines. I am mortified to write you such Letters, but that must be the Case, until\n            Congress enable me to write more particularly and satisfactorily. You want Answers to\n            many Questions, and tho\u2019 I am not at a Loss to form a Judgement of what they should be,\n            yet my private Sentiments and those of Congress may not coincide.\u2014\n          With great and sincere Esteem and Regard, I am, Dr Sir, / Your most obedient Servt.\n              Translation of Cypher\n            I have advised that new commissons be Issued to you and Mr. Jefferson.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0762", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 27 Aug. 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n          Your favour of July 31 was lately delivered me. the papers inform\n            me you are at the Hague, and, incertain what stay you may make there, I send this by\n            mr[expansion sign] Voss who is returning to London by the way of Amsterdam. I inclose\n            you the last letters from mr[expansion sign] Barclay & mr[expansion sign]\n            Carmichael, by which we may hope our peace with Marocco is signed, thanks to the good\n            offices of a nation which is honest, if it is not wise. this event with the naval\n            cruises of Portugal will I hope quiet the Atlantic for us. I am informed by authority to\n            be depended on, that insurance is made at Lorient, on American vessels sailing under\n            their own flag, against every event, at the price usually paid for risks of the sea\n            alone. still however the most important of our marts, the Mediterranean, is shut. I\n            wrote you a proposition to accept mr[expansion sign] Barclay\u2019s offer of going to\n            Algiers. I have no hope of it\u2019s making peace; but it may add to our information, abate\n            the ardor of those pyrates against us, and shut the mouths of those who might impute our\n            success at Marocco & failure at Algiers to a judicious appointment to the one\n            place & an injudicious one at the other. let me hear from you as soon as\n            possible on this, & if you accede to it send me all the necessary papers ready\n            signed. I inclose you the article \u2018Etats Unis\u2019 of one of the volumes of the\n            Encyclopedie, lately published. the author, M. de Meusnier, was introduced to me by the\n            D. de la Rochefoucault. he asked of me information on the subject of our states,\n            & left with me a number of queries to answer. knowing the importance of setting\n            to rights a book so universally diffused & which will go down to late ages, I\n            answered his queries as fully as I was able, went into a great many calculations for\n            him, and offered to give further explanations where necessary. he then put his work into\n            my hands. I read it, and was led by that into a still greater number of details by way\n            of correcting what he had at first written, which was indeed a mass of errors &\n            misconceptions from beginning to end. I returned him his work & my details; but\n            he did not communicate it to me after he had corrected it. it has therefore come out\n            with many errors which I would have advised him to correct, & the rather as he\n            was very well disposed. he has still left in a great deal of the Abb\u00e9 Raynal, that is to\n            say a great deal of falsehood, and he has stated other things on bad information. I am\n            sorry I had not another correction of it. he has paid me for my trouble, in the true\n            coin of his country, most unmerciful compliment. this, with his other errors I should\n            surely have struck out had he sent me the work, as I expected, before it went to the\n            press. I find in fact that he is happiest of whom the world sais least, good or bad.\u2014I\n            think if I had had a little more warning, my desire to see Holland, as well as to meet\n            again mrs[expansion sign] Adams & yourself, would have tempted me to take a\n            flying trip there. I wish you may be tempted to take Paris in your return. you will find\n            many very happy to see you here, & none more so than, Dear Sir, your friend and\n              Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0764", "content": "Title: Thomas Barclay to the American Peace Commissioners, 10 Sep. 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: American Peace Commissioners,Jefferson, Thomas,Adams, John\n          I am at present waiting for a fair wind to embark for Ceuta to\n            avoid the Quaranteen in Spain, and I embrace the Delay occasion\u2019d by the Strong Easterly\n            Winds that have prevail\u2019d for Sometime, to reply to the Queries with which you honour\u2019d\n            me at parting.\u2014You put them respecting the Barbary States generally but as my business\n            has been with the Emperor of Morocco only, I shall confine myself to what relates to his\n            Dominions, and will State the answers in the order you put the Queries.\u2014\n          Commerce. The articles exported from this country are the Gums\n            arabic, Sandrach and Senegal\u2014Bees-wax, Copper in Blocks, Morocco Leather, Almonds,\n            Dates, Figs and Walnuts, and Lemmons and Oranges might be had, was there wood in the\n            Country to make Cases to pack them in\u2014Great quantities of olive oil and oil of Argan (a\n            fruit Somewhat resembling an olive) are exported particularly to Marseilles, where it is\n            used in making Soap,\u2014Mules are exported to Surinam and to other parts of America both on\n            the Continent and among the Islands\u2013many of these animals passing from Constantina to\n            Mogadore by land being a Journey of l000 miles\u2014Elephants teeth, Gold Dust and Ostrige\n            feathers are brought from the Southward by the People who trade as far as to the River\n            Nigre, and are Sold and Shipped at Mogadore the most Southerly Port in the Empire except\n            Santa Cru\u00eds, from which last place the Emperor has forbid any foreign Trade to be\n            pursued, and from Mogadore and Daralbeyda the export of wheat is very great. Morocco\n            imports from Spain, Portugal, and Italy. Several of the manufactures of these Countries,\n            particularly Silks, Linnens, and woolen Cloths. with England and Holland the trade is\n            more general and comprehends not only the Same kind of Goods, but a variety of others\n            Such as Iron ware of various sorts, including tools made use of by Workmen, Tinware,\n            Steel, Iron in bars, Copper Utencils, Ship Chandlery and Cordage for the repairing\n            Dificiencies in merchant Vessels, Wine and Spirituous Liquors for the use of the\n            Christians may be Imported from any part of the World Duty free, but the use is\n            forbidden to the Mahometans; nor is there any thing in the Country sold by measure but\n            Grain\u2014They import Rice from the Levant which is of an inferior quality to the American\n            Rice, and I believe a little of this article might answer and perhaps the Consumption\n            increase, but this is conjecture for there is no answering for the taste of the\n            Moors\u2014Flour they have much cheaper than the price at which we coud Supply them. They\n            raise a good deal of Tobacco themselves, and Some pretty good about Fez and Mequinez,\n            none of it however is equal to our\u2019s but the Consumption of American tobacco\n            wou\u2019d be confin\u2019d to the Europeans and consequently it wou\u2019d not prove of much\n            consequence\u2014Furs are not used here and they want neither fish nor oil, provisions of all\n            kinds are Cheap and their Sea coast furnishes them with abundance of fish for common\n            use. and their Ramadan or Lent do\u2019s not permit the use of Fish more than of Flesh, being\n            a Strict abstinence from all kind of food or Drink for about Sixteen hours of the Twenty\n            four\u2014There is no demand for tar or turpentine each Merchant Ship bring as much as is\n            likely to be wanted for the Voyage, and the Emperor is Supply\u2019d from the Baltic. Ship\n            timber wou\u2019d certainly be a most agreeable object to the Emperor, but he is the only\n            person in his Dominions who wou\u2019d purchase it, and the price wou\u2019d be made by himself,\n            he was anxious to know whether we had that article in America\u2014Ready built Ships, that\n            is, Frigates properly fitted out for Sea and arm\u2019d, wou\u2019d prove the most acceptable\n            article that cou\u2019d be sent to him, but his making a purchase of any wou\u2019d depend on the\n            opinion he had of the value\u2014He Some time ago encouraged the building of one at Genoa and\n            when She arrived at one of his Ports, He rejected her on account of the price.\n          The Duties of Goods imported with a few exceptions is a tenth part\n            of the Goods\u2013foreign Hides pay 3. Dollars and Iron and Steel\n            four Dollars p. quintal\u2014Cochineal and Alkermes are monopolized by the Emperor, and Sold\n            at a great advance on the price the former is used in Dying the Morocco Skins\n              and the latter in Dying the Caps Such as the Soldiers and many of the\n            inhabitants wear\u2014\n          Ostrige feathers are a monopoly in the hands of a Jew at\n            Mogadore without whose permission none can be exported\u2014Offences committed against the\n            interest of the Revenue are punish\u2019d by fine impos\u2019d by the Emperor Sometimes with great\n            Severity\u2014never with less than the crime deserves. All Countries pay the Same Duties but\n            the King will Sometimes favor an Individual by the remission of part of the ordinary\n            Duties in return for Some Service, or as a mark of his approbation\u2014The Moors are not\n            their own carriers, nor is there any trading Vessels under the Colours of the Emperor.\n            From this Short State it will appear that few of the articles produced in Morocco are\n            wanted in our parts of America\u2013nor cou\u2019d any thing manufactur\u2019d here find a\n            Sale there except a little Morocco Leather, which is very fine and good and the\n            consumption of it in the Empire almost incredible\u2014They make some Gold and Silk thread at\n            Fez\u2013and in various parts of the Country coarse and fine Stuff for Alhaiques\u2013a good many\n            Carpets, Some coarse Linnen and a Great many red woolen Caps, and these articles I think\n            compose the whole of their manufactures, which from the unskilfulness of the people who\n            work at them, the Leather excepted, are too Dear for Exportation\u2014Still this Country\n            holds out objects to the Americans, Sufficient to make a treaty of Peace and commerce a\n            matter of consequence\u2014Our Trade to the Mediterranean is render\u2019d much the Securer for\n            it\u2013and it affords us Ports where our Ships may rest if we Shou\u2019d be engaged in a\n            European War, or in one with the other Barbary States. Our Vessels will certainly become\n            the Carriers of Wheat from Morocco to Spain, Portugal & Italy\u2013and may find\n            Employment at times when the navigation of our own country is Stop\u2019d by the winter\n            Season\u2014and we Shall resume our old mule trade from Barbary to Surinam and possibly to\n            Some of the West India Islands. with respect to the prices of the exports of this\n            country I will add a list of them together with one of the Duties.\u2014\n          Ports. I will enlarge a little on\n            this subject by giving you a General Idea, not only of the best ports in the\n            Empire, but of all that are of any consequence omitting\n            Waladia Azamoz and some others which, in no Degree, in my opinion, deserve to be ranked\n            in the number. I will begin with the most Southerly which is the only one of them which\n            I have not Seen.\u2014\n          Santa Cruz. Is the only Seaport in\n            Sus, and is situated about Ninety miles to the Southward of Mogadore, and Six from the\n            western extremity of Mount Atlas, being between the end of that mountain, and the Sea,\n            from which it is distant half a mile. It is placed on\n            the declivity of a Hill and cannot be injur\u2019d by any Shipping. There are no\n              Fortifications nor any Guns mounted\n            except two for Signals. The Road for Vessels is open but the anchoring good\u2013being a hard\n            Sandy Bottom\u2013and the depth of water so gradual that Ships may anchor in Such as Suits\n            them best. There are about Two thousand Houses in the Town and the Trade was very\n            considerable until the Emperor order\u2019d the Port to be Shut up. It was the mart for all\n            the Commodities of Tafila and Sus,\n            and is the thorough fare through which the Inhabitants of the Sea Coast pass to those Kingdoms, or to the\n            Sahara. The trade is now remov\u2019d to,\n          Mogadore. A Town built by order of\n            the present Emperor containing two thousand Houses and Eleven thousand Inhabitants as\n            appears by an account taken previous to a Distribution of Corn being made a few months\n            ago by order of the Emperor\u2013 about a mile from the Shore runs a tongue of Land called\n              the Island of Mogadore, and between\n            the Land and the Island the Ships anchor and may pass in Safety if they draw no more\n            than fifteen feet water. Some say sixteen feet\u2013The Island proves a considerable Shelter\n            for them, but a Strong Southerly or Southwest wind incommodes them\n              much\u2013occasioning a swell in the\n            Channell which is Sometimes dangerous\u2013the Bottom is hard and rocky and it is necessary\n            to put Buoys to the cables to prevent them from Cutting\u2013The Town is defended by Two\n            Batteries, one of 9 Iron and 33 Brass cannon, 20 of which are fine Spanish Guns left at\n            Gibraltar, in the last Seige, the other of either five or Six Iron guns and 20 Brass and\n            33 more may be mounted\u2013on a rock to the Northward of the Town is a Battery of ten guns,\n            and on the main Land to the Southward, one of 16 another for ten Guns is now building\n            and on the Island are five little forts of five Guns each\u2013The Moors consider Mogadore as\n            a Strong place though Some people think that all the Batteries being of Stone is a great\n            disadvantage\u2014Many of the Guns, all of which are about eighteen pound cannon, are yet\n            unprovided with carriages, But the Town being a place much esteem\u2019d by the Emperor, He\n            is doing every thing in his Power to Strengthen and improve it\u2013the number of Guns\n            actually mounted is 118 or 119.\u2014\n          Safia. This town is Situated on the\n            Side of a Hill, about 2 miles from the Southerly point of Cape Cantin. It was once a\n            place of importance, but is now decaying fast, and at present the inhabitants are\n            inderdicted from all foreign trade. The anchoring ground is very good in water which\n            varies in depth from 25 to 40 fathom, but there is little Shelter (indeed almost none)\n            and if it blows hard, as it Sometimes do\u2019s in winter, Ships must put out to Sea for\n            Security.\u2014The Principal fortification is founded on a Rock, and capable of\n            mounting a Great number of Cannon, there are three iron & five Brass Guns\n            mounted of about 18 pound Shot, the Brass Guns were made at Constantinople, and ten or\n            twelve Small Guns lye unmounted. It is a place of little Strength as it now Stands, and\n            is reduced from 4000 Houses which it is said to have contain\u2019d to about eight\n          Masagan. Was one of the Strongest\n            places in Barbary, when in the hands of the Portuguese about eithteen years ago. The\n            Emperor learning that orders were come from Lisbon that the Town Shou\u2019d be evacuated,\n            and the fortifications destroy\u2019d, marched with a considerable Army, and a train of\n            Artillery, and, while the Inhabitants were executing the instructions from their Court,\n            bombarded the place, so that between the two parties it was left in a State of\n            Desolation, of 1500 houses, it retains about 400 of the meanest that were\n            most easily repair\u2019d. The Ruins, however Shew that it was a place of Consequence. Ships\n            of any Draught of water may lye at Some Distance from the Town, the Soundings being\n            gradual and the anchoring Ground good. but there is no Shelter and if it blows hard the\n            Ships must run out to Sea.\u2014\n          D\u2019aralbeyda. Is at present\n            remarkable for the great export of Wheat which has taken place there within twelve\n            months, and which has amounted perhaps to half a Million of Bushells\u2013It is a poor place,\n            containing four or five hundred miserable Huts\u2013the anchoring ground is good in Some\n            parts, with a Sandy Bottom, in twelve fathom water, in other parts the Bottom is Stoney\n            and rocky and in winter it is dangerous.\u2014\n          Rabat Is built on the Banks of the\n              Buragrag where that River enters the Sea, and divides it from\n            Sal\u00e8 which is on the opposite Shore and\n            at about a mile Distance. Rabat contains about 2500 Houses, and is one of the\n            best looking Towns I have Seen in Barbary. The entrance into the River is much\n            obstructed by a Bank of Sand which runs across the Mouth of it, and which is constantly\n            Shifting\u2013At ordinary Tides Vessels drawing 8 feet water may pass and at Spring Tides\n            those of twelve, but Sometimes loaded Vessels in the River are oblig\u2019d to remain there\n            three or four months for a passage out, which they can only have by the Shifting of the\n            Sands\u2013There are three forts at this place. One on a point which commands the entrance of\n            the River of 10 Guns, and two on the Sea Shore, one of which is of of eight, and the\n            other intended for 16 Guns, of which three only are mounted\u2014There is also a Castle or\n            Fort without Guns upon the Hill on which the Town is built.\u2014\n          Sal\u00e8. Is Built on an Eminence on a\n            point of the Burregreg at it\u2019s entrance into the Ocean opposite to Rabat, it is defended\n            towards the Sea by a Battery of 8 pieces of Cannon\u2013and is Surrounded by a double Wall.\n            The Streets are narrow and dirty and the Houses mean the number being about 2500\u2014As the\n            Navigation is in common with Rabat what has been Said in the last article need not be\n            repeated. This place which has long been famous for its depredations against the\n            Christians, Seems to be declining fast, but the Same observation was made on it Some\n            centuries ago.\u2014\n          Mamora. Is Situated on a high rock\n            on the Southern Side of the River Cebu, a mile above its entrance into the Sea and where\n            the River is about a half a mile broad. It was formerly a place of considerable\n            importance, but is now in the last Stage of Desolation\u2014There are the remains of two\n            fortifications almost intire, and which Seem to be built Since the Town has been\n            destroy\u2019d. One of them is near the Sea Shore and on the declivity of the Rock, once\n            mounted 12 Guns, and at present has three of Brass and one of Iron mounted. The other\n            Fort Stands higher up, was once of the same Strength with the former but is now without\n            Guns. The remains of the walls ditches and Defences, Shew that this was once deem\u2019d a\n            place of consequence, though a Bar runs across the Mouth of the River that Prevents the\n            entrance of large Vessels as the Portugueze experienced in an expedition which they made\n            against it in the year 1515.\u2014\n          Laracha. Is a Strong place but not\n            of considerable extent Situated on the Top and Declivity of a Hill facing the port where\n            the Ships lye, It is a Bar harbour with a narrow Channell Sufficient for one Vessell to\n            pass\u2013and Ships bound in must keep the Shore, as a Seaman wou\u2019d term it, close on board\n            on the Starboard hand\u2014At common tides there are 12 feet water on the Bar, and in Spring\n            tides Depth Sufficient for any Vessel\u2013which can lye Safe in the Port, well Defended from\n            any winds and where 60 or 80 Sail may take the Ground in Soft mud without Injury\u2013The\n            Channell is defended by three forts\u2013the one farthest from the Town of 8 Guns, the next\n            of 9, and the other of three\u2013and every vessel going into the Harbour must pass along\n            close by these Guns\u2013On the entrance into the Harbour is a pile of Batteries rais\u2019d over\n            each other in three Stories\u2013each Battery consisted of 20 Guns, but the only ones mounted\n            are 16 Brass of about 16 pound ball which Guns are in the middle Battery\u2013This pile has\n            an Air of Great Strength, but part of the middle Battery having sunk near 2 feet, I\n            think the whole work must be greatly weaken\u2019d by this misfortune. On a parallel with\n            this middle Battery runs a small one of three Guns, on an Angle one of eleven, and below\n            nearly on a level with the Sea, one of nine; so that the number of Batteries are nine,\n            and that of the Guns, if all were mounted wou\u2019d be 103, but of these perhaps 50 are\n            wanting\u2013 There are, however, a considerable number of Guns Scatter\u2019d about without\n            Carriages, and from appearances there Seems to be little apprehensions of a neccessity\n            of using any\u2013The last attack on this place was made by the French in 1768 or 1769\u2014when\n            they forced their way in Boats under the cover of their Ships into the harbour, with a\n            Design to destroy the Shipping, but the Tide going out, left them a prey to the\n              Moors who never make prisoners on\n            Such occasions\u2013I think the French lost 413 men being about one half of their\n            whole number\u2013the rest remaining on board the Ship and the Emperor order\u2019d their heads to be Sent to Morocco, where he\n            paid 2 Ducats a piece for about 200 that were preserv\u2019d for him. I saw ten or twelve\n            Moors at Laracha who assisted in repelling this Invasion\u2013and who Spoke of it with great seeming pleasure.\n            The people Suppos\u2019d the French were come to possess themselves of the Country, and took\n            up arms very generally to oppose\n            them\u2014A Strong Citadel once commanded the Harbour\u2013it is Situated on a Hill with a Ditch\n            Surrounding a part of it, but it is tumbling to Ruins\u2014The inside of the Walls contain nothing but narrow\n              alleys across which a great number\n            of low arches are turn\u2019d, the use of which I cou\u2019d neither learn nor conjecture\u2013and a great many miserable Huts.\u2014\n          Arzilla. Is a little wall\u2019d Town\n            that has Seen better days, The houses in number two or three hundred, are going fast to\n            decay, as well as the fortifications.\n            The Walls have been Strong and are encompassed with a Ditch there are three or four guns\n            mounted, and on a fort which lyes Some distance from the town, Six or eight; over one of\n            the Gates is the Arms of Spain.\u2014A\n            Reef or ledge of Rocks runs along the coast, but it is broken So as Small Vessels may\n            pass in, and large ones may anchor on the outside in ten fathom water, but there is\n            neither Port nor Shelter\n          Tangiers. Is one of the most\n            ancient Cities in Barbary, it has undergone many revolutions, and was once a place of\n            Splendor and commerce. The whole\n            Country distinguishing itself from the name of the City.\u2014\n          The King of Portugal took it in 1471, and in 1662 it was deliver\u2019d\n            to Charles the Second of England as part of his Wifes Dowry and it was by that Monarch\n            improv\u2019d at an expence of two millions Sterling. in 1684 it was Destroy\u2019d and abandon\u2019d\n            by the English, The Mole where a first rate Man of War cou\u2019d ride in Safety, was with\n            incredible labor destroyed. the\n            fortifications and walls were not only blown up, but the ruins tumbled into the Harbour,\n            In Short in about 6 months, the English made a considerable progress in the destruction\n            of the Port, which has since remain\u2019d in the quiet possession of the Moors.\u2014The town is\n            placed on the right hand Side of the entrance into the Bay on a Hill two miles from the\n            Sea and about 5 miles distant from an opposite point on which a Battery of ten guns is\n            placed\u2014The form of the Bay is that of the third part of a Circle, and the number of\n            Houses in the Town about 800, said to be half as many as were in it when the English had\n            possession At present Small vessels may come in, and lye ashore on a Soft Beach, without\n            danger, but large ones must anchor at a Distance in the Bay, and in case of blowing\n            weather put to Sea for Safety. The Batteries here are, one almost level with the Sea,\n            and consisting of 13 Guns of 12 or 14 pound ball, the rest are on the Hill vizt.\u2013One of 9 Brass Guns, of about 24 pound Shot cast in\n            Portugal and three more may be mounted. a Second of 12 new iron Guns of 24 pound Shot,\n            cast in England, and Seven more may be mounted, and another of Seven Iron Guns, of 12 or\n            14 pound Shot; exclusive of these are two little Batteries of two Guns each. The Battery\n            which was Situated on the top of the Hill near the Castle where the Basha resides, and\n            which contain\u2019d 18 Guns of 16 pound ball, was totally destroy\u2019d about twelve months ago\n            by the blowing up of the Magazine where the Emperor\u2019s Powder was Stor\u2019d. All the fortifications are going to Decay and Seem very\n            unequal to a Contest of any consequence. Tangiers is about 7 miles from Cape Spartel and\n            consequently may be Said to be within the Streights leading to the Mediterranean.\u2014\n          Tetuan. Is Situated to the eastward of Ceuta, which\n            lyes between Tangier and that place, but being in the hands of the Spaniards (as well as\n            Melilla and Pe\u00f1on de Velez) does not come under my notice.\u2014Tetuan lies on the River\n            Marteen, about 6 miles from the Mediterannean Sea, the Custom House at Marteen being\n            about half way between the City and the Sea, across the mouth of this river also runs a\n            Bar on which there is only Six feet water, and as there is little tide here, the depth\n            never exceeds 8 feet, and Seldom is so much, Vessels must therefore lighten on the\n              outside of the Bar, and can then pass up the Bay and River three miles to\n            the Custom House, and from thence to Town no boats, but Small ones with fruit can go,\n            owing to the Shallowness of the River. The Town is built\n            on a Hill, at the foot of a Mountain, and has only one fort or Citadel flank\u2019d with four\n            towers, and mounting 20 Cannon to defend it\u2013The Houses are Said to be about two thousand\n            five Hundred\u2013and the Inhabitants exclusive of Jews twenty thousand. but the estimation a\n            few years ago was Double this number. No Christian is permitted to enter the City, and\n            therefore this account of it depends on the Veracity and Knowledge of Some jews, who\n            visited me at my encampment near it. On the River Marteen, within half a mile of the\n            Mediterannean, is a Square Castle, at which Five Guns of Sixteen pound ball are\n          From this view of the ports belonging to the Emperor, it will be\n            seen that none of them are good, that Laracha is the best, next to which are\n            I think Sal\u00e8 and Tetuan, but I believe the place from whence I write, might, with great\n            abilities and Industry, and at a great Expence, be made a most Valuable Seaport.\u2014I think\n            also that Masagan might be made a place of great Importance.\u2014\n          Naval force. The whole naval force\n            of this Country consists of ten Frigates carrying 170 Guns, which at present are\n            employ\u2019d in this manner,\n          1. at D\u2019aralbeyda of 18 Guns, six pound ball.\n          4. Sail\u2019d from Laracha for Daralbeyda of 16 Guns to Load\n            Corn and Barley for the Emperor to Distribute among his Subjects\u2014\n          1. at Laracha of 22 Guns }\n          2. gone to Constantinople, with presents of Salt Petre and Silver,\n            to the Grand Seignior, of 20 Guns each.\u2014\n          This is the State of the Emperor\u2019s fleet at present, and the five\n            frigates which are to take in Grain at D\u2019aralbeyda are those the Commodore\n            inform\u2019d me Some time ago were to go on a Cruize, His Ten half Galleys which I saw at\n            Marteen are laid upon Shore irrecoverably perish\u2019d\u2014He has however given orders for\n            building Some Galleys and half Galleys, two of which are on the Stocks here\u2014\n          The Number of Seamen Employ\u2019d is about 798 men and 1000 apprentices\n            and he can increase the number as much as he pleases by ordering his Governors to put\n            others on board his Vessels. A few days ago he made a general request to all the foreign\n            Consuls, that each of their Nations Shou\u2019d send ten Seamen to improve his people in the\n            Art of Navigation, promising to pay each Person who will come half as much more as he\n            receives in his own Country. He has not any Treaty of Peace with Russia, Hamburg,\n            Dantzic or Malta\u2013but he wrote some days ago to the Sea Ports that he was not at\n            Hostilities with any Nation whatever except the United States. The resources for\n            encreasing his Navy are not internal, at least they depend chiefly on his Neighbours. He\n            has a good deal of Small live oak and Corkwood, which last is esteem\u2019d very good\n            Wood\u2013when cut in a proper time and Season\u2019d\u2013and the properties of the former are well\n            known. The Prizes that are brought in also furnish Timber for building and are broke up\n            for that purpose\u2013The Rigging, Sail Canvas, Anchors, Ship Chandlery, Tar, Pitch &\n            Turpentine, are furnish\u2019d by Holland, England, and Sweden, and His Frigates are often\n            repair\u2019d at Gibraltar without any expence to Him, and one return\u2019d from thence Since we\n            left Morrocco, the fitting out of which cost the British Seven thousand pounds\n            Sterling.\u2014The Season for cruizing is in the Summer or rather from April to September,\n            and the Grounds, to the Northward as far as the Coast of Portugal to the Westward off\n            the Canary, and Western Islands\u2013and in the Mediterannean, His frigates are in good order\n            and his Seaman neither very excellent nor desp\u00edcable.\u2014\n          Prisoners. There are not any\n            Prisoners or Christian Slaves in the Empire of Morrocco\u2013except Six or Seven Spaniards,\n            who are in the Sahara or Desert, and which the Emperor is endeavouring to procure that\n            they may be deliver\u2019d to their Country This Part is not in Strict obedience to the King,\n            though govern\u2019d by his Son Abderhammon, from whom it is Somewhat difficult to procure\n            the release of Europeans that are cast away in those parts\u2013and his Majesty has no way to\n            get them but by encouraging the Southern Traders to purchase and bring them to Morrocco,\n            or to prevail on his Son to Send them.\u2014And here it will be doing a piece of justice to\n            the Emperor which he well Deserves to Say that there is not a man in the World who is a\n            greater enemy to Slavery than He is. He spares neither money nor pains to redeem all who\n            are so unfortunate as to be cast away, whom he orders to be fed and cloth\u2019d, untill they\n            are return\u2019d to their Country\u2014The Venetian Consul told me that the King being Sometime ago possess\u2019d of sixty Christians\n            the Consul had a commiss\u00edon sent to him to redeem them, at an expence of 1000 Dollars\n            each, but when his Majesty was applied to, he answer\u2019d that he woud not Sell them, but\n            that the Grandmaster of Malta (with whom he was not at\n            Peace), having liberated some Moors these Christians Shou\u2019d be deliver\u2019d up as a\n            Compliment to him\u2014At another time his majesty made a purchase of Moorish Slaves\u2013who were\n            in the possesion of the Christian Powers on the Coast of the Mediterranean for which he\n            paid 160 thousand Dollars, without paying\n            Shewing any regard to wch. of the Barbary States\n            they belonged and Set them all at liberty without any condition whatever The Expence of\n            redeeming Slaves in the days of the Muley Ishmael and Muley Abdallah was about 1000\n            Dollars a Head or three Moors for 1 Christian\n          Treaties. I do not think there is\n            any danger of the present Emperor\u2019s breaking any of his Treaties intentionally\u2013or in\n            matters of Consequence. He Sometime ago however Settled the Duty on the export of Barley\n            by treaty with the British and Soon after increas\u2019d it. The English Merchants at\n            Mogadore intended representing this matter to the Emperor, and did not Doubt but it\n            wou\u2019d be put to right.\u2014He Said not long ago that if an European Vessel took on board any\n            of his Subjects, who went on a Pilgrimage to Mecca and landed them any where but in his\n              Dominions He wou\u2019d go to war with\n            the nation to whom the Vessel belong\u2019d\u2013and on being told that there was nothing in any\n            of the treaties to prevent a European Vessel from doing this\u2013He reply\u2019d, if that was the\n            case, He wou\u2019d not break the peace, but it wou\u2019d be a Peace without friendship\u2013When this Emperor dies, there will probably\n            be great Contentions, and I Suppose\n            treaties will avail little either at Sea or Land untill these contentions are adjusted\u2014\n          Land Forces. The Grandfather of the\n            present King rais\u2019d an army of 100,000 Negroes from whose Descendants the Army has ever\n            Since been recruited. But these Standing forces at different times and for\n            various reasons have been reduced to the number 14767\u2013four thousand of whom are\n            Station\u2019d at Morocco and the remainder in Seven Regiments in the different Provinces.\n            their pay including the maintenance of a Horse is one Ducat p. Month, 10\n            Fanegas of Wheat, 14 of Barley, and 2 Suits of Cloaths annually and the King frequently\n            makes distributions among their families, and whenever he Sends any of them on\n            particular business, Such as Conducting foreigners through the Country, they are well\n            paid\u2013At the Commencement of a Campaign, He generally gives them ten Ducats, and at the\n            end of it five and it is His Inclination and endeavours to keep them Satisfy\u2019d, All his\n            Male Subjects are born Soldiers, and in case of Necessity, all who are able, are oblig\u2019d\n            to attend him in the field,\u2014I Suppose the Emperor has fifty thousand Horses and Mules\n            distributed through his Dominions\u2013which he recalls when he pleases and places at\n            pleasure in in the hands of others\u2013These are all consider\u2019d as obliged to take the field\n            at a moments warning, and I have often heard, and I believe it to be true that in a few\n            weeks, Shou\u2019d an Invasion from the Christians be dreaded, (the fear of which is always\n            accompanied by an Idea that they come to take possession of the Country) the Emperor\n            cou\u2019d bring into the field two hundred thousand men\u2014but I doubt much whether He cou\u2019d\n            equip half the Number\u2013The Strength of this Country certainly lyes in his Land Forces, on\n            their own Ground which wou\u2019d ever prove formidable in case of an invasion\u2014Both Regular\n            troops and Militia are extremely expert in manuv\u2019ring on horseback, at Skirmishing, at\n            Sudden attacks and at Sudden retreats\u2014but I apprehend they wou\u2019d cut but a bad figure in\n            an open field against European troops\u2013on this Subject I can only add that when the\n            Emperor wants Soldiers, He orders Such of the Basha\u2019s to join him as he thinks proper\n            with the number of men wanted\u2014The present Emperor has not had much occassion to call\n            forth the Strength of His Country\u2014In 1774, He went against Millila with 80,000 Militia\u2013which I think was the greatest Draught he ever\n          Revenue. The amount of this article\n            is very fluctuating, and uncertain, it consists of the following Articles.\u2014\n          Duty. on Exports which varies according to the Will of the\n          Duty on Imports which is in the Same State, but at present taking\n            them generally is 10 p. Cent.\n          Tax of 10 p. Cent. on all the grain rais\u2019d in the Country, on the\n            Cattle and other moveable Property\u2013which however is rated so much in favour of the\n            proprietors that it does not produce one half the value.\u2014\n          Tax on each City according to its abilities\n          Tax on Tobacco brought into the Cities of little consequence being\n            farmed at 3000 Dollars \u214c. annum.\u2014\n          Fines on the Bashas or other public Officers for Offences of any\n          Fines for Smugling Goods which are arbitrary.\u2014\n          Fines impos\u2019d on Towns or Provinces for revolting, quarreling with\n            each other, or for offences commited by Individuals when the offenders are not\n          Property\u2013which falls into the hands of the Emperor at the Death of\n            any public Officer whose account with the public is unsettled.\u2014\n          Proportion of Prizes made at Sea\u2013 \u2014\n          Profit on Cochineal and Alkermes\u2013\u2014\n          Presents\u2013from Foreign nations and from his own Subjects.\u2014\n          There are a few other articles, Such as coining money &ca; not worth enumerating Nor does my knowledge of these which\n            I have mention\u2019d enable me to write as particulary about each as I cou\u2019d wish\u2014The Sum of\n            four Millions of Mexican Dollars is by many thought a high rate to State his annual\n            revenue at, but Mogadore and D\u2019aralbeyda will pay between them one million of Dollars in\n            Duties for the last year\u2013and I think the other places and other articles will certainly\n            produce three times as much\u2013though he receives no taxes from Tafilet and little from\n          Language. The common Language\n            Spoken in the Sea ports is the Moorish which is a Dialect of the Arabic, the difference\n            either in Speaking or writing between the two being very little. A Language is Spoken in\n            the mountains and in the eastern part of the Empire, called the Berebere (or as it is\n            usually pronounced, the Breber) tongue\u2013and the European language that is best known is\n            the Spanish for all the Jews, who are very numerous, Speak it\u2013French, Italian, and\n            English are pretty equally understood and rank after the Spanish.\u2014\n          Government. The Government is that\n            of Absolute Monarchy without limitation, The Emperor is the Supreme executive\n            Magistrate, in whom is united all Spiritual and temporal Power\u2013and his people hold their\n            lives and property totally at his will and pleasure. The life of the meanest of his\n            Subjects cannot be touch\u2019d, except in an emergency, but by his own order, or by the\n            Order of Some Basha to whom he has deligated the power of life and Death\u2013a power he\n            rarely places out of his own hands,\u2013Criminals from the most distant provinces are Sent\n            to Morocco, where the King hears the Complaints against them, and as Soon as he\n            pronounces Sentence, it is executed on the Spot, and this is always at an\n            audience, when we left Morocco no execution had taken place for four months.\u2014This Court\n            does not depend in any degree on the Ottoman Porte, nor on any other power whatever\u2013But\n            there is a Strict friendship between the Grand Seignior and the Emperor, and as there is\n            a possibility of a war between the Turks and Russians\u2013the Emperor thinking it a kind of\n            common cause, being between Christians and Muslemans has Shewn his disposition lately to\n            aid the Grand Seignior by Sending him two twenty Gun frigates with Saltpetre and Silver\n            to a very considerable amount.\u2014\n          Religion. The Moors of the Empire\n            of Morocco profess the Mahometan religion and obedience to the precepts of\n            the Koran\u2013but the Emperor holds the power of dispensing occasionally with Such as he\n            thinks propper. thus the exportation of Corn which is prohibited by the Koran, is\n            permitted by the King.\u2014With respect to their piracies\u2013I believe they do not proceed from\n            any religious principle\u2013It Seems to be the general opinion that they took rise on the\n            expulsion of the Moors from Spain in the reign of phillip the 3d. when 700,000 were banish\u2019d from that Country.\u2014that necessity and revenge\n            first instigated them to comit depredations of the Europeans\u2013and their hands were\n            strengthen\u2019d and hatred encreas\u2019d by the final Expulsion in the reign of Ferdinand and\n            Isabell when 17000 families join\u2019d their friends on the Sea coast of this side of the\n            Mediterannean\u2013A Piratical war, begun against the Spaniards was extended to the other\n            Christian Powers, And all the Barbary States have been enabled to support this war from\n            the Supplies given them by the Maritime Powers of Europe, many of which seem contending\n            with each other which Shall enable the Moores most to injure the Trade of their\n            Neighbours.\u2014\n          What I have Said on this article, I give as the best information I\n            can procure but it is not Satisfactory\u2013and I am persuaded the Origin, of these\n              Depredations, of a much older\n            date, for early in the Seventh Century, the Spaniards made a Decent on the Town from\n            which I write to revenge the Piracies commited by the People of this Country.\u2014\n          Captures. No American Vessel has\n            been taken by the Emperor but one, which was commanded by Captain Irwin, and bound from\n            Cadiz to Virginia\u2013She lyes on the Beach at this place, and the Emperor order\u2019d the Basha\n            to deliver her and the cargo to me, but as I understood She had been Insur\u2019d in Spain, I\n            did not chuse to take her under my care.\u2014The Emperor has no Treaty with Russia,\n              Germany Hamburg, Dantzic or Malta\u2013But there Seems to be a Cessation of\n            Hostilities with all the world\u2013He had order\u2019d five frigates to be fitted for Sea, and I\n            think it more than probable they were intended to Cruize against the Americans.\u2014\n          Having thus answer\u2019d the queries which you were pleas\u2019d to make\u2013I\n            shall at present conclude with the assurance of my being always with great respect and\n            Esteem.\u2014 /Gentn. / Your most obedt h\u2019ble Servt.\u2014\n              Thos Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0765", "content": "Title: John Adams to James Bowdoin, 11 Sep. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Bowdoin, James\n              Grosvenor Square.\n          The inclosed Letter of Sept. 9. from Dr. Jon. Dryander to me, accompanied the Packet which I have addressed to your\n            Excellency, for the Use of the Accademy of Arts and Sciences, for whose Service I shall\n            always esteem it, an honour and a\n            Pleasure to do any Thing in my Power.\n          With my best Respects to your / Excellency and the Accademy, I have\n            the / honour to be, Sir your most obedient / and most humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0767", "content": "Title: John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 11 Sep. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n              Grosvenor Square\n          On my Return from Holland, on the Sixth instant I found your\n            Favours of the 8. and 13. Aug.\u2014 \u2014on my Arrival at the Hague The Exchange of\n            Ratifications was made on the 8 of August with The Baron De Thulemeier, and I\n            had it Printed. it is only in French.\u2014Copies Shall be Sent you as Soon as I can find an\n            Opportunity. We were present at Utrecht at the august Ceremony of Swearing in their new\n            Magistrates. in no Instance, of ancient or modern History, have the People ever asserted\n            more unequivocally their own inh\u00e6rent and unalienable Sovereignty.\u2014 \u2014But whatever\n            Pleasure I might have in enlarging upon this Subject, I must forbear.\n          The Affair of Oil has taken a turn here. The Whalemen both at\n            Greenland and the southward, have been unsuccessful and the Price of Spermac\u00e6ti Oil, has\n            risen above fifty Pounds a Ton. Boyston\u2019s ship arrived with two or three hundred Ton,\n            and finding he could pay the Duties and make a Profit of five and twenty Per Cent, he\n            sold his Cargo here, instead going again to France as he intended.\u2014This Circumstance\n            will oblige the French Court, or the French Merchants or both to take other Measures, or\n            they will loose this Trade. The Price of Oil will rise in Boston, so much that I am\n            afraid Mr Barrett\u2019s Contract must be fullfilled at an\n            immense Loss.\n          As to Mr Lambs Settlement, I still\n            think he had better embark forthwith for New York from Spain. if he cannot he may\n            transmit to you and me his Account, and remit to Us the Ballance in favour of U.S.\n          Mr Barclays Proposal, of going to Tunis\n            and Tripoli, I Suppose appears to you as it does to me, from what We learned from the\n            Ambassador from Tripoli in London, to be unnecessary At least till We we hear farther\n            from Congress. It Seems to me too, very unlikely that any Benefit will be had from a\n            Journey to Algiers.\u2014 \u2014I wish to See the Treaty with Morocco, and to know the Particulars\n            of that Affair, first.\u2014At present I believe We are taken in, and that We shall be\n            plagued with Demands for annual Presents. I confess, I have no Faith in the Supposition\n            that Spanish Interference has counted for Money, or at least that it will pass long for\n          If however you are clearly in favour of Sending Mr Barclay to Algiers, I will make out a Commission, and send\n            it to you, for your Signature Signed by myself, because I would not set up my own\n            Judgment against yours, Mr Charmichaels and Mr Barclays: but I confess, at present I cannot See any\n            Advantage in it. but on the contrary Several Disadvantages. Mr Randall is gone to Congress, and We may expect their further orders, e\u2019er\n          With Sincere Affection I am, dear sir, your / Friend and\n            inclosed is a Project of an Answer to Mr Lamb, if you approve it, you will Sign and Send it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0769", "content": "Title: Charles Storer to John Adams, 16 Sep. 1786\nFrom: Storer, Charles\nTo: Adams, John\n          I wish you would finish your business in London & return\n            home\u2014We want you here more than a little\u2014Every thing seems to be going wrong, and there\n            is great reason to fear that we soon shall be in a state of anarchy &\n            confusion\u2014When Government has not energy eno: to enforce the laws, what is to be done?\n            When our executive Officers have not power to supress Mobs, Riots & armed\n            associations, what us to be done? \u2019Tis herein we want your advice, counsel &\n            assistance: You, who had so principal a share in framing our Constitution,\n            can best apply a remedy for its defects\u2014The story in short is this\u2014The people of\n            Hampshire & Berkshire Counties find themselves much aggrieved in being sued for\n            their debts: here blame is thrown upon the Lawyers, who, \u2019tis said, have wantonly ruined\n            many worthy, good families\u2014\u2014This is the case likewise in Bristol County\u2014In consequence\n            of this grievance a Convention was sometime ago proposed to almost every County\n            & Town in the State to consider of the present state of public affairs &\n            to petition for a redress\u2014Many towns met\u2014many refused to join\u2014& some sent\n            Members to try and keep them in order\u2014They publish\u2019d many grievances, such as their\n            heavy taxes, the present mode of representation, the State debt\u2014the great salaries given\n            to the Officers of Government, and above all, the sitting of the Court of Common\n            Pleas\u2014In consequence of these proceedings an armed Mob prevented the sitting of the\n            Court in the upper Counties\u2014Hearing the same thing was intended at Concord &\n            again at Taunton, where the Court was to sit last week, the Governor, with the advice of\n              his Council, called upon the Officers of the Militia to defend &\n            protect the Court\u2014The rioters in the mean time, fearing perhaps something serious might\n            ensue from the above orders, proposed to the several neighboring towns of Concord the\n            choosing each a Committee to meet at Concord the day before the sitting of the Court\u2014in\n            order to prevent such violent measures as were pursued the week before at Worcester, where a body of armed men, abt:500., took possession of the Court-house\u2014bayonetted the\n            Judges when they offered to enter it & obliged them to retire to the tavern\n            where they again obliged them to adjourn sine die\u2014This seemingly pacific disposition\n            induced the Governor, who consulted the whole Council, the Bench of Judges, & as\n            many of the House of Representatives as he could get together, to countermand the\n            marching of the Militia to Concord\u2014Notwithstanding the above measures, the mob assembled\n            at Concord, took possession of the Court-house, called on every one to join them or they\n            would destroy the town\u2014were riotous\u2014ill-treated the inhabitants & finally\n            obliged the Court to adjourn without day\u2014They were about 300. in number\u2014a set of\n            miserable, unprincipled wretches, tis said\u2014& were headed by several Officers who\n            had been disgraced during the war & a Nathan\n              Smith of Groton, who has been outlawed\u2014They declared publickly their intention\n            was to put an end to all debts & begin anew again\u2014to annihilate the State Debt\n            & to lessen their taxes\u2014At Taunton, the same day, the Court sat &\n            adjourned to a distant day, being protected by Genl: Cobb at\n            the head of about 200. of the Militia\u2014A mob collected to oppose their sitting, but\n            nothing was attempted\u2014Within these few days we hear nothing of them, any further than\n            that they complain of the Senate being a grievance & the Attorney General a\n            Nuisance\u2014The Governor has issued several proclamations for apprehending the\n            Ringleaders\u2014but without effect\u2014He accordingly called, in the first instance, the Genl: Court together the 2d. week in\n            October\u2014but since the affair of Concord, he has called on them to meet next week\u2014What\n            will be the result is yet uncertain\u2014 \u2014\n          22d. Things appear again\n            quiet\u2014It was expected the Rioters would have opposed the sitting of the\n            Supreme Court, which met at Worcester a few days ago\u2014but no attempt was made \u201cThe Chief\n            Justice gave a most interesting & pathetic charge to the Jury, in which the\n            ruinous consequences of the late Commotions were pointed out in a manner wh: could not fail of forcing conviction upon the minds of all\n            who heard it\u2014\u201d\u2014I wish it may have that happy effect\u2014\n          The Gentleman who will deliver you this is Mr: Thos: Martin of Portsmo. He is a Kinsman of ours\n            & therefore I take the liberty of introducing him to you & will be bound\n            in equal obligation with him for any attentions\u2014\n          I shall leave town soon for my new settlemt: at Passe: where the Govr: & Council have been pleased to appoint me Justis:Pacis & one of the Quorum\u2014If I\n              shd. be the means of any good, it will repay me for the\n            anxiety this entirely new employment occassions me\u2014\n          I am, sir, with much esteem, / Yr:\n            oblig\u2019d, hume: servt:", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0770", "content": "Title: Thomas Barclay to the American Peace Commissioners, 18 Sep. 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: American Peace Commissioners,Jefferson, Thomas,Adams, John\n          As you will probably wish to know the particulars of the\n            Negotiations of the Treaty with the Emperor, and as the perusal will not take up a great\n            deal of time, I shall lay them before you\u2014\n          After the first Audience was over Mr.\n            Taher Fennish, in whose Hands the Negotiation was placed, came from the Emperor and\n            informed me that His Majesty had read the Translation of the Letters\u2013That he had made a\n            Treaty with Spain very favorable for that Country, that he would write to His Most\n            Catholic Majesty to give a Copy of that Treaty, from which, one, with the United States\n            might be formed & that he would either request the King of Spain to order it to\n            be signed at Madrid, or it might be sent to Morocco for Signature by Express\u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013\n          I replyed, that, \u201cI had taken a long Journey in order to make this\n            Treaty and that I would be very sorry to return untill it was finished, If Mr. Fennish would give a Copy of the Spanish Articles I would\n            point out such as would be necessary for us, and I doubted not but we would soon agree\n          Mr. Fennish said that some of the\n            Papers were at Mequinez and some at Fez, and that it would be impossible to collect them\n            so as to make them useful on this Occasion. I answered that If permission was given to\n            me I would lay before the Emperor through him the Heads of such a Treaty as I imagined\n            would be perfectly agreeable to both Countries; that if any objections should appear, we\n            would talk them over, and after due Consideration, do what would seem right. To this\n              Mr. Fennish agreed, promising his best Offices to forward\n            and settle every thing on good and reasonable Terms. The next day but one, the Heads of\n            the Treaty in Arabic, were put into the Hands of Mr.\n            Fennish, who shew\u2019d them to the Effendi, by whom Seven of the Articles were objected to\n            as highly unreasonable; They were however read before His Majesty and some of the\n            principal Officers of the Court, when all the Articles except four were admitted without\n            hesitation; and the next Morning I received a Message from one of the Persons who was\n            present at the reading, with Compliments upon the Progress I had made, and taking to\n            himself entirely, the Merit of removing three of the Objections\u2014\n          When the proposition for an Exchange of Prisoners was read The King\n            said \u201cThis is not right, why are the Christians Powers so averse to going to war with\n            me? It is the Fear of their Subjects falling into Slavery.\u201d To which the Kings Preacher\n            replyed These people deserve more indulgence from you than many others with whom you are\n            in Alliance, They are nearer our Religion, and our Prophet mentions those who profess\n            their manner of Worship, with Respect. Upon which the Emperor said, Let this Article be\n            admitted\u2014The next day I put the Treaty at full length into the Hands of the Interpreter\n            to get it translated into Arabic and in a few days, a rough draught in Arabic formed\n            from my draught but much curtailed was delivered to me by the Talbe who had drawn it up\n            by His Majesty\u2019s Instructions, and who though he had altered it in the Form preserved\n            the Substance; I caused this draught to be translated into English by one Person, and\n            into French by another, and agreed to receive the Treaty as it then stood; And I was the\n            more anxious not to differ upon points of Form merely, because I knew the Effendi, who\n            is the chief Officer at Court wanted to embarrass me and to draw the Affair into a\n            length of time, and to get it into his own Hands, and this disposition had appeared on\n            various Occasions, indeed on all that offered.\n          In the opening of the Affair I was asked by the Interpreter what I\n            had to offer on the side of the United States by way of Presents in future, or by way of\n            Tribute, to which I replyed (supposing the Question might come from Mr. Fennish on the Part of the Emperor) that I had to Offer to\n            His Majesty the Friendship of the United States and to receive his in Return, to form a\n            Treaty with him, on liberal and equal Terms. But if any engagements for future presents\n            or Tributes were necessary, I must return without any Treaty; I took Care that these\n            Sentiments should be conveyed to Mr. Fennish, and nothing\n            was afterwards said about it, nor a hint droped that any thing was expected. While the\n            last draught of the Treaty was making, I was told it would be proper that the Delivery\n            to me in behalf of the United States should be inserted, to which I very readily\n            acquiesced, and wrote on a piece of Paper what I wished should be added; when the Treaty\n            was finally put into my hands, seald by the King, and not \u2018till then, did I see or\n            suspect in what Manner that Insertion is made, and which I wish with all my Heart was\n            extinguished, at least one of the two.\n          Mr. Fennish being confined to his\n            Chamber our Papers fell into the Hands of the Effendi, who notwithstanding the Emperor\n            had ordered them to be delivered, detained them under various pretences, But at length\n            (without our coming to an open Quarrel) He sent them, when on examination we found the\n            Talbe had omitted a Matter of some Consequence in one of the Articles, the rectifying of\n            which and the getting a Declaration made by Mr. Fennish by\n            order of the King, took up a Day or two, I was asked to sign an Acceptation of the\n            Articles on the Part of the United States but as the Treaty was not drawn up in the Form\n            I expected, I excused myself without however giving any Offense, referring Mr. Fennish to Congress and the Ministers. It is a Friendly\n            well intended Treaty given by the Emperor without much being demanded on his Part; If it\n            proves satisfactory it will be proper for you Gentlemen to give your Sentiments of it to\n              Mr. Fennish and that Congress ratifies it\u2014And here perhaps\n            it may not be unnecessary to say, that Mr.\n            Fennish throughout the whole as far as I can judge, has acted with the Utmost Candor and\n            veracity, and I thought myself very happy in having been put into his hands. When the\n            Business was over, the Emperor sent a Message to me by Mr.\n            Fennish, desiring to know whether I had any thing to ask\n            and (to be repeat the Words in which it was delivered) if I had, not to be ashamed or\n            backwards in doing it. I was prepared for this Compliment before I left Spain and was\n            advised to request a Permission to export twenty thousand Fanegas of Wheat without Duty\n            by which I should probably gain as many Dollars, and with great Truth I assure you that\n            I am persuaded it would have immediately been granted. But I did not chuse to end an\n            Embassy, begun avowedly on disinterested Principles, by making such a Request,\n            especially as I was informed he would look on the United States as under some\n            Obligations for such an Indulgence shewn their Servant: And as the Professions of an\n            Inclination to give a mark of his Approbation of the transactions were repeated, I\n            accepted them and pointed out a Manner in which he might shew the friendly disposition\n            he had expressed; This was by his giving Letters to Constantinople, Tunis, Tripoli and\n            Algiers recommending to these several States to enter into an Alliance with the United\n            States and by advising them to receive in the most friendly manner such Agents and\n            propositions as should be sent them from America. The Emperor immediately came into\n            these Views and Mr. Fennish desired that I would draw up the\n            Form of a Letter such as I wished should be written, which I did, and the indisposition\n            of this Gentleman, was the Reason given why I did not get them at Morocco. I wrote twice\n            to the Emperor and waited in Tangiers for an Answer, which I received from Mr. Fennish saying the Letters were not prepared, & at\n            present I shall add no more than that the Emperor is perfectly well informed that I had\n            no orders to ask such Letters and that if there is any thing wrong in having done it, it\n            is entirely an act of my own. The Treaty having been compleated His Majesty gave a\n            written Paper not only discribing our Rout but the time we should remain at the\n            principal Towns. We came to this place to avoid a Quaranteen in Spain, and have been\n            detained by some tempestuous weather; The Commandant of the Marine at St Roque hearing we were at Tangiers and at a Loss how to reach\n            Spain without performing a Quaranteen sent a Vessel for us, directing the Commander to\n            attend us wherever we should choose.\n          I think it probable, that you will not judge it necessary for me to\n            go up the Mediterranean as Mr. Lamb I hear has returned to\n            Algiers, a Circumstance that will make me very happy, for though I was not backward in\n            offering my Services, I was influenced only by the necessity I thought there was of\n            doing something.\n           Therefore if I do not receive your decided Orders at\n            Cadiz to pursue these African Objects, I will embrace the first Opportunity of embarking\n            from Spain for America.\n          I beg leave to assure you of my being with every Sentiment of\n            Esteem and Respect / Gentlemen / Your most obt humble\n              ThoS Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0771", "content": "Title: Richard Price to John Adams, 21 Sep. 1786\nFrom: Price, Richard\nTo: Adams, John\n              Newington-Green\n          The attention with which you have honoured me will not Suffer me to\n            neglect informing you of an event which at present overwhelms my Spirits. After enjoying\n            thirty years of happines with my dear wife, She was yesterday dismiss\u2019d from this world\n            after long languishing under the Palsy. This is the greatest trouble I have ever met\n            with. It will much alter the plan of my life, and interrupt for at least Some time my\n            public Services\u2014Deliver my kind respects to Mrs Adams, and\n            also to Coll Smith and Mrs\n            Smith. May you and them enjoy all possible happiness. Under a grateful Sense of your\n            friendship I am, Dear Sir, / truly yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0772", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 26 Sep. 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n          My last letter to you was dated the 27th. of August, since which I have recieved yours of Sep. 11th. The letter to Mr. Lamb therein\n            inclosed I immediately signed & forwarded. In mine wherein I had the honor of\n            proposing to you the mission of Mr. Barclay to Algiers, I\n            mentioned that my expectations from it were of a subordinate nature only. I very readily\n            therefore recede from it in compliance with your judgment that this mission might do\n            more harm than good. I accordingly wrote to Mr. Barclay that\n            he was at liberty to return to this place, to London or to America, as he should think\n            best. I now inclose you copies of such letters received from him, Mr Lamb & Mr. Carmichael as\n            have come to hand since my last to you. I have had opportunities of making further\n            enquiry as to the premium of insurance at L\u2019Orient for Vessels bound to or from America,\n            and I find that no additional premium is there required on account of the risque of\n            capture by the Barbary States. This fact may be worth mentioning to American merchants\n          We have been continually endeavoring to obtain a reduction of the\n            duties on American whale-oil: the prospect was not flattering. I shall avail myself of\n            the information contained in your letter to press this matter further. Mr. Barrett is arrived here, & the first object for his\n            relief is to obtain a dissolution of his former contract\n          I will thank you for some copies of the Prussian treaty by the\n            first opportunity & take the liberty of troubling you to forward the packets of\n            letters which Mr smith the bearer of this will have the\n            honor of delivering to you. I beg the favor of you to present my most respectful\n            compliments to Mrs Adams\u2014& to be assured yourself of\n            the sentiments of the sincere esteem ^& respect with which I have the\n            honor to be dear sir, / Your most obedient & humble servant\n              W Short for Th. Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0773", "content": "Title: Charles Storer to John Adams, 26 Sep. 1786\nFrom: Storer, Charles\nTo: Adams, John\n              Martin, who will deliver you this, is a Kinsman of ours & therefore I\n            take the liberty of begging your notice of him: assuring you I shall think myself\n            equally obliged by any attentions he may receive\u2014\n          Since writing the within there has been an insurrection in the\n            State of New-Hampshire\u2014President Sullivan & the Court were sitting at Exeter: an\n            armed mob, abt: 500, surrounded the House & swore no\n            one shd. come out untill they had voted an Emission of Paper\n            Money\u2014The President, however, found means to send orders to the Militia at Portsmo: & elsewhere to march to his relief\u2014who no sooner,\n            on their ar[riva]l were ordered to form & attack the Rebels, than they fled\n            every [\u2026] best\u2014Twenty five of the Ringleaders they have got in Jail [\u2026]. A General Moulton who is involved in debt, was at\n            the head of the Rebels\u2014The [Militia] found him & told him he was that day on\n            duty & asked for his sword\u2014On his saying it was at home, one was given him,\n            & also a Cockade & feather: after wh: The\n            President made him take the Command of the Rear of the Militia\u2014thus making him act\n            against his own party\u2014He is now despised by both sides\u2014News fm. Congress you will have\n            fm. better authority than mine\u2014so I say nothing on that subject\u2014\n          I have only to add to wish you joy & to make my Compts on the occasion of the marriage in your family\u2014May it\n            exceed a fond Parents wishes\u2014\n          I am, sir, with every sentiment of esteem & respect, / Yr: much obliged, humle: servt:", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0774", "content": "Title: John Adams to Zacharias Coffin, 29 Sep. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Coffin, Zacharias\n          Your note of 18 July, with the Letter to Mr. Sherbal Coffin was delivered to me yesterday. The letter shall be sent\n            forward by the first oppertunity, & any others you may think proper to write in\n          I have written to your fellow-sufferes, obrien and stephens in\n            Answer to their Letters, but have not been able to give them so much encouragement of a\n            speedy Redemption as they & I most heartily wish\u2014\n          It would be cruelty to our Country, & to all future\n            prisoners to submit to such exorbitant Exactions as no other Nation pays, and therefore\n            I think that Congress will not agree to such terms, nor any other, before a peace is\n          I am, sir, Your Countryman / & very humble servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0775", "content": "Title: John Adams to Richard O\u2019Bryen, 29 Sep. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: O\u2019Bryen, Richard\n          I, Yesterday received your Letter of July 25, and am obliged to you\n            for the Information it contains.\n          You may possibly have heard an erroneous Report, of what Mr Lamb\n            Said to the Dey. it is not likely that He made any Promises. however that may be, We\n            must all wait the orders of Congress.\n          It is painfull to the Mind of a Freeman, to think that he is in\n            Slavery, and every one of your Countrymen I doubt not Sincerely Simpathizes with You:\n            but by the best Accounts your actual Sufferings are much less than those which were the\n            Lot of hundreds of our brave Countrymen in the Prisons of England during the late war.\n            The Consideration of this will induce you to keep up your Spirits, and bear with as much\n            Patience as possible, what cannot be avoided: Since the unfortunate Situation of our\n            Country, may render it impossible for her to relieve you so soon as she would wish.\n          We are much obliged to the French and Spanish Nations, for their\n            polite and Friendly Behaviour to you, as well as to all others of our Countrymen,\n            wherever they meet them. And if the British Nation had as much Wisdom, their Consuls,\n            Ministers and other officers abroad would be equally civil.\n          I am very Sorry it is not in my Power, to give you any Assurances,\n            or comfortable hopes of Speedy Relief. Nothing can be done without the Instructions and\n            assistance of Congress and what their determination will be, I know not. and to deceive\n            you with false hopes, would be neither agreable to my Duty nor long pleasing to You.\n            nothing could be more agreable to me, than to receive from my Superiours orders and\n            means to procure you Liberty, being with very Sensible / Feelings for your Misfortune,\n            Sir your most obedient and most humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0776", "content": "Title: John Adams to Isaac Stephens, 29 Sep. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Stephens, Isaac\n          Your Letter of July 18 was brought to me yesterday, and your Letter\n            to Mr. Foster with its Enclosures, shall be sent to Boston\n            by the first oppertunity, and any other Letters you may think proper to write, and send\n            under cover to me shall be forwarded as early as possible\u2014I sincerely wish it were in my\n            Power to do you more material service, but it is not\n          If Mr. Lamb has decieved the Dey, by\n            making promises, not in his power to perform, so much the worse for him: but I hope\n            better things, and that the report you have heared is ill founded\u2014\n          You think that your \u201cRedemption nothing concerns the Peace\u201d, but in\n            this I am not clear\u2014The Relations and private friends of Persons who have had like you\n            the Misfortune to be in Captivity, have sometimes redeemed them but I believe that\n            Government at the public expense have rarely if ever done it, but upon the Conclusion of\n            a peace And in your case, although I cannot pretend to say what Congress will do, yet I\n            doubt very much whether they will think themselves justifiable, in redeeming you, untill\n            a peace shall be made\u2014to agree to pay at the public expence, such exorbitant demands, as\n            no other Nation, ever paid, perhaps, would be not only encouraging an extravagant\n            avidity, upon future Occasions, but would be such an humiliation, as in my opinion\n            Congress will never submit to\u2014\n          Mr. Lamb will not go again to algiers,\n            in all probability, nor can I at present say, when any other person will be sent, nor\n            who it will be\u2014\n          Be of good cheer Nevertheless, in hopes that your Redemption\n            draweth nigh. Your Country is not insensible to your situation & will do all for\n            you, that she can, consistently with Justice and Prudence\u2014\n          I am sir / Your Countryman &c", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0777", "content": "Title: Thomas Barclay to the American Peace Commissioners, 2 Oct. 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: American Peace Commissioners,Jefferson, Thomas,Adams, John\n          By the bearer Colonel Franks I do myself the honor to send you in a\n            small Box the following articles.\n          1st. A Book containing the original Treaty in Arabic\n            between the Emperor of Morocco and the United States.\n          2. Three translations of the Treaty in English, to each of which is added a translation\n            of a Declaration made by Tahar Fennish by order of His Majesty in addition &\n            explanation of the 10th: article,\n          3. A Letter from the Emperor to the President of Congress\n          4. The translation of this letter in English.\n          5. Translation of the Emperor\u2019s letter to the King of Spain.\n          6. A Letter from Tahar Fennish to the Ministers at Paris and London, and\n            Translation.\n          7. Signals agreed on by which the Moorish & American Vessels may distinguish\n            each other at Sea.\n          8th: The answer to the Queries which you put to me, Dated\n            Tangier the 10th. September. \n          9 An Account of some other particulars relative to this Country. Dated Tangier 13th. September.\n          10 An Account of the proceedings relative to the Treaty Dated Ceuta 18th. September.\n          11. Copy of a Commission given to Francisco Chiappe of the City of Morocco untill the\n            pleasure of Congress Shall be known, and the names of the Agents at Mogodore and\n          These matters have been detain\u2019d a considerable time from you by various accidents,\n            among which contrary winds and Stormy weather were a part. But I hope, as all Such\n            impediments are now remov\u2019d, you will receive them with the utmost Expedition.\n          The Original of the Declaration made by Mr. Fennish, cou\u2019d not be placed in the Same Book with the Treaty Seal\u2019d by the\n            Emperor, the Moorish forms not permitting it, therefore Mr.\n            Fennish wrote it in another Book which I had placed in his hands with a Copy of the\n            Treaty for examination, in order that he might certify the Verity of it, lest any\n            accident Shou\u2019d happen to the original, which Book with authenicated Copies of the other\n            papers, remain in my hands\u2014\n          I am with great respect / Gentn. / Your\n            most obedt. Servt.\n              Thos Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0778", "content": "Title: Nathaniel Barrett to John Adams, 2 Oct. 1786\nFrom: Barrett, Nathaniel\nTo: Adams, John\n          The Friendship which you have formerly profess\u2019d for me, &\n            the repeated proofs which I have had of it\u2014induces me to ask the favour of intrusting\n            you with the Conduct of a Matter in which my future happiness & that of my\n            family is involved.\n          When my Brother was in England he took up a Quantity of Crockery\n            ware on a joint Acct of himself & me\u2014of Warburton\n            & Randall on the Arrival the same was sold on Credit & my\n            Brother got security for his part the person who bout it faild without paying me a\n            shilling\u2014we gave joint Notes amg to About 400\u2014\u00a3 I had paid\n              abt 83. on my part of the notes\u2014but they disposed of them\n            without makg any allowance therefor to Mr Robarts when I heard of their failure in England I securd\n            the payt of this Debt in the hands of Broome & Plat\n            so that Mr. Robarts may rest assurd of that sum &\n            for further security I put into the hands of Mr C. Gore all\n            my Effects & Debts\u2014amg to within about 100\u00a3 of what\n            I owed\u2014for the security impowering him to pay as he recd. all my Creditors in proportion to their Demands, & after receiving\n            the most ample Testimonials from them embarked for England France\u2014on the\n            Business which I communicated to your Excellency the last\u2013winter I gave in my Debt to W\n            & R\u2014only the part due from me to them\u2014MrRobarts sent\n            his Notes to America & Mr Mason calld on my Brother\n            for them\u2014as equal Misfortunes have attended him\u2014the Notes are returned back\u2014& I\n            this day received Advice from Mr Robarts that he expects\n            immediate payment from me\u2014As you will see on perusal of the inclosd to him, this is\n            impossible\u2014On my late Tour thro America, I have been assurd that a considerable part of\n            the Consignments from thence shall come to the Address of Mess Le Couteulx &\n              Co\u2014upon my giving my Attention to the return Cargoes from\n            hence\u2014I have in this Business a prospect of securing a present subsistance, & in\n            future of accumulating some property\u2014these Gentleman give me their Countenance &\n            protection upon the Letters which I have from America\u2014they know I possess no\n            property\u2014but Give me Encouragement that in Time, I may\u2014But sir\u2014should Mr Robarts execute his powers against me\u2014all my prospects are\n            at an End\u2014Mrs Barrett has been very ill ever since our\n            Arrival\u2014this stroke has added to her Trouble\u2014I wish\u2014& may I ask the\n            favour of you to send for Mr Robarts, as soon as you receive\n            this\u2014& after letg him know I have opend\n            the Affair to you\u2014use your Influence with him to consider the Matter in its proper\n            Light\u2014& to wait\u2014after recg what may be in the Hands\n            of Mr Gore\u2014till it shall be in the power of my Brother\n            & myself to discharge his Debts\u2014If he determines not to do this I will give up\n            all my Hopes\u2014& come over to England & surrender myself\u2014leaving a most\n            deserving Wife & Child to the Misery of suffering all the Horrors of Poverty in\n            a foreign Country\u2014 \u2014\n          Let me beg of you to keep this Matter intirely to\n            yourself\u2014& give Mr Robarts a Charge (whatever may be\n            his determination) to do the same\u2014& favour me with a Line as soon as you receive\n          I am with the utmost Respect / Your Excellency\u2019s / Most oblig\u2019d\n            & obd Servant\n              Nat Barrett\n            P.S. Mr Gore had payed my Creditors\n              6/8 in the pound when I left Boston, & expected to make another dividend", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0779", "content": "Title: Rufus King to John Adams, 2 Oct. 1786\nFrom: King, Rufus\nTo: Adams, John\n          The convention proposed to have been held at Annapolis in the last\n            month on the subject of commerce has terminated without credit, or prospect of having\n            done much good\u2014\n          I inclose you the report which they addressed to their\n            constituents\u2014they were founded in the Opinion that an adjustment of the commercial\n            powers of the several states is intimately connected with the other Authorities of the\n            Confederacy and of the respective states\u2014\n          Whether the states will acceed to the proposition of a convention\n            at Philadelphia in May is yet uncertain\u2014Congress I think will not interfere in such\n            manner as to patronize the project; I am fully convinced that your Opinion is a just and\n            political one, that congress can do all that a convention can, and certainly with more\n            safety to original principles\u2014But we all now seperating, the federal year will expire in\n            a few weeks, and little public business will recieve an examination before the\n            assembling of the next congress\u2014\n          with the highest Respect I have the Honor to be Dr. Sir your / Obt. & very", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0780", "content": "Title: John Adams to John Jay, 3 Oct. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\n          An Event has taken Place, of too much Importance to the United\n            States, to be omitted, in Dispatches to Congress. A Messenger arrived at the\n            Secretary of States Office, last night, with a Treaty of Commerce between France and\n            England, Signed by the Comte De Vergennes and Mr Eden. it\n            cannot be Supposed that the Contents can be fully known: but it is Suggested that\n            England has Stipulated, to reduce the Duties upon French Wines, to the Sum which is now\n            paid upon Portugal Wines, reserving at the Same time a Power of reducing those upon the\n            latter, one third lower than they are if necessary. A Minister Mr Faulner, is in the mean time Sent off to Lisbon, to negotiate there, both this\n            Point and another in dispute with Ireland.\n          England has Stipulated that France shall enjoy, all the Priviledges\n            in Trade of the most favoured Nation in Europe, So that\n            a Reservation is made of a Right to allow the United States of America, Some Superiour\n            Advantages.\n          It is Supposed that France is to admit, British Manufactures, and\n            that all the Commerce is to be carried on in British Bottoms.\n          The Treaty is probably Subject to the Ratification, or Consent of\n            Parliament, and will be kept as Secret as possible till the Meeting of that\n          The Consequences of this Treaty, cannot be indifferent and Time\n            alone can reveal who is the gainer. but this is clear that if either obtains any\n            considerable Advantage a War must eer long be the Consequence of it, for neither of\n            these nations can bear to be out witted by the other in commercial affairs.\n          The Negotiation between England and Prussia is at a Stand and the\n            foreign Ministers here are anxious to learn whether there is to be a better\n            Understanding, between London and Berlin, during the present Reign in Prussia, than\n            there was in the last.\u2014It is certain that England, more or less, underhand, Supports the\n            Prince of Orange, who is more openly encouraged by his Brother in Law the present King\n            of Prussia. France on the other hand has Connections with the Republicans, who seem\n            determined that no foreign Power shall interfere in their internal Policy. The Emperor\n            would not be Sorry to see, France and Prussia, at variance, concerning Dutch affairs.\n            For all these Reasons together I hope the Patriots in Holland, will have a peaceable\n            opportunity to go through their projected Restoration and Improvement of their\n            Constitution.\n          The Designs they entertain are interesting to Mankind in general as\n            well as to their particular Country, Since the Principles of Liberty and the Theory of\n            good Government, may be propagated by them.\n          A Writer of great Abilities and Reputation, has been employed to\n            draw up a Plan for the Settlement of the Republick, to which many of the ablest Men in\n            the several Provinces have contributed their assistance. it has been Published in three\n            Volumes under the Title of Grondewellige Herstelling, and near five Thousand Copies of\n            it have been sold, which shews the Zeal with which it has been generally approved. The\n            Author of it is Mr Cerisier, who has been constant to his\n            Principles and has professedly recommended the Constitutions of our United States as\n            Models, as far as the Circumstances will admit. Several Cities have reformed their\n            Regencies according to his Ideas, and many more, perhaps all, will follow their Example\n            if no foreign Power should interfere. In a late Excursion to the Low Countries, I\n            happened to be at Utrecht on the Day of the Ceremony of Administering the Oaths to the\n            new Magistrates elected by the free suffrages of the People. it was conducted with\n            perfect order, and Striking Dignity, in the Presence of the whole City, well armed and\n            well cloathed in Uniformed Uniform and apparently well disciplined, besides a\n            vast Concourse of Spectators from other Cities. a Revolution conducted in this decisive\n            manner and with Such Decorum, Shows that the Principles upon which it was founded, must\n            have taken a very deep root.\n          If neighbouring Monarchies Should not from Jealousies,\n            that democratical Principles may Spread too far, and in time affect their own Subjects,\n            interfere and disturb this free People they will exhibit to the World something worthy\n            of its attention. When I mention democratical Principles, I dont mean that it is their\n            Intention to establish a Government merely democratical. but a well regulated\n            Commonwealth, consisting in a Composition of Democratical Aristocratical, and\n            monarchical Powers without which they are too enlightened to suppose, that Peace and\n            Liberty can ever be long preserved among Men.\u2014\n          With great and sincere Esteem, I have the Honour / to be, Sir your\n            most obedient and most / humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0782", "content": "Title: John Jay to John Adams, 4 Oct. 1786\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Adams, John\n          A Vessel will sail from hence for London about the 20th. Inst. by her you will hear\n            from me again. Since the Date of my last Vizt. 19th. August, I have been honored with your Letters of 16th. and two of 27th. June and\n            last, which with the Papers enclosed with them were immediately laid before\n          You will hear of Commotions in New-England. The enclosed Account of\n            one in New Hampshire does Credit to the Government of that State. Massachusetts seems\n              not to have adverted to Obsta Principiis. A\n            Rage for paper Money and too little Decision or perhaps Capacity of Decision in the\n            construction of our Governments expose us to Inconveniences, for which it is Time to\n            provide Remedies. I hope you will soon receive Instructions relative to the Objections\n            against evacuating the Posts\u2014that Matter is in Train.\u2014\n          Be pleased to forward the enclosed Order to Mr. Lamb. We have nothing certain respecting the Issue of Mr. Barclay\u2019s Mission\u2014Report says he has made a Truce.\u2014\n          With great Esteem and Regard I have the Honor to be, Dr Sir / Your most obt. and hble:", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0783", "content": "Title: Richard Price to John Adams, 5 Oct. 1786\nFrom: Price, Richard\nTo: Adams, John\n              Newington-Green\n          I am sorry I could not have the pleasure of Seeing you and Coll Smith when you did me the favour to call upon me. I found I\n            could not Stay in the House, and therefore fled to Sydenham, leaving my Nephew and other\n            friends to manage a business that I could not think of without being overpower\u2019d. Tho\u2019\n            the event has been long expected and was indeed, in the circumstances of the late dear\n            companion of my life, more a seasonable delivrance than a calamity, yet it has Severely\n            Shocked my Spirits. My life has hitherto been almost uniformly happy, and I am truly\n            grateful to the giver of it. This has been my first great affliction, and I Should be no\n            less base than foolish were I not to receive it with resignation and to bow to the\n            authority that appoints it. But my feelings I cannot yet conquer. The remembrance which\n            my thots: are continually forcing upon me create an anguish\n            not to be express\u2019d\u2014I am now at home endeavouring to reconcile myself by degrees to the\n            house and Situation where my duty lies; but I mean to go again to Sydenham to-morrow:\n            Next week I intend to endeavour to divert my thots: by going\n            an easy journey for four or five days. As soon as I am Settled at home (wch: will be probably the week after next) I Shall take the\n            first opportunity to pay my respects to you and Coll\n            Smith\u2014Next Sunday Mr Tayler, the minister of Carter-lane\n            meeting-house Sometimes called little St: Paul\u2019s, is to\n            administer the Sacrament for me at Hackney and to deliver a funeral Sermon but without\n            any particular notice of the deceased. On Sunday Sen-night I Shall provide a Supply who\n            probably will be my Nephew from Yarmouth; and on Sunday fort-night I hope I Shall have\n            recover\u2019d my Spirits So far as to be able to return to my usual Services.\n          Deliver my best respects to Mrs Adams\n            and Mrs and Coll Smith. \n          With Sincere gratitude for the attention and friendship with which\n            they and you have honoured me, I am, Dear Sr, / Your most\n              obedt: and humble Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0784", "content": "Title: John Adams to Thomas Bulfinch, 13 Oct. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Bulfinch, Thomas\n              Grosvr. square\n          The Day before yesterday, I recieved the Letter you did me the\n            honour to write me in January last\u2014I had indeed long before received from Congress the\n            Papers relative to similiar Claims in Boston with Instructions to use them when I should\n            see a Prospect of success, if, upon any favourable turn in the Minds of this Court and\n            Nation, any such prospect should ever occur\u2014\n          I have not yet presented any of these Claims at Court, because\n            there is not even a Possibility of their being regarded\u2014You will see by Lord\n            Carmenthen\u2019s answer to my Memorial and Resignation requisition respecting the\n            Frontier Posts, that nothing is to be expected while Laws are in force in any of the\n            United States impeding the recovery of old british Debts\u2014That your claim and many others\n            in Boston are bon\u00e2 fide Debts I doubt not. But Law of the Land and not negotiation, is\n            the remedy\u2014and therefore, I frankly own I do not think, that the Dignity or the faith of\n            the United States ought ever to have been compromised in these Matters\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0785", "content": "Title: John Adams to James Bowdoin, 13 Oct. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Bowdoin, James\n          I have at present only time to inform your Excellency that I have\n            communicated to my Lord Carmarthen as private Information all that I have received from\n            your Excellency. not having received orders from Congress concerning the whole of it, I\n            could not make official use of it.\n          His Lordship said that he was sorry to see there was such a\n            Complaint: and that Lord Dorchester had Authority to settle all that matter.\n          What the Meaning of these oracular Speeches is, Your Excellency can\n            judge as well as \n          Your most obedient & humble / Servant\u00a0", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0786", "content": "Title: John Adams to James Bowdoin, 15 Oct. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Bowdoin, James\n          I do myself the Honour to inclose to your Excellency as President\n            of the Accademy of Arts and Sciences a Letter and a Sketch from our ingenious Countryman\n          The Artists who engraved the Plates for the Accademy, he thinks\n            have failed in Perspective a fault that I suppose is easily corrected.\n          With great Respect I have the Honour / to be, your Excellencys most\n            / obedient & humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0788", "content": "Title: James Warren to John Adams, 22 Oct. 1786\nFrom: Warren, James\nTo: Adams, John\n          A few days since, I had the pleasure of receieving yours of the\n          You think the picture I gave you in my last too high wrought. You\n            Cannot be of my opinion that there is here A total change in Principles, &\n            Manners. nor that Interest is the only pursuit, & that riches only are\n            respected.\n          Your distance will not permit you to form your Opinion from your\n            own Observation. Your partiality for your Country Inclines you to more favourable\n            Accounts, and that Patriotism which I revere Exhibits to your Imagination more agreable\n            Colours, & like self Love hides those deformities which disgust, & give\n            pain. I sincerely wish that the present situation of the Country was such as to Justify\n            your partiality & wishes, & to Condemn any picture, & the\n            Opinion & Apprehensions I Expressed to you, but Unhappily it does not. We are\n            now in A State of Anarchy & Confusion bordering on a Civil War. The General\n            Court at their last Session could not or would not see the general Uneasiness that\n            threatneded this Event. however they did not provide for the public Tranquility during\n            their recess, but dozed themselves into an Unusual Adjournment for 6 or 7 Months. They\n            have been Called to meet on the present Occasion sooner than the Time Adjourned to. have\n            set near a Month without any Appearance of that Wisdom, & Address necessary to\n            redress the Unhappy situation we are fallen into.\u2014\n          I do not say that they are Incompetant to the Business before them,\n            or that the State of things is Incapable of redress, but it is possible (at least) that\n            they should set till next Election without devising the mode of doing it. The Papers\n            will Inform you that the Three upper Counties, (and Bristol is not much better) have\n            refused submission to the Government Established by the constitution, &\n            obedience to the Laws made under it. that is they have violated their Compact, &\n            are in A State of Rebellion, while the three Eastern Counties are petitioning to be\n            seperated from us, & formed into A New Government of their own Construction,\n            These are very Singular Events, which must have been produced by some singular Causes,\n            if they are the Natural Consequences of that state of things I described in my last, you\n            will not think my picture more horrible than the reality. I have long been Mortified by\n            the Imbecility & Inattention with which our public Affairs have been Conducted.\n            it is probable that when I wrote that Letter I felt also some Indignation. I Claim A\n            right to Express it to you. my small Efforts were Joined with yours,\n            & others for many Years in rearing A Glorious Fabrick on Foundations that should\n            have been as permanent as Time, but suffered to fall into ruin in less than half the\n            Time it took to Build it. I feel for the Character of the Country. I am Mortified at the\n            Triumphs of our Enemies. I am sorry for you, who must from your situation be peculiarly\n            Exposed to them. I wish every thing may be so Conducted as to restore order, &\n            submission to Government. but I fear it will be some time first. The Scarcity of Money\n            is A great Obstacle, and the folly and Extravagance that made it scarce in a great\n            degree remains. I am acquainted with Coll Smith Character, tho I have not the pleasure\n            of knowing his Person, I am glad you have given your Daughter to a Man of so much Merit.\n            please to give her my Blessing & good Wishes\n           Mrs. Warren desires her regards to be\n            Joined with mine to Mr & Mrs. Adams & Mr & Mrs. Smith. \n          I am with great / Esteem & regard Your Most / obedt. Humbl. Servt\n              James Warren\n            26th: I have Just heard that the\n              Supreem Court are setting at Taunton supported by 450 of the Militia, which proved a\n              Stronger Body than the Mob mustered to prevent it\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0789", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 23 Oct. 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n          Your favor of Sept. the 11th. came to\n            hand in due time & since that I have recieved the copies of the Prussian treaty\n            you were so kind as to send me. I have recieved a short letter from Mr. Barclay dated Cadiz Sept. 25th. only announcing his arrival there & that he should\n            proceed immediately to Madrid. At this latter place he would meet my letter informing\n            him that we did not propose any thing further with the Piratical states at this time.\n            The inclosed extract of a letter from Mr. Carmichael also\n            mentions Mr. Barclay\u2019s arrival at Cadiz. A letter from Mr. Carmichael some time ago informed me that a bill had been\n            drawn on him by Mrs. Lamb in America, by order as she said\n            of Mr Lamb; This gentleman not proposing to go\n            proceed either to New-York, London, or Paris to settle his accounts, I\n            desired Mr. Carmichael, if any money remained yet in the\n            hands of Mr. Lamb\u2019s banker at Madrid, to obstruct its going\n            out until he could give us information. His answer was that it was all withdrawn by Mr. Lamb. By some means or other I omitted to mention these\n            circumstances to you at the time. I mention them now to explain the reasons of Mr. Carmichaels touching on that subject in the inclosed. We\n            may now hourly expect from Mr. Barclay a copy of the\n            preliminary treaty with Morocco. Is it your opinion that the definitive one should be\n            executed through his agency, or that of Colo. Franks or of\n            any other person? I beg you to present my most friendly respects to Mrs. Adams & to be assured yourself of the esteem\n            & attachment with which I have the honor to be sir, your most obedient humble\n              Th: Jefferson\n            Test W Short sec", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0790", "content": "Title: Thomas Northcote to John Adams, 23 Oct. 1786\nFrom: Northcote, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n              Honourable Sir\n              Cheney Walk Chelsea\n          I have supported the cause of America from the first of the\n            dispute, because I thought it the cause of Mankind, of truth and liberty. If you peruse\n            the Public Advertiser, you are a witness that I continue to defend the honour of\n            Congress against the Loyalists, and to expose those Slavish principles which induced\n            them to become traitors to their native country, and with equal baseness, sturdy\n            beggars, and sycophants of the Crown, in this every-way plunder\u2019d Nation. I have Sir,\n            devoted my property, my time and strength to the former Colonies, at the time they were\n            most in danger, and I stand forth to this hour, almost alone, to defend my own\n            principles with their Conduct. I am turned of Sixty four, with many great infirmities,\n            and am now reduced to my half pay (Sixty pounds a year) since the loss of my excellent\n            friend Dr. Jebb, and the cruel desertion of me by the Duke\n            of Richmond, who for some years gave me a small assistance, unworthy of his great\n            dignity and fortune, and of his written acknowledgments of my talents and Services to\n            the cause of freedom.\n          Under these losses, I have unavoidably incured a debt within the\n            last two years, of about Fifty pounds, chiefly for Lodgings, which I am utterly unable\n            to pay. And being unfortunately unconnected with party, or Sect, I am, as to beneficial\n            services, neglected by them all.\n          I naturally in this Situation look up to the liberality of\n            Congress, for whom I have long and zealously laboured.\n          I want but little\u2014And it appears to me that their honour is\n            concerned to give me protection, when so many Refugees are, upon a wrong principle, so\n            happily provided for here. It concerns them to prevent the destruction of their\n            friend, and the friend of liberty, by the proscriptions of power and party, while their enemies and\n            the tools of Despotism, are caressed and rewarded. If your Excellency would do me the\n            honour to send a Copy of this Letter to Congress, with my small vollume of Tracts, and\n            could in the mean time relieve my present exigencies, on their account, I flatter myself\n            so humane an Action would reflect equal credit on both. Were I younger and in better\n            health I would go to one of your middle States with my Small Income, and print a\n            Collection of my numerous papers if properly encouraged. But I am too far advanced in\n            years, and too much exhausted in strength and constitution, to have any other hope than\n            a decent retirement at Bath, where I have some sincere friends, and both the waters and\n            climate are friendly to me.\n          If Sir, you approve of my Tracts, which Mr. Stockdale was so kind as to deliver, I shall beg it as a favour, that you\n            will be pleased to send half a dozen of them to Congress by the first convenient\n            opportunity, with my very humble respects, and warmest wishes for the prosperity of\n            America. I have only Sir, to beg your excuse for the freedom of this plain address,\n            which unmerited necessity urges me to make.\n          I remain with all due respect / Your Excellency\u2019s devoted humble\n              Thos. Northcote", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0791", "content": "Title: Benjamin Hichborn to John Adams, 24 Oct. 1786\nFrom: Hichborn, Benjamin\nTo: Adams, John\n          I have long intended to write to you, but the fear of giving you\n            more trouble than Information, has hitherto prevented me\u2014the present critical Situation\n            of public Affairs, & the probable issue of them, so different from what is\n            conceived by most of our Politicians, have at length overcome every other Consideration\n            & I have now taken my pen to communicate a Sentiment which I must entreat of\n            you, by every tie of honor & friendship, (let the Event, be what it may) that\n            you, never will mention it as having come from me\u2014After this grave Introduction I may\n            venture to tell you that there is a first determination in the Minds of Men of y[thorn\n              sign]e greatest Influence, to change the form of\n            Government thro\u2019 the Continent, & shoud the present convulsions in this State\n            continue the Change will most assuredly take place in a very short time\u2014you may wonder\n            at my Confidence, but depend upon the prediction,\u2014what form of Government will succeed\n            the present I will not pretend absolutely to determine, but that a great change will\n            happen soon, unless, contrary to all appearances & the uniform bias of the human\n            Mind, the most violent civild Commotions which ever made thier appearance, shoud\n            suddenly subside without any either hope or fear to produce the\n            change\u2014perhaps I am writing not a word of news to you, & I think it not\n            improbable, at least I can say I hope so because I never wish to see the political wheel\n            in motion unless you have some share in the direction of it, & I most ardently\n            wish shoud any great Event take place I hope before it is complicated, that\n            you will be on the Spot\u2014you have friends & Confidants I know, & perhaps\n            some of them, have wrote you on the same Subject; but I know some of your confidential Friends, have no Idea of the\n            Subject\u2014; shoud you incline to receive any further communications on this head, if you\n            will honor me with a line by the Packet, I will without Reserve let you know everything\n            that I may possess respecting it\u2014you may observe Sir, that I use very little ceremony,\n            & I think I know your Character too well to suppose it necessary\u2014I have always\n            wished for an opportunity of demonstrating the esteem & Confidence I feel\n            & if possible to afford you a Satisfaction proportionate to y[thorn sign]e accidental injury I occassioned your feelings in suffering\n            your letters to fall into y[thorn sign]e Enemies hands\u2014I had\n            determined to write you about two Years since to inform you of what I dare say no one\n            else woud, which was that in case you returned to America, you without ye[thorn sign] least doubt have been chosen Governor\u2014I suppose\n            [were you] here at any time before our next Elect[ion] you woud have almost an unanimous\n            vote\u2014Bowdoin I believe will not be chosen & unless you shoud be here I suppose\n            Hancock will\u2014I write in a hurry that is scarcly decent, but as I do not write to\n            recommend myself I hope it will be ye[thorn sign] more\n            readily excused, The Vessel which carries this will sail in a few minutes\u2014I beg leave to\n            recommend my much esteemed Friend & Brother Mr\n            Gardner (who is again in London with Mrs: Gardner) to your\n            notice & shall acknowledge any civilities you may shew them as doubly done to\n            myself\u2014please present my respects to Mrs. Adams &\n            believe me your undissembled / Friend\n            NB I shoud not dare to write this but under cover to Mr. Gardner you may answer it if you please thro [\u2026] channel\n              as letters [. . . ] from Persons in your Station are frequently [ . . .]\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0792", "content": "Title: John Adams to John Jay, 27 Oct. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\n              Grosvenor Square\n          When the Ratification of Congress, of their Treaty with the King of\n            Prussia, arrived here, the Term limited for the Exchange of it was near expiring. as a\n            few Members of the States general, had discovered Uneasiness at my coming to London\n            without going to the Hague to take Leave, it seemed a convenient Opportunity to go over\n            and Shew them as much of the Respect they required, as remained in my Power. accordingly\n            I went, and making the customary Visits to the President, Pensionary and Secretary,\n            renewed the assurances of the Friendship, Esteem and Respect of the United States for\n            their High Mightinesses and the Republic, and the Visit appeared to be kindly received.\n            The Exchange of Ratifications was soon made with the Baron De Thulemeier who had time to\n            transmit the Act of Congress to the great Prince, who first proposed the Treaty, Some\n            days before he expired. The Ratification under the Signiture of Frederic the great is\n            here inclosed.\n          At the Same time, Sir, you will receive so much of the substance of\n            a Treaty of Commerce, between France and England, as the Ministry have thought fit to\n            publish. This is So great an Event. and must have Consequences so extensive, that I feel\n            myself incapable of forming any Judgment of it upon the whole. Every Treaty of Commerce\n            between these nations, for three hundred Years, has been found beneficial to France and\n            hurtful to England.\n          But at present, this Nation is very Sanguine, the Advantage will be\n            theirs. They boast of the Superiour skill of their Manufacturers the Superlative\n            Excellence of their Manufactures; the Multitude of Inventions and Machines peculiar to\n            themselves, by which Time and Labor is Saved, and Productions Sold cheaper than in any\n            other Country. A Markett like France, where five and Twenty Millions of People have\n            occasion for English Fabricks must be a valuable acquisition. Commercial Connections by\n            softening Prejudices, may lessen the Disposition to War. and a Friendship, even an\n            Alliance with France, would enable the two nations to govern the World. This is at\n            present the style of Conversation, and the Treaty appears to be popular.\n          France and England, are both endeavouring, at this moment to impose\n            upon each other by professing Desires of Friendship which they never felt. The secret\n            Motive of both is to impose upon the United States of America. The English imagine that\n            by assuming an appearance of Friendship for France, they shall excite a Jealousy of\n            France in America, and provoke Congress to break their Faith with her. The French, are\n            in hopes that by putting on a shew of Familiarity with England they shall Stimulate\n            Congress to make them Proposals of closer Connections. The whole at Bottom is\n            a Farce of political Hypocrisy. The United states will continue Steadily, it is to be\n            hoped, on the Reserve.\n          England is now pursuing her Proposals of Treaties of Commerce with\n            the Emperor, the Empress of Russia, with Denmark, and Portugal, and perhaps Spain.\n            France and the Emperor took the only Way, to compell England to treat when they by their\n            edicts prohibited British Manufactures. The United States must imitate the example, or\n            they will never be attended to.\n          The present Appearances of Friendship, are forced and fained. The\n            time may not be far distant, however, when We may see a Combination of England and the\n            House of Bourbon, against the United states. it is not in gloomy Moments,\n              only but in the utmost Gaiety of Heart, I cannot get rid of the Persuasion\n            that the fair Plant of Liberty in America must be watered in Blood. You have seen enough\n            in Europe, to know that these melancholy forebodings are no chimaeras. There is such a\n            Disposition, in the principal Powers who have Possessions in the Indies, that Our\n            Country will find no other Resource, but to swear her Children on the holy Altar, to\n            fight them all at once in defence of her Liberties.\u2014It may have some tendency, to save\n            Us from Such Extremities if We enter into Treaties with the two Empires, for these will\n            soon be jealous of any Connection between France and England.\n          The Chevalier De Pinto\u2019s Courier is not yet returned from Lisbon\n            with the Treaty. This worthy Minister makes frequent Apologies, on Account of the\n            Absence of the Queen in the Country and the Unsettled state of the Court, but perhaps\n            there may be difficulties, which he is not apprized of, or not inclined to mention.\n          Mr Barclays Treaty with Morocco is not\n            yet come to hand. Congress will I hope determine whether We are to send him or any other\n            to Algiers, without more Money in his Hands. it would cost Us three or four thousand\n            Pounds to send any one and unless he has Power to offer larger Presents he would only\n            make matters worse.\n          I hope our Country in every part of it, will cherish their Militia\n            as the Apple of their Eyes, and put every Thing in as good a Posture of defence as\n            possible, and keep as a constant Expectation of War. This is the best and most Serious\n            Advice that can be given, by, Dear sir / your most obedient and most / humble servant ", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0793", "content": "Title: Edward Augustus Holyoke to John Adams, 27 Oct. 1786\nFrom: Holyoke, Edward Augustus\nTo: Adams, John\n          I have the Honour to inclose Your Excellency a Vote of the\n            Massachusetts medical Society; by which You will percieve the grateful Sense they\n            entertain of your Excellencys. Favours: and, in Compliance\n            with their agreable Injunction, to return You the Thanks of the Society, for the fresh\n            Instance of your Excellencys. Attention to their Interests,\n            in forwarding the Extract from the Register of the Royal Academy of Surgery at Paris.\n            Permit the Society Sir, still to hope for the Continuance of your Excellencys. good Offices, and Me the Honour to subscribe myself, with\n            all possible Respect, / Your Excellencys. most obedient /\n            & very humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0794", "content": "Title: John Jay to John Adams, 27 Oct. 1786\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Adams, John\n          The Revd. Doctor Provost is so obliging\n            as to take Charge of this Letter together with other Dispatches which he will deliver to\n          This Gentleman being elected by the Convention of episcopal\n            Congregations in this State, and having the most express Recommendations from that Body,\n            as well as from a general Convention lately held at Wilmington, is going over to be\n            consecrated a Bishop.\u2014\n          Permit me to introduce him to you as a Gentleman who merits and\n            possesses the Esteem of all who know him. The liberal Attention you have shewn to the\n            Requests of the Convention on these Subjects, has received their Thanks and\n            Acknowledgments, and I am persuaded that the same Disposition will secure to my Friend,\n            the Doctor, your Civilities and friendly Aid.\u2014\n          With great and sincere Esteem and Regard / I have the Honor to be /\n              Dr Sir / Your most obt. and", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0795", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 27 Oct. 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n          I formerly had the honour of mentioning to you the measures I had\n            taken to have our commerce with this country put on a better footing; & you know\n            the circumstances which had occasioned the articles of whale oil & tobacco to be\n            first brought forward. latterly we got the committee, which had been established for\n            this purpose, to take up the other articles, & on their report the king\n            & council have come to the decisions explained in the inclosed letter from M. de\n            Calonnes to me. the abandonment of revenues raised on articles of importation shews a friendly disposition. I have had thro\n            this business a most zealous, & powerful auxiliary in the M. de la fayette, by\n            whose activity it has been sooner and better done than I could otherwise possibly have\n            expected. tho you are free to shew the inclosed letter as you please, I would wish it to\n            be kept out of the public papers two or three months. I am Dear Sir your affectionate\n            friend & servant\n              Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0796", "content": "Title: Wilhem & Jan Willink to John Adams, 27 Oct. 1786\nFrom: Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan\nTo: Adams, John\n              27 Octobr[expansion sign] 1786.\n          The premiums of the Loan were drawn before yesterday and we have\n            the Pleasure to inform Your Excelly.of one of \u00a31000 on your\n              Ne. 1195. we congratulate you the more with it as we\n            adviced you to take rather these than that of 5 fl: Intrest and it succeeds to our\n          We present our respectfull compliments to Madam Adams and have the\n            honor to be with great esteem / Sir /Your most Obed Servants\u00a0\n                Wilhem & Jan Willink\n          We had the pleasure of writing to Your Excellency to advice the\n            premium on your fortunate No. whch. copy above we refer to. being without your esteemed favors we have the honor\n            to be with true esteem / Sir / Your Excellency\u2019s Most / Obedt. & Hume servants\n              Wilhem & Jan Willink", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0797", "content": "Title: Wilhem & Jan Willink and Nicolaas & Jacob van Staphorst to John Adams, 27 Oct. 1786\nFrom: Van Staphorst, Jacob,Van Staphorst, Nicholas,Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan\nTo: Adams, John\n          We have the Honor to acquaint Your Excellency, that agreeable to\n            the Conditions of the Loan of Two Millions raised for the United States, the Second\n            Drawing of Premiums was effected the 25th. Instant to the\n            Amount of Sixty Thousand Guilders; Which it is at the Option of the United States, to\n            pay in New Bonds the 1st. February 1787 or in Specie Six\n            Months after the Drawing. The first drawing was discharged in Money Primo Febry, and strongly impressed with the good Consequences a\n            similar Mode of Payment for the succeeding Ones would have upon the Credit of the United\n            States, especially as it would not now be from the Capital borrowed, We pressed the\n            Commissioners of the Board of Treasury, to furnish us early their directions in what\n            Mode these Premiums should be paid off, strongly advising the Money. Being without their\n            Answer We beg leave to submit the Matter to Your Excellency and for your Government to\n            inform you, We have now in hands belonging to the United States about \u0192170,000 \u2014 \u2014 Out\n            of which we do not forsee any other Disposals than the Interest due next February\n            \u019280,000\u2014 \u2014Your Excellency and Colonel Smith\u2019s Salaries &c and such Drafts as you\n            may expect from the Negotiators with the Barbary Powers, The Extent of which Your\n            Excellency will compute; And if then You should judge the Affairs of the United States\n            would admit a Specie Payment of the \u019260,000\u2014 \u2014Premiums; We are convinced Your\n            Excellency, urged by the same Motives as ourselves, will immediately authorize us to\n            advertise it.\n          It appears to us by the Representation of the Honorable Congress of\n              2nd: August, that it is intended this Object should be\n            paid in Cash; And we flatter ourselves the new Revenue System so long and strongly\n            recommended will pass; so as to enable the Treasury with ease to provide the f250.000 Interest that will be due next June.\n          We are respectfully / Your Excellency\u2019s / Most obedt. and very hble. servts.\n              Wilhem & Jan Willink", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0798", "content": "Title: the Board of Treasury to John Adams, 31 Oct. 1786\nFrom: Board of Treasury,Osgood, Samuel,Livingston, Walter,Lee, Arthur\nTo: Adams, John\n              Board of Treasury\n          In your Letter of the 19th May last,\n            you were pleased to inform us that you had already accepted Bills which had been drawn\n            on you to a considerable amount by Mr. Barclay and Lamb, in\n            consequence of the appropriation which had been made by Congress for forming Treaties\n            with the Barbary Powers; but as we have no advice from you since that date we are at a\n            loss to know whether the whole or what part of the appropriation has been drawn for on\n            the Dutch Commissioners to the present day\u2014The Accounts transmitted by those Gentlemen\n            to the first of June last do not specify the particular disbursements for this object;\n            but as far as we are able to form an Estimate from the Accounts transmitted, we presume\n            that out of the various drafts you have made on them to the first of June last, 76.000\n            Florins have been on Account of the Barbary Negociations\u2014If this is the Case 114.000\n            Florins remained after that day subject to the appropriation above mentioned.\u2014\n          The Embarrassments of the Government for want of a steady and\n            operative system of Revenue are daily growing more distressing; and such commotions have\n            of late prevailed in the States of Massachusetts and New Hampshire, that we cannot\n            promise ourselves that the complexion of our Affairs, will soon change for a Better.\n            Thus circumstanced it has not been in our power since the remittance of the last sum of\n            144,000 Florins, through your hands to make any considerable remittance to the Dutch\n            Commissioners\u2014 We wish therefore most anxiously that the whole of the Monies\n            appropriated by Congress may not have been exhausted by an unsuccessfull attempt to form\n            Treaties; as we are Extremely apprehensive that in this case there may not be sufficient\n            funds in the Month of February next, in the hands of the Dutch Commissioners to enable\n            them to discharge the Interest which will then be due; and it is not in our power to\n            remit in season any Funds to make up a deficiency.\u2014\n          If therefore you can possibly avoid drawing out of the hands of\n              Messrs: Willinks the whole of Monies which have been\n            appropriated for the Barbary Treaties till the February Interest is discharged, we must\n            request the favor of you to do it; and no time shall be lost on our Part in making such\n            further remittances, as may complete any part of the sum of 200.000 Florins, which may\n            have been applied towards the Payment of Interest\u2014We are / with great Respect &\n            Esteem / Sir / Your Obedt: Hume.\n              Samuel Osgood\n              Walter Livingston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0800", "content": "Title: the Marquis of Carmarthen to John Adams, 1 Nov. 1786\nFrom: Carmarthen, the Marquis of\nTo: Adams, John\n          Lord Carmarthen presents his Compliments to Mr. Adams, and it is with the greatest Concern that he has the Honour to acquaint\n            him with the melancholy News of the Death of Her Royal Highness the Princess Amelia, His\n            Majesty\u2019s Aunt, Yesterday Evening, between five and six o\u2019Clock.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0801", "content": "Title: John Jay to John Adams, 1 Nov. 1786\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Adams, John\n          My last to you was dated 4th: Ult:\n            since which I have been honored with yours of the 15th. July\n            last, which was immediately communicated to Congress.\u2014\n          My Report on the Answer of the british Minister to your Memorial\n            respecting our frontier Posts is under the Consideration of Congress. Your Ideas and\n            mine on those Subjects very nearly correspond, and I sincerely wish that you may be\n            enabled to accommodate every Difference between us and Britain, on the most liberal\n            Principles of Justice and Candor. The Result of my Enquiries into the Conduct of the\n            States relative to the Treaty is that there has not been a single Day since it took\n            Effect on which it has not been violated in America by one or other of the States\u2014and\n            this Observation is equally just whether the Treaty be supposed to have taken Effect\n            either at the Date or Exchange of the provisional Articles, or on the Day of the Date of\n            the definitive Treaty, or of the Ratifications of it.\u2014\n          Our Affairs are in a very unpleasant Situation and Changes become\n            necessary and in some little Degree probable. When Government either from Defects in its\n            Construction or Administration, ceases to assert its Rights, or is too feeble to afford\n            Security, inspire Confidence and overawe the ambitious and licentious, the best Citizens\n            naturally grow uneasy and look to other Systems.\u2014\n          How far the Disorders of Massachusetts may extend or how they will\n            terminate is problematical; nor is it possible to decide whether the People of Rhode\n            Island will remain much longer obedient to the very extraordinary and exceptionable Laws\n            passed for compelling them to embrace the Doctrine of the political Transubstantiation\n            of Paper into Gold and Silver.\u2014\n          I suspect that our Posterity will read the History of our last four\n            Years with much Regret.\u2014\n          I enclose for your Information a Pamphlet containing the Acts of\n            the different States granting an Impost to Congress.\u2014\n          You will also find enclosed a Copy of an Act of Congress of 20th. and 21st. Ult. for raising an additional Number of Troops. This Measure\n            was doubtless necessary, although the Difficulty of providing for the Expence of it, is\n            a serious one. I flatter myself you will be able to obviate any improper Suspicions\n            which the Minister may be led to entertain respecting the Object of this Force. I have\n            pressed the Policy of deciding on my Report on the Infractions of the Treaty without\n            Delay, that you may thence be furnished with conclusive Arguments against the\n            Insinuations of those who may wish to infuse and support Opinions unfavorable to us on\n            those Points.\u2014\n          The Newspapers herewith sent will give you Information in Detail of\n            Indian Affairs, but they will not tell you what however is the Fact that our People have\n            committed several unprovoked Acts of Violence against them. These Acts ought to have\n            excited the Notice of Government and been punished in an exemplary Manner.\u2014\n          There is Reason to believe that the People of Vermont are in\n            Correspondence with Canada. This Hint by calling your Attention to that Subject may\n            possibly suggest Modes of Inquiry and further Discoveries on your Side of the Water.\n            Some suppose that the eastern Insurgents are encouraged if not moved by Expectations\n            from the same Quarter but this is as yet mere Suspicion.\u2014\n          I have left my Dispatches for Mr.\n            Jefferson (which you will find under the same Cover with this) open for your Inspection.\n            You will perceive that the Nature of them is such, as to render it expedient that they\n            should be conveyed to him without Risque of Inspection. That Consideration induced me to\n            decline sending them by the french Packet.\u2014\n          With great and sincere Esteem and Regard / I have the Honor to be /\n              Dr Sir / Your most obt.\n            & very hble: Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0802", "content": "Title: John Jay to John Adams, 1 Nov. 1786\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Adams, John\n          Accept my thanks for your Letter mentioning the Marriage of your\n            Daughter, and my cordial congratulations on that pleasing Event.\u2014They who best know the\n              Coll. speake of him as brave and honorable; and Strangers\n            to the Lady draw the most favorable inferences from her Parentage, and from the\n            attention and Example of a Mother whose Charater is very estimable.\n          I sincerely wish my dear Friend that you had as much Reason to be\n            pleased with your political as with your domestic Situation\u2014The Sweets however of the\n            latter, must greatly soften the asperity of the former; and when public cares and\n            Considerations excite painful Emotions, you doubtless enjoy the Reflection that tho\u2019\n            Patriots seldom rest on Beds of Roses, yet that your private Pillow, like your\n            Conscience, is free from Thorns.\n          as it is not right that the public should be charged for the\n            postage of Papers not interesting to them or their concerns; I inclose an order in your\n            Favor on Joshua Johnson, for any Sum within six Guineas\u2014Be so good as to take as much\n            from him as will replace what you paid for the Postage of the Pamphlets &c.\u2014\n          I am Dear Sir / Your affectionate Friend & Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0803", "content": "Title: Rufus King to John Adams, 1 Nov. 1786\nFrom: King, Rufus\nTo: Adams, John\n          I do myself the Honor of introducing to your civilities Doctor\n            Provost, Chaplain to Congress and Rector of the Episcopal Church in this City\u2014the Doctor\n            goes to England for consecration as a Bishop. His very amiable private character, his\n            exemplary conduct in his profession, & his firm attachment to the Freedom\n            & Happiness of mankind, have very justly endeared him to his friends, &\n            Countrymen\u2014\n          It would afford me the highest Honor & Pleasure, if this\n            letter should pove a motive of the kindest attentions from you & your good\n            family in his favor.\n          In addition to the pleasure you must receive from an acquaintance\n            with this most excellent man, you will thereby acquire the most certain information\n            relative to the present & past condition of our Country.\n          With perfect respect, I have the Honor to be Dr. Sir your Obedt. & /\n            very Hble[expansion sign] servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0804", "content": "Title: Thomas Barclay to the American Peace Commissioners, 7 Nov. 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: American Peace Commissioners,Jefferson, Thomas,Adams, John\n          I wrote to you from Cadiz the 2nd. of\n            last month, a Copy of which goes under the cover of this and the original, with the\n            papers mentioned therein, will I hope be very soon deliver\u2019d to you by Colonel\n            Franks.\u2014On my arrival here I had the pleasure of receiving Mr. Jefferson\u2019s letter of the 26 Sepr informing me\n            that for the present any farther attempts to arrange matters with the Barbary States are\n            suspended. I had determin\u2019d, as soon as I Shou\u2019d know this to be the case, to embark for\n            America; but the Season being so far advanced I Shall put off the voyage untill Spring,\n            and hope to have the Satisfaction of taking your commands personnally before I go.\n          Mr. Carmichael Communicated to me the\n            whole of the letters which Mr. Lamb has written to him from\n            the time of his first leaving Madrid, and on the perusal it Struck me that an interview\n            with him might be attended with some desireable consequences, especially as he had on\n            account of his health declin\u2019d Mr. Carmichael\u2019s request of\n            coming to meet me at this place; If I had any doubts of the propriety of this measure\n            they wou\u2019d have been remov\u2019d by Mr. Carmichael\u2019s Opinion,\n            and by the paragraph of a letter written by Mr. Jefferson to\n              Mr. Carmichael the 22d. of\n            August. I need not add that the objects which I have in view are to obtain as distinct\n            an account as possible of what has been done, and of what may be done, and to give Mr. Lamb an opportunity of Settling his account\u2014Tho\u2019 I have a\n            commission from Congress to Settle all their accounts in Europe, perhaps Mr. Lamb may not think that his engagements are included in\n            this general Power, as He may not chuse to communicate with me freely without the\n            permission of the Ministers, And therefore, if Mr. Jefferson\n            approves of it, I wish He wou\u2019d write a letter to Mr. Lamb\n            mentioning to him as a confidential Servant of the Public to whom he may safely trust\n            the particulars of our Situation, and give me such information as He will be sure to\n            have faithfully deliver\u2019d to Congress If I arrive safe in America. Mr. Jefferson will also, if he pleases, point out to Mr. Lamb how convenient the opportunity will be for an\n            adjustment of the accounts, and if there is any ballance to be remitted by Mr. Lamb to Mr. Adams, I will give\n            my best advice as to the mode in which it may be done with the greatest advantage and\n            Security to the Public\u2014\n          If Mr. Jefferson writes to Mr. Lamb on this Subject, He will be so good as to inclose it\n            to me with Such hints and instructions as he Shall judge proper, under cover to Mr. Carmichael\u2014\n          It will be some time before I can Set out on this journey, as I am\n            charged with a letter to the King from the Emperor of Morocco, which by an appointment I\n            am to deliver at the Escurial the 13st. The Count D\u2019Espilly\n            came to Town yesterday and to morrow I expect to See him as it is certainly in his power\n            to give a good deal of information respecting the Barbary States.\u2014Whatever I can collect\n            shall be communicated to you, and I only add that I am clearly of opinion that this\n            journey is not only proper but necessary.\u2014\n          I am with great respect, / Gentn; /\n            Your most obedt. Servant\n              Thos Barclay\n   (Copy)", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0805", "content": "Title: Samuel Osgood to John Adams, 14 Nov. 1786\nFrom: Osgood, Samuel\nTo: Adams, John\n          I have taken the Liberty to enclose to you several Papers relative\n            to some private Business\n           I have to request that you will take the Trouble to examine them,\n            & if the Money can be obtained to receive it in Part of your Salary on Account\n            of the united States; for which I shall be able to obtain Payment here\n          I have written to Robert Barclay (who has the Accounts & a\n            Power of Attorney from Mary Franklin to collect & receive the Money) to advise\n            with you upon the Matter; & if he can obtain the Money to pay it to you.\u2014\n          The whole Amount is \u00a31799. 6.3 in which it included a Sum of \u00a3140.,\n            due to Daniel Bowne\u2014If this can be obtained he requests you will be kind enough to\n            receive it on the Principles before mentioned.\u2014\n          If there should be no Prospect of recovering any Part of it, which\n            however I cannot suppose is the Case, I shall be much obliged to you for favoring me\n            with your Opinion in this Respect; Or if any Thing farther is necessary to be done on my\n            Part to facilitate the Settlement.\u2014\n          The Bearer of this Letter is John Franklin who, altho of the\n            Society of Friends, was so warmly & zealously attached to the American Cause\n            that the British in the Year 1780, took him up & after having confined him a\n            considerable Time sent him out of New York\u2014\n          If he should stand in need of your Advice in any Matters, I beg\n            Leave to recommend him to your friendly Notice.\u2014\n          Upon farther Consideration, I have omitted enclosing the Papers, as\n              Mr. Barclay has them\u2014\n          I am with great Respect / Your Excellency\u2019s / most obedient\n              Samuel Osgood", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0806", "content": "Title: Samuel Osgood to John Adams, 14 Nov. 1786\nFrom: Osgood, Samuel\nTo: Adams, John\n          I have to acknowledge the Rect. of your\n            Favor, which I should have answered sooner, had any Thing within the Compass of my\n            Knowledge occurred, of sufficient Consequence to inform you of.\u2014The present Secretary\n            for foreign Affairs, I have no Doubt, keeps you well informed of all the political\n            Occurances here.\u2014\n          But in a Government, where expedients only keep up its Existence;\n            it is impossible to foresee what sudden & unexpected Changes may take Place\u2014\n          The federal Government seems to be as near a Crisis as it is\n            possible for it to be\u2014The State Governments are weak & Selfish enough; &\n            they will of Course annihilate the first\u2014Their stubborn Dignity will never permit a\n            federal Government to exist\u2014There are however a few Men in every State, who are very\n            seriously impressed with the Idea, that without a proper federal Head, the Individual\n            States must fall a Prey to themselves, or any Power that is disposed to injure them\u2014with\n            this Idea, they are thinking very seriously in what Manner to effect the most easy\n            & natural Change of the present Form of the federal Government, to one more\n            energetic; that will at the same Time create Respect, & secure\n            properly, Life, Liberty & Property\u2014It is therefore not uncommon to hear the\n            Principles of Government started in common Conversation\u2014Emperors, Kings, Stadholders,\n            Governors General, with a Senate, or House of Lords, & House of Commons, are\n            frequently the Topics of Conversation Many are for abolishing all the State Governments,\n            & for establishing some Kind of general Government. but, I beleive very few\n            agree in the general Principle; much less in the Details of such a Government.\n          How to effect a Change is the Difficulty\u2014The Confederation provides\n            that Congress shall make the Alterations, & that they shall be adopted by the\n            several Legislatures\u2014Yet the Idea of a special Convention appointed by the States, to\n            agree upon, & propose such Alterations as may appear necessary, seems to gain\n            Ground\u2014But the Danger is that neither Congress nor a Convention will do the Business\u2014for\n            the Situation of the United States, & of some of the particular States, is such,\n            that an Army must be keept up\u2014And the Probability is at present, that, that Army, will\n            be seriously employed\u2014And in Case of a civil War\u2014The Men of Property will certainly\n            attach themselves very closely to that Army; the final issue of which, it is feared,\n            will be, that the Army will make the Government of the united States.\u2014Many say already,\n            any Change will be for the better\u2014And are ready to Risque any Thing to effect it\u2014The\n            Disturbances in Massachusetts seem most likely to produce some very important Event. It\n            is a little surprising to some, how they come to break out in such a Manner there\u2014It is\n            said that the Insurgents have two Objects in Veiw\u2014One to reduce their State Debt,\n            & those Securities given by the united States to Citizens of that State for\n            their Services, or Monies loand, to their current Value in the Market\u2014the other, to\n            annihilate private Debts.\u2014Perhaps this may be in Part true\u2014And the greater Number may\n            have nothing for them in Veiw but to remedy some supposed Greivances yet as it affords a\n            fine Opportunity for the restless Enemies of this Country to sow Dissentions, we have\n            too much Reason to beleive, that they are not only looking on as Spectators, but that\n            they are industriously employed in disseminating Disaffection to the present Forms of\n            Government\u2014If these Enemies are british, or their old Adherents among us, which seems to\n            be the Case, because they are traced from Hampshire & Berkshire, to Vermont,\n            & from thence to Canada. If they are british, their Object must be something\n            farther than mere Revenge\u2014And that Object can be nothing short of establishing a\n            monarchical Government in this Country, & placing some one of George\u2019s Love on\n            the Throne.\u2014If this Object is worth to the british, from five to ten Millions Sterg. & they can advance the Money\u2014they can &\n            will effect it. Not by Force of Arms, for if they should come out openly against us we\n            should fight again\u2014But be assured, this Country is extremely poor, as well as\n            extravagant\u2014And I have no doubt but ten Millions artfully applied would secure nearly\n            the whole Country.\u2014That the british will, & do cherish all their old Adherents\n            is not to be doubted\u2014And that those Adherents never will be Americans, is a Principle\n            founded in Nature\u2014\n          That the french will not be silent, unoperative Spectators in these\n            Negociations, if they should happen, is most certainly to be expected\u2014They wish to keep\n            us Just where we are; or if a little more insignificant quite as well; they will\n            therefore Veiw without Emotion any civil Commotions that tend to weaken us; But if there\n            should be any Danger of the Scale\u2019s preponderating in favor of any other foreign Power,\n            they will act with their usual Address\u2014\n          The British Party is, & will be great\u2014The french Party\n            also\u2014The genuine Americans few.\u2014The Speculators numerous, who care not what the\n            Government is, so that they can speculate upon & spunge it.\n          Mr. Jay will probably have furnished\n            you with the News Papers of this Country, which will contain much with Respect to the\n            Hostile Disposition of the Indians\u2014That the british instigate them to make Depredations\n            on us, is very natural\u2014But why they are reinforcing Canada, which by the public Papers\n            appears to be the Case, is not so easy to determine.\n          All Things are operating here to bring the Cincinnati into Vogue.\u2014I\n            cannot say, I think they are all for supporting Government; but they are for having\n            Government\u2014\n          The Leader of the Insurgents in Massachusetts is entitled to the\n            Ribbon & Eagle\u2014He left the Army in the Fall of 1780 being then a Captain of good\n            Reputation; his Name is Shays.\u2014A Man without Education\u2014But not without Abilities.\u2014He is\n            privately involved\u2014which may be the Reason why he has adopted such violent Measures\u2014It\n            is generally supposed that he cannot Retreat.\u2014\n          As to the Situation of the Finances of the united States they can\n            scarcely be in a worse Condition\u2014As to making any farther Attempts to discharge any Part\n            of the Principal or Interest of our Foreign Debt it is in vain\u2014The thirteen States do\n            not pay enough to keep the civil List together, which do not require more than one\n            hundred thousand Dollars a Year.\u2014I have enclosed you a Schedule which will give you a\n            full View of the Requisitions of Congress\u2014the Payments & Balances due.\u2014\n          I am Sir / with great Respect / Your most obedient Servant\n              Samuel Osgood", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0807", "content": "Title: Thomas Barclay to the American Peace Commissioners, 15 Nov. 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: American Peace Commissioners,Jefferson, Thomas,Adams, John\n          I came here a few days ago to deliver a Letter from the Emperor of\n            Moracco to the King which I put into the Hands of the Count de Florida Blanca,\n            acknowledging the Sense I had of his Attention & thanking him with great\n            sincerity on the Part he had taken in our business at Moracco, He seemed very much\n            pleased with our Success, and smiling replyed \u201cNow that we have happily finished this\n            Treaty we will see what we can do with others for you\u201d. I am persuaded that this\n            Minister is extreamly well disposed to serve our Country, & I doubt not but this\n            Court will greatly strengthen our endeavors with the Barbary Powers. It is the decided\n            opinion of the Count D\u2019Espilly that nothing ought to be attempted with Algiers at\n            present & that you should begin with the Porte; He proposes setting out for\n            Africa some time hence & promises a continuation of his good Ofices\u2014He remarked\n            that if we could capture one Algerine Cruiser it would greatly facilitate a Treaty. But\n            this mode of negotiating would I think prove more expensive than any other & it\n            ought to be our last Resort. I am informed by a Letter from Mr. Chiappi of Mogadore that a Vessel is arrived there, the Master of which\n            Reports that on his Passage from Lisbon he saw an Algerine Frigate of 40 Guns &\n            four Xebecs & that the people who were on board one of them informed him they\n            were going to cruise on the Coast of America, but I cannot give entire Credit to the\n            Account as the Season of the Year is far advanced, & we have not heard that any\n            of the Algerine Cruisers have passed the Strieghts of Gibralter, within which I hope the\n            portuguese Squadron will keep them this may\n            being all that may be expected from them. Tomorrow I shall return to Madrid\n            & from thence to Alicante from whence I shall give you as clear an Account of\n              Mr. Lambs situation as Circumstances will admit of. I\n            believe there are some Effects belonging to the United States at Corunna worth looking\n            after, it is some Years since in Consequence of a Letter from Mr. Morris I endeavoured to recover them\u2014I shall take all the information I can\n            of their Value & if it appears clearly that they are worth so much Attention I\n            will return to France by that Place, if not, I shall go as soon as possible home by the\n            shortest Rout. I am with Great Respect / Gentlemen / Your most obt. humble sert.\n              Thos Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0808", "content": "Title: Elbridge Gerry to John Adams, 21 Nov. 1786\nFrom: Gerry, Elbridge\nTo: Adams, John\n              My dear Friend\n          I intended by this Conveyance to have sent You a History of the\n            Times, but by various Engagements I am prevented from fulfilling my Wishes\u2014Will You be\n            so obliging as to send by one of your Domestics, the Letter to Mr Quin, & the other to the India House?\u2014two such Enterprizes in one Year\n            as to marry a Wife & purchase a Farm will I hope apologize a little While longer\n            for my Delay in writing to You. I am now seated at Cambridge on the Farm formerly owned\n            by Governor oliver, & hope to have many well relished Dishes of politics with\n            You here, the present Commotion notwithstanding. Mrs Gerry\n            is much obliged to You for so polite a sample of your Gallantry as is contained in Your\n            Letter of Congratulation to me, & cordially joins in best Respects to Mrs Adams yourself, Colo &\n              Mrs Smith\u2014adeiu my dear sir for the present & be\n            assured I am ever yours / sincerely", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0809", "content": "Title: Beriah Norton to John Adams, 27 Nov. 1786\nFrom: Norton, Beriah\nTo: Adams, John\n          With the most respectfull deference purmit me to return your\n            Excellency my most unfained thanks for your kind and generous assistence to my once more\n            injoying that Valuable jual calld, liberty, and at the Same\n            time to assure you that it is out of the power of language to express how much my mind\n            is distresst on apperahending that you Sir have received such representation with\n            respect to my Conduct as has a tendency of lessining my Character in the mind of that\n            man which of all other on earth I wish it to stand fare, no man Can wist to Conduct\n            themselves So as to desarve a fare Character more than my Self, nor no won more hurt in\n            beliaving that any thing either real or supposed has taken place that has a tendency to\n            enger it. I should have waited on you my Self if I thought the present State of my mind\n            Could have supported me with decency to Converce with you, or your most Amiable Lady, I\n            beg Sir that you will Susspend makeing up any opinion of my past Conduct till I may have\n            the honor of Speaking with you in\u2013person. I beg you will let me know by the Bearer when\n            I may have Call on you So as to find you least ingaged in Company &\n            that I may have your advise in Some matters of Consequence\n          I remane your Excely most faithfull\n            & most humr Sert,\n              Beriah Norton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0810", "content": "Title: John Adams to Rufus King, 29 Nov. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: King, Rufus\n              Grosvenor Square\n          The tumultuous Conduct of many People in New England which is\n            mentioned in your obliging Letter of the 3d of October, does\n            not I hope arise from any Competitions for the Government. If the People who wish for\n            Hancock, or those who prefer Bowdoin, those who vote for Sullivan\u2014or such as desire\n            Langden, are Capable of exciting such kinds of Unhappiness\n            Discontent, and Convulsions in order to keep out\u2014or to get in one or Another\n            it will portend a long Course of Unhappiness and never will be remedied by by making one\n            or the other hereditary and that must produce hereditary Senates. But before the Body of\n            the People Should be convinced of the Necessity of this, I Suppose they would go on\n            pulling down the Governor-Senate, and Committing all to a Single House, for this is the\n            Hobby horse of too many of Our People and too many of Our Clergy. According to this\n            Calculation we may have half a Century of Anarchy to End at best in a limited Monarchy\n            with an hereditary nobility\u2014But I trust our People have Understandings to Comprehensive\n            to Suffer the Present Disorders to proceed\u2014\n          Giving the Choice of Captains Lieutenants and Ensigns to the\n            soldiers of the Militia in our Constitution was a Capital Mistake and the overthrow of\n            every democratical Constitution heretofore has been Occationed by some such Little\n            matter that nobody thought of much Importance at first.\n          With much Esteem I am yours &c\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0811", "content": "Title: John Adams to John Jay, 30 Nov. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\n              Grosvenor Square\n          Your Favour of the fourth of october, I have had the Honour to\n            receive, and have dispatched the Resolution inclosed in it to Paris to go from thence to\n            Spain: but I hope Mr Lamb is already on his Passage for\n          The Commotions in New England, will terminate in additional\n            Strength to Government, and therefore they do not allarm me\n          I have lately received from Lord Carmarthen officially\n            the enclosed Treaty between France and England. Congress will be able to form a Judgment\n            of it, with more Accuracy than I can pretend to.\u2014There is no obvious particular in which\n            it can be prejudicial to Us. at first it apeared to be popular here: at present there is\n            Some appearance of opposition.\n          There are no Symptoms of a more favourable Inclination to a Treaty\n            with confederated America, although the Taxes have fallen short very considerably. Mr Pitt will be obliged to propose fresh Taxes and the People\n            will bear them. For in this Country, the People Universally endeavour to\n            reconcile themselves to their inevitable situation, and to encounter their Difficulties\n            with Courage and Constancy. they know that the Interest of their public Debt must be\n            paid, or they must be ruined: for nobody even here is profligate enough even to\n            insinuate that public Faith and Credit is to be trampled under foot or trifled with.\n          It is a Pity that every American could not be transported to Europe\n            for a few Weeks, to take a View of the Taxes paid in France Spain Holland, and England;\n            and see how the People live. it would soon reconcile them to their Situation, and make\n            them ashamed to have ever uttered a Complaint. The just Complaints of the People of real\n            Grievances ought never to be discouraged, and even their imaginary Grievances may be\n            treated with too great severity: But when a Cry is sett up for the Abolition of Debts,\n            equal Division of Property, and the Abolition of senates and Governors it is time for\n            every honest Man to consider his situation. The People at large will be miserable Dupes\n            indeed, if they indulge themselves in Slumbers, which may give scope to a few of the\n            most worthless in society, in point of Morals as well as Property to render their Lives,\n            Liberties, Religion Property and Characters insecure. The Laws alone can Secure any Man\n            his own Body, Estate or Peace of Mind: and if these are Scorn\u2019d in Gods name what is\n            ever to be respected? What is there worth living for?\n          Dr White & Dr Prevost &c are arrived at Falmouth but not yet come\n            to Town: by them We expect more Letters. \n          With great Respect I have the / Honour to be, Sir your most\n            obedient and / most humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0812", "content": "Title: John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 30 Nov. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n              Grosvenor Square\n          By Dr Gibbon a young Gentleman of\n            Philadelphia whom I beg Leave introduce to you, I have the Honour to send you a few more\n            Copies of the Prussian Treaty: and to inclose in this, a Resolution of Congress of\n            september 26. annulling Mr Lambs Commission &\n            Instructions. Mr Jay desires me to transmit it to him, and\n            although I hope Mr Lamb is on his Passage to New York or\n            already arrived there, it is proper to send it along to Mr\n            Charmichael who will be so good as to convey it, if Mr Lamb\n            should not be departed. The favour of transmitting it to him let me ask of you.\n          You ask me in your last Letter my opinion who should be sent to\n            exchange the Treaty with Morocco? I am content that either Mr Barclay or Mr Franks should go, or to leave it to\n              Mr Barclay to go in Person or send Mr Franks as you shall judge best. But I wonder the Treaty has not arrived, to\n          Dont be allarmed at the late Turbulence in New England, The\n            Massachusetts assembly had in its Zeal to get the better of their Debt, laid on a Tax,\n            rather heavier than the People could bear. but all will be well, and this Commotion will\n            terminate in additional Strength to Government.\n          With great and sincere Esteem, I have the / Honour to be, sir your\n            most obedient and / humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0813", "content": "Title: Stephen Badger to John Adams, 30 Nov. 1786\nFrom: Badger, Stephen\nTo: Adams, John\n          Although I have not been wholly unknown to you and it is possible\n            that upon recollection you may have some remembrance of me, and notwithstanding your\n            known friendship for the clergy of your native country and your disposition to afford\n            any assistance in your power to those who may stand in need of it yet considering your\n            public character, the high office you sustain and the magnitude and importance of those\n            national objects which call for and in a great measure engross your attention, I should\n            not have presumed to address your excellency in this manner on some comparatively little\n            matters relating to myself & to my decent & comfortable subsistence\n            during the remaining part of my journey through life, if it had not been proposed to me\n            by Mr. Storer who is my\n            worthy friend as well as yours and who by being\n            treasurer of Harvard University and one of the commissioners of the New\n            England company in London for the propagation of the gospel in N. England &\n            parts adjacent in America & who I know has corresponded with you since your\n            residence in Europe\u2014I shall therefore without any further introduction and as briefly as\n            possible give you a representation of my case & circumstances which occasion my\n            giving you the trouble of this letter and also let you know what are my wishes in\n            consequence of it & what assistance I have to request of you Sir, so far as it\n            may be in your power to help me\u2014In 1753 I gave up certain prospects which it was well\n            known were far from being unfavorable and upon the votes of the commissioners in Boston\n            and upon the Faith of their constituents who are the governor & company in\n            London for the propagation of the gospel &c, consented to settle in this place\n            as a christian minister, said commissioners being authorized by the express terms of\n            their commission \u201con the behalf of the said company & their Successors to treat\n            contract & agree with such ministers &c for such salaries wages\n            allowances & recompences made given & paid or to be from time to time\n            made given & paid to them & every of them for their labour pains\n            & industry taken or to be taken by them & every of them in the duties\n            & employments aforesaid &c & to content pay & satisfy\n            all such contracts bargains & agreements & all salaries wages &\n            allowances to such ministers &c as they shall so contract & agree with\n            &c out of such mony &c as shall from time to time be sent consigned\n            remitted or made over to unto the said commissrs.\n            or any three of them out of England or any other the dominion of our now gracious\n            sovereign King George the second his heirs & successors by the said company\n            & their their successors unto New England aforesaid or any the parts adjacent in\n            America aforesaid & also to do perform & execute all & every\n            other act & acts matter & things whatsoever which shall or may any way\n            tend or conduce to the promoting of the gospel of Christ unto and among said heathen\n            natives\u201d &c\u2014In consequence of such delegated powers said commissrs. entred into a contract with me to pay me \u00a325. Sterlg Pr Ann. upon my Settling\n            & during my continuance in the ministry in this place, which Sum I regularly\n              recd. as it became due before the American war and after\n            its commencement, though less regularly until 1780, since which nothing has been\n            transmitted to me, and we have lately had intelligence that in the month of June last\n            the company by a large majority of Votes Resolved to transfer their correspondence to\n            New Brunswick which some of the missionaries are informed of by Letter from the\n            company\u2019s secretary William Lane Esqr and that the grants that have been made to them\n            since May 1779 (at which time there was a Resolve passed by the company \u201cthat they would\n            pay no more draughts until peace order & good government were restored\u201d which\n            resolve they are told \u201chad been confirmed by several subsequent courts)\" were made from\n            motives of bounty & compassion & that they did consider themselves as\n            any longer bound in point of debt to any of their missionaries, but that nevertheless\n            since that time from the same motives, of bounty & compassion they ordered one\n            of them several sums and that at their last genl. court from\n            the same motives ordered him (whose letter from Mr. Lane\n            this is extracted from) a certain sum which he is told he is to consider as a final\n            dissmission & after which he is never to expect any thing more from them\u201d\u2014As it\n            appears by a letter from the honble. Richard Jackson Esqr to Isaac Smith Esqr dated 24th\n            June last & lately recd. \u201cthat the question relating\n            to the removal of their board of Commissrs. had for a long\n            time been agitated in the company,\u201d & as every arrival for several years past\n            led me to apprehend & even to conclude that the company were at the eve of\n            decision relating thereto, I did not make any kind of application on my own account,\n            supposing it would be too late to have any effect, & supposing that the\n            missionaries would be equally considered according to their respective stipends when the\n            company should come to determination, but to my great mortification, I am totally\n            disappointed, there being no account of any orders to the company, treasurer A. Champion\n              Esqr. to pay any Sum to me although it could not but have\n            been known that I had a place in the list of their missionaries and stand in as much\n            need of being considered as any of them if not in more as I have continued in the\n            service to the present time, not having conceived myself at liberty to quit it, in full\n            expectation that my annual stipend would be transmitted to me in some way or other,\n            & therefore have waited with patience & in silence for it. But I am now\n            sensible that it was highly proper that I should have held up myself to their Veiw\n            & remembrance and that I should have continued to do so either by letter or\n            petition or both\u2014and this is what I have now undertaken & have wrote to the\n            governor Richard Jackson Esqr to Alexander Champion, Joseph Pace & Matthew\n            Towgood Esqrs who are members of said Society with some of\n            whom or with any other members that you shall have knowledge of, I shall be greatly\n            obliged if you will confer on the subject of this letter\u2014I have also addressed a\n            petition representing to the company my regular introduction to the\n            ministerial office to qualify myself for which more than one third part of the common\n            period of human life had been taken up\u2014my being actually employed in the service of the\n            company by their commissioners as missionary to the indians here the greatest &\n            best part of my life\u2014my advanced age, being more than three score years old\u2014the ill\n            state of my health occasioned by the gravel the paroxisms of which have been greatly\n            distressing to me\u2014a great deal of sickness in my family\u2014the destruction of my patrimony\n            by the burning of Charlestown (my native place) by the brittish troops in 1775, which\n            with unpaid rents & other debts to the amount of several hundred pounds are all\n            irrecoverably lost\u2014the impracticability of plucking myself up by the roots &\n            transplanting myself elswhere at my time of life together with the failure of all my\n            usual means of subsistence & praying for the extension of their bounty &\n            compassion (to adopt their own language for the present & to answer the\n            intention of my petition) & concluding with expressing my hopes that they would\n            not turn me over to the cold charity of the world after having spent so large a part\n              of my life & that the best of my life in their service\n            &c\u2014After my letters & petition were put into the post office, a\n            gentleman lately from England gave intimations to several gentlemen in Boston that my\n            character laboured with some of the members of the Society upon a report that I had\n            instigated & encouraged the indians under my care to engage in the american\n            military Service in opposing the measures of that were then taking by the\n            brittish government against the now american States\u2014to remove wh. calumny I have\n            procured & sent a testimonial signed by the president & profssors of\n            Harvard University & by Isaac Smith Ebenezer Storer, Thomas Russell &\n            Moses Gill Esqrs all of whom are well known to you, &  which I doubt\n            not will remove any unfavourable impressions with respect to that particular part of my\n            conduct\u2014to which testimonial Mr William Burgess who is a\n            member of the Society & was in Boston a few weeks ago kindly offered to add\n            & did actually add a certificate in my favour\u2014The Governor of the company in a\n            private letter to Isaac Smith Esqr, after mentioning their resolve in June last to\n            transfer their correspondence, informs him that \u201cthis measure had been founded on the\n            opinion of two iminent lawyers who thought that though natives of the United\n            american States, born before the treaty of peace are individually capable of inheriting\n            or purchasing & enjoying Lands within the Kingdom of Great Brittain, yet the\n            rents of a real estate are not applicable to public purposes to foreign States\u2014That his opinion as a lawyer differed from that of those\n            Gentlemen though not altogether without doubt on a subject that was quite new; but that\n            he was as well as Mr. Brand Hollis Mr. Towgood and two or three more strongly averse to the making any change until\n            the decision of a proper court of Justice had determined the question\u2014But that though\n            the opinion of the two gentlemen consulted was not positive the question was carried\n            against them by a large majority\u2014that he had used his utmost endeavours in favour of the\n            missionaries & had obtained such orders for payment as they had been able\n            & which he hoped would remove their distresses:\u2014But unhappily for me, I cannot\n            find out that any grants have been made to me\u2014I have therefore to request your\n            Intercession influence & good offices in my behalf if you\n              can possibly spare your time & mind from application to public\n            & more important matters, and if considering your public character there will\n            not be an impropriety in it\u2014Query Are the indians Subjects of the united\n              States american States? Are they not rather to be considered merely as\n            natives & inhabitants of the american continent not subject to the\n            jurisdiction of the descendants of any Europeans? And though I have recd. a consideration from the company by their Commissr., yet was it not ultimately for the benefit of the indian\n            natives, & not on my own Acct. as I have been paid\n            only for my Services performed to them\u2014upon a review of what I have wrote I am ashamed\n            of the length of it\u2014it greatly exceeds what I expected\u2014hope it will obtain an easy\n            pardon from you, & that it will give you a clear View of what is of no small\n            importance to me in my advanced age & infirm State of health and that you will\n            give me leave to assure myself of being indebted to you for your attention &\n            efforts in my behalf which as soon as known shall be gratefully acknowledged by / Yr Excellency\u2019s most obedt.\n            & / most humble Servt.\n              Stepn: Badger", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0815", "content": "Title: Mercy Otis Warren to John Adams, Dec. 1786\nFrom: Warren, Mercy Otis\nTo: Adams, John\n          You Sir, have been so long absent from your native Country that you\n            can scarecely realize its present situation; nor shall I attempt to give you an exact\n            portrait thereof. Yet I will observe the imbecillity of human nature, is here exhibited\n            in as strong a light at this period, as perhaps may be found in any page of history.\n          Emancipated from a foreign yoke, the blessings of peace just\n            restored upon honourable terms, with the liberty of forming our own governments, framing\n            our own laws, choosing our own magistrates, and adopting manners the most favourable to\n            freedom and happiness, yet sorry I am to say I fear we have not virtue sufficient to\n            avail ourselves of these superior advantages.\n          The glorious fabric which you and your compeers with so much labour\n            and assiduity have successfully reared, may totter to the foundation before the civil\n            feuds that have justly alarmed the Continent, and more particularly the Massachusetts\n            are entirely quelled:\n          In this Country, lately armed for opposition to regal despotism,\n            there seems to be on the one side a boldness of spirit that sets at defiance all\n            authority, governments and order, and on the other, not a secret wish only, but an open\n            avowal of a necessity for drawing the reins of power much too tight for republicanism,\n              or even for a wise and limited Monarchy. Perhaps America is in the\n            predicament of an adventurous youth, who has disengaged himself from parental authority,\n            before the period of maturity that might have taught him to make a proper use of his\n            freedom. You have a friend here who equally criminates the conduct of both parties.\n          The causes of the late western commotions may be easily\n            investigated, but the consequences must be left to the hand of time. The Cincinnati who\n            have been waiting a favourable tide to waft them on to the strong fortress of nobility,\n            are manifestly elated by the present prospect. A large body of wealthy citizens are\n            flattering themselves, that a strong aristocratic power is fast forming and connecting\n            through this country, while the younger classes, more especially the professional\n            characters, are crying loud for Monarchy and a standing army to support it.\n          Time will make curious disclosures, and you Sir, may be astonished\n            to find the incendiaries who have fomented the discontents among the miserable\n            insurgents of the Massachusetts, in a class of men least suspected. These in order to\n            skreen their own guilt, have secretly fabricated a vague report, and caused the\n            malignant rumour to light for a moment on one of the most decided friends to the\n            constitution, and to his country: a gentleman whose services have been distinguished,\n            whose patriotism is unshaken, and his virtues unconquerable. His fortune has been\n            diminished, himself and his family have personally and severely suffered in the public\n            cause: he is now persecuted by the spirit of party, and too much neglected by some who\n            ought from particular obligations to continue his friends. But he bears the reverse of popularity, and the misfortunes of life,\n            with the dignity of conscious rectitude, and that philosophic calmness which is never\n            the companion of insurgency, anarchy, or fraud. \n          I have always thought epithets of this kind, when applied to such a\n            character, too ridiculous for serious refutation: but to my surprize have lately found, that by a strange combination of\n              parties, invidious to each other, and who have\n            only united to depress a man of too much sincerity, uniformity, and independency of\n            spirit, to subserve their designs, they have been so successful as in a few instances to\n            injure Mr Warren in the opinion of some he highly\n          The philosophical observers of human conduct, I believe are pretty generally convinced that it\n            is not worth while for a wise man to\n            make very great sacrifices for political liberty; and it is my opinion that from their\n            wanton abuse of their best friends, and the manner in which they trifle with the prize,\n            the people of America least of all deserve to enjoy it.\n          But in all ages, mankind are governed, less by reason than opinion,\n            the caprice of the day, or the impulse\n            of a moment will blow them about as with a whirlwind, and bear them down the current of\n            folly, until awakened by their misery. Virtue in the sublimest sense has an influence\n            only on a chosen few\u2014and in their breasts it often finds its own reward.\n          Yet, perhaps after all America may emerge from its present\n            cloud,\u2014and a more favourable termination of the embarrassments that lie in the way of\n            her honour and her freedom may take place, than we have reasons to apprehend from\n            present appearance. In this hope I\n            leave the field of politics, convinced that human happiness depends on too many\n            contingencies, to suffer us to forget our weakness, and our entire dependence on a Being\n            who holds the scale of Empire and of justice.\n          Dependence is a word not very pleasing to an American ear: but\n            though we have broken the yoke of Britain, and defied the potentates of the earth, we\n            cannot expunge it from our vocabulary. What language is this to a man of the world,\n            claiming independence to his nation: to a minister of state immersed in the deep systems\n            of political refinement\u2014negotiating with nations improved by arts, erudition, and\n            experience: standing on the zenith of reputation, amidst the splendor of greatness, the\n            glare of pomp, and mounted to the pinnacle of ambition!\n          But when I address the Ambassador, I do not forget that I am\n            writing to the philosopher, who is sensible of the precarious basis of national or\n            personal greatness; who knows that one may again become dependent by causes unseen\u2014and the other, obscure from fickleness of his fellow\n            men. I think he has philosophy enough to contrast the rational simplicity and the quiet\n            delights of his own little Villa at the foot of Penn\u2019s Hill, with the briliancy of the\n            birth night or the parade of office, and find the latter sink in the comparison when\n            tried by the feelings of reason, and not by the rivalry of pride.\n          Adieu, says your respectful friend", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0816", "content": "Title: John Adams to Francois Adrian van der Kemp, 1 Dec. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Van der Kemp, Francis Adrian\n              Grosvenor Square\n          I have received your Letter, and am much concerned to perceive your\n            Apprehensions that Affairs might take an unfavourable Turn. The Questions you do me the\n            Honour to propose to me, are very difficult to Answer. I have ever been Scrupulous of\n            advising Strangers to emigrate to America. There are difficulties to be encountered in\n            every Exchange of Country. Arising from the Climate Soil, Air, manner of Living\n            &c, and Accidents may always happen.\n          With the Sum of Money You mention, a Man and a Family may live in\n            America: but it must be in a frugal manner\u2014With a Taste for Rural Life, by the Purchase\n            of a Farm, and diligent Attention to it, a Man might live very comfortably. You may have\n            Views of Commerce, or other occupations, which may improve the Prospect.\n          If a Number of Friendly Families were to remove together, they\n            would mutually assist each other and make the risk less as well as Life more\n          If you determine to go, I will give you Letters of Introduction\n            with Pleasure, being with / Sincere Esteem and Regard, your Friend / and humble", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0817", "content": "Title: John Adams to Wilhem & Jan Willink and Nicholas & Jacob van Staphorst, 1 Dec. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Van Staphorst, Jacob,Van Staphorst, Nicholas,Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan\n              Grosvenor square\n          I do myself the honour to inclose a Letter to you from the Board of\n            Treasury, which I hope contains an answr. to the Question\n            you put to me in your last Letter\u2014\n          But if it unfortunately should not resolve that difficulty, you\n            must determine it according to your own Judgement, for the best Interest and Honour of\n            the United States\u2014I agree with you in opinion\u2014, that it will be best to pay the\n            Gratifications in Cash, and upon the whole taking all things into consideration, my\n            advice is to do it,\u2014with much esteem &c &c &c", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0818", "content": "Title: John Adams to Wilhem Willink, 1 Dec. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Willink, Wilhem\n              Grosvenor square\n          I am much obliged to you for the information of my little peice of\n            good fortune\u2014I should be much obliged to you, if you would purchase me an Obligation to\n            the Amount of it, and send it me, by some safe hand at your Leisure,\u2014Be pleased to\n            present my best Respects to your Lady, and to your Brother, & his Lady, Mrs. Adams & the rest of my family desire to join with\n            me in expressing their Regards,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0820", "content": "Title: Thomas Barclay to John Adams, 4 Dec. 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n          I wrote you this Day by a Courier going to Paris Inclosing You\n            Copys of some letters written to You and Mr. Jefferson, and\n            advising My Draught on You at Ten Days sight for Four hundred Pounds Sterling in Favor\n            of Mess: Drouilheit and Company, which Please to honor and place to Account of the\n            United states\u2014\n          I am Sir / Your Most Obed / Servant.\n              Thos Barclay\n            The Bill is of this Date", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0822", "content": "Title: the Marquis of Carmarthen to John Adams, 11 Dec. 1786\nFrom: Carmarthen, the Marquis of\nTo: Adams, John\n          You will be pleased to recollect that, in the Month of May 1783,\n              Mr. Hartley communicated to you, and the other\n            Plenipotentiaries then residing at Paris, pursuant to the Instructions he had received,\n            a Memorial from the Merchants trading to South Carolina and Georgia, representing their\n            just Claims to an Indemnification for Debts due to them from the Creek and Cherokee\n            Indians, for the Payment of which a Tract of Land on the Western Frontier of Georgia had\n            been ceded to His Majesty in the Year 1773. I must also desire to recal to Your\n            Recollection, that upon this Representation being made by Mr. Hartley, the American Plenipotentiaries, though they did not think themselves\n            authorized to take Cognizance of the Affair, admitted the Justice of the Claim, and\n            assured Mr. Hartley that they would transmit it to\n          As Mr. Hartley, previous to the\n            Conclusion of his Mission, received no Answer upon this Subject, I am under the\n            Necessity of requesting You will inform me whether You are yet acquainted with the\n            Determination of Congress relative to this Claim; and if not, that You will have the\n            Goodness to take an early Opportunity of again representing the Case of these Sufferers,\n            as highly deserving the Consideration of the United States, from whose Principles of\n            Equity and Justice I cannot but hope the Memorialists will obtain all due Relief.\n          I am, with great Truth and Regard, / Sir, / Your most obedient /\n            humble Servant.\n              Carmarthen.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0823", "content": "Title: Wilhem & Jan Willink and Nicolaas & Jacob van Staphorst to John Adams, 12 Dec. 1786\nFrom: Van Staphorst, Jacob,Van Staphorst, Nicholas,Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan\nTo: Adams, John\n          We are honored by your Excellency\u2019s respected Favor of 1 Inst. with an Enclosure from the Board of Treasury of the\n            United-States, whereof we transmit a Copy for Your Excellency\u2019s Perusal and\n            Government.\n          In directing the Payment of the Premiums \u019260,000.\u2014to be effected in\n            new Bonds, the Commissioners appear to have been apprehensive, they should not be able\n            to provide timely for the February Interest. The State of their Cash with us at that\n            Period, will depend upon the further Disposals your Excellency may make of the 80,000\n            Dollars, to be holden for forming Treaties with the Barbary Powers; Of which Sum there\n            still remains undrawn about \u0192120,000.\u2014We request Your Excellency to inform us, whether\n            this Amount will be fully employed for the Purpose intended and the Probability when it\n            must be paid. If the whole should not be required for this specific Object, We would\n            with Your Excellency\u2019s Approbation, appropriate Part thereof to the Payment in Specie of\n            the \u019260,000\u2014 Premiums; being fully convinced such a measure would have the most\n            beneficial Consequences upon the public Credit of America, and would operate very\n            favorably upon any further Loans, Congress might be disposed to raise in this\n          We entreat Your Excellency\u2019s Reply by return of the Mail, and have\n            the Honor to subscribe ourselves very respectfully / Your Excellency\u2019s / Most Obedient\n            and very / humble Servants\n              Wilhem & Jan Willink", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0825", "content": "Title: John Jeffries to John Adams, 15 Dec. 1786\nFrom: Jeffries, John\nTo: Adams, John\n              May it please your Excellency\n              London Margt St Cavend Square\n          Encouraged by the high opinion I entertain of your personal\n            character, and persuaded, that in the important publick one, which you now hold, you you\n            will be actuated as much for the justice & honour, as you are by your wishes to\n            promote any of her interests of America in general\n          Permit me Sir, to address you in that honourable publick character,\n            & claim your Excellency\u2019s attention to the following facts, in which I am myself\n            much interested & in which I conceive both the justice & honour of that\n            particular state which was honoured by your birth; & which you have on so many\n            important trusts represented & interested yourself in, are more peculiarly\n            concerned, suffe me likewise to assure your Excellency, that having been honored by my\n            birth, education & many years residence in the capital of the same State, I feel\n            myself really interested in the rising honour & future welfare of it, I wish as\n            far as may be within my humble walk of life, to promote its happiness, & more\n            especially to avoid being the medium of its imputed violation of justice &\n            breech of publick faith & honor\n          The late Province, now State of Massachusetts are indebted to me\n            for acknowledge professional services as Physician &c to the Provincial poor in\n          The numerous orders, vouchers & accounts which compose that\n            debt, have been all examined, approved & reduced into three general Accounts, to\n            that an acct which have been likewise approved & certified by the signatures of\n            the then proper persons authorised to take cognizance, & approve &\n            certify them accordingly\n          I sent authenticated & attested copies of those three\n            general accounts to Boston, & have for several years before the conclusion of\n            the late unhappy war in America & more especially since the ratification of\n            peace, been continually soliciting by my Attorney & Agent, payment of this\n          After several years delays & referring it from time to\n            time, I have been lately informed by my Attorney that my demands had been referred to a\n            committee of the General Assembly at Boston, who had determined that I should be allowed\n            \u00a3150, as full payment of my demand, & that I should receive it in notes valued\n            about 37 or 38\u00a3 & that I was to receive this as full satisfaction of my\n            day\u2014and\u2014This I cannot consent to accept, I cannot but think the loss of the\n            interest of the whole debt, for the 12 years it has now been acknowledgly due as much if\n            not more than in justice to myself & Children I ought to consent to, or they can\n            in honour expect from me\u2014however that I am willing to submit to their consideration I\n            had in the course of my discharging the duties of my office been obliged to Advance and\n            pay upwards of \u00a390 Sterlg for Meds needed for the publick use.\n          I presented my Accounts for payment or a refusal with the causes\n            assigned & certified\u2014not for examination, as that had already been done at the\n            proper time, & by the persons solely qualified & Authorised to do\n          The Gent who have since taken up that business as examiners were\n            not, nor could be in possession excepting the copies of the three general Accounts,\n            above mentioned, (which had been already examined, approbated, & certified as\n            such) of a single paper, or voucher necessary to give them information & to form\n            their judgments\n          I have in my possession the three original general Accounts,\n            approbated, & the vouchers & authorities from which they were formed\n            & by which they were approbated, all which are subject to your Excellency\u2019s\n            inspection if you should judge fit.\n          I would also crave leave to inform your Excellency, of another\n            circumstance respecting those Accounts, which although it should not be considered as a\n            legal obligation, yet I cannot but think it a strong & unequivocal claim upon\n            the honour of those concerned in it\n          At the period when the first of my Accounts, became due, the new\n            arrangements in the political & civil government were just introduced &\n            taking place in that Province\u2014as it was not designed to acknowledge the validity of the\n            change by any deliberate act which implied it, and as my Accounts must, after they were\n            approbated, have been presented to the Governor & Council for their warrant for\n            payment, they at that time (altho examined & approbated) were for that reason\n            suspended from being certified, & where eventually they were officially\n            approbated & certified, it was with a stipulated enjunction, that I shoud not\n            present them to the Govr & the Mandamus Council for\n            payment, as that act would be considered as impliedly acknowledging their power in that\n            appointment, to this injunction, although I at that time greatly needed the payment; I\n            assented, & although, after that I was not only offered, but urged by the\n            Secretary of the Province, to present them, with assurances that the Governor &\n            Council would immediately order payment, I involiably kept my engagements made to the\n            Gent. who had passed, approbated, and certified my Accounts, that I would not offer\n            them, or suffer them to be acted on by the Mandamus Council, without their consent\n          As it is wholly owing to this enjunction imposed on me, &\n            my faithful observance of it, that I have been now so many years kept out of this debt,\n            I am now obliged to solicit it, I cannot but think it, considering my conduct in the\n            affair, a very undeserved hardship, in addition to the original injustice of it\n          I would now respectfully crave your Excellencys opinion, advice\n            & assistance in the business, & cannot but ardently wish you to believe,\n            that at the same time that I acknowledge myself induced to to it by motives of private\n            interest, I likewise feel myself interested in the future honour of that\n            State But (illegible), of which I was once a happy member, and\n            that I earnestly wish to avoid being obliged to detail the circumstances of this\n            business, to the honourable the Commissioners of Claims of the American Loyalists,\n            before whom I expect shortly to be sumoned, & thereby, however reluctantly,\n            furnish them any information of facts which might operate, or even be construed to the\n            prejudice of the justice or honour of America in general, & state of\n            Massachusetts in particular.\n          Permit me to add that I have urgent & important need of\n            speedy payment, but that notwithstanding such urgency, I would cheerfully adjust\n            & assent to such mode of payment, as may be most for the convenience &\n            honour of those concerned in it. I have the honour to be with great respect for your\n            Excellency\u2019s important publick character, & repeated obligations to your private\n          Your Excellency\u2019s / much obliged / & most obedient humble", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0827", "content": "Title: John Adams to Wilhem & Jan Willink and Nicolaas & Jacob van Staphorst, 18 Dec. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Van Staphorst, Jacob,Van Staphorst, Nicholas,Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan\n              Grosvr. square\n          I have this moment the honor of your Letter the 12th. of Decr. I am not able to say\n            what orders Congress may give about the farther disposition of the remaining part of the\n            80.000 Dollars but I am of your opinion that the Treasury board directed the payment of\n            the premiums in new Bonds from an apprehension they should not be able to provide timely\n            for the february interest, I know of no probabilty of a further draught for the purpose\n            of treating with the Barbary Powers. to any considerable ammount before next spring and\n            therefore I must venture to approve of your proposal to appropriate, a part of it to the\n            payment of the premiums, being fully of your opinion, that such a measure will have a\n            benificial Consequences on the Credit of America", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0828", "content": "Title: Thomas Pownall to John Adams, 18 Dec. 1786\nFrom: Pownall, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n          I have often wished, since I came here into the Country, to fancy I\n            could find a time when I might suppose you at leisure & Liberty having a few\n            daies that you might pass in the Country. Christmass is a kind of Saturnalia when, for a\n            week or ten daies, nothing but eating drinking & gambolling about is done in\n            London I wish to seize this interval to claim a kind of promise You made me to come\n            & pass a few daies with me & Mrs Pownall in\n            our Country Retirement. & I will venture to ask the favor of You & Mrs Adams & Miss to do us the honor of coming this\n            Christmass to us at Everton. We are but 49 miles from London, & about seven\n            hours post\u2014You can come between an early breakfast & dinner. In return for the\n            pleasure You will do us we will endeavour to make the Christmass as pleasant to You as\n            our house & neighbourhood will afford.\n          The Earl of Scarb\u2019rough, nephew to the late Sr George Saville, has been here with me & leaves me today: &\n            hearing me say I wished his frank to You, desires me to give him my Letter, that by\n            carrying it to You himself he might, without the Ceremony of a formal\n            presentation, take an occassion of makng himself known to you & of knowing\n          I will hope a favorable Answer & am Dr Sir / Yr most Obede /\n            & most humble / Sert\n            My address is Govr Pownall Everton\n              House near Biggleswade", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0829", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 20 Dec. 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n          Colo. Franks will have the honor of\n            delivering you the treaty with the emperor of Marocco, & all it\u2019s appendages.\n            you will perceive by mr[expansion sign] Barclay\u2019s letters that it is not necessary that\n            any body should go back to Marocco to exchange ratifications. he sais however that it\n            will be necessary that Fennish receive some testimony that we approve the treaty; and\n            as, by the acts of Congress, our signature is necessary to give validity to it, I have\n            had duplicates of ratification prepared, which I have signed, & now send you. if\n            you approve & sign them send one back to me to be forwarded to Fennish thro\u2019\n            mr[expansion sign] Carmichael. perhaps a joint letter should be written to Fennish; if\n            you think so, be so good as to write & sign one & send it with the\n            ratification & I will sign & forward it. the other ratification is to go\n            to Congress. Colo. Franks wishes to proceed with the papers\n            to that body. he should do it I think immediately, as mr[expansion sign] Jay in a letter\n            to me of Oct. 26. says that Congress have heard thro\u2019 the French Charg\u00e9 des affaires\n            that the treaty was signed, & they wonder they have not heard it from us.\n          I inclose you a copy of a letter from mr[expansion sign] Lamb: by\n            which you will perceive he does not propose to quit Alicant. I will forward the\n            resolution of Congress to mr[expansion sign] Carmichael which was inclosed of yours\n              of Nov. 30. to see if that will move him. as the turn of this resolution admits\n            a construction that Congress may think our original appointment of him censurable, I\n            have, as in justice I ought, in a letter to mr[expansion sign] Jay, taken on myself the\n            blame of having proposed him to you, if any blame were due. I have inclosed him a copy\n            of my letter to you of Sep. 24. 1785. mr[expansion sign] Barclay has proposed to go to\n            Alicant to settle Lamb\u2019s accounts, & has asked to be strengthened with our\n            authority. if Lamb will obey the resolve of Congress it will be better to let him go\n            & settle his account there. but if he will not go back, perhaps it might not be\n            amiss for mr[expansion sign] Barclay to have instructions from us to require a\n            settlement, those instructions to be used in that case only. if you think so, be so good\n            as to write a joint letter & sent it to me. but this, if done at all, should be\n            done immediately. how much money has Lamb drawn?\u2014I have suggested to mr[expansion sign]\n            Jay the expediency of putting the Barbary business into Carmichael\u2019s hands, or sending\n            some body from America, in consideration of our separate residence & our\n            distance from the scene of negociation.\n          I had seen, without alarm, accounts of the disturbances in the\n            East. but mr[expansion sign] Jay\u2019s letter on the subject had really affected me. however\n            yours sets me to rights. I can never fear that things will go far wrong where common\n            sense has fair play. I but just begin to use my pen a little with my right hand, but\n            with pain. recommending myself therefore to the friendship of mrs[expansion sign] Adams\n            I must conclude here with assurances of the sincere esteem of Dr Sir your friend and servant\n              Th: Jefferson\n            Should a mr[expansion sign] Maury of Virginia, but now a merchant\n              of Liverpool, present himself to you, I recommend him to your notice as my old\n              schoolfellow, and a man of the most solid integrity.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0830", "content": "Title: John Adams to William Stephens Smith, 21 Dec. 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Smith, William Stephens\n              Grosvenor-square,\n          According to Mr. Turgot\u2019s idea of a perfect commonwealth, a single\n            assembly is to be possessed of all authority, legislative, executive, and judicial. It\n            will be a proper conclusion of all our speculations upon this, the most interesting\n            subject which can employ the thoughts of men, to consider in what manner such an\n            assembly will conduct its deliberations, and exert its power. The executive power is\n            properly the government; the laws are a dead letter until an administration begins to\n            carry them into execution. Let us begin then with this. If there is an army to raise,\n            this single assembly is to appoint all its officers. The man of the most ample fortune,\n            the most honourable descent, the greatest abilities, especially if there is any one\n            among them who has had experience, rendered important services, and acquired fame in\n            war, will be chosen general. This event is a great point gained by the aristocracy; and\n            a great advance towards the selection of one, in case of convulsions and confusions, for\n            monarchy. The general has vast influence, of course, with the whole nation, and\n            especially with the officers of his army; whose articles of war, and whose habits, both\n            of obedience and command, establish a system of subordination of which he is the center,\n            and produce an attachment that never wears out. The general, even without being sensible\n            of it, will naturally fall in with the views of the aristocratical body, in promoting\n            men of family, property, and abilities; and indeed, in general, it will be his duty to\n            do this, as such are undoubtedly, in general, the fittest for the service: his whole\n            corps of officers will grow habitually to respect such only, or at least chiefly; and it\n            must be added, because experience proves it, and the truth requires it to be mentioned,\n            to entertain some degree of contempt for the rest of the people, as \u201crank and file.\u201d The\n            general\u2019s recommendation will have great weight in the assembly, and will in time be\n            given chiefly, if not wholly, to men who are either of the aristocratical body\n            themselves, or at least recommended by such as are so. All the other officers of the\n            army are to be appointed by this assembly; and we must suppose that all the general\n            officers and field officers will be of patrician families, because each candidate will\n            be unknown to nine-tenths of the assembly. He comes from a part of the state which a\n            vast majority of the members of the assembly do not particularly represent, and are\n            unacquainted with; they must therefore take his character upon trust from his patron in\n            the house, some member who is his neighbour, and who perhaps owes his election to him or\n            his particular friends.\u2014Here is an endless source of debate and delay. When there are\n            two or more candidates for a commission, and there will generally be several, how shall\n            an assembly of five hundred or one hundred men, collected from all the most distant\n            parts of a large state, become informed of the merits and pretensions of each candidate?\n            It can only be done in public or in private. If in public, it exposes the characters of\n            the candidates to a public discussion, which few men can bear; it consumes time without\n            end; and it will frequently happen, that the time of the whole assembly shall be wasted,\n            and all the public affairs delayed, for days and weeks, in deliberating and debating,\n            affirming and denying, contradicting and proving, in the appointment of a single\n            officer; and, after all, he who has friends of the most influence in the house, who will\n            be generally of the aristocratical complexion, will be preferred. It is moderate to say\n            that the loss of time and delay of business will be a greater burthen to the state than\n            the whole support of a governor and council. If there is a navy, the same process must\n            be gone through respecting admirals, captains, and all other officers. All the officers\n            of revenue, police, justice, must be appointed in the same way. Ambassadors, consuls,\n            agents to foreign countries, must be appointed too by vote of assembly.\u2014This branch of\n            business alone would fill up the whole year, and be more than could be done. An assembly\n            must be informed before it can act. The understanding and conscience of every member\n            should be clearly satisfied before he can vote. Information is to be had only by debate,\n            and examination of evidence. Any man may see that this must be attended with difficulty;\n            but no man, who has not seen the inside of such an assembly, can conceive the confusion,\n            uncertainty, and procrastination of such proceedings. The American provincial congresses\n            had experience enough of this; and gentlemen were more convinced by what they there saw,\n            heard, and felt, of the necessity of three branches, than they would have been by\n            reasoning or reading; it was generally agreed, that the appointment of officers by lot\n            would have been a more rational method.\u2014But this is not all: the army, the navy,\n            revenue, excise, customs, police, justice, and all foreign ministers, must be gentlemen,\n            that is to say, friends and connections of the rich, well-born and well-educated members\n            of the house; or, if they are not, the community will be filled with slander, suspicion,\n            and ridicule against them, as ill-bred, ignorant, and in all respects unqualified for\n            their trusts; and the plebeians themselves will be as ready as any to join in the cry,\n            and run down their characters. In the second place, there never was yet a people who\n            must not have somebody or something to represent the dignity of the state, the majesty\n            of the people, call it what you will\u2014a doge, an avoyer, an archon, a president, a\n            consul, a syndic; this becomes at once an object of ambition and dispute, and, in time,\n            of division, faction, sedition, and rebellion.\u2014The next enquiry is, concerning the\n            administration of justice. Shall every criminal be brought before this assembly and\n            tried? Shall he be there accused before five hundred men? witnesses introduced, counsel\n            heard? This again would take up more than the whole year; and no man, after all, would\n            consider his life, liberty, or property, safe in such a tribunal. These all depend upon\n            the disquisitions of the counsel, the knowledge of the law in the judges, the\n            confrontation of parties and witnesses, the forms of proceedings, by which the facts and\n            the law are fairly stated before the jury for their decision, the rules of evidence, by\n            which the attention of the jury is confined to proper points, and the artifices of\n            parties and counsel avoided. An assembly of five hundred men are totally incapable of\n            this order, as well as knowledge; for, as the vote of the majority must determine, every\n            member must be capable, or all is uncertain: besides, it is the unanimity of the jury\n            that preserves the rights of mankind\u2014must the whole five hundred be unanimous?\u2014Will it\n            be said that the assembly shall appoint committees to try causes? But who are to make\n            these appointments? Will not a few haughty palatines in the assembly have influence\n            enough to determine the election in favour of their friends? and will not this make the\n            judges the tools of a party? If the leaders are divided into parties, will not one\n            prevail at one year, and another the next? and will not this introduce the most wretched\n            of servitudes, an uncertain jurisprudence? Will it be said that the assembly shall\n            appoint committees for the nomination of officers? The same intrigues, and greater\n            struggles, would be introduced for the place of a committee-man; and there would be\n            frequent appeals from those committees to the body that appointed them. Shall the\n            assembly appoint a governor or president, and give him all the executive power? Why\n            should not the people at large appoint him? Giving this power to the assembly will open\n            a wider door to intrigue for the place; and the aristocratical families will be sure,\n            nine times in ten, to carry their choice in this way; and, what is much worse, the first\n            magistrate will be considered as dependent on every obscure member of the house, but in\n            reality he will be dependent only on a dozen or a score, perhaps on two or three, of the\n            whole. He will be liable to daily motions, debates, and votes of censure. Instead of\n            thinking of his duty to the people at large, he will confine his attention chiefly to\n            the assembly, and believe, that if he can satisfy them, or a majority of them, he has\n            done his duty. After all, any of these devices are only changing words; they are, in\n            reality, erecting different orders of men, and aiming at balances, as much as the system\n            which so much displeases Mr. Turgot; they are introducing, in effect, all the\n            inequalities and disputes that he so greatly apprehends, without any of that security to\n            the laws which ought to be the principal object; they render the executive power, which\n            is in truth the government, the instrument of a few grandees. If these are capable of a\n            combination with each other, they will seldom disagree in their opinion, which is the\n            richest man and of the first family; and, as these will be all their enquiries, they\n            will generally carry their election: if they are divided, in constant wrangles with each\n            other, and perpetual attacks upon the president about the discharge of his functions,\n            they will keep the nation anxious and irritated, with controversies which can never be\n            decided nor ended. If they agree, and the plebeians still carry the vote against them,\n            the choice will nevertheless probably fall upon one of their number, who will be\n            disposed to favour them too much; but if it falls upon a plebeian, there commences at\n            once a series of contests between the rich and the poor, which will never end but in the\n            ruin of the popular power and the national liberty\u2014or at least in a revolution and a new\n            constitution. As the executive power, the essence of government, is ever odious to\n            popular envy and jealousy, it will ever be in the power of a few illustrious and wealthy\n            citizens to excite clamours and uneasiness, if not commotions and seditions, against it.\n            Although it is the natural friend of the people, and the only defence which they or\n            their representatives can have against the avarice and ambition of the rich and\n            distinguished citizens, yet such is their thought less simplicity, they are ever ready\n            to believe that the evils they feel are brought upon them by the executive power. How\n            easy is it then for a few artful men, among the aristocratical body, to make a\n            president, thus appointed and supported, unpopular, though he conducts himself with all\n            the integrity and ability which his office requires?\n          But we have not yet considered how the legislative power is to be\n            exercised in this single assembly?\u2014Is there to be a constitution? Who are to compose it?\n            The assembly itself, or a convention called for that purpose? In either case, whatever\n            rules are agreed on for the preservation of the lives, liberties, properties, and\n            characters of the citizens, what is to hinder this assembly from transgressing the\n            bounds which they have prescribed to themselves, or which the convention has ordained\n            for them? The convention has published its code, and is no more. Shall a new convention\n            be called, to determine every question which arises concerning a violation of the\n            constitution? This would require that the convention should sit whenever the assembly\n            sits, and consider and determine every question which is agitated in it. This is the\n            very thing we contend for, viz. that there may be two assemblies; one to divide, and the\n            other to choose. Grant me this, and I am satisfied, provided you will confine both the\n            convention and assembly to legislation, and give the whole executive power to another\n            body. I had almost ventured to propose a third assembly for the executive power; but the\n            unity, the secrecy, the dispatch of one man, has no equal; and the executive power\n            should be watched by all men; the attention of the whole nation should be fixed upon one\n            point, and the blame and censure, as well as the impeachments and vengeance for abuses\n            of this power, should be directed solely to the ministers of one man.\u2014But to pursue our\n            single assembly. The first year, or the first seven years, they may be moderate;\n            especially in dangerous times, and while an exiled royal family, or exiled patricians or\n            nobles, are living, and may return; or while the people\u2019s passions are alive, and their\n            attention awake, from the fresh remembrance of danger and distress: but when these\n            transitory causes pass away, as there is an affection and confidence between the people\n            and their representatives, suppose the latter begin to make distinctions, by making\n            exceptions of themselves in the laws?\u2014They may frank letters; they are exempted from\n            arrests; they can privilege servants\u2014One little distinction after another, in time makes\n            up a large sum. Some few of the people will complain; but the majority, loving their\n            representatives, will acquiesce. Presently they are exempted from taxes. Then their\n            duration is too short; from annual they become biennial, triennial, septennial, for\n            life; and at length, instead of applying to constituents to fill up vacancies, the\n            assembly takes it upon itself, or gives it to their president. In the mean time, wars\n            are conducted by heroes to triumph and conquest, negotiations are carried on with\n            success, commerce flourishes, the nation is prosperous;\u2014the citizens are flattered,\n            vain, proud of their felicity, envied by others: it would be the basest, the most odious\n            ingratitude, at least it would be so represented, to find fault with their rulers. In a\n            word, as long as half a score of capital characters agree, they will gradually form the\n            house and the nation into a system of subordination and dependence to themselves, and\n            govern all at their discretion\u2014a simple aristocracy or oligarchy in effect, though a\n            simple democracy in name: but, as every one of these is emulous of others, and more than\n            one of them is constantly tormented with a desire to be the first, they will soon\n            disagree; and then the house and the nation gradually divides itself into four parties,\n            one of which at least will wish for monarchy, another for aristocracy, a third for\n            democracy, and a fourth for various mixtures of them; and these parties can never come\n            to a decision but by a struggle, or by the sword. There is no remedy for this, but in a\n            convention of deputies from all parts of the state: but an equal convention can hardly\n            be obtained, except in times like those we have lately seen, when the danger could only\n            be warded off by the aid and exertions of the whole body of the people: when no such\n            danger from without shall press, those who are proud of their wealth, blood, or wit,\n            will never give way to fair and equal establishments. All parties will be afraid of\n            calling a convention; but if it must be agreed to, the aristocratical party will push\n            their influence, and obtain elections even into the conventions for themselves and their\n            friends, so as to carry points there, which perhaps they could not have carried in the\n          But shall the people at large elect a governor and council annually\n            to manage the executive power, and a single assembly to have the whole legislative? In\n            this case, the executive power, instead of being independent, will be the instrument of\n            a few leading members of the house; because the executive power, being an object of\n            jealousy and envy to the people, and the legislative an object of their confidence and\n            affection, the latter will always be able to render the former unpopular, and undermine\n            its influence.\u2014 But if the people for a time support an executive disagreeable to the\n            leaders in the legislative, the constitution will be disregarded, and the nation will be\n            divided between the two bodies, and each must at last have an army to decide the\n            question. A constitution consisting of an executive in one single assembly, and a\n            legislative in another, is already composed of two armies in battle array; and nothing\n            is wanting, but the word of command, to begin the combat. \n          In the present state of society and manners in America, with a\n            people living chiefly by agriculture, in small numbers, sprinkled over large tracts of\n            land, they are not subject to those panics and transports, those contagions of madness\n            and folly, which are seen in countries where large numbers live in small places, in\n            daily fear of perishing for want: we know, therefore, that the people can live and\n            increase under almost any kind of government, or without any government at all. But it\n            is of great importance to begin well; misarrangements now made, will have great,\n            extensive, and distant consequences; and we are now employed, how little soever we may\n            think of it, in making establishments which will affect the happiness of an hundred\n            millions of inhabitants at a time, in a period not very distant. All nations, under all\n            governments, must have parties; the great secret is to controul them: there are but two\n            ways, either by a monarchy and standing army, or by a balance in the constitution. Where\n            the people have a voice, and there is no balance, there will be everlasting\n            fluctuations, revolutions, and horrors, until a standing army, with a general at its\n            head, commands the peace, or the necessity of an equilibrium is made appear to all, and\n            is adopted by all.\n          I am, / My dear Sir, / With much esteem and affection, / Yours,\n            Internal address: \u201cWilliam Stephens Smith, Esq.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-01-02-0831", "content": "Title: Henry Billings to John Adams, 30 Dec. 1786\nFrom: Billings, Henry\nTo: Adams, John\n              Honnord Sir\n          I take the liberty of informing you of my Present Situation,\n            & beg your honour\u2019s Assistance & advice, in what manner, I am to proceed\n            as having no friend, or acquaintance, nether here, or yet London.\n          I arrived here the first of october in a schooner from north\n            Carolina, with a fraight of Navil Stoors, I finding there was no fraight offerd for\n            America, till the Spring, the bad State of my health, Obliged me, to lay my Vessel up\n            untill the Spring,, discharged, all my Ships Crew, & took Sick Quarters, at a\n            private house, where I have been Confined to my room ever Since, till with in\n            a few days ago, I never during the time of detention here, have been on board my Vessel,\n            but three times which was to See her, the Ship keeper, who was formerly my mate, but\n            discharged, at the Same time the rest of the Crew. I gave him his Vituals, for keeping\n            the Ship, when the Cargo was discharged, the officers Sharchd: the Ship & Cleerd: her,\n            as the found nothing countraband on board, which I can make Affidavid off\u2014on the 22\n            Inst, I was on board, when the Excise officers Came on board and informd: me the had an information against my Vessel; thinking my\n            Self thoughroughly Cleer of aney Such demenor, I desired them to Sarch the Vessal\n            thoughroughly & Welcome the Ship Keeper, being on board, I enquired of him, what\n            was the occation of this, or if he had aney thing on board. he to my great Surprise\n              enformd: me he had recd: from\n            Some person Seven Galln: rum, 140H Chocolate, 7 would not informe me the person as he recd: it to Sell for them\u2014this was done entirely without my\n              knowledge & Such he the degressor enformd: the officers, and is redy to take his affidavid there to\u2014My Vessel belongs to\n            Norwich, in conecticut, my own property, & am a Native of that place, I having\n            no person here, to advise with, & the extrodenery expences, in this place, has\n            taken away more than the Whole of the fraight, Should I be so unfortunate, as to loose\n            My Vessel, I am ruind:\u2014being I am Cleer of this Matter as a\n            Child unborn, let me beg the favour of Your Honours assistance, in this Case, and Shall\n            ever esteem it as the highest ohonour, if you will favour me with a letter, with your\n            advice\u2014hoping your Honour will Excuse this liberty.\n           I remain / Your Honours Most / Obdt:\n            & most Humb Servt\n              Henry Billings", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0486", "content": "Title: Pieter Johan Van Berckel, William Edgar, Sampson Fleming, William Denning, and Alexander Hamilton (for John Barker Church) to Jeremiah Wadsworth, [3 January 1786]\nFrom: Berckel, Johan van,Edgar, William,Fleming, Sampson,Denning, William,Hamilton, Alexander,Church, John Barker\nTo: Wadsworth, Jeremiah\n[New York, January 3, 1786]\nInstructions for Jeremiah Wadsworth Esquire\nSir\nThe step lately taken by the Legislature of Pensylvania in repealing the act by which the government of that state had incorporated the Bank of North America has given rise to questions of a delicate and important nature. We observe with regret that the very existence of the Institution as a corporate body has by this proceeding been drawn into controversy: a circumstance which we consider in so serious a light as to render necessary the most speedy and effectual measures to decide the doubt.\nThose who subscribed to the Bank of North America on the faith of the Pensylvania Charter might with great reason urge that so material a change in its situation is, at all events, with respect to them, a dissolution of the contract upon which their subscriptions were made; and that they have a right to reclaim their property. But not being disposed to agitate any questions injurious to the Institution, we are content to wave this right, so long as there remains any prospect of the bank being continued with safety and advantage. This prospect however we deem inseparable from its existence as a corporation; and if this cannot be maintained all hopes of security or utility in our apprehension fail.\nNothing will give us greater pleasure than to find that the Bank of North America has a solid foundation in the Charter of the United States; and that it will on experiment be considered in this light by the laws of that state in which from its position its operations would be carried on; but it appears to us essential that the experiment should be made without delay, in order that it may be ascertained in what light it will be considered by those laws. If these should pronounce that it is no corporation, no prudent alternative is left but to remove it to another state, where it will be protected by the laws, or to leave all those who wish to do it at liberty to withdraw their shares.\nWhile on the one hand public as well as private considerations concur to restrain us from advising any measures incompatible with the Interest of the bank; on the other hand we cannot help feeling great anxiety to know what our true situation is; and to extricate ourselves from one (if such it is) in which we might hazard much more than we intended.\nWith these views and sentiments, we request you to represent us at the next meeting of the stockholders which is advertised for the ninth instant. There you will be pleased on our behalf to insist that a general resolution be taken to obtain in the most summary mode a judicial determination of this Question\u2014Whether the laws of Pensylvania still acknowlege the bank of North America as a corporate body?\u2014and if they do not, to return at a fixed period, to every proprietor who shall require it, the amount of his stock.\nWe forbear to recommend a removal to another state because we presume the other part of the alternative will be most agreeable to all parties.\nThis plan appears to us so intirely unexceptionable, founded on such evident propriety and even necessity, that we are persuaded the stockholders in general are too just and reasonable to refuse it their approbation.\nThe confidence we repose in your probity and judgment, as well as your own interest in the result, leave us no room to doubt, that you will execute this trust with as much prudence, as decision, and in a manner intirely consistent with your reputation and our own. We have the honor to be \u2003 Sir Your obedt & humble servt\nP. J. Van Berckel\nJohn Barker Church\nWilliam Edgar\nby Alex Hamilton his Atty\nSampson Fleming\nWm. Denning\nNew York January 3d. 1786", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0487", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Wadsworth, 9 January 178[6]\nFrom: Wadsworth, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia 9 Jan 178[6]\nDear Sir\nPrevious to the meeting of the Stock Holders of the Bank, I had several conf\u27e8erences\u27e9 with Mr R Morris and he softended down much. He consented to our Propositions, & this day in a very great meeting of the Stock Holders it was unanimously voted to have a legal decision as soon as possible\u2014agreeable to ye instructions I recd from ye Gentlemen at N York. Mr Wilson then observed that the other question was unnecessary as it followed of consequence that each Stock Holder had a right to withdraw his Stock if the decision was against the corporation. I replied that as it had been denied by others I wished ye question to be tried but if it was the Unaniomous opinion of ye Stock Holders present that we had a right [to] Withdraw if ye decision was against us I woud not urge ye matter. Mr G Morris said it was his: but there was one stockholder present who differed from us. He woud second any Motion. Mr R Morris declared it was his wish to finish ye Bank in its present form if we were not a corporate Body by ye Laws of Pa & if ye decision was against us he thot: every Stock Holder might withdraw by right. Nobody objecting, I waved ye question. I then informed ye Stock Holders that great alarms had been given respecting the mode of discounts & that the Directors had been charged with Partiality, and as I saw Mr Wilson present who it was said had great discounts with out complying with ye usual forms, I thot it my duty & interest to thus publicly name him that he might give such explanations as he chose. (I had previously let him know my intention to do this & had his consent). He went into a detail of his schemes, disappointments and discounts which amounted to Near 100,000 dollrs. for which Mr Morris is responsible 10,000 and Other good men, ye remainder, to be paid if the Bank find it necessary one half in 30 the remainder in 60 days. For ye Security of these individuals he has given Mortgages on Lands for more than \u00a3100,-000. to Mr Nixon who holds ym. in trust for those who are responsible to ye Bank for Mr Wilson. Mr President made some wise Speeches & some wiser remarks\u2014but as I came to do business & not altercate I did not treat them as the[y] deserved. I will soon be with you & relate every particular. I beg you present my Compliments to the Gentn & inform them we have obtained our wishes as nearly as coud be expected.\nI am dr Sir Your very Hum set\nJere Wadsworth", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0488", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Robert Milligan, 15 January 1786\nFrom: Milligan, Robert\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia, January 15, 1786. Encloses documents necessary for instituting a suit to recover money owed by a client.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0491", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Ezekiel Forman, 22 January 1786\nFrom: Forman, Ezekiel\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] January 22, 1786. Requests Hamilton\u2019s opinion on money due on \u201cMiddletons Bond.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0492", "content": "Title: Inhabitants of the City of New York to the Legislature of New York State, [January\u2013March 1786]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Inhabitants of the City of New York\nTo: Legislature of New York State\n[New York, January\u2013March, 1786]\nTo The Honorable The Legislature of the State of New York\nThe Petition of the Subscribers Inhabitants of the City of New York respectfully sheweth\nThat Your Petitioners anxious for the welfare of the community of which they are members have seen with peculiar regret the delay which has hitherto attended the adoption of the Revenue system recommended by Congress in their resolutions of the \nThat the anxiety which Your Petitioners have all along felt from motives of a more general nature is at the present junction increased by this particular consideration that the State of New York now stands almost alone, in a non compliance with a measure in which the sentiments and wishes of the Union at large appear to unite and by a further delay may render itself responsible for consequences too serious not to affect every considerate man.\nThat in the opinion of Your Memorialists all the considerations important to a state\u2014all the motives of public honor faith reputation interest and safety conspire to urge a compliance with \u27e8these resolutions.\u27e9\nThat Government without revenue cannot subsist. That the mode provided in the Confederation for supplying the treasury of the United States has in experiment been found inadequate.\nThat the system proposed will in all probability prove much more efficacious, and is in other respects as unexceptionable as the various circumstances and interests of these states will permit.\nThat any objection to it as a measure not warranted by the confederation is refuted by the thirteenth article which provides that alterations may be made if agreed to by Congress and confirmed by the Legislatures of each State; and the conduct of this state itself in adopting the proposed change of the Eighth article is a precedent in which we find the principle reduced to practice and affords a complete answer to every pretence of the Revenue system being unconstitutional.\nThat as to danger in vesting \u27e8the United States with these funds, Your Memorialists\u27e9 consider their interests and liberties as not less safe in the hands of their fellow citizens delegated to represent them for one year in Congress than in the hands of their fellow citizens delegated to represent them for one year or four years in the Senate and Assembly of this state.\nThat Government implies trust; and every government must be trusted so far as is necessary to enable it to attain the ends for which it is instituted; without which insult and oppression from abroad confusion and convulsion at home.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0494", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Robert Milligan, 4 February 1786\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Milligan, Robert\n[New York, February 4, 1786. On February 18, 1786, Milligan wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI am much obliged by your polite favour of the 4th. instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0498", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Wilcocks, 1 March 1786\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Wilcocks, John\n[New York, March 1, 1786. On March 5, 1786, Wilcocks wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI have your favor of the 1st.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0499", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Francis Upton, 2 March 1786\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Upton, Francis\n[New York] March 2, 1786. States that Upton\u2019s title to lands in New York is clear and advises Upton on measures to be taken to assure possession.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0500", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Wilcocks, 5 March 1786\nFrom: Wilcocks, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nAlexander Hamilton Esqr.\nSir\nPhilada. March 5. 1786\nI have your favor of the 1st. handed me by Mr. Chaloner. As you have not full & clear information of what has pass\u2019d between Mr. Church, Mr. Moses, Mr. Wadsworth & Myself with Respect to our Company Ships I shall briefly state the Matter. The first mentioned Gentleman was here I think in July with information from Mr: Moses that he was \u215b concerned & that I would make Him acquainted with all their Business which I explicitly opened to him, & his view with me was that I should become a Purchaser, give him some certain Sum & take upon me all their Voyages & Negotiations. From the diffused & uncertain state of their Funds I totally declined this. He did not in any wise Instruct or leave me a Line of Directions Respecting them. Mr. Moses & Mr. Low also were fully acquainted of every possible means being taken to effect a sale of the Tartar & that it could not be done here; she was sent abroad limitted (as was then thought & in proportion to her Outfit) low, all the freight to be had taken for her, & Owners interested in her Cargo as light as possible. In one particular Negotiation I offered her much lower than Mr. Low affixed her Value in his Correspondence with me on the Subject of her Sale, but she was of a war Construction & unsuitable to every kind of Commerce, therefore all Endeavors were in vain & as impossibilities were not to be expected no alternative was left but such as took place. To acquaint me at this day that what was transacted in August & September last year & then pass\u2019d to account is to be considered as mine is untimely & no Correspondence between Parties will warrant it, and with Regard to Mr. Wadsworth declaration against Adventures they will be found likewise untimely. As to the St. Anne of which my last was the Subject as she was under Charter on her present Voyage near fifteen Days previous to the above mentioned Gentleman\u2019s arrival here & of course the conversation to which you allude, probably this is different from the Representation you may have had of this Business. I shall spare you the trouble of being more minute & pledge Myself that on an investigation I shall be found right. I find it lately determined Mr. Church has \u215b Interest in this Connexion but at times it has been strongly asserted to the contrary. I shall be sorry he is detained in it against his & your Inclination & shall assist Mr. Chaloner who you have appointed to sell the Vessels to effect it observing that one eighth of a moiety of the St. Anne\u2019s Cargo must be disposed of with that Vessel & this I expect he will accomplish without delay that my proceedings may be on certainty & to prevent detention to the Vessel in Port for want of the concurrence of \u215b Interest to the prejudice perhaps of the Others concerned. The best prospects have always been adopted for the owners Interest of those Vessels, the utmost done to get Rid of them both here & abroad (as \u2019twas my earnest desire to part with them) & that no alteration may hereafter take place I depend on Mr. Chaloners fulfiling your Directions speedily or concurring with me for the Employment of the Two Brothers & for which half a freight is offered to two Ports but the Owners depended on to supply the other half. I have made an offer to Mr. Chaloner which he will communicate, requesting your speedy answer. Respectfully \u2003 I am \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your most Obed Servt.\nJohn Wilcocks.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0501", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Chaloner, [10 March 1786]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Chaloner, John\nDuplicate\nDr Sir\n[New York, March 10, 1786]\nOn the subject of the Ships I am to request you will sell them on the best Terms you can. I would mean one eighth of them absolutely as they now stand, without any consideration of expences incurred, for all these must come of course into a general account between the concerned. If Mr. Wilcox will give me as much as another so much the better. You may accommodate him as to the time of payment taking a note for the amount. Let me know what you conclude, to whom you sell. Finish the Matter and I will send a Bill of sale.\nYrs with great regard\nAlex Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0505", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Chaloner, [16 March 1786]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Chaloner, John\n[New York, March 16, 1786]\nMarch 16th. The above is copy of mine which went by a private hand inclosing the original of a letter to Mr. Wilcox of which the inclosed is a Copy.\nYrs\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0506", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Ezekiel Forman, 22 March 1786\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Forman, Ezekiel\nNew York, March 22, 1786. Encloses a bond and requests Forman to send \u201ca receipt for it as a payment on account of the legacy in which you are interested.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0507", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Laurance, 23 March 1786\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Laurance, John\n[New York] March 23, 1786. Plans to bring the cause of Benjamin Paine, et al. v. Peter Mesier, Jr. and Jacob Van Voorhees to trial at the next term of the Supreme Court.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0508", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Wilcocks, 24 March 1786\nFrom: Wilcocks, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia, March 24, 1786. Sends an account of the cargo of the St. Anne and a statement of the amount owed to John B. Church, owner of one-eighth of the cargo.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0509", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the Mayor and Corporation of the City of New York, 28 March 1786\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Mayor and Corporation of the City of New York\nNew York, March 28, 1786. Signs, with 136 other petitioners, a memorial asking that the \u201cMayor and Corporation of the City of New York\u201d improve the street in front of the Coffee House, \u201cthe usual place of resort for your Memorialists and the merchants of this City.\u201d The memorialists complained that the street \u201cfor want of proper regulation and the great concourse of Carts is coverd with filth and is a great nuisance to your Memorialists and to all other persons frequenting that part of the City.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0510", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to \u2014\u2014\u2014, 3 April 1786\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[New York] April 3, 1786. \u201cIn your affair with Brothers Coste & Co. I have received a declaration. The business must be decided in Chancery. Send me a full detail of the facts upon which I can frame a bill.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0511", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John B. Church, 5 April 1786\nFrom: Church, John B.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nMy Dear Sir\nLondon April 5th 1786\nI am in your Debt and have to thank you for your Letters of the 24 Novr. 6 Decr. & 1st Feby. I left Directions at Sir Robt. Herries\u2019s that in Case the Baron Polnitz did not Pay the Bill you had drawn on him to send the Holder of it to me and that I would take it up for your Honor, as I have heard nothing from them since I hope it is Paid. Your last brought me a Bill of Lading for \u00a3782.10.8 Phila Curry. for which I thank you. I shall be very glad if you could succeed in getting my Money out of the Bank, for after the unwarrantable Lengths they have gone in assisting Wilson I do not think the Property can with Propriety be confided to their management.\nI think you have done the best with Respect to Moses\u2019s Matters and I am and shall be perfectly satisfied with whatever you think best to do in those Affairs. With Respect to Kinloch I wrote him that if he would Renew the Bond and Pay me the Interest annually and Punctually in London I had no Objection to let the Principal Remain \u27e8some\u27e9 Years longer. You have the Copy of my Letters both to him and Bowman. I have not Received a Line from either of them. I wish they could be forced to discharge their Debts to me. What has Troop done with Jacob Cuyler? Is the Money yet Recover\u2019d from him? As to the Land I should be glad to have it disposed of as well and as soon as possible for as long as it Remains unsold it is a certain annual Loss of the Interest of the Money and I have not the least Disposition to build, and I would sooner take \u00a32000 for it than not get Rid of it if more cannot be obtained.\nMrs. Church is well; in about two Months she will give me another Boy or Girl; she joins in Love to Mrs. Hamilton and in wishing her well over her trying Time. Jack is grown a fine Boy; he is now at a pleasant Villa which I have purchas\u2019d on the Banks of the Thames three miles from Windsor where we shall soon Repair to pass the Summer. I am My Dear Sir \u2003 Your very affectionate Friend & Serv\nJ B Church\nAlexr Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0512", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Wilcocks, [5 April 1786]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Wilcocks, John\nSir,\n[New York, April 5, 1786]\nI imagine you had not received my letter of the 10th. of March when yours of the 24th. was written. You must have perceived by that, that I do not consider myself at liberty to do any act recognising a concern of Mr. Church in the St. Annes last Cargo or in any other shipment of the same or any subsequent period in any of the vessels in Question\nI have the honor to be Sir Your Obed & hum ser\nA Hamilton\nNew York April 5 1786", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0513", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Chaloner, 10 April 1786\nFrom: Chaloner, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nDear Sir\nPhilada. April 10th, 1786\nMr Wilcox has agreed to take the Vessels say two of them the one which saild lately from Cheasapeak and the one now here that daily expected from Lisbon he will not take. He promised me his notes this day for two hundred pounds the sum he is to pay for the two Vessels. I shall propably receive them to morrow. He says he has considerable property on hand belonging to that concern. I think it would be to the advantage of those interested therein to have a seperation it would in all propability facilitate the Sales.\nI am Sir Your most Obdt Servant\nJohn Chaloner", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0515", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Chaloner, 15 April 1786\nFrom: Chaloner, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nDear Sir\nPhilada. April 15. 1786\nSince my last I have concluded the negotiation with Mr. John Wilcox and have reced from him his note payble in nine months for two hundred pounds being in full for \u215b of the two Ships St. Anne & Two Brothers.\nOur Assembly has rejected the application of the Citizens to establish the Bank. The Stock holders therefore remain in that uncertain situation that you & Col Wadsworth apprehended prior to their last meeting in January; and are likely to continue in this State of Suspence for a considerable time. The April Court at which the Question was to have been determined, is now nearly over and no action brot nor any thing done in the matter by the Directors save that of retain\u2019g Council by the Bank; Col Wadsworth when here apprehended (as does several Stockholders who were present at the meeting) that the Bank were to institute the suit, & employ Council on both sides to argue the matter, so that a speedy & amicable decision of the Question might be obtaind at the expence of the Institution: this I am told is not so understood by the Directors. They mean only to employ Council on behalf of the Bank\u2014nor can I learn that the Question will be brot forward, unless by an adverse suit, wch. is not likely to be brot by any Person here. I am clearly of opinion their object is delay: hopeing that another election may produce an Assembly more favourable to their measures than the present. Knowing Mr Church\u2019s Interest in this Institution I have thot proper to give you the above information and remain with Respect Sir Your most obd hble Servt\nJohn Chaloner\nAlexr Hamilton Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0516", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Samuel Broome, 18 April 1786\nFrom: Broome, Samuel\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nAlexander Hamilton Esqr\nSir\nNew Haven [Connecticut] April 18th. 1786\nMr James Jarvis informed me a few weeks past that you was willing to take my Son Samuel P Broome into your office. It will be an additional favor if you will leave it optional in me untill next Fall to send him or not. My present Situation forbids a decision immediately.\nI will thank you to inform me by letter at the return of my Son the bearer hereof the terms upon which you can admit him in Your office, and the term he must Continue with you. He is young (not yet Seventeen years old) therefore will want very Particular Care taken of him. This I am Sure will be Carefully attended to by you. I am \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your most obed servt\nSam Broome", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0517", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Nathaniel Hazard, 21 April 1786\nFrom: Hazard, Nathaniel\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nNew York 21st. April 1786\nI took the Freedom a few days since to address you in Behalf of a deserving Citizen and thank you for your friendly Interference. I am not to beg it again in Favor of that unfortunate Corps to which I belong. I claim it as your Friend Sir. You will doubtless startle at this Expression, from a Man you are but barely acquainted with. The friendliest Act an honest Man can wish to receive from another, is to have his Character vindicated from false and unmerited Aspersions when absent. I have as much of the Milk of human Kindness in me I hope as most Men, and ever wished the vanquished Adherents to Britain might be treated with Humanity and Tenderness; and that past Errors might be buried in Oblivion. I did not however see the Necessity of granting to those, whose Temper and Biass must as yet invitably be unfriendly to national measures, and partial to british Interests; an immediate Participation of the important Rights of Eligibility to Places of Trust; nor could I conceive that it pressed itself. Drawing therefore (I hope with Sentiments of Candor and Liberality) with many of those whose want of either Quality, lessens themselves, and their Cause in the general Estimation; I have frequently expressed my disapprobation that a man of Science and a brave officer, who had rendered important Services to the Country before the war as a Man of Letters, and a very eminent ones during its Continuance, both in the Cabinet of our Illustrious Chief and in the Field, should be bitterly censured for Supporting Sentiments different from theirs and mine, (on that one Occasion) which I verily believed proceeded from an elevation of Sentiment, and too generous a Spirit of Magnanimity, I had oftener Noticed in our bravest and best officers than any other Class of Men. To return to the Business of my Letter; We had a Bill before the Senate, the main object of which was barely to have Commissioners appointed, to enquire whether any of us and who had been ruined, and to report to the next Legislature as they should think fit; it barely rubbed through. Our humble Request is but to be heard before ruined, and that we are dragged to Prison, by hungry british Agents who are fast collecting from Philadelphia and other Quarters as the Session of the Assembly draws to a Close, and hover like Cormorants over the devoted Carcasses of their captive Debtors. Some of them are little illiberal insolent Upstarts, and Riders for their manufacturing Masters, brutal and barbarous as the Savages that tortured the unfortunate Colonel Crawford; To goad and Sting men of Feeling, who freely coin their Life Blood into Guineas to give them immediate and ample Satisfaction, was it in their Power is not Less Cruel. We would wish Sir, that such a man a Coll. Remsen, once so independent, a worthy Citizen, ever humane, benevolent and public Spirited, may not have his House sold by execution, and his Family turned into the Streets; without even a bare Inquiry into his Situation and Demerits. Yet this probably will be the Case in the Assembly, unless General Schuylers Connections in it, have right Ideas of the humble and harmless Boon we ask. I can in Confidence venture to tell you, it has been a moot Point with me, whether to apply to the present House or not. I am tired of supplications, and protested to the Committee of Merchants, my great aversion to signing another Petition. I prevailed on them to adopt my Plan of originating a bill in the Senate, as a Body of Men who at Least ought to possess more Information and Feeling than the other House. General Schuyler had been uniformly understood by the Petitioning Merchants Committee, as so unfriendly to their Interests, that they thought it vain to apply to him. I have not the Honor to be personally known to him, but having known him as a public man and Friend to his Country, from those early Days when a Stripling, I used to attend the Debates of the Assembly, and hear him lash a Sett of callous impenetrable Wretches, who stood buff to wit, Satire and sound Reasoning, and eternally skulked behind the Question; I told the Committee it was impossible a man of his Rank Understanding & Patriotism, could be unfriendly to those who had suffered severely; and pressed such of them as had the Honor of being acquainted with the General, to converse with him on the Subject. It was done; and it has now even ceased to be a wonder that General Schuyler is as friendly to our Cause as others. I will make no apology on this Business, confident that so far as you conceive our request is reasonable, and a Refusal of it would be cruel It will give you Pleasure to have an opportunity of serving us by using your Influence in our Favor.\nI am Sir \u2003 Respectfully your very huml. Servt.\nNathl. Hazard.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0519", "content": "Title: Appointment as Commissioner to the Annapolis Convention, 5 May 1786\nFrom: Bancker, Abraham B.,McKesson, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nState of New York\nIn Senate [New York] May the 5th. 1786\nResolved (if the Honorable the Assembly concur herein) that Robert R. Livingston, James Duane, Egbert Benson, Alexander Hamilton, Leonard Gansevoort and Robert C. Livingston Esquires, or any three of them, be Commissioners on the part of this State, to meet with such Commissioners, as are, or may be appointed by the other States in the Union; at such Time and place, as shall be agreed upon by the said Commissioners; to take into consideration the Trade and Commerce of the United States; to consider how far an uniform System in their Commercial Intercourse and Regulations, may be necessary to their common Interest and permanent Harmony; and to report to the several States, such an Act relative to this great Object, as when unanimously ratified by them, will enable the United States in Congress Assembled, to provide for the same; and that the said Commissioners or any three of them do make a report of their proceedings to the Legislature at their next Meeting.\nExtract from the Journal\nAbm. B. Bancker Clk\nState of New York\nIn Assembly May 5th. 1786\nResolved that this House do concur with the Honorable the Senate in the said Resolution.\nAn Extract from the Journals\nJohn McKesson, Clk", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0520", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John B. Church, [6 May 1786]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Church, John B.\n[New York, May 6, 1786]\nBy the last Packet I sent you the first of a set of bills of which the inclosed is second for \u00a3400 Sterling drawn by Constable Rucker & Co: on Mr John Rucker. I remitted you \u00a3782.10.8 Currency by the Roebuck packet. I have written you largely on other matters to which I have received no answer. This being term time I cannot inlarge but I shall write you fully in a short time. I am anxious to hear from you. I momently expect an addition to my family. Betsy is well and joins me most Affectionately to Mrs: Church & your self. General Schuyler & Mrs: Schuyler are still with me and in good health.\nYrs: sincerely\nNew York May 6: 1786\nJohn Barker Church Esqr:", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0522", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Peter Pillet, 14 May 1786\nFrom: Pillet, Peter\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia, May 14, 1786. States that he has been \u201crecommended by Mr. Jon. Chaloner of this City to put my interest into your hands.\u201d Describes a controversy which Pillet wishes Hamilton to settle.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0523", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Peter Pillet, 17 May 1786\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Pillet, Peter\n[New York, May 17, 1786. The endorsement in Hamilton\u2019s writing on Pillet\u2019s letter of May 14, 1786, to Hamilton reads: \u201cLetter from Mr. P. Pillet. Ansd. May 17. 1786.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0525-0001", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Sempill and Company, [20 May 1786]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Sempill and Company\nGentlemen\n[New York, May 20, 1786]\nOn the recommendation of Mr. Nicholas Cruger of this City, I take the Liberty to commit to your care a small matter in which I am interested. I am informed that Mr John Hallwood a relation of mine who died some time since in St. Croix has by his will left me one fourth part of his Estate. The amount I imagine is not very considerable; but whatever it may be I shall be glad to have it collected and remitted. Mr Hallwoods estate I believe consisted intirely in his share in his Grand fathers estate Mr James Lytton; whose affairs have been a long time in a dealing Court but one would hope are now ready for a final settlement. Doctor Hugh Knox can give you further information on the Subject.\nAs I know money concerns in your Island rarely improve by delay, if things should not be in a train to admit of an immediate settlement, I shall be ready to effect this, to transfer my claim to any person who may incline to the purchase at a discount of five and twenty per Cent. This however I submit to your discretion and authorise you to do whatever you think for my interest. Inclosed I send you a Power of Attorney which I presume you will find competent. Should it be in my power to render you any services here I shall with pleasure obey your commands.\nI am with much consideratio\u27e8n\u27e9 Gentlemen Your Obedt. servant\nNew York May 20th. 1786\nMessrs, Sempill & Co", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0525-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: To Sempill and Company, [20 May 1786]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Sempill, John,Amorey, William\n[New York, May 18, 1786]\nKnow all Men by these presents, that I Alexander Hamilton of the City of New York, Counsellor at Law, have made, ordained, authorized, constituted and appointed, and by these presents do make, ordain, authorize, constitute and appoint John Sempill and William Amorey of the Island of St. Croix Merchants jointly and severally my true and lawfull Attornies, for me and in my Name, and to my Use to ask, demand, sue for, recover and receive of all and every person whomsoever in the said Island of St. Croix, all and every Sum and Sums of Money Debts, Legacies and Demands whatsoever which now are due, owing and coming unto me, and in default of payment thereof, to have use and take all lawfull ways and means in my Name or otherwise for the Recovery thereof, by Attachment, Arrest or otherwise, and to compound and agree for the same, and on Receipt thereof acquittances or other sufficient Discharges for the same for me and in my Name to make seal and deliver, and to do all lawfull Acts and Things whatsoever concerning the premisses as fully in every Respect, as I myself might or could do if I was personally present, and an Attorney or Attornies under them or either of them to make for the purposes aforesaid, and at their pleasure to revoke, hereby ratifying allowing and confirming all and whatsoever my said Attornies or Attorney shall in my Name lawfully do or cause to be done in and about the premisses by virtue of these presents\u2014In Witness whereof I have hereunto set my Hand and Seal the eighteenth Day of May in the Year of our Lord one Thousand seven Hundred and eighty six.\nSealed and delivered in the presence of Balthr. De Haert. Jo. Strong\nAlexander Hamilton\nTo all to whom these presents shall come or may in any wise concern, I Balthazer De Haert Notary public, duly constituted and appointed by letters patent under the great Seal of the State of New York, residing in the City of New York, do hereby certify, declare and make Known, that on the Day of the date hereof, personally appeared before me, Alexander Hamilton of the said City Esquire, and sealed and delivered the within written Letter or Power of Attorney as and for his Act and Deed, for the use and purposes within mentioned in my presence, and in the presence of Joseph Strong, who hath also subscribed his Name as a Witness thereto. In Testimony whereof I have hereunto set my Hand and affixed my Notarial Seal The eighteenth day of May in the year of our Lord one Thousand seven Hundred & eighty six.\nBalthr. De Haert\nNot: publ:\nThis done in the Presence of Jo. Strong", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0526", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John B. Church, 23 May 1786\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Church, John B.\n[New York, May 23, 1786. On June 10, 1786, Hamilton wrote to Church: \u201cI have only time to inclose you a duplicate of my Letter of the 23 of May.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0528", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Richard Varick, 24 May 1786\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Varick, Richard\n[New York] May 24, 1786. Encloses \u201ca draft of the trust deed with the papers relating to it\u201d and asks Varick to make the necessary amendments.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0529", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Marinus Willett, [24 May 1786]\nFrom: Willett, Marinus\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York, May 24, 1786]\nI do hereby Certify that on Casting up the Votes in the several Poll lists returned to me by the Inspectors of the General Election held in the several Wards of the City and County in April last it appears that Alexander Hamilton Esqr. was by plurality of Voices duly Elected one of the Representatives of the General Assembly for the City and County of New York.\nGiven under my hand at New York this 24th. Day of May 1786.\nM. Willett, Sheriff,\nAlexr Hamilton EsqrPresent", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0531", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Lawrence and Morris, 31 May 1786\nFrom: Lawrence and Morris\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nDear Sir,\n[New York] Wednesday Morning 31st May 1786.\nWe are much concerned, that the matter has been so long delayed, respecting the return of the money, you have been so very obliging as to lend us. Every moment since the Receipt of your Note of the other day, we have been expecting to receive the money, from different Persons indebted to us in this City, under their most solemn assurances of payment, & it would have been more agreeable to us, as well as yourself, to have had the Cash, than to be troubled with the discounting a Note. Excuse us therefore my good Sir, that from the disappointments, which at present prevail, We are under the necessity of troubling you with the Note, but in the present situation of things, We cannot do better.\nAccept our thanks for this instance of your politeness, and be assured, We shall be happy in any occasion of returning the Favor.\nWe are wth. great regard. Dear Sir \u2003 Your much obliged & Obedt. servants.\nLawrence & Morris\nthe Discount We will seale\nseperately wth you when ascertained\nA. Hamilton Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0532", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Elizabeth Hamilton, [May 1786\u2013April 1788]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Hamilton, Elizabeth\nThree or four days since I wrote to My angel by the Post, since which I have received a letter from her. I am very unhappy to hear that my beloved is out of health. Heaven grant it may soon be restored. I entreat her to take care of herself & keep up her spirits. I cannot yet determine what will be our stay here and consequently I can make no determinations about my love; but I feel that it will be impossible for me to submit to a long separation however inconvenient it may be to incur the expence which will attend her coming here. I entreat you my charmer to let me hear from you as often as possible; for I stand in need of every consolation you can give for my absence from your dear bosom. Give my love to my darling Philip & kiss with all possible tenderness the other two. Adieu my dearest angel. Heaven bless you\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0534", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John B. Church, [10 June 1786]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Church, John B.\nMy Dear friend,\n[New York, June 10, 1786]\nBeing to set out in few minutes on a Circuit I have only time to inclose you a duplicate of my Letter of the 23 of May and of a Bill of Lading for a Sum of money by the last packett: the last I say; but I believe she has not yet set Sail. I have given direction to the Broker to make Insurance for you.\nI have spoken to a friend to collect some more proper gold & Silver for you; which will be forwarded by the first Opportunity after my Return.\nYrs. unalterably\nA Hamilton\nNew York June 10th. 1786", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0535", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Thomas, [22 June 1786]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Thomas, John\nSir\n[New York, June 22, 1786]\nI think it necessary to apprise you that in my opinion you will not be safe in taking paper money on Executions without the consent of the parties: and in those which I have sent to you that consent I believe can not be obtained This is a matter however which I mention to you in confidence for your own safety. I would not wish to have much said about it, till you should be under a necessity of explaining yourself lest it should injure the Credit of the paper on its first appearance, to which (whatever be my opinion of the measure itself since its has been adopted) I would not wish to be accessory.\nI am Sir Your obd. Servant.\nNew York June 22d: 1786\nJohn Thomas EsquireSheriff of Westchester", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0537", "content": "Title: Oration before the New York State Society of the Society of the Cincinnati, 4 July 1786\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nNew York, July 4. 1786. According to the transactions of the New York State Society, the meeting of the society was \u201copened by an oration delivered by Colonel Hamilton.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0538", "content": "Title: Report of a Committee of the New York State Society of the Society of the Cincinnati, [6 July 1786]\nFrom: Morris, Richard,Hamilton, Alexander,Brooks, David,Dunscomb, Edward,Troup, Robert,Committee of the New York State Society of the Society of the Cincinnati\nTo: \n[New York, July 6, 1786]\nThe Committee to whom were referred the proceedings of the Society of the Cincinnati, at their last General Meeting, beg leave to report: that they have attentively considered the alterations proposed at that meeting to be made in the original Constitution of the Society; and though they highly approve the motives which dictated those alterations, they are of opinion it would be inexpedient to adopt them, and this chiefly on the two following accounts:\n1st. Because the Institution, as proposed to be altered, would contain in itself no certain provision for the continuance of the Society beyond the heirs of the present members; this point (being left to the regulation of charters which may never be obtained, and which, in the opinion of this Committee, so far as affects this object,) ought never to be granted, since the dangers apprehended from the Institution could then only cease to be imaginary when it should secure the sanction of a legal establishment. The utmost the Society ought to wish or ask from the several legislatures, is to enable it to appoint trustees to hold its property, for the charitable purposes to which it is destined.\n2d. Because, by a fundamental article, it obliges the Society of each State to lend its funds to the State, a provision which would be improper for two reasons: one, that in case the Society might be able to dispose of its funds to much greater advantage, the other, that the State might not always choose to borrow from the Society.\nThat while the Committee entertain this opinion with respect to the proposed alterations, they are at the same time equally of opinion, that some alterations in the original constitution will be proper, as well in deference to the sense of many of our fellow citizens, as in conformity to the true spirit of the Institution itself.\nThe alterations they have in view respect, principally, the duration or succession of the Society, and the distinction between Honorary and Regular Members. As to the first, the provision intended to be made appears to them to be expressed in terms not sufficiently explicit, and as far as it may intend an hereditary succession, by right of primogeniture, is liable to this objection, that it refers to birth what ought to belong to merit only, a principle inconsistent with the genius of a Society founded on friendship and patriotism. As to the second, the distinction holds up an odious difference between men who have served their country in one way and those who have served it in another, a difference ill-founded in itself, and improper in a Society where the character of Patriot ought to be an equal title to all its members.\nThe Committee, however, decline proposing any specific substitute for the parts of the original Constitution which appear to them exceptionable, as they are of opinion, any alterations necessary to be made, can only be digested in a General Meeting of the Society, specially authorised to agree upon and finally establish those alterations. With a view to this, they beg leave to recommend that a Circular Letter be written from the Society to the different State Societies, suggesting the expediency of instructing and empowering their delegates at the next General Meeting, to concur in such alterations as may appear to that meeting proper, after a full communication of what shall be found to be the sense of the several societies.\nRd. Morris, Alexander Hamilton, D. Brooks, E. Dunscomb, Rob. Troup.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0539", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Philip Schuyler, 11 July 1786\nFrom: Schuyler, Philip\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Albany] July 11, 1786. \u201cA passage of thirty two hours brought me to my family. Mrs. Schuyler \u2026 altho mending is still not perfectly in health. Inclose you the mortgage which Mr. Loudon is to assign to me. Pray as soon as you can send Mr. Renselaer the papers I requested; his tenants seem at present in good humour and anxious for their leases.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0540", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Wooldrige, 20 July 1786\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Wooldrige, Thomas\nNew York, July 20, 1786. Describes measures needed to satisfy the claims of Wooldrige\u2019s creditors.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0541", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Robert Totten, 31 July 1786\nFrom: Totten, Robert\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nStamford [Connecticut] July 31, 1786. \u201cBe pleased to inform me what prospect you realy have of softening the present insolvent act of new York, and if you suppose my well known situation may have any claim to \u2026 indulgence with the representatives of the state of new York. I am determined not to venture myself into a goal and be at the caprice of a few of my creditors; every thing else I will submit to with cheerfulness and rectitude even to delivering my shirt if they should require it.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0542", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Ebenezer Hazard, 1 August 1786\nFrom: Hazard, Ebenezer\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York, August 1, 1786. Requests Hamilton\u2019s opinion on questions concerning a government contract for carrying the mail.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0544", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Robert Harpur, [2 August 1786]\nFrom: Harpur, Robert\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nAt the Request of Genl. Schuyler, We have made a Copy of all the Poll Lists of the Counties of Albany and Montgomery, which copy was to be left with you to be forwarded to him. The Secretary estimated the Expences with which the Genl. was acquain[t]ed previous to the undertaking. And you was to be good enough to disburse the sum\u2014being \u00a310\u2014which be pleased to deliver to the Bearer on your Receipt of the papers.\nYour most obedt. servt.\nRobt Harpur, D secry\nRecd. 2 Augt. 1786. of Col. Hamilton ten pounds, the fees of the Secretarys Office for copying all the Poll Lists of the Counties of Albany and Montgomery for and by order of Genl. Schuyler.\nRobt Harpur, D. secry", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0545", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Bell and Woodmass, 4 August 1786\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Bell and Woodmass\n[August 4, 1786. On August 4, 1786, Hamilton wrote to John B. Church: \u201cI have written to Messrs. Bell and Woodmass by this opportunity.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0547", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Samuel Broome, 18 August 1786\nFrom: Broome, Samuel\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew Haven [Connecticut] August 18, 1786. Encloses \u201can order on The Honble. Nathan Miller Esquire a Delegate in Congress from the State of Rhode Island in your favor for \u00a3110.18.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0548", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Robert Totten, 25 August 1786\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Totten, Robert\n[New York, August 25, 1786. On the back of the letter that Totten wrote to Hamilton on July 31, 1786, Hamilton wrote: \u201cAnswered Aug. 25. 1786.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0549", "content": "Title: Subscription to the Associated Manufacturing Iron Company, 26 August 1786\nFrom: \nTo: \nNew York, August 26, 1786. On this date the \u201cOriginal Articles of Agreement of the associated Manufacturing Iron Company\u201d of the City and County of New York were filed in the Clerk\u2019s office. Hamilton\u2019s name appears on the list of subscribers as the purchaser of two shares.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0550", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Ebenezer Hazard, 1 September 1786\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Hazard, Ebenezer\nNew York, September 1, 1786. Answers questions concerning a government contract for carrying the mail which Hazard had sent to Hamilton on August 1, 1786.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0551", "content": "Title: Alexander Hamilton and Egbert Benson to John Lansing, Junior, 1 September 1786\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Benson, Egbert\nTo: Lansing, John, Jr.\nNewark [New Jersey] September 1, 1786. \u201cWe set out this afternoon on a journey to Anapolis in obedience to the appointment of the Legislature respecting the proposed commercial arrangements and are thus far on our journey. This of course renders it impossible for either of us to be at the intended trials in which Mr. Rensselaaer is concerned.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0552", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Nathan Miller, 1 September 1786\nFrom: Miller, Nathan\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York, September 1, 1786. Will pay a bill drawn on Miller by Samuel Broome in Hamilton\u2019s favor in about three weeks.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0553", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Richard Varick, [1 September 1786]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Varick, Richard\n[New York, September 1, 1786]\nMrs. Hamilton insists on my dining with her to day as this is the day of departure and you (who are not a prophane batchelor like Benson) will know that in such a case implicit obedience on my part is proper. This deprives me of the pleasure of dining with you.\nYr. friend & serv\nA Hamilton\nSepr. 1st 1786", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0554", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Elizabeth Hamilton, [8 September 1786]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Hamilton, Elizabeth\n[Annapolis, September 8, 1786]\nI wrote to you My beloved Betsey at Philadelphia; but through mistake brought off the letter with me; which I did not discover till my arrival here. I was not very well on the first part of the journey; but my health has been improved by travelling and is now as good as I could wish. Happy, however I cannot be, absent from you and my darling little ones. I feel that nothing can ever compensate for the loss of the enjoyments I leave at home, or can ever put my heart at tolerable ease. In the bosom of my family alone must my happiness be sought, and in that of my Betsey is every thing that is charming to me. Would to heaven I were there! Does not your heart re-echo the wish?\nIn reality my attachments to home disqualify me for either business or pleasure abroad; and the prospect of a detention here for Eight or ten days perhaps a fortnight fills me with an anxiety which will best be conceived by my Betseys own impatience.\nI am straitened for time & must conclude. I presume this will find you at Albany. Kiss my little ones a thousand times for me. Remember me affectionately to Your Parents, to Peggy, to all. Think of me with as much tenderness as I do of you and we cannot fail to be always happy\nAdieu My beloved\nA Hamilton\nAnapolisSepr. 8. 1786", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0555", "content": "Title: Thomas Cushing, Francis Dana, and Samuel Breck to Alexander Hamilton and Egbert Benson, 10 September 1786\nFrom: Cushing, Thomas,Dana, Francis,Breck, Samuel\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander,Benson, Egbert\nNew York. Sept. 10. 1786\nGentlemen\nUnderstanding on our arrival in this City last Fryday evening, that you had gone on for the Convention at Annapolis the week past, we take the Liberty to acquaint you and beg you to communicate to the Convention if it should be opened before we arrive there, that we shall set off from this Place to morrow to join them, as Commissioners from the State of Massachusetts, which we hope to do in the course of this week. The Commissioners from Rhode Island were to sail from thence for this city on the 7th Instant; so that they may be expected soon after us.\nWith great Respect \u2003\u2003 Your most obed humble Servts\nThomas Cushing\nFra. Dana\nSam Breck\nThe GentlemenCommissioners for New York", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0556", "content": "Title: Annapolis Convention. Address of the Annapolis Convention, [14 September 1786]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Annapolis Convention\nTo: \n[Annapolis, September 14, 1786]\nTo the Honorable the Legislatures of Virginia, Delaware Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York.\nThe Commissioners from the said states, respectively assembled at Annapolis, humbly beg leave to report.\nThat, pursuant to their several appointments, they met, at Annapolis in the State of Maryland, on the eleventh day of September Instant, and having proceeded to a Communication of their powers; they found, that the States of New York, Pennsylvania and Virginia had, in substance, and nearly in the same terms, authorised their respective Commissioners \u201cto meet such commissioners as were, or might be, appointed by the other States in the Union, at such time and place, as should be agreed upon by the said Commissioners to take into consideration the trade and Commerce of the United States, to consider how far an uniform system in their commercial intercourse and regulations might be necessary to their common interest and permanent harmony, and to report to the several States, such an Act, relative to this great object, as when unanimously ratified by them would enable the United States in Congress assembled effectually to provide for the same.\u201d\nThat the State of Delaware, had given similar powers to their Commissioners, with this difference only that the Act to be framed in virtue of those powers, is required to be reported \u201cto the United States in Congress Assembled, to be agreed to by them, and confirmed by the Legislatures of every State.\u201d\nThat the State of New Jersey had enlarged the object of their Appointment, empowering their Commissioners, \u201cto consider how far an uniform system in their commercial regulations and other important matters, might be necessary to the common interest and permanent harmony of the several States,\u201d and to report such an Act on the subject, as when ratified by them \u201cwould enable the United States in Congress Assembled, effectually to provide for the exigencies of the Union.\u201d\nThat appointments of Commissioners have also been made by the States of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and North Carolina, none of whom however have attended; but that no information has been received by your Commissioners of any appointments having been made by the States of Connecticut, Maryland, South Carolina, or Georgia.\nThat the express terms of the powers to your Commissioners supposing a deputation from all the States, and having for object the Trade and Commerce of the United States, Your Commissioners did not conceive it advisable to proceed on the business of their mission, under the Circumstance of so partial and defective a representation.\nDeeply impressed however with the magnitude and importance of the object confided to them on this occasion, your Commissioners cannot forbear to indulge an expression of their earnest and unanimous wish, that speedy measures may be taken, to effect a general meeting, of the States, in a future Convention, for the same and such other purposes, as the situation of public affairs, may be found to require.\nIf in expressing this wish, or in intimating any other sentiment, your Commissioners should seem to exceed the strict bounds of their appointment, they entertain a full confidence, that a conduct, dictated by an anxiety for the welfare, of the United States, will not fail to receive an indulgent construction.\nIn this persuasion your Commissioners submit an opinion, that the Idea of extending the powers of their Deputies, to other objects, than those of Commerce, which has been adopted by the State of New Jersey, was an improvement on the original plan, and will deserve to be incorporated into that of a future Convention; they are the more naturally led to this conclusion, as in the course of their reflections on the subject, they have been induced to think, that the power of regulating trade is of such comprehensive extent, and will enter so far into the general System of the foederal government, that to give it efficacy, and to obviate questions and doubts concerning its precise nature and limits, may require a correspondent adjustment of other parts of the F\u0153deral System.\nThat there are important defects in the system of the F\u0153deral Government is acknowledged by the Acts of all those States, which have concurred in the present Meeting; That the defects, upon a closer examination, may be found greater and more numerous, than even these acts imply, is at least so far probable, from the embarrassments which characterise the present State of our national affairs\u2014foreign and domestic, as may reasonably be supposed to merit a deliberate and candid discussion, in some mode, which will unite the Sentiments and Councils of all the States. In the choice of the mode your Commissioners are of opinion, that a Convention of Deputies from the different States, for the special and sole purpose of entering into this investigation, and digesting a plan for supplying such defects as may be discovered to exist, will be entitled to a preference from consideration, which will occur, without being particularised.\nYour Commissioners decline an enumeration of those national circumstances on which their opinion respecting the propriety of a future Convention with more enlarged powers, is founded; as it would be an useless intrusion of facts and observations, most of which have been frequently the subject of public discussion, and none of which can have escaped the penetration of those to whom they would in this instance be addressed. They are however of a nature so serious, as, in the view of your Commissioners to render the Situation of the United States delicate and critical, calling for an exertion of the united virtue and wisdom of all the members of the Confederacy.\nUnder this impression, Your Commissioners, with the most respectful deference, beg leave to suggest their unanimous conviction, that it may essentially tend to advance the interests of the union, if the States, by whom they have been respectively delegated, would themselves concur, and use their endeavours to procure the concurrence of the other States, in the appointment of Commissioners, to meet at Philadelphia on the second Monday in May next, to take into consideration the situation of the United States, to devise such further provisions as shall appear to them necessary to render the constitution of the F\u0153deral Government adequate to the exigencies of the Union; and to report such an Act for that purpose to the United States in Congress Assembled, as when agreed to, by them, and afterwards confirmed by the Legislatures of every State will effectually provide for the same.\nThough your Commissioners could not with propriety address these observations and sentiments to any but the States they have the honor to Represent, they have nevertheless concluded from motives of respect, to transmit Copies of this report to the United States in Congress assembled, and to the executives of the other States.\nBy order of the Commissioners\nDated at Annapolis\nSeptember 14th. 1786\nResolved that the Chairman sign the aforegoing Report in behalf of the Commissioners\nThen adjourned without day.\nEgbt: Benson\nNew York\nAlexander Hamilton\nAbra: Clark\nNew Jersey\nWm Chls Houston\nJs. Schureman\nTench Coxe\nPennsylvania\nGeo: Read\nDelaware\nJohn Dickinson\nRichard Bassett\nEdmund Randolph\nVirginia\nJs. Madison Jr.\nSt. George Tucker", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0557", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Robert Milligan, 26 September 1786\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Milligan, Robert\n[September 26, 1786. On October 1, 1786, Milligan wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI have your favour of the 26th Septr.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0558", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Robert Milligan, 1 October 1786\nFrom: Milligan, Robert\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia, October 1, 1786. \u201cI have your favour of the 26th Septr. Your objection to taking Mr Seixas\u2019s bond is conclusive; his base acknowlegement of the amount of our claim I cannot consent to accept. Let an amicable suit be instituted and judgment confessed by Mr Seixas for the balance, with stay till 1st October 1789.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0559", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Samuel Broome, 2 [October] 1786\nFrom: Broome, Samuel\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew Haven [Connecticut, October] 2, 1786. Requests Hamilton to collect the balance of a debt owed to Broome by Nathan Miller.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0561", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from David Forman, 18 October 1786\nFrom: Forman, David\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Auburn, Pennsylvania, October 18, 1786. On November 7, 1786, Forman wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI wrote you from Auburn (near Philada) on the 18th. ult.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0562", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Sitgreaves, 23 October 1786\nFrom: Sitgreaves, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia, October 23, 1786. \u201cYour favor of the 17th. was handed me this morning. Mr. Robert Bowne my Attorney \u2026 [will] call upon you for the One hundred and sixty Pounds received from Mr. Bostwick.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0563", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Alexander Macaulay, 24 October 1786\nFrom: Macaulay, Alexander\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nAlexandria, Virginia, October 24, 1786. Is detained at Alexandria. Asks Hamilton\u2019s assistance in settling various financial affairs in New York City.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0564", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Peter Van Schaack, 25 October 1786\nFrom: Schaack, Peter Van\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nKinderhook [New York] October 25, 1786. \u201cI enclose you a Case for your Opinion, with a Fee. Tis a confused Business but I hope you will hit upon a clue to lead us through the Labyrinth. I have it also in Charge to retain you on Behalf of the Vandenberghs and Van Vechtens.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0565", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Lansing, Junior, 28 October 1786\nFrom: Lansing, John, Jr.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nAlbany, October 28, 1786. States that the sheriff of Montgomery County who \u201chas been attached for a Contempt in proceeding to the Sale of Croghan\u2019s Land,\u201d wishes Hamilton \u201cto take the necessary Steps to defend him.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0567", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Chaloner, [30 October 1786]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Chaloner, John\n[New York, October 30, 1786]\nDr Sir\nInclosed I send you Mr. Church\u2019s Power of Atty to me to receive his bank dividends &c. and a power from me to you to receive the last and the next.\nI will be obliged to you to get the money & forward it by the first proper opportuni[t]y to this place.\nPray let me know how matters go on with the bank. What is intended? When is the next election of Directors? Can bank stock be sold at any rate & at what rate?\nI remain Dr Sir \u2003 Yr Obed ser\nA Hamilton\nOctober 30. 1786", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0568", "content": "Title: Circular Letter to the State Societies of the Cincinnati, [1 November 1786]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: State Societies of the Cincinnati\n[New York, November 1, 1786]\nGentlemen\nIt is our duty to inform you, that we have been appointed by the New York State Society of the Cincinnati a Committee of correspondence, with instructions to frame and transmit to the other State Societies a circular letter, on several matters of importance to the Society of the Cincinnati in general.\nIn pursuance of this trust, we send you an extract from the proceedings of our Society, began the fourth of July last and continued by adjournments to the twelveth of August following. This extract will itself explain the objects intended to be communicated by this letter, and will leave little to be added by us.\nAmong other things comprised in it, you will find the Report of a Committee on the proceedings of the General Society of the Cincinnati, at their last meeting; which report approved by our Society contains its dissent from the alterations proposed to be made in the Original Constitution, and assigns the principal reasons of that dissent. These reasons might be enforced by many additional considerations of weight; which, however, we shall omit, as we are persuaded your own reflections will supply them.\nWe cannot help thinking, that even those Societies, which have adopted the proposed alterations, will on a review of the matter, be struck with the objections Stated in the Report, and will chearfully concur in a plan for revising the business and digesting it into shape, that will be satisfactory to all the parts of the Institution.\nAt any rate, there appears to be an absolute necessity for such a revisal, if it were only to let in a mode of combining the views and sentiments of the respective Societies in some definitive result; without which, alterations agreed on every side to be proper, will either not be made at all, or made partially, and on principles dissimilar and subversive of the Uniformity of the Institution. This obvious idea will, we trust, demonstrate the Justness of the opinion\u2014That it will be adviseable for each State Society to instruct and empower its delegates, at the next general meeting, to agree upon and finally establish all such alterations, in the Original constitution, as shall be thought, by a Majority expedient. The extension of the authority of the delegates to the final establishment of the alterations to be agreed upon is in our opinion indispensable. The prospect of an unanimous concurrence of all the particular Societies in any plan, which might be referred to their ultimate deliberations, would be remote; And the objects of the Society are too simple and limited to require such a referrence.\nBefore we dismiss the Subject of the proposed alterations, we shall submit an observation on that part of them, which relates to the exclusion of the clause, by which it is made a fundamental principle of the Society: \u201cTo promote and cherish between the respective States that Union and national honor so essentially necessary, to their happiness and the future dignity of the American empire.\u201d\nWe flatter ourselves, we speak the sense of the Society of which we are members, as well as our own, in declaring, that we reverence the sentiment contained in that clause, too much to be willing to see it expunged. Nor can we believe that its continuance will on reflection, give umbrage to any whose views are not unfriendly to those principles which form the Basis of the Union and the only sure foundation of the tranquility and happiness of this Country. To such men it can never appear criminal, that a class of citizens who have had so conspicuous an Agency in the American Revolution as those who compose the Society of the Cincinnati should pledge themselves to each other, in a voluntary association, to support, by all means consistent with the laws, That noble Fabric of United Independence, which at so much hazard, and with so many sacrifices they have contributed to erect; a Fabric on the Solidity and duration of which the value of all they have done must depend! And America can never have cause to condemn, an Institution, calculated to give energy and extent to a sentiment, favorable to the preservation of that Union, by which she established her liberties, and to which she must owe her future peace, respectability and prosperity. Experience, we doubt not, will teach her, that the members of the Cincinnati, always actuated by the same virtuous and generous motives, which have hitherto directed their conduct, will pride themselves in being, thro every vicissitude of her future fate, the steady and faithful supporters of her Liberty, her Laws and her Government.\nPermit us now Gentlemen to call your attention to two other resolutions contained in the extract, transmitted herewith, one relating to a limitation of the number of the members to be Elected in addition to those already elected in the Society of this State\u2014The other relating to the right of the State Societies to Elect foreigners as Members of the Cincinnati; We believe the spirit of both these resolutions will appear to you prudent, and conducive, perhaps we might say essential, to the respectability of the Society. The first speaks for itself, and the last has the reasons for it detailed in a letter from Major L\u2019Enfant included in the extract. The opinion of our Society in this respect is founded on the particular terms of the clause of the constitution providing for the election of Honorary members, which seem inapplicable to any but citizens of the respective States eminent for abilities and \u201cPatriotism.\u201d\nBut we presume, if there should be any difference of Opinion as to the right of electing Foreigners, there will be none as to the expediency of referring that matter exclusively to the general Society; who will no doubt be properly impressed with the necessity of circumspection, in admitting the claims of candidates of that description, and who will be less likely to be importuned with ill founded pretensions. The Society of this State will be happy to find, that the views of the Societies of the other States coincide with theirs, in the objects of this letter. Should this not be the case we at least persuade ourselves, they will be considered as the dictates of a pure zeal for the honor and interest of the Institution.\nWe are very respectfully Gentlemen your obedt. and humble Servants\nAlexander Hamilton\nJas. Duane\nWm. Duer\nNew York November 1st 1786\nTo the President of the Society of the Cincinnati of the State of Pensylvania", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0569", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from David Forman, 7 November 1786\nFrom: Forman, David\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nMiddle Town Point [New Jersey] November 7, 1786. \u201cI wrote you from Auburn (near Philada) on the 18th. ult.\u201d Asks when \u201cthe Monies from Robt. Cocks would probably be Recd. &c.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0571", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Chaloner, [22 November 1786]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Chaloner, John\n[New York, November 22, 1786]\nDr Sir\nI received your letter with the draft on Mr Ray which I presented immediately. He would not accept it payable in specie. I did not protest because by your letter it appears to be an affair of accomodation and that you retain the money in your hands. Nor do I now return the draft because Mr. Ray tells me endeavours are making to turn paper into specie for the payment of it; if these do not succeed in a few days I will send it back to you.\nI remain with great regard \u2003 Yr Obed ser\nA Hamilton\nNovember 22d. 1786\nJ Chaloner", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0572", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Chaloner, [1 December 1786]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Chaloner, John\n[New York, December 1, 1786]\nDr Sir\nI send you the bill drawn on Mr. Ray protested as you desire in your last. You will be so good as to send forward the Specie by the first opportunity as the Packet sails in a short time.\nYr Obed serv\nA Hamilton\nDecr. 1st 1786", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0574", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Chaloner, 13 December 1786\nFrom: Chaloner, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhilada Decr, 13, 1786\nAlexr Hamilton Esqr\nDr Sir\nYours of the 1st Inst covering Mr Whites Bill & Protest I reced the 10th Inst since which no Oppo has offerd by which I could send you the money. I shall embrace the first. Did the money I sent you by Mr Lawry come safe to hand? Our Assembly is now on the subject of the Bank & a proposition before them to restore the old Charter. Mr Morris is opposed to any alteration least it should faciltitate those who wish to take their money.\nI am with respt Dr Sir \u2003 Your most obdt Serv\nJohn Chaloner", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0575", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Chaloner, 16 December 1786\nFrom: Chaloner, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhilada Decemr. 16th. 1786.\nDear Sir,\nSince my last the Assembly has adopted the Report of the Committee and have ordered a Bill to be brot in to Restore the Charter of the Bank restricting its duration and Capital; the time and sum is not yet mentioned. This displeasing a number of Stockholders has occasioned a petition to be preferd to the House praying that the Bank may be organized and put on a similar footing with respect to its regulations as the Bank of England\u2014and particularly in the following particulars Viz Directors to be chosen by a Majority of Directors present each Stockholder to have One Vote\u2014No person to be a Director without he holds four Shares\u2014No person to Vote at Elections for directors without he has been an owner of Stock some given time so as to prevent the transfer of Stock for Election purposes. I have on my own account signed and promoted as much as is in my power this petition, and I believe if adopted it will so effectually remove the Jealousy and apprehension of Government as no longer to Cause the Bank to be an object of their Resentment; which was solely occasioned by the influence a few people had among the Stockholders to allways nominate and Elect the directors: and by their Continuing to sit as Directors did in a great measure influence and Comand the Trade of the City and give a bias to all Elections for assembly or other purposes.\nThe Resentment of Government being removed, I doubt not but the Stock will Rise and come to par: whereas now it is below 10 \u214c Ct Discount. Wether this measure will succeed is very uncertain; I think it propable that it may. The Stockholders by call of the Directors on the 14th Inst are to meet on Monday the 8th of January to choose Directors. I have as yet met no oppo to send you the money which White\u2019s Bill was to have answered. I shall embrace the first that I can with Confidence rely on. In the meantime I remain \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your most Obdt Servt\nJohn Chaloner", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0576", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jacob Hardenbergh, 16 December 1786\nFrom: Hardenbergh, Jacob\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew Brunswick [New Jersey] December 16, 1786. Wishes to retain Hamilton as an attorney in an ejection suit against a tenant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0577", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas McKean, 26 December 1786\nFrom: McKean, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia, December 26, 1786. Requests Hamilton to collect a debt of \u00a350 owed McKean by Richard Dowdle.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0578", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Stephen Lush, 31 December 1786\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lush, Stephen\n[New York, December 31, 1786. The catalogue description of this letter states that Hamilton alluded \u201cto the necessity of his attending the legislature of New York in January.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0579", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to James Duane, [1786]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Duane, James\n[New York, 1786.] Encloses draft of a certificate and asks Duane \u201cto affix the seal of the Corporation\u201d of the City of New York to the draft.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0580", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Cornelius Hendrickson, [1786]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Hendrickson, Cornelius\n[New York, 1786.] \u201cMr. Laurence Kortright of this City has requested me to write to you concerning a suit in Chancery which has been depending between Mr Cornelius P. Lowe and himself on a matter in which the estate of his brother to which You are an Executor is concerned; and in which suit Mr. B Livingston of this place and myself were employed as Council for Mr. Kortright. I send you herewith an exemplification of the Chancellor\u2019s decree by which you will see the principles upon which the affair has been decided.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0581-0002", "content": "Title: Notes on the History of North America, [December 1786]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[December, 1786]\nNorth America\nPurchase Vol 5 Page 809 \u00a7 2\nThe Map of Sebastian Cabot cut by Clement Adam relateth that John Cabot a venetian and his son Sebastian set out from Bristol and discovering the land called it Prima Vista and the Island before it St Johns. But (says Purchase) Cabot discovered all along the Coast as far as Florida.\nIn 1607 Henry Hudson discovered those parts to the latitude of fourscore degrees.\nLa Hontan Vol 1 P. 211\u2014\nFrederick Aschild a Dane was the first discoverer of North America.\nThe discoveries in South America appear to have extended North to about the 35 degree of North Latitude.\nRobinsons H of A 2d Volume\nBook 4 P. 2\u2014Cites Herrera Dec 1 lib VI c 16\u2014\nIn the foregoing period North America had been discovered from the coast of Labrador to the confines of Florida; by the English and Portuguese.\nHumes history of Eng Vol 3 Page 335\u2013336\nHenry 7 sent Sebastian Cabott (a Venetian) in quest of Discoveries who fell in with the main land of NA about the 60\u00b0 & sailed Southwards without making any conquest or settlement.\nHume Idem\u2014\nAnno 1502\nElliot and other Merchants in Britain made a like attempt.\nPrinces Chronology NE Page 2\nAnno 1600\nAbout this period the French and English begin to be competitors for North America. First they send to Fish and Trade and then to settle.\nPurchase vol 2. 1677 No 10\u2014\nCabott discovered as far South as the 38\u00b0 of NL.\nPurchases Pilgrim vol 4P. 1809 No. 10 & 20\u2014}\nMarginal Note Corteregalis a Portuguese in 1500 & 1501 made voyages to these parts.\nIdem\u20141812\nFirst possession was taken by Queen Eliz in 1584. In 1585 Sir Walter Raleigh settled a Colony.\nHints at discoveries in North America by Gasper Corteregale a Portuguese Stephen Gomez a Spaniard and Sebastian Cabot.\nCanada & Acadia or New France\nPrince NE Ch: P 2\nThe French direct their views to Canada and Acadia.\nIdem P. 37\nAnno 1613\nHad made settlements about Sagadahock at Mount Mansel St Croix and Port Royal. Dislodged by the Government of South Virginia.\nIdem P. 94\u2014\nAnno 1620\nBesides the natives the nearest plantation to the Plimouth settlers was a French one at Port Royal who had another at Canada.\nIdem 111\u2014\nAnno. 1621\nKing James gives Sir William Alexander a Patent for Nova Scotia, extending from Cape Sables to the bay of St Mary, thence N to the River St Croix thence N to Canada River so down the River to Gachepe thence SE to Cape Breton Islands thence round to Cape Sables again with all seas and Islands within six leagues of the Western Northern and Eastern parts & within 40 leagues to the Southward of cape Breton & Cape Sables to be called Nova Scotia.\n2 Vol Collection of Voyages and Travels page 796\u2014\nPatent from King Henry the 4th. of France to Monsieurs De Monts for inhabiting La Cadia Canada and other places in New France dated as \u214c Margin to extend from the 40 to the 46 degree of Latitude.\nFrench visit Cape Sable Bay Francoise The River Lequelle Port Royal at which last Place they dwelt three years.\nQuare\nFortify themselves at the Island St. Croix in 44 degrees. Visit the River Kennebecke & Cape Malabar.\nReturn to Port Royal\nMr. De Poutrincourt sets out from France on a new voyage.\nIn August arrive at Port Royal.\nMr. De Poutrincourt after several excursions returns to Port Royal\nFrench establishments at Quebec: Champlains discovery of the St Laurence & the lakes from the Gulph upwards 1200 miles.\nSir Samuel Argall in  dispossessed the French at Port Royal: they surrendered \u27e8\u2013 \u2013 \u2013\u27e9.\nPurchases Pilgrim Vol 4 Page 1872\u2014\nMap: by which New France is laid down NW of Canada River New England on the South East terminating about 40 leagues South of cape Cod without including Hudsons River.\nIdem Vol. 3 P. 857\nHondius\u2019 Map of New France, Montreal &c.\nChamplain made a Voyage to Canada in 1603.\nIn 1604 Monsieur De Monts in consequence of a Patent from Henry the 4th of France for the Country from 40 to the 46 degree, visited those parts that trend Westward from Cape Breton; fortified Port Royal. \u201cOne of the Ports he visited was called Lanalet from a French Captain who had made forty two voyages there.\u201d\nMentions Quebec and a Lake in Nova Franica threescore leagues long.\nLa hontan Voyages Vol 1 Page 7 _______\nSpeaks of their arrival at Quebec in 1684.\nSpeaks of soldiers of the Regiment of Carignan who had been inhabitants there 40 years.\nQuebec lies in the latitude of 47\u00b0. 12m.\nDescription of Quebec by which it appears to have been an ancient settlement.\nTrois Rivieres a town in latitude 46\u00b0. French had peopled the St Laurence higher up.\nMontreal then settled in 45\u00b0. of latitude. The banks of the St Laurence well peopled.\nSpeaks of Indian Villages on the South side of Lake Ontario or of Frontenac.\nFort Frontenac was then built. Charles 2d. instructed his Governor of New York to advise the Iroquois nations to live in peace with the French.\nProgress to Fort Frontenac.\nMissilimakenack was then a French post. Letter from thence dated May 26. 1688.\nSpeaks of the Governor of New York in transactions with the five nations.\nLetter dated from Niagara Aug 2. 1687.\nFort St Joseph then in existence.\n\u201cCanada reaches from the 39 to the 65 degree of latitude that is from the South side of Lake Erie to the North side of Hudsons bay & from the 284 to the 336 degree of longitude viz from the River Mississippi to Cape Rase in the Island of New found land.\u201d \u201cI mean (says he) the countries in which the French trade with the natives for beavers and in which they have forts magazines Missinaries and small settlements.\u201d\n\u201cTis above a Century and a half since Canada was discovered. John Verasan was the first discoverer.\u2019 About the beginning of last Century a Colony was sent over from Rouen who effected a settlement. The Colony computed to contain 180,000 souls.\nAcadia extends from the River Kennebecca to L\u2019isle Percee near the mouth of St Laurence.\nN England\nPrinces NE. Ch. P. 2\nThe English Claim South and North Virginia\u2014Newfoundland and Bermudas\u2014Virginia extending from Florida to the bay of Fundy, The Northern part took the name of New England in 1614.\nIdem P. 17\nAnno 1606\nApril 10.\nKing James by Patent divides Virginia into two colonies. The Southern between 34 & 41 he gives to London Company. The Northern between 38 & 45\u00b0 N he gives to Plymouth Company forbidding to plant within 100 miles of each other.\nIdem P. 21\nMay 11\nPlimouth Adventurers under George Popham as President and Rawly Gilbert as Admiral form a settlement at the Mouth of Sagadehock.\nIdem P. 25\nThis Colony breaks up & returns to England.\nIdem P. 33\u2014\nVoyage by Sir Edward Harlie & Nicholas Hobson towards the same Quarter. Have a little Quarrel with Indians who assault the Ship & take some of them. \u201cNo more speeches of plantations\u201d.\nCapt John Smith makes a voyage to N Virginia, ranges the Coast along from Penobscot to Sagadehock, Acocisco, Passataquack, Tragabigzanda.\nCalled Cape Anne the Massachusettes Isles. Finds two French Ships who had been there six weeks. Sails to Accomack thence to Cape Cod, sails for England, arrives at London, makes a map of the Country and first calls it New England.\nIdem P. 43\nJuly\u2014\nTwo ships sent to Fish at N England. A few ships sail for New England to Fish.\nThis year Eight volunteer ships go to New England.\nSmith undertakes a voyage to settle in N England which by contrary winds is frustrated. He is appointed Admiral of New England for life.\nTwo ships go to Fish in New England.\nSir F: Gorges sends Cap Thos. Dermer on a fishing voyage to N England.\nCapt Dermer sails from Monahegan (an Island) near Sagadahock along the Coast to the mouth of James River: passes between Long Island and the main.\nThis year 6 or 7 sail go to N E to fish.\nIdem P. 67\u2014\nThis Spring Dermer returns to New England. Discovers many goodly rivers and pleasant coasts and Islands 80 leagues E from Hudsons River to Cape Cod, but arriving at New England again writes a letter &c.\nN B. NE does not appear to have been then understood to extend further Southward than cape Cod. This was the Southern extent of Smiths coasting when he gave the name.\nKing James gives a warrant to prepare \u201ca new Patent of Incorporation\u201d for the Adventurers to North Virginia between 40 & 48\u00b0. North, stiling them the \u201cCouncil for the Affairs of NE & their successors.\u201d\nThe first adventurers from Plymouth made land at Cape Cod, stand to the Southward to find some place of settlement about Hudsons River, meeting contrary winds they get into the Cape harbour; where or in the neighbourhood they make a landing; but their design and patent being for Virginia & not New England, they enter into a\nIdem\u201473\u2014\ncompact and association for their settlement & government.\nDecemr. 31\u2014\nfix their settlement at Plymouth, the first English town in all that Country.\nForm of the compact dated 11 Nov. 1620. They conceived themselves in a state of nature.\nIdem P. 94\u2014\nBesides the Natives the nearest plantation to them is a French one at Port Royal who had another at Canada.\nThe only English settlements were at Virginia, Bermudas & Newfoundland. In this year Nov 3 unkown to and unsought by the adventurers a Patent was signed for the Incorporation of the Adventurers to the Northern Colony of Virg between 40 & 48 degrees of N Latitude.\nTreaty of alliance with Massasoit the Great Sagamore of the Neighbouring Indians.\nNine Sachems subscribe an Instrument of Submission to King James (in the neighbourhood of Plymouth).\nVisit Massachusettes bay, get a considerable quantity of beaver and return home. The Sachem of the bay (though not the Massachusettes Queen) submits to King James on condition of protection.\nReceive a letter from Mr. Weston in which he writes \u201cWe (ie the Adventurers) have procured you a charter the best we could better than your former and with less limitation.\u201d\nMake another visit to Massachusettes trade and return.\nArrive at Plymouth two ships with Adventurers to form a settlement at Massachusettes for which Weston had procured a Patent. They remain at Plymouth during the Summer, and then go to Weymouth in Massachusettes.\nThe Governor with some Indians go to Manomet a town near 20 Miles S of Plimouth\u2014stands on a Fresh River running into a bay which cannot be less than 60 Miles from thence. Twill bear a boat of 8 or ten tons. Hither the Dutch or French or both used to come. Tis about 8 Miles to the bay of Cape Cod. The Sachem of the Place with many others own themselves subject to King James.\nThe Massachusettes settlement breaks up this year.\nCapt J. Mason, Sir F Gorges and others having obtained patents from the New England Council for different tracts they send over persons to form a settlement, who settle 25 leagues NE from Plymouth near Smith\u2019s Isles at a place called Little Harbour West of Piscataqua River near the Mouth.\nCapt Robert Gorges & others arrive at Massachusettes bay to form a plantation. Pitches upon the place Weston had abandonned, to Wit, Weymouth.\nThis Plantation breaks up. This Spring Mr. D Thompson who had begun a settlement at Piscataqua removes to Massachusettes bay & possesses a fruitful Island & Neck of land.\nA plantation is begun at Cape Anne under the Plymouth people.\nThis year Capt Wollaston & others begin a settlement at braintree in Massachusettes.\nSometime in the fall Mr. Conant with the settlers at Cape Anne remove to Salem & there establish themselves.\nAbout this year a patent is procured for the Massachusettes colony.\nThe Council for New England sell to Sir Henry Roswell and four five others the tract comprehended in the Massachusettes Charter (prout the Charter). \u201cBy the Massachusettes colony Charter & records it seems the three former wholly sold their rights the three latter retaining theirs in equal partnership with the said associates.\u201d Names of Grantees: Sir Henry Rosswell Sir John Young, Thomas Southcoat John Hunphry John Endicott & Simon Whitcomb.\nKing Charles grants a patent to the Massachusettes Colony to the above named & their associates. Note first the government is carried on in England.\nThe Council of proprietors vote that the Patent & Government be transferred to Massachusettes.\nThe Council for New England grant to William Bradford and others a patent for all the Country between Cohasset Rivulet on the North & Naragansett River towards the South &c. (prout the description).\n                      Purchases Pilgrims Vol 4 Page 1830\u2014\nThere were disputes between the Virginia Company and New England adventurers decided in favour of the latter who obtained a New patent. \u201cThey were to have their grant agreeable to the liberty of the Virginia Company the frame of their government excepted.\u201d\nCharter to Sir William Alexander for Nova Scotia.\nIdem 1872.\nMap in which New France is laid down NW of Canada River, New England SE terminating about 40 leagues South of Cape Cod without including Hudsons River.\nSpeaking of North and South Virginia: \u201cof the North (says he) our method requires first mention. Mawooshen was many years together visited by our men extending between 43 & 45 degre[e]s &c.\u201d\nNote He mentions This present year 1616\nThese Northern parts (says he) are lately called New England. \u201cA map\nand discovery hereof was set forth this last year by Capt John Smith. It lieth between 41\u00b0. & 45m.\u201d He speaks of Smiths Arguments for a New Colony & expresses his hope of having English colonies renewed.\nCollection of Voyages and Travels 2 Vol\n\u201cIn the year 1606 King James did license a plantation there on condition not to plant within an hundred miles of each other.\u201d\nIn 1609 first settlement made on the banks of Saga de hoc which lasted only a year.\nShortly after a second settlemen[t] was undertaken under Capt Hobson which failed.\nIn 1614 & 15 a third and fourth voyage was performed but neither with any good success.\nIn 1620 the first successful settlement.\nDouglass\u2019s Summary 374\nOriginally, according to Capt Smiths map approved of by the Court of England New England extended from twenty Miles east of Hudsons River Northward &c.\n4 Purchase 1870\nThe Indians affirm confidently that New England is an Island and that the Dutch or French pass through from sea to sea between us and Virginia.\nWoods New Eng Prospects No. 1. 2. This book is No. 227 in the Pensyl library. It was published in 1639 said to have been written in 1633. The author lived 4 years in the Country.\n\u201cThe place whereon the English have built their colonies is judged by those who have best skill in discovery either to be an Island surrounded on the North Ride with the Spacious River Canada and on the South with Hudson\u2019s River or else a peninsula these two Rivers overlapping one another having their rise from the great lakes &c.\u201d\nPamphlet Intitled \u201cVirginia richly valued\u201d printed in 1650 by E Williams No. 261 Phil Library.\nSame Ideas as to N England.\nVirginia\n                      Collection of Voyages and Travels\n\u201cVirginia is next adjoining Westerly to New Netherland.\u201d\nIt extends along the coast from 33 to 39 divided into two parts Northern & Southern.\nNorthern first settled in 1606 from 37 to 39.\nPurchases Pilgrim Vol 3 P. 869\nHondius Map of Virginia and Florida.\nVirginia according to Capt Smiths account (whom Purchase speaks of as a discoverer of the Northern parts) extends between 34 & 44 degrees of North Latitude bounded on the East by the Great Ocean by Florida on the South on the North Nova Francia: Its Western limits unknown.\nThe Part planted in 1606 lies between 37 and 39.\nIdem Page 853 . . .\nTitle of Chap. 8 \u201cOf the Countries situate Westward from Florida and Virginia towards the South Sea.\u201d\nBartholomew Gosnold an Englishman discovered Northern parts of Virginia somewhere about 40\u00b0. 20m.\nMentions Patent to Virginia from 30\u00b0 to 45\u00b0 not to plant within 100 miles of each other.\nNew York\nThis summer Henry Hudson an Englishman employed by the Dutch sails to Newfoundland and all along the Coast as far as the 33d degree of N L; now discovers Hudsons River (as supposed).\n                      2 Vol Collection of Voyages & Travels Page 739\nAs [the bounds of] New England Westward, and by the South ends with the Promontary Malabar so the Dutch Plantation begins here and\nextends itself most Westward & more Southward towards Virginia: was first found out in the year 1609 by Master Henry Hudson an Englishman employed by the States of the Low Countries, who after making the discovery returned to Amsterdam and was sent out the next year. Speaks of Nassau River by which he seems to mean Connecticut River.\n\u201cOn the North side of the Dutch Plantation springeth the River Machican called the Great North River\u201d \u201cThere is yet another River bigger than the former called South River\u201d described as the Dalaware.\nThis Spring Capt Dermer returns to New England meets with certain Hollanders who had a trade in Hudsons River some years.\nThe Plymouth adventurers visit Manomet a town standing on a Fresh River 20 Miles South of Plymouth. Here the Dutch and French used to come.\nAbout mid march (say March 9. 1627) The Governor of the Dutch Plantation writes a letter of congratulation and offer of service to the Plymouth adventurers. This letter is dated from Fort Amsterdam at Manhattans\u2014\u201cThe Dutch had traded in those Southern parts divers years before the Plymouth adventurers came; but began no plantation till four or five years after their coming.\u201d A letter of thanks and acceptance of friendship is returned.\nA second communication takes place\u2014letters and commodities. Trade is carried on for divers years between the Plymouth people & the Dutch colony.\nHenry Hudson having obtained a ship from the Dutch discovered New Holland which is now called New York.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-03-02-0581-0003", "content": "Title: Notes on the History of South America, [December 1786]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nSouth America\nRob. H of A B 2d P 73\u2014\nChristopher Columbus, a subject of Genoa, the first discoverer of America.\nAfter Different applications to the Genoese, to the King of Portugal, England & various disappointments he at last undertakes the\nvoyage in the service of Spain & in 1492 set out on his voyage.\nOctr. 12. 1492 discovered land\u2014the Island of San Salvador\u2014& afterwards several other Islands.\nIdem 132\nFebr. 24. 1493. Returns to Europe & arrives at Lisbon. Goes to Spain. Communicates his success to the Court.\nIdem 140\u2014\nFerdinand King of Spain obtains from Pope Alexander 6 a grant of all the lands he had discovered or should discover to the Westward of an\nAnno. 1493\nimaginary line drawn from pole to pole a\nPrinces Chronology New Engd. Part 1 P. 2\u2014\nhundred leagues to the Westward of the Azores. All to the Eastward was given to Portugal. Bull signed at Rome May 4. 1493.\nIdem 141 Anno. 1493\nColumbus set out on a second Voyage, November 22 arrives again at Hispaniola.\nIdem 163 Anno. 1496\nReturns again to Spain And\nIdem 169. Anno 1498\nUndertakes a third Voyage. And\nIdem 170\u2014\nIn the same year discovers the Continent of America.\nAlonso Di Ojeda a private adventurer made a voyage to the same part of the Coast of the Continent\u2014Paria.\nAmerigo Vespucci who accompanied Ojeda in this voyage and wrote an account had the address to make himself be considered as the Discoverer of the Continent & gave a name to it\u2014America.\nThe Portuguese discover the Coast of the Brazil; Cabral the Discoverer by accident.\nRoderigo De Bastidas discovers all that part of the Continent from Cape De Veda to the Gulf of Darien called Tierra Firm\u00e9.\nSettlement on the Continent attempted by Ojeda. Ferdinand erects two governments, one extending from Cape De Vela to the Gulf of Darien, the other from that to Cape Gracios a Dios.\nJuan Ponce De Leon discovered Florida.\nBalboa discovers the South sea by a march through the Isthmus of Darien.\nGrijalva discovers New Spain.\nCollection of Voyages & Travels 2d. Vol. P. 743\u2014\nVisits made by French & Spainards to Florida from 1512 to 1542.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0111", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Samuel H. Parsons, 11 January 1786\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Parsons, Samuel H.\n[New York] January 11, 1786. \u201cSome time since I transmitted you a Commission issuing out of the Court of Appeals in cases of Capture the object of which was to examine you on the subject of a certain Agreement stated in your letter and affidavit that no prejudice should arise from not lodging the appeal in time in the cause of the Brig Hope.\u2026 Not having yet had the pleasure of hearing from you on the subject I am induced to trouble you with this letter to ascertain whether the Commission has reached you & whether the proposed arrangement is agreeable to you.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0112", "content": "Title: Receipt to Andrew Craig and William Cooper, 23 January 1786\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Craig, Andrew,Cooper, William\nNew York, January 23, 1786. Receipt for a deed to a tract of land in George Croghan\u2019s Otsego Patent.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0113", "content": "Title: Conveyance. Isaac Moses, Nicholas Low, Daniel Ludlow, and Alexander Hamilton to Alexander Macomb, 15 February 1786\nFrom: Moses, Isaac,Low, Nicholas,Ludlow, Daniel,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Macomb, Alexander\nNew York, February 15, 1786. \u201c\u2026 Isaac Moses of the City of New York Merchant of the first part Nicholas Low and Daniel Ludlow Merchant and Alexander Hamilton Counsellor at law all of the same place assignees of the real and personal estate of the said Isaac Moses \u2026 for and in consideration of the sum of Four thousand four hundred and fifty pounds New York currency to them in hand paid by \u2026 Alexander Macomb \u2026 have granted \u2026 unto the said Alexander Macomb \u2026 All those three certain messuages or tenements and lots of ground situate, lying and being in the Dockward of the City of New York bounded northwesterly by great dock street southwesterly by a lot of ground of William Constable southeasterly by little Dock street and northeasterly by a lot of ground late of Thomas Doughty and a lot now or late of John Oothout.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0114", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Andrew Craig and William Cooper, 2 March 1786\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Craig, Andrew,Cooper, William\nNew York, March 2, 1786. Advises Cooper and Craig how to secure their interest in their portions of George Croghan\u2019s Otsego Patent.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0117", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Elihu Marshall and James Bingham, [19 April 1786]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Marshall, Elihu,Bingham, James\n[New York, April 19, 1786. Sends a notice for trial in the New York Supreme Court in the case of Robert McWilliams v Elihu Marshall and James Bingham. Document not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0119", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Murray, Sansom, and Company, [April 1786]\nFrom: Murray, Sansom, and Company\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York, April, 1786]\nMurray, Sansom & Co. present their Compliments to Mr. Hamilton and inform him that there is a Vessel that will sail on Sunday next for London, they would be obliged to him if he would have the Commission made out to go by that conveyance. At foot are the names they wish to have nominated as Commissioners.\n[Mark Lane London]\nNo 1 [Henry] Adams\u2014Attorney at Law\n\u2003\u20033 Robert Barclay\n\u2003\u20034 Joseph Woods\n\u2003\u20035 Effingham Lawrence\n[of the City of London Merchants]\n\u2003\u20032 Thomas Powell\n\u2003\u20036 John Freeman", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0121", "content": "Title: Receipt to Robert Cambridge Livingston, [8 June 1786]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Livingston, Robert Cambridge\n[New York, June 8, 1786. On June 17, 1796, Walter Livingston wrote to Hamilton: \u201cIn examining my fathers papers yesterday I found a receipt of yours in the following words Viz. Received New York June 8. 1786 of Robert C. Livingston Esquire Twenty five Dollars as a retainer for the Manor of Livingston. Alex Hamilton.\u201d Receipt not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0122", "content": "Title: Stephen Van Rensselaer to the Tenants of Rensselaerwyck, [July\u2013August 1786]\nFrom: Van Rensselaer, Stephen\nTo: Tenants of Rensselaerwyck\n[July\u2013August, 1786]\nSir\nThe situation in which you occupy the lands in your possession in the manor of Renssela\u00e6rwyck must of course make you anxious to be put upon a more certain and explicit footing. On my part it is my wish not merely to do justice but to act liberally towards those with whom I have any concerns of property. In this disposition I have concluded to give you a lease in fee for the farm in your possession on such terms and conditions as will be reasonable in respect to you and consistent with a due regard to myself and my family. You will therefore call upon me at my house on  in order that what is necessary may be done.\nI am Sir \u2003 Your hum ser\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0124", "content": "Title: Moses Myers to Nicholas Low, Daniel Ludlow, and Alexander Hamilton, 23 November 1786\nFrom: Myers, Moses\nTo: Low, Nicholas,Ludlow, Daniel,Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia, November 23, 1786. Describes his efforts in Baltimore and Philadelphia to collect money to cover his firm\u2019s debts.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0001-0001", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 1 January 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 1st. Thermometer at 36 in the Morng.  at Noon and  at Night. Lowering day, with but little Wind, and that Easterly. Lund Washington and Wife dined here & returned in the Afternoon. Mr. Shaw went up to Alexandria and stayed all Night.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0001-0002", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 2 January 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 2d. Thermometer at 34 in the Morng. 35 at Noon and 35 at Night. Heavy lowering Morning with the wind at East. About 9 Oclock it began to rain and continued to do so, slowly, all day. Immediately after an early breakfast I went out with the Hounds but returned as soon as it began to rain, without touching upon the drag of a Fox. Mr. Shaw returned from Alexandria this Morning before Breakt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0001-0003", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 3 January 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 3d. Thermometer at 39 in the Morning\u201446 at Noon and 42 at Night. Clear and pleasant morning without wind at Sun rising but it soon sprung up from the Southwesterly quarter and veering more to the westward blew hard until the evening when it again turned calm & very pleasant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0001-0004", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 4 January 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 4th. Thermometer at 35 in the Morning\u201442 at Noon and 40 at Night. Morning calm and clear with very little wind all day. After breakfast I rid by the places where my Muddy hole & Ferry people were clearing\u2014thence to the Mill and Dogue run Plantations and having the Hounds with me in passing from the latter towards Muddy hole Plantation I found a Fox which after dragging him some distance and running him hard for near an hour was killed by the cross road in front of the House. Having provided cutting Knives, and made the Boxes at my own Shop, I directed my Overseers at the several Plantations at which I had been to cut Straw and mix three 4ths. of it with one\nfourth Bran (from my Mill) to feed their out lying Horses\u2014whilst their work Horses is also to be fed with this and Oats mixed. I also directed that my Chariot Horses and all others about my home Ho[use] except the Stud horse and three horses which will be frequently rid a hunting to be fed with Bran & chopped Hay in the above proportion and that my waggon & Cart Horses should be fed with chopped Rye & chopped Hay in the same proportion of one to 4. Mr. Bushrod Washington and his wife came here in a Chariot 4 Horses & 3 Servants just after we had dined.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0001-0007", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 7 January 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 7th. Thermometer at 26 in the Morning\u201434 at Noon and 32 at Night. Morning clear with the Wind at No. West. Fresh, and Cold, all day. The little Snow which fell yesterday had disappeared except in places where the influence of the Sun could not be felt. The Boat which was sent off yesterday with flour got no further\nthan Johnsons Ferry & there by neglect suffered to get aground. Sent and ordered it to be got off, and to proceed, or to return, as circumstances might dictate. The last of which was done.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0001-0008", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 8 January 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 8th. Thermometer at 27 in the Morng.\u201438 at Noon and 35 at Night. Day clear, with the wind pretty fresh at No. West in the forenoon which moderating as the Sun rose backed to South West and grew calm towards the evening. Mr. Bushrod Washington and his Wife went away after Breakfast and about 11 Oclock Betcy & Patcy Custis returned to Abingdon in my Chariot\u2014accompanied by their Brother & Sister, Nelly & Washington Custis. Sent my Boat of this afternoon with the Flour for Alexandria, with which she returned last Night on Acct. of the weather.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0001-0009", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 9 January 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 9th. Thermometer at 28 in the Morng. 38 at Noon and  at Night. Wind Southerly all day. Clear but a chilly air. Saturday, yesterday, and this day morning, the flats and Creeks were froze, but that on the former dispersed with the tide when the Winds blew. The latter remained. Sent Mr. Shaw to Alexandria to dispatch my Boat which went up yesterday and to pur\u27e8cha\u27e9se & send down a ton of Iron in \u27e8it\u27e9 wch. was accordingly [done]. He and the Boat both, returned at Night. Rid over my ferry plantation\u2014thence to the Mill, & thence to my Dogue run & Muddy hole Plantations before dinner\u2014as also to the place where my Negro Carpenters were at Work and directed them to get me a stick for a heavy roller, and scantling for Plow stocks\u2014Harrows &ca. &ca.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0001-0010", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 10 January 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 10th. Thermometer at  in the Morning\u2014 at Noon and 38 at Night. Wind Southerly all day & at times pretty fresh, and in the forenoon cold\u2014but warmer & much pleasanter afterwards. Rid to my Plantation in the Neck, and took the hounds with me. About 11 Oclock found a fox in the Pocoson at Sheridens point and after running it very indifferently and treeing it once caught it about one Oclock. In the evening one William Barber from the lower end of\nFauquier came here to rent some Land I have in that quarter and stayed all Night.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0001-0012", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 12 January 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 12th. Thermometer at 28 in the Morning\u201439 at Noon and 40 at Night. The Snow which fell yesterday had not covered the ground more than \u00be of an inch thick. A very heavy hoar frost this Morning. Day calm, and the evening clear, and remarkably pleasant & warm. Mr. Shaw went up to the Ball at Alexandria.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0001-0013", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 13 January 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 13th. Thermometer at 32 in the Morning\u201438 at Noon and 35 at Night. But little wind all day and that from the No. West. Evening quite calm. Laid out the ground behind the Stable, formerly a Vineyard, for a fruit Garden. Mr. Shaw returned about 12 Oclock from Alexandria.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0001-0014", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 14 January 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 14th. Thermometer at 26 in the Morng.\u201435 at Noon and 36 at Night. Went out with the Hounds, & run a fox from 11 Oclock untill near 3 Oclock when I came home and left the Dogs at fault after which they recovered the Fox & it is supposed killed it. Before the Chase, I visited my Ferry & Dogue run Plantations.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0001-0015", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 15 January 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 15th. Thermometer at 34 in the Morning 42 at Noon and 40 at Night. Little or no Wind all day. Clear and very pleasant.  Nelly & Washington Custis returned home to day. Doctr. Stuart came here to Dinner & returned in the Afternoon.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0001-0018", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 18 January 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 18th. Thermometer at 20 in the Morning\u201422 at Noon and 26 at Night. Day very cold\u2014no thawing and the afternoon threatning of Snow. A fine mist of it falling\u2014Wind Northerly. Colo. Fitzgerald called here on his way from Dumfries & dined and then proceeded. Fixed with him, and requested that he would give the Board of Directors of the Potomack Company notice of the meeting intended to be held at the Great Falls on Monday the 30th. Instt. Getting Ice this day also.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0001-0019", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 19 January 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 19th. Thermometer at 19 in the Morning\u201420 at Noon and 22 at Night. Morning Cloudy\u2014Wind Northerly and weather cold. Snow about an Inch deep fell in the Night. After ten oclock it began again, & continued Snowing fine till bed time with the wind Northerly. Discontinued getting Ice, the river not being in a State to get it from the other shore and the prospect such as to get it any where in the course of a day or two. The Negro Shoemaker belonging to Mr. Lund Washington came to work here in the forenoon of this day.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0001-0020", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 20 January 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 20th. Thermometer at 18 in the Morng.\u201424 at Noon and 26 at Night. A Mixture of Snow and hail fell all the fore part of the day and hail & rain the latter part, which consolidated the Snow\nwhich in the Morning might be about 6 or 8 Inches deep. Wind Northwardly all day, but not much of it in any part of it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0001-0022", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 22 January 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 22d. Thermometer at 40 in the Morning\u201442 at Noon and 48 at Night. Raining more or less all day, and a close thick fog the whole day proceeding from the dissolution of the Snow which by Night was almost gone. Wind tho\u2019 not much of it Southerly and warm\u2014the damps in the house being also very great the damps upon the walls being to be swept of.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0001-0023", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 23 January 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 23d. Thermometer at 38 in the Morning\u201446 at Noon and 40 at Night. Clear all day with the Wind at No. West but neither hard nor cold. Snow entirely gone, except in places hid from the influence of the Sun & the Southwardly wind which blew yesterday.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0001-0024", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 24 January 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 24th. Thermometer at 31 in the Morning\u201436 at Noon and 34 at Night. Morning clear & pleasant: Lowering afterwards; with appearances of Snow\u2014little or no Wind all day. Began my work of Ice-getting again to day but it was not in a proper State being rather a mixture of Snow & Ice and not hard enough.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0001-0025", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 25 January 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 25th. Thermometer at 34 in the morning  at Noon and 40 at Night. Morning calm and very foggy till after 8 oclock when the fog\ndispersed and was very pleasant. About one oclock the Wind sprung up at No. West but blew neither hard nor cold. Mr. Jno. Dandridge set off on his return home after breakfast. I rid to Morris\u2019s, Muddy hole and Neck Plantations between Breakfast and dinner. The State of the Ice was such that I was obliged to disist from getting more until the next freezing spell. And set about the Banks round the Lawn, in front of the gate between the two Mounds of Earth.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0001-0026", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 26 January 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 26th. Thermometer at 33 in the Morng.\u2014 at Noon and 39 at Night. Clear and pleasant all day and more especially in the afternoon\u2014Not much wind, but that from the No. West. Renewed my Ice operation to day, employing as many hands as I conveniently could in gettg. it from the Maryland shore, carting, and pounding it. Mr. Shaw went up to the dancing assembly at Alexandria after Dinner.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0001-0027", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 27 January 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 27th. Thermometer at 30 in the Morning\u2014 at Noon and  at Night. Clear and pleasant all day; Wind at No. West in the forenoon and Eastwardly afterwards, but not much of it. Mrs. Washington set out after breakfast for Abingdon\u2014to see Mrs. Stuart who is ill. I rid to my Mill and to the Plantation at Dogue run\u2014also to the places where the Muddy hole & ferry people were at Work. Mr. Shaw returned home an hour or two within Night. Getting Ice again to day.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0001-0028", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 28 January 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 28th. Thermometer at 34 in the morning\u201443 at Noon and 44 at Night. Morning calm & clear but the [ground] hard frozen. About 10 oclock the wind sprung up at South, but did not blow hard. Thawed the ground a good deal. Went out after breakfast with my hounds. Found a Fox in the Branch within Mr. Thomson Masons Field and run him sometimes hard and sometimes at cold hunting from 11 oclock till near two when I came home and left the huntsman with them who followed in the same manner two hours or more longer, and then took the Dogs off without killing. In the course of the chase, & at the upper end of the cover in which the above Fox was\nfound I see two run out at once neither of which appeared to be the chased Fox. This shews how plenty they are on that side the Creek. When I came home found Colo. Gibson a Mr. Pollock (of Richmond) and Colo. Allison here, who dined and stayed all night. Getting Ice again to day.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0001-0030", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 30 January 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 30th. Thermometer at 54 in the Morning\u201456 at Noon and 50 at Night. The Morning foggy, with showers at intervals till near 11 oclock after which it cleared, with a brisk Southwardly wind. Mrs. Washington with Betcy & Patcy Custis came home, from Abingdon before dinner and after it Colo. Greyson & Mr. Orr left this. Planted the Hemlock Pine wch. was brought to me by Cornelius McDermot Row from Colo. Blackburns, in my shrubberies\u2014and\u2014on sixteen square rod of ground in my lower pasture, I\nput 140 Bushels of what we call Marle viz\u2014on 4 of these N. Wt. corner were placed 50 bushels\u2014on 4 others So. Wt. Corner 20 bushels\u2014On 4 others So. Et. Corner 40 bushels and on the remaining 4: 20 bushels. This marl was spread on the Sod, in these proportions\u2014to try\u2014first whether what we have denominated to be marl possesses any virtue as a manure\u2014and secondly\u2014if it does, the quantity proper for an acre. Transplanted (after dividing it into two) the French honeysuckle in my North garden to the Lawn\u2014one half in front of ea. garden gate.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0001-0031", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 31 January 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 31st. Thermometer at 42 in the Morning\u201440 at Noon and 34 at Night. The morning was a little cloudy but the weather soon cleared with a brisk No. Wester which occasioned a great change in the air. Planted a few pine trees in my Wildernesses.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0001", "content": "Title: January 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 1st. Thermometer at 36 in the Morng.  at Noon and  at Night.\nLowering day, with but little Wind, and that Easterly.\nLund Washington and Wife dined here & returned in the Afternoon.\nMr. Shaw went up to Alexandria and stayed all Night.\nMonday 2d. Thermometer at 34 in the Morng. 35 at Noon and 35 at Night.\nHeavy lowering Morning with the wind at East. About 9 Oclock it began to rain and continued to do so, slowly, all day.\nImmediately after an early breakfast I went out with the Hounds but returned as soon as it began to rain, without touching upon the drag of a Fox.\nMr. Shaw returned from Alexandria this Morning before Breakt.\nTuesday 3d. Thermometer at 39 in the Morning\u201446 at Noon and 42 at Night.\nClear and pleasant morning without wind at Sun rising but it soon sprung up from the Southwesterly quarter and veering more to the westward blew hard until the evening when it again turned calm & very pleasant.\nWednesday 4th. Thermometer at 35 in the Morning\u201442 at Noon and 40 at Night.\nMorning calm and clear with very little wind all day.\nAfter breakfast I rid by the places where my Muddy hole & Ferry people were clearing\u2014thence to the Mill and Dogue run Plantations and having the Hounds with me in passing from the latter towards Muddy hole Plantation I found a Fox which after dragging him some distance and running him hard for near an hour was killed by the cross road in front of the House.\nHaving provided cutting Knives, and made the Boxes at my own Shop, I directed my Overseers at the several Plantations at which I had been to cut Straw and mix three 4ths. of it with one\nfourth Bran (from my Mill) to feed their out lying Horses\u2014whilst their work Horses is also to be fed with this and Oats mixed.\nI also directed that my Chariot Horses and all others about my home Ho[use] except the Stud horse and three horses which will be frequently rid a hunting to be fed with Bran & chopped Hay in the above proportion and that my waggon & Cart Horses should be fed with chopped Rye & chopped Hay in the same proportion of one to 4.\nMr. Bushrod Washington and his wife came here in a Chariot 4 Horses & 3 Servants just after we had dined.\nThursday 5th. Thermometer at 33 in the Morning\u201442 at Noon and 32 at Night.\nMorning clear and cold\u2014ground hard froze\u2014as it was yesterday\nMorning. Wind at No. West, blowing pretty fresh all day. Went into the Neck.\nA Daniel McPherson from Loudoun came here with some money from my Loudoun Tenants\u2014sent by the Widow of Lewis Lamart.\nThe Cape Wheat which (on the 30th. of November) was cut, not as I thought and had ordered, that is within 4 Inches of the ground; but between 6 and 8 from it; having grown a good deal I ordered (and 6 or 8 days ago tho not noticed before, it was in par[t] done) that it should be again cut. Part of 2 Rows of the No. Et. Corner were, by mistake of orders, cut within 1 or 2 Inches of the ground; so as to shew the Crown of the Wheat quite bear & white. I thereupon stopped the cutting of any more, resolving to attend to the effect of this close shearing, at this season. About 12 feet of these Rows, were all that received the second cutting.\nTook an Acct. of the Tools about the home house which are as follow\n7 Spades\n7 Axes\n4 Mattocks\n8 Butchrs. Knives\n5 Weedg. Hoes\n3 Hillg. Do.\n1 Cuttg. Knive\n1 Hay Ditto\n   Lewis Lemart (Lamart), GW\u2019s rent collector in Loudoun County, had died sometime in 1785, and his widow, Anne, sent to Mount Vernon the \u00a327 12s. owed by GW\u2019s tenants in that county (General Ledger BGeneral Ledger B, 1772\u20131793. Library of Congress, George Washington Papers, Series 5, Financial Papers., folio 68).\nFriday 6th. Thermometer at 30 in the Morng. 28 at Noon and 30 at Night.\nWind at No. Et. in the Morning, which was Cloudy, with intervals of Snow through the day and very cold. The wind towards Night getting to the No. Westward blew h[ar]d.\nMy Boat went up with a load of Flour to Alexandria from my Mill for Mr. Hartshorne. A distressing time It is to be feared the people must have had of it & probably would not, after all, reach the Port.\nSaturday 7th. Thermometer at 26 in the Morning\u201434 at Noon and 32 at Night.\nMorning clear with the Wind at No. West. Fresh, and Cold, all day. The little Snow which fell yesterday had disappeared except in places where the influence of the Sun could not be felt.\nThe Boat which was sent off yesterday with flour got no further\nthan Johnsons Ferry & there by neglect suffered to get aground. Sent and ordered it to be got off, and to proceed, or to return, as circumstances might dictate. The last of which was done.\nSunday 8th. Thermometer at 27 in the Morng.\u201438 at Noon and 35 at Night.\nDay clear, with the wind pretty fresh at No. West in the forenoon which moderating as the Sun rose backed to South West and grew calm towards the evening.\nMr. Bushrod Washington and his Wife went away after Breakfast and about 11 Oclock Betcy & Patcy Custis returned to Abingdon in my Chariot\u2014accompanied by their Brother & Sister, Nelly & Washington Custis.\nSent my Boat of this afternoon with the Flour for Alexandria, with which she returned last Night on Acct. of the weather.\nMonday 9th. Thermometer at 28 in the Morng. 38 at Noon and  at Night.\nWind Southerly all day. Clear but a chilly air.\nSaturday, yesterday, and this day morning, the flats and Creeks were froze, but that on the former dispersed with the tide when the Winds blew. The latter remained.\nSent Mr. Shaw to Alexandria to dispatch my Boat which went up yesterday and to pur\u27e8cha\u27e9se & send down a ton of Iron in \u27e8it\u27e9 wch. was accordingly [done]. He and the Boat both, returned at Night.\nRid over my ferry plantation\u2014thence to the Mill, & thence to my Dogue run & Muddy hole Plantations before dinner\u2014as also to the place where my Negro Carpenters were at Work and directed them to get me a stick for a heavy roller, and scantling for Plow stocks\u2014Harrows &ca. &ca.\nTuesday 10th. Thermometer at  in the Morning\u2014 at Noon and 38 at Night.\nWind Southerly all day & at times pretty fresh, and in the forenoon cold\u2014but warmer & much pleasanter afterwards.\nRid to my Plantation in the Neck, and took the hounds with me. About 11 Oclock found a fox in the Pocoson at Sheridens point and after running it very indifferently and treeing it once caught it about one Oclock.\nIn the evening one William Barber from the lower end of\nFauquier came here to rent some Land I have in that quarter and stayed all Night.\nWednesday 11th. Thermometer at 34 in the morning\u201436 at Noon and 33 at Night.\nMorning very thick and heavy. About 8 Oclock it began to Snow moderately with the Wind at So. Et. and continued to do so until 12.\nAgreed to let William Barber have 50 (or more acres of Land if he chooses it) at the rate of Ten pounds pr. Hundred Acres; for the term of fourteen years; and to allow him one year free from Rent in consideration of the improvements he may make.\nSent Mr. Shaw to my Mill to get the Mill Book, and to take a state of the flour in the Mill.\nAnd sent my Overseer to forwarn some persons who were hunting upon my land from the like practice.\nThursday 12th. Thermometer at 28 in the Morning\u201439 at Noon and 40 at Night.\nThe Snow which fell yesterday had not covered the ground more than \u00be of an inch thick.\nA very heavy hoar frost this Morning. Day calm, and the evening clear, and remarkably pleasant & warm.\nMr. Shaw went up to the Ball at Alexandria.\nFriday 13th. Thermometer at 32 in the Morning\u201438 at Noon and 35 at Night.\nBut little wind all day and that from the No. West. Evening quite calm.\nLaid out the ground behind the Stable, formerly a Vineyard, for a fruit Garden.\nMr. Shaw returned about 12 Oclock from Alexandria.\nSaturday 14th. Thermometer at 26 in the Morng.\u201435 at Noon and 36 at Night.\nWent out with the Hounds, & run a fox from 11 Oclock untill near 3 Oclock when I came home and left the Dogs at fault after which they recovered the Fox & it is supposed killed it.\nBefore the Chase, I visited my Ferry & Dogue run Plantations.\nSunday 15th. Thermometer at 34 in the Morning 42 at Noon and 40 at Night.\nLittle or no Wind all day. Clear and very pleasant.\nNelly & Washington Custis returned home to day.\nDoctr. Stuart came here to Dinner & returned in the Afternoon.\nMonday 16th. Thermometer at 35 in the Morng.  at Noon and 38 at Night.\nLowering Morning with theatnings, & spittings of Snow till about Noon when the wind (for before it was calm) came out at No. West tho\u2019 not hard dispelled the Clouds.\nRun round my Plantation at the Ferry and on my return found a Mr. Armstrong here on business of Mr. Balch\u2019s respectg. my Nephews\u2014who after dining returned.\nBegan, from an appreh[ensio]n that there would not be much frost to put Ice in to my Ice Ho[use] tho there was but little of it.\nSent my Stone Mason\u2014Cornelius McDermott Roe, to the Proprietors of the Quarries of free Stone along down the River to see if I could be supplied with enough of a proper kind to repair my Stone Steps & for other purposes.\n   Along the right bank of the Potomac River below Occoquan Creek lay large reserves of sandstone that were quarried for constructing buildings in the Potomac Valley, including George Mason\u2019s Gunston Hall (MILLERHelen Hill Miller. George Mason: Gentleman Revolutionary. Chapel Hill, N.C., 1975., 47).\nJanuary 17th. Thermometer at 27 in the Morning\u201430 at Noon and 28 at N.\nWind at No. West all day, and Cold. Thawed but little, altho\u2019 it was clear.\nEmployed as yesterday, in collecting Ice, but under many disadvantages, being obliged to go over to the Maryland shore and pick up the floating Ice in the River\u2014which I was disposed to do, rather than run the risk of not laying up a store.\nCornelius McDermott Roe returned, having had the offer of Stone [from] Mr. Brent.\n   Sandstone quarries along the lower reaches of Aquia Creek were owned in the eighteenth century by the Brent family of Woodstock and Richland, Stafford County. Stone from these quarries was later used in the construction of the Capitol and the president\u2019s house in Washington (BRYANWilhelmus Bogart Bryan. A History of the National Capital: From Its Foundation through the Period of the Adoption of the Organic Act. 2 vols. New York, 1914\u201316., 1:169).\nWednesday 18th. Thermometer at 20 in the Morning\u201422 at Noon and 26 at Night.\nDay very cold\u2014no thawing and the afternoon threatning of Snow. A fine mist of it falling\u2014Wind Northerly.\nColo. Fitzgerald called here on his way from Dumfries & dined and then proceeded. Fixed with him, and requested that he would give the Board of Directors of the Potomack Company notice of the meeting intended to be held at the Great Falls on Monday the 30th. Instt.\nGetting Ice this day also.\nThursday 19th. Thermometer at 19 in the Morning\u201420 at Noon and 22 at Night.\nMorning Cloudy\u2014Wind Northerly and weather cold. Snow about an Inch deep fell in the Night. After ten oclock it began again, & continued Snowing fine till bed time with the wind Northerly.\nDiscontinued getting Ice, the river not being in a State to get it from the other shore and the prospect such as to get it any where in the course of a day or two.\nThe Negro Shoemaker belonging to Mr. Lund Washington came to work here in the forenoon of this day.\nFriday 20th. Thermometer at 18 in the Morng.\u201424 at Noon and 26 at Night.\nA Mixture of Snow and hail fell all the fore part of the day and hail & rain the latter part, which consolidated the Snow\nwhich in the Morning might be about 6 or 8 Inches deep. Wind Northwardly all day, but not much of it in any part of it.\nSaturday 21st. Thermometer at 26 in the Morning\u2014 at Noon and 34 at Night.\nCloudy and hazy till betwn. eleven & 12 oclock when the Suns feeble efforts to shine were overcome. About one oclock a heavy mist came on. About two it grew very dark\u2014thundered and rained\u2014after whch. it continued misling till bed time.\nRid to my Plantations at Muddy hole and Dogue run\u2014from thence to the Mill. Upon my return found Mr. Jno. Dandridge here.\n   mr. jno. DANDRIDGEDanske Dandridge. Historic Shepherdstown. Charlottesville, Va., 1910.: either John Dandridge (d. 1799), son of Mrs. Washington\u2019s brother Bartholomew, or John Dandridge (b. 1756), son of Nathaniel West Dandridge and grandson of Mrs. Washington\u2019s paternal uncle, William Dandridge of Elsing Green.\nSunday 22d. Thermometer at 40 in the Morning\u201442 at Noon and 48 at Night.\nRaining more or less all day, and a close thick fog the whole day proceeding from the dissolution of the Snow which by Night was almost gone. Wind tho\u2019 not much of it Southerly and warm\u2014the damps in the house being also very great the damps upon the walls being to be swept of.\nMonday 23d. Thermometer at 38 in the Morning\u201446 at Noon and 40 at Night.\nClear all day with the Wind at No. West but neither hard nor cold.\nSnow entirely gone, except in places hid from the influence of the Sun & the Southwardly wind which blew yesterday.\nTuesday 24th. Thermometer at 31 in the Morning\u201436 at Noon and 34 at Night.\nMorning clear & pleasant: Lowering afterwards; with appearances of Snow\u2014little or no Wind all day.\nBegan my work of Ice-getting again to day but it was not in a proper State being rather a mixture of Snow & Ice and not hard enough.\nWednesday 25th. Thermometer at 34 in the morning  at Noon and 40 at Night.\nMorning calm and very foggy till after 8 oclock when the fog\ndispersed and was very pleasant. About one oclock the Wind sprung up at No. West but blew neither hard nor cold.\nMr. Jno. Dandridge set off on his return home after breakfast.\nI rid to Morris\u2019s, Muddy hole and Neck Plantations between Breakfast and dinner.\nThe State of the Ice was such that I was obliged to disist from getting more until the next freezing spell.\nAnd set about the Banks round the Lawn, in front of the gate between the two Mounds of Earth.\nThursday 26th. Thermometer at 33 in the Morng.\u2014 at Noon and 39 at Night.\nClear and pleasant all day and more especially in the afternoon\u2014Not much wind, but that from the No. West.\nRenewed my Ice operation to day, employing as many hands as I conveniently could in gettg. it from the Maryland shore, carting, and pounding it.\nMr. Shaw went up to the dancing assembly at Alexandria after Dinner.\nFriday 27th. Thermometer at 30 in the Morning\u2014 at Noon and  at Night.\nClear and pleasant all day; Wind at No. West in the forenoon and Eastwardly afterwards, but not much of it.\nMrs. Washington set out after breakfast for Abingdon\u2014to see Mrs. Stuart who is ill.\nI rid to my Mill and to the Plantation at Dogue run\u2014also to the places where the Muddy hole & ferry people were at Work.\nMr. Shaw returned home an hour or two within Night.\nGetting Ice again to day.\nSaturday 28th. Thermometer at 34 in the morning\u201443 at Noon and 44 at Night.\nMorning calm & clear but the [ground] hard frozen. About 10 oclock the wind sprung up at South, but did not blow hard. Thawed the ground a good deal.\nWent out after breakfast with my hounds. Found a Fox in the Branch within Mr. Thomson Masons Field and run him sometimes hard and sometimes at cold hunting from 11 oclock till near two when I came home and left the huntsman with them who followed in the same manner two hours or more longer, and then took the Dogs off without killing. In the course of the chase, & at the upper end of the cover in which the above Fox was\nfound I see two run out at once neither of which appeared to be the chased Fox. This shews how plenty they are on that side the Creek.\nWhen I came home found Colo. Gibson a Mr. Pollock (of Richmond) and Colo. Allison here, who dined and stayed all night.\nGetting Ice again to day.\n   George Gibson (1747\u20131791), born in Lancaster County, Pa., joined the Virginia service at the beginning of the Revolution and held the rank of colonel in the 1st Virginia State Regiment from 5 June 1777 to Jan. 1782. After the war he returned to his home in Cumberland County, Pa. (Va. Mag., 18:24\u201325, n.1; HEITMAN [1]Francis B. Heitman. Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army during the War of the Revolution, April, 1775, to December, 1783. 1893. Rev. ed. Washington, D.C., 1914., 189).\n   Oliver Pollock (c.1737\u20131823), born near Coleraine in northern Ireland, came to Philadelphia in 1760. He went into the West India trade and before the Revolution settled in New Orleans, where he developed a prosperous trading business. During the war Pollock served as commercial agent both for Virginia and the Continental Congress. His financial assistance to George Rogers Clark\u2019s army in the West was vital to its success. Gibson\u2019s association with Pollock dated from Aug. 1776 when the two men collaborated in securing a supply of gunpowder for Virginia from Don Luis de Unzaga y Am\u00e9zaga, governor of Louisiana (JAMES [2]James Alton James. Oliver Pollock: The Life and Times of an Unknown Patriot. New York, 1937., 1, 3, 4, 61, 143\u201345). Pollock carried a letter of introduction from Patrick Henry (Henry to GW, 18 Jan. 1786, DLC:GW).\nSunday 29th. Thermometer at 40 in the Morning\u201454 at Noon and 50 at Night.\nThe morning remarkably fine & pleasant, with little or no wind\u2014the afternoon a little lowering and at Night it began a mizzling rain which encreased and continued raining all night.\nAfter breakfast the Gentlemen who came yesterday returned.\nIn the afternoon Colo. Grayson & his Nephew Mr. Benjn. Orr, came in and stayed all Night.\n   Col. William Grayson\u2019s sister married John Orr (b. 1726); Benjamin Grayson Orr was one of their three sons.\nMonday 30th. Thermometer at 54 in the Morning\u201456 at Noon and 50 at Night.\nThe Morning foggy, with showers at intervals till near 11 oclock after which it cleared, with a brisk Southwardly wind.\nMrs. Washington with Betcy & Patcy Custis came home, from Abingdon before dinner and after it Colo. Greyson & Mr. Orr left this.\nPlanted the Hemlock Pine wch. was brought to me by Cornelius McDermot Row from Colo. Blackburns, in my shrubberies\u2014and\u2014on sixteen square rod of ground in my lower pasture, I\nput 140 Bushels of what we call Marle viz\u2014on 4 of these N. Wt. corner were placed 50 bushels\u2014on 4 others So. Wt. Corner 20 bushels\u2014On 4 others So. Et. Corner 40 bushels and on the remaining 4: 20 bushels. This marl was spread on the Sod, in these proportions\u2014to try\u2014first whether what we have denominated to be marl possesses any virtue as a manure\u2014and secondly\u2014if it does, the quantity proper for an acre.\nTransplanted (after dividing it into two) the French honeysuckle in my North garden to the Lawn\u2014one half in front of ea. garden gate.\nTuesday 31st. Thermometer at 42 in the Morning\u201440 at Noon and 34 at Night.\nThe morning was a little cloudy but the weather soon cleared with a brisk No. Wester which occasioned a great change in the air.\nPlanted a few pine trees in my Wildernesses.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0002-0001", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 1 February 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday first. Thermometer at  in the Morng.\u2014 at Noon and  at Night. Ground very hard froze, Wind Eastwardly in the Morning, and So. Et. the remaining part of the day; but clear, & tolerably pleasant notwithstanding. Not being able to leave here yesterday (as I intended) for the appointed meeting of the Directors of the Potomack Navigation at the Great Falls this day, I set out this Morning at the first dawning of day, for this purpose, and after as disagreeable a ride as I ever had for the distance, arrived, at the Falls at half after 11 Oclock where I found Colo. Gilpin (who had been there since Sunday Night) levelling &ca. and Colo. Fitzgerald who got there just before me. Spent the remainder of this day in viewing the different grounds along which it was supposed the Canal might be carried and after dining at the Huts went in the evening accompanied by Colo. Fitzgerald & Mr. Potts to a Mr. Wheelers in the Neighbourhood (abt. 1\u00bd Miles off) to lodge.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0002-0002", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 2 February 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 2d. Thermometer at  in the Morning\u2014 at [noon] and  at Night. A very remarkable hoar frost, with but little Wind; day pleasant till the evening when it clouded up and abt. 8 oclock began to Snow. Spent this day in examining the ground more attentively, and levelling the different ways we had discovered yesterday but on acct. of the swolen state of the river, & rapidity of the currant we could not determine, absolutely, upon the best cut and therefore directed Mr. Stuart, the Assistant Manager to have all of them opened, accurately measured, levelled, & their bottoms sounded by the day of March when the Directors are to be requested pointedly to meet for the final choice. Dined again at the Hutts; some little time after which, Govr. Lee (who had been detained by high waters) and Mr. Rumsey came in\u2014the first concurred in sentiment with us on these measures. After 7 Oclock at Night, Colo. Fitzgerald Mr. Potts & Myself left the Hutts, & came to Mr. William Scotts about 6 Miles on this side of the Falls where we lodged.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0002-0003", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 3 February 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 3d. Thermometer at  in the Morng.\u2014 at Noon and  at Night. The Snow that fell last Night did not cover the ground an Inch. The Wind was at So. West, and the day overhead was pleasant. Snow soon disappeared. After an early breakfast we left Mr. Scotts; and about noon I reached home; where I found an Eastern shore man delivering the Oats which Doctr. Stuart had engaged on my behalf of a Mr. George Savage of Northampton\u2014viz. 800 Bushels. Soon after I arrived Miss Sally Ramsay, Miss Kitty Washington, Doctr. Craik Junr. & Mr. Porter came in and Dined, and stayed all Night. After Dinner Mr. Rumsey arrived and stayed the evening also.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0002-0005", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 5 February 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 5th. Thermometer at 34 in the morning\u201436 at Noon and 37 at Night.  Wind Northerly. About 9 oclk. last Night it began to Snow which turned soon to rain which continued through the Night and more or less all day, intermixed now & then with spittings of Snow. Abt. Noon the Wind shifted to the No. West and blew pretty fresh but the weather in other respects did not change.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0002-0006", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 6 February 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 6th. Thermometer at 36 in the Morning\u201440 at Noon and 38 at Night. Flying Clouds in the morning with a brisk No. West wind all day and cold though clear after ten oclock. The largest of my Buck fauns which had been missing since friday last came home after dinner with its left hind knee broke & much shivered\u2014supposed to be by a shot. Planting pines in the wilderness on the left of the lawn and spading the ground there to day.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0002-0007", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 7 February 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 7th. Thermometer at 34 in the Morning\u2014 at Noon and 54 at Night. Morning clear & very pleasant, as it continued to be all day. Wind Southerly, but not fresh. Mrs. Washington, Kitty Washington, Miss Ramsay, Mr. Shaw and myself went to Colo. McCartys to the funeral of Mrs. Peers (one of his daughters). I took my ferry & dogue run plantations in the way. We returned home to dinner\u2014after which Doctor Griffith came in and my overseer from the Plantation on Rappahannock.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0002-0009", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 9 February 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 9th. Thermometer at 43 in the Morng.\u201454 at Noon and 50 at Night. Clear morning, with a remarkable white frost. Wind Southerly all day.  Went early in the Morning to my river Plantation. Took the Dogs with me and on my return hunted, but never got a fox a foot tho I dragged one to Mr. Robt. Alexanders Pocoson at whose house I called. In my way home I took Muddy hole plantation. Found Mr. Willm. Craik gone and Mr. Fendall and Mr. Hipkins here who went away at Night by which Doctr. Craik Senr. came in.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0002-0010", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 10 February 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 10th. Thermometer at 52 in the Morning\u201462 at Noon and 66 at Night. Wind Southerly & pretty fresh all day, till evening, when it shifted to the No. West and turned cold\u2014a large circle round the Moon. This day was remarkably fine & promotive of vegitation. The buds of the lylack were much swelled & seemed ready to unfold. Doctr. Craik went away after Breakfast. I began to hand weed the drilled wheat from the Cape behind the Stables. The part which was cut so close by mistake appeared to be quite dead to, if not at the roots. The top of the blades of the other, in some places, had turned red as if singed with the frost; and the bottom blades were, in many places grown yellow. The last sowed wheat had, within these few days, vegitated a good deal, and was stooling very prettily. Making up the banks round the serpentine walks to the front gate.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0002-0012", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 12 February 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 12th. Thermometer at 30 in the Morng.\u201432 at Noon and 34 at Night. Snow about half an inch deep in the Morning but soon disappeared afterwards\u2014cloudy for the most part and but a feeble Sun at any time of the day\u2014not much Wind and that about So. Et. Messrs. Wilson, Murray, and Mease went away before breakfast\u2014Mr. Wooldridge and Mr. Waddell after it and Miss Ramsay & Kitty Washington some time after them in my Chariot.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0002-0015", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 15 February 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 15th. Thermometer at 34 in the Morning\u201436 at Noon and 36 at Night. Morning lowering. Towards Noon it became clear and warm, after which it clouded up again. Between 4 and 5 it began to Rain wch. turned to snow in a little time soon after which it ceased. Wind for the most part of the day was Southerly. Doctr. Craik went away after Breakfast. Began with some of the Men abt. the House to bundle faggots for filling up gullies; as they could not on acct. of the Weather remove earth.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0002-0016", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 16 February 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 16th. Thermometer at 36 in the Morning\u201446 at Noon and 46 at Night. Morning cloudy and not pleasant, wind being at No. West, but not fresh. Afterwards it became clear, calm, and exceedingly agreeable. The warm & pleasant afternoon almost carried of the Snow. Put one of Doctr. Gordons Subscription Papers (yesterday) in the hands of Doctr. Craik to offer to his acquaintance.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0002-0018", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 18 February 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n Saturday 18th. Thermometer at 45 in the Morning\u201456 at Noon and 50 at Night. The morning lowered\u2014cleard at Noon and about two it rained a little; with appearances of a good deal, at first\u2014however it soon ceased, though it continued cloudy till night, when the Wind, which had blowed pretty fresh from the Southward all day, shifted to the No. West. Began the yards back of the Green house designed for the Jack Ass & Magnolia. The Bitch Stately was lined by the Dog Vulcan. Jupiter had been put to her and Venus but never seemed to take the least notice of them but whether he ever lined either of them is not certain. The contrary is supposed. Rid to the Plantation in the Neck and returned home by Muddy hole and visited the sick men there whom I found better. Took a list to day of all my Negroes which are as follows at Mount Vernon and the plantations around it\u2014viz.\u2014 \nHome House.\nWill\tVal de Chambre\t1\nFrank \tWaiters in the House\t2\n\u273bAustin\nHerculus\tCooks\t2\nNathan\nGiles\tDrivers, & Stablers\t3\n\u273bJoe\nParis\u2014boy\n\u273bDoll\talmost past Service\t2\n\u273bJenny\n\u273bBetty\tSempstresses\t3\n\u273bLame Alice\n\u273bCharlotte\n\u273bSall\tHouse Maids\t2\n\u273bCaroline\nSall Brass\tWashers\t2\n\u273bDolly\n\u273bAlce\tSpinners old & almost blind\t4\nMyrtilla\n\u273bKitty\nWinny\n\u273bSchomberg\tpast labour\t1\nFrank\tStock keeper old Jobber\t2\nCook Jack\nGunner\tLabourers\t7\nBoatswain\nSam\nAnthony\n\u273bTom Davis\n\u273bWill\n\u273bJoe\nJack\tWaggoner\t1\n\u273bSimms\tCarter\t1\nBristol\tGardener\t1\nIsaac\tCarpenters\t4\nJames\nSambo\n\u273bTom Nokes\nNatt\tSmiths\t2\nGeorge\n\u273bPeter\u2014lame\tKnitter\t1\ngrown\t41\n\u273bOney\tBetty\u2019s\tChildren House\t12 yrs. old\n\u273bDelphy\tDitto\t6 do.\t2\n\u273bAnna\tlittle Alice\u2019s\t13 do.\n\u273bChristopher\tDo.\t11 do.\n\u273bJudy\tDo.\t7 do.\n\u273bVina\tDo.\t5 do.\t4\n\u273bSinah\tKitty\u2019s\t14 do.\n\u273bMima\tDitto\t12 do.\n\u273bAlly\tDitto\t10 do.\n\u273bLucy\tDitto\t8 do.\n\u273bGrace\tDitto\t6 do.\n\u273bLetty\tDitto\t4 do.\n\u273bNancy\tDitto\t2 do.\t7\n\u273bRichmond\tLame Alce\t9 do.\n\u273bEvey\tDo.\t2 do.\n\u273bDelia\tDo.\t3 mo.\t3\nLilly\tMyrtilla\u2019s\t11 yrs. old\nBen\tDitto\t8 do.\nHarry\tDo.\t3 do.\nBoatswain\tDo.\t6 do.\nLally\tDo.\t3 mo.\t5\n\u273bCyrus\tSall\u2019s\t11 do.\t1\n\u273bTimothy\tCharlottes\t1 do.\t1\n\u273bWilson\tCaroline\t1 do.\t1\n\u273bMoll\tMr. Custis\u2019s Estate\t2\n\u273bPeter\nIn all\t67\nMill\nBen\tMiller\t1\nJack Tom Davy\tCowpers\t3\nIn all\t4\nRiver Plantn.\n\u273bDavy \tOverseer\t1\n\u273bBreechy\tLabourg. Men dead\t10\nNat\nNed\nEssex\nBath\n\u273bJohny\nAdam\n\u273bWill\nRobin\n\u273bBen\n\u273bMolly\tOverseers Wife\t1\nRuth\tlabourg. Women\t17\n\u273bDolly\nPeg\nDaphne\nMurria\n\u273bAgnus\nSuck\nSucky\nJudy\u2014M\nJudy\u2014F\n\u273bHannah\n\u273bCornelia\n\u273bLidia\n\u273bEsther\nCloe\n\u273bFanny\n\u273bAlice\ngrown\t29\nChildren\nWill\tMill Judy\u2019s\t\u201313 yrs. old\t1\n\u273bJoe\tHannahs\t\u201312 Do.\t1\nBen\tPeg\u2019s\t10 Do.\nPenny\tDitto\t- 8 Do.\t2\nJoe\tDaphne\u2019s\t8 do.\nMoses\tDitto\t6 do.\nLucy\tDitto\t4 do.\nDaphne\tDitto\t- 1 do.\t4\n\u273bNed\tLidia\u2019s\t7 do.\n\u273bPeter\tDitto\t5 do.\n\u273bPhoebe\tDitto\t- 3 do.\t3\nCynthia \tSuckey\u2019s\t6 do.\nDaniel\tDitto\t- 4 do.\t2\n\u273bJames\tFerry Doll\u2019s\t8 do.\t1\n\u273bBett\tNeck Dolls\t7 do.\n\u273bNatt\tDitto\t4 do.\n\u273bDolly\tDitto\t3 do.\n\u273bJack\tDitto\t- 1 do.\t4\nRose\tSuck-Bass\t12 do.\t1\n\u273bMilly\tHouse Sall\u2019s\t7 do.\t1\n\u273bBilly\tDo. Charlottes\t4 do.\t1\n\u273bHukey\tAgnus\u2019s\t1 do.\t1\n\u273bAmbrose\tCornelia\u2019s\t1 month\t1\nIn all\t52\nDogue Run\u2014Plantn.\n\u273bMorris\tOverseer\t1\nRobin\tLabourg. Men\t8\nAdam\nJack\nJack\u2014long\nDick\nBen\n\u273bMatt\n\u273bMorris\n\u273bBrunswick\tRuptured\t1\nHannah\tOverrs. wife\t1\n\u273bLucy\tLabourg. Women old\t10\nMoll\nJenny\nSilla\nCharity\n\u273bBetty\n\u273bPeg\n\u273bSall\n\u273bGrace\n\u273bSue\ngrown\t21\nChildren\nSarah\tCharity\u2019s 6 yrs. old\nBilly\tDitto 5 do.\nHannah\tDitto 3 do.\nElly\tDitto 6 mo.\t4\n\u273bJesse\tSalls 6 yrs. old\n\u273bKitty\tDo. 4 do.\n\u273bLawrence\tDo. 1 do.\t3\n\u273bJenny\tLucy\u2019s 9 do.\n\u273bDaniel\tDo. 3 do.\n\u273bNed\tDo. 6 Mo.\t3\nAggy\tJones (dead) 9 yrs. old\nSimon\tDo. 4 do.\nBett\tDo. 3 do.\t3\nSophia\tSylla\u2019s 3 do.\nSabra\tDitto 6 Mo.\t2\n\u273bAndrew\tBettys\u2019 1 yr. old\t1\n\u273bCrager\tPegs 6 Mo.\t1\nIn all\t38\nFerry\u2014Plantn.\n\u273bSam Kit\tlabourg. Men\t5\nLondon\n\u273bCaesar\n\u273bCupid\n\u273bPaul\n\u273bBetty\tlabourg. Women\t3\n\u273bDoll\n\u273bLucy\n\u273bLucy\tLabouring Women\t7\nFlora\n\u273bFanny\n\u273bRachel\n\u273bJenny\nEdy \u273b\nDaphne\ngrown\t15\nChildren\n\u273bGodfrey\tBetty\u2019s 12 yrs. old\n\u273bBeck\tDitto 11 do.\n\u273bHanson\tDitto 7 do.\n\u273bLucretia\tDitto 6 do.\n\u273bJohn\tDitto 3 do.\n\u273bBill langston\tDitto 6 Mo.\t6\n\u273bPatt\tDoll\u2019s 11 yrs. old\n\u273bMilly\tDitto 4 do.\n\u273bDaniel\tDitto 3 do.\n\u273bSilvia\tDitto 1 do.\t4\n\u273bEdmund\tLucy 6 do.\n\u273bMike\tDitto 3 do.\n\u273bPhill\tDitto 8 Mo.\t3\nJoy\tFlora 8 yrs. old\nJacob\tDitto 5 do.\t2\nIn all\t30\nMuddy hole Plann.\n\u273bWill\tOverseer\tLabourg. Men\t5\n\u273bWill\nCharles\nGabriel\n\u273bJupiter\nKate\tlabourg. Women\t9\nNanny\nSarah\nAlice\nPeg\nSackey\nDarcus\nAmy\nNancy\ngrown\t14\nChildren\nMolly\tKates\t14 yrs. old\nVirgin\tDitto\t11 do.\nWill\tDitto\t8 do.\nKate\tDitto\t4 do.\t4\nMoses\tDarcuss\t8 do.\nTownshend\tDo.\t6 Mo.\t2\nLetty\tPeg\u2019s\t7 yrs. old\nForrister\tDitto\t2 do.\t2\nUriah\tSackey\u2019s\t10 do.\t1\nKate\tAlice\u2019s\t4 do.\t1\nIsbel\tSarah\u2019s\t3 do.\t1\nMuddy hole\tIn all\t25\nHome House\t67\nRiver Plantation\t52\nDogue Run Plantn\t38\nFerry Plantation\t30\nN.B. Those marked with asterisks are Dower Negros.\tMill\t4\nTotal\t216", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0002-0019", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 19 February 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 19th. Thermometer at 35 in the morning\u201438 at Noon and 38 at Night. Morning clear and tolerably pleasant, though the horison was red & angry at the place of the Suns rising. After noon it lowered a good deal and at Night there fell a mixture of Snow and Rain\u2014which turned to a kind of misling rain that continued through the Night. But little wind in the fore part of the day\u2014at So. Et. and East afterwards.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0002-0020", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 20 February 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 20th. Thermometer at 35 in the Morning\u201438 at Noon and 38 at Night. Missling all day intermixed at times with Rain with but little wind. Began, though the ground was too wet, to set the Posts of my Paddock fence. Mr. Lawrence Washington of Chotank, Mr. Wm. Thompson Mr. Willm. Stuart and Mr. Lund Washington came here to dinner\u2014all of whom except the first went away after it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0002-0021", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 21 February 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n Tuesday 21st. Thermometer at 40 in the Morning\u201440 at Noon and 38 at N. Clear, with the wind pretty fresh at No. West in the forenoon calm afterwards. A Mr. McPherson of Alexandria came & returned before dinner. His business was, to communicate the desires of a Neighbourhood in Berkeley County, to build a School & Meeting House on some Land of mine there, leased to one . My answer was, that if the tenant\u2019s consent could be obtained, and the spot chosen was upon the exterior of my Land, so as that no damage would result from Roads &ca. to it, mine should not be wanting. Colo. Carrington, Doctr. Brown, and a Mr. Scott of Maryland (a liver with Colo. Fitzhugh) also Mr. Lawe. Washington (of this County) came here to dinner; all of whom except Colo. Carrington went away after it. In the evening Mr. Crawford and his wife\u2014child and nurse came in and stayed all night.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0002-0022", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 22 February 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 22d. Thermometer 36 in the Morning\u201440 at Noon and 40 at Night. A grey Morning with a red and angry looking horison at the place of the Suns rising. About 10 Oclock it began to lower very much & at Noon to drip Rain which continued with intervals all the remaining part of the day but not so as to drive people from their work. Calm all day. After breakfast Colo. Carrington & Mr. Crawford [and] his wife left this\u2014the first for Alexandria to pursue his rout to Congress (of which he is a member)\u2014the other on his return home. Mr. Lawe. Washington went up to Alexandria after breakfast\u2014dined & returned in the Evening.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0002-0023", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 23 February 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 23d. Thermometer at 36 in the Morning\u201432 at Noon and 32 at Night. Wind at East all day. By eight A.M. it began to Snow and continued to do so more or less all day, covering the ground by Night 3 or 4 Inches when it became a kind of Sleet.  Mr. Lund Washington came here to dinner, and returned afterwards. A Mr. Rice Hooe came in the afternoon and stayed all Night. Mr. Shaw went to Alexandria to the Assembly and to do some business in town for me. The weather early in the Morning obliged me to quit planting Posts for my Paddock.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0002-0024", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 24 February 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 24th. Thermometer at 32 in the morning\u201433 at Noon and 29 at Night. Cloudy about day break\u2014but it soon cleared, and about 8 oclock the wind began to blow very high from the No. Wt. and continued to do so all day\u2014growing very cold & freezing hard especially towards Night. Mr. Lawe. Washington and Mr. Hooe left this after breakfast, and crossed in my Boat (which could not get back till the wind moderated after Sun down) to Maryland, as the nearest cut home. After sunset Mr. Shaw returned from alexandria. Not being able either to remove Earth, set Posts, or plant Trees sent the Men into the New grounds to making faggots and the Women to picking the wild onions from the Oats which I wanted to Sow.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0002-0025", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 25 February 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 25th. Thermometer at 24 in the morning\u201431 at Noon and 30 at Night. Clear and calm in the forenoon\u2014wind Southerly afterwards and thawing, the ground being hard frozen. Renewed the fencing of my Paddock to day. Went into the Neck and to Muddy hole Plantations to measure the fields which I had plowed for Oats & for experiments\u2014also to Dogue run to divide some fields and to mark the Rows for planting Corn. In the Afternoon Mr. Willm. Boo\u27e8th\u27e9 came in and stayed all Night.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0002-0026", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 26 February 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 26th. Thermometer at 29 in the Morning\u201442 at Noon and 40 at Night. Clear & calm all the forenoon, wind Southerly afterwards, & towards sunset lowered a good deal; but cleared again after dark.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0002-0028", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 28 February 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 28th. Thermometer at 30 in the Morng.\u2014 at Noon and  at Night. A hard frost, and very cold morning, Wind being still at No. West. The forenoon clear\u2014afternoon lowering and about eight oclock in the evening it began to Snow. Set out, by appointment, to attend a meeting of the Board of Directors of the Potomack Company at the Great Falls. Dined and lodged at Abingdon, to which place Mrs. Washington and all the Children accompanied me. Mr. Shaw also set out on a visit to Dumfries.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0002", "content": "Title: February 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday first. Thermometer at  in the Morng.\u2014 at Noon and  at Night.\nGround very hard froze, Wind Eastwardly in the Morning, and So. Et. the remaining part of the day; but clear, & tolerably pleasant notwithstanding.\nNot being able to leave here yesterday (as I intended) for the appointed meeting of the Directors of the Potomack Navigation at the Great Falls this day, I set out this Morning at the first dawning of day, for this purpose, and after as disagreeable a ride as I ever had for the distance, arrived, at the Falls at half after 11 Oclock where I found Colo. Gilpin (who had been there since Sunday Night) levelling &ca. and Colo. Fitzgerald who got there just before me.\nSpent the remainder of this day in viewing the different grounds along which it was supposed the Canal might be carried and after dining at the Huts went in the evening accompanied by Colo. Fitzgerald & Mr. Potts to a Mr. Wheelers in the Neighbourhood (abt. 1\u00bd Miles off) to lodge.\n   the huts: The Potowmack Company made its construction headquarters on the Virginia side of the Great Falls, where in 1790 the town of Matildaville was authorized. In 1786 this settlement, which was never more than a construction\ntown, probably consisted of little more than \u201chuts\u201d for the workers (HENINGWilliam Waller Hening, ed. The Statutes at Large; Being a Collection of All the Laws of Virginia, from the First Session of the Legislature, in the Year 1619. 13 vols. 1819\u201323. Reprint. Charlottesville, Va., 1969., 13:171; BACON-FOSTERCorra Bacon-Foster. Early Chapters in the Development of the Patomac Route to the West. Washington, D.C., 1912., 87).\nThursday 2d. Thermometer at  in the Morning\u2014 at [noon] and  at Night. A very remarkable hoar frost, with but little Wind; day pleasant till the evening when it clouded up and abt. 8 oclock began to Snow.\nSpent this day in examining the ground more attentively, and levelling the different ways we had discovered yesterday but on acct. of the swolen state of the river, & rapidity of the currant we could not determine, absolutely, upon the best cut and therefore directed Mr. Stuart, the Assistant Manager to have all of them opened, accurately measured, levelled, & their bottoms sounded by the day of March when the Directors are to be requested pointedly to meet for the final choice.\nDined again at the Hutts; some little time after which, Govr. Lee (who had been detained by high waters) and Mr. Rumsey came in\u2014the first concurred in sentiment with us on these measures.\nAfter 7 Oclock at Night, Colo. Fitzgerald Mr. Potts & Myself left the Hutts, & came to Mr. William Scotts about 6 Miles on this side of the Falls where we lodged.\nFriday 3d. Thermometer at  in the Morng.\u2014 at Noon and  at Night.\nThe Snow that fell last Night did not cover the ground an Inch. The Wind was at So. West, and the day overhead was pleasant. Snow soon disappeared.\nAfter an early breakfast we left Mr. Scotts; and about noon I reached home; where I found an Eastern shore man delivering the Oats which Doctr. Stuart had engaged on my behalf of a Mr. George Savage of Northampton\u2014viz. 800 Bushels.\nSoon after I arrived Miss Sally Ramsay, Miss Kitty Washington, Doctr. Craik Junr. & Mr. Porter came in and Dined, and stayed all Night. After Dinner Mr. Rumsey arrived and stayed the evening also.\n   George Savage, of Northampton County, Va., was a planter descended from an established Eastern Shore family. In a letter to Dr. David Stuart on 24 Dec. 1785, GW thanked Stuart for contracting on his behalf with Savage for 800 bushels of oats. In addition, GW asked Stuart to try to procure for him another 1,200 bushels because his corn crop had been less than one-third of the previous year (DLC:GW). Early in February, GW acknowledged the delivery of the 800 bushels by Savage\u2019s skipper John Whitney (GW to George Savage, 8 Feb. 1786, DLC:GW) and later that month, Savage wrote GW to expect shortly a shipment of corn from him via the schooner Molly\n   and Betsey (18 Feb. 1786, DLC:GW). Since about 1782 Savage had held the position of commissioner of wrecks in Northampton. After becoming president, GW appointed Savage collector of the port of Cherrystone, also in that county.\nSaturday 4th. Thermometer at 46 in the Morng.\u2014 at Noon and 40 at Night.\nClear morning with very little wind\u2014after which it sprung up but not fresh, from the Eastward, and lowered.\nMr. Porter and Doctr. Craik went away before Breakfast and Mr. Rumsay after dinner.\nHaving assembled the Men from my Plantations, I removed the garden Houses which were in the middle of the front walls to the extreme points of them; which were done with more ease, & less damage than I expected, considering the height one of them was to be raised from the ground.\nSunday 5th. Thermometer at 34 in the morning\u201436 at Noon and 37 at Night.\nWind Northerly. About 9 oclk. last Night it began to Snow which turned soon to rain which continued through the Night and more or less all day, intermixed now & then with spittings of Snow. Abt. Noon the Wind shifted to the No. West and blew pretty fresh but the weather in other respects did not change.\nMonday 6th. Thermometer at 36 in the Morning\u201440 at Noon and 38 at Night.\nFlying Clouds in the morning with a brisk No. West wind all day and cold though clear after ten oclock.\nThe largest of my Buck fauns which had been missing since friday last came home after dinner with its left hind knee broke & much shivered\u2014supposed to be by a shot.\nPlanting pines in the wilderness on the left of the lawn and spading the ground there to day.\nTuesday 7th. Thermometer at 34 in the Morning\u2014 at Noon and 54 at Night.\nMorning clear & very pleasant, as it continued to be all day. Wind Southerly, but not fresh.\nMrs. Washington, Kitty Washington, Miss Ramsay, Mr. Shaw and myself went to Colo. McCartys to the funeral of Mrs. Peers (one of his daughters). I took my ferry & dogue run plantations in the way. We returned home to dinner\u2014after which Doctor Griffith came in and my overseer from the Plantation on Rappahannock.\n   Valentine Peer\u2019s wife was Margaret (Peggy) McCarty Peers (Fairfax County Deeds Book O\u20131, 432\u201340, Fairfax County Courthouse).\nWednesday 8th. Thermometer at 42 in the Morng.\u201452 at Noon and 44 at Night.\nDay rather variable, but upon the whole pleasant; In the morning there were flying clouds with the wind pretty fresh from the No. West\u2014after which it was clear and still, till the evening, when the Wind came out at So. East.\nAfter Breakfast Mr. Griffith went away, and before dinner Mr. Wm. Craik came in and stayed all Night.\nFinished planting all the young pine trees in the Wilderness on the left.\nThursday 9th. Thermometer at 43 in the Morng.\u201454 at Noon and 50 at Night.\nClear morning, with a remarkable white frost. Wind Southerly all day.\nWent early in the Morning to my river Plantation. Took the Dogs with me and on my return hunted, but never got a fox a foot tho I dragged one to Mr. Robt. Alexanders Pocoson at whose house I called.\nIn my way home I took Muddy hole plantation. Found Mr. Willm. Craik gone and Mr. Fendall and Mr. Hipkins here who went away at Night by which Doctr. Craik Senr. came in.\nFriday 10th. Thermometer at 52 in the Morning\u201462 at Noon and 66 at Night.\nWind Southerly & pretty fresh all day, till evening, when it shifted to the No. West and turned cold\u2014a large circle round the Moon. This day was remarkably fine & promotive of vegitation. The buds of the lylack were much swelled & seemed ready to unfold.\nDoctr. Craik went away after Breakfast.\nI began to hand weed the drilled wheat from the Cape behind the Stables. The part which was cut so close by mistake appeared to be quite dead to, if not at the roots. The top of the blades of the other, in some places, had turned red as if singed with the frost; and the bottom blades were, in many places grown yellow. The last sowed wheat had, within these few days, vegitated a good deal, and was stooling very prettily.\nMaking up the banks round the serpentine walks to the front gate.\nSaturday 11th. Thermometer at 34 in the Morning\u201434 at Noon and 30 at Night.\nWind at No. East all day\u2014very raw, and cold\u2014a red angry sky at Sunrising; lowering about Noon and snowing afterwards, by intervals, towards night.\nA Mr. Wooldridge (an English gentleman) and a Mr. Waddell of No. Carolina\u2014together with Mr. Murray, Mr. Wilson, & Mr. Maize came here to dinner & stayed all night.\nTransplanted the following trees, to the following places in the North garden\u2014viz.\u2014the first on the left, looking eastward from the garden house, along the walk in front of it, is a peach tree transplanted the 14th. of last March from the Gardeners nursery, to the South side of the walk, by the Englh. Walnuts. The 2d. & 4th. on the same side, are burgamy Pears, grafted the first of April last yr. by the green House. The 3d. on the same side, is a black May heart cherry, grafted at the same time, in the same place. The 5th. on the same side is a Duke cherry, Do. Do. The 3d. tree from the same house, on the right side (looking the\nsame way) is also a Duke cherry, grafted as above. By the stumps of the Cornation Cherry, and apricot, which were removed in to the same garden on the 26th. of last October (not expecting either of them to live) I planted a white heart cherry; and one of the small cherries that used to grow in the walk, in front of the House; the white heart was placed by the stump of the Cornation Cherry.\nBrought a Goose & Gander of the Chineese breed of Geese, from the reverend Mr. Griffiths and also two of the large white (or Portugal) Peach trees; and 2 Scions from a tree growing in his garden, to which he could give no name\u2014the last for my Shrubberies.\n   In 1775 the merchants of London appointed a committee to consider the importance of American trade to Britain. They chose Thomas Wooldrige, a British merchant, and two others to report on the situation in North Carolina (Va. Gaz., D&H, 8 April 1775). Residing in New York City after the war, Wooldrige belonged to the firms of Wooldrige & Kelly and Kelly, Lot & Co., which engaged in West Indian trade. Wooldrige was in financial straits in 1786, for on 20 July 1786 Alexander Hamilton wrote to him concerning ways to satisfy his creditors. The following year Wooldrige was imprisoned in New York City for debts (HAMILTON [2]Harold C. Syrett et al., eds. The Papers of Alexander Hamilton. 27 vols. New York, 1961\u201387., 3:678, n.1).\n   Edmund Waddell (Waddill), a prosperous planter of Randolph County, N.C., represented that county in the state House of Commons in 1787 and in the Senate from 1793 to 1798. In 1788 Waddell attended the state convention called to ratify the Constitution.\nSunday 12th. Thermometer at 30 in the Morng.\u201432 at Noon and 34 at Night.\nSnow about half an inch deep in the Morning but soon disappeared afterwards\u2014cloudy for the most part and but a feeble Sun at any time of the day\u2014not much Wind and that about So. Et.\nMessrs. Wilson, Murray, and Mease went away before breakfast\u2014Mr. Wooldridge and Mr. Waddell after it and Miss Ramsay & Kitty Washington some time after them in my Chariot.\nMonday 13th. Thermometer at 34 in the Morning\u201434 at Noon and 32 at Night.\nCloudy Morning but tolerably clear afterwards till Noon when it lowered and sprinkled fine Snow by intervals till Night by which the ground was not covered more than half an inch. Wind Southerly but raw and cold notwithstanding.\nPlanted the two peach trees which were brought on Saturday from Doctr. Griffiths in my fruit garden behind the Stable (the\ntwo uppermost ones at the No. Et. Corner of it). Also planted  others from the Nursery in the Garden.\nBegan to raise the Mound of earth on the right of the gate (coming in).\nRid to my Plantations at Muddy hole\u2014Dogue Run and Ferry and also to the Mill. Found Doctr. Craik here on my return, who dined with us and proceeded to Mr. Littles at Cameron to whose wife he was sent for.\n   Charles Little (c.1744\u20131813) emigrated from Scotland to Virginia in 1768, married Mary Manley, a sister of Penelope Manley French, and settled near Cameron at Cleesh, which he bought from the estate of the late Thomas Colvill (POWELLMary G. Powell. The History of Old Alexandria, Virginia: From July 13, 1749 to May 24, 1861. Richmond, 1928., 202; HARRISON [1]Fairfax Harrison. Landmarks of Old Prince William: A Study of Origins in Northern Virginia. Berryville, Va., 1964., 285).\nTuesday 14th. Thermometer at 32 in the Morning\u201436 at [noon] and 38 at Night.\nIn the course of last night there fell 8 Inches Snow and it continued snowing slightly till 10 or 11 Oclock when it cleared & became a fine afternoon and evening\u2014Not much wind and that variable sometimes at So. Et. then at No. West and then calm.\nEmployed all the women and Weak hands (who on acct. of the Snow) could not work out, in picking the Wild Onion from the Eastern shore Oat for seed.\nDoctr. Craik came in whilst we were at Dinner and stayed all Night.\nWednesday 15th. Thermometer at 34 in the Morning\u201436 at Noon and 36 at Night.\nMorning lowering. Towards Noon it became clear and warm, after which it clouded up again. Between 4 and 5 it began to Rain wch. turned to snow in a little time soon after which it ceased. Wind for the most part of the day was Southerly.\nDoctr. Craik went away after Breakfast.\nBegan with some of the Men abt. the House to bundle faggots for filling up gullies; as they could not on acct. of the Weather remove earth.\nThursday 16th. Thermometer at 36 in the Morning\u201446 at Noon and 46 at Night.\nMorning cloudy and not pleasant, wind being at No. West, but not fresh. Afterwards it became clear, calm, and exceedingly agreeable.\nThe warm & pleasant afternoon almost carried of the Snow.\nPut one of Doctr. Gordons Subscription Papers (yesterday) in the hands of Doctr. Craik to offer to his acquaintance.\n   Dr. William Gordon (1728\u20131807), a dissenting minister in England, migrated to America in 1770 and settled in Roxbury, Mass., where he soon became active in the independence movement. As the Revolution progressed Gordon began copying and collecting documents with which to write a history of the struggle, and in 1784 he visited at Mount Vernon for 2\u00bd weeks while he copied and abstracted Revolutionary documents from among GW\u2019s papers (FREEMANDouglas Southall Freeman. George Washington: A Biography. 7 vols. New York, 1948\u201357., 6:36). Before he returned to England (1786) to find a publisher, Gordon circulated subscription papers for his history, which was first published in four volumes as The History of the Rise, Progress, and Establishment of Independence of the United States of America (London, 1788). Besides this subscription paper given to Dr. Craik, GW forwarded copies to correspondents in Alexandria and Fredericksburg. GW subscribed to two sets himself, for a total of \u00a32 (GW to James Mercer, 20 Jan. 1786, DLC:GW; General Ledger BGeneral Ledger B, 1772\u20131793. Library of Congress, George Washington Papers, Series 5, Financial Papers., folio 223; see also PILCHERGeorge W. Pilcher. \u201cWilliam Gordon and the History of the American Revolution.\u201d The Historian 34 (1971-72): 447\u201364.).\nFriday 17th. Thermometer at 38 in the Morning\u201452 at Noon and 48 at Night.\nA thick fog till 9 oclock A.M. when it dispelled; was clear and pleasant till towards Sunsetting when the western horison seemed to cloud & lower. Wind Southerly all day but the ground very wet\u2014Snow all dissolved where the Sun had access.\nRid to my Mill, and the Plantations at Muddy hole, Dogue Run & ferry.\nSent for Doctr. Brown, who visited my Negro Overseer (Will) and Gabriel at Muddy hole who were both sick\u2014the first since this day week & was visited by Doctr. Brown on Tuesday last.\nSaturday 18th. Thermometer at 45 in the Morning\u201456 at Noon and 50 at Night.\nThe morning lowered\u2014cleard at Noon and about two it rained a little; with appearances of a good deal, at first\u2014however it soon ceased, though it continued cloudy till night, when the Wind, which had blowed pretty fresh from the Southward all day, shifted to the No. West.\nBegan the yards back of the Green house designed for the Jack Ass & Magnolia.\nThe Bitch Stately was lined by the Dog Vulcan. Jupiter had been put to her and Venus but never seemed to take the least notice of them but whether he ever lined either of them is not certain. The contrary is supposed.\nRid to the Plantation in the Neck and returned home by Muddy hole and visited the sick men there whom I found better.\nTook a list to day of all my Negroes which are as follows at Mount Vernon and the plantations around it\u2014viz.\u2014\nHome House.\nWill\tVal de Chambre\t1\nFrank \tWaiters in the House\t2\n\u273bAustin\nHerculus\tCooks\t2\nNathan\nGiles\tDrivers, & Stablers\t3\n\u273bJoe\nParis\u2014boy\n\u273bDoll\talmost past Service\t2\n\u273bJenny\n\u273bBetty\tSempstresses\t3\n\u273bLame Alice\n\u273bCharlotte\n\u273bSall\tHouse Maids\t2\n\u273bCaroline\nSall Brass\tWashers\t2\n\u273bDolly\n\u273bAlce\tSpinners old & almost blind\t4\nMyrtilla\n\u273bKitty\nWinny\n\u273bSchomberg\tpast labour\t1\nFrank\tStock keeper old Jobber\t2\nCook Jack\nGunner\tLabourers\t7\nBoatswain\nSam\nAnthony\n\u273bTom Davis\n\u273bWill\n\u273bJoe\nJack\tWaggoner\t1\n\u273bSimms\tCarter\t1\nBristol\tGardener\t1\nIsaac\tCarpenters\t4\nJames\nSambo\n\u273bTom Nokes\nNatt\tSmiths\t2\nGeorge\n\u273bPeter\u2014lame\tKnitter\t1\ngrown\t41\n\u273bOney\tBetty\u2019s\tChildren House\t12 yrs. old\n\u273bDelphy\tDitto\t6 do.\t2\n\u273bAnna\tlittle Alice\u2019s\t13 do.\n\u273bChristopher\tDo.\t11 do.\n\u273bJudy\tDo.\t7 do.\n\u273bVina\tDo.\t5 do.\t4\n\u273bSinah\tKitty\u2019s\t14 do.\n\u273bMima\tDitto\t12 do.\n\u273bAlly\tDitto\t10 do.\n\u273bLucy\tDitto\t8 do.\n\u273bGrace\tDitto\t6 do.\n\u273bLetty\tDitto\t4 do.\n\u273bNancy\tDitto\t2 do.\t7\n\u273bRichmond\tLame Alce\t9 do.\n\u273bEvey\tDo.\t2 do.\n\u273bDelia\tDo.\t3 mo.\t3\nLilly\tMyrtilla\u2019s\t11 yrs. old\nBen\tDitto\t8 do.\nHarry\tDo.\t3 do.\nBoatswain\tDo.\t6 do.\nLally\tDo.\t3 mo.\t5\n\u273bCyrus\tSall\u2019s\t11 do.\t1\n\u273bTimothy\tCharlottes\t1 do.\t1\n\u273bWilson\tCaroline\t1 do.\t1\n\u273bMoll\tMr. Custis\u2019s Estate\t2\n\u273bPeter\nIn all\t67\nMill\nBen\tMiller\t1\nJack Tom Davy\tCowpers\t3\nIn all\t4\nRiver Plantn.\n\u273bDavy \tOverseer\t1\n\u273bBreechy\tLabourg. Men dead\t10\nNat\nNed\nEssex\nBath\n\u273bJohny\nAdam\n\u273bWill\nRobin\n\u273bBen\n\u273bMolly\tOverseers Wife\t1\nRuth\tlabourg. Women\t17\n\u273bDolly\nPeg\nDaphne\nMurria\n\u273bAgnus\nSuck\nSucky\nJudy\u2014M\nJudy\u2014F\n\u273bHannah\n\u273bCornelia\n\u273bLidia\n\u273bEsther\nCloe\n\u273bFanny\n\u273bAlice\ngrown\t29\nChildren\nWill\tMill Judy\u2019s\t\u201313 yrs. old\t1\n\u273bJoe\tHannahs\t\u201312 Do.\t1\nBen\tPeg\u2019s\t10 Do.\nPenny\tDitto\t- 8 Do.\t2\nJoe\tDaphne\u2019s\t8 do.\nMoses\tDitto\t6 do.\nLucy\tDitto\t4 do.\nDaphne\tDitto\t- 1 do.\t4\n\u273bNed\tLidia\u2019s\t7 do.\n\u273bPeter\tDitto\t5 do.\n\u273bPhoebe\tDitto\t- 3 do.\t3\nCynthia \tSuckey\u2019s\t6 do.\nDaniel\tDitto\t- 4 do.\t2\n\u273bJames\tFerry Doll\u2019s\t8 do.\t1\n\u273bBett\tNeck Dolls\t7 do.\n\u273bNatt\tDitto\t4 do.\n\u273bDolly\tDitto\t3 do.\n\u273bJack\tDitto\t- 1 do.\t4\nRose\tSuck-Bass\t12 do.\t1\n\u273bMilly\tHouse Sall\u2019s\t7 do.\t1\n\u273bBilly\tDo. Charlottes\t4 do.\t1\n\u273bHukey\tAgnus\u2019s\t1 do.\t1\n\u273bAmbrose\tCornelia\u2019s\t1 month\t1\nIn all\t52\nDogue Run\u2014Plantn.\n\u273bMorris\tOverseer\t1\nRobin\tLabourg. Men\t8\nAdam\nJack\nJack\u2014long\nDick\nBen\n\u273bMatt\n\u273bMorris\n\u273bBrunswick\tRuptured\t1\nHannah\tOverrs. wife\t1\n\u273bLucy\tLabourg. Women old\t10\nMoll\nJenny\nSilla\nCharity\n\u273bBetty\n\u273bPeg\n\u273bSall\n\u273bGrace\n\u273bSue\ngrown\t21\nChildren\nSarah\tCharity\u2019s 6 yrs. old\nBilly\tDitto 5 do.\nHannah\tDitto 3 do.\nElly\tDitto 6 mo.\t4\n\u273bJesse\tSalls 6 yrs. old\n\u273bKitty\tDo. 4 do.\n\u273bLawrence\tDo. 1 do.\t3\n\u273bJenny\tLucy\u2019s 9 do.\n\u273bDaniel\tDo. 3 do.\n\u273bNed\tDo. 6 Mo.\t3\nAggy\tJones (dead) 9 yrs. old\nSimon\tDo. 4 do.\nBett\tDo. 3 do.\t3\nSophia\tSylla\u2019s 3 do.\nSabra\tDitto 6 Mo.\t2\n\u273bAndrew\tBettys\u2019 1 yr. old\t1\n\u273bCrager\tPegs 6 Mo.\t1\nIn all\t38\nFerry\u2014Plantn.\n\u273bSam Kit\tlabourg. Men\t5\nLondon\n\u273bCaesar\n\u273bCupid\n\u273bPaul\n\u273bBetty\tlabourg. Women\t3\n\u273bDoll\n\u273bLucy\n\u273bLucy\tLabouring Women\t7\nFlora\n\u273bFanny\n\u273bRachel\n\u273bJenny\nEdy \u273b\nDaphne\ngrown\t15\nChildren\n\u273bGodfrey\tBetty\u2019s 12 yrs. old\n\u273bBeck\tDitto 11 do.\n\u273bHanson\tDitto 7 do.\n\u273bLucretia\tDitto 6 do.\n\u273bJohn\tDitto 3 do.\n\u273bBill langston\tDitto 6 Mo.\t6\n\u273bPatt\tDoll\u2019s 11 yrs. old\n\u273bMilly\tDitto 4 do.\n\u273bDaniel\tDitto 3 do.\n\u273bSilvia\tDitto 1 do.\t4\n\u273bEdmund\tLucy 6 do.\n\u273bMike\tDitto 3 do.\n\u273bPhill\tDitto 8 Mo.\t3\nJoy\tFlora 8 yrs. old\nJacob\tDitto 5 do.\t2\nIn all\t30\nMuddy hole Plann.\n\u273bWill\tOverseer\tLabourg. Men\t5\n\u273bWill\nCharles\nGabriel\n\u273bJupiter\nKate\tlabourg. Women\t9\nNanny\nSarah\nAlice\nPeg\nSackey\nDarcus\nAmy\nNancy\ngrown\t14\nChildren\nMolly\tKates\t14 yrs. old\nVirgin\tDitto\t11 do.\nWill\tDitto\t8 do.\nKate\tDitto\t4 do.\t4\nMoses\tDarcuss\t8 do.\nTownshend\tDo.\t6 Mo.\t2\nLetty\tPeg\u2019s\t7 yrs. old\nForrister\tDitto\t2 do.\t2\nUriah\tSackey\u2019s\t10 do.\t1\nKate\tAlice\u2019s\t4 do.\t1\nIsbel\tSarah\u2019s\t3 do.\t1\nMuddy hole\tIn all\t25\nHome House\t67\nRiver Plantation\t52\nDogue Run Plantn\t38\nFerry Plantation\t30\nN.B. Those marked with asterisks are Dower Negros.\tMill\t4\nTotal\t216\nSunday 19th. Thermometer at 35 in the morning\u201438 at Noon and 38 at Night.\nMorning clear and tolerably pleasant, though the horison was red & angry at the place of the Suns rising. After noon it lowered a good deal and at Night there fell a mixture of Snow and Rain\u2014which turned to a kind of misling rain that continued through the Night. But little wind in the fore part of the day\u2014at So. Et. and East afterwards.\nMonday 20th. Thermometer at 35 in the Morning\u201438 at Noon and 38 at Night.\nMissling all day intermixed at times with Rain with but little wind.\nBegan, though the ground was too wet, to set the Posts of my Paddock fence.\nMr. Lawrence Washington of Chotank, Mr. Wm. Thompson Mr. Willm. Stuart and Mr. Lund Washington came here to dinner\u2014all of whom except the first went away after it.\n   William Thompson, of Colchester (see entry for 16 April 1775), in 1785 married Ann Washington, daughter of Lund Washington\u2019s brother Robert Washington (b. 1729). William Stuart (b. 1761) was a younger brother of David Stuart.\nTuesday 21st. Thermometer at 40 in the Morning\u201440 at Noon and 38 at N.\nClear, with the wind pretty fresh at No. West in the forenoon calm afterwards.\nA Mr. McPherson of Alexandria came & returned before dinner. His business was, to communicate the desires of a Neighbourhood in Berkeley County, to build a School & Meeting House on some Land of mine there, leased to one . My answer was, that if the tenant\u2019s consent could be obtained, and the spot chosen was upon the exterior of my Land, so as that no damage would result from Roads &ca. to it, mine should not be wanting.\nColo. Carrington, Doctr. Brown, and a Mr. Scott of Maryland (a liver with Colo. Fitzhugh) also Mr. Lawe. Washington (of this County) came here to dinner; all of whom except Colo. Carrington went away after it. In the evening Mr. Crawford and his wife\u2014child and nurse came in and stayed all night.\n   Edward Carrington (1749\u20131810) was the son of George and Anne Mayo Carrington of Goochland County, Va. He served in the Revolutionary War as a lieutenant colonel in the 1st Continental Artillery and was a member of the Continental Congress 1786\u201388; in 1789 GW appointed him marshal of the United States District Court of Virginia. In 1791 he was made supervisor of the revenue for Virginia. Carrington served as the foreman of the jury in the Aaron Burr treason trial in 1807.\nWednesday 22d. Thermometer 36 in the Morning\u201440 at Noon and 40 at Night.\nA grey Morning with a red and angry looking horison at the place of the Suns rising. About 10 Oclock it began to lower very much & at Noon to drip Rain which continued with intervals all the remaining part of the day but not so as to drive people from their work. Calm all day.\nAfter breakfast Colo. Carrington & Mr. Crawford [and] his wife left this\u2014the first for Alexandria to pursue his rout to Congress (of which he is a member)\u2014the other on his return home.\nMr. Lawe. Washington went up to Alexandria after breakfast\u2014dined & returned in the Evening.\nThursday 23d. Thermometer at 36 in the Morning\u201432 at Noon and 32 at Night.\nWind at East all day. By eight A.M. it began to Snow and continued to do so more or less all day, covering the ground by Night 3 or 4 Inches when it became a kind of Sleet.\nMr. Lund Washington came here to dinner, and returned afterwards. A Mr. Rice Hooe came in the afternoon and stayed all Night.\nMr. Shaw went to Alexandria to the Assembly and to do some business in town for me.\nThe weather early in the Morning obliged me to quit planting Posts for my Paddock.\n   mr. rice hooe: probably Rice Wingfield Hooe (1764\u20131806), of King George County, the son of Richard and Anne Ireland Hooe. In 1790 he married Susannah Fitzhugh. He was sheriff of King George County 1804\u20136.\nFriday 24th. Thermometer at 32 in the morning\u201433 at Noon and 29 at Night.\nCloudy about day break\u2014but it soon cleared, and about 8 oclock the wind began to blow very high from the No. Wt. and continued to do so all day\u2014growing very cold & freezing hard especially towards Night.\nMr. Lawe. Washington and Mr. Hooe left this after breakfast, and crossed in my Boat (which could not get back till the wind moderated after Sun down) to Maryland, as the nearest cut home.\nAfter sunset Mr. Shaw returned from alexandria.\nNot being able either to remove Earth, set Posts, or plant Trees sent the Men into the New grounds to making faggots and the Women to picking the wild onions from the Oats which I wanted to Sow.\nSaturday 25th. Thermometer at 24 in the morning\u201431 at Noon and 30 at Night.\nClear and calm in the forenoon\u2014wind Southerly afterwards and thawing, the ground being hard frozen.\nRenewed the fencing of my Paddock to day.\nWent into the Neck and to Muddy hole Plantations to measure the fields which I had plowed for Oats & for experiments\u2014also to Dogue run to divide some fields and to mark the Rows for planting Corn.\nIn the Afternoon Mr. Willm. Boo\u27e8th\u27e9 came in and stayed all Night.\nSunday 26th. Thermometer at 29 in the Morning\u201442 at Noon and 40 at Night.\nClear & calm all the forenoon, wind Southerly afterwards, & towards sunset lowered a good deal; but cleared again after dark.\nMonday 27th. Thermometer at 38 in the morning\u201446 at Noon and 43 at Night.\nForenoon warm, and variable with but little wind. About noon it sprung up fresh from No. West and blew hard all the afternoon.\nMr. Booth went away after breakfast\u2014and Doctr. Brown came after dinner (and returned) to visit Boatswain a sick Negro man.\nHaving received, yesterday Evening, a number of fruit trees from my Nephew, Mr. Willm. Washington of Blenheim I planted them in my fruit garden in the following order & places\u2014\nviz.\nIn the No. Et. Square of this garden\u2014the Tree at the No. Et. Corner is a Carnation Cherry\u2014and the next to it, below, on the East side, is also a Carnation. The 3d. row, three two pound Pears, east side, next the Carnation\u2014& one, 1 pound ditto. 5th. Row. 2 Cooks pears East, & 2 green Burgamot. 7 Row, 3 Bell pears East & 1 Catharine Ditto. 9th. Row 2 yellow Burgamot East & 2 Boncriton Pears.\nNo. West Square.\n2d. Row 1 popes pear\u2014next the cross walk & 3 of Colo. Richd. Henry Lee\u2019s fine winter Pear. 5 Row, four old Ho. Russitans. 6 Row four of the Heath Peach. 7 Row\u2014four of Booth\u2019s Genitan. 8 Row, three amber Plumbs next the cross walk and 2 Green gage Do. west of them. 9th. Row, two Booths Genitans next the cross Walk & 2 Newtown pippin west of them.\nSo. West Square\n1st. Row, next the cross Walk, Peaches from the Garden. 2d. Row 4 New town pippin. 3d. Row, Peaches from the Garden. 4th. Row, 4 Gloucester white apple\u20145 Row Peaches from the garden. 6 row 2 Glostr. whe. Ap. on the West side, & next these, adjoining the cross walk, are 2 apple trees taken from the middle walk in the No. Garden\u2014said to be Vandiviers\u20147 Row, Peach trees from the Garden\u20148 Row, 1 apple tree next the cross walk, taken from the border in the No. garden, by the English Walnut trees & the other 3 trees are from Stratford, given to me by Colo. Henry Lee 1 of which he calls the Medlar Russitan\u2014another the Chantilly pear\u2014and the 3d. the Carnation cherry but this being a mistake, the others are not to be depended upon.\nThe 3d. and 7th. Trees in the outer or East row, next the fencing are May duke Cherry from Blenheim.\nSo. East Square\n2d. Row, next the cross walk, are two Golden, and two New Town Pippins from Major Jenefirs\u20144th. Row four of the Maryland\nRed strick from the same place. 6th. Row\u2014next the cross walk, two more of the same\u2014that is Maryland red strick.\n   Fruit trees not previously mentioned in the diaries are listed here. The Pound pear was used only for cooking, a very common \u201ckitchen\u201d variety. The Bell may be the Windsor, often called Summer Bell, a summer pear not highly regarded. The Catherine pear was listed in the first catalogue of fruits issued in the colonies, William Prince\u2019s 1771 catalogue. Boncriton is GW\u2019s rendering of Bon Chretien. DOWNINGA. J. Downing. The Fruits and Fruit Trees of America; or, The Culture, Propagation, and Management, in the Garden and Orchard, of Fruit Trees Generally; with Descriptions of all the Finest Varieties of Fruit, Native and Foreign, Cultivated in this Country. New York, 1845., 406, lists two Pope\u2019s pears, the Scarlet Major and the Quaker, both from Long Island. Colonel Lee\u2019s winter pear is not further identified. The Russitan apple is GW\u2019s rendering of Russeting, an alternate form of Russet. The Heath peach was a late-ripening clingstone developed in Maryland from a stone brought from the Mediterranean. \u201cBooths Genitans\u201d means the Jenneting, an early apple which folk etymology often corrupted into \u201cJune-eating.\u201d It was probably brought to GW by William Booth, of Westmoreland and later the Shenandoah Valley, who left Mount Vernon this day. The Amber plum may be the Amber Primordian, an early variety from the south of France. The Green Gage is still a universally popular variety (all plums are Prunus domestica). The Vandervere apple was a winter variety said to have been named for a family in Wilmington, Del., where it originated (DOWNINGA. J. Downing. The Fruits and Fruit Trees of America; or, The Culture, Propagation, and Management, in the Garden and Orchard, of Fruit Trees Generally; with Descriptions of all the Finest Varieties of Fruit, Native and Foreign, Cultivated in this Country. New York, 1845., 141). The medlar, Mespilus germanica, no longer considered to be an apple, is a crooked tree or large shrub bearing fruit which is eaten after frost. The Chantilly pear is one of the seemingly endless number of French pears, not further identified. The Golden Pippin is a variety of the Newtown Pippin already discussed.\nTuesday 28th. Thermometer at 30 in the Morng.\u2014 at Noon and  at Night.\nA hard frost, and very cold morning, Wind being still at No. West. The forenoon clear\u2014afternoon lowering and about eight oclock in the evening it began to Snow.\nSet out, by appointment, to attend a meeting of the Board of Directors of the Potomack Company at the Great Falls. Dined and lodged at Abingdon, to which place Mrs. Washington and all the Children accompanied me. Mr. Shaw also set out on a visit to Dumfries.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0003-0002", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 2 March 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 2d. Thermometer at  in the Morning\u2014 at Noon and  at Night. A little Snow fell in the Night. About Sun rise there were some appearances of fair weather but about 8 Oclock it began to Snow fast. By 10 it was intermixed with hail & Rain\u2014which, about Noon, became wholly Rain and towards Sun down all Snow, and storming; indeed the day through it blew hard from the No. East quarter. Accompanied by Mr. Fairfax I repaired again to the Falls where we arrived about 8 oclock & where we found Colo. Gilpin, who remained there all Night. About two hours afterwards, Govr. Johnson, Colo. Fitzgereld and Mr. Potts arrived but the day was so stormy that we could neither level, nor Survey the different tracks talked of for the Canal\u2014which, & to determine on the most eligable one were the principle objects of the meeting. Unable to do any business without doors, we returned to the Huts\u2014resolved on the next advances\u2014considered some other Matters\u2014dined there as we did yesterday and again seperated for lodgings. Colo. Fitzgerald & Mr. Potts accompanied Mr. Fairfax & myself to Towlston.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0003-0003", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 3 March 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 3d. Thermometer at  in the Morning\u2014 at Noon and  at Night. The Snow which fell yesterday & last night covered the ground at least a foot deep and continuing snowing a little all day, & blowing hard from the No. West. We were obliged tho\u2019 we assembled at the huts again to relinquish all hopes of levelling & Surveying the ground this trip; & therefore resolved on the Rout for the Canal from the best view we could take, & information\nget; and after doing some other business, as a board\u2014particularly resolving to advertize a Contract for the Supply of our labourers with provisions, we broke up the Meeting; and I again returned (first dining at the Hutts) with Colo. Fitzgerald to Towlston, in a very severe evening.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0003-0004", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 4 March 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 4th. Thermometer at  in the Morng.\u2014 at Noon\u201430 and at Night. The Wind blew hard all last Night at No. West, and it was as cold this Morning as at any time this winter; but not havg. the thermometer to apply to, I could only judge from appearances, & my own feelings. After breakfast Colo. Fitzgerald and myself set off on our return home, & parted at 4 Mile Run. About half after four I got to Mount Vernon, where Mrs. Washington, Nelly, and little Washington had just arrived\u2014as also Mr. Shaw from Dumfries.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0003-0006", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 6 March 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 6th. Thermometer at 36 in the morng.\u201437 at Noon and 37 at Night. Cloudy & heavy all day, with little wind & that soft. Mr. Lee went away about 10 Oclock and Mr. Thornton Washington came in after we had dined and stayed all night. Mr. Lund Washingtons Negro Shoemaker left working here on saturday last. Returned to the erection of my deer paddock, which the bad weather had impeded. Brought carts from the plantations to assist in drawing in the Materials for the Work.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0003-0007", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 7 March 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 7th. Thermometer at 34 in the Morning\u2014\u27e84\u27e96 at Noon and 42 at Night. Morning clear & calm\u2014grd. a little frozen. Wind pretty fresh afterwards from the Northwest\u2014notwithstanding which it lowered a good deal towards evening.  I rid to Muddy hole and Dogue run Plantations and by the grd. where the ferry hands were at work.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0003-0009", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 9 March 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 9th. Thermometer at 36 in the Morning\u201441 at Noon and 38 at Night. Clear all day, & for the Season cold, the wind being fresh from the No. West. After breakfast the Gentlemen who came yesterday returned to Alexandria and after candles were lighted Doctr. Jenifer came in and stayed all Night.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0003-0010", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 10 March 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 10th. Thermometer at 32 in the Morning\u201444 at Noon and 44 at Night. Ground very hard froze in the Morning, which was cold\u2014the wind being fresh all day at No. West. In the evening it became calm. The day was clear. Lund Washington came here to Breakfast\u2014after which he and Doctr. Jenifer both went away. Between breakfast and Dinner, a Mr. Rollins, who has undertaken to finish my new Room came here settled a plan with my joiners & returned before dinner.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0003-0011", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 11 March 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 11th. Thermometer at 34 in the Morning\u201444 at Noon and 40 at Night. Weather clear and cool, Wind at No. West, and ground hard froze in the Morning. Rode to all my Plantns. and to the Mill. On my Return found a Mr. James Hains, the Manager of the James River Canal here\u2014sent by the Directors to me\u2014and to proceed with Letters from me to the Potomack and Susquehanna Works which being given, he proceeded after dinner to the former. Brought a Load of Salt in my Boat from Alexandria, for Fishing.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0003-0012", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 12 March 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 12th. Thermometer at 36 in the Morng.\u201453 at Noon and 50 at Night. Very clear and pleasant, all day, till towards sunset, when the western horison became thick. The Wind in the forenoon was at No. West but not hard. Afterwards it was at East and variable\n\u2014a large circle round the Moon at 8 and 9 Oclock in the Evening. About dusk, Mr. William Harrison (a delegate to Congress from the State of Maryland) and his Son came in on their way to New York.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0003-0013", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 13 March 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 13th. Thermometer at 38 in the Morning\u201449 at Noon and 48 at Night. Clear and pleasant with but little Wind, and that variable. In the forenoon it was Northerly and in the afternoon easterly and towds. Sun set lowering\u2014the sun setting in a bank. Mr. Harrison and son went away after breakfast and Mr. Lund Washington came immediately afterwards and stayed till the afternoon. The ground being in order for it, I set the people to raising and forming the mounds of Earth by the gate in order to plant weeping willow thereon. Sent my Boat to Alexanda. for Salt with the Overseer in it who by my order, engaged my Fishing landing at Johnsons ferry to Mr. Lomax in Alexandria\u2014who is to put doors and windows to the house and pay Twenty five pounds for the use of it during the fishing Season.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0003-0015", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 15 March 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 15th. Thermometer at 38 in the morning\u201441 at Noon and 46 at Night. Misting all day, and now and then raining pretty smartly, wind constantly at East. The wet obliged me to discontinue my working on the Mounds and set the people to picking the wild onions out of the Oats which I am abt. to sow. In the afternoon, the Vessel wch. I sent to york river for Corn from the Plantations of the deceased Mr. Custis arrived with 1000 bushels.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0003-0016", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 16 March 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 16th. Thermometer at 48 in the Morning\u201457 at Noon and 50 at Night. Misling morning. About 9 Oclock it cleared and was warm and pleasant overhead but very wet under foot, occasioned by the quantity of Rain that fell last Night\u2014but little wind and that from the Westward. About 4 oclock a pretty heavy shower of Rain fell. Finished the Mound on the right and planted the largest weeping willow in my nursery in the centre of it\u2014ground too wet to do any thing to the other Mound on the left. Landed 450 Bushels of Corn to day\u2014more might have been got up but for the badness of the road occasioned by the late rains made it difficult passing with Carts.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0003-0017", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 17 March 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 17th. Thermometer at 49 in the morning\u201452 at Noon and 48 at Night.  Cloudy all day, and sometimes dripping rain\u2014Wind at No. West but not fresh nor cold. Finished landing Corn\u2014viz. 1000 Bushels which had swelled 13 bushels over. Had every species of stock turned off my Muddy hole Wheat field except two English Colts and  with young.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0003-0018", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 18 March 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 18th. Thermometer at 44 in the Morning\u201456 at Noon and 52 at Night. Morning a little cloudy, and the Wind at No. West with appearances of blowing hard; but towards noon it cleared, the wind moderated, and in the afternoon it became calm and very pleasant. Rid to my Ferry, Dogue Run, Muddy hole, and Neck plantations. On my return before dinner found a Mr. Charton (a french Gentleman) here introduced by a letter from Governr. Henry. Got the Mound on the left so far compleated as to plant the next largest of my weeping Willows thereon the buds of which were quite expanded, and the leaves appearing in their unfolded state\u2014quaere, how much too far, in this state of the Sap, is the Season advanced? Also planted the cuttings from, or trimming, of these trees in a nursery they being in the same forward State. Spaded up some of the ground in my botanical garden for the purpose of planting the scaly bark hiccory nut of Gloucester in. Also a piece of ground No. West of the green House, adjoining thereto, the garden Wall, & Post & rail fencing lately erected as yards for my Stud horses in order to plant the Seed of the Honey loccust &ca. &ca. About Noon this day finished crossing the ground in the Neck\u2014designed for Oats and clover\u2014and nothing but the lateness of the Season could (if that will) justify my doing it whilst the ground is so wet\u2014or beginning to inlist Corn ground which I did at the same place whilst the ground was in this condition.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0003-0019", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 19 March 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n Sunday 19th. Thermometer at 46 in the morning\u201450 at Noon & 46 at Night. Wind moderate in the forenoon, and the morning exceedingly pleasant; but blowing fresh from the Eastward after twelve o\u2019clock. It lowered in the afternoon and threatned an unfavourable change. A Gentleman calling himself the Count de Cheiza D\u2019arteignan Officer of the French Guards came here to dinner; but bringing no letters of introduction, nor any authentic testemonials of his being either; I was at a loss how to receive, or treat him. He stayed dinner and the evening. Mr. Charton went away after dinner.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0003-0020", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 20 March 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 20th. Thermometer at 42 in the Morning\u201448 at Noon and 46 at Night. Wind fresh from the No. East all day\u2014misling and raining, more or less, till eveng. At times it fell pretty heavily. Planted in that square of my Botanical garden, adjoining to the Servants & spinning House in two and an half rows, 95 of the gloucester hiccory nut. They are on that side of the square next the House\u2014between the Walk, and a locust tree standing within the Square. Trimmed all the Weeping willow trees which had been planted in the serpentine Walks both sides & which had begun to display their leaves.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0003-0021", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 21 March 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 21st. Thermometer at  in the morning\u201460 at Noon, and 58 at Night. Wind brisk from the No. West all day (drying the ground finely)\u2014in the morning it was a little cloudy but clear afterwards. The Count de Cheiza D\u2019Artingnon (so calling himself) was sent, with my horses, to day, at his own request, to Alexanda. Mr. Shaw went to town to day on my business. In the So. West square of my fruit Garden, beginning with the upper row, next the cross walk, the following trees were planted\u2014viz.\u20141st. row 4 damisons\u20143d. Row 4 common plumbs\u20145th. row 4 damisons\u20147 Row 4 common Plumbs\u20149th. row 4 damisons; according to my Gardiners account\u2014all from Mr. Manleys place\u2014And in the So. East square, at the east side of the 3d. Row (counting\nfrom the cross Walk) are 2 Pears (common) from the same place. A Captn. Hite came here between breakfast and dinner to see if I would join him in an Iron work on the So. Branch wch. proposition I rejected\u2014and Captn. W. Brooke came here to dinner and returned afterwds. Mr. Shaw returned from Alexandria abt. 9 Oclock at Night.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0003-0022", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 22 March 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 22d. Thermometer at 50 in the morning\u201458 at Noon and 58 at Night. Wind rather variable, but chiefly from the Westward. About noon it lowered and a large circle appeared round the Sun\u2014but the Sun set clear and the evening was red. Had the intervals between my Cape Wheat hoed. Cut the top of every other row of the first sowed of it about 8 Inches from the ground it being not less than 12 or 14 Inches high and many of the blades, in places, appearing to be dying. Left the alternate rows untouched, to see what effect this cutting will have. The second sowing of this Wheat appears very lively & thriving. Having a few grains of it left I had it planted in the missing places. Hoed the ground behind the Garden again and planded therein, in three Rows 177 of the wild, or Cherokee plumb; (sent me by Mr. Geo. A Washington) 8 inches a part in the rows with 18 inch intervals. Also hoed up, under the Pines, in the inclosure near H[ell] hole abt. 4 Rods of ground wch. is much shaded, and poor, to try whether it will bring the orchard grass. Rid to all my Plantations; directed the Overseer at Dogue Run to harrow the ground wch. had been sometime plowed for Oats, in order to get it ready for sowing, though it was much wetter than were to be wished. Did the same in the Neck, or River plantation, where the ground intended for the same purpose was in like condition.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0003-0023", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 23 March 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 23d. Thermometer at 51 in the Morning\u2014 at Noon and 50 at night. Wind very fresh the whole day at No. West, and weather clear. Along side the Cherokee plumb (planted yesterday) I planted in a Row and piece, the Spanish chesnuts sowed last fall. And next these 43 rows, one foot apart & about an inch asunder in the row between 17 and 18,000 seed of the honey locust.  Next these, in three rows, planted 160 of the Portugal peach stones. And adjoining these are 3 other rows of the common chestnut. In the Evening Doctr. Craik came in. Muddy hole hands finished grubbing their side of the New ground, in front of the House, & went about their fencing at home.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0003-0025", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 25 March 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 25th. Thermometer at 53 in the Morning\u201468 at Noon and 64 at Night. Clear, warm, and pleasant all day\u2014wind southerly, and pretty fresh\u2014smoaky, the sun, consequently, looking red. Rid to all the Plantations, and to the Mill. Finding the ground both at Dogue run and River plantation (which had been twice plowed at each) for Oats, too much consolidated & baked (the last plowings being when it was too wet) for the harrow to make much impression in it, and the lateness of the Season not allowing time to give it another plowing before sowing, I directed the Seed to be sown on it as it now is, and to be plowed in, smoothing it afterwards with the harrow\u2014but the ground in many places breaking up in large clods, & flakes, more so indeed than at the first plowing, it is to be feared the seed will be irregularly sown\u2014burried too deep\u2014and the Crop (after all the pains I intended to take with it) be indifferent and in bad condition to receive the grass seeds which were intended to be sown therewith. In removing the planks about the Venetian Window, at the North end of the house, the Sill, and ends of the Posts, and studs, were found decayed; and were accordingly, the first renewed, and the other repaired.  Doctr. Craik came here to dinner, & returned to Maryland after it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0003-0026", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 26 March 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 26th. Thermometer at 57 in the morning\u201467 at Noon and 67 at Night. Clear and very smoaky all day, with the wind brisk from the Southwest. Towards sundown it began to lower a little. The warmth of yesterday and this day, forwarded vegetation much; the buds of some trees, particularly the Weeping Willow & Maple, had displayed their leaves and blossoms & all others were swelled, and many ready to put forth. The apricot trees were beginning to blossom and the grass to shew its verdure.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0003-0027", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 27 March 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 27th. Thermometer at 46 in the Morning  at Noon and 56 at Night. Cloudy all the forenoon\u2014Wind at No. Wt. Rid to all my Plantations. Finished plowing in the Oats at Dogue Run\u2014ground much too wet; but not to be avoided, as nothing could be well worse than a longer delay of getting them sowed. Ordered the ground to be harrowed, to smooth and prepare it for the Timothy seed which I mean to sow with the Oats when they are up and require rolling. What from the wetness of the above ground, and the last plowing (after sowing) being deeper than I chose, it is to be feared the Seed will come up badly. The same apprehension I have concerning the Oats in the Neck, which are plowed in in the same manner, and the ground equally wet. The harrow at this place follow the plows close. At Dogue Run the whole was first plowed in before the harrow moved.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0003-0028", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 28 March 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 28th. Thermometer at 42 in the morning\u201450 at Noon and 52 at Night. Clear all day with the Wind at So. It should have been noted, that in the Night of the 26th. there fell Rain\u2014tho\u2019 not a great deal\u2014enough however to wet the top of the ground. Finished sowing my Oats in the Neck and plowing them in, but not the harrowing of the ground after the Plows. Finished the Land sides of my Paddock fencing, and as a temporary expedient, set about Water fences at each end, to serve till the fishing season is over. Also finished the Mound on the left side (going out) of the front gate.\nSowed in  rows in my botanical garden, one foot assun\u27e8der,\u27e9 and about \u00be of an inch a part, in the rows, all the seed I had of the palmetto royal. Replaced the following trees in my Shrubberies which were dead or supposed to be so\u2014viz.\u2014 \nswamp Magnolio\nred buds\nblack haws\nlocusts\nswamp red berry.\n Sent Mr. Shaw to Alexandria to settle some accts. and receive money. He returned in the evening.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0003-0029", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 29 March 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 29th. Thermometer at 48 in the Morning\u201460 at Noon and 62 at Night. Lowering in the forenoon, and sometimes dropping Rain\u2014clear afterwards\u2014Wind Southerly all day and at times fresh.  Finished crossing the ground at Muddy hole plantation, intended for experiments. Began to plow a piece of grd. in the Neck for Burnet, Saintfoin and Rib grass, in front of the overseers house. Rid to all my Plantations and to the fish house at the ferry where my Carpenters were at work. In the afternoon a Mr. Brindley, manager of the Susquehanna canal and Mr. Hanes manager of the James River Navigation came in and stayed all night.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0003-0030", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 30 March 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 30th. Thermometer at 58 in the Morning\u201463 at Noon and  at Night. Lowering more or less all day, with the wind at South. Rid to the ferry, Dogue run, and Muddy hole plantations & to the Mill. On my return home, found a Mr. Wallace, an Irish Gentlemen\u2014some time since recommended to me by Mr. Edward Newenham, here. The Corn which I had lately received from York River having got very hot, I was obliged to send part of it to be spread in my Mill loft\u2014part to be spread on the Barn floor at Muddy hole\u2014part I spread above stairs in the servants Hall and part I spread on Carpets in the yard the last of which from the appearance of the Weather I was obliged soon to take in again. Finished harrowing the ground in which Oats had been sowed at Dogue Run, and in the Neck; and set a number of Hoes at the former to breaking the clods wch. the harrow could not effect. The ground in the Neck in many places was left very lumpy also but on acct. of other jobs there I could do no more to it at present. Perceived the Oats which had been sown, at Dogue run on the 14th. instt. to be generally up. On Monday last they were beginning to peep out of the ground.  Planted in the holly clumps, in my shrubberies, a number of small holly trees which some months ago Colo. Lee of Stratford sent me in a box with earth\u2014also in the same shrubberies some of the slips of the Tree box. I also planted several holly trees which had been sent to me the day before by a Neighbour Mr. Thos. Allison. Mr. Brindley and Mr. Hains or Harris, went away after breakfast.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0003-0031", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 31 March 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 31st. Thermometer at 56 in the Morng.\u2014 at Noon and  at Night. Raining a little before day with thunder & lightning\u2014after which it misted till towds. Noon when there were appearances of its clearing; but in the afternoon it rained pretty smartly, and continued threatning. Wind No. & No. West sometime No. E. Walked to my Plantation in the Neck where, tho\u2019 the ground was nearly prepared for my grape Seeds I could not sow them on acct. of the Weather. Got my Paddock fence quite inclosed except along the margin of the Rivr. In the afternoon, George Washington and his wife arrived in Colo. Bassetts Chariot.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0003", "content": "Title: March 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 1st. Thermometer at  in the Morning\u2014 at Noon and  at Night.\nThe Snow which fell in the night was little, if any over an inch deep this Morning. The forenoon of the day was variable and foggy\u2014the afternoon clear, warm, and pleasant till the evening, when it lowered and threatned a disagreeable change.\nAfter a very early breakfast at Abingdon I set off for the meeting at the Great falls & passing near the little falls arrived at the former about 10 Oclock; where in a little time, assembled Govr. Johnston Colo. Fitzgerald, and Colo. Gilpin.\nLittle or no business done to day\u2014& seperating in the evening for the purpose of procuring Quarters, I went to Mr. Fairfax\u2019s (about 3 Miles off) where I lodged.\nThursday 2d. Thermometer at  in the Morning\u2014 at Noon and  at Night.\nA little Snow fell in the Night. About Sun rise there were some appearances of fair weather but about 8 Oclock it began to Snow fast. By 10 it was intermixed with hail & Rain\u2014which, about Noon, became wholly Rain and towards Sun down all Snow, and storming; indeed the day through it blew hard from the No. East quarter.\nAccompanied by Mr. Fairfax I repaired again to the Falls where we arrived about 8 oclock & where we found Colo. Gilpin, who remained there all Night. About two hours afterwards, Govr. Johnson, Colo. Fitzgereld and Mr. Potts arrived but the day was so stormy that we could neither level, nor Survey the different tracks talked of for the Canal\u2014which, & to determine on the most eligable one were the principle objects of the meeting. Unable to do any business without doors, we returned to the Huts\u2014resolved on the next advances\u2014considered some other Matters\u2014dined there as we did yesterday and again seperated for lodgings. Colo. Fitzgerald & Mr. Potts accompanied Mr. Fairfax & myself to Towlston.\n   the next advances: Although almost all of the 500 shares had been subscribed, many of the subscribers (including the state of Maryland, which held 50 shares) were delinquent in paying the first two \u201cadvances\u201d (which were also called \u201cdividends\u201d) of 5 and 2\u00bd percent. The board resolved to press these delinquents and to call for payment by subscribers of two more dividends of 10 percent each (PICKELLJohn Pickell. A New Chapter in the Early Life of Washington, in Connection with the Narrative History of the Potomac Company. New York, 1856., 84\u201387).\nFriday 3d. Thermometer at  in the Morning\u2014 at Noon and  at Night.\nThe Snow which fell yesterday & last night covered the ground at least a foot deep and continuing snowing a little all day, & blowing hard from the No. West. We were obliged tho\u2019 we assembled at the huts again to relinquish all hopes of levelling & Surveying the ground this trip; & therefore resolved on the Rout for the Canal from the best view we could take, & information\nget; and after doing some other business, as a board\u2014particularly resolving to advertize a Contract for the Supply of our labourers with provisions, we broke up the Meeting; and I again returned (first dining at the Hutts) with Colo. Fitzgerald to Towlston, in a very severe evening.\n   The provisions per man per day were advertised as consisting of 1\u00bd pounds of fresh meat, or 1\u00bc pounds of salt beef, or 1 pound of salt pork, plus 1\u00bd pounds of flour or bread and \u201c3 gills of good spirituous liquor, per day; also, 1 gill of salt and 1 of vinegar per week, to each ration\u201d (Va. Journal, 23 Mar. 1786).\nSaturday 4th. Thermometer at  in the Morng.\u2014 at Noon\u201430 and at Night.\nThe Wind blew hard all last Night at No. West, and it was as cold this Morning as at any time this winter; but not havg. the thermometer to apply to, I could only judge from appearances, & my own feelings.\nAfter breakfast Colo. Fitzgerald and myself set off on our return home, & parted at 4 Mile Run. About half after four I got to Mount Vernon, where Mrs. Washington, Nelly, and little Washington had just arrived\u2014as also Mr. Shaw from Dumfries.\nSunday 5th. Thermometer at 24 in the Morning\u201432 at Noon and 34 at Night.\nWind pretty fresh from the No. West all day, and much appearance of Snow; but none fell.\nMr. Richd. Bland Lee came here to dinner and stayed all Night.\n   Richard Bland Lee (1761\u20131827) was the third son of Henry Lee of Leesylvania, and younger brother of Light Horse Harry and Charles Lee. He lived in Loudoun County, which he represented in the Virginia House of Delegates 1784\u201388 and 1796. He later moved to Alexandria and served as a delegate from Fairfax County 1799\u20131800.\nMonday 6th. Thermometer at 36 in the morng.\u201437 at Noon and 37 at Night.\nCloudy & heavy all day, with little wind & that soft.\nMr. Lee went away about 10 Oclock and Mr. Thornton Washington came in after we had dined and stayed all night.\nMr. Lund Washingtons Negro Shoemaker left working here on saturday last.\nReturned to the erection of my deer paddock, which the bad weather had impeded. Brought carts from the plantations to assist in drawing in the Materials for the Work.\n   Thornton Washington lived at Cedar Lawn, near Harewood, in Berkeley County. He was married twice, first to Mildred Berry and then to Frances Townshend Washington.\nTuesday 7th. Thermometer at 34 in the Morning\u2014\u27e84\u27e96 at Noon and 42 at Night.\nMorning clear & calm\u2014grd. a little frozen. Wind pretty fresh afterwards from the Northwest\u2014notwithstanding which it lowered a good deal towards evening.\nI rid to Muddy hole and Dogue run Plantations and by the grd. where the ferry hands were at work.\nWednesday 8th. Thermometer at 38 in the Morning\u201443 at Noon and  at Night.\nMorning clear and calm; but very strong appearances of Snow afternoon, not enough how[eve]r to cover the ground\u2014The Wind all the latter part of the day blowing pretty fresh from the No. West.\nA Mr.  Nisbett brother to J. M. Nisbett accompanied by Colo. Fitzgerald, Mr. Herbert and Mr. Potts came here to dinner and stayed all Night.\n   Alexander Nesbitt (d. 1791) and John Maxwell Nesbitt (c.1728\u20131802) were sons of Jonathan Nesbitt of Loughbrickland, County Down, Ireland. The brothers established themselves as merchants after emigrating to Philadelphia: Alexander with Walter Stewart in the dry goods house of Stewart & Nesbitt, and John with a distant relative, Redmond Conyngham, in the mercantile firm of Conyngham, Nesbitt & Co., which during the Revolution became known as J. M. Nesbitt & Co. Both Alexander and John served during the war as members of the First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry. John was prominent in Philadelphia financial circles, serving as a director of the Bank of North America 1781\u201392 and as the first president of the Insurance Company of North America 1792\u201396 (CAMPBELL [3]John H. Campbell. History of the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick and of the Hibernian Society for the Relief of Emigrants from Ireland. March 17, 1771\u2013March 17, 1892. Philadelphia, 1892., 126\u201327).\nThursday 9th. Thermometer at 36 in the Morning\u201441 at Noon and 38 at Night.\nClear all day, & for the Season cold, the wind being fresh from the No. West.\nAfter breakfast the Gentlemen who came yesterday returned to Alexandria and after candles were lighted Doctr. Jenifer came in and stayed all Night.\nFriday 10th. Thermometer at 32 in the Morning\u201444 at Noon and 44 at Night.\nGround very hard froze in the Morning, which was cold\u2014the wind being fresh all day at No. West. In the evening it became calm. The day was clear.\nLund Washington came here to Breakfast\u2014after which he and Doctr. Jenifer both went away.\nBetween breakfast and Dinner, a Mr. Rollins, who has undertaken to finish my new Room came here settled a plan with my joiners & returned before dinner.\n   John Rawlins, a stucco worker, or plasterer, was originally from England. Recommended by GW\u2019s former aide, Tench Tilghman, now a Baltimore\nmerchant, Rawlins had come to Mount Vernon in Sept. 1785 to make an estimate of the cost of decorating the New Room and in November sent GW a drawing of his design for the room and an estimate of \u00a3168 Maryland currency plus traveling expenses for \u201cOrnaments in Ceiling, Cove, Cornice & moulding at top of cove, with pannels on the walls plaine\u201d (Rawlins to GW, 15 Nov. 1785, NjMoHP; GW to Tilghman, 14 Sept. 1785, Tilghman to GW, 31 Aug. 1785, DLC:GW). Although GW declared this price to be exorbitant, he let Tilghman make an agreement with Rawlins for the work (GW to Tilghman, 30 Nov. 1785, DLC:GW). Articles of agreement were signed by Rawlins and Tilghman on 25 Feb. 1786 and Rawlins was to start work by 15 April. GW was to provide food and lodging for Rawlins and his workers and transportation for them and for \u201csuch of the Stucco as it shall be necessary to mould at Baltimore\u201d (DLC:GW). In order not to delay the work on the room, GW\u2019s own joiners and carpenters were to do any work necessary to prepare for Rawlins\u2019s arrival (GW to Tilghman, 30 Nov. 1785, DLC:GW).\nSaturday 11th. Thermometer at 34 in the Morning\u201444 at Noon and 40 at Night.\nWeather clear and cool, Wind at No. West, and ground hard froze in the Morning. Rode to all my Plantns. and to the Mill. On my Return found a Mr. James Hains, the Manager of the James River Canal here\u2014sent by the Directors to me\u2014and to proceed with Letters from me to the Potomack and Susquehanna Works which being given, he proceeded after dinner to the former.\nBrought a Load of Salt in my Boat from Alexandria, for Fishing.\n   mr. james hains: James Harris, who carried a letter dated 2 Mar., to GW from Edmund Randolph introducing Harris as \u201ca mechanic, formed by nature for the management of water, when applied to mills,\u201d and asking GW to aid Harris\u2019s inspection trip to the two navigation projects (DLC:GW). susquehanna works: In 1783 Maryland chartered a company similar to the Potomac and James river navigation companies to make the Susquehanna River navigable through Maryland. By 1786 the company was cutting a canal along the left bank of the river beginning at Port Deposit, just below the Pennsylvania line, and eventually running almost to its mouth. After 20 years of work the canal was officially open but was never successful; it was later superseded by the Susquehanna and Tidewater Canal, the Maryland portion of which ran along the right bank of the river (SCHARF [4]J. Thomas Scharf. History of Maryland, from the Earliest Period to the Present Day. 3 vols. Baltimore, 1879., 2:524; LIVINGOODJames Weston Livingood. The Philadelphia-Baltimore Trade Rivalry, 1780\u20131860. New York, 1970., 34, 71\u201373).\nSunday 12th. Thermometer at 36 in the Morng.\u201453 at Noon and 50 at Night.\nVery clear and pleasant, all day, till towards sunset, when the western horison became thick. The Wind in the forenoon was at No. West but not hard. Afterwards it was at East and variable\n\u2014a large circle round the Moon at 8 and 9 Oclock in the Evening.\nAbout dusk, Mr. William Harrison (a delegate to Congress from the State of Maryland) and his Son came in on their way to New York.\n   William Harrison was the brother of Robert Hanson Harrison, a close friend and wartime secretary of GW\u2019s. The former was a delegate to Congress 1785\u201387.\nMonday 13th. Thermometer at 38 in the Morning\u201449 at Noon and 48 at Night.\nClear and pleasant with but little Wind, and that variable. In the forenoon it was Northerly and in the afternoon easterly and towds. Sun set lowering\u2014the sun setting in a bank.\nMr. Harrison and son went away after breakfast and Mr. Lund Washington came immediately afterwards and stayed till the afternoon.\nThe ground being in order for it, I set the people to raising and forming the mounds of Earth by the gate in order to plant weeping willow thereon.\nSent my Boat to Alexanda. for Salt with the Overseer in it who by my order, engaged my Fishing landing at Johnsons ferry to Mr. Lomax in Alexandria\u2014who is to put doors and windows to the house and pay Twenty five pounds for the use of it during the fishing Season.\n   mounds of earth: GW\u2019s plan for the landscaping of the west front of Mount Vernon called for two artificial mounds, one on each side of the gate at the end of the bowling green. A weeping willow was to be planted on each mound.\nTuesday 14th. Thermometer at 38 in the Morning\u201450 at Noon and 42 at Night.\nA Red horison in the East at Sunrising; but tolerably clear till towards Noon, with a large circle round the sun. After noon it turned cloudy, and towards night there were strong appearances of rain\u2014Wind at East all day.\nRid to my Plantations at Dogue Run, Muddy Hole, and in the Neck. At the former had begun to sow Oats in ground that was intended for, and had been added to my upper Meadow but after sowing the narrow slipe at the lower end I ordered the plowmen to stop and forbid any more harrowing as the ground was too wet & heavy to be worked to any advantage.\nThat ground in the Neck wch. I was cross plowing, for Oats also, was too wet and heavy; but the lateness of the season induced\nme to continue plowing as I wanted to bring it into fine tilth on acct. of clover seed which I meant to sow with the Oats.\nPlanted the intervals between the forest trees in my serpentine roads, or walks to the House from the front gate, with Weeping Willow. Note, part of these (nearly all on the right side going to the gate) were planted on Wednesday the first day of this Month, whilst I was on the business of the Potomk. Company at the great Falls.\nSent my Overseer, and Boat to Alexandria for another load of Salt.\nWednesday 15th. Thermometer at 38 in the morning\u201441 at Noon and 46 at Night.\nMisting all day, and now and then raining pretty smartly, wind constantly at East.\nThe wet obliged me to discontinue my working on the Mounds and set the people to picking the wild onions out of the Oats which I am abt. to sow.\nIn the afternoon, the Vessel wch. I sent to york river for Corn from the Plantations of the deceased Mr. Custis arrived with 1000 bushels.\n   the vessel wch. i sent to york river: This was the shipment of corn which GW had employed George Savage\u2019s skipper, John Whitney, to bring to Mount Vernon (see entry for 3 Feb. 1786). In addition to the Indian corn, Whitney brought six bushels of peas, all from John Parke Custis\u2019s plantation on the Pamunkey River (GW to Savage, 17 Mar. 1786, owned by Mr. Randolph P. Barton, Salem, Mass.).\nThursday 16th. Thermometer at 48 in the Morning\u201457 at Noon and 50 at Night.\nMisling morning. About 9 Oclock it cleared and was warm and pleasant overhead but very wet under foot, occasioned by the quantity of Rain that fell last Night\u2014but little wind and that from the Westward. About 4 oclock a pretty heavy shower of Rain fell.\nFinished the Mound on the right and planted the largest weeping willow in my nursery in the centre of it\u2014ground too wet to do any thing to the other Mound on the left.\nLanded 450 Bushels of Corn to day\u2014more might have been got up but for the badness of the road occasioned by the late rains made it difficult passing with Carts.\nFriday 17th. Thermometer at 49 in the morning\u201452 at Noon and 48 at Night.\nCloudy all day, and sometimes dripping rain\u2014Wind at No. West but not fresh nor cold.\nFinished landing Corn\u2014viz. 1000 Bushels which had swelled 13 bushels over.\nHad every species of stock turned off my Muddy hole Wheat field except two English Colts and  with young.\nSaturday 18th. Thermometer at 44 in the Morning\u201456 at Noon and 52 at Night.\nMorning a little cloudy, and the Wind at No. West with appearances of blowing hard; but towards noon it cleared, the wind moderated, and in the afternoon it became calm and very pleasant.\nRid to my Ferry, Dogue Run, Muddy hole, and Neck plantations. On my return before dinner found a Mr. Charton (a french Gentleman) here introduced by a letter from Governr. Henry.\nGot the Mound on the left so far compleated as to plant the next largest of my weeping Willows thereon the buds of which were quite expanded, and the leaves appearing in their unfolded state\u2014quaere, how much too far, in this state of the Sap, is the Season advanced? Also planted the cuttings from, or trimming, of these trees in a nursery they being in the same forward State.\nSpaded up some of the ground in my botanical garden for the purpose of planting the scaly bark hiccory nut of Gloucester in.\nAlso a piece of ground No. West of the green House, adjoining thereto, the garden Wall, & Post & rail fencing lately erected as yards for my Stud horses in order to plant the Seed of the Honey loccust &ca. &ca.\nAbout Noon this day finished crossing the ground in the Neck\u2014designed for Oats and clover\u2014and nothing but the lateness of the Season could (if that will) justify my doing it whilst the ground is so wet\u2014or beginning to inlist Corn ground which I did at the same place whilst the ground was in this condition.\n   Henry L. Charton was introduced to GW a week before his visit to Mount Vernon by a letter from Patrick Henry. Henry wrote that Charton, Albert Gallatin, and Savary de Valcoulon proposed \u201cto settle (a large body of land, on the waters of Ohio near to some of yours) by white people, chiefly from Europe\u201d (excerpt, Patrick Henry to GW, 11 Mar. 1786, sold by Mercury Stamp Co., Inc., 5 June 1970, Item 3079). Apparently Charton discussed the possibility of purchasing some of GW\u2019s land in the west during this visit. In early May there was further correspondence concerning the property, but the western settlement negotiations never got beyond this stage (GW to Henry Charton, 20 May 1786, InHi).\nSunday 19th. Thermometer at 46 in the morning\u201450 at Noon & 46 at Night.\nWind moderate in the forenoon, and the morning exceedingly pleasant; but blowing fresh from the Eastward after twelve o\u2019clock. It lowered in the afternoon and threatned an unfavourable change.\nA Gentleman calling himself the Count de Cheiza D\u2019arteignan Officer of the French Guards came here to dinner; but bringing no letters of introduction, nor any authentic testemonials of his being either; I was at a loss how to receive, or treat him. He stayed dinner and the evening.\nMr. Charton went away after dinner.\n   The comte de Cheiza d\u2019Artaignan had just arrived in Alexandria from Cap Fran\u00e7ais in Santo Domingo (see d\u2019Artaignan to GW, 18 Mar. 1786, DLC:GW).\nMonday 20th. Thermometer at 42 in the Morning\u201448 at Noon and 46 at Night.\nWind fresh from the No. East all day\u2014misling and raining, more or less, till eveng. At times it fell pretty heavily.\nPlanted in that square of my Botanical garden, adjoining to the Servants & spinning House in two and an half rows, 95 of the gloucester hiccory nut. They are on that side of the square next the House\u2014between the Walk, and a locust tree standing within the Square.\nTrimmed all the Weeping willow trees which had been planted in the serpentine Walks both sides & which had begun to display their leaves.\nTuesday 21st. Thermometer at  in the morning\u201460 at Noon, and 58 at Night.\nWind brisk from the No. West all day (drying the ground finely)\u2014in the morning it was a little cloudy but clear afterwards.\nThe Count de Cheiza D\u2019Artingnon (so calling himself) was sent, with my horses, to day, at his own request, to Alexanda.\nMr. Shaw went to town to day on my business.\nIn the So. West square of my fruit Garden, beginning with the upper row, next the cross walk, the following trees were planted\u2014viz.\u20141st. row 4 damisons\u20143d. Row 4 common plumbs\u20145th. row 4 damisons\u20147 Row 4 common Plumbs\u20149th. row 4 damisons; according to my Gardiners account\u2014all from Mr. Manleys place\u2014And in the So. East square, at the east side of the 3d. Row (counting\nfrom the cross Walk) are 2 Pears (common) from the same place.\nA Captn. Hite came here between breakfast and dinner to see if I would join him in an Iron work on the So. Branch wch. proposition I rejected\u2014and\nCaptn. W. Brooke came here to dinner and returned afterwds.\nMr. Shaw returned from Alexandria abt. 9 Oclock at Night.\nWednesday 22d. Thermometer at 50 in the morning\u201458 at Noon and 58 at Night.\nWind rather variable, but chiefly from the Westward. About noon it lowered and a large circle appeared round the Sun\u2014but the Sun set clear and the evening was red.\nHad the intervals between my Cape Wheat hoed. Cut the top of every other row of the first sowed of it about 8 Inches from the ground it being not less than 12 or 14 Inches high and many of the blades, in places, appearing to be dying. Left the alternate rows untouched, to see what effect this cutting will have. The second sowing of this Wheat appears very lively & thriving. Having a few grains of it left I had it planted in the missing places.\nHoed the ground behind the Garden again and planded therein, in three Rows 177 of the wild, or Cherokee plumb; (sent me by Mr. Geo. A Washington) 8 inches a part in the rows with 18 inch intervals.\nAlso hoed up, under the Pines, in the inclosure near H[ell] hole abt. 4 Rods of ground wch. is much shaded, and poor, to try whether it will bring the orchard grass.\nRid to all my Plantations; directed the Overseer at Dogue Run to harrow the ground wch. had been sometime plowed for Oats, in order to get it ready for sowing, though it was much wetter than were to be wished. Did the same in the Neck, or River plantation, where the ground intended for the same purpose was in like condition.\n   cherokee plumb: possibly Prunus angustifolia, Chickasaw plum.\nThursday 23d. Thermometer at 51 in the Morning\u2014 at Noon and 50 at night.\nWind very fresh the whole day at No. West, and weather clear.\nAlong side the Cherokee plumb (planted yesterday) I planted in a Row and piece, the Spanish chesnuts sowed last fall.\nAnd next these 43 rows, one foot apart & about an inch asunder in the row between 17 and 18,000 seed of the honey locust.\nNext these, in three rows, planted 160 of the Portugal peach stones.\nAnd adjoining these are 3 other rows of the common chestnut.\nIn the Evening Doctr. Craik came in.\nMuddy hole hands finished grubbing their side of the New ground, in front of the House, & went about their fencing at home.\nFriday 24th. Thermometer at 46 in the morning\u201456 at Noon and 55 at Night.\nWind at No. West in the Morning, and rather cool. After noon it was at South west and blew pretty fresh\u2014looking hazy.\nRid to my Plantations at Dogue run, Muddy hole and in the Neck. Began again to sow Oats at the first and last of these, though the ground was yet too wet.\nSowed the ground which was prepared on Wednesday last under the Pine trees with about 1 quart of Orchard grass seeds, and a gill of red Clover seeds mixed.\nDoctr. Craik went up to Alexandria after breakfast.\nSaturday 25th. Thermometer at 53 in the Morning\u201468 at Noon and 64 at Night.\nClear, warm, and pleasant all day\u2014wind southerly, and pretty fresh\u2014smoaky, the sun, consequently, looking red.\nRid to all the Plantations, and to the Mill.\nFinding the ground both at Dogue run and River plantation (which had been twice plowed at each) for Oats, too much consolidated & baked (the last plowings being when it was too wet) for the harrow to make much impression in it, and the lateness of the Season not allowing time to give it another plowing before sowing, I directed the Seed to be sown on it as it now is, and to be plowed in, smoothing it afterwards with the harrow\u2014but the ground in many places breaking up in large clods, & flakes, more so indeed than at the first plowing, it is to be feared the seed will be irregularly sown\u2014burried too deep\u2014and the Crop (after all the pains I intended to take with it) be indifferent and in bad condition to receive the grass seeds which were intended to be sown therewith.\nIn removing the planks about the Venetian Window, at the North end of the house, the Sill, and ends of the Posts, and studs, were found decayed; and were accordingly, the first renewed, and the other repaired.\nDoctr. Craik came here to dinner, & returned to Maryland after it.\nSunday 26th. Thermometer at 57 in the morning\u201467 at Noon and 67 at Night.\nClear and very smoaky all day, with the wind brisk from the Southwest. Towards sundown it began to lower a little.\nThe warmth of yesterday and this day, forwarded vegetation much; the buds of some trees, particularly the Weeping Willow & Maple, had displayed their leaves and blossoms & all others were swelled, and many ready to put forth. The apricot trees were beginning to blossom and the grass to shew its verdure.\nMonday 27th. Thermometer at 46 in the Morning  at Noon and 56 at Night.\nCloudy all the forenoon\u2014Wind at No. Wt.\nRid to all my Plantations. Finished plowing in the Oats at Dogue Run\u2014ground much too wet; but not to be avoided, as nothing could be well worse than a longer delay of getting them sowed. Ordered the ground to be harrowed, to smooth and prepare it for the Timothy seed which I mean to sow with the Oats when they are up and require rolling.\nWhat from the wetness of the above ground, and the last plowing (after sowing) being deeper than I chose, it is to be feared the Seed will come up badly.\nThe same apprehension I have concerning the Oats in the Neck, which are plowed in in the same manner, and the ground equally wet. The harrow at this place follow the plows close. At Dogue Run the whole was first plowed in before the harrow moved.\nTuesday 28th. Thermometer at 42 in the morning\u201450 at Noon and 52 at Night.\nClear all day with the Wind at So. It should have been noted, that in the Night of the 26th. there fell Rain\u2014tho\u2019 not a great deal\u2014enough however to wet the top of the ground.\nFinished sowing my Oats in the Neck and plowing them in, but not the harrowing of the ground after the Plows.\nFinished the Land sides of my Paddock fencing, and as a temporary expedient, set about Water fences at each end, to serve till the fishing season is over.\nAlso finished the Mound on the left side (going out) of the front gate.\nSowed in  rows in my botanical garden, one foot assun\u27e8der,\u27e9 and about \u00be of an inch a part, in the rows, all the seed I had of the palmetto royal.\n   Replaced the following trees in my Shrubberies which were dead or supposed to be so\u2014viz.\u2014\nswamp Magnolio\nred buds\nblack haws\nlocusts\nswamp red berry.\nSent Mr. Shaw to Alexandria to settle some accts. and receive money. He returned in the evening.\nWednesday 29th. Thermometer at 48 in the Morning\u201460 at Noon and 62 at Night.\nLowering in the forenoon, and sometimes dropping Rain\u2014clear afterwards\u2014Wind Southerly all day and at times fresh.\nFinished crossing the ground at Muddy hole plantation, intended for experiments.\nBegan to plow a piece of grd. in the Neck for Burnet, Saintfoin and Rib grass, in front of the overseers house.\nRid to all my Plantations and to the fish house at the ferry where my Carpenters were at work. In the afternoon a Mr. Brindley, manager of the Susquehanna canal and Mr. Hanes manager of the James River Navigation came in and stayed all night.\n   rib grass: Plantago lanceolata, plantain or ribwort. Arthur Young said he had long recommended it as a forage crop (ANNALSArthur Young, ed. Annals of Agriculture & Other Useful Arts. 46 vols. London, 1784\u20131815., 6:47), but it is now a common weed in grasslands.\n   James Brindley was a nephew of James Brindley (1716\u20131772), the talented Englishman who had initiated the dry-land canal era in England in the 1760s under the auspices of the duke of Bridgewater. Coming from the Susquehanna canal works Brindley and Harris \u201ctook the great Falls in their way down, & both approve of the present line for our Canal,\u201d wrote GW to John Fitzgerald and George Gilpin, adding, \u201cno person in this country has more practical knowledge than Mr. Brindley\u201d (31 Mar. 1786, DLC:GW). Brindley was on his way to Richmond to consult and advise on the James River project and GW hoped he would do the same for the Potomac project on his way back to the Susquehanna.\nThursday 30th. Thermometer at 58 in the Morning\u201463 at Noon and  at Night.\nLowering more or less all day, with the wind at South.\nRid to the ferry, Dogue run, and Muddy hole plantations & to the Mill.\nOn my return home, found a Mr. Wallace, an Irish Gentlemen\u2014some time since recommended to me by Mr. Edward Newenham, here.\nThe Corn which I had lately received from York River having got very hot, I was obliged to send part of it to be spread in my Mill loft\u2014part to be spread on the Barn floor at Muddy hole\u2014part I spread above stairs in the servants Hall and part I spread on Carpets in the yard the last of which from the appearance of the Weather I was obliged soon to take in again.\nFinished harrowing the ground in which Oats had been sowed at Dogue Run, and in the Neck; and set a number of Hoes at the former to breaking the clods wch. the harrow could not effect. The ground in the Neck in many places was left very lumpy also but on acct. of other jobs there I could do no more to it at present.\nPerceived the Oats which had been sown, at Dogue run on the 14th. instt. to be generally up. On Monday last they were beginning to peep out of the ground.\nPlanted in the holly clumps, in my shrubberies, a number of small holly trees which some months ago Colo. Lee of Stratford sent me in a box with earth\u2014also in the same shrubberies some of the slips of the Tree box. I also planted several holly trees which had been sent to me the day before by a Neighbour Mr. Thos. Allison.\nMr. Brindley and Mr. Hains or Harris, went away after breakfast.\n   Sir Edward Newenham (1732\u20131814), the Irish politician who represented Dublin in Parliament at this time, had recommended Wallace to GW. GW and Newenham corresponded from at least 1781 until a few years before GW\u2019s death. Wallace returned to Mount Vernon early in June and left soon after for Bordeaux (see entries for 8, 9, and 17 June 1786).\nFriday 31st. Thermometer at 56 in the Morng.\u2014 at Noon and  at Night.\nRaining a little before day with thunder & lightning\u2014after which it misted till towds. Noon when there were appearances of its clearing; but in the afternoon it rained pretty smartly, and continued threatning. Wind No. & No. West sometime No. E.\nWalked to my Plantation in the Neck where, tho\u2019 the ground was nearly prepared for my grape Seeds I could not sow them on acct. of the Weather.\nGot my Paddock fence quite inclosed except along the margin of the Rivr.\nIn the afternoon, George Washington and his wife arrived in Colo. Bassetts Chariot.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0004-0002", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 2 April 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 2d. Thermometer at 31 in the morning\u201440 at Noon and 41 at Night. A very hard frost this Morning; Water & wet Ice frozen and\nday cold\u2014Wind hard at No. West and weather clear\u2014Snow which fell in the Night had drifted so as not to tell the depth of it easily. All the blossoms & young foliage much injured, and the forward fruit (if no more) entirely destroyed. Just after dinner Mr. Fendall came in, and about Sun down a Doctr. Middleton\u2014both of whom stayed all night.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0004-0003", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 3 April 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nApril 3d. Thermometer at 36 in the Morng.\u201450 at Noon and 50 at Night. A hard frost this morning & a good deal of Ice\u2014Wind Southerly and clear till the afternoon, when it shifted to the East and lowered. Mr. Fendall went away before Breakfast and Mr. Wallace & Doctr. Middleton soon after it. Lund Washington dined here. Snow chiefly dissolved\u2014ground very wet and unfit to stir. Planted  stocks of the imported haw thorn\u2014brought by Mr. G. A. Washington from Mr. Lyons\u2014in the inclosure below the Stable\u2014also, 4 of the yellow Jessamine by the Garden gates. Tryed my Jack to day to a Mare that was horsing but he would not cover her. Mr. Griffith came.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0004-0004", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 4 April 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 4th. Thermometer at 45 in the morning\u201449 at Noon and  at Night. Little wind, but very cloudy in the morning, and before 10 oclock it began to Rain; and continued to do so moderately all day and till we went to bed from the East. Sent my Seins and People to the Fishing landing at the ferry, but no hand was made of Fishing. Planted 6 of the pride of China brought from Mr. Lyons by G. A. Washington in my shrubberies in front of the House\u20143 on each side the right & left walks between the Houses & garden gates and also the two young trees sent me some time ago by Mr. Griffith, to which no name had been given. These latter were planted, one on each side of the Right & left walks\u2014near the garden gates on the hither or Et. side.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0004-0005", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 5 April 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 5th. Thermometer at 45 in the Morning\u201445 at Noon and 44 at Night. Wind at No. West or more northerly all day and raining and mizzling without intermission\u2014being very disagreeable and the ground very wet.  Fanned all the heated Corn to day. The trouble this Corn has occasioned to preserve it from entire destruction is equal to the worth of it. To prevent its receiving some damage & getting musty I have not been able to do. Hauling the Sein again to day to no great effect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0004-0007", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 7 April 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 7th. Thermometer at 50 in the morng.\u2014 at Noon and 52 at Night. Rid to Muddy hole Plantation and finding the ground which had been twice plowed to make my experiments in there middling dry in some places, though wet in others, I tried my drill or Barrel plow; which requiring some alteration in the harrow, obliged me to bring it to the Smiths shop. This suspended any further operation with it to day. No fish caught to day, of neither Herring or shad.  Set my Brick layer to getting sand & preparing for laying brick on Monday. Mr. George Washington went to Alexandria and engaged 100,000 Herrings to Smith and Douglas (if caught) at 5/ pr. thousand.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0004-0008", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 8 April 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 8th. Thermometer at  in the Morng.\u2014 at Noon and 44 at Night. Lowering more or less all day and sometimes dropping. Wind South, So. Et., & more Easterly and at times pretty fresh. Towards Sun down the appearances of fair weather was more favourable. Rid a little after Sun rise to Muddy to try my drill plow again which with the alteration of the harrow yesterday I find will fully answer my expectation and that it drops the grains thicker, or thinner in proportion to the quantity of Seed in the Barrel. The less there is in it the faster it issues from the holes. The weight of a quantity in the barrel, occasions (I presume) a pressure on the holes that do not admit of a free discharge of the Seed through them\u2014whereas a small quantity (sufficient at all times to cover the bottom of the barrel) is, in a manner sifted through them by the revolution of the Barrel. I sowed with the barrel today, in drills, about 3 pints of a\nwhite well looking Oat, brought from Carolina last year by G. A. Washington in 7 rows running from the path leading from the Overseers Ho[use] to the Quarter to the West fence of the field where the ground was in the best order. Afterwards I sowed in such other parts of the adjoining ground as could at any rate be worked the common Oat of the Eastern shore (after picking out the Wild Onion) but in truth nothing but the late Season could warrant sowing in ground so wet. None of the ground in wch. these Oats were sown had received any improvement from manure\u2014but all of it had been twice plowed, and then listed\u2014after which the harrow had gone over it twice before the Seed harrowing. This, had it not been for the frequent rains &ca. which has fallen would have put the ground in fine order. Transplanted as many of the large magnolio into the Grove at the No. end of the Ho[use] as made the number there  Also transplanted from the same box, 9 of the live Oak\u2014viz., 4 in the bends of the lawn before the House and five on the East of the grove (within the yard) at the No. end of the House. Plowed up my last years turnip patch (at home) to Sow Orchard grass Seeds in. No fish caught to day.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0004-0009", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 9 April 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 9th. Thermometer at 44 in the Morning\u2014 at Noon and  at Night. Lowering more or less all day. In the morning there were great appearances of Rain. About Noon it brightened up a little but in the evening it grew cloudy again and a large circle appeared round the Moon between 9 and 10 Oclock at Night. The Wind was at So. Et. and E.So. Et. all day and at times pretty fresh. Mr. Dalby of Alexandria came here to dinner, and returned afterwards. In the Afternoon Doctr. Stuart and his Sister arrived and stayed all night.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0004-0010", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 10 April 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 10th. Thermometer at 42 in the Morning\u201450 at Noon and 46 at Night. Cold and raw Northerly wind blew all the forenoon, and in the afternoon shifted Easterly & was not much pleasanter. Began my brick work to day\u2014first taking away the foundations of the Garden Houses as they were first placed, & repairing the damages in the Walls occasioned by their removal. And also began to put up my pallisades (on the Wall). Compleated Sowing with 24 quarts the drilled Oats in the ground intended for experiments at Muddy hole; which amounted at 38 Rows ten feet apart (including the parts of rows sowed on Saturday last). In the Afternoon I began to sow Barley, but finding there were too many Seeds discharged from the Barrel, notwithstanding I stopped every other hole, I discontinued the sowing until another Barrel with smaller holes cd. be prepared. The ground in which these Oats have been sowed and in which the Barley seeding had commenced\u2014has been plowed, cross plowed, listed (as it is called, that is 3 furrow ridges) and twice harrowed before the drill plow was put into it. With this the furrow is made & the seed harrowed in witht. manure afterwds. Began also to sow the Siberian Wheat which I had obtained from Baltimore, by means of Colo. Tilghman, at the Ferry Plantation in the ground laid apart there for experiments. This was done upon ground which, sometime ago, had been marked off by furrows 8 feet apart, in which a second furrow had been run to deepen them. 4 furrows were then plowed to these, which made the whole 5 furrow Ridges. These being done some time ago, and by frequent rains prevented Sowing at the time intended had got hard. I therefore before the Seid was sowed, split these Ridges again, by running twice in the same furrow\u2014after wch. I harrowed the ridges and where the ground was lumpy run my spiked Roller with the Harrow at the tale, over it\u2014wch. I found very efficacious in breaking the clods & pulverizing the earth; and wd. have done it perfectly if there had not been too much moisture remaining of the late rains: after this harrowing, & rolling where necessary, I sowed the Wheat with my drill plow on the reduced ridges in rows 8 feet apart\u2014but I should have observed that, after the ridges were split by the furrow in the middle, and before the furrows were closed again by the harrow\u2014I sprinkled a little dung\nin them. Finding the barrel discharged the Wheat too fast; I did, after sowing 9 of the shortest (for we began at the furthest corner of the field) rows, I stopped every other hole in the barrel, and in this manner sowed 5 Rows more, & still thinking the seed too liberally bestowed, I stopped 2, & left one hole open, alternately, by which 4 out of 12 holes only, discharged Seeds; and this, as I had taken the strap of leather off, seemed to give Seed enough (though not so regular as were to be wished) to the ground. Doctr. Stuart and his Sister left this after breakfast (passing through Mary land) to his fathers from whence the Doctor is to proceed to Richmond.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0004-0011", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 11 April 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 11th. Thermometer at 40 in the Morning\u201452 at Noon and 52 at Night. Wind at No. Et. all day, and at times pretty fresh\u2014raw and disagreeable. Towards evening it lowered a good deal, & the Sun set in a bank. Sowing the Siberian Wheat to day, as yesterday, at the ferry. And sowed 26 rows of Barley (except a little at each end wch. was too wet for the ground to be worked) at Muddy hole; below, & adjoining to the Oats. This was done with 12 quarts of Seed, and in the manner, and in ground prepared as mentioned yesterday. The ends of these rows are to be sowed as soon as the ground is in order for it. Rid to the Fishing Landing, where 30 odd shad had just been caught at a haul. Not more than 2 or 3 had been taken at one time before, this spring. And from hence I went to Muddy hole & river Plantations; at the last of which the Overseer after 3 plowings & 3 harrowings\u2014had begun to sow in drills three feet apart, & abt. nine Inches asunder in the Rows, the Seed (without name) saved from those given to me by Colo. Archibd. Cary last year. In the Section in my botanical garden, next the House nearest the circle, I planted 4 Rows of the laurel berries in the grd. where, last year I had planted the Physic nuts &ca.\u2014now dead & next to these in the same section are  rows of the pride of China. The Rows of both these kinds are 16 inches asunder & the Seeds 6 inches apart in the Rows. Perceived, the last Sowed Oats at Dogue Run and those wch. had been sowed in the Neck, were coming up.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0004-0012", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 12 April 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n Wednesday 12th. Thermometer at 42 in the Morng.\u201455 at Noon and 50 at Night. A Brisk wind all day from the No. Et.\u2014cold & raw, with appearances of a change of Weather especially towards evening when it lowered very much. Rid to the fishing Landing, ferry, Dogue Run, and Muddy hole plantations. Finished at the first, Sowing the ground intended for experiments, with the Siberian Wheat. This spot contained 16 a[cres] 1 R[od] 24 P[erches]\u2014Including the fodder Ho[use] &ca. which would reduce the cultivated Land to 10 acres at most. To sow these it took about 18 quarts of Wheat.  of the last rows had no dung in them and those adjoining for  back were only manured in the poorest parts. The last rows were listed wholly as they were too hard baked for the harrow & roller notwithstanding the middle furrow, to make much impression on them. At Dogue Run I set the plows to listing the ground which had before been listed, in order to commence my experiments there on Friday. Began in the first long row by Wades houses. At Muddy hole, I sowed two rows of the Albany Peas in Drills 10 feet asunder (the same as the Oats and Barley) but conceiving they could not, for want of support, be kept [pre]vented from falling when they shd. come near their growth I did not incline to sow any more in this way but to put all the ground between these two rows and the fence along the Road in broadcast. The ground in which these Peas were sowed was managed exactly as that had been in which the Barley & Oats (at this place) was. Next, adjoining the Oats, on the upper, or South side, I plowed 10 Rows for Tarrots two deep furrows in the same place for each over and above all the plowings, & harrowings which the Barley &ca. had received\u2014In the alternate rows\u2014beginning at the second from the Oats\u2014I sprinkled dung all along in the bottom of the furrows, and covered it with the earth which had been thrown out of them, with Hoes. The same was done with the rows in which there was no dung. This was done to try: first, how this kind of land; and management would do for Carrots and next the difference between manuring in this manner which was pritty liberal and without. On the top of the ridge, made over the furrow, I directed 2 or 3 Seeds to be dropped in a place at the distance of 10 Inches from each other and to be scratched in with a thorny bush. Planted in the No. West section of my Botanical Garden 5 rows\nmore of the seeds of the pride of China in the same manner those were done yesterday.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0004-0013", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 13 April 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 13th. Thermometer at 44 in the Morning\u201456 at Noon and 52 at Night. A high, cold, and disagreeable wind from the No. East blew all day and the Sun for the most part hid. Rid to Muddy hole and river Plantations. The Carrots at the first were sowed as directed yesterday and at the latter I began to Sow Oats in Rows ten feet a part in grd. managed in the following manner. 1 Marked off with single furrows. 2 another, and deep furrow in this. 3. four bouts to these. 4. plowed agn. in the same manner. 5. a single furrow in the middle of these. 6. Dung sprinkled in this furrow\u20147 the great harrow over all these and 8th. the Seed sowed after the harrow with the drill or barrel plow, & harrowed in with the harrow at the tale of it. Note\u2014It should have been observed that the field intended for experiments at this Plantation is divided into 3 parts, by bouting Rows running crossways and that dung and the last single furrow are (at least for the present) bestowed on one of these only\u2014viz. that part which is most westerly, or nearest the Barn. Doctr. Craik, & Mr. & Mrs. Lund Washington dined here\u2014the first stayed all Night.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0004-0014", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 14 April 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 14th. Thermometer at 42 in the Morning\u201464 at Noon and  at Night. Clear Morning with the wind at No. East, but neither very fresh nor cold. Afterwd. Southly. & warm. Doctr. La Moyeur sent for his Black horse & Chaise which his Servant carried away to day. Doctr. Craik went to Alexanda. after breakfast & returned again at Night. Rid to my Plantations at Muddy hole, Dogue Run, and ferry in the forenoon and walked to that in the Neck in the Afternoon. At the first I finished sowing the Barley rows and harrowed the ground intended for the Albany Peas in broadcast. At the next I began to sow the remainder (14 qts.) of the Siberian Wheat, which was left at the Ferry and began to Run deep furrows in the Middle & to make five furrow ridges in a piece of the corn grd. for Carrots. At the ferry I ordered a piece of ground to be plowed\nfor Corn & Potatoes and in the Neck after sowing 24 rows of Oats upon a Dunged furrow, I ordered the discontinuance, and to begin sowing Barley adjoining. Sowed, or rather planted at this place, 11 Rows of the Seeds saved from those had last year from Colo. Archd. Cary and 35 rows (next to them) of Rib-grass Seed. These rows were 3 feet asunder, and the Seeds (3 or 4) dropped at about 1 foot apart, in the rows.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0004-0015", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 15 April 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 15th. Thermometer at 56 in the Morning\u2014 at Noon and  at Night. Clear all day\u2014Wind Easterly in the Morning, & Southerly in the Evening & rather cool. Rid to Alexandria to a meeting of the Directors of the Potomack Company, who had advertised their intention of contracting on this day with whomsoever should bid lowest for the Supplying the Companys Servants with Rations for one year. A Mr. Abel Westfall of Berkeley having done this the Contract was made with him accordingly. Dined at Mr. Lyles\u2019s tavern and returned in the Evening, when I found Mrs. Stuart and her Children and Mr. Arthur Lee here. In my way to town, I passed through Muddy hole & Dogue Run Plantations. At the first I ordered the ground which was harrowed yesterday for Pease to be sowed with 6 Bushels\u2014which was accordingly done, and harrowed it. The qty. was but little more than an acre & an half. Finished at the latter, sowing the Siberian Wheat in 34 rows. This ground had been only twice plowed into 5 furrow ridges and then harrowed, before seeding; 8 of the first rows, counting from Wades Houses had been rolled; but wanting the Oxen to Cart dung I was obliged to discontinue the rolling. These workings, with the harrowing at the tale of the barrel plow, did not put the ground by any means in such order as it ought to be for this grain\u2014but the wet Spring, and late Season, would not allow me to do more to it. Sowed in the Neck, 23 rows of Burnet Seed, in part of what was intended there, along side the rib grass. This was put in exactly as the rib-grass & other grass were\u2014that is in rows 3 feet asunder & about 1 foot apart in the rows.  Plowed a piece of ground containing two acres, at the ferry plantation, for the purposes of drilling Corn, & planting Irish Potatoes in it. This was plowed flush & intended to be cross plowed.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0004-0016", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 16 April 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 16th. Thermometer at 46 in the Morning\u201464 at Noon and 67 at Night. A brisk Southerly wind all day and at times much appearances of rain, but none fell. Mr. Lee went away after breakfast. Very few fish caught yet at my fishery at the ferry.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0004-0018", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 18 April 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 18th. Thermometer at 52 in the Morning\u201458 at Noon and  at Night. Wind at No. West\u2014pretty fresh & cool\u2014cloudy also without much signs of Rain. Rid to Muddy hole\u2014Dogue Run & ferry plantations; & to the fishing Landing. At the first they had begun to plant the Irish Potatoes in drills; 4 rows were allotted for this purpose 2 whereof had a handful of dung put upon each set\u2014which were at the distance of one foot in the rows. The other 2 Rows were planted at the same distance, and in the same manner excepting in the article of manure there being none in the Rows. At Dogue Run I\nbegan to sow barley in drills, next the Siberian Wheat and had (beginning at the meadow fence, & extending towards the old Houses) sowed 11 Rows (long & short) in Carrots; 6 of which, beginning with the first and so on alternately, were dunged; the others not. At the Ferry plantation little progress had been made in breaking up the ground for Potatoes &ca. it being hard occasioned by the late drying & baking winds. At the Fishing landing little success had attended the Seins. One of Mr. Rawlins workmen (who came here on Saturday last in the Baltimore packet) began lathing my New Room. In the evening Mr. Danl. Brent and Mr. Wm. Stuart came in and stayed all night. Sent my Boat to Alexandria this evening in order to bring down Flagstones & Fish Barrels &ca.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0004-0019", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 19 April 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 19th. Thermometer at 50 in the morning\u201462 at Noon and 60 at Night. Calm and warm in the forenoon. What little [wind] there was came from the Southward. In the afternoon the wind sprung up\u2014but not fresh from the East. Rid to my Ferry Plantation, and walked into the Neck. At the first few fish were caught. At the latter I found (including what was sowed yesterday and Saturday) 50 rows of Burnet Seed planted along side, and in the same manner of, the rib grass & that they had begun to sow the Sainfoin Seed. Sowing Barley yesterday & this day, at this plantation 30 Rows of which had been put in before I got there every other one of which had a slight sprinkling only of dung not being able to get it out fast enough to manure every row. Mrs. Stuart and her Children went away immediately after breakfast\u2014as did Mr. Brent & Mr. Stuart. A Mr. Chavillie & another Gentleman (the first introduced by the Governor) came just as we had done breakfast & after one had been got for them proceeded on their journey to the Northward. Before dinner, Mr. Rollins and a Mr. Tharpe came here; the first being the undertaker of my New Room intended to commence the Work, and then to leave it under the conduct of the latter which I objected to for reasons which I assigned him; he\ntherefore determined to return & come back prepared to attend to it himself. My Muddy hole People having compleated all the work that was to do except with the Plows before Corn planting in the common way, came to get the New ground in front of the House in order for that grain by fencing &ca. Major Washingtons Charles returned from New Kent with the Calves & Jenny he went for.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0004-0022", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 22 April 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 22d. Thermometer at 50 in the Morning\u201456 at Noon and 56 at Night. In the Night there fell a great deal of rain, with some thunder & lightning which put a stop to plowing and indeed most other workings of the Earth.  Morning Mizzling till about Noon, when it broke away without much wind which still hung to the Eastward. It was also tolerably warm and pleast. Rid to the Plantations at Muddy hole, Dogue Run and Ferry. At the first fixed my Barrels for Planting Corn and Pease\u2014but the ground was too wet to use them. The heavy Rain last night had washed all the Albany Pease which had been sowed in broad cast out of the ground. Those which had been sowed a day or two before in Drills were coming up as the Oats & Barley also were. At the Ferry Plantation the Siberian Wheat was here & there coming up. At the Neck Plantation finished before the Rain sowing all my Barley  Rows with  quarts. Also finished Sowing the Burnet & Saintfoin  Rows of the former and  of the latter part of which were short and having some of these Seeds and those of the rib grass left I sowed 8 of the Intervals of these with it in broad Cast\u201411 ditto of the Saintfoin and 3 ditto of the Burnet in the same manner. Very little fish caught to day or yesterday. Colo. Fitzhugh and his Son Willm. came here in the Afternoon.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0004-0023", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 23 April 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 23d. Set off after breakfast, on a journey to Richmond\u2014to acknowledge in the General Court some Deeds for Land sold by me as Attorney for Colo. George Mercer which, it seems, could not be executed without. Dined at Dumfries and lodged at Stafford Court House. Very cloudy all day with but little wind and that from the Eastward.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0004-0024", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 24 April 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 24th. A good deal of rain having fallen in the Night, and it continuing to do so till after 6 oclk. I was detained till near seven\u2014when I set out, dined at my mothers in Fredericksburgh & proceeded afterwards to, and lodged at General Spotswoods. Until Noon the day was Missling, & sometime Raining which it also did in the night\u2014but being warm, vegitation was much promoted\u2014Wind Easterly. Conversing with Generl. Spotswood on the growth, and preservation of the Pumpion, he informed me that a person in his Neighbourhood who had raised of them many years has preserved them by splitting them in two\u2014taking out the inside and then turning the rind part up (placed on rails or poles) for two or 3 days to dry\u2014after wch. they were packed in straw\u2014a layer of one,\nand a layer of the [other] alternately\u2014by which means they keep well through the Winter.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0004-0025", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 25 April 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 25th. Set out from General Spotswoods about Sun Rising and breakfasted at the Bowling green. Where, meeting with Mr. Holmes (a neat, and supposed to be a good farmer) I was informed by him that from experience he had found that the best method of raising clover (in this Country) was to sow it on Wheat in Jany. when the ground was lightly covered with snow having never failed by this practice\u2014whereas fall sowing is often injured by wet, and frost and Spring sowing by drought. Dined at Rawlins and lodged at Hanover Court House. The forepart of the day was clear and warm, but the latter part was showery and cooler\u2014Wind westerly but not much of it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0004-0026", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 26 April 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 26th. Left Hanover Court Ho[use] about Sun rise; breakfasted at Norvals tavern and reached Richmond about Noon. Put up at Formicalo\u2019s Tavern, where by invitation, I dined with the Judges of the General Court. Morning cloudy & not much wind, but between 8 and 10 Oclk. it came out fresh from the No. Wt.; and died away again about Noon. Meeting with Mr. Thos. Newton of Norfolk, he informed me that Mr. Neil Jameeson late of that place, now a merchant in New York, was Executor of Jno. Shaw (also of Norfolk) who was possessed of the Books of Messrs. Balfour & Barraud & to whom he advised me to apply, thinking it probable that I might obtain, a\nlist of the Ballances due to that House and thereby recover what was due to me therefrom.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0004-0029", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 29 April 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 29th. Set out from the Bowling green a little after Sun-rising\u2014breakfasted at General Spotswoods\u2014Dined at my Sister Lewis\u2019s in Fredericksburgh and spent the evening at Mr. Fitzhughs of Chatham. One of my Chariot Horses having got lame going to Richmond, but forced back to Genl. Spotswoods (not however without much difficulty) was left there with a Servant who was ordered to proceed with him or a horse which Genl. Spotswood would lend in two days. Wind being fresh at No. West it was clear and cool to day.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0004-0030", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 30 April 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 30th. Set off about Sun rising from Mr. Fitzhughs\u2014breakfasted at Dumfries and reached home to a late Dinner. Where I found 3 of Mr. Rawlins Men; two of whom (one a Mr. Tharpe, director of the work) had been since Sunday last; & had employed many hands in preparing Mortar & other materials for them. That the Fishing (especially at the home house wch. had been discontinued on acct. of the failure of the Sein) had not been successful\u2014That Colo. Gilpins Scow had been sent up on Monday last\u2014That the Rains had retarded the plows a good deal and had prevented Sowing Pease\u2014or planting Corn. That the Irish Potatoes had been planted on Tuesday last at Dogue Run, though the ground was wet, to prevent the rot destroying them all; the wetness of the ground prevented the use of the roller in this operation, but the want of it was supplied by Hoes, to break the clods\u2014That the Timothy Seed intended for the Oat ground at Dogue run had been sowed on it (and for want of the roller had been scratched in with a Bush, which was wrong, as the Oats were thereby torn & injured)\u2014That the Neck people had, on Wednesday last, finished drilling the Barley at that place in 66 rows\u2014every other of which had a sprinkling of Dung in the middle furrow\u2014That my drilled Wheat from the Cape had been\npropped to prevent its lodging\u2014That the common Chesnut (which it is apprehended are spoiled) was planted below the hops on thursday last\u2014That the Irish Potatoes had been planted at the River plantation on thursday last in ten rows\u2014each alternate one being dunged as those at Muddy hole were\u2014That the ground which had been prepared for Flax was sown therewith on Friday last and harrowed in\u2014then with clover seed and the whole rolled\u2014That 14 rows of the live & Water Oak Acorns had been planted on the same day in my botanical garden but it was not expected that any, or very few would come up\u2014That every other row of Corn in the cut intended for experiments at Muddy hole was planted by the Drill plow with the early Corn from New York and that all the Peas (consisting of two kinds) had been planted at the same place and in the same cut\u2014That When the worked ground was too wet to stir, or touch the plows were employed in listing for Corn and lastly that the Mercury during my absence had stood thus\u2014viz. \nMorng.\nNoon\nNight\nSunday\nMonday\nTuesday\nWednesday\nThursday\nFriday\nSaturday\nSunday", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0004", "content": "Title: April 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 1st. Thermometer at 34 in the Morning\u201434 at Noon and 32 at Night.\nA very disagreeable mixture of Rain and fine hail fell all day, with a fresh and cold No. easterly wind. Towards night and in the Night it snowed. Few days or Nights this year have been more inclemt. and disagreeable than this.\nSunday 2d. Thermometer at 31 in the morning\u201440 at Noon and 41 at Night.\nA very hard frost this Morning; Water & wet Ice frozen and\nday cold\u2014Wind hard at No. West and weather clear\u2014Snow which fell in the Night had drifted so as not to tell the depth of it easily. All the blossoms & young foliage much injured, and the forward fruit (if no more) entirely destroyed.\nJust after dinner Mr. Fendall came in, and about Sun down a Doctr. Middleton\u2014both of whom stayed all night.\nApril 3d. Thermometer at 36 in the Morng.\u201450 at Noon and 50 at Night.\nA hard frost this morning & a good deal of Ice\u2014Wind Southerly and clear till the afternoon, when it shifted to the East and lowered.\nMr. Fendall went away before Breakfast and Mr. Wallace & Doctr. Middleton soon after it.\nLund Washington dined here. Snow chiefly dissolved\u2014ground very wet and unfit to stir.\nPlanted  stocks of the imported haw thorn\u2014brought by Mr. G. A. Washington from Mr. Lyons\u2014in the inclosure below the Stable\u2014also, 4 of the yellow Jessamine by the Garden gates.\nTryed my Jack to day to a Mare that was horsing but he would not cover her. Mr. Griffith came.\nTuesday 4th. Thermometer at 45 in the morning\u201449 at Noon and  at Night.\nLittle wind, but very cloudy in the morning, and before 10 oclock it began to Rain; and continued to do so moderately all day and till we went to bed from the East.\nSent my Seins and People to the Fishing landing at the ferry, but no hand was made of Fishing.\nPlanted 6 of the pride of China brought from Mr. Lyons by G. A. Washington in my shrubberies in front of the House\u20143 on each side the right & left walks between the Houses & garden gates and also the two young trees sent me some time ago by Mr. Griffith, to which no name had been given. These latter were planted, one on each side of the Right & left walks\u2014near the garden gates on the hither or Et. side.\nWednesday 5th. Thermometer at 45 in the Morning\u201445 at Noon and 44 at Night.\nWind at No. West or more northerly all day and raining and mizzling without intermission\u2014being very disagreeable and the ground very wet.\nFanned all the heated Corn to day. The trouble this Corn has occasioned to preserve it from entire destruction is equal to the worth of it. To prevent its receiving some damage & getting musty I have not been able to do.\nHauling the Sein again to day to no great effect.\nThursday 6th. Thermometer at 42 in the Morning\u201452 at Noon and 54 at Night.\nVery clear all day and upon the whole pleasant though the Wind blew pritty fresh and cool in the Morning from the No. West\u2014but shifting to the Southward it grew calm in the afternoon.\nMr. Griffith went away after breakfast and I rid to my Plantations at the ferry Dogue run & Muddy hole.\nTransplanted 46 of the large Magnolio of So. Carolina from the box brought by G. A. Washington last year\u2014viz.\u20146 at the head of each of the Serpentine Walks next the Circle\u201426 in the Shrubbery or grove at the South end of the House & 8 in that at the No. end. The ground was so wet, more could not at this time be planted there.\nTook the covering off the Plants in my Botanical garden, and found none living of all those planted the 13th. of June last, except some of the Acasce or Acacia, flower fence, and privy & of these it was doubtful.\nThe Guinea grass shewed no signs of vegitation, and whether the root is living, is questionable.\nNone of the plants which were sowed with the seeds from China (a few of which had come up last year) were to be seen.\nWhether these plants are unfit for this climate or whether covering & thereby hiding them entirely from the Sun the whole winter occasioned this to Rot, I know not.\nCut two or three rows of the Wheat of good hope, within 6 Inches of the ground, it being near 18 Inches high (the first sowing) and the blades of the whole singed with the frost.\nFriday 7th. Thermometer at 50 in the morng.\u2014 at Noon and 52 at Night.\nRid to Muddy hole Plantation and finding the ground which had been twice plowed to make my experiments in there middling dry in some places, though wet in others, I tried my drill or Barrel plow; which requiring some alteration in the harrow, obliged me to bring it to the Smiths shop. This suspended any further operation with it to day.\nNo fish caught to day, of neither Herring or shad.\nSet my Brick layer to getting sand & preparing for laying brick on Monday.\nMr. George Washington went to Alexandria and engaged 100,000 Herrings to Smith and Douglas (if caught) at 5/ pr. thousand.\nSaturday 8th. Thermometer at  in the Morng.\u2014 at Noon and 44 at Night.\nLowering more or less all day and sometimes dropping. Wind South, So. Et., & more Easterly and at times pretty fresh. Towards Sun down the appearances of fair weather was more favourable.\nRid a little after Sun rise to Muddy to try my drill plow again which with the alteration of the harrow yesterday I find will fully answer my expectation and that it drops the grains thicker, or thinner in proportion to the quantity of Seed in the Barrel. The less there is in it the faster it issues from the holes. The weight of a quantity in the barrel, occasions (I presume) a pressure on the holes that do not admit of a free discharge of the Seed through them\u2014whereas a small quantity (sufficient at all times to cover the bottom of the barrel) is, in a manner sifted through them by the revolution of the Barrel.\nI sowed with the barrel today, in drills, about 3 pints of a\nwhite well looking Oat, brought from Carolina last year by G. A. Washington in 7 rows running from the path leading from the Overseers Ho[use] to the Quarter to the West fence of the field where the ground was in the best order. Afterwards I sowed in such other parts of the adjoining ground as could at any rate be worked the common Oat of the Eastern shore (after picking out the Wild Onion) but in truth nothing but the late Season could warrant sowing in ground so wet.\nNone of the ground in wch. these Oats were sown had received any improvement from manure\u2014but all of it had been twice plowed, and then listed\u2014after which the harrow had gone over it twice before the Seed harrowing. This, had it not been for the frequent rains &ca. which has fallen would have put the ground in fine order.\nTransplanted as many of the large magnolio into the Grove at the No. end of the Ho[use] as made the number there \nAlso transplanted from the same box, 9 of the live Oak\u2014viz., 4 in the bends of the lawn before the House and five on the East of the grove (within the yard) at the No. end of the House.\nPlowed up my last years turnip patch (at home) to Sow Orchard grass Seeds in.\nNo fish caught to day.\nSunday 9th. Thermometer at 44 in the Morning\u2014 at Noon and  at Night.\nLowering more or less all day. In the morning there were great appearances of Rain. About Noon it brightened up a little but in the evening it grew cloudy again and a large circle appeared round the Moon between 9 and 10 Oclock at Night. The Wind was at So. Et. and E.So. Et. all day and at times pretty fresh.\nMr. Dalby of Alexandria came here to dinner, and returned afterwards. In the Afternoon Doctr. Stuart and his Sister arrived and stayed all night.\n   Philip Dalby came to enlist GW\u2019s support in recovering a slave. While visiting in Philadelphia, Dalby\u2019s servant had been lured away by a group of Quakers organized for the purpose of freeing slaves brought to that city. Dalby inserted a long notice in the Alexandria newspaper warning the general public of this \u201cinsidious\u201d practice of the Quakers (Va. Journal, 30 Mar. 1786) and was at this time going to Philadelphia to petition the Pennsylvania assembly for the return of his property. GW wrote to Robert Morris: \u201cIf the practice of this Society of which Mr. Dalby speaks, is not discountenanced, none of those whose misfortune it is to have slaves as attendants, will visit the city if they can possibly avoid it\u201d (12 April 1786, DLC:GW). He added that although he deplored the institution of slavery,\nits abolition must come through legislative authority. Dalby\u2019s suit was successful and he recovered his slave (Robert Morris to GW, 26 April 1786, DLC:GW).\nMonday 10th. Thermometer at 42 in the Morning\u201450 at Noon and 46 at Night.\nCold and raw Northerly wind blew all the forenoon, and in the afternoon shifted Easterly & was not much pleasanter.\nBegan my brick work to day\u2014first taking away the foundations of the Garden Houses as they were first placed, & repairing the damages in the Walls occasioned by their removal. And also began to put up my pallisades (on the Wall).\nCompleated Sowing with 24 quarts the drilled Oats in the ground intended for experiments at Muddy hole; which amounted at 38 Rows ten feet apart (including the parts of rows sowed on Saturday last). In the Afternoon I began to sow Barley, but finding there were too many Seeds discharged from the Barrel, notwithstanding I stopped every other hole, I discontinued the sowing until another Barrel with smaller holes cd. be prepared. The ground in which these Oats have been sowed and in which the Barley seeding had commenced\u2014has been plowed, cross plowed, listed (as it is called, that is 3 furrow ridges) and twice harrowed before the drill plow was put into it. With this the furrow is made & the seed harrowed in witht. manure afterwds.\nBegan also to sow the Siberian Wheat which I had obtained from Baltimore, by means of Colo. Tilghman, at the Ferry Plantation in the ground laid apart there for experiments. This was done upon ground which, sometime ago, had been marked off by furrows 8 feet apart, in which a second furrow had been run to deepen them. 4 furrows were then plowed to these, which made the whole 5 furrow Ridges. These being done some time ago, and by frequent rains prevented Sowing at the time intended had got hard. I therefore before the Seid was sowed, split these Ridges again, by running twice in the same furrow\u2014after wch. I harrowed the ridges and where the ground was lumpy run my spiked Roller with the Harrow at the tale, over it\u2014wch. I found very efficacious in breaking the clods & pulverizing the earth; and wd. have done it perfectly if there had not been too much moisture remaining of the late rains: after this harrowing, & rolling where necessary, I sowed the Wheat with my drill plow on the reduced ridges in rows 8 feet apart\u2014but I should have observed that, after the ridges were split by the furrow in the middle, and before the furrows were closed again by the harrow\u2014I sprinkled a little dung\nin them. Finding the barrel discharged the Wheat too fast; I did, after sowing 9 of the shortest (for we began at the furthest corner of the field) rows, I stopped every other hole in the barrel, and in this manner sowed 5 Rows more, & still thinking the seed too liberally bestowed, I stopped 2, & left one hole open, alternately, by which 4 out of 12 holes only, discharged Seeds; and this, as I had taken the strap of leather off, seemed to give Seed enough (though not so regular as were to be wished) to the ground.\nDoctr. Stuart and his Sister left this after breakfast (passing through Mary land) to his fathers from whence the Doctor is to proceed to Richmond.\n   foundations of the garden houses: GW was in the process of enlarging his upper and lower gardens. The north and south walls of each garden were extended westward in an inward curve to a point where they converged. At this point in each garden, GW rebuilt an octagonal garden house.\nTuesday 11th. Thermometer at 40 in the Morning\u201452 at Noon and 52 at Night.\nWind at No. Et. all day, and at times pretty fresh\u2014raw and disagreeable. Towards evening it lowered a good deal, & the Sun set in a bank.\nSowing the Siberian Wheat to day, as yesterday, at the ferry.\nAnd sowed 26 rows of Barley (except a little at each end wch. was too wet for the ground to be worked) at Muddy hole; below, & adjoining to the Oats. This was done with 12 quarts of Seed, and in the manner, and in ground prepared as mentioned yesterday. The ends of these rows are to be sowed as soon as the ground is in order for it.\nRid to the Fishing Landing, where 30 odd shad had just been caught at a haul. Not more than 2 or 3 had been taken at one time before, this spring. And from hence I went to Muddy hole & river Plantations; at the last of which the Overseer after 3 plowings & 3 harrowings\u2014had begun to sow in drills three feet apart, & abt. nine Inches asunder in the Rows, the Seed (without name) saved from those given to me by Colo. Archibd. Cary last year.\nIn the Section in my botanical garden, next the House nearest the circle, I planted 4 Rows of the laurel berries in the grd. where, last year I had planted the Physic nuts &ca.\u2014now dead & next to these in the same section are  rows of the pride of China. The Rows of both these kinds are 16 inches asunder & the Seeds 6 inches apart in the Rows.\nPerceived, the last Sowed Oats at Dogue Run and those wch. had been sowed in the Neck, were coming up.\nWednesday 12th. Thermometer at 42 in the Morng.\u201455 at Noon and 50 at Night.\nA Brisk wind all day from the No. Et.\u2014cold & raw, with appearances of a change of Weather especially towards evening when it lowered very much.\nRid to the fishing Landing, ferry, Dogue Run, and Muddy hole plantations.\nFinished at the first, Sowing the ground intended for experiments, with the Siberian Wheat. This spot contained 16 a[cres] 1 R[od] 24 P[erches]\u2014Including the fodder Ho[use] &ca. which would reduce the cultivated Land to 10 acres at most. To sow these it took about 18 quarts of Wheat.  of the last rows had no dung in them and those adjoining for  back were only manured in the poorest parts. The last rows were listed wholly as they were too hard baked for the harrow & roller notwithstanding the middle furrow, to make much impression on them.\nAt Dogue Run I set the plows to listing the ground which had before been listed, in order to commence my experiments there on Friday. Began in the first long row by Wades houses.\nAt Muddy hole, I sowed two rows of the Albany Peas in Drills 10 feet asunder (the same as the Oats and Barley) but conceiving they could not, for want of support, be kept [pre]vented from falling when they shd. come near their growth I did not incline to sow any more in this way but to put all the ground between these two rows and the fence along the Road in broadcast. The ground in which these Peas were sowed was managed exactly as that had been in which the Barley & Oats (at this place) was.\nNext, adjoining the Oats, on the upper, or South side, I plowed 10 Rows for Tarrots two deep furrows in the same place for each over and above all the plowings, & harrowings which the Barley &ca. had received\u2014In the alternate rows\u2014beginning at the second from the Oats\u2014I sprinkled dung all along in the bottom of the furrows, and covered it with the earth which had been thrown out of them, with Hoes. The same was done with the rows in which there was no dung. This was done to try: first, how this kind of land; and management would do for Carrots and next the difference between manuring in this manner which was pritty liberal and without. On the top of the ridge, made over the furrow, I directed 2 or 3 Seeds to be dropped in a place at the distance of 10 Inches from each other and to be scratched in with a thorny bush.\nPlanted in the No. West section of my Botanical Garden 5 rows\nmore of the seeds of the pride of China in the same manner those were done yesterday.\n   rows for tarrots: GW inadvertently wrote \u201ctarrots\u201d for carrots. He had a choice of two varieties of Daucus carota, the orange and the red horn, and used both varieties as a field crop important in his rotation plan to produce feed for livestock.\nThursday 13th. Thermometer at 44 in the Morning\u201456 at Noon and 52 at Night. A high, cold, and disagreeable wind from the No. East blew all day and the Sun for the most part hid.\nRid to Muddy hole and river Plantations. The Carrots at the first were sowed as directed yesterday and at the latter I began to Sow Oats in Rows ten feet a part in grd. managed in the following manner. 1 Marked off with single furrows. 2 another, and deep furrow in this. 3. four bouts to these. 4. plowed agn. in the same manner. 5. a single furrow in the middle of these. 6. Dung sprinkled in this furrow\u20147 the great harrow over all these and 8th. the Seed sowed after the harrow with the drill or barrel plow, & harrowed in with the harrow at the tale of it. Note\u2014It should have been observed that the field intended for experiments at this Plantation is divided into 3 parts, by bouting Rows running crossways and that dung and the last single furrow are (at least for the present) bestowed on one of these only\u2014viz. that part which is most westerly, or nearest the Barn.\nDoctr. Craik, & Mr. & Mrs. Lund Washington dined here\u2014the first stayed all Night.\nFriday 14th. Thermometer at 42 in the Morning\u201464 at Noon and  at Night.\nClear Morning with the wind at No. East, but neither very fresh nor cold. Afterwd. Southly. & warm.\nDoctr. La Moyeur sent for his Black horse & Chaise which his Servant carried away to day.\nDoctr. Craik went to Alexanda. after breakfast & returned again at Night.\nRid to my Plantations at Muddy hole, Dogue Run, and ferry in the forenoon and walked to that in the Neck in the Afternoon. At the first I finished sowing the Barley rows and harrowed the ground intended for the Albany Peas in broadcast. At the next I began to sow the remainder (14 qts.) of the Siberian Wheat, which was left at the Ferry and began to Run deep furrows in the Middle & to make five furrow ridges in a piece of the corn grd. for Carrots. At the ferry I ordered a piece of ground to be plowed\nfor Corn & Potatoes and in the Neck after sowing 24 rows of Oats upon a Dunged furrow, I ordered the discontinuance, and to begin sowing Barley adjoining.\nSowed, or rather planted at this place, 11 Rows of the Seeds saved from those had last year from Colo. Archd. Cary and 35 rows (next to them) of Rib-grass Seed. These rows were 3 feet asunder, and the Seeds (3 or 4) dropped at about 1 foot apart, in the rows.\n   Dr. Jean Pierre Le Mayeur wrote GW, 10 April 1786, that his servant was coming to relieve GW \u201cfrom the trouble of my Black horse\u201d which was being kept at Mount Vernon (DLC:GW).\nSaturday 15th. Thermometer at 56 in the Morning\u2014 at Noon and  at Night.\nClear all day\u2014Wind Easterly in the Morning, & Southerly in the Evening & rather cool.\nRid to Alexandria to a meeting of the Directors of the Potomack Company, who had advertised their intention of contracting on this day with whomsoever should bid lowest for the Supplying the Companys Servants with Rations for one year. A Mr. Abel Westfall of Berkeley having done this the Contract was made with him accordingly. Dined at Mr. Lyles\u2019s tavern and returned in the Evening, when I found Mrs. Stuart and her Children and Mr. Arthur Lee here.\nIn my way to town, I passed through Muddy hole & Dogue Run Plantations. At the first I ordered the ground which was harrowed yesterday for Pease to be sowed with 6 Bushels\u2014which was accordingly done, and harrowed it. The qty. was but little more than an acre & an half.\nFinished at the latter, sowing the Siberian Wheat in 34 rows. This ground had been only twice plowed into 5 furrow ridges and then harrowed, before seeding; 8 of the first rows, counting from Wades Houses had been rolled; but wanting the Oxen to Cart dung I was obliged to discontinue the rolling. These workings, with the harrowing at the tale of the barrel plow, did not put the ground by any means in such order as it ought to be for this grain\u2014but the wet Spring, and late Season, would not allow me to do more to it.\nSowed in the Neck, 23 rows of Burnet Seed, in part of what was intended there, along side the rib grass. This was put in exactly as the rib-grass & other grass were\u2014that is in rows 3 feet asunder & about 1 foot apart in the rows.\nPlowed a piece of ground containing two acres, at the ferry plantation, for the purposes of drilling Corn, & planting Irish Potatoes in it. This was plowed flush & intended to be cross plowed.\n   Abel Westfall served in 1776 and 1777 as a captain in Rev. Peter Muhlenberg\u2019s 8th Virginia Regiment, which was made up mostly of Germans from the Shenandoah Valley (WUSTKlaus Wust. The Virginia Germans. Charlottesville, Va., 1969., 80). mr. lyles\u2019s tavern: Henry Lyles had died 12 days earlier (Va. Journal, 6 April 1786).\nSunday 16th. Thermometer at 46 in the Morning\u201464 at Noon and 67 at Night.\nA brisk Southerly wind all day and at times much appearances of rain, but none fell.\nMr. Lee went away after breakfast.\nVery few fish caught yet at my fishery at the ferry.\nMonday 17th. Thermometer at 58 in the Morning\u2014 at Noon and 58 at Night.\nMorning clear and warm, with very little wind. About 10 Oclock it began to lower, and about 2 there were great appearances of rain but the Wind getting to No. West & blowing pretty fresh they all vanished.\nWent up to Alexandria to an election of Delegates to represent this County; when the suffrages of the people fell upon Colo. Mason and Doctr. Stuart\u2014on the first contrary to, and after he had declared he could not serve and on the other whilst he was absent at Richmond. Captn. West who had offered his Services & was present, was rejected. The votes were\u2014for Colo. Mason 109\u2014for Doctr. Stuart 105 and for Captn. West 84.\nReturned home in the evening.\nTuesday 18th. Thermometer at 52 in the Morning\u201458 at Noon and  at Night.\nWind at No. West\u2014pretty fresh & cool\u2014cloudy also without much signs of Rain.\nRid to Muddy hole\u2014Dogue Run & ferry plantations; & to the fishing Landing. At the first they had begun to plant the Irish Potatoes in drills; 4 rows were allotted for this purpose 2 whereof had a handful of dung put upon each set\u2014which were at the distance of one foot in the rows. The other 2 Rows were planted at the same distance, and in the same manner excepting in the article of manure there being none in the Rows. At Dogue Run I\nbegan to sow barley in drills, next the Siberian Wheat and had (beginning at the meadow fence, & extending towards the old Houses) sowed 11 Rows (long & short) in Carrots; 6 of which, beginning with the first and so on alternately, were dunged; the others not. At the Ferry plantation little progress had been made in breaking up the ground for Potatoes &ca. it being hard occasioned by the late drying & baking winds. At the Fishing landing little success had attended the Seins.\nOne of Mr. Rawlins workmen (who came here on Saturday last in the Baltimore packet) began lathing my New Room.\nIn the evening Mr. Danl. Brent and Mr. Wm. Stuart came in and stayed all night.\nSent my Boat to Alexandria this evening in order to bring down Flagstones & Fish Barrels &ca.\n   Mr. Daniel Brent is probably Daniel Carroll Brent (1759\u20131814), of Prince William County, a son of Eleanor Carroll Brent and William Brent (1733\u20131782), of Richland, Stafford County. flagstones: These were the flagstones for the piazza, procured for GW by John Rumney (see 9 May 1785).\nWednesday 19th. Thermometer at 50 in the morning\u201462 at Noon and 60 at Night.\nCalm and warm in the forenoon. What little [wind] there was came from the Southward. In the afternoon the wind sprung up\u2014but not fresh from the East.\nRid to my Ferry Plantation, and walked into the Neck. At the first few fish were caught. At the latter I found (including what was sowed yesterday and Saturday) 50 rows of Burnet Seed planted along side, and in the same manner of, the rib grass & that they had begun to sow the Sainfoin Seed. Sowing Barley yesterday & this day, at this plantation 30 Rows of which had been put in before I got there every other one of which had a slight sprinkling only of dung not being able to get it out fast enough to manure every row.\nMrs. Stuart and her Children went away immediately after breakfast\u2014as did Mr. Brent & Mr. Stuart.\nA Mr. Chavillie & another Gentleman (the first introduced by the Governor) came just as we had done breakfast & after one had been got for them proceeded on their journey to the Northward.\nBefore dinner, Mr. Rollins and a Mr. Tharpe came here; the first being the undertaker of my New Room intended to commence the Work, and then to leave it under the conduct of the latter which I objected to for reasons which I assigned him; he\ntherefore determined to return & come back prepared to attend to it himself.\nMy Muddy hole People having compleated all the work that was to do except with the Plows before Corn planting in the common way, came to get the New ground in front of the House in order for that grain by fencing &ca.\nMajor Washingtons Charles returned from New Kent with the Calves & Jenny he went for.\n   Jean Auguste Marie Chevalli\u00e9 (1765\u20131838), born in Rochefort, France, was the son of Pierre Fran\u00e7ois and Jeanne Esther Charlot Chevalli\u00e9. The elder Chevalli\u00e9 was an agent for Beaumarchais in furnishing supplies for Virginia during the Revolution. After he failed to receive full payment for his services, he sent his son, Jean Auguste, to America, armed with letters from the French government and from prominent Frenchmen, to press his claims (Jean Auguste Marie Chevalli\u00e9 to James Madison, 27 Aug. 1785, MADISONWilliam T. Hutchinson et al., eds. The Papers of James Madison, Congressional Series. 17 vols. Chicago and Charlottesville, Va., 1962\u201391., 8:358). Eventually Jean Auguste was successful in collecting the debt (Chevalli\u00e9 to Jefferson, 19 Jan. 1787, JEFFERSON [1]Julian P. Boyd et al., eds. The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. 41 vols. to date. Princeton, N.J., 1950\u2013., 11:55). A few years later, he left France and settled permanently in Richmond where he became a partner in the Gallego Mills (RICHMONDValentine Museum. Richmond Portraits in an Exhibition of Makers of Richmond, 1737\u20131860. Richmond, Va., 1949., 36\u201337).\n   Richard Tharpe (Thorpe), a stucco artisan, was the \u201cprincipal workman of the ornamental parts\u201d of the New Room (GW to Sir Edward Newenham, 10 June 1786, DLC:GW). He had probably recently arrived from Ireland. Tharpe\u2019s name had been first mentioned to GW by Sir Edward Newenham of Ireland in 1785, at which time GW had not heard of his arrival in this country. Tharpe\u2019s work was satisfactory, and GW later hired him to do additional plaster work on the mansion and to repair the lathing (GW to Newenham, 25 Nov. 1785 and 10 June 1786, DLC:GW; see entry for 9 June 1786).\nThursday 20th. Thermometer at 50 in the Morning\u201450 at Noon and 48 at Night.\nWind fresh but not hard at No. Et. all day and very cloudy, sometimes dropping Rain.\nRid to Muddy hole, Dogue run and ferry Plantations and to the fishery at the latter.\nFinished Sowing 50 Rows of Barley in drills, at Dogue run, which took 35 quarts of Seed. The ground for this grain was twice plowed into 5 furrow ridges (or twice listed as it is called)\u2014then rolled with the spiked roller\u2014after which it was harrowed, then sowed with the Barrel plow, & the grain harrowed in with the small harrow at the tale of it. Next adjoining to the Barley I left 40 rows for the common country Pea and then began to plow 10 Rows for Potatoes wch. I directed to be managed in the same manner, previous to setting, with those for the Barley with the addition of a furrow after harrowing, to plant the Potatoes which are to be covered with the plow. These Potatoes are to be planted\nwithout dung because it could not be got out in time, the Oxen being employed with the Roller.\nThe Shad began to Run to day, having caught 100, 200 & 300 at a drought.\nMy Jack covered a she Mule to day\u2014after which two Mares.\nMy Boat which went up the day before yesterday, returned this evening only\u2014being detained by the north East wind.\nMr. Battaile Muse came here before dinner on business respecting the Collection of my rents and with his accts. wch. were just looked at, but not settled.\nMy People from the Ferry began to work in the New ground in front of the House to day.\nSowed a Bushel of Orchard Grass seed (given to me by Wm. Fitzhugh Esqr. of Chatham) in my last years Turnip patch at the home house. The qty. of ground might be about  of an acre. The grd. in which these Seeds were sown had been twice plowed\u2014chopped over & the clods broken with Hoes and twice harrowed afterwards: the Seeds were scratched in with a light Bush.\n   my rents: see entry for 4 Sept. 1784, n.1.\nFriday 21st. Thermometer at 48 in the Morning\u201448 at Noon and 48 at Night.\nDrizzling till about 6 Oclock when it began a constant slow & moderate Rain with the Wind from No. Et. all day.\nAbout Noon, one James Bloxham, an English Farmer from Gloucestershire arrived here with letters of recommendation from Colo. Fairfax (& others to him) consequent of my request to him to enquire after such a person.\n   Brought from England on the recommendation of Fairfax, James Bloxham signed an agreement with GW to serve as \u201cFarmer and Manager\u201d at 50 guineas a year, with house, provisions, and an extra 10 guineas to bring his family from England. Neither party to the agreement seemed entirely satisfied at first. GW wrote Arthur Young that Bloxham seemed to be a plain and honest farmer, but that his ability to manage a large farm was questionable. Bloxham wrote home that the plows were shocking, the farm hands disagreeable, and \u201cit is impossible for any man to Do Bisness in any form\u201d (Bloxham to William Peacey, 23 July 1786, ABBOTTWilbur Cortez Abbott. \u201cJames Bloxham, Farmer.\u201d Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 59 (1925\u201326): 177\u2013203., 188\u201389).\nSaturday 22d. Thermometer at 50 in the Morning\u201456 at Noon and 56 at Night.\nIn the Night there fell a great deal of rain, with some thunder & lightning which put a stop to plowing and indeed most other workings of the Earth.\nMorning Mizzling till about Noon, when it broke away without much wind which still hung to the Eastward. It was also tolerably warm and pleast.\nRid to the Plantations at Muddy hole, Dogue Run and Ferry. At the first fixed my Barrels for Planting Corn and Pease\u2014but the ground was too wet to use them. The heavy Rain last night had washed all the Albany Pease which had been sowed in broad cast out of the ground. Those which had been sowed a day or two before in Drills were coming up as the Oats & Barley also were.\nAt the Ferry Plantation the Siberian Wheat was here & there coming up.\nAt the Neck Plantation finished before the Rain sowing all my Barley  Rows with  quarts. Also finished Sowing the Burnet & Saintfoin  Rows of the former and  of the latter part of which were short and having some of these Seeds and those of the rib grass left I sowed 8 of the Intervals of these with it in broad Cast\u201411 ditto of the Saintfoin and 3 ditto of the Burnet in the same manner. Very little fish caught to day or yesterday.\nColo. Fitzhugh and his Son Willm. came here in the Afternoon.\nSunday 23d. Set off after breakfast, on a journey to Richmond\u2014to acknowledge in the General Court some Deeds for Land sold by me as Attorney for Colo. George Mercer which, it seems, could not be executed without. Dined at Dumfries and lodged at Stafford Court House.\nVery cloudy all day with but little wind and that from the Eastward.\nMonday 24th. A good deal of rain having fallen in the Night, and it continuing to do so till after 6 oclk. I was detained till near seven\u2014when I set out, dined at my mothers in Fredericksburgh & proceeded afterwards to, and lodged at General Spotswoods.\nUntil Noon the day was Missling, & sometime Raining which it also did in the night\u2014but being warm, vegitation was much promoted\u2014Wind Easterly.\nConversing with Generl. Spotswood on the growth, and preservation of the Pumpion, he informed me that a person in his Neighbourhood who had raised of them many years has preserved them by splitting them in two\u2014taking out the inside and then turning the rind part up (placed on rails or poles) for two or 3 days to dry\u2014after wch. they were packed in straw\u2014a layer of one,\nand a layer of the [other] alternately\u2014by which means they keep well through the Winter.\n   pumpion: Cucurbita pepo, pumpkin, a field crop which GW used as winter feed for cattle, planted either between rows of corn or along with root crops.\nTuesday 25th. Set out from General Spotswoods about Sun Rising and breakfasted at the Bowling green.\nWhere, meeting with Mr. Holmes (a neat, and supposed to be a good farmer) I was informed by him that from experience he had found that the best method of raising clover (in this Country) was to sow it on Wheat in Jany. when the ground was lightly covered with snow having never failed by this practice\u2014whereas fall sowing is often injured by wet, and frost and Spring sowing by drought.\nDined at Rawlins and lodged at Hanover Court House.\nThe forepart of the day was clear and warm, but the latter part was showery and cooler\u2014Wind westerly but not much of it.\n   In 1774 John Hoomes, a descendant of one of the first families to settle in Caroline County, received a license to operate an ordinary \u201cin his new buildings at Bowling Green\u201d (CAMPBELL [1]Thomas Elliott Campbell. Colonial Caroline: A History of Caroline County, Virginia. Richmond, 1954., 13, 219, 413). One year after this visit by GW, Hoomes entertained Samuel Vaughan, an English agriculturist and a friend of GW\u2019s, who noted that \u201cMr. Homes who furnished the Stages owns the Bowling green. His farm is in small enclosures well fenced a ditch & rows of handsome red ceder in the fence, kept neat & in prime order. The best cultivated of any on the road\u201d (VAUGHANSamuel Vaughan. \u201cMinutes Made by S. V. from Stage to Stage on a Tour to Fort Pitt or Pittsburgh in Company with Mr. Michl. Morgan Obrian, from Thence by S. V. Only through Virginia, Maryland, & Pensylvania (18 June to 4 Sept. 1787).\u201d Manuscript diary in the collection of the descendants of Samuel Vaughan., 43).\n   rawlins: probably the tavern GW had earlier referred to as \u201cClarkes\u201d (see entry for 4 May 1785). Rawlins may have been the tavern keeper in 1786. In 1781 a French officer referred to the \u201cvery fine and large inn\u201d located at Hanover Court House (RICEHoward C. Rice, Jr., and Anne S. K. Brown, eds. The American Campaigns of Rochambeau\u2019s Army, 1780, 1781, 1782, 1783. 2 vols. Princeton, N.J., 1972., 2:101).\nWednesday 26th. Left Hanover Court Ho[use] about Sun rise; breakfasted at Norvals tavern and reached Richmond about Noon. Put up at Formicalo\u2019s Tavern, where by invitation, I dined with the Judges of the General Court.\nMorning cloudy & not much wind, but between 8 and 10 Oclk. it came out fresh from the No. Wt.; and died away again about Noon.\nMeeting with Mr. Thos. Newton of Norfolk, he informed me that Mr. Neil Jameeson late of that place, now a merchant in New York, was Executor of Jno. Shaw (also of Norfolk) who was possessed of the Books of Messrs. Balfour & Barraud & to whom he advised me to apply, thinking it probable that I might obtain, a\nlist of the Ballances due to that House and thereby recover what was due to me therefrom.\n   norvals: probably the ordinary in Hanover County situated on the stage road about 12 miles north of Richmond. In 1787 Samuel Vaughan referred to this ordinary as \u201cNevils\u201d (VAUGHANSamuel Vaughan. \u201cMinutes Made by S. V. from Stage to Stage on a Tour to Fort Pitt or Pittsburgh in Company with Mr. Michl. Morgan Obrian, from Thence by S. V. Only through Virginia, Maryland, & Pensylvania (18 June to 4 Sept. 1787).\u201d Manuscript diary in the collection of the descendants of Samuel Vaughan., 44).\n   Serafino Formicola (Formiculo, Formicalo, Formicula), reputedly a \u201cNeapolitan who came to Virginia with Lord Dunmore, as the latter\u2019s maitre d\u2019hotel,\u201d moved his tavern business from Williamsburg to Richmond in 1780, where the next year he \u201copened tavern\u201d on the southeast corner of Main and Fifteenth streets, and where, during assembly days, \u201cGenerals, Colonels, Captains, Senators, Assembly-men, Judges, Doctors, Clerks, and crowds of Gentlemen, of every weight and calibre and every hue of dress, sat all together about the fire, drinking, smoking, singing, and talking\u201d (CHASTELLUXMarquis de Chastellux. Travels in North America in the Years 1780, 1781 and 1782. Translated and edited by Howard C. Rice, Jr. 2 vols. Chapel Hill, N.C., 1963., 2:428; Va. Gaz., D&N, 24 Feb. 1781; HEADS OF FAMILIES, VA.Heads of Families at the First Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1790: Virginia; Records of the State Enumerations, 1782 to 1785. 1908. Reprint. Baltimore, 1970., 118; SCHOEPFJohann David Schoepf. Travels in the Confederation [1783\u20131784]. Translated and edited by Alfred J. Morrison. 2 vols. Philadelphia, 1911., 2:64). Later in the decade Formicola moved to the Eagle Tavern at Main and Twelfth streets (DUMBAULDEdward Dumbauld. Thomas Jefferson, American Tourist: Being an Account of His Journeys in the United States of America, England, France, Italy, the Low Countries, and Germany. Norman, Okla., 1946., 46).\n   Thomas Newton, Jr., a merchant, dealt with GW\u2019s flour and acted as GW\u2019s agent in Norfolk. This meeting was probably prearranged (see GW to Thomas Newton, Jr., 3 Sept. 1785, GW to Neil Jamieson, 20 May 1786, DLC:GW). Neil Jamieson, earlier one of the leading merchants in Norfolk, fled Virginia during the Revolution (SOLTOWJames H. Soltow. The Economic Role of Williamsburg. Williamsburg, Va., 1965., 89\u201394). In 1793 GW recorded what was due him from Balfour & Barraud as \u00a31,768 17s. (LEDGER CGeneral Ledger C, 1790\u20131799. Morristown National Historical Park, Morristown, N.J., 3). Before the Revolution, GW had sold flour to James Balfour (d. 1775) and Daniel Barraud, merchants of Norfolk (Va. Gaz., P, 14 April, 14 July, 25 Aug. 1775; and see 4 Jan. 1775).\nThursday 27th. Acknowledged in the General Court a Deed to James Mercer Esqr. for the Lotts he and I bought at the Sale of his deceased Brother Colo. George Mercer and received a reconveyance from him of my part thereof.\nRoad with the Lieutt. Govr. Randolph, the Attorney General, and Mr. George Webb, to view the cut which had commenced between Westham and Richmond for the improvement of the Navigation of James river. Going late, and returning to dinner left but little time to view the work, or to form a judgment of the plan of it.\nDined, and spent the evening at the attorneys. Lodged again at Formicalos.\n   As president of the Council of State (1783\u201388), Beverley Randolph (1754\u20131797), of Cumberland County, acted as lieutenant governor in the absence or indisposition of the governor. His cousin Edmund Randolph was attorney general of the state 1776\u201386. George Webb (b. 1729), who lived in the Bassett-Dandridge-Custis neighborhood in New Kent County, served as treasurer of Virginia during the Revolution and was appointed to the Virginia Council of State in 1780 (MCILWAINEH. R. McIlwaine, ed. Official Letters of the Governors of the State of Virginia. 3 vols. Richmond, 1926\u201329., 2:123; Va. Mag., 25:100).\n   In Aug. 1785 the James River Company was formed to open navigation of\nthat river above the falls at Richmond, for which several canals were cut (HENINGWilliam Waller Hening, ed. The Statutes at Large; Being a Collection of All the Laws of Virginia, from the First Session of the Legislature, in the Year 1619. 13 vols. 1819\u201323. Reprint. Charlottesville, Va., 1969., 11:450\u201362).\nFriday 28th. Left Richmond about 6 Oclock\u2014breakfasted at Norvals\u2014Dined at Rawlins and lodged at the Bowling.\nThis Morning, as yesterday, was perfectly clear, warm and pleasant. Yesterday however, was calm. To day the Wind blew fresh from the So. West & in the afternoon became cloudy with great appearances of Rain a few drops of which fell, but in the evening it cleared and turned cooler.\nSaturday 29th. Set out from the Bowling green a little after Sun-rising\u2014breakfasted at General Spotswoods\u2014Dined at my Sister Lewis\u2019s in Fredericksburgh and spent the evening at Mr. Fitzhughs of Chatham.\nOne of my Chariot Horses having got lame going to Richmond, but forced back to Genl. Spotswoods (not however without much difficulty) was left there with a Servant who was ordered to proceed with him or a horse which Genl. Spotswood would lend in two days.\nWind being fresh at No. West it was clear and cool to day.\nSunday 30th. Set off about Sun rising from Mr. Fitzhughs\u2014breakfasted at Dumfries and reached home to a late Dinner.\nWhere I found 3 of Mr. Rawlins Men; two of whom (one a Mr. Tharpe, director of the work) had been since Sunday last; & had employed many hands in preparing Mortar & other materials for them. That the Fishing (especially at the home house wch. had been discontinued on acct. of the failure of the Sein) had not been successful\u2014That Colo. Gilpins Scow had been sent up on Monday last\u2014That the Rains had retarded the plows a good deal and had prevented Sowing Pease\u2014or planting Corn. That the Irish Potatoes had been planted on Tuesday last at Dogue Run, though the ground was wet, to prevent the rot destroying them all; the wetness of the ground prevented the use of the roller in this operation, but the want of it was supplied by Hoes, to break the clods\u2014That the Timothy Seed intended for the Oat ground at Dogue run had been sowed on it (and for want of the roller had been scratched in with a Bush, which was wrong, as the Oats were thereby torn & injured)\u2014That the Neck people had, on Wednesday last, finished drilling the Barley at that place in 66 rows\u2014every other of which had a sprinkling of Dung in the middle furrow\u2014That my drilled Wheat from the Cape had been\npropped to prevent its lodging\u2014That the common Chesnut (which it is apprehended are spoiled) was planted below the hops on thursday last\u2014That the Irish Potatoes had been planted at the River plantation on thursday last in ten rows\u2014each alternate one being dunged as those at Muddy hole were\u2014That the ground which had been prepared for Flax was sown therewith on Friday last and harrowed in\u2014then with clover seed and the whole rolled\u2014That 14 rows of the live & Water Oak Acorns had been planted on the same day in my botanical garden but it was not expected that any, or very few would come up\u2014That every other row of Corn in the cut intended for experiments at Muddy hole was planted by the Drill plow with the early Corn from New York and that all the Peas (consisting of two kinds) had been planted at the same place and in the same cut\u2014That When the worked ground was too wet to stir, or touch the plows were employed in listing for Corn and lastly that the Mercury during my absence had stood thus\u2014viz.\nMorng.\nNoon\nNight\nSunday\nMonday\nTuesday\nWednesday\nThursday\nFriday\nSaturday\nSunday\n   below the hops: Humulus lupulus, common or European hop used in brewing. GW had a plot set aside for these plants which in his entries for 13 and 18 April 1785 he calls a \u201chop enclosure.\u201d Among his miscellaneous agricultural papers is a page of notes on the cultivation of hops which he had extracted from a printed source (DLC:GW).", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0005-0001", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 1 May 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday first. Rid to the Fishing landing and to the Plantations at the Ferry, Dogue run, and Muddy hole; perceived the Siberian Wheat at the two first had come up thinly which I attributed partly to bad seed and partly to too thin sowing as the Oats and Barley at all three were also too thin and where the ground had been wet, and hard baked none appeared. Set them to drilling the common Corn at Muddy hole and to sowing Clover Seed in the Neck on the Oats\u2014the ground for\nwhich, was in bad order; being so hard baked that the roller could make no impression on it. This business has been unseasonably delayed\u2014partly from the late arrival of the Seed from Phila. & partly from neglect & unfavourable weather after it did arrive. But indifferent luck in fishing to day. Planted or rather transplanted from the Box sent me by Colo. Wm. Washington of So. Carolina 6 of the Sweet scented, or aromatic shrub in my Shrubberies, on each side the Serpentine walks on this (or East) side of the Garden gate. The rest of these shrubs I suffered to remain in the Box as they were beginning to shoot forth buds & it might be too late to remove them. Wind at No. West.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0005-0002", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 2 May 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 2d. Thermometer at 60 in the Morning\u201469 at Noon and 62 at Night. Wind Easterly, but not very fresh clear and plesant. Rid by Muddy hole plantation into the Neck. At the first finished drilling the common corn, and ordered the plow to be sent to Dogue run. At the latter I began to drill the common corn\u2014in the furthermost cut\u2014next the river, opposite to Mr. Digges\u2019s & continued the sowing of clover there. Could perceive no vegetation in the Burnet Saint foin, or other grass which had been sown at this place. Planted Pumpions at Morris\u2019s near the old Houses in which Mrs. Wade lived; in a light sandy soil, 10 feet a part. Began to harrow the ground at Morris\u2019s, that is Dogue run plantation in which the bad clover seed was sown last fall in order to sprinkle Timothy Seed on it. Planted 140 Seed sent me by Colo. Wm. Washington and said by him to be the Seed of the large Magnolio or Laurel of Carolina in boxes No. 4, 5 & 6 near the green house. Also 21 of the Illinois Nuts; compleating at the No. end, the piece of a row in my Botanical Garden in which on the [20th] of [March] I put Gloucester hiccory Nuts.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0005-0003", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 3 May 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 3d. Thermometer at 60 in the Morning\u201467 at Noon and 62 at Night. Calm and clear in the Morning. About Noon the wind sprung up from the Southward and towds. Night veered round to the Eastwd. and turned cool. Mid day warm. Rid to Muddy hole, Dogue run and Ferry plantations\u2014also to the fishing landing.  At the 1st. hoed up the sunken & cold places in which Barley had been sowed and was rotten in order to resow them. At the next I had the ground which was harrowed yesterday & cross harrowing to day sowed with Seeds from my Hay loft\u2014which I directed to be again harrowed to cover the seed and more effectually loosen the Earth. Also began to drill Peas at this\u2014the large sort, next the Barley. Caught a good many Fish yesterday\u2014but not many to day. Planted two rows of the everlasting Peas in my botanical Garden; in the Section which contained the guinea grass that would not stand the Winter. Also 2 rows of the Acorn of the live & water Oak in the same garden\u2014adjoining the row which has the hiccory & Illinois Nuts. And in box No. 9 in the Garden by the green House was put a pistatia Nut given to me by Colo. Mead. Perceived the Seeds of the Honey locust to be coming up, irregularly\u2014whether owing to their being shallowest planted\u2014hardness of the ground\u2014or not I cannot say. Also observed the clover & orchard grass seed which had been sown under the Pines in the pine grove for an experiment, was coming up pretty thick.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0005-0005", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 5 May 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 5th. Thermometer at 62 in the Morning\u201467 at Noon and 63 at Night.   The Morning mild and agreeable, as indeed it was through the day till towards evining, when it began to lower pretty much: a large & distinct circle round the Sun before noon & lasted a gd. while. Set out early from Abingdon, and beginning at the upper corner of my Land (in 4 Miles run) a little below an old Mill; I ran the Tract agreeably to the courses & distances of a Plat made thereof by John Hough, in the year 1766 (Novr.) in presence of Colo. Carlyle & Mr. James Mercer. Not havg. Hough\u2019s field Notes, & no Corner trees being noted in His Plat, I did not attempt to look for lines; but allowing one degree for the variation of Compass since the Survey, above mentioned, was made, I run the courses and distances only; & was unable for want of time, to do more than run the lines that brot. me to the run again; the Meanders of wch. must be run at some other time in order to ascertain with precision the quantity of Land which is contained. Upon the whole I found this tract fully equal to my expectations. The whole of it is well wooded\u2014some part is pretty well timbered; and generally speaking, it is level. About the main road, on the South side of the tract, trespasses (on the wood) had been made, but in a less degree than I expected to find and as I run the lines, as set down by Hough, with the variation; I run into the field lately Colo. Carlyle\u2019s (now Whitings) so far as to cut off 12 or 15 acres of his inclosure; & made the plat close very well to the run. Returned at Night to Abingdon being attended in the labours of the day, by Doctr. Stuart.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0005-0006", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 6 May 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 6th. Thermometer at 52 in the Morng.\u201458 at Noon and 56 at Night. A fresh wind all Night at No. East. Morning and forenoon\nvery cloudy, with a mizzling rain, but not enough to wet the ground\u2014wind from the same qtr. or a little more Northerly, continuing all day, which made it cool and disagreeable. After an early breakfast I set out on my return home, & taking Muddy hole in my way, returned about 10 Oclock. Found that all the large (Indian) Peas I had, had been sown with the drill plow yesterday, at Dogue run whh. only compleated 8 rows\u2014after which, they proceeded to sow the small black eyed pea & finished with them. That the drill plow in the Neck had finished planting the common Corn in the Cut in which it had first begun and was proceeding in the one adjoining and that the Muddy hole people had just begun to Hoe the New ground (for Corn) in front of the Home House. That the ferry Plantation had begun to Plant Corn\u2014in the common mode, for want of the drill plow, which was otherwise engaged. And that an indifferent hd. had been made of Catching Fish since Wednesday last.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0005-0007", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 7 May 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 7th. Thermometer at 56 in the morng.\u201467 at Noon and 66 at Night. Clear with the wind fresh, but not cold, from the No. West all day. Towards night it died away, & inclined to the Southward more. Mr. Porter, Mr. Murray, (Young) Mr. Bowen, and a Captain Aitkins came (by invitation) to dine with us today, and returnd to Alexandria in the Evening. Just as we were about to set down to Dinner Doctr. Craik, his Wife, Son William, and daughters (Miss Craik & Miss Nancy) came in\u2014Dined and stayed all Night.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0005-0008", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 8 May 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 8th. Thermometer at 60 in the Morning\u201470 at Noon and 65 at Night.  Clear, calm, & warm. Rid to Muddy hole & Dogue run. Began at the first to cross the lists in order to Plant Corn. The early Corn, & Indian Pease at this place were coming up. Sent a Carpenter to put a new Axle & do some other repairs to the Barrel plow at Dogue run. Sowed 3 rows of the Borden grass Seeds in the inclosure behind the Stables, adjoining to, and just below the Cape Wheat, & next the fence. Next to these was near a row of Yellow clover. The first was given to me by Colo. Fitzhugh of Maryland & the other by Colo. Chas. Carter of Ludlow. These rows were two feet apart, and the Seeds sown very thin in the rows, that the more Seeds might be saved from them for the next seasn. On Saturday last the dead Cedars in my shrubberies were replaced by live ones just taken up. Doctr. Craik, Wife & family went away after breakfast. In the Evening a Captn. Whaley from Yohiogany came in on some business respecting the Affairs of the deceased Val. Crawford and Hugh Stephenson; to whom I gave, under cover to Thos. Smith Esqr. (my Lawyer in that Country) a Bill of Sale and the letter wch. inclosed it which the said Vale. Crawford had sent me, in the Mo[nth] of May 1774 as Security for what he owed me, and to indemnify me for my engagements in his behalf\u2014to see if they were valid, & would cover the debt he owed me, as they never had been recorded. I also gave him the Statement of my Acct. with Colo. John, and the deceased Hugh Stephenson, which, in behalf of the latter, he promised to pay, and to obtain the other moiety from the first. He also promised to send in my Negros which had been hired to Gilbert Simpson or bring them in himself. In consequence of this assurance I gave him an order on Majr. Freeman to deliver them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0005-0009", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 9 May 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 9th. Thermometer at 60 in the Morng.\u201466 at Noon and 64 at Night. Clear & warm, with but little Wind and that did not spring up till about 11 Oclock\u2014first from the No. Et.\u2014shifting afterwards to So. Et. Rid to all my Plantations between Breakfast and dinner. Found the Flax in the Neck had come up, and full thick; and that the grass Seeds (rather Millet) obtnd. from Colo. Cary had come up; but none of the Saintfoin Burnet, or rib grass appeared to be springing. Finished planting, with the Barrel plow, the early Corn in the furthest cut in the field for experiments, in the Neck and not having enough to compleat another cut in the same field I ordered all the remaining part of it to be drilled with common corn. Accordingly, about Noon, the intermediate rows in the Middle cut which had been left for the early Corn were begun to be planted with the other. At this plantation also the People had begun to break up the Intervals, in the most grassy places between the listed ground\u2014but I set a plough to crossing in order to plant Corn in the common way in the field intended for this purpose. At Dogue run, the hands there were also hoeing up the intervals between the Corn rows. The ground, by the heavy rains which fell about 14 days ago, dry weather, and baking Winds since, had got immensely hard; so as that Seeds which were not already up, could not force through it; and those which had come up previously could not grow. Captn. Whaley went away before breakfast. Mr. George Digges, and Miss Digges, came to dinner & returned in the Evening\u2014at which time my Brother John came in from Berkeley.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0005-0010", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 10 May 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n Wednesday 10th. Thermometer at 58 in the Morning\u2014 at Noon\u2014and  at Night. But little wind in the Morning\u2014a red Sky at the sunrising and some clouds and appearances of rain, which soon dispersed. My Brother and Mr. George Washington went up to Town after Breakfast and did not return till the Evening. I rid to the Plantations at Muddy hole, Dogue run, and Ferry\u2014also to the fishing landing. At the first I found the early Corn had come up very well, except where the ground was hard, and baked; but that the birds were pulling it up fast. The Peas were also coming up, but not so regular as the Corn and of the Siberian Wheat, Barley & Oats which had come up some were cut off by a bug, & the rest looked indifferently; and in many places very thin; the Barley, which looked strong & of a good colour at first, had got to be yellow, and the ends of the blades in a manner dead. No appearance yet of the Potatoes & Carrots coming up. Ordered Morris (at Dogue run) to discontinue his 5 furrow lists, and go on with three, as I might (the Season advancing fast) get my Corn in the ground before it was too late. The Fish appeared to be quite done running\u2014but I ordered my People to continue at the landing trying a haul on every tide untill Saturday and between while\u2019s to attempt clearing a landing for sein hauling above the Ferry landing where the Channel approaches nearer the shore and it is thought good for Shad. Began to plant Corn in the Common way at Muddy hole.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0005-0011", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 11 May 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 11th. Thermometer at 55 in the morning\u201458 at Noon and 58 at Night. Morning cloudy, with great appearances of rain. About 11 Oclk. it began to rain; which fell moderately for about ten minutes & ceased but continued cloudy the remainder of the day\u2014Wind at So. East but not very fresh. My Brother set off on his return home after breakfast, passing through Maryland. Mrs. Washington and Fanny Washington went up to Abingdon & returned in the Evening. I rid to the Plantations at Muddy hole, Dogue run and Ferry between Breakfast & dinner and crossed to that in the Neck after dinner. The ground, particularly where they were drilling Corn at the last and indeed at Dogue run, wch. was stiff, & had been plowed when it was too wet was astonish[ing]ly hard & lumpy; and in which it is much to be feared the Corn will never rise.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0005-0012", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 12 May 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n Friday 12th. Thermometer at 58 in the Morning\u201467 at Noon and 65 at Night. Cloudy in the Morning\u2014about Noon the Sun shone but was soon obscured again & it remained cloudy all the latter part of the day\u2014rain exceedingly wanting. At home all day. Finished about Noon planting with the Barrel Plow the middle cut in my field of experiments at the River Plantation.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0005-0013", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 13 May 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 13th. Thermometer at 60 in the Morning\u201464 at Noon and 64 at Night. Lowering all the forepart of the day with drops of rain (but no more) now and then. Evening clear\u2014Wind variable, but mostly at So. Et. I rid to Muddy hole, Dogue run & Ferry plantations; and to the fishery at the latter. Ordered my People to quit hauling, and bring home my Seins. Finished (yesterday evening) planting Corn with the barrel plow, in the Cut intended for experiments at Dogue run. Also finished planting Corn in the Middle cut (this day abt. 3 Oclock) at Muddy hole, in the common way\u2014putting a little dung in each hole, in the poor parts of the ground. The Cotton Seeds, Pumpion Seeds, & Timothy Seeds (which were sowed on the Oats) at Dogue run, were coming up.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0005-0014", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 14 May 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 14th. Thermometer at 60 in the Morning\u201470 at Noon and 71 at Night. Clear all day, with very little Wind and that from So. West. G. A. Washington and his Wife, and Mr. Shaw went to Pohick Church\u2014dined at Mr. L. Washingtons and returned in the Evening. Colo. Gilpin, The Revd. Mr. McQuir; Mr. Hunter, & Mr. Sanderson came here to dinner and returned afterwards.  Began yesterday afternoon to pen my sheep, & Milch Cattle at the Ho[me] House, in the hurdles which had been made for the former.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0005-0015", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 15 May 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 15th. Thermometer at 64 in the Morning\u201468 at Noon and 68 at Night. Clear morning with but little Wind. About 10 Oclock clouds arose to the westward, and at 11 it began to thunder; About 12, a small, & very light sprinkling of rain fell, after which it cleared, but about 4 Oclock in the afternoon another cloud arose from whence we had a slow & moderate rain for about 3 quarters of an hour which softened the top of the ground (before much baked) and must be of great service to vegetation. Wind what there was of it came from the So. West. I rid to the Plantations in the Neck and to Muddy hole. At the latter perceived the Irish Potatoes to be coming up. At the former the Plows having overtaken the dung Carts (which were carrying out dung to spread in the Corn rows) I set them to plowing and planting the Peas\u2014ordering the alternate Pea rows to be planted at the same distance (viz. 18 Inches) a part, as the Corn is\u2014intending the intermediate ones to be drilled, that is, planted at 6 Inches a part to see which Mode will be most productive. A  with whom an agreement was made to bring a load of good & clean Shells having brought very bad and dirty ones they were refused. Majr. G. Washington went up to Alexandria on business. Doctr. Craik returned with him (by desire) in the afternoon to visit Mrs. Washington, who had been troubled for several days with a pain in her Shoulder.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0005-0016", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 16 May 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 16th. Thermometer at 65 in the Morning\u2014 at Noon and 64 at Night. Morning lowering. About 10 Oclock it thickened and thundered and before eleven began to rain & continued showery till near two Oclock after wch. it ceased but towards [evening] it thickned & began to rain again\u2014Wind for the most part Easterly but not strong. The rain of yesterday & what fell today appear to have wet the ground sufficiently. Doctr. Craik went away immediately after breakfast. I rid to the Plantations at Muddy hole and Dogue run. Perceived the\nPease at the former had come up very indifferently and looked badly which some of my Negroes ascribed to their being planted too early whilst the earth was too cold for this crop. The Peas which were planted somewhat later at Morris\u2019s (Dogue run) were also coming up, as his Corn was, and much pulled up by the Birds. The Timothy Seed sowed (on the clover field wch. had failed from the badness of the seed and which after harrowing had been laid down in it) at Dogue run, appeared to be coming up thick. Began to plant Corn at this Plantation yesterday in the common method. When I returned home I fd. Moses Ball, his Son John Ball, & Wm. Carlin here\u2014the first having his effects under execution wanted to borrow money to redeem them. Lent him ten pounds for this purpose. In the Afternoon a John Halley (of Maryland) applied to rent a fishing shore of me at Sheridins point. Requested him to make his proposals in writing and I would consider of them and as he was the first who had applied wd. give him the preference upon equal ground.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0005-0017", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 17 May 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 17th. Thermometer at 62 in the Morning\u201463 at Noon and 56 at Night. Morning calm, warm and pleasant. Between 10 and 12 Clouds arose, and showers fell around us, but none here. Between one & 2 Oclock the Wind came out hard at No. West and turned cold\u2014after which it moderated, and shifted to the Eastward; but still continued cold. At home all day; writing the best part of it. Began where Oats had been sowed in the Neck, and the grd. had got hard bound, and the clover seed unable to penetrate the earth and to vegitate to harrow and roll it, to see if the Clover & Oats both, would not be benefitted thereby.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0005-0018", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 18 May 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 18th. Thermometer at 58 in the Morning\u201465 at Noon and 60 at Night. Wind at So. West with Showery Clouds around us all day; about 7 Oclock it began to rain, and continued to do so powerfully, for 20 or 30 Minits when it cleared again. Rid to all the Plantations between breakfast & dinner. At the Ferry I found my people had finished planting corn in the common way yesterday & were preparing the small piece near the Fish House to plant with the drill (or Barrel); in which they were\nalso beginning to plant Irish Potatoes. This piece contains a few rod over two Acres. At Dogue run, finding they would be late planting & replanting Corn (for that which was first planted with the drill plow had either come up very badly, or had been destroyed by Birds) I directed, after the Cut (round Barrys houses) in which they were planting, was finished, to run a single furrow in the remainder of the other each way, and to plant it in that manner, hoeing the ground well where the Corn was dropped. Perceived the Irish Potatoes to be coming up at this Plantation. At Muddy hole they finished planting corn about 10 Oclock. At this place I tried a 3 hoed harrow which I had just made, with a single horse. Upon the whole it answered very well. The draft seemed rather hard for one horse but the late rains had made the ground heavier than usual. Ordered my Overseer at this place to take into the Barn & thresh out, the only stack of Wheat remaining at the Plantation and to carry the grain to the Mill. In the Neck every other Pea Row had been planted with the barrel, dropping the Peas at 18 Inches a part in the rows; and five othr. rows (intermediate) on the South, were planted at 6 Inches asunder in the Rows but finding this would take more Seed than I cd. Spare I discontinued sowing more in this manner and return to the 18 Inch distance agn. A Mr. Thos. Moody came here in the afternoon and paid me some money in discharge of his fathers Bond to Colo. Thos. Colvils Estate to which I am an Exr. John Knowles came here to work at \u00a35 pr. month and a pint of Rum pr. day.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0005-0019", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 19 May 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 19th. Thermometer at 55 in the Morning\u201465 at Noon and 60 at Night. Wind at No. West in the Morning and indeed through the day\u2014the forepart of which was cool\u2014the Middle and latter part moderate\u2014the whole pleasant. Rid to Muddy hole, Dogue Run, & Neck Plantations; the harrow plow was stopped at the first, by the Rain which fell yesterday\nand which had made the grd. too wet, & too heavy to use it in. At the latter, they would have finished drilling the Corn, and planting the Potatoes (the doing of which begun yesterday) but for the Rain which had fallen in the afternoon. It was done however early this morning; and the other spot, in which the Siberian Wht. had been Sowed, was set out; to get it in order for corn. To Dogue run I sent the remains of the Barley about half a peck to be pricked in where missing in the rows (beginning next the wheat) at the distance of eight Inches. Mr. Porter & Doctr. Craik Junr. came down the River in a Ship bd. to France. Landed & dined here & returned to Alexandria in the afternoon.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0005-0020", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 20 May 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 20th. Thermometer at 56 in the Morning\u201460 at Noon and 59 at Night. Morning clear with the Wind at South West. About 8 oclock it began to thicken to the westward which increased with distant thunder. By ten o clock it was quite overcast and began to rain moderately & continued to do so without wind for more than two hours when it ceased & the Sun came out but was more [or] less cloudy all the Afternoon, and cool, the wind having shifted to the South East and got fresher. Rid to Muddy hole and the Neck. The ground at the first having got drier, the harrow plow was again set to work in the drilled ground. Finished planting (yesterday evening) corn in the Neck with the Barrel plow and set about sowing pease there again. Finished planting with corn the cut at Dogue Run, which includes the Houses that were Barrys and began in that nearest the Overseers House. Having received from Holt of Williamsburg through the hands of Mr. Dandridge, about 6 gills of the Eastern shore Peas (or as he calls them beans) so celebrated for fertilizing Land I began, & before the rain fell, planted 3 Rows in the inclosure below the Stables adjoining the row of yellow clover, & in a line with the Cape Wheat, being a continuation of those rows (2 feet apart). The Seeds were placed a foot asunder in the rows.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0005-0021", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 21 May 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 21st. Thermometer at 60 in the Morng.\u201470 at Noon and 66 at Night. A good deal, and heavy rain fell in the Night; with thunder & lightning; day warm, with sun shine & clouds alternately. Calm in the forenoon, & wind at East in the afternoon with thunder and great appearances of rain a little only of which fell.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0005-0022", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 22 May 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 22d. Thermometer at 64 in the Morning\u201460 at Noon and 60 at Night. Wind Easterly, and very cloudy, with drops of Rain now and then. Rid to Muddy hole, Dogue Run & Ferry Plantations\u2014replanting Corn at the first. Begun to day, & not on Saturday as I have noted, to plant Corn in the cut next the Overseers house at Dogue run\u2014where by a mistake of the Overseer, they had begun, and had planted Barley in the rows of Siberian Wheat and had done  of them before I got there. Stopped and set them to replanting the missing parts of the Barley rows. Finished drilling the Corn at the Ferry Plantation. Planted 10 more rows of the Eastern shore Peas, along side of those which were put in on Saturday last and all that section with them in my Botanical garden which had the Guinea grass last year\u2014except the 2 Rows which had been before planted on the 3d. Instt. with everlasting Peas. Seperated my rams from the Ewes at the home house and ordered the same to be done at the Plantations. Began to take up the pavement of the Piaza.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0005-0024", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 24 May 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 24. Thermometer at 56 in the Morng.\u201456 at Noon and 58 at Night. Still drizling and cloudy, all day, with the Wind at No. East. At home all day. About 11 Oclock Doctr. Stuart and Mr. Lund Washington came in, dined, & returned afterwards and in the afternoon Colo. Robt. Stith arrived (from Alexandria) and stayed all night. Planted yesterday evening at Muddy hole about 1300 Cabbage plants and this morning finished the ground allotted for them at that place\u2014to do which, took in all, abt.  Plants. Also planted this day, in the Neck, two compleat rows of the Cabbages and the other two rows from the river fence up to the bushy pond by the other fence running Westerly and sent plants over this evening to compleat them in the Morning.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0005-0025", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 25 May 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 25th. Thermometer at 59 in the Morning\u201458 at Noon and 58 at Night. Drizling in the Morning, after which, about 9 Oclock, it began to rain, and continued to do so, moderately all day. At Night, and in the Night, it rained a good deal\u2014Wind at No. Et. At home all day. Colo. Stith set off after breakfast, but turned back when it began to rain, and stayed all day & Night.  Finished planting Cabbages in the Neck; and transplanted Carrots from my garden, to two of the Rows at Muddy hole, which had been sowed, or rather planted, with seed which was either put in too deep, or never vegitated. One of these rows had dung in the furrow, and the other not. Put a Coller on a large Bull in order to break him to the draft. At first he was sulky & restive but came to by degrees.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0005-0026", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 26 May 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 26th. Thermometer at 58 in the Morning\u201460 at Noon and 60 at Night. Raining with little or no intermission through the day\u2014a great deal having also fallen in the Night\u2014Wind still at No. East. Sent 50 Barrels of Superfine flour by the sloop Tryal Peter Kirwin to Thos. Newton junr. Esqr. to be disposed of on my Acct.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0005-0027", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 27 May 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 27th. Thermometer at 62 in the Morng.\u201466 at Noon and 68 at Night. Wind Easterly all day\u2014raining in the morning, clear about Noon with Clouds, mists, and Sunshine afterwards, alternately. Rid about 11 Oclock to visit the Plantations at Muddy hole and Dogue run. At the latter & in the Neck, the rain which had fallen in such quantities since Wednesday last had stopped their planting of Corn and left a little ground at each of those places unfinished. Colo. Stith crossed the river after dinner on his return home. Finished laying 28 courses of the pavement in the Piaza\u2014Weather very unfavourable for it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0005-0029", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 29 May 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 29th. Thermometer at 68 in the Morng.\u201472 at Noon and 70 at Night. Thunder, Lightning, and a good deal of rain last Night with\nmists & rain till nine Oclk. this Morning and Wind fresh from the Eastward most part of the day. About 9 Oclock, Mr. Tobias Lear, who had been previously engaged on a salary of 200 dollars, to live with me as a private Secretary & precepter for Washington Custis a year came here from New Hampshire, at which place his friends reside. Rid to the Plantations at Dogue Run & Muddy hole passing by the New ground where my ferry and Muddy [hole] people were Hoeing for Corn. Found my Mill race broke in 3 or 4 places and nearly half my Tumbling dams at the head of it, carried away by the fresh, occasioned by the immoderate rains, which had fallen and my Corn field both here & at Muddy hole in all the low places, and in the furrows covered with water. At both they were plowing, at the first to plant corn, and at the latter breaking up, but the water in many places followed the plows & it is to be feared that more hurt than good would result from the measure but the backwardness of Corn planting in one instance and rapid growth of grass in both Scarcely left a choice. On my Return found Colo. Mead here. Found, when I was at Dogue Run that Richard Burnet and wife had been living in the House formerly Barrys, since Wednesdy. last. Agreed this day with James Bloxham, who arrived here the [21st] of April from England, to live with and superintend my farming business upon the terms mentioned in a specific agreement in writing.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0005-0030", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 30 May 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 30th. Thermometer at  in the Morning\u2014 at Noon and  at Night. Wind tho\u2019 not much of it, was still at East. Morning Misty and threatning till dinner time after which it cleared. Accompanied by Colo. Mead, I rid to muddy hole and Neck Plantations to shew him my experiments in the drill husbandry\u2014with which he seemed to be pleased. G. A. Washington went up to Alexandria on my business & did not return till the Evening.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0005-0031", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 31 May 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 31st. Thermometer at 68 in the Morning\u2014 at Noon\u2014and 69 at Night. Wind still at No. East, and the day heavy & lowering, without rain. Colo. Mead left this after a very early Breakfast. I rid to the Plantations at Muddy hole & Dogue run, by the New ground; and also went to the Mill. At both places the Plows were at Work in ground much too wet. At the first, that is Muddy hole, they were breaking up ground, and at the other (Dogue Run) they were crossing for the purpose of planting Corn, which would be all in to day and in miserable order, as the ground was little other than Mortar, & hills obliged to be raised to keep the grain out of the Water. My Mill People, and Cowper, were employed in Repairing the breaches made by the Rain and in preventing the Water of Piney Run going up the Race in to Dogue Run, at the Tumbling dam as it has done since the mishap to the latter.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0005", "content": "Title: May [1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday first. Rid to the Fishing landing and to the Plantations at the Ferry, Dogue run, and Muddy hole; perceived the Siberian Wheat at the two first had come up thinly which I attributed partly to bad seed and partly to too thin sowing as the Oats and Barley at all three were also too thin and where the ground had been wet, and hard baked none appeared.\nSet them to drilling the common Corn at Muddy hole and to sowing Clover Seed in the Neck on the Oats\u2014the ground for\nwhich, was in bad order; being so hard baked that the roller could make no impression on it. This business has been unseasonably delayed\u2014partly from the late arrival of the Seed from Phila. & partly from neglect & unfavourable weather after it did arrive.\nBut indifferent luck in fishing to day.\nPlanted or rather transplanted from the Box sent me by Colo. Wm. Washington of So. Carolina 6 of the Sweet scented, or aromatic shrub in my Shrubberies, on each side the Serpentine walks on this (or East) side of the Garden gate. The rest of these shrubs I suffered to remain in the Box as they were beginning to shoot forth buds & it might be too late to remove them. Wind at No. West.\n   sweet scented . . . shrub: Calycanthus floridus, Carolina allspice.\nTuesday 2d. Thermometer at 60 in the Morning\u201469 at Noon and 62 at Night.\nWind Easterly, but not very fresh clear and plesant. Rid by Muddy hole plantation into the Neck. At the first finished drilling the common corn, and ordered the plow to be sent to Dogue run. At the latter I began to drill the common corn\u2014in the furthermost cut\u2014next the river, opposite to Mr. Digges\u2019s & continued the sowing of clover there. Could perceive no vegetation in the Burnet Saint foin, or other grass which had been sown at this place.\nPlanted Pumpions at Morris\u2019s near the old Houses in which Mrs. Wade lived; in a light sandy soil, 10 feet a part.\nBegan to harrow the ground at Morris\u2019s, that is Dogue run plantation in which the bad clover seed was sown last fall in order to sprinkle Timothy Seed on it.\nPlanted 140 Seed sent me by Colo. Wm. Washington and said by him to be the Seed of the large Magnolio or Laurel of Carolina in boxes No. 4, 5 & 6 near the green house.\nAlso 21 of the Illinois Nuts; compleating at the No. end, the piece of a row in my Botanical Garden in which on the [20th] of [March] I put Gloucester hiccory Nuts.\nWednesday 3d. Thermometer at 60 in the Morning\u201467 at Noon and 62 at Night.\nCalm and clear in the Morning. About Noon the wind sprung up from the Southward and towds. Night veered round to the Eastwd. and turned cool. Mid day warm.\nRid to Muddy hole, Dogue run and Ferry plantations\u2014also to the fishing landing.\nAt the 1st. hoed up the sunken & cold places in which Barley had been sowed and was rotten in order to resow them.\nAt the next I had the ground which was harrowed yesterday & cross harrowing to day sowed with Seeds from my Hay loft\u2014which I directed to be again harrowed to cover the seed and more effectually loosen the Earth. Also began to drill Peas at this\u2014the large sort, next the Barley.\nCaught a good many Fish yesterday\u2014but not many to day.\nPlanted two rows of the everlasting Peas in my botanical Garden; in the Section which contained the guinea grass that would not stand the Winter.\nAlso 2 rows of the Acorn of the live & water Oak in the same garden\u2014adjoining the row which has the hiccory & Illinois Nuts.\nAnd in box No. 9 in the Garden by the green House was put a pistatia Nut given to me by Colo. Mead.\nPerceived the Seeds of the Honey locust to be coming up, irregularly\u2014whether owing to their being shallowest planted\u2014hardness of the ground\u2014or not I cannot say.\nAlso observed the clover & orchard grass seed which had been sown under the Pines in the pine grove for an experiment, was coming up pretty thick.\n   illinois nuts: Carya illinoensis, pecan. GW also called them Mississippi nuts. They are Illinois nuts in Jefferson\u2019s Notes on the State of Virginia.\n   colo. mead: probably Richard Kidder Meade (1746\u20131805), originally of Nansemond County, who served as an aide to GW in the Revolution and later settled in Frederick County. pistatia nut: Pistacia vera, pistachio.\nThursday 4th. Thermometer at 58 in the Morning\u201468 at Noon and 63 at Night.\nClear and pleasant, with but little wind, and that Easterly. Towards evening it began to lower a little and at Night a circle appeared round the Moon.\nDoctr. Craik came here in the forenoon, & crossed the river after Dinner on his return home, at wch. time I set out for Abingdon in Order (to morrow) to Survey my 4 Miles run Tract; on which I had cause to apprehend trespasses had been committed.\nSent Majr. Washington to Town on Business where he and Mr. Lund Washington engaged to Mr. Watson 100 Barrls. of my Flour to be delivered next week at 32/9 pr. Barrl.\nNot many fish caught to day at the Ferry.\nMade good the missing Barley at Muddy hole.\nFriday 5th. Thermometer at 62 in the Morning\u201467 at Noon and 63 at Night.\nThe Morning mild and agreeable, as indeed it was through the day till towards evining, when it began to lower pretty much: a large & distinct circle round the Sun before noon & lasted a gd. while.\nSet out early from Abingdon, and beginning at the upper corner of my Land (in 4 Miles run) a little below an old Mill; I ran the Tract agreeably to the courses & distances of a Plat made thereof by John Hough, in the year 1766 (Novr.) in presence of Colo. Carlyle & Mr. James Mercer. Not havg. Hough\u2019s field Notes, & no Corner trees being noted in His Plat, I did not attempt to look for lines; but allowing one degree for the variation of Compass since the Survey, above mentioned, was made, I run the courses and distances only; & was unable for want of time, to do more than run the lines that brot. me to the run again; the Meanders of wch. must be run at some other time in order to ascertain with precision the quantity of Land which is contained. Upon the whole I found this tract fully equal to my expectations. The whole of it is well wooded\u2014some part is pretty well timbered; and generally speaking, it is level. About the main road, on the South side of the tract, trespasses (on the wood) had been made, but in a less degree than I expected to find and as I run the lines, as set down by Hough, with the variation; I run into the field lately Colo. Carlyle\u2019s (now Whitings) so far as to cut off 12 or 15 acres of his inclosure; & made the plat close very well to the run.\nReturned at Night to Abingdon being attended in the labours of the day, by Doctr. Stuart.\n   For background on this land, see entries for  27 Jan. 1775 and 21 and 22 April 1785.\n   Hough had surveyed the two tracts of land for James Mercer. There were several John Houghs of Loudoun County, and this seems to have been the John Hough who died in 1797. He was probably the one who lived on the Vestal\u2019s Gap Road and in 1772 was appointed a trustee for keeping the main roads to Vestal\u2019s and Williams\u2019 gaps in repair (HARRISON [1]Fairfax Harrison. Landmarks of Old Prince William: A Study of Origins in Northern Virginia. Berryville, Va., 1964., 562, 576). The surveyor and one of the original trustees for the town of Leesburg was John Hough, probably the same man (HENINGWilliam Waller Hening, ed. The Statutes at Large; Being a Collection of All the Laws of Virginia, from the First Session of the Legislature, in the Year 1619. 13 vols. 1819\u201323. Reprint. Charlottesville, Va., 1969., 7:235; STEADMANMelvin Lee Steadman, Jr. Historic Leesburg, Virginia: A Walking Tour. Leesburg, Va., 1967.). He was also a collector of quitrents for the Northern Neck proprietary from 1764 through most of the Revolution (DLC: Toner Collection).\n   presence of colo. carlyle & mr. james mercer: That is, they were present during the 1766 survey. Col. John Carlyle owned adjoining land. His \u201cfield\u201d was inherited by his grandson, Carlyle Fairfax Whiting (1778\u20131831), in 1784 (STETSON [1]Charles W. Stetson. Four Mile Run Land Grants. Washington, D.C., 1935., 55; WMQThe William and Mary Quarterly: A Magazine of Early American History. Williamsburg, Va., 18 [1910], 286).\nSaturday 6th. Thermometer at 52 in the Morng.\u201458 at Noon and 56 at Night.\nA fresh wind all Night at No. East. Morning and forenoon\nvery cloudy, with a mizzling rain, but not enough to wet the ground\u2014wind from the same qtr. or a little more Northerly, continuing all day, which made it cool and disagreeable.\nAfter an early breakfast I set out on my return home, & taking Muddy hole in my way, returned about 10 Oclock.\nFound that all the large (Indian) Peas I had, had been sown with the drill plow yesterday, at Dogue run whh. only compleated 8 rows\u2014after which, they proceeded to sow the small black eyed pea & finished with them.\nThat the drill plow in the Neck had finished planting the common Corn in the Cut in which it had first begun and was proceeding in the one adjoining and that the Muddy hole people had just begun to Hoe the New ground (for Corn) in front of the Home House.\nThat the ferry Plantation had begun to Plant Corn\u2014in the common mode, for want of the drill plow, which was otherwise engaged.\nAnd that an indifferent hd. had been made of Catching Fish since Wednesday last.\nSunday 7th. Thermometer at 56 in the morng.\u201467 at Noon and 66 at Night.\nClear with the wind fresh, but not cold, from the No. West all day. Towards night it died away, & inclined to the Southward more. Mr. Porter, Mr. Murray, (Young) Mr. Bowen, and a Captain Aitkins came (by invitation) to dine with us today, and returnd to Alexandria in the Evening. Just as we were about to set down to Dinner Doctr. Craik, his Wife, Son William, and daughters (Miss Craik & Miss Nancy) came in\u2014Dined and stayed all Night.\n   John Murray and Obadiah Bowen (1763\u20131793), eldest son of Jabez Bowen of Providence, R.I., were partners in the mercantile house of Murray, Bowen & Munford (Montfort) of Alexandria. John Munford, the third partner, was from New York City, where the firm also had a store (WARREN-ADAMS LETTERSWarren-Adams Letters: Being chiefly a correspondence among John Adams, Samuel Adams, and James Warren. 2 vols. Boston, 1917-25. In Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, vols. 72\u201373., 2:329\u201330; Alexandria City Hustings Court Deeds, Book B, 366\u201370, Vi Microfilm).\n   Joseph Atkins (died c.1787), a sea captain, was a friend and business associate of Thomas Porter. His ship Hope had arrived in Alexandria in early April from North Carolina and sailed for Dieppe with a load of tobacco in mid-May (JEFFERSON [1]Julian P. Boyd et al., eds. The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. 41 vols. to date. Princeton, N.J., 1950\u2013., 10:181; Va. Journal, 6 April and 25 May 1786).\nMonday 8th. Thermometer at 60 in the Morning\u201470 at Noon and 65 at Night.\nClear, calm, & warm.\nRid to Muddy hole & Dogue run. Began at the first to cross the lists in order to Plant Corn. The early Corn, & Indian Pease at this place were coming up.\nSent a Carpenter to put a new Axle & do some other repairs to the Barrel plow at Dogue run.\nSowed 3 rows of the Borden grass Seeds in the inclosure behind the Stables, adjoining to, and just below the Cape Wheat, & next the fence. Next to these was near a row of Yellow clover. The first was given to me by Colo. Fitzhugh of Maryland & the other by Colo. Chas. Carter of Ludlow. These rows were two feet apart, and the Seeds sown very thin in the rows, that the more Seeds might be saved from them for the next seasn.\nOn Saturday last the dead Cedars in my shrubberies were replaced by live ones just taken up.\nDoctr. Craik, Wife & family went away after breakfast.\nIn the Evening a Captn. Whaley from Yohiogany came in on some business respecting the Affairs of the deceased Val. Crawford and Hugh Stephenson; to whom I gave, under cover to Thos. Smith Esqr. (my Lawyer in that Country) a Bill of Sale and the letter wch. inclosed it which the said Vale. Crawford had sent me, in the Mo[nth] of May 1774 as Security for what he owed me, and to indemnify me for my engagements in his behalf\u2014to see if they were valid, & would cover the debt he owed me, as they never had been recorded. I also gave him the Statement of my Acct. with Colo. John, and the deceased Hugh Stephenson, which, in behalf of the latter, he promised to pay, and to obtain the other moiety from the first. He also promised to send in my Negros which had been hired to Gilbert Simpson or bring them in himself. In consequence of this assurance I gave him an order on Majr. Freeman to deliver them.\n   Valentine Crawford had sent GW a letter dated 6 May 1774 enclosing the bill of sale of his land as security for a \u00a3100 debt he owed GW (DLC:GW). Benjamin Whaley, of Fayette County, Pa., delivered this document to Thomas Smith who was to ascertain its validity (GW to Thomas Smith, 8 May 1786, NhD). GW also gave Whaley a statement of his account with John and Hugh Stephenson which indicated that the two brothers owed GW \u00a370 10s. Virginia currency (GW to Thomas Smith, 23 Sept. 1789, DLC:GW).\n   Thomas Freeman, GW\u2019s western agent, had been requested 16 Oct. 1785 to hire \u201ca careful person\u201d to bring the slaves at Washington\u2019s Bottom to Mount Vernon, \u201cif the measure can be reconciled to them\u201d (DLC:GW). Of the nine Negroes now there, three apparently were young children, and two, Simon and Nancy, had been among the four slaves sent by GW in\n   1773 to help start Simpson\u2019s plantation (General Ledger BGeneral Ledger B, 1772\u20131793. Library of Congress, George Washington Papers, Series 5, Financial Papers., folio 87). Despite an absence of nearly 13 years, these last two slaves had some reasons to return to Mount Vernon. \u201cSimon\u2019s countrymen, and Nancy\u2019s relations,\u201d GW had explained to Freeman, \u201care all here, and would be glad to see them. I would make a Carpenter of Simon, to work with his shipmate Jambo\u201d (16 Oct. 1785, DLC:GW). Nevertheless, none of the slaves, according to Freeman, could be persuaded to go to Mount Vernon \u201cfrom any Argument I could use\u201d (Freeman to GW, 18 Dec. 1786, DLC:GW). All were sold to various purchasers 5 Oct. 1786, Simon bringing \u00a3100 and Nancy together with a young child bringing \u00a380 15s. Total receipts amounted to \u00a3418 15s. (DLC:GW).\nTuesday 9th. Thermometer at 60 in the Morng.\u201466 at Noon and 64 at Night.\nClear & warm, with but little Wind and that did not spring up till about 11 Oclock\u2014first from the No. Et.\u2014shifting afterwards to So. Et.\nRid to all my Plantations between Breakfast and dinner.\nFound the Flax in the Neck had come up, and full thick; and that the grass Seeds (rather Millet) obtnd. from Colo. Cary had come up; but none of the Saintfoin Burnet, or rib grass appeared to be springing. Finished planting, with the Barrel plow, the early Corn in the furthest cut in the field for experiments, in the Neck and not having enough to compleat another cut in the same field I ordered all the remaining part of it to be drilled with common corn. Accordingly, about Noon, the intermediate rows in the Middle cut which had been left for the early Corn were begun to be planted with the other. At this plantation also the People had begun to break up the Intervals, in the most grassy places between the listed ground\u2014but I set a plough to crossing in order to plant Corn in the common way in the field intended for this purpose.\nAt Dogue run, the hands there were also hoeing up the intervals between the Corn rows.\nThe ground, by the heavy rains which fell about 14 days ago, dry weather, and baking Winds since, had got immensely hard; so as that Seeds which were not already up, could not force through it; and those which had come up previously could not grow.\nCaptn. Whaley went away before breakfast.\nMr. George Digges, and Miss Digges, came to dinner & returned in the Evening\u2014at which time my Brother John came in from Berkeley.\n   Panicum miliaceum, millet.\nWednesday 10th. Thermometer at 58 in the Morning\u2014 at Noon\u2014and  at Night.\nBut little wind in the Morning\u2014a red Sky at the sunrising and some clouds and appearances of rain, which soon dispersed.\nMy Brother and Mr. George Washington went up to Town after Breakfast and did not return till the Evening.\nI rid to the Plantations at Muddy hole, Dogue run, and Ferry\u2014also to the fishing landing. At the first I found the early Corn had come up very well, except where the ground was hard, and baked; but that the birds were pulling it up fast. The Peas were also coming up, but not so regular as the Corn and of the Siberian Wheat, Barley & Oats which had come up some were cut off by a bug, & the rest looked indifferently; and in many places very thin; the Barley, which looked strong & of a good colour at first, had got to be yellow, and the ends of the blades in a manner dead. No appearance yet of the Potatoes & Carrots coming up.\nOrdered Morris (at Dogue run) to discontinue his 5 furrow lists, and go on with three, as I might (the Season advancing fast) get my Corn in the ground before it was too late.\nThe Fish appeared to be quite done running\u2014but I ordered my People to continue at the landing trying a haul on every tide untill Saturday and between while\u2019s to attempt clearing a landing for sein hauling above the Ferry landing where the Channel approaches nearer the shore and it is thought good for Shad.\nBegan to plant Corn in the Common way at Muddy hole.\nThursday 11th. Thermometer at 55 in the morning\u201458 at Noon and 58 at Night.\nMorning cloudy, with great appearances of rain. About 11 Oclk. it began to rain; which fell moderately for about ten minutes & ceased but continued cloudy the remainder of the day\u2014Wind at So. East but not very fresh.\nMy Brother set off on his return home after breakfast, passing through Maryland.\nMrs. Washington and Fanny Washington went up to Abingdon & returned in the Evening.\nI rid to the Plantations at Muddy hole, Dogue run and Ferry between Breakfast & dinner and crossed to that in the Neck after dinner. The ground, particularly where they were drilling Corn at the last and indeed at Dogue run, wch. was stiff, & had been plowed when it was too wet was astonish[ing]ly hard & lumpy; and in which it is much to be feared the Corn will never rise.\nFriday 12th. Thermometer at 58 in the Morning\u201467 at Noon and 65 at Night.\nCloudy in the Morning\u2014about Noon the Sun shone but was soon obscured again & it remained cloudy all the latter part of the day\u2014rain exceedingly wanting.\nAt home all day.\nFinished about Noon planting with the Barrel Plow the middle cut in my field of experiments at the River Plantation.\nSaturday 13th. Thermometer at 60 in the Morning\u201464 at Noon and 64 at Night.\nLowering all the forepart of the day with drops of rain (but no more) now and then. Evening clear\u2014Wind variable, but mostly at So. Et.\nI rid to Muddy hole, Dogue run & Ferry plantations; and to the fishery at the latter.\nOrdered my People to quit hauling, and bring home my Seins.\nFinished (yesterday evening) planting Corn with the barrel plow, in the Cut intended for experiments at Dogue run.\nAlso finished planting Corn in the Middle cut (this day abt. 3 Oclock) at Muddy hole, in the common way\u2014putting a little dung in each hole, in the poor parts of the ground.\nThe Cotton Seeds, Pumpion Seeds, & Timothy Seeds (which were sowed on the Oats) at Dogue run, were coming up.\n   the cotton seeds: Gossypium. Cotton was never a part of GW\u2019s farming plan. He raised a little on the York River plantation and bought some, apparently for the use of his family, not his slaves. From Philadelphia, GW sent a few Nankeen or Nanking cotton seeds to manager William Pearce 16\u201317 Mar. 1794. \u201cLet them be planted the first day of May in light and rich ground, well prepared. Put four seeds in a hill\u201d (NBLiHi). These seeds were a gift from John Jay. In thanking Jay 5 Mar. 1794, GW said he feared that Mount Vernon was too high and cold for successful cultivation, as shown by his experience of the effects of frosts on common cotton. He thought the lower parts of Virginia might provide a milder climate and more sandy soil, and said he would send some of the seeds to an acquaintance there (sold by Sotheby, London, 11\u201312 June 1973, Item 604).\nSunday 14th. Thermometer at 60 in the Morning\u201470 at Noon and 71 at Night.\nClear all day, with very little Wind and that from So. West.\nG. A. Washington and his Wife, and Mr. Shaw went to Pohick Church\u2014dined at Mr. L. Washingtons and returned in the Evening. Colo. Gilpin, The Revd. Mr. McQuir; Mr. Hunter, & Mr. Sanderson came here to dinner and returned afterwards.\nBegan yesterday afternoon to pen my sheep, & Milch Cattle at the Ho[me] House, in the hurdles which had been made for the former.\n   the revd. mr. mcquir: William McWhir (1759\u20131851) was a Presbyterian clergyman, born in Ireland, who came to Alexandria about 1784. He was in charge of the Alexandria academy where GW\u2019s two nephews George Steptoe and Lawrence Augustine Washington were enrolled.\nMonday 15th. Thermometer at 64 in the Morning\u201468 at Noon and 68 at Night.\nClear morning with but little Wind. About 10 Oclock clouds arose to the westward, and at 11 it began to thunder; About 12, a small, & very light sprinkling of rain fell, after which it cleared, but about 4 Oclock in the afternoon another cloud arose from whence we had a slow & moderate rain for about 3 quarters of an hour which softened the top of the ground (before much baked) and must be of great service to vegetation. Wind what there was of it came from the So. West.\nI rid to the Plantations in the Neck and to Muddy hole. At the latter perceived the Irish Potatoes to be coming up. At the former the Plows having overtaken the dung Carts (which were carrying out dung to spread in the Corn rows) I set them to plowing and planting the Peas\u2014ordering the alternate Pea rows to be planted at the same distance (viz. 18 Inches) a part, as the Corn is\u2014intending the intermediate ones to be drilled, that is, planted at 6 Inches a part to see which Mode will be most productive.\nA  with whom an agreement was made to bring a load of good & clean Shells having brought very bad and dirty ones they were refused.\nMajr. G. Washington went up to Alexandria on business. Doctr. Craik returned with him (by desire) in the afternoon to visit Mrs. Washington, who had been troubled for several days with a pain in her Shoulder.\nTuesday 16th. Thermometer at 65 in the Morning\u2014 at Noon and 64 at Night. Morning lowering. About 10 Oclock it thickened and thundered and before eleven began to rain & continued showery till near two Oclock after wch. it ceased but towards [evening] it thickned & began to rain again\u2014Wind for the most part Easterly but not strong. The rain of yesterday & what fell today appear to have wet the ground sufficiently.\nDoctr. Craik went away immediately after breakfast. I rid to the Plantations at Muddy hole and Dogue run. Perceived the\nPease at the former had come up very indifferently and looked badly which some of my Negroes ascribed to their being planted too early whilst the earth was too cold for this crop.\nThe Peas which were planted somewhat later at Morris\u2019s (Dogue run) were also coming up, as his Corn was, and much pulled up by the Birds. The Timothy Seed sowed (on the clover field wch. had failed from the badness of the seed and which after harrowing had been laid down in it) at Dogue run, appeared to be coming up thick.\nBegan to plant Corn at this Plantation yesterday in the common method.\nWhen I returned home I fd. Moses Ball, his Son John Ball, & Wm. Carlin here\u2014the first having his effects under execution wanted to borrow money to redeem them. Lent him ten pounds for this purpose.\nIn the Afternoon a John Halley (of Maryland) applied to rent a fishing shore of me at Sheridins point. Requested him to make his proposals in writing and I would consider of them and as he was the first who had applied wd. give him the preference upon equal ground.\nWednesday 17th. Thermometer at 62 in the Morning\u201463 at Noon and 56 at Night.\nMorning calm, warm and pleasant. Between 10 and 12 Clouds arose, and showers fell around us, but none here. Between one & 2 Oclock the Wind came out hard at No. West and turned cold\u2014after which it moderated, and shifted to the Eastward; but still continued cold.\nAt home all day; writing the best part of it.\nBegan where Oats had been sowed in the Neck, and the grd. had got hard bound, and the clover seed unable to penetrate the earth and to vegitate to harrow and roll it, to see if the Clover & Oats both, would not be benefitted thereby.\nThursday 18th. Thermometer at 58 in the Morning\u201465 at Noon and 60 at Night.\nWind at So. West with Showery Clouds around us all day; about 7 Oclock it began to rain, and continued to do so powerfully, for 20 or 30 Minits when it cleared again.\nRid to all the Plantations between breakfast & dinner. At the Ferry I found my people had finished planting corn in the common way yesterday & were preparing the small piece near the Fish House to plant with the drill (or Barrel); in which they were\nalso beginning to plant Irish Potatoes. This piece contains a few rod over two Acres. At Dogue run, finding they would be late planting & replanting Corn (for that which was first planted with the drill plow had either come up very badly, or had been destroyed by Birds) I directed, after the Cut (round Barrys houses) in which they were planting, was finished, to run a single furrow in the remainder of the other each way, and to plant it in that manner, hoeing the ground well where the Corn was dropped. Perceived the Irish Potatoes to be coming up at this Plantation. At Muddy hole they finished planting corn about 10 Oclock. At this place I tried a 3 hoed harrow which I had just made, with a single horse. Upon the whole it answered very well. The draft seemed rather hard for one horse but the late rains had made the ground heavier than usual. Ordered my Overseer at this place to take into the Barn & thresh out, the only stack of Wheat remaining at the Plantation and to carry the grain to the Mill. In the Neck every other Pea Row had been planted with the barrel, dropping the Peas at 18 Inches a part in the rows; and five othr. rows (intermediate) on the South, were planted at 6 Inches asunder in the Rows but finding this would take more Seed than I cd. Spare I discontinued sowing more in this manner and return to the 18 Inch distance agn.\nA Mr. Thos. Moody came here in the afternoon and paid me some money in discharge of his fathers Bond to Colo. Thos. Colvils Estate to which I am an Exr.\nJohn Knowles came here to work at \u00a35 pr. month and a pint of Rum pr. day.\n   Thomas Moody was making a payment for a parcel of land bought in 1768 by his father, Benjamin Moody, from the estate of Thomas Colvill. The elder Moody, who protested the executor\u2019s survey, had never made payment and thus never received a title. In 1779 Moody sold the land and went to court to force a settlement in the current inflated currency and to gain his title. Under an agreement finally reached in Nov. 1781, the payment today was the first of five payments to be made over the next three years (Washington\u2019s reply to bill of complaint executed against him by Benjamin Moody, 22 Aug. 1780, NjMoHP; General Ledger BGeneral Ledger B, 1772\u20131793. Library of Congress, George Washington Papers, Series 5, Financial Papers., folio 135).\nFriday 19th. Thermometer at 55 in the Morning\u201465 at Noon and 60 at Night.\nWind at No. West in the Morning and indeed through the day\u2014the forepart of which was cool\u2014the Middle and latter part moderate\u2014the whole pleasant.\nRid to Muddy hole, Dogue Run, & Neck Plantations; the harrow plow was stopped at the first, by the Rain which fell yesterday\nand which had made the grd. too wet, & too heavy to use it in. At the latter, they would have finished drilling the Corn, and planting the Potatoes (the doing of which begun yesterday) but for the Rain which had fallen in the afternoon. It was done however early this morning; and the other spot, in which the Siberian Wht. had been Sowed, was set out; to get it in order for corn. To Dogue run I sent the remains of the Barley about half a peck to be pricked in where missing in the rows (beginning next the wheat) at the distance of eight Inches.\nMr. Porter & Doctr. Craik Junr. came down the River in a Ship bd. to France. Landed & dined here & returned to Alexandria in the afternoon.\n   Thomas Porter and Dr. James Craik, Jr., came to Mount Vernon aboard Joseph Atkins\u2019s ship Hope (see 7 May 1786).\nSaturday 20th. Thermometer at 56 in the Morning\u201460 at Noon and 59 at Night. Morning clear with the Wind at South West. About 8 oclock it began to thicken to the westward which increased with distant thunder. By ten o clock it was quite overcast and began to rain moderately & continued to do so without wind for more than two hours when it ceased & the Sun came out but was more [or] less cloudy all the Afternoon, and cool, the wind having shifted to the South East and got fresher.\nRid to Muddy hole and the Neck. The ground at the first having got drier, the harrow plow was again set to work in the drilled ground. Finished planting (yesterday evening) corn in the Neck with the Barrel plow and set about sowing pease there again.\nFinished planting with corn the cut at Dogue Run, which includes the Houses that were Barrys and began in that nearest the Overseers House.\nHaving received from Holt of Williamsburg through the hands of Mr. Dandridge, about 6 gills of the Eastern shore Peas (or as he calls them beans) so celebrated for fertilizing Land I began, & before the rain fell, planted 3 Rows in the inclosure below the Stables adjoining the row of yellow clover, & in a line with the Cape Wheat, being a continuation of those rows (2 feet apart). The Seeds were placed a foot asunder in the rows.\n   William Holt (d. 1791), an influential citizen of Williamsburg, was a Presbyterian who joined with Rev. John J. Smith of Long Island, N.Y., in establishing a settlement in New Kent County, Va., where they had a forge and mills. GW had several business transactions with Holt at this time.\n   eastern shore peas: Later in his diaries, and in his correspondence, GW will call this crop the wild bean or the Maggity Bay pea. It was widely\ncalled the Magothy Bay or Eastern Shore bean, and farmers had high hopes for it as a fallow crop for soil replenishment. GW paid a large price for a small quantity of seed, had little luck with it, and later reported that it was simply a variety of Cassia chamaecrista, the partridge pea which grew wild on his Mount Vernon farms. Its fame persisted, however; calling it the Magadaba bean, the Farmers\u2019 Register, 1 (1833\u201334), 285, described it as an annual with black pods, very durable in hot weather.\nSunday 21st. Thermometer at 60 in the Morng.\u201470 at Noon and 66 at Night.\nA good deal, and heavy rain fell in the Night; with thunder & lightning; day warm, with sun shine & clouds alternately. Calm in the forenoon, & wind at East in the afternoon with thunder and great appearances of rain a little only of which fell.\nMonday 22d. Thermometer at 64 in the Morning\u201460 at Noon and 60 at Night.\nWind Easterly, and very cloudy, with drops of Rain now and then.\nRid to Muddy hole, Dogue Run & Ferry Plantations\u2014replanting Corn at the first. Begun to day, & not on Saturday as I have noted, to plant Corn in the cut next the Overseers house at Dogue run\u2014where by a mistake of the Overseer, they had begun, and had planted Barley in the rows of Siberian Wheat and had done  of them before I got there. Stopped and set them to replanting the missing parts of the Barley rows. Finished drilling the Corn at the Ferry Plantation.\nPlanted 10 more rows of the Eastern shore Peas, along side of those which were put in on Saturday last and all that section with them in my Botanical garden which had the Guinea grass last year\u2014except the 2 Rows which had been before planted on the 3d. Instt. with everlasting Peas.\nSeperated my rams from the Ewes at the home house and ordered the same to be done at the Plantations.\nBegan to take up the pavement of the Piaza.\nTuesday 23d. Thermometer at 60 in the Morng.\u201460 at Noon and 58 at Night.\nMisting in the Morning and very cloudy & cold all day with the Wind at No. Et.\nRid to Muddy hole and Neck Plantations. Ordered the grd. allotted for Cabbages, to be prepared at both places; and plants to be taken from my garden to set it with. This preparation consisted of another listing (or plowing with three furrows) of the\nground which had been before listed; leaving an intermediate row at each place for Turnips, to try which would yield most, & be most profitable\u2014replanting the common Corn which had been drilled at Muddy hole. Finished planting Peas with the Barrel in the Neck on Saturday last and listing the Corn ground at the same place this day for planting in the common way.\nBegan yesterday, with the Ferry people, to list the New ground in front of the House for Corn\u2014with Hoes.\nAnd this day began to lay the Flags in my Piaza\u2014Cornelius and Tom Davis assisting.\n   allotted for cabbages: Brassica capitata, cabbage, grown as a soil conditioner and livestock feed. GW called one variety \u201cDrumhead & Cattle Cabbage\u201d when writing to Anthony Whitting, 25 Nov. 1792 (DLC:GW). George Lee wrote GW, \u201cI have sent you a small quantity of the great longsided scots cabbage seed\u201d (28 April 1787, DLC:GW).\nWednesday 24. Thermometer at 56 in the Morng.\u201456 at Noon and 58 at Night.\nStill drizling and cloudy, all day, with the Wind at No. East.\nAt home all day. About 11 Oclock Doctr. Stuart and Mr. Lund Washington came in, dined, & returned afterwards and in the afternoon Colo. Robt. Stith arrived (from Alexandria) and stayed all night.\nPlanted yesterday evening at Muddy hole about 1300 Cabbage plants and this morning finished the ground allotted for them at that place\u2014to do which, took in all, abt.  Plants.\nAlso planted this day, in the Neck, two compleat rows of the Cabbages and the other two rows from the river fence up to the bushy pond by the other fence running Westerly and sent plants over this evening to compleat them in the Morning.\n   Col. Robert Stith, of Chotank, was the son of Buckner Stith (1722\u20131791), of Brunswick County, and thus a nephew of Buckner\u2019s brother John of Chotank, whom GW had visited on 3 Sept. 1768. He married Mary Townsend Washington, daughter of GW\u2019s cousin and boyhood companion Lawrence Washington of Chotank.\nThursday 25th. Thermometer at 59 in the Morning\u201458 at Noon and 58 at Night.\nDrizling in the Morning, after which, about 9 Oclock, it began to rain, and continued to do so, moderately all day. At Night, and in the Night, it rained a good deal\u2014Wind at No. Et.\nAt home all day. Colo. Stith set off after breakfast, but turned back when it began to rain, and stayed all day & Night.\nFinished planting Cabbages in the Neck; and transplanted Carrots from my garden, to two of the Rows at Muddy hole, which had been sowed, or rather planted, with seed which was either put in too deep, or never vegitated. One of these rows had dung in the furrow, and the other not.\nPut a Coller on a large Bull in order to break him to the draft. At first he was sulky & restive but came to by degrees.\nFriday 26th. Thermometer at 58 in the Morning\u201460 at Noon and 60 at Night.\nRaining with little or no intermission through the day\u2014a great deal having also fallen in the Night\u2014Wind still at No. East.\nSent 50 Barrels of Superfine flour by the sloop Tryal Peter Kirwin to Thos. Newton junr. Esqr. to be disposed of on my Acct.\n   Half of this flour was shipped uninspected because Capt. Peter Kerwin, \u201ccalling unexpectedly, and being in a hurry, would not allow time to get the Inspectors from Alexandria\u201d (GW to Thomas Newton, Jr., 26 May 1786, DLC:GW).\nSaturday 27th. Thermometer at 62 in the Morng.\u201466 at Noon and 68 at Night.\nWind Easterly all day\u2014raining in the morning, clear about Noon with Clouds, mists, and Sunshine afterwards, alternately.\nRid about 11 Oclock to visit the Plantations at Muddy hole and Dogue run. At the latter & in the Neck, the rain which had fallen in such quantities since Wednesday last had stopped their planting of Corn and left a little ground at each of those places unfinished.\nColo. Stith crossed the river after dinner on his return home.\nFinished laying 28 courses of the pavement in the Piaza\u2014Weather very unfavourable for it.\nSunday 28th. Thermometer at 66 in the Morning\u201466 at Noon and 68 at Night.\nThe forenoon very rainy with high Wind from the No. Et. About Noon it ceased raining. The Wind moderated and veered round to the Southward and then died away.\nThe continual, and excessive rains, has so surcharged the Earth with Water, that abt. 40 feet of my sunk wall, near the Ice house fell down and the greater part of my cape Wheat lodged.\nMonday 29th. Thermometer at 68 in the Morng.\u201472 at Noon and 70 at Night.\nThunder, Lightning, and a good deal of rain last Night with\nmists & rain till nine Oclk. this Morning and Wind fresh from the Eastward most part of the day.\n   About 9 Oclock, Mr. Tobias Lear, who had been previously engaged on a salary of 200 dollars, to live with me as a private Secretary & precepter for Washington Custis a year came here from New Hampshire, at which place his friends reside.\nRid to the Plantations at Dogue Run & Muddy hole passing by the New ground where my ferry and Muddy [hole] people were Hoeing for Corn.\nFound my Mill race broke in 3 or 4 places and nearly half my Tumbling dams at the head of it, carried away by the fresh, occasioned by the immoderate rains, which had fallen and my Corn field both here & at Muddy hole in all the low places, and in the furrows covered with water. At both they were plowing, at the first to plant corn, and at the latter breaking up, but the water in many places followed the plows & it is to be feared that more hurt than good would result from the measure but the backwardness of Corn planting in one instance and rapid growth of grass in both Scarcely left a choice.\nOn my Return found Colo. Mead here.\nFound, when I was at Dogue Run that Richard Burnet and wife had been living in the House formerly Barrys, since Wednesdy. last.\nAgreed this day with James Bloxham, who arrived here the [21st] of April from England, to live with and superintend my farming business upon the terms mentioned in a specific agreement in writing.\n   Benjamin Lincoln recommended Tobias Lear (1762\u20131816), a Harvard graduate from New Hampshire, to GW for the position of secretary and tutor, describing him as having the \u201ccharacter of a Gentleman & a schoolar\u201d (Lincoln to GW, 4 Jan. 1786, DLC:GW). Lear asked for $200 a year and GW agreed to it in April (GW to Lincoln, 10 April 1786, MH; Lear to GW, 7 May 1786, DLC:GW). What started as only a one-year appointment developed into a close association and an enduring friendship.\nTuesday 30th. Thermometer at  in the Morning\u2014 at Noon and  at Night.\nWind tho\u2019 not much of it, was still at East. Morning Misty and threatning till dinner time after which it cleared.\nAccompanied by Colo. Mead, I rid to muddy hole and Neck Plantations to shew him my experiments in the drill husbandry\u2014with which he seemed to be pleased.\nG. A. Washington went up to Alexandria on my business & did not return till the Evening.\nWednesday 31st. Thermometer at 68 in the Morning\u2014 at Noon\u2014and 69 at Night.\nWind still at No. East, and the day heavy & lowering, without rain.\nColo. Mead left this after a very early Breakfast.\nI rid to the Plantations at Muddy hole & Dogue run, by the New ground; and also went to the Mill.\nAt both places the Plows were at Work in ground much too wet. At the first, that is Muddy hole, they were breaking up ground, and at the other (Dogue Run) they were crossing for the purpose of planting Corn, which would be all in to day and in miserable order, as the ground was little other than Mortar, & hills obliged to be raised to keep the grain out of the Water.\nMy Mill People, and Cowper, were employed in Repairing the breaches made by the Rain and in preventing the Water of Piney Run going up the Race in to Dogue Run, at the Tumbling dam as it has done since the mishap to the latter.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0006-0001", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 1 June 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 1st. Thermometer at 68 in the Morning\u201472 at Noon and 70 at Night. Misting in the Morning and at Intervals all day with the wind at No. Et. and at times fresh. Rid to my Plantations at Muddy hole and in the Neck; at the\nlatter the People were setting Corn in the field of experiments, furthest cut. The Peas at this place have come up very indifferently, and looked badly. The Barley also did not assume the best appearance but the Oats looked well. Breaking up at both these places altho\u2019 the grd. was vastly too wet for it. Removed my Cow pen & Sheep fold at home. Doctr. Craik was sent for to a Negro man named Adam in the Neck & to a Negro woman Amy at Muddy hole. After visiting these People & dining here he returned home. Mr. Shaw was sent to Alexandria on my business to day and returned in the Night.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0006-0003", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 3 June 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 3d. Thermometer at 69 in the Morning\u201472 at Noon and 71 at Night.  Morning very heavy, sometimes misting, and then raining till 9 oclock\u2014lowering afterwards till the afternoon, when it became calm & clear with a good horizon at the Suns setting. The wind was at No. Et. all the fore part of the day, & pretty fresh. Rid to the Plantations at the Ferry, Dogue run, and Muddy hole. At the first and last they were plowing, but the grd. was very heavy\u2014at the other it was too wet to plow at all. The Corn at all these places I found very much pulled up and destroyed by the Birds. The Rains had so softened the ground that to do this was very easy for them. Of the Siberian Wheat scarce any (of the little that came up) remains in the ground and the appearance of the Barley is very indifferent\u2014not being either of a good colour or vigorous growth; whether owing to the quantity of rain or other Causes I do not undertake to decide. It did not, in the first instance, come up well\u2014the drouth at first hurt it and the water, in many places covered it afterwards; this also happened to the Pease which cut but a poor figure. The Potatoes in low places either never came up, or is destroyed. The Cabbage plants in general stand well, tho\u2019 in some low places these also are covered with water, and appear to be dead. The Oats seem to be in a more thriving way than any other species of the Crops and where they came up well at first have a promising look.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0006-0004", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 4 June 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 4th. Thermometer at 70 in the Morning 72 at Noon and 75 at Night. An exceeding heavy fog in the Morning, and quite calm all day and clear. Received from on board the Brig Ann, from Ireland, two Servant Men for whom I had agreed yesterday\u2014viz.\u2014Thomas Ryan a Shoemaker, and Caven Bowe a Tayler redemptioners for 3 years Service by Indenture if they could not pay, each, the Sum of \u00a312 Sterg. which sums I agreed to pay. Geo. A. Washington set off early this morning for Fredericksburgh. His wife & Washington Custis went to Church at Alexandria intending from thence to Abingdon. Mr. Shaw also went to Alexandria & returned in the Night.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0006-0005", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 5 June 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n Monday 5th. Thermometer at 72 in the Morning\u201478 at Noon and 74 at Night. Morning, and generally thro\u2019 the day, clear, and very pleasant, but warm. Very little Wind, and that Southerly. Before breakfast, Mrs. Jenifer the widow of Doctr. Jenifer came, & returned in the afternoon. Soon after breakfast Messrs. Sanderson, Wilson, Murray & McPherson came in; all of whom, except the latter, went away before dinner. Mr. Sanderson dined & crossed the river afterwards on his way to embark at Leonard town, Saint Marys, for England.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0006-0006", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 6 June 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 6. Thermometer at 72 in the Morning\u201476 at Noon and 74 at Night. Thick Morning, and more or less cloudy all day, but no rain\u2014but little Wind\u2014that which was came from the No. Et.\u2014rather more Easterly. Rid to the Plantations at the Ferry, Muddy hole, & Neck. At the first & last the people were setting and planting of Corn. The ferry people finished listing with the hoes their part of the New ground in front of the House on Saturday last and the hands belonging to Muddy hole will do the same to day. Sheared my Sheep in the Neck this day and rid through the Wheat and rye at that Plantation. Found the first to stand generally sufficiently thick on the ground but the heads appeared very short. They were full in blossum. The lower blades almost generally had turned quite red, and were dead but I did not perceive any signs of rust on them, or that the head, or Straw was injur\u2019d thereby. The Rye was much better than I ever expected it would be. Except being rather too thin (especially in places, tho\u2019 much thicker than I had any idea it ever would be) it might, upon the whole, be called a good field. The ground at all the Plantations plowed very heavily and wet. Began to cut the clover at the Home House (sowed Aprl. was [a] year) which lay in the upper part of the field & unmixed with Orchard grass. Had the ground which had been lately listed at Dogue Run for Cabbages chopped fine with the Hoes and intended to put the plants in the ground this evening but it was so late before the Overseer sent to my Gardener for them that there was only time left to draw and carry them to the Plantation this evening. Mr. Shaw (with my newly purchased Shoemaker to provide\nhimself with Tools) went up to Town on my business & returned in the Afternoon.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0006-0007", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 7 June 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 7th. Mercury at 72 in the Morning\u201478 at Noon and 74 at Night. Morning a little cloudy\u2014in the afternoon light showers around us, with thunder and lightning at a distance\u2014light breezes from the Southward. Rid to the Ferry, Dogue run, and Muddy hole Plantations and through the Wheat and Rye at the first\u2014neither of which answered my expectations. The first, besides having a small head generally, was mixed exceedingly with cheat and the latter was much broken down with the winds and rain which had happened and abounded in white heads deficient of grain\u2014occasioned I presume by the heavy rains which happened while the ear was in bloom. The Wheat, it is to be hoped, will escape this disaster as there has been little or no wind or rain since it began to bloom which is now pretty well over. The people at the Plantations above mentioned, were all replanting & setting Corn according to circumstances, in their drilled ground. At Muddy hole, setting took place altogether and here also they began to replant Peas, but had not enough of the large kind to make good the deficiency\u2014but plenty of the small, black eyed Peas. Sheared the few sheep I had at the Ferry to day. Fanny Washington and the two Children, Nelly, & Geo. Washington, together with Miss Nancy Craik came home yesterday whilst we were at dinner.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0006-0008", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 8 June 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 8th. Mercury at 72 in the Morning\u201476 at Noon and 73 at Night. Clear in the forenoon and calm. About One o\u2019clock a cloud arose in the No. West quarter wch. spread extensively; and before 3 began to Rain fast and continued to do so near half an hour. During this flurry the Wind blew fresh from the Westward, but after the rain ceased it came back to the Southwest and continued moderate till sometime in the Night when it got to the No. Wt. & blew pretty fresh. Rid to the Plantations at Dogue Run and Muddy hole and to the tumbling dam of Dogue Run, where I had begun with two\nhands from each Quarter, and two Carpenters, to repair the breaches which had been made by the late rains. After having got the Water stopped, in order to lay the Wooden frame, the run swelled so much (occasioned by the rain which fell this afternoon) as to carry away the greatest part of the earth and rendered the labour of the day of little effect. Still setting, & replanting corn at Dogue run and Muddy hole in the Drilled fields\u2014the last of which with replanting pease in the same would be compleated this day. Rid through my rye at Muddy hole which would have been fully equal to what might have been expected from the grd. had it not been for the rains which had broken down & tangled the straw and occasioned a number of white, & unfilled heads. The Eastern shore Peas (according to the information of my Overseer in the Neck) were sowed yesterday (by the barrel plow) in the ground which had been put in rib wort (that never came up). There were 10 Rows of the Peas and a little being left I ordered him to dibble in what remained in additional rows. Cut all the Clover at the Ho[me] House to day, & the small spots of grass round the Sweet brier Circles; also some under the Trees at the No. end of the House by the Smiths shop to day and put the clover in wind Rows except the part last cut. Mr. Wallace came here to dinner & stayed all night.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0006-0009", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 9 June 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 9th. Mercury at 70 in the Morning\u201477 at Noon and 74 at Night. Morning clear and pleast. with the Wind at No. West but not fresh, nor had it changed the air cooler. Mr. Wallace went away after breakfast and I rid to Muddy hole & river Plantations. The heaviness of the Plowing, and wetness of the land had encreased by the late Rains. Nothing indeed but the backwardness of the season and rapid growth of the grass & Weeds could justify working ground in the condition the plowed land is. Passed through the Wheat at Muddy hole this day\u2014found it, upon the whole as good as was to be expected from the impoverished state of the land\u2014Though there is a good deal of cheat in the freshest part of the ground and the spick, (blasted grains) more or less in all. Finished replanting the corn & Peas in the drilled ground at Muddy hole this Morning about nine oclock, and not yesterday as was expected & began to replant Corn in the Cut adjoining. The drilled corn in the Neck had also been gone over, and the\npeople were replanting in the other field tho\u2019 by much too wet for such business. Agreed this day with Mr. Tharpe to do my Plaistering in any of the Rooms in, or abt. the house & to repair the lathing at 7d. pr. Square yard. Got all the clover hay into small cocks this afternoon. Mr. Shaw went up to Town today on my business & returned in the Evening.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0006-0010", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 10 June 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 10th. Mercury at 66 in the Morning\u201472 at Noon and  at Night. A heavy lowering Morning with the wind at East. At times the Sun appeared for a few momts. but generally the clouds were heavy with distant thunder in the So. Wt. quarter in the Afternoon tho\u2019 no rain fell here. Rid to the Plantations at Muddy hole, Dogue run, and Ferry. Took the Mill in the way. Finished replanting Corn this morning at the Ferry wholly and yesterday at Dogue run in the ground which was drilled. Began to hoe Corn at the Ferry (on the hill) which is the first plantation in order for it and here it ought to have followed the plows; the work of which is backward on acct. of their having been stopped. Turned the Cocks of clover hay to day and put all the rest of the grass except that which was cut this afternoon late into Cocks. Major Washington returned in the afternoon from Fredericksburgh. In my ride to day I visited the Labourers at the Tumbling dam. Find it will employ them the greatest part of next week. Wed with the hoes, the Millet, or Corn grass in the Neck to day.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0006-0012", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 12 June 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 12th. Mercury at 68 in the Morning\u201472 at Noon and 69 at Night. Morning early was calm, but about 7 Oclock the Wind sprung up at No. West and blew pretty fresh till late in the Afternoon when it became calm. I rid to the Ferry, Dogue run and Muddy hole Plantations, and to the People who were working at the Tumbling-Dam. Finished replanting Corn at Muddy hole on Saturday last & began late in the Afternoon of that day to hoe the drilled Corn at that place. Also finished breaking up the cut of drilled Corn nearest the Barn, which compleated the last breaking up of the whole corn ground at that Plantation. Began to cut the Meadow near the wood, at Dogue run about 10 Oclock to day and got all the clover & other Hay into large Cocks this afternoon.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0006-0013", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 13 June 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 13th. Mercury at 68 in the Morning 75 at Noon and 73 at Night. Rid to the River, Muddy hole & Dogue run Plantations. At the first found the plows in the Eastermost cut of drilled Corn; where they had begun yesterday morning and were going over it the 2d. time. The hoes, which had got into it yesterday about 2 Oclock (after having finished replanting Corn) were following in the same cut. The plows would get through it about Noon, and the hoes nearly, if not quite, by night. Found the Flax just beginning to blossum at this place where it was rankest. At Muddy hole the plows had, this morning, finished breaking up and were beginning to cross plow in the cut next the drilled Corn. At Dogue run the people would but just finish replanting corn by Night and would begin to weed with the hoes the drill Corn on the East side of the field where the Potatoes were planted. Finished cutting the Meadow (into which 5 mowers went yesterday) 3 or 4 Oclock. Stopped the water of Dogue run at the Tumbling dam to day and turned it into the race. On my return home found Judge Harrison of Maryland and Mr. Rawlins both here\u2014the last of whom went away after dinner.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0006-0014", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 14 June 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 14th. Mercury at 68 in the Morning\u201474 at Noon and 76 at Night. After an early breakfast Judge Harrison left this for his own house and in Company with Colo. Senf, I set out for our Works at the great falls; where we arrived about 11 Oclock and after viewing them set out on our return & reached Colo. Gilpins where we lodged. Mr. Rumsey was not there (at the Falls) having gone that Morning to Seneca but Mr. Stuart the assistant was present. This day was clear and warm with but little wind from the Southward.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0006-0015", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 15 June 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 15th. Mercury at 70 in the Morning\u201482 at Noon and 82 at Night. Clear with little wind and very warm. Took Alexandria\u2014My Mill dam Meadow at Dogue run and\nthe Plantation there\u2014as also the Ferry Plantation in my way home. Found the tumbling dam all but new laying the sheeting, and filling below it, compleated. Directed all the Breaches in the race & the leak at Piney branch dam, to be thoroughly repaired before the hands should quit. Found the Hay which had been cut in the upper Meadow nearly cured and 4 Mowers in the meadow next the Overseers House. About 7 Oclock in the afternoon, Doctr. La Moyeur came in with a Servant, Chaise, & 3 Horses.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0006-0016", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 16 June 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 16th. Mercury at 74 in the Morning\u201482 at Noon and 80 at Night. Clear with little wind in the Morning. About 10 or 11 oclock a breeze sprung up from the Eastward but died soon afterwards\u2014rising again in the afternoon at So. West. Finished my Mill race and Dam this Afternoon. Began about 10 Oclock to put up the Book press in my study.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0006-0017", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 17 June 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 17th. Mercury at 76 in the Morning\u201485 at Noon and 83 at Night. Calm and very warm all day with but little wind and that Southerly\u2014at times it was a little cloudy and at night there were thunder & lightning but no rain. Rid to all the Plantations to day. In the Neck the Hoes and Plows were in the last (Westermost) cut. The first got to work in it about noon yesterday and the latter about 3 or 4 oclock in the Afternoon; both having passed through the middle cut, compleating as they went. The three hoed harrow was about got through the Eastermost cut (alternate rows) by Noon. The Oats were beginning to shoot forth the heads. At Muddy hole Plantation, the Hoes having overtaken the Plows that were crossing went to weeding the drilled Peas and I directed them to replant both Potatoes and Cabbages where missing in the same field. At Dogue run the Hoes appeared to have made little progress in weeding the drilled field\u2014first because it was tedious among the Cabbages, Potatoes & Pease but principally because the ground had got so rough & matted with grass as to require much labour. At the Ferry, the Hoes had weeded the Corn in the cut on the Hill and about 10 O clock had begun in the flat below next the meadow fence & adjoining the drilled Corn. Examined the Wheat again to day, & concluded that at least half of it is destroyed.  Doctr. La Moyeur & Majr. Washington went up to Alexandria to day\u2014The latter on my business. They dined there & returned in the evening. Just as we had dined, Captn. Smith of Mr. Ridouts Brig, Mr. Wallace a passenger in it for Bordeaux, and Doctr. Mortimer (going as far as Norfolk in her) came in and had dinner set for them. Mr. Hough, Butcher in Alexandria, came here this afternoon, & purchased from me three fatted Beeves (2 in the Neck, & 1 at Dogue run) for which he is to pay next week \u00a342\u2014also the picking of 12 Weathers from my flock at 34/. pr. head. If upon consulting my Farmer & they could be spared, he was to have 20.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0006-0018", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 18 June 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 18th. Mercury at 78 in the Morning\u201484 at Noon and 78 at Night. Calm, clear, and very warm in the forepart of the day; abt. 2 Oclock a cloud arose to the Westward; and a pretty heavy shower of rain fell with some thunder & lightning; after which it cleared; but another shower came on about sun down tho\u2019 it was very moderate & of short continuance.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0006-0019", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 19 June 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 19th. Mercury at 73 in the Morning. 79 at Noon and 78 at Night. Morning cloudy, but clear afterwards, with the wind at So. West. Rid to Muddy hole, Dogue run, and Ferry Plantations; and to the Meadows (where people were at Work) at the two latter. Finding my Corn was in danger of being lost by Grass & weeds, I stopped Brickmaking, and sent Gunner, Boatswain, Anthony, and Myrtilla to assist at Dogue run in weeding it. The grass at the Ferry being forwarder, and better than that at Dogue Run, where the Scythmen began last to cut, I removed them (tho\u2019 the grass was not half down) to the former place. 4 Cutters at work.  Mr. Herbert & wife\u2014Mr. Throcmorton & his Wife\u2014Miss Hannah, & Miss Kitty Washington, & Mr. Willm. Craik came here to dinner & all stayed the Evening except Mr. Herbert who returned to Alexandria. A Monsr. Andri Michaux\u2014a Botanest sent by the Court of France to America (after having been only 6 Weeks returned from India) came in a little before dinner with letters of Introduction & recommendation from the Duke de Lauzen, & Marqs. de la Fayette to me. He dined and returned afterwards to Alexandria on his way to New York, from whence he had come; and where he was about to establish a Botanical garden.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0006-0020", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 20 June 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 20th. Mercury at 71 in the morning\u201477 at Noon and 78 at Night. Morning clear and pleasant with but little wind. In the afternoon the Wind blew from the Eastward, & a cloud arising in the contrary direction it began about 9 Oclock to rain very powerfully and continued to do so, more or less through the Night. Mr. Craik went away before Breakfast, and the rest of the Company about 11 Oclock, at which time I rid to the Plantations at Dogue Run & ferry and to the Meadows where People were cutting & making Hay. Stopped the cutters at the ferry, and set them to making hay; having too much grass down & exposed for the numbers employed in this business to execute in time without.  Mr. Shaw went up to Alexandria on my business and returned in the afternoon.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0006-0021", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 21 June 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 21st. Mercury at 66 in the Morning\u201466 at Noon and 66 at Night. Wind at No. Et. and raining more or less till near Noon, after wch. it continued cloudy till sun down with the wind in the same quarter. A stop put to out doors work till near noon. About sun down Mr. Fendall came here.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0006-0024", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 24 June 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 24th. Mercury at 69 in the Morning\u201476 at Noon and 80 at Night. Clear in the forenoon with but little wind. In the afternoon clouds arose and a smart shower of rain fell. Rid to all the Plantations and to the Hay Makers at the Ferry. In the Neck, both Plows & Hoes would have finished the cut of Corn by the Barn had not the Rain prevented. The Ferry hands would also have finished the cut of common corn on the Flat but for the same cause. Major Washington & his wife went up to Alexandria and were detained there all Night by the rain and appearances of the Clouds afterwards.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0006-0026", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 26 June 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMunday 26th. Mercury at 74 in the Morning\u201478 at Noon and 78 at Night. The forenoon was clear and calm\u2014as was the Afternoon except a cloud which rose to the westward and produced rain and a very high wind in the Night. Rid to Muddy hole, Dogue run and Ferry Plantations. Found the Muddy hole people in the Eastermost cut of Corn having finished (with the hoes) the Middle cut on Saturday. The Plows however were yet in the Middle cut. At Dogue Run the Plows had finished breaking up, and had begun crossing the cut in which Barrys houses stand\u2014into which they went about dinner time on Saturday. About 11 Oclock to day the hoes finished weeding the Cowpened ground, and had got into the Swamp corn which was more weedy than the rest. At the Ferry, the plows finished about 9 Oclock the drilled corn by the Fish house and went into the other drilled corn by the Meadow. About the same time the hoes having finished weeding the Corn in the flat,\nplanted in the common way, had begun to weed the drilled corn by the Fish house and to replant the Irish Potatoes therein. Finished cutting the meadow at the Ferry this afternoon.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0006-0028", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 28 June 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 28th. Mercury at 68 in the Morning\u201472 at Noon and 70 at Night. Clear & pleasant all day. In the forenoon the Wind was at N. Wt.\u2014in the afternoon it was at So. West. Rid to the Plantations at Muddy hole Dogue Run and the Ferry and to the Hay fields. At the first I sowed turnips in Drills in the ground which had been sowed with Oats that never came up (by the Negro Quarters). There were 7 rows, running from 180 to 200 Steps of these (averaging 190 yards) wch. were sowed with about a gill or little more seed. The first row, Southerly, was harrowed with the little harrow at the tail of the barrel; but gathering earth and burying the Seed too deep, I took out every other tooth and with it in this order harrowed the next row. This also appeared to cover too deep. I therefore took the harrow off altogether & tied brush in its place which did much better. The\nSeed used here was of the first recd. from Mr. Chichester and was of the last year. The hands at Dogue run having just weeded their Swamp Corn as I got there, about Noon, I directed, finding there was no prospect of getting over the Corn there with hoes before harvest that the whole shd. be immediately succoured and then between this and Sunday the forwardest which was also the most weedy should be gone over with the Hoes. The Mowers after cutting down the Clover yesterday (wch. was done by noon) went into the Meadow at Morris\u2019s wch. had been left, & were cutting there to day. The grass at the Ferry was all got into cocks this afternoon. Doctr. Le Moyuer came in before Dinner. Mr. Shaw went out after breakfast to day, to see if he could engage any Mowers for me. He returned in the afternoon, having partly engaged 2 or 3.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0006-0029", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 29 June 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 29th. Mercury at 68 in the Morning\u201471 at Noon and 70 at Night. Cool & pleasant\u2014the Wind being at No. West & Westerly all day. At home all day. In the evening Major Gibbs came in. Planted in one Row, between the Cherokee Plumb, & the honey locust, back of the No. Garden adjoining the green House (where the Spanish chesnuts had been placed and were rotten) 25 of the Paliurus, very good to make hedges and inclosures for fields. Also in the section betwn. the work House & Salt house adjoining the Pride of China Plants, & between the rows in which the Carolina Laurel seeds had been sowed, 46 of the Pistatia nut in 3 rows and in the places where the Hemlock pine had been planted and were dead, Et. & W. of the Garden gates, the Seeds of the Pyramidical Cyprus 75 in number\u2014all of which with others were presented to me by Mr. Michaux Botanist to his most Christn. Majesty. Mr. Shaw went out again to day to procure if to be had scythemen for Corn & grass\u2014of which he engaged two for the latter to be at Work at Dogue run to morrow and 4 of the latter to be at this place on Monday.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0006-0030", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 30 June 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 30th. Mercury at 65 in the Morning\u201468 at Noon and 70 at Night. Clear and pleasant all day the wind being at No. West and west all day, though not fresh. Rid to the Plantations at Muddy hole, Dogue run, & Ferry; & to the Hay makers at the second. At Dogue, found the Corn had all been succoured, and the hoes had got into the fresh & weedy ground along the wood side\u2014about 3 oclock yesterday. The Meadow near the Overseers House, at this place would all be cut down about dinner time\u2014The two white men, viz., Tayler & Hill, engaged by Mr. Shaw yesterday, having got to work there this Morning. The Plows at the ferry finished the drill Corn yesterday about 2 O clock and the hoes got over it about breakfast. Began to cut my Rye at the Ferry about 12 Oclock to day\u2014employed three Negro Cradlers\u2014viz.\u2014Caesar, Sambo & Boatswain\u2014the greater part of which appeared to me to be blighted and the rest very ripe, & much beat down. Both Rye & Wheat at this place had the appearance of greater ripeness than at any other and might have been safely cut Six or eight days ago if I could have left my corn to do it. Mr. Bushrod Washington came in whilst we were at Dinner.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-04-02-0003-0006", "content": "Title: June [1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 1st. Thermometer at 68 in the Morning\u201472 at Noon and 70 at Night.\nMisting in the Morning and at Intervals all day with the wind at No. Et. and at times fresh.\nRid to my Plantations at Muddy hole and in the Neck; at the\nlatter the People were setting Corn in the field of experiments, furthest cut. The Peas at this place have come up very indifferently, and looked badly. The Barley also did not assume the best appearance but the Oats looked well. Breaking up at both these places altho\u2019 the grd. was vastly too wet for it.\nRemoved my Cow pen & Sheep fold at home.\nDoctr. Craik was sent for to a Negro man named Adam in the Neck & to a Negro woman Amy at Muddy hole. After visiting these People & dining here he returned home.\nMr. Shaw was sent to Alexandria on my business to day and returned in the Night.\nFriday 2d. Thermometer at 68 in the Morning\u201470 at Noon and 70 at Night.\nA good deal of rain fell in the Night and this Morning with the wind at No. Et. Afterwards it continued Misting and the Sun to shine, alternately through the day.\nMore clouds and wet weather, and less Sunshine never happened, it is thought in the same time, in this Country before. Waters run from the Hills, and stand in hollows, as in the depth of Winter; & except where there is a great mixture of Sand the ground when plowed, is little other than Mortar. Yet, such is the progress of the grass, that plowing must go forward, or the Corn get smothered and lost by means of it.\nCut the young grass in the levelled part of the Lawn, before the west front of the House, with intention to Roll it, but the ground was too wet and soft to do it.\nIn the afternoon a Captn. Aitkinson of the Caesar, & another Gentleman came on Shore and drank Tea. The first was furnished with a horse to go to his employer Mr. Sanderson at Alexandria. The other Gentleman returned to the Ship.\nSent to Doctr. Craik informing him how Adam in the Neck did & receiving fresh directions & Medicines for him\u2014soon after which an acct. came of his death.\n   Capt. J. Atkinson\u2019s brig Cesar, arriving from Whitehaven, Eng., brought a letter to GW from John Rumney (16 April 1786, DLC:GW) regarding the piazza flagstones he had received in the spring (see entry for 18 April 1786). The brig must have remained at Mount Vernon wharf for several days, for its arrival at Alexandria was not announced until the 15 June edition of the Va. Journal.\nSaturday 3d. Thermometer at 69 in the Morning\u201472 at Noon and 71 at Night.\nMorning very heavy, sometimes misting, and then raining till 9 oclock\u2014lowering afterwards till the afternoon, when it became calm & clear with a good horizon at the Suns setting. The wind was at No. Et. all the fore part of the day, & pretty fresh.\nRid to the Plantations at the Ferry, Dogue run, and Muddy hole. At the first and last they were plowing, but the grd. was very heavy\u2014at the other it was too wet to plow at all.\nThe Corn at all these places I found very much pulled up and destroyed by the Birds. The Rains had so softened the ground that to do this was very easy for them.\nOf the Siberian Wheat scarce any (of the little that came up) remains in the ground and the appearance of the Barley is very indifferent\u2014not being either of a good colour or vigorous growth; whether owing to the quantity of rain or other Causes I do not undertake to decide. It did not, in the first instance, come up well\u2014the drouth at first hurt it and the water, in many places covered it afterwards; this also happened to the Pease which cut but a poor figure. The Potatoes in low places either never came up, or is destroyed. The Cabbage plants in general stand well, tho\u2019 in some low places these also are covered with water, and appear to be dead. The Oats seem to be in a more thriving way than any other species of the Crops and where they came up well at first have a promising look.\nSunday 4th. Thermometer at 70 in the Morning 72 at Noon and 75 at Night.\nAn exceeding heavy fog in the Morning, and quite calm all day and clear.\nReceived from on board the Brig Ann, from Ireland, two Servant Men for whom I had agreed yesterday\u2014viz.\u2014Thomas Ryan a Shoemaker, and Caven Bowe a Tayler redemptioners for 3 years Service by Indenture if they could not pay, each, the Sum of \u00a312 Sterg. which sums I agreed to pay.\nGeo. A. Washington set off early this morning for Fredericksburgh. His wife & Washington Custis went to Church at Alexandria intending from thence to Abingdon. Mr. Shaw also went to Alexandria & returned in the Night.\n   On 8 June, William Deakins, Jr. (1742\u20131798), a Georgetown merchant, announced the arrival at Georgetown of \u201cthe brig Anne, Capt. Tolson, with one hundred and fifty very healthy indented servants; among them are several valuable tradesmen\u2014Their indentures will be disposed of on reasonable terms for cash or tobacco\u201d (COL. FRANCIS DEAKINS\u201cColonel Francis Deakins.\u201d Glades Star 1 (1941\u201349): 129\u201330., 129\u201330; Va. Journal, 8 June 1786).\nMonday 5th. Thermometer at 72 in the Morning\u201478 at Noon and 74 at Night.\nMorning, and generally thro\u2019 the day, clear, and very pleasant, but warm. Very little Wind, and that Southerly.\nBefore breakfast, Mrs. Jenifer the widow of Doctr. Jenifer came, & returned in the afternoon. Soon after breakfast Messrs. Sanderson, Wilson, Murray & McPherson came in; all of whom, except the latter, went away before dinner. Mr. Sanderson dined & crossed the river afterwards on his way to embark at Leonard town, Saint Marys, for England.\n   leonard town: Leonardtown, St. Mary\u2019s County, Md., about 45 miles south-southwest of Washington.\nTuesday 6. Thermometer at 72 in the Morning\u201476 at Noon and 74 at Night.\nThick Morning, and more or less cloudy all day, but no rain\u2014but little Wind\u2014that which was came from the No. Et.\u2014rather more Easterly.\nRid to the Plantations at the Ferry, Muddy hole, & Neck. At the first & last the people were setting and planting of Corn. The ferry people finished listing with the hoes their part of the New ground in front of the House on Saturday last and the hands belonging to Muddy hole will do the same to day.\nSheared my Sheep in the Neck this day and rid through the Wheat and rye at that Plantation. Found the first to stand generally sufficiently thick on the ground but the heads appeared very short. They were full in blossum. The lower blades almost generally had turned quite red, and were dead but I did not perceive any signs of rust on them, or that the head, or Straw was injur\u2019d thereby. The Rye was much better than I ever expected it would be. Except being rather too thin (especially in places, tho\u2019 much thicker than I had any idea it ever would be) it might, upon the whole, be called a good field.\nThe ground at all the Plantations plowed very heavily and wet.\nBegan to cut the clover at the Home House (sowed Aprl. was [a] year) which lay in the upper part of the field & unmixed with Orchard grass.\nHad the ground which had been lately listed at Dogue Run for Cabbages chopped fine with the Hoes and intended to put the plants in the ground this evening but it was so late before the Overseer sent to my Gardener for them that there was only time left to draw and carry them to the Plantation this evening.\nMr. Shaw (with my newly purchased Shoemaker to provide\nhimself with Tools) went up to Town on my business & returned in the Afternoon.\nWednesday 7th. Mercury at 72 in the Morning\u201478 at Noon and 74 at Night.\nMorning a little cloudy\u2014in the afternoon light showers around us, with thunder and lightning at a distance\u2014light breezes from the Southward.\nRid to the Ferry, Dogue run, and Muddy hole Plantations and through the Wheat and Rye at the first\u2014neither of which answered my expectations. The first, besides having a small head generally, was mixed exceedingly with cheat and the latter was much broken down with the winds and rain which had happened and abounded in white heads deficient of grain\u2014occasioned I presume by the heavy rains which happened while the ear was in bloom. The Wheat, it is to be hoped, will escape this disaster as there has been little or no wind or rain since it began to bloom which is now pretty well over.\nThe people at the Plantations above mentioned, were all replanting & setting Corn according to circumstances, in their drilled ground. At Muddy hole, setting took place altogether and here also they began to replant Peas, but had not enough of the large kind to make good the deficiency\u2014but plenty of the small, black eyed Peas.\nSheared the few sheep I had at the Ferry to day.\nFanny Washington and the two Children, Nelly, & Geo. Washington, together with Miss Nancy Craik came home yesterday whilst we were at dinner.\n   Ann (Nancy) Craik, daughter of Dr. James Craik, later married Richard Harrison.\nThursday 8th. Mercury at 72 in the Morning\u201476 at Noon and 73 at Night.\nClear in the forenoon and calm. About One o\u2019clock a cloud arose in the No. West quarter wch. spread extensively; and before 3 began to Rain fast and continued to do so near half an hour. During this flurry the Wind blew fresh from the Westward, but after the rain ceased it came back to the Southwest and continued moderate till sometime in the Night when it got to the No. Wt. & blew pretty fresh.\nRid to the Plantations at Dogue Run and Muddy hole and to the tumbling dam of Dogue Run, where I had begun with two\nhands from each Quarter, and two Carpenters, to repair the breaches which had been made by the late rains. After having got the Water stopped, in order to lay the Wooden frame, the run swelled so much (occasioned by the rain which fell this afternoon) as to carry away the greatest part of the earth and rendered the labour of the day of little effect.\nStill setting, & replanting corn at Dogue run and Muddy hole in the Drilled fields\u2014the last of which with replanting pease in the same would be compleated this day.\nRid through my rye at Muddy hole which would have been fully equal to what might have been expected from the grd. had it not been for the rains which had broken down & tangled the straw and occasioned a number of white, & unfilled heads.\nThe Eastern shore Peas (according to the information of my Overseer in the Neck) were sowed yesterday (by the barrel plow) in the ground which had been put in rib wort (that never came up). There were 10 Rows of the Peas and a little being left I ordered him to dibble in what remained in additional rows.\nCut all the Clover at the Ho[me] House to day, & the small spots of grass round the Sweet brier Circles; also some under the Trees at the No. end of the House by the Smiths shop to day and put the clover in wind Rows except the part last cut.\nMr. Wallace came here to dinner & stayed all night.\nFriday 9th. Mercury at 70 in the Morning\u201477 at Noon and 74 at Night.\nMorning clear and pleast. with the Wind at No. West but not fresh, nor had it changed the air cooler.\nMr. Wallace went away after breakfast and I rid to Muddy hole & river Plantations. The heaviness of the Plowing, and wetness of the land had encreased by the late Rains. Nothing indeed but the backwardness of the season and rapid growth of the grass & Weeds could justify working ground in the condition the plowed land is.\nPassed through the Wheat at Muddy hole this day\u2014found it, upon the whole as good as was to be expected from the impoverished state of the land\u2014Though there is a good deal of cheat in the freshest part of the ground and the spick, (blasted grains) more or less in all. Finished replanting the corn & Peas in the drilled ground at Muddy hole this Morning about nine oclock, and not yesterday as was expected & began to replant Corn in the Cut adjoining.\nThe drilled corn in the Neck had also been gone over, and the\npeople were replanting in the other field tho\u2019 by much too wet for such business.\nAgreed this day with Mr. Tharpe to do my Plaistering in any of the Rooms in, or abt. the house & to repair the lathing at 7d. pr. Square yard.\nGot all the clover hay into small cocks this afternoon.\nMr. Shaw went up to Town today on my business & returned in the Evening.\nSaturday 10th. Mercury at 66 in the Morning\u201472 at Noon and  at Night.\nA heavy lowering Morning with the wind at East. At times the Sun appeared for a few momts. but generally the clouds were heavy with distant thunder in the So. Wt. quarter in the Afternoon tho\u2019 no rain fell here.\nRid to the Plantations at Muddy hole, Dogue run, and Ferry. Took the Mill in the way. Finished replanting Corn this morning at the Ferry wholly and yesterday at Dogue run in the ground which was drilled. Began to hoe Corn at the Ferry (on the hill) which is the first plantation in order for it and here it ought to have followed the plows; the work of which is backward on acct. of their having been stopped.\nTurned the Cocks of clover hay to day and put all the rest of the grass except that which was cut this afternoon late into Cocks.\nMajor Washington returned in the afternoon from Fredericksburgh.\nIn my ride to day I visited the Labourers at the Tumbling dam. Find it will employ them the greatest part of next week. Wed with the hoes, the Millet, or Corn grass in the Neck to day.\nSunday 11th. Thermometer at 68 in the Morning\u201480 at Noon and 75 at Night.\nA heavy fog in the morning, and cloudy most part of the day with great appearances of rain but none fell. Wind at East in the Morning tho not much of it fresh afterwards from the So. West till 6 oclock when it came out at No. Wt.\nSometime after Candles were lighted Colo. Senf came in.\n   During the Revolution, John (Jean) Christian Senf, a native of Sweden, served as an engineer for South Carolina and Virginia. In describing him to Jefferson, Gen. Horatio Gates called Senf \u201cthe best Draughtsman I know, and an Excellent Engineer\u201d (Gates to Jefferson, 24 Sept. 1780, JEFFERSON [1]Julian P. Boyd et al., eds. The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. 41 vols. to date. Princeton, N.J., 1950\u2013., 3:662). After the war Senf returned to Europe but came back to America in 1785. It was during this year that legislation was passed in South Carolina authorizing construction of the Santee canal to connect\nthe Santee and Cooper rivers. Senf became the chief engineer for that project. In 1789 Senf discussed with GW the possibility of conducting a survey of inland navigation from New York to East Florida (GW to Senf, 12 Oct. 1789, DLC:GW).\nMonday 12th. Mercury at 68 in the Morning\u201472 at Noon and 69 at Night.\nMorning early was calm, but about 7 Oclock the Wind sprung up at No. West and blew pretty fresh till late in the Afternoon when it became calm.\nI rid to the Ferry, Dogue run and Muddy hole Plantations, and to the People who were working at the Tumbling-Dam.\nFinished replanting Corn at Muddy hole on Saturday last & began late in the Afternoon of that day to hoe the drilled Corn at that place. Also finished breaking up the cut of drilled Corn nearest the Barn, which compleated the last breaking up of the whole corn ground at that Plantation.\nBegan to cut the Meadow near the wood, at Dogue run about 10 Oclock to day and got all the clover & other Hay into large Cocks this afternoon.\nTuesday 13th. Mercury at 68 in the Morning 75 at Noon and 73 at Night. Rid to the River, Muddy hole & Dogue run Plantations. At the first found the plows in the Eastermost cut of drilled Corn; where they had begun yesterday morning and were going over it the 2d. time. The hoes, which had got into it yesterday about 2 Oclock (after having finished replanting Corn) were following in the same cut. The plows would get through it about Noon, and the hoes nearly, if not quite, by night.\nFound the Flax just beginning to blossum at this place where it was rankest.\nAt Muddy hole the plows had, this morning, finished breaking up and were beginning to cross plow in the cut next the drilled Corn.\nAt Dogue run the people would but just finish replanting corn by Night and would begin to weed with the hoes the drill Corn on the East side of the field where the Potatoes were planted.\nFinished cutting the Meadow (into which 5 mowers went yesterday) 3 or 4 Oclock.\nStopped the water of Dogue run at the Tumbling dam to day and turned it into the race.\nOn my return home found Judge Harrison of Maryland and Mr. Rawlins both here\u2014the last of whom went away after dinner.\nWednesday 14th. Mercury at 68 in the Morning\u201474 at Noon and 76 at Night.\nAfter an early breakfast Judge Harrison left this for his own house and in Company with Colo. Senf, I set out for our Works at the great falls; where we arrived about 11 Oclock and after viewing them set out on our return & reached Colo. Gilpins where we lodged.\nMr. Rumsey was not there (at the Falls) having gone that Morning to Seneca but Mr. Stuart the assistant was present.\nThis day was clear and warm with but little wind from the Southward.\nThursday 15th. Mercury at 70 in the Morning\u201482 at Noon and 82 at Night.\nClear with little wind and very warm.\nTook Alexandria\u2014My Mill dam Meadow at Dogue run and\nthe Plantation there\u2014as also the Ferry Plantation in my way home.\nFound the tumbling dam all but new laying the sheeting, and filling below it, compleated. Directed all the Breaches in the race & the leak at Piney branch dam, to be thoroughly repaired before the hands should quit.\nFound the Hay which had been cut in the upper Meadow nearly cured and 4 Mowers in the meadow next the Overseers House.\nAbout 7 Oclock in the afternoon, Doctr. La Moyeur came in with a Servant, Chaise, & 3 Horses.\nFriday 16th. Mercury at 74 in the Morning\u201482 at Noon and 80 at Night.\nClear with little wind in the Morning. About 10 or 11 oclock a breeze sprung up from the Eastward but died soon afterwards\u2014rising again in the afternoon at So. West.\nFinished my Mill race and Dam this Afternoon.\nBegan about 10 Oclock to put up the Book press in my study.\nSaturday 17th. Mercury at 76 in the Morning\u201485 at Noon and 83 at Night.\nCalm and very warm all day with but little wind and that Southerly\u2014at times it was a little cloudy and at night there were thunder & lightning but no rain.\nRid to all the Plantations to day. In the Neck the Hoes and Plows were in the last (Westermost) cut. The first got to work in it about noon yesterday and the latter about 3 or 4 oclock in the Afternoon; both having passed through the middle cut, compleating as they went. The three hoed harrow was about got through the Eastermost cut (alternate rows) by Noon. The Oats were beginning to shoot forth the heads. At Muddy hole Plantation, the Hoes having overtaken the Plows that were crossing went to weeding the drilled Peas and I directed them to replant both Potatoes and Cabbages where missing in the same field. At Dogue run the Hoes appeared to have made little progress in weeding the drilled field\u2014first because it was tedious among the Cabbages, Potatoes & Pease but principally because the ground had got so rough & matted with grass as to require much labour. At the Ferry, the Hoes had weeded the Corn in the cut on the Hill and about 10 O clock had begun in the flat below next the meadow fence & adjoining the drilled Corn. Examined the Wheat again to day, & concluded that at least half of it is destroyed.\nDoctr. La Moyeur & Majr. Washington went up to Alexandria to day\u2014The latter on my business. They dined there & returned in the evening. Just as we had dined, Captn. Smith of Mr. Ridouts Brig, Mr. Wallace a passenger in it for Bordeaux, and Doctr. Mortimer (going as far as Norfolk in her) came in and had dinner set for them.\nMr. Hough, Butcher in Alexandria, came here this afternoon, & purchased from me three fatted Beeves (2 in the Neck, & 1 at Dogue run) for which he is to pay next week \u00a342\u2014also the picking of 12 Weathers from my flock at 34/. pr. head. If upon consulting my Farmer & they could be spared, he was to have 20.\n   Sometime in late June the brig Fanny under Capt. W. B. Smith left Alexandria en route eventually for Bordeaux (Va. Journal, 22 June 1786). Thomas Ridout (1754\u20131829), born in Dorsetshire, Eng., and a resident of Annapolis before the Revolution, was a commission merchant in Bordeaux at this time. GW had business dealings with Ridout in the 1780s until the latter, burdened with debts, left France for the American West (RIDOUT\u201cReminiscences of Thomas Ridout.\u201d Maryland Historical Magazine 20 (1925): 215\u201335., 215\u201335; GW to Ridout, 20 May 1786, Ridout to GW, 10 Sept. 1786, DLC:GW).\n   Dr. Charles Mortimer, Jr., was probably going to Norfolk to set up practice (BLANTONWyndham B. Blanton. Medicine in Virginia in the Eighteenth Century. Richmond, 1931., 56, 346). mr. hough: Lawrence Hooff, cartwright and butcher (Fairfax County Deeds, Book M\u20131, 70\u201374, Vi Microfilm).\nSunday 18th. Mercury at 78 in the Morning\u201484 at Noon and 78 at Night.\nCalm, clear, and very warm in the forepart of the day; abt. 2 Oclock a cloud arose to the Westward; and a pretty heavy shower of rain fell with some thunder & lightning; after which it cleared; but another shower came on about sun down tho\u2019 it was very moderate & of short continuance.\nMonday 19th. Mercury at 73 in the Morning. 79 at Noon and 78 at Night.\nMorning cloudy, but clear afterwards, with the wind at So. West.\nRid to Muddy hole, Dogue run, and Ferry Plantations; and to the Meadows (where people were at Work) at the two latter.\nFinding my Corn was in danger of being lost by Grass & weeds, I stopped Brickmaking, and sent Gunner, Boatswain, Anthony, and Myrtilla to assist at Dogue run in weeding it.\nThe grass at the Ferry being forwarder, and better than that at Dogue Run, where the Scythmen began last to cut, I removed them (tho\u2019 the grass was not half down) to the former place. 4 Cutters at work.\nMr. Herbert & wife\u2014Mr. Throcmorton & his Wife\u2014Miss Hannah, & Miss Kitty Washington, & Mr. Willm. Craik came here to dinner & all stayed the Evening except Mr. Herbert who returned to Alexandria.\nA Monsr. Andri Michaux\u2014a Botanest sent by the Court of France to America (after having been only 6 Weeks returned from India) came in a little before dinner with letters of Introduction & recommendation from the Duke de Lauzen, & Marqs. de la Fayette to me. He dined and returned afterwards to Alexandria on his way to New York, from whence he had come; and where he was about to establish a Botanical garden.\n   Albion Throckmorton (died c.1795), of Frederick County, son of John Throckmorton (1731\u2013c.1795), of Gloucester County, married Warner Washington\u2019s oldest daughter, Mildred Washington (c.1766\u20131804), in Dec. 1785, apparently against the wishes of her family (WAYLAND [1]John W. Wayland. The Washingtons and Their Homes. 1944. Reprint. Berryville, Va., 1973., 177; GW to George William Fairfax, 10 Nov. 1785, DLC:GW; STANARD [2]W. G. Stanard. \u201cThrockmorton of England and Virginia.\u201d William and Mary Quarterly, 1st ser., 3 (1894\u201395): 46\u201352, 192\u201395., 50\u201352). Throckmorton served as cornet in the 1st Continental Dragoons during the Revolution. Hannah and Catharine Washington, usually called Katy or Kitty, were Mrs. Throckmorton\u2019s sisters.\n   Andr\u00e9 Michaux (1746\u20131802) was a French botanist whose work in America would later produce Flora Boreali-Americana (1803). He sent a note to GW the day after his visit, enclosing some seeds and promising to send live plants. In 1793 GW subscribed a small sum to assist the American Philosophical Society in financing an expedition Michaux planned to make to the Pacific. Thomas Jefferson collected the money on behalf of the society and wrote an elaborate set of instructions to guide Michaux in his research, just as he would do for Meriwether Lewis ten years later. While the objectives of the expedition were ostensibly scientific, Michaux was in reality acting as the agent of the French minister Edmond Genet in a scheme to mount an assault on Spanish possessions beyond the Mississippi. After Genet\u2019s recall Michaux\u2019s expedition was terminated by Genet\u2019s successor in Mar. 1794.\nTuesday 20th. Mercury at 71 in the morning\u201477 at Noon and 78 at Night.\nMorning clear and pleasant with but little wind. In the afternoon the Wind blew from the Eastward, & a cloud arising in the contrary direction it began about 9 Oclock to rain very powerfully and continued to do so, more or less through the Night.\nMr. Craik went away before Breakfast, and the rest of the Company about 11 Oclock, at which time I rid to the Plantations at Dogue Run & ferry and to the Meadows where People were cutting & making Hay. Stopped the cutters at the ferry, and set them to making hay; having too much grass down & exposed for the numbers employed in this business to execute in time without.\nMr. Shaw went up to Alexandria on my business and returned in the afternoon.\nWednesday 21st. Mercury at 66 in the Morning\u201466 at Noon and 66 at Night. Wind at No. Et. and raining more or less till near Noon, after wch. it continued cloudy till sun down with the wind in the same quarter.\nA stop put to out doors work till near noon.\nAbout sun down Mr. Fendall came here.\nThursday 22d. Mercury at 63 in the Morning\u201468 at Noon and 68 at Night.\nCalm, clear, cool and pleasant all day.\nMr. Fendall went away after Breakfast.\nI rid to all the Plantations, and to the Hay makers at the Ferry.\nThe Plows finished the drilled Corn in the Neck on Monday afternoon and the hoes got over it on Tuesday Morning, and both went into the cut of common Corn by the Barn.\nFriday 23d. Mercury at 66 in the Morning\u201476 at Noon and 74 at Night.\nVery little wind all day, but clear & pleasant notwithstanding.\nFinished Hoeing the drilled corn at Dogue run about 9 oclock this forenoon and began to weed the Corn in the dunged ground at that place wch. had got very foul.\nDoctr. La Moyieur came here this afternoon.\nSaturday 24th. Mercury at 69 in the Morning\u201476 at Noon and 80 at Night.\nClear in the forenoon with but little wind. In the afternoon clouds arose and a smart shower of rain fell.\nRid to all the Plantations and to the Hay Makers at the Ferry. In the Neck, both Plows & Hoes would have finished the cut of Corn by the Barn had not the Rain prevented. The Ferry hands would also have finished the cut of common corn on the Flat but for the same cause.\nMajor Washington & his wife went up to Alexandria and were detained there all Night by the rain and appearances of the Clouds afterwards.\nSunday 25th. Mercury at 75 in the Morng.\u201480 at Noon and 80 at Night.\nClear all day with little or no Wind and very warm.\nMajr. Washington and fanny came home before Breakfast.\nMunday 26th. Mercury at 74 in the Morning\u201478 at Noon and 78 at Night.\nThe forenoon was clear and calm\u2014as was the Afternoon except a cloud which rose to the westward and produced rain and a very high wind in the Night.\nRid to Muddy hole, Dogue run and Ferry Plantations. Found the Muddy hole people in the Eastermost cut of Corn having finished (with the hoes) the Middle cut on Saturday. The Plows however were yet in the Middle cut. At Dogue Run the Plows had finished breaking up, and had begun crossing the cut in which Barrys houses stand\u2014into which they went about dinner time on Saturday. About 11 Oclock to day the hoes finished weeding the Cowpened ground, and had got into the Swamp corn which was more weedy than the rest. At the Ferry, the plows finished about 9 Oclock the drilled corn by the Fish house and went into the other drilled corn by the Meadow. About the same time the hoes having finished weeding the Corn in the flat,\nplanted in the common way, had begun to weed the drilled corn by the Fish house and to replant the Irish Potatoes therein.\nFinished cutting the meadow at the Ferry this afternoon.\nTuesday 27th. Mercury at 69 in the Morning\u201470 at Noon and 70 at Night.\nLowering (rather cloudy) in the morning, with the wind brisk, but not cold from the No. West. Afternoon clear & pleasant.\nRid to all my Plantations. Found the Plows & Hoes in the Neck had gone over the cut by the Barn. The first finished it yesterday about breakfast, & the other about dinner time and were in the Cut adjoining. Finding the Hoe Harrow did not do good work in the drilled Corn, I ordered it to desist and the Bar share plow to be used, till the common Corn was all crossed; after which to use it, when the ground was worked the other way. Cut down the clover at Muddy hole this forenoon (whilst it was moist from the Rain of last night) and put it into Wind rows\u20143 swaiths in a Row. The Dogue run hands had not got over the Corn in the Swamps. At the Ferry the People had just finished weeding the drilled Corn by the Fish House, & replanting the Patatoes therein; not having quite enough of the latter to replant the whole\u2014the deficiency was supplied with Corn. Making the hay that was cut yesterday at the Ferry, with the small gang.\nDoctr. Craik dined here, and returned home afterwards.\nMr. Shaw went up to Alexa. on my business and returned late in the evening.\nWednesday 28th. Mercury at 68 in the Morning\u201472 at Noon and 70 at Night.\nClear & pleasant all day. In the forenoon the Wind was at N. Wt.\u2014in the afternoon it was at So. West.\nRid to the Plantations at Muddy hole Dogue Run and the Ferry and to the Hay fields. At the first I sowed turnips in Drills in the ground which had been sowed with Oats that never came up (by the Negro Quarters). There were 7 rows, running from 180 to 200 Steps of these (averaging 190 yards) wch. were sowed with about a gill or little more seed. The first row, Southerly, was harrowed with the little harrow at the tail of the barrel; but gathering earth and burying the Seed too deep, I took out every other tooth and with it in this order harrowed the next row. This also appeared to cover too deep. I therefore took the harrow off altogether & tied brush in its place which did much better. The\nSeed used here was of the first recd. from Mr. Chichester and was of the last year. The hands at Dogue run having just weeded their Swamp Corn as I got there, about Noon, I directed, finding there was no prospect of getting over the Corn there with hoes before harvest that the whole shd. be immediately succoured and then between this and Sunday the forwardest which was also the most weedy should be gone over with the Hoes.\nThe Mowers after cutting down the Clover yesterday (wch. was done by noon) went into the Meadow at Morris\u2019s wch. had been left, & were cutting there to day. The grass at the Ferry was all got into cocks this afternoon.\nDoctr. Le Moyuer came in before Dinner.\nMr. Shaw went out after breakfast to day, to see if he could engage any Mowers for me. He returned in the afternoon, having partly engaged 2 or 3.\nThursday 29th. Mercury at 68 in the Morning\u201471 at Noon and 70 at Night.\nCool & pleasant\u2014the Wind being at No. West & Westerly all day.\nAt home all day. In the evening Major Gibbs came in.\nPlanted in one Row, between the Cherokee Plumb, & the honey locust, back of the No. Garden adjoining the green House (where the Spanish chesnuts had been placed and were rotten) 25 of the Paliurus, very good to make hedges and inclosures for fields. Also in the section betwn. the work House & Salt house adjoining the Pride of China Plants, & between the rows in which the Carolina Laurel seeds had been sowed, 46 of the Pistatia nut in 3 rows and in the places where the Hemlock pine had been planted and were dead, Et. & W. of the Garden gates, the Seeds of the Pyramidical Cyprus 75 in number\u2014all of which with others were presented to me by Mr. Michaux Botanist to his most Christn. Majesty.\nMr. Shaw went out again to day to procure if to be had scythemen for Corn & grass\u2014of which he engaged two for the latter to be at Work at Dogue run to morrow and 4 of the latter to be at this place on Monday.\n   Caleb Gibbs (c.1748\u20131818) was born in Newport, R.I., but lived much of his life in Massachusetts. During the Revolution he was adjutant in the 21st and 14th regiments of the Continental infantry before GW appointed him captain in command of the commander in chief\u2019s guard on 12 Mar. 1776. In July 1778 Gibbs was promoted to major. He continued to command the guard until Jan. 1783, and resigned his commission in June 1784.\n   Plants not previously named are Paliurus spina-christi, Jerusalem thorn, and Cupressus sempervirens, a pyramidical form of the cypress often planted as an ornamental. christn. majesty: Louis XVI (1754\u20131793) ruled France from 1774\u201392.\nFriday 30th. Mercury at 65 in the Morning\u201468 at Noon and 70 at Night.\nClear and pleasant all day the wind being at No. West and west all day, though not fresh.\nRid to the Plantations at Muddy hole, Dogue run, & Ferry; & to the Hay makers at the second. At Dogue, found the Corn had all been succoured, and the hoes had got into the fresh & weedy ground along the wood side\u2014about 3 oclock yesterday. The Meadow near the Overseers House, at this place would all be cut down about dinner time\u2014The two white men, viz., Tayler & Hill, engaged by Mr. Shaw yesterday, having got to work there this Morning. The Plows at the ferry finished the drill Corn yesterday about 2 O clock and the hoes got over it about breakfast. Began to cut my Rye at the Ferry about 12 Oclock to day\u2014employed three Negro Cradlers\u2014viz.\u2014Caesar, Sambo & Boatswain\u2014the greater part of which appeared to me to be blighted and the rest very ripe, & much beat down. Both Rye & Wheat at this place had the appearance of greater ripeness than at any other and might have been safely cut Six or eight days ago if I could have left my corn to do it.\nMr. Bushrod Washington came in whilst we were at Dinner.\n   corn had all been succoured: That is, the suckers, or sprouts springing up from the roots at the ground line, had been pulled off.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0001-0001", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 1 July 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 1st. Mercury at 66 in the Morning\u201472 at Noon and 72 at Night. Calm all day\u2014cool & pleasant in the Morning\u2014but warm afterwards. Rid to the Ferry, Dogue run, and Muddy hole Plantations. Finished (about Noon) crossing the cut in which Barrys Houses stand & went to crossing in the one adjoining next the woods. The hoes by this Evening will have got over all the forward Corn. At Muddy hole the Corn was got over with the Hoes this afternoon, but the Plows were not able to accomplish it. Compleated Hoeing Corn in the Neck this afternoon and also plowing it the second time. Preparing to begin my harvest generally, on Monday, & made the arrangemts. accordingly. Planted 4 of the Ramnus Tree (an ever green) one on each side of the Garden gates\u2014a peg with 2 Notches drove down by them (Pegs No. 1 being by the Pyramidical Cyprues). Also planted 24 of the Philirea latitolio (an ever green shrub) in the shrubberies by Pegs No. 3 and 48 of the Cytise\u2014a Tree produced in a cold climate of quick growth by pegs No. 4. All these plants were given to me by Mr. Michaux. Walking into my Orchard grass this evening, I found the seed very ripe, and shedding at a small touch, tho\u2019 the stalk and under part appeared quite green (head brown). Immediately set to cutting the heads with reap hooks, with such hands as I could pick up, lest by delaying it till Monday the greater part might be lost. Doctr. La Moyeur who went from this on Wednesday last to Alexandria returnd this afternoon and Major Gibbes went away after breakfast.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0001-0003", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 3 July 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 3d. After a very early breakfast (about Sun rise) we left Mr. Fairfax\u2019s, and arriving at the head of the Seneca falls (where a vessel was to have met us) was detained till near ten o\u2019clock before one arrived to put us over to our place of rendezvous at Mr. Goldsboroughs. Met Governor Johnson here; Govr. Lee was prevented by the situation of Mrs. Lee, from attending. A Colo. Francis Deakins, appointed on the part of Maryland, to lay out the road which was to be opened between the Eastern & western waters at the expence of that state & Virginia, also attended, and made a verbal report of his, & Colo. Nevilles surveys to effect this purpose; the result of which was, that they had agreed that the best rout for the said road was from the Mouth of Savage river, through the glades to cheat river, a little below the Dunker bottom; and from thence to the Monongahela (as they conceived the Navigation of Cheat river thro the laurel hill very difficult) below the Tygers valley; distance about 50 Miles. He was of opinion that besides the difficulties in the No. branch between the Mouths of savage & stony rivers that little or nothing would be short[e]ned in the road from the bearing, or trending off, of the North branch between these two places. To these matters however he did not speak with precision, or certainty, as his assistant who had his field notes & Surveys, had not returned. A heavy shower of rain, a good deal of wind, and much thunder and lightning just abt., and after dark. A house, to appearance about 3 miles off, was consumed by fire, occasioned as was supposed by lightning; but whether it was a dwelling house or Barn we did not hear\u2014nor could we discover to whom it belonged. The day was very warm, and with out wind, till the gust arose.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0001-0004", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 4 July 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 4th. The Directors determined to prosecute their first plan for opening the Navigation of the River in the bed of it, &\nas streight as it was practicable, and ordered the Manager to proceed accordingly; & to remove the hands from the works at the great falls to the Seneca & other parts of the river\u2014as it was their wish, having but 3 years from the commencemt. of the Act to perfect the Navigation above the falls. Mr. Rumsey having signified his disinclination to serve the Company any longer for the pay and emoluments which had been allowed him, and the Directors not inclining to encrease them, they parted and Mr. Stuart (the first assistant) was appointed in his place. Mr. Smith the other assistant had his wages raised to \u00a3200 Maryld. Curry. pr. Ann. These matters being settled, Govr. Johnson returned home. Colo. Fitzgerald proceeded on to Berkeley & Frederick, and Colo. Gilpin and myself resolved to send our horses to the Great falls and go by water to that place ourselves; and were happy to find that the passage on the Virginia side of all the Islands, was vastly the best; and might be made easy and good at little expence\u2014There being in short only 3 places where there was any difficulty, & these not great. Shallow water in a low state of the river, is all that is to be feared. After dining with Mr. Rumsey at the Great falls Colo. Gilpin and myself set out in order to reach our respective homes, but a gust of wind & rain, with much lightning, compelled me to take shelter, about dark at his house, where I was detained all night. This day was also exceedingly warm, there being but little wind.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0001-0005", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 5 July 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 5th. I set out about sun rising, & taking my harvest fields at Muddy hole & the ferry in my way, got home to breakfast. Found that my harvest had commenced as I directed, at Muddy hole & in the Neck on Monday last\u2014with 6 Cradlers at the first\u2014to wit, Isaac, Cowper Tom, Ben overseer Will, Adam, & Dogue run Jack who tho\u2019 newly entered, made a very good hand; and gave hopes of being an excellent Cradler. That Joe (Postilian) had taken the place of Sambo at the Ferry since Monday last, & the harvest there proceeded under the cutting of Caesar, Boatswain, & him. That in the Neck 6 cradles were constantly employed, & sometimes 7\u2014viz. James, (who having cut himself in the meadow could not work constantly)\u2014Davy, Overseer who having other matters to attend to, could not stick to it; Sambo, Essex, George (black smith) Will, Ned; and Tom Davis who had never cut before, and made rather an awkward hand of it. Tom Nokes was also there, but he cut only now & then, at other times shocking,\nrepairing rakes &ca. That the gangs at Dogue Run & Muddy hole were united, & were assisted by Anthony, Myrtilla & Dolshy from the home house\u2014That besides Tom Davis Ben from the Mill had gone into the Neck and that Sall brass (when not washing) & Majr. Washingtons Tom were assisting the ferry people\u2014That Cowpers Jack & Da[v]y with some small boys & girls (wch. had never been taken out before) were assisting the Farmer in making Hay after two white men who had been hired to cut grass. And found that the State of the Mercury in the thermometer had, during my absence, been as follow\u2014viz. \nMorng.\nNoon\nNight\nSunday 2d.\nMonday 3d.\nTuesday 4\nWednesdy. 5\n This day (Wednesday) clouded about Noon and before dinner began to rain, tho not much & rained again at, and in the Night but not a great deal.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0001-0006", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 6 July 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 6th. Mercury at 71 in the Morning\u201477 at Noon and 76 at N. Morning hazy, with thunder & rain in the afternoon. Rid to Muddy hole and into the Neck; found that the Rye at the first had been cut down yesterday and that the wheat was entered upon and that the grain being wet this Morning, it could not either be shocked, or bound. The rakers were therefore employed in succouring the drilled Corn at Muddy hole. The Rye at the Ferry was also cut down yesterday about dinner time. The plows at this place 3 in number having finished crossing the Corn on the hill had begun to cross that cut below, adjoining the drilled Corn. In the Neck, after the Plows had finished crossing the river cut, in the great field, 6 plows went into the drilled Corn (on Tuesday) and were running a single furrow on each side of it, the Peas, Potatoes, & Cabbage by way of giving them a hill.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0001-0007", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 7 July 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 7th. Mercury at 72 in the Morning\u201480 at Noon and 75 at Night. Clear in the forenoon but very sultry, with wind, thunder, lightning & rain in the afternoon. Rid to all the Plantations; The\nPlows at Muddy hole (where 3 were at work) had finished the East cut of Corn, and had begun to plow that cut by the bars, adjoining the drilled Corn the 3d. time. Those at Morris\u2019s, four in number, had got about half over the Eastermost cut, next the overseers House and the Farmer was stacking the grass which had been in cocks some time in the meadow adjoining it. Brought in the remainder of the clover Hay, & seed at Muddy [hole] to the stack at the barn there. Washington Custis being sick I sent for Doctr. Craik to visit him, and a sick child in the Neck. He arrived before dinner, & after going into the Neck & returning, stayed all night. Mr. Shaw went up to Alexandria to day on my business in the waggon also to bring sundries down.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0001-0008", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 8 July 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 8th. Mercury at 74 in the Morning\u201478 at Noon and 77 at Night. Clear & warm, with very little Wind till about 2 oclock, when a black & extensive cloud arose to the westward out of which much wind issued with considerable thunder & lightning and a smart shower of Rain. Rid to the Ferry, Muddy hole & Neck Plantations. Finished cutting the Rye about noon at the latter, and set into the wheat adjoining, immediately after. Should have finished cutting & securing in shocks the wheat at Muddy hole this afternoon had it not been for the interruption given by the rain. The Rye at all the Plantations had been much beat down & tangled previous to the cutting any of it, and much loss will be sustained from this cause in addition to the defection in the head; but neither this grain nor the wheat have been so much layed by the late winds & rains, as might have been expected. Of the latter indeed, tho much was threatned, not a great deal fell.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0001-0009", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 9 July 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 9th. Mercury at 76 in the Morning 79 at Noon and 78 at Night. Clear, calm & warm all day. Doctr. Stuart, Mrs. Stuart, and Betcy & Patcy Custis came here to breakfast and Doctr. Craik to dinner\u2014the last of whom went away in the evening.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0001-0010", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 10 July 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 10th. Mercury at  in the Morning\u201482 at Noon and 82 at Night. Very warm all day, and calm till the evening, when a breeze from the Southward sprung up. More appearances of rain in the morning than the evening, but none fell.  Rid to the Neck, Muddy hole & Dogue Plantations. Began harvest at the latter this morning with the people belonging to the place; the Muddy hole hands finished theres by breakfast, after wch. (about half after eleven) the two gangs united again. In the Neck the Plows on Saturday finished running the furrows on each side the drilled Corn, by way of hilling it; and to day began to break, or plow the intermediate spaces. John Knowles, who was absent all last week came here to work again this Morning in good Season. Doctr. Stuart, Mrs. Stuart & the two girls Betcy & Patcy Custis returned after breakfast.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0001-0011", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 11 July 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 11th. Mercury at 77 in the Morning\u201483 at Noon and 82 at Night. Clear, with the wind at So. Wt. and pretty fresh. Rid to the Ferry, Dogue run, & Muddy hole Plantations and to the Mill. At the first, the Plows had just finished plowing the drilled Corn & Potatoes by the Fish House\u2014at the second got into stacks all the wheat in the Meadow by the Overseers House. Finished cutting the remainder of the wheat in the great Field in the Neck on the Creek. Doctr. Craik came here to breakfast and returned after it to Alexandria.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0001-0013", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 13 July 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 13th. Mercury at 72 in the Morning\u2014 at Noon and  at Night. Cloudy all day, with the Wind pretty fresh from the Eastward. Finished the wheat harvest at Dogue run about Sundown. Doctr. Craik came here to Dinner & returned afterwards. In the Night there fell rain.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0001-0014", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 14 July 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 14th. Mercury at  in the Morning\u2014 at Noon and  at Night. Cloudy more or less all day, with the wind pretty fresh from the So. West. After Breakfast I rid to all my Plantations. Found the Plows in the Neck after compleatly, that is, after having broke the ground between the furrows that had been run on each side the Corn for the purpose of hilling it, had got into the Middle cut to do the like there, in the Drilled corn. Perceived the Irish Potatoes were\ncoming into blossom at this place and that after the rain on Wednesday, whilst the wheat was too wet to bind, the harvest People had pulled a little of the flax at this place also. The Plows at Dogue run finished plowing the Cut they were in next the overseers House, & had begun to plow the drilled corn, on the East side of the field; leaving every other row untouched & turning the mould from the corn in these rows; by wch. the middle between the rows where the cabbages, Potatoes, Peas &ca. grow would be ridged\u2014intending these ridges to be reduced at the last Plowing, & the rows of corn to form them. At the same place the hands had begun to hoe corn in the cut including Barrys houses, beginning next Wades old dwelling. Some of the People belonging to this plantation had come to Muddy hole for Rye, which they were threshing there for their horses. Muddy hole [people] were hoeing a small corner of Corn which was not finished before Harvest. At the ferry the Plows finished about two oclock crossing the cut on the flat, and would begin to plow the drilled wht. by the Mea[do]w. The rest of the People were preparing a yard to tread out wheat. After breakfast Mr. Page & Mr. Corbin, accompanied by Majr. Washington, went up to Abingdon (taking Alexandria in their way) and before breakfast Mr. Lawe. Washington & his son went up by water to the latter place\u2014they all returned again in the Evening, when a Mr. Hatfield of England came in.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0001-0015", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 15 July 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 15th. Mercury at 77 in the Morning\u201485 at Noon and 83 at Night. Clear, calm, and very warm all day. After breakfast the Company all going away, I rid to all the Plantations except that at the Ferry. Compleated my wheat harvest in the Neck about Noon\u2014which made a finish of the whole; after wch. I directed my people, engaged therein, to pull flax till dinner, & take the remainder of the day to themselves. Much Wheat has been left in all the fields this year occasioned 1st. by the frequent rains and winds which preceeded, and happened during harvest (which had laid down and tangled it in some degree)\u20142d. by beginning my harvest too late and 3d. by the manner of cutting and gathering it into shocks. It is unlucky, that from\nseveral causes, I was prevented trying by experiment, this year, how early wheat or Rye might be cut without injury to the grain; but satisfied I am that, this may be done with safety as soon as it is out of its milky state\u2014at any rate, that the loss by shrinkage in the beginning of a harvest from this cause, is not equal to the loss by shattering at the latter end of it or to the hazard of its being entangled, or laid down by winds and rain, which every year is the case in a greater, or lesser degree when harvest is long, & the grain ripe. For these reasons the following method may, I think, be attempted with success in future; and it will be found that many advantages will flow from it. \n1st. To make every Plantation, or farm, take care of its own grain witht. uniting their hands.\n2d. To encrease the number of cradlers at each; to such a number only, as will give two rakers to each, and leave a sufficiency besides to gather, and put the wheat into shocks and, generally speaking, with Negro labourers, the following distribution may be found to come as near the mark in wheat made in corn ground, as any\u2014viz.\u2014for every two Cradlers to allow 4 rakers, 1 Shocker, and two carriers\u2014for the last of which boys and girls are competent.\n3d. To give the Cradlers a start of two days of the rakers & shockers; letting them begin to cut as soon as the milk leaves the grain, and before it becomes hard & flinty\u2014leaving the grain this time in the swarth, for the straw to cure, before it is raked, bound & put into shocks.\n4th. To order, & see that the Cradlers cut slow, & lay their grain regular & well; after it is cut low & clean; which will be found more advantages than to hurry over the gr[oun]d in order to put an end to harvest, as is usual. By beginning early time will be allowed for these, especially as wheat cut in this state yields much easier, and pleasanter to the stroke, & can be laid much better than when the straw gets dry & harsh.\n5th. By giving this start to the cradlers, the straw (as hath been observed before) will be sufficiently cured to bind and shock and it must be seen that the Rakers also do their work clean and well, which is more likely to be the case without particular attention, than when one half their time they are scampering after the cutters to keep up; and the other half are standing whilst the cradlers are whetting their Scythes, drinking, or talking.\n6th. Each raker must take a swarth & not two go in one that the authors of bad work may be more easily detected. By this\nmode of proceeding the raking & binding will be done with more ease, regularity and dispatch, because it becomes a sober settled work\u2014there being no pretext for hurrying at one time, and standing at another\u2014but\n7th. By this means, I am persuaded that the number of rakers which usually follow cradlers, would, by the middle of harvest, or by the time the grain is in condition to shock as it comes from the Cradle be fully up with them and then might go on together if it should be conceived best.\n Admitting that the grain can be cut with safety as soon as it comes out of the Milky state, the advantages here described, added to the superior quality of the straw for fodder, and indeed for every other purpose, greatly over ballances any inconveniencies which may result from the practice, & which must lay chiefly, if not wholly, in these: 1st. The hazard of a heavy beating rain, which may settle the swarth among the stubble so as to make it bad to rake, & difficult perhaps to get up clean and 2d. lighter rains and Dews which may interrupt the binding, the straw not drying so soon in swarth as it does standing\u2014nor can it be meddled with so early in the morning generally\u2014But as neither rain nor dews will hurt the grain (on the contrary, will make it thresh easier, and do very little injury to the straw) and as there is allways work enough on the Plantations to employ the hands in (such as succouring & hoeing of Corn, pulling flax, weeding of vines, Pease, &ca. &ca.) supposing the interruptions above mentioned to happen no labour need be lost because as each harvest will be managed by the hands belonging to the farm or Plantation they can without inconvenience (having their tools always at hand) shift from one kind of work to another without preparation or fitting themselves for it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0001-0016", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 16 July 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 16th. Mercury at 78 in the Morning\u201486 at Noon and 84 at Night. Very little wind at any time in the day but very hot. Doctr. Craik came here in the forenoon\u2014dined, and returned afterwards.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0001-0017", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 17 July 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 17th. Mercury at 78 in the Morning\u201485 at Noon and 79 at Night. Exceedingly warm all day with but little wind. Afternoon a cloud arose out of which we had only a sprinkling of Rain\u2014the body of the cloud passing above, i.e. to the Northward of this place.  Rid to the Plantations in the Neck\u2014Muddy hole, Dogue run & Ferry. At the first began to cut the ripest of the Oats, but thinking them in general too green quitted after breakfast and set all hands to pulling flax the doing of which was compleated about Sun down. At Muddy hole the People were employed in clearing a yard to tread wheat in, and in getting in wheat & Rye. Of the latter 6 Shocks (got in by the Dogue run hands) yielded 11\u00bd bushels of clean Rye and 4 other Shocks brought in by the hands of the Plantation & threshed by them 5 Bl. of clean rye was produced. Dogue run people cut their Oats in the upper meadow and the Ferry were employed as yesterday about their Wheat.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0001-0019", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 19 July 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 19th. Mercury at 82 in the morning\u201489 at Noon and 81 at Night. Clear until about 2 Oclock when a cloud arose to the Westward out of which proceeded a powerful rain. Rid to all the Plantations to day. At that in the Neck, the Scythemen having cut (yesterday) the upper part of the Meadow, & to the cross fence; returned to the Oat field to day at the old orchard point, which they cut down; but did not shock, the straw being too green for it. At the same place, the Plows finished the middle cut of the drilled corn, & plowed, in the same cut, the intervals between the corn rows which were designed for Turnips. The Plows at Muddy hole began yesterday afternoon to give the middle cut (next to, & adjoining, the drilled corn) another plowing from the road to the woods back. 4 other shocks of rye at this place from another part of the field, yielded about the same quantity\nof clean grain that the first did\u2014viz.\u2014five bushels; from which, their being 177 shocks in the field, it may be computed that not more than 220 or 225 will be obtained. On my return home I found Mr. Calvert of Maryland and his son, Colo. Bland, Mr. Geo. Digges, Mr. Foster & Lund Washington here\u2014all of whom dined. The 3 first stayed the evening the other three returned.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0001-0020", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 20 July 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 20th. Mercury at 78 in the Morning\u201486 at Noon and 80 at Night. Very warm all day\u2014about 4 Oclock a Cloud arose out of which proceeded a shower of rain\u2014after which it cleared, but towards sun down it overcast, and rained moderately for several hours. Before the rain the Flax in the Neck was thrown into shocks as was part of the oats. Another part was set on end (as much as could be of it) and the third part was caught on the ground in the sheaf by the rain. Finished cutting the Meadow in the Neck this afternoon; & had begun to plow the ground designed for Turnips there, but the Rain put a stop to it. The plows then went into the Corn adjoining thereto in the cut next the Barn. Mr. Calvert & Son was prevented recrossing the river this afternoon by the rain.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0001-0023", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 23 July 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 23d. Mercury at 74 in the Morning\u201480 at Noon and 80 at Night. Clear & pleasant till about 4 Oclock, when the wind whh. had been pretty fresh from the So. West died away and it turned warm. Mr. Powell, Mr. Porter, and Miss Ramsay & Miss Craik came here to breakfast (from Alexa.) and returned again after Dinner.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0001-0024", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 24 July 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 24th. Mercury at 70 in the Morning\u201480 at Noon and 77 at Night. Wind at No. West, and day very pleasant. After breakfast I accompanied Colo. Bland to Mr. Lund Washington\u2019s where he entered the stage on his return home. Rid from hence to the Plantations at Dogue run & Muddy hole. At the first I found that the plows had finished the alternate rows of drilled corn on Saturday afternoon, & were then plowing the intermediate ones, which had been passed over. Examined the low, & sickly looking corn in several parts of this field, and discovered more or less of the Chinch bug on every stalk between the lower blades & it. It is highly probable that the unpromising appearance of most of my Corn, & which I had been puzled to acct. for and ascribing it to other causes may have proceeded from this, and that the calamity, especially, if a drought should follow, will be distressing to a great degree. The Hoes at this plantation will to morrow have finished the cut they had begun on the west side the field, & would go into the one adjoining. Muddy hole People were engaged in getting their wheat into stacks at the barn & threshing out what rye they had put into the Barn which amounted to 12 shocks, & yielded 18 Bush. of clean grain. On my return home, found colo. Humphreys here and soon\nafter a Captn. Cannon came in with a letter from Colo. Marshall, from Kentucke.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0001-0025", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 25 July 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 25th. Mercury at 66 in the Morning\u201481 at Noon and 80 at Night. Clear and pleasant all day Wind being Northerly & Easterly. After breakfast I rid round all my Plantations. Found my corn in the Neck as much infested by the Chinch bug as I had perceived\nthat to be at Dogue run yesterday. The rows of Corn wch. were intermixed with Irish Potatoes, along the fence wch. divides the wheat field (or stubble) from it were perceived to be much better, & more uniform than any other part of the field, but whether it has been occasioned by dunging, or otherwise, I could get no distinct acct. Some of the Negros ascribed it to this cause & it is more probable than that the Potatoes should have been the cause of it. Sowed about five acres of Turnips in br[oa]d cast, in the Neck in that grd. which originally was prepared for the Saintfoin & other Seeds. These seeds were sowed after a plowing which the ground had just received, and were harrowed in with a heavy harrow which raked the grass very much into heaps (the ground tho\u2019 frequently plowed before, having got very grassy). Two hands at this place began yesterday to cut the drilled Oats, which they would about accomplish to morrow. This Oats (24 rows) I ordered to be secured & threshed by itself. 5 plows only were at work here the Waggon & two Ox Carts being employed in getting in the grain. All hands except those at plow were engaged in this business, in stacking the wheat, and threshing of Rye. At Muddy hole, except the three people at the Plows, and those employed in drawing in & stacking the Wheat at the Barn, all hands had begun to weed the drilled corn and the Plants between the rows. The Oats at this place had been cut two or 3 days, & the Wheat would be all drawn in & stacked to day. The Dogue run people did not finish the cut they were in yesterday till noon this day when they entered the one adjoining. The Ferry People wd. nearly get the wheat at that Plantation into Stack to day. Doctr. Craik was sent for to visit Carpenter James & Cowper Jack. He also prescribed for a Child Nat, over the Creek who was brought here.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0001-0026", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 26 July 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 26th. Mercury at 70 in the Morning\u2014at Noon 80 and 80 at Night. Calm, Clear & pleasant all day. Mr. Herbert, Colo. Ramsay, Colo. Allison and Mr. Hunter dined here and returned in the afternoon. One Edwd. Moystan who formerly lived with Mr. Robt. Morris as a Steward, & now keeps the City Tavern in Philadelphia came here to consult me on the Propriety of his taking the Coffee Ho[use] in Alexandria, i.e., on the prospect of its answering his purposes for keeping Tavern. Having fixed a roller to the tale of my drill plow, and a bush harrow between it & the barrel, I sent it by G. A. Washington to Muddy hole and had the intervals betwn. the corn which had\nbeen left for the purpose sowed with Turnips in drills and with which it was done very well.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0001-0028", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 28 July 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 28th. Mercury at 75 in the Morning\u201474 at Noon and 72 at Night. Day very lowering & some times light Rains or Mists, but not to wet the ground. Wind at No. Et. Mr. Fairfax went away after breakfast. At home all day.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0001-0029", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 29 July 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 29th. Mercury at 68 in the morning\u201474 at Noon and 71 at Night. Wind Northwardly and pleasant\u2014The Morning cloudy, but clear about Noon, and a little warm. Accompanied by Colo. Humphrys I rid to Muddy hole & Neck Plantations. The Drilled oats at the latter, between the Corn, being threshed out & cleaned,\nmeasured 54 B.\u2014There being 24 Rows of these, each (allowing for the divisions between the Cuts and the bouting rows at the ends) about 1075 yards long amounts to 25,800 yards running measure\u2014or 160 yds. sqr. which is better than 5\u00bc acres. The quantity to the Acre therefore, cannot exceed 10 Bushels, which is less, it is presumed, than the same kind of Land would have produced in broadcast. It is to be remarked however that the abundant wet which had fallen from the middle of May, or thereabouts, till Harvest had in most of the low places destroyed the grain either wholly, or in part\u2014by which the quantity growing was reduced but this would also have happened in any square piece of ground as there is scarce any that is not subject to the same accident.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0001-0031", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 31 July 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 31st. Mercury at 67 in the Morning\u201473 at Noon and 70 at Night. Morning lowering, with small sprinklings of rain, but too light to wet any thing. About one Oclock it cleared\u2014Wind pretty fresh from the No. East & clear afterwards. Mr. Willm. Craik who came here to dinner, afterwards went away for Alexandria on his journey to Hampshire [County]. Accompanied by Colo. Humphreys, rid to the Plantations at the Ferry and Dogue run. At the first, the plowing of the cut upon the hill was finished and the plows in the drilled corn by the fish house. The Hoes were at work in the other drilled corn. At Dogue run the Hoes had just finished the Cut they had been in; and the Plows the drilled corn; into which the Hoes had entered on the East side next the Swamp. The Plows would now cease till the Horses could be a little refreshed & get out wheat for sowing.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0001", "content": "Title: July 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 1st. Mercury at 66 in the Morning\u201472 at Noon and 72 at Night.\nCalm all day\u2014cool & pleasant in the Morning\u2014but warm afterwards.\nRid to the Ferry, Dogue run, and Muddy hole Plantations. Finished (about Noon) crossing the cut in which Barrys Houses stand & went to crossing in the one adjoining next the woods. The hoes by this Evening will have got over all the forward Corn. At Muddy hole the Corn was got over with the Hoes this afternoon, but the Plows were not able to accomplish it. Compleated Hoeing Corn in the Neck this afternoon and also plowing it the second time.\nPreparing to begin my harvest generally, on Monday, & made the arrangemts. accordingly.\nPlanted 4 of the Ramnus Tree (an ever green) one on each side of the Garden gates\u2014a peg with 2 Notches drove down by them (Pegs No. 1 being by the Pyramidical Cyprues). Also planted 24 of the Philirea latitolio (an ever green shrub) in the shrubberies by Pegs No. 3 and 48 of the Cytise\u2014a Tree produced in a cold climate of quick growth by pegs No. 4. All these plants were given to me by Mr. Michaux.\nWalking into my Orchard grass this evening, I found the seed very ripe, and shedding at a small touch, tho\u2019 the stalk and under part appeared quite green (head brown). Immediately set to cutting the heads with reap hooks, with such hands as I could pick up, lest by delaying it till Monday the greater part might be lost.\nDoctr. La Moyeur who went from this on Wednesday last to Alexandria returnd this afternoon and Major Gibbes went away after breakfast.\n   His rhamnus tree is Rhamnus alaternus, an evergreen buckthorn. philirea latitolio: Phillyrea latifolia, a small shrub native to southern Europe and Asia Minor. cytise: Cytisus anagroides, golden chain or bean tree.\nSunday 2d. Mercury at 68 in the Morning 78 at Noon and 76 at Night.\nClear with but little [wind], and that at South; very warm.\nAbout Noon I set out for the intended meeting (to be held to morrow) at the Seneca falls. Dined at Colo. Gilpins, where meeting with Colo. Fitzgerald we proceeded all three of us to Mr. Bryan Fairfax\u2019s, and lodged.\nMonday 3d. After a very early breakfast (about Sun rise) we left Mr. Fairfax\u2019s, and arriving at the head of the Seneca falls (where a vessel was to have met us) was detained till near ten o\u2019clock before one arrived to put us over to our place of rendezvous at Mr. Goldsboroughs. Met Governor Johnson here; Govr. Lee was prevented by the situation of Mrs. Lee, from attending. A Colo. Francis Deakins, appointed on the part of Maryland, to lay out the road which was to be opened between the Eastern & western waters at the expence of that state & Virginia, also attended, and made a verbal report of his, & Colo. Nevilles surveys to effect this purpose; the result of which was, that they had agreed that the best rout for the said road was from the Mouth of Savage river, through the glades to cheat river, a little below the Dunker bottom; and from thence to the Monongahela (as they conceived the Navigation of Cheat river thro the laurel hill very difficult) below the Tygers valley; distance about 50 Miles. He was of opinion that besides the difficulties in the No. branch between the Mouths of savage & stony rivers that little or nothing would be short[e]ned in the road from the bearing, or trending off, of the North branch between these two places. To these matters however he did not speak with precision, or certainty, as his assistant who had his field notes & Surveys, had not returned.\nA heavy shower of rain, a good deal of wind, and much thunder and lightning just abt., and after dark. A house, to appearance about 3 miles off, was consumed by fire, occasioned as was supposed by lightning; but whether it was a dwelling house or Barn we did not hear\u2014nor could we discover to whom it belonged.\nThe day was very warm, and with out wind, till the gust arose.\n   our place of rendezvous: On the following day James Rumsey paid Monica Goldsborough \u201cnine Shillings Virginia currency in full for nine breakfasts and dinners for both at the meeting of the President & directors\u201d of the Potowmack Company (American Clipper, 2 [Dec. 1935], 191).\n   Francis Deakins (1739\u20131804), Montgomery County, Md., surveyor and land speculator, was the eldest son of William Deakins, Sr., and Tabitha Marbury Hoye Deakins of Prince George\u2019s County. He had served for several years in the Maryland state militia during the Revolution, attaining the rank of lieutenant colonel.\nTuesday 4th. The Directors determined to prosecute their first plan for opening the Navigation of the River in the bed of it, &\nas streight as it was practicable, and ordered the Manager to proceed accordingly; & to remove the hands from the works at the great falls to the Seneca & other parts of the river\u2014as it was their wish, having but 3 years from the commencemt. of the Act to perfect the Navigation above the falls. Mr. Rumsey having signified his disinclination to serve the Company any longer for the pay and emoluments which had been allowed him, and the Directors not inclining to encrease them, they parted and Mr. Stuart (the first assistant) was appointed in his place. Mr. Smith the other assistant had his wages raised to \u00a3200 Maryld. Curry. pr. Ann.\nThese matters being settled, Govr. Johnson returned home. Colo. Fitzgerald proceeded on to Berkeley & Frederick, and Colo. Gilpin and myself resolved to send our horses to the Great falls and go by water to that place ourselves; and were happy to find that the passage on the Virginia side of all the Islands, was vastly the best; and might be made easy and good at little expence\u2014There being in short only 3 places where there was any difficulty, & these not great. Shallow water in a low state of the river, is all that is to be feared.\nAfter dining with Mr. Rumsey at the Great falls Colo. Gilpin and myself set out in order to reach our respective homes, but a gust of wind & rain, with much lightning, compelled me to take shelter, about dark at his house, where I was detained all night.\nThis day was also exceedingly warm, there being but little wind.\n   opening: In MS this reads \u201copenting.\u201d\n   Mr. Smith is James Smith (Va. Journal, 4 Dec. 1788).\nWednesday 5th. I set out about sun rising, & taking my harvest fields at Muddy hole & the ferry in my way, got home to breakfast.\nFound that my harvest had commenced as I directed, at Muddy hole & in the Neck on Monday last\u2014with 6 Cradlers at the first\u2014to wit, Isaac, Cowper Tom, Ben overseer Will, Adam, & Dogue run Jack who tho\u2019 newly entered, made a very good hand; and gave hopes of being an excellent Cradler. That Joe (Postilian) had taken the place of Sambo at the Ferry since Monday last, & the harvest there proceeded under the cutting of Caesar, Boatswain, & him. That in the Neck 6 cradles were constantly employed, & sometimes 7\u2014viz. James, (who having cut himself in the meadow could not work constantly)\u2014Davy, Overseer who having other matters to attend to, could not stick to it; Sambo, Essex, George (black smith) Will, Ned; and Tom Davis who had never cut before, and made rather an awkward hand of it. Tom Nokes was also there, but he cut only now & then, at other times shocking,\nrepairing rakes &ca. That the gangs at Dogue Run & Muddy hole were united, & were assisted by Anthony, Myrtilla & Dolshy from the home house\u2014That besides Tom Davis Ben from the Mill had gone into the Neck and that Sall brass (when not washing) & Majr. Washingtons Tom were assisting the ferry people\u2014That Cowpers Jack & Da[v]y with some small boys & girls (wch. had never been taken out before) were assisting the Farmer in making Hay after two white men who had been hired to cut grass. And found that the State of the Mercury in the thermometer had, during my absence, been as follow\u2014viz.\nMorng.\nNoon\nNight\nSunday 2d.\nMonday 3d.\nTuesday 4\nWednesdy. 5\nThis day (Wednesday) clouded about Noon and before dinner began to rain, tho not much & rained again at, and in the Night but not a great deal.\n   The slaves named here can all be found in the entry for 18 Feb. 1786 of the Diaries. They were often shifted temporarily from one farm to another for special tasks. the farmer: James Bloxham.\nThursday 6th. Mercury at 71 in the Morning\u201477 at Noon and 76 at N.\nMorning hazy, with thunder & rain in the afternoon.\nRid to Muddy hole and into the Neck; found that the Rye at the first had been cut down yesterday and that the wheat was entered upon and that the grain being wet this Morning, it could not either be shocked, or bound. The rakers were therefore employed in succouring the drilled Corn at Muddy hole. The Rye at the Ferry was also cut down yesterday about dinner time. The plows at this place 3 in number having finished crossing the Corn on the hill had begun to cross that cut below, adjoining the drilled Corn. In the Neck, after the Plows had finished crossing the river cut, in the great field, 6 plows went into the drilled Corn (on Tuesday) and were running a single furrow on each side of it, the Peas, Potatoes, & Cabbage by way of giving them a hill.\nFriday 7th. Mercury at 72 in the Morning\u201480 at Noon and 75 at Night.\nClear in the forenoon but very sultry, with wind, thunder, lightning & rain in the afternoon. Rid to all the Plantations; The\nPlows at Muddy hole (where 3 were at work) had finished the East cut of Corn, and had begun to plow that cut by the bars, adjoining the drilled Corn the 3d. time. Those at Morris\u2019s, four in number, had got about half over the Eastermost cut, next the overseers House and the Farmer was stacking the grass which had been in cocks some time in the meadow adjoining it.\nBrought in the remainder of the clover Hay, & seed at Muddy [hole] to the stack at the barn there.\nWashington Custis being sick I sent for Doctr. Craik to visit him, and a sick child in the Neck. He arrived before dinner, & after going into the Neck & returning, stayed all night.\nMr. Shaw went up to Alexandria to day on my business in the waggon also to bring sundries down.\nSaturday 8th. Mercury at 74 in the Morning\u201478 at Noon and 77 at Night.\nClear & warm, with very little Wind till about 2 oclock, when a black & extensive cloud arose to the westward out of which much wind issued with considerable thunder & lightning and a smart shower of Rain.\nRid to the Ferry, Muddy hole & Neck Plantations. Finished cutting the Rye about noon at the latter, and set into the wheat adjoining, immediately after. Should have finished cutting & securing in shocks the wheat at Muddy hole this afternoon had it not been for the interruption given by the rain.\nThe Rye at all the Plantations had been much beat down & tangled previous to the cutting any of it, and much loss will be sustained from this cause in addition to the defection in the head; but neither this grain nor the wheat have been so much layed by the late winds & rains, as might have been expected. Of the latter indeed, tho much was threatned, not a great deal fell.\nSunday 9th. Mercury at 76 in the Morning 79 at Noon and 78 at Night.\nClear, calm & warm all day. Doctr. Stuart, Mrs. Stuart, and Betcy & Patcy Custis came here to breakfast and Doctr. Craik to dinner\u2014the last of whom went away in the evening.\nMonday 10th. Mercury at  in the Morning\u201482 at Noon and 82 at Night.\nVery warm all day, and calm till the evening, when a breeze from the Southward sprung up. More appearances of rain in the morning than the evening, but none fell.\nRid to the Neck, Muddy hole & Dogue Plantations. Began harvest at the latter this morning with the people belonging to the place; the Muddy hole hands finished theres by breakfast, after wch. (about half after eleven) the two gangs united again. In the Neck the Plows on Saturday finished running the furrows on each side the drilled Corn, by way of hilling it; and to day began to break, or plow the intermediate spaces.\nJohn Knowles, who was absent all last week came here to work again this Morning in good Season.\nDoctr. Stuart, Mrs. Stuart & the two girls Betcy & Patcy Custis returned after breakfast.\n   John Knowles came to work for GW as a common laborer in May 1786 for \u00a35 a month and a daily pint of rum (see entry for 18 May 1786). In 1789 GW contracted with him for one year to be a bricklayer and his wife, Rachael, to be a household servant. In return they were to receive \u00a330, a house, and a garden spot (articles of agreement between Knowles and GW, 7 July 1789, DLC:GW).\nTuesday 11th. Mercury at 77 in the Morning\u201483 at Noon and 82 at Night.\nClear, with the wind at So. Wt. and pretty fresh.\nRid to the Ferry, Dogue run, & Muddy hole Plantations and to the Mill. At the first, the Plows had just finished plowing the drilled Corn & Potatoes by the Fish House\u2014at the second got into stacks all the wheat in the Meadow by the Overseers House.\nFinished cutting the remainder of the wheat in the great Field in the Neck on the Creek.\nDoctr. Craik came here to breakfast and returned after it to Alexandria.\nWednesday 12th. Mercury at 79 in the Morning\u2014 at Noon and  at Night.\nWind pretty fresh from the So. West all day. About Noon a cloud arose in the west, from whence proceeded a shower of rain and severe lightning and loud thunder.\nVisited all my Plantations and the Mill to day. Finished the wheat harvest at the Ferry about Noon. Gave the People employed in it the remainder of the day for them selves, but ordered Boatswain & Joe (cradlers) and the hands from the home House to go into the Neck tomorrow and the other Cradler (Caesar) with 2 or 3 rakers to go to Dogue run (being most convenient) having before ordered Isaac, & Cooper Tom (cradlers)\u2014the house people and 3 rakers from Muddy hole gang, to go into the Neck to\nmorrow morning, supposing the People belonging to the Plantation, with the aid above mentioned, would be able to compleat the Harvest at Dogue run in the course of tomorrow.\nOn my return home found Mr. Man Page of Mansfield Mr. Frans. Corbin, and Doctr. Stuart here. And after Dinner Mr. Lawe. Washington & his son Lawe, came in. Doctr. Stuart returned in the evening.\nPerceived as I rode thro my drilled corn at Muddy hole to day, that the alternate rows of early corn was Tassling and shooting.\n   man page: Mann Page, Jr. (c.1749\u20131803), of Mannsfield, near Fredericksburg in Spotsylvania County, was the eldest son of Mann Page (b. 1718), of Rosewell, Gloucester County, and his second wife, Anne Corbin Tayloe, the daughter of John Tayloe (1687\u20131747) and Elizabeth Gwyn (Gwynn, Gwynne) Lyde Tayloe of Mount Airy, Richmond County (PAGERichard Channing Moore Page. Genealogy of the Page Family in Virginia. 1893. 2d. ed. Bridgewater, Va., 1965., 61, 63; MEADE [1][William] Meade. Old Churches, Ministers and Families of Virginia. 2 vols. Philadelphia, 1857., 2:181). Mann Page, Jr., was a member of the House of Burgesses in 1775, the Continental Congress in 1777, and a lieutenant colonel with the Spotsylvania militia during the Revolution (CROZIER [2]William Armstrong Crozier, ed. Spotsylvania County, 1721\u20131800: Being Transcriptions, from the Original Files at the County Court House, of Wills, Deeds, Administrators\u2019 and Guardians\u2019 Bonds, Marriage Licenses, and Lists of Revolutionary Pensioners. New York, 1905., 35, 523). In 1776 he married his cousin Mary Tayloe (b. 1759), daughter of John Tayloe II (1721\u20131779) and Rebecca Plater Tayloe of Mount Airy (PAGERichard Channing Moore Page. Genealogy of the Page Family in Virginia. 1893. 2d. ed. Bridgewater, Va., 1965., 73).\n   Francis Corbin (1759\u20131821), of Middlesex and Caroline counties, was a cousin of Mann Page, Jr., and a son of Richard and Elizabeth Tayloe Corbin of Laneville, King and Queen County. He went to England in 1773 where he attended the Canterbury School and Cambridge University, and entered the Inner Temple in Jan. 1777. At the close of the Revolution, he returned to Virginia. He represented Middlesex County in the House of Delegates from 1784 to 1794. A staunch supporter of the Constitution, Corbin was an influential member of the Virginia Ratifying Convention of 1788 (Va. Mag., 29 [1921], 522, 30 [1922], 315\u201316; NEILLEdward D. Neill. The Fairfaxes of England and America in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, Including Letters from and to Hon. William Fairfax, President of Council of Virginia, and His Sons Col. George William Fairfax and Rev. Bryan, Eighth Lord Fairfax, the Neighbors and Friends of George Washington. Albany, 1868., 137n).\nThursday 13th. Mercury at 72 in the Morning\u2014 at Noon and  at Night.\nCloudy all day, with the Wind pretty fresh from the Eastward. Finished the wheat harvest at Dogue run about Sundown. Doctr. Craik came here to Dinner & returned afterwards. In the Night there fell rain.\nFriday 14th. Mercury at  in the Morning\u2014 at Noon and  at Night.\nCloudy more or less all day, with the wind pretty fresh from the So. West.\nAfter Breakfast I rid to all my Plantations. Found the Plows in the Neck after compleatly, that is, after having broke the ground between the furrows that had been run on each side the Corn for the purpose of hilling it, had got into the Middle cut to do the like there, in the Drilled corn. Perceived the Irish Potatoes were\ncoming into blossom at this place and that after the rain on Wednesday, whilst the wheat was too wet to bind, the harvest People had pulled a little of the flax at this place also. The Plows at Dogue run finished plowing the Cut they were in next the overseers House, & had begun to plow the drilled corn, on the East side of the field; leaving every other row untouched & turning the mould from the corn in these rows; by wch. the middle between the rows where the cabbages, Potatoes, Peas &ca. grow would be ridged\u2014intending these ridges to be reduced at the last Plowing, & the rows of corn to form them. At the same place the hands had begun to hoe corn in the cut including Barrys houses, beginning next Wades old dwelling. Some of the People belonging to this plantation had come to Muddy hole for Rye, which they were threshing there for their horses. Muddy hole [people] were hoeing a small corner of Corn which was not finished before Harvest. At the ferry the Plows finished about two oclock crossing the cut on the flat, and would begin to plow the drilled wht. by the Mea[do]w. The rest of the People were preparing a yard to tread out wheat.\nAfter breakfast Mr. Page & Mr. Corbin, accompanied by Majr. Washington, went up to Abingdon (taking Alexandria in their way) and before breakfast Mr. Lawe. Washington & his son went up by water to the latter place\u2014they all returned again in the Evening, when a Mr. Hatfield of England came in.\n   mr. hatfield of england: probably either Joseph Hadfield, merchant of Manchester, Eng., who had visited Mount Vernon in 1785, or one of the other partners in the family firm. By 1788 Joseph Hadfield was established temporarily in Baltimore. He was a partner in the \u201chouse of John Hadfield Thomas Hadfield and Joseph Hadfield\u201d (Fairfax County Deeds, Book R, 239, Vi Microfilm).\nSaturday 15th. Mercury at 77 in the Morning\u201485 at Noon and 83 at Night.\nClear, calm, and very warm all day.\nAfter breakfast the Company all going away, I rid to all the Plantations except that at the Ferry. Compleated my wheat harvest in the Neck about Noon\u2014which made a finish of the whole; after wch. I directed my people, engaged therein, to pull flax till dinner, & take the remainder of the day to themselves. Much Wheat has been left in all the fields this year occasioned 1st. by the frequent rains and winds which preceeded, and happened during harvest (which had laid down and tangled it in some degree)\u20142d. by beginning my harvest too late and 3d. by the manner of cutting and gathering it into shocks. It is unlucky, that from\nseveral causes, I was prevented trying by experiment, this year, how early wheat or Rye might be cut without injury to the grain; but satisfied I am that, this may be done with safety as soon as it is out of its milky state\u2014at any rate, that the loss by shrinkage in the beginning of a harvest from this cause, is not equal to the loss by shattering at the latter end of it or to the hazard of its being entangled, or laid down by winds and rain, which every year is the case in a greater, or lesser degree when harvest is long, & the grain ripe. For these reasons the following method may, I think, be attempted with success in future; and it will be found that many advantages will flow from it.\n1st. To make every Plantation, or farm, take care of its own grain witht. uniting their hands.\n2d. To encrease the number of cradlers at each; to such a number only, as will give two rakers to each, and leave a sufficiency besides to gather, and put the wheat into shocks and, generally speaking, with Negro labourers, the following distribution may be found to come as near the mark in wheat made in corn ground, as any\u2014viz.\u2014for every two Cradlers to allow 4 rakers, 1 Shocker, and two carriers\u2014for the last of which boys and girls are competent.\n3d. To give the Cradlers a start of two days of the rakers & shockers; letting them begin to cut as soon as the milk leaves the grain, and before it becomes hard & flinty\u2014leaving the grain this time in the swarth, for the straw to cure, before it is raked, bound & put into shocks.\n4th. To order, & see that the Cradlers cut slow, & lay their grain regular & well; after it is cut low & clean; which will be found more advantages than to hurry over the gr[oun]d in order to put an end to harvest, as is usual. By beginning early time will be allowed for these, especially as wheat cut in this state yields much easier, and pleasanter to the stroke, & can be laid much better than when the straw gets dry & harsh.\n5th. By giving this start to the cradlers, the straw (as hath been observed before) will be sufficiently cured to bind and shock and it must be seen that the Rakers also do their work clean and well, which is more likely to be the case without particular attention, than when one half their time they are scampering after the cutters to keep up; and the other half are standing whilst the cradlers are whetting their Scythes, drinking, or talking.\n6th. Each raker must take a swarth & not two go in one that the authors of bad work may be more easily detected. By this\nmode of proceeding the raking & binding will be done with more ease, regularity and dispatch, because it becomes a sober settled work\u2014there being no pretext for hurrying at one time, and standing at another\u2014but\n7th. By this means, I am persuaded that the number of rakers which usually follow cradlers, would, by the middle of harvest, or by the time the grain is in condition to shock as it comes from the Cradle be fully up with them and then might go on together if it should be conceived best.\nAdmitting that the grain can be cut with safety as soon as it comes out of the Milky state, the advantages here described, added to the superior quality of the straw for fodder, and indeed for every other purpose, greatly over ballances any inconveniencies which may result from the practice, & which must lay chiefly, if not wholly, in these: 1st. The hazard of a heavy beating rain, which may settle the swarth among the stubble so as to make it bad to rake, & difficult perhaps to get up clean and 2d. lighter rains and Dews which may interrupt the binding, the straw not drying so soon in swarth as it does standing\u2014nor can it be meddled with so early in the morning generally\u2014But as neither rain nor dews will hurt the grain (on the contrary, will make it thresh easier, and do very little injury to the straw) and as there is allways work enough on the Plantations to employ the hands in (such as succouring & hoeing of Corn, pulling flax, weeding of vines, Pease, &ca. &ca.) supposing the interruptions above mentioned to happen no labour need be lost because as each harvest will be managed by the hands belonging to the farm or Plantation they can without inconvenience (having their tools always at hand) shift from one kind of work to another without preparation or fitting themselves for it.\nSunday 16th. Mercury at 78 in the Morning\u201486 at Noon and 84 at Night.\nVery little wind at any time in the day but very hot.\nDoctr. Craik came here in the forenoon\u2014dined, and returned afterwards.\nMonday 17th. Mercury at 78 in the Morning\u201485 at Noon and 79 at Night.\nExceedingly warm all day with but little wind. Afternoon a cloud arose out of which we had only a sprinkling of Rain\u2014the body of the cloud passing above, i.e. to the Northward of this place.\nRid to the Plantations in the Neck\u2014Muddy hole, Dogue run & Ferry. At the first began to cut the ripest of the Oats, but thinking them in general too green quitted after breakfast and set all hands to pulling flax the doing of which was compleated about Sun down. At Muddy hole the People were employed in clearing a yard to tread wheat in, and in getting in wheat & Rye. Of the latter 6 Shocks (got in by the Dogue run hands) yielded 11\u00bd bushels of clean Rye and 4 other Shocks brought in by the hands of the Plantation & threshed by them 5 Bl. of clean rye was produced. Dogue run people cut their Oats in the upper meadow and the Ferry were employed as yesterday about their Wheat.\nTuesday 18th. Mercury at 77 in the Morning\u201487 at Noon and 84 at Night.\nA heavy forenoon with much appearances of rain but none fell\u2014very hot afterwards when the sun at intervals came out\u2014a breeze from the So. West all day.\nRid to all the Plantations, except that at the Ferry. Began to cut the Meadow at the Neck plantation to day and to clean & prepare the yard for treading wheat there. Finished hilling with the Plows, all the Corn at Muddy hole which was planted in the usual way & ordered the plows to turn the ground in the drilled corn, designed for Turnips, & to plow it deep & well. Dogue run people (in part) cleaning & preparing their wheat yard and getting the Oats to it. Finished a Hay rick at the House which contained all the Hay that was made at the upper Meadow at Dogue run and all that came off the Ferry Meadow.\nWednesday 19th. Mercury at 82 in the morning\u201489 at Noon and 81 at Night.\nClear until about 2 Oclock when a cloud arose to the Westward out of which proceeded a powerful rain.\nRid to all the Plantations to day. At that in the Neck, the Scythemen having cut (yesterday) the upper part of the Meadow, & to the cross fence; returned to the Oat field to day at the old orchard point, which they cut down; but did not shock, the straw being too green for it. At the same place, the Plows finished the middle cut of the drilled corn, & plowed, in the same cut, the intervals between the corn rows which were designed for Turnips. The Plows at Muddy hole began yesterday afternoon to give the middle cut (next to, & adjoining, the drilled corn) another plowing from the road to the woods back. 4 other shocks of rye at this place from another part of the field, yielded about the same quantity\nof clean grain that the first did\u2014viz.\u2014five bushels; from which, their being 177 shocks in the field, it may be computed that not more than 220 or 225 will be obtained.\nOn my return home I found Mr. Calvert of Maryland and his son, Colo. Bland, Mr. Geo. Digges, Mr. Foster & Lund Washington here\u2014all of whom dined. The 3 first stayed the evening the other three returned.\n   mr. calvert of maryland and his son: The son accompanying Benedict Calvert to Mount Vernon is probably one of his two eldest boys, Edward Henry Calvert (1766\u20131846) or George Calvert (1768\u20131838).\n   Theodorick Bland (1742\u20131790), of Prince George County, was the son of Theodorick and Frances Bolling Bland of Cawsons on the Appomattox River. After receiving a M.D. degree at the University of Edinburgh in 1763, Bland returned to Virginia to practice medicine. He served as a colonel in the Continental Army 1776\u201379, and as a delegate to the Continental Congress 1780\u201383. In 1786 he was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates where he served until 1788.\n   Ralph Foster (Forster) was George Digges\u2019s brother-in-law. His wife, Theresa (Tracy) Digges Foster (Forster), had died in Oct. 1784 (Va. Journal, 14 Oct. 1784).\nThursday 20th. Mercury at 78 in the Morning\u201486 at Noon and 80 at Night.\nVery warm all day\u2014about 4 Oclock a Cloud arose out of which proceeded a shower of rain\u2014after which it cleared, but towards sun down it overcast, and rained moderately for several hours.\nBefore the rain the Flax in the Neck was thrown into shocks as was part of the oats. Another part was set on end (as much as could be of it) and the third part was caught on the ground in the sheaf by the rain.\nFinished cutting the Meadow in the Neck this afternoon; & had begun to plow the ground designed for Turnips there, but the Rain put a stop to it. The plows then went into the Corn adjoining thereto in the cut next the Barn.\nMr. Calvert & Son was prevented recrossing the river this afternoon by the rain.\nFriday 21st. Mercury at 76 in the Morning\u201480 at Noon\u2014and 80 at Night.\nA little cloudy in the Morning but clear afterwards and not so warm as it had been.\nMr. Calvert & Son went away very early in the Morning. After breakfast Colo. Bland and my self road to my Plantations at Muddy hole and in the Neck. At the first found the grd. was too\nwet for Plowing and that 4 other shocks of rye from another part of the field had been threshed, which yielded rather better than 7\u00bd bushels of clean grain. At the other I examined the shocks of Flax wch. seemed to be tolerably dry, & in good order\u2014but I directed the Overseer to keep an attentive watch upon them, and the Oats; & open & dry them if they appeared to need it; and to get both as soon as he could to the Barn.\nHaving finished cutting the meadows in the Neck, the farmer & two or three hands remained there to make the Hay, whilst Six cutters came over & cut down the orchard grass at the House which had been stripped of the head (for the seed) on or about the first instant. It may be remarked of this grass, and it adds to the value of it, that it does not turn brown at the bottom, after it heads, nor does the stubble appear dry when it is cut, as that of Timothy. Consequently the aftermath is more valuable, and the Second growth quicker. Whether this effect is natural to the grass, or has been produced by having had the seed taken from it, is not altogether certain, but the first is much more probable; because Timothy would, before it should have approached the same state of maturity, have been quite brown & rusty at bottom, which was not the case with the Orchd. Grass when the seed was taken from it, nor at any time since and is an evidence that it will wait longer after it is fit for the Scythe than timothy without injury. It also appeared by some that had been mixed with, and grown near to the clover wch. was cut about the 7th. or 8th. of June that it vegetates much quicker after cutting, that [than] Timothy does.\nSaturday 22d. Mercury at 74 in the Morning\u201482 at Noon and 80 at Night.\nClear all day with the Wind at South, but not very fresh.\nAn Overseer of mine (at the ferry) informed me that the chintz bug was discovered in his Corn and that he apprehended if the weather should turn dry, they would encrease, and destroy it. He also informed me that the fly was discovered about the shocks of wheat in his field.\nAt home all day with Colo. Bland.\n   overseer of mine: Hezekiah Fairfax.\n   chintz bug: GW had discovered the chinch bug in his corn the previous year (see 15 Aug. 1785). The Hessian fly (Phytophaga destructor), the larvae of which sucked the juices from green wheat and ate the leaves, was a more serious problem. This fly, which first appeared on Long Island, was called the Hessian fly in the mistaken belief that Hessian soldiers had brought it to this continent. In some areas, wheat had been abandoned\naltogether (PARKINSONRichard Parkinson. A Tour in America, in 1798, 1799, and 1800. Exhibiting Sketches of Society and Manners, and a Particular Account of the American System of Agriculture, with Its Recent Improvements. 2 vols. London, 1805., 2:360\u201361). \u201cWhat an error it is,\u201d GW wrote to Samuel Powel, 15 Dec. 1789, \u201cand how much to be regretted; that the Farmers do not confine themselves to the Yellow-bearded Wheat, if, from experience, it is found capable of resisting the ravages of this, otherwise, all conquering foe\u201d (ViMtvL). The pest did not spread inland as rapidly as was feared. It did not reach Albemarle County, Va., until 1798.\nSunday 23d. Mercury at 74 in the Morning\u201480 at Noon and 80 at Night.\nClear & pleasant till about 4 Oclock, when the wind whh. had been pretty fresh from the So. West died away and it turned warm.\nMr. Powell, Mr. Porter, and Miss Ramsay & Miss Craik came here to breakfast (from Alexa.) and returned again after Dinner.\n   Mr. Powell is probably William H. Powell (d. 1802), eldest son of GW\u2019s old friend Col. Leven Powell of Loudoun County. Young Powell studied law with Charles Simms of Alexandria and in April 1786 had just opened a general merchandise store, William H. Powell & Co., on Fairfax Street. Powell moved back to a farm in Loudoun County a few years later and drowned in 1802 while crossing the Shenandoah River (POWELL [2]Robert C. Powell, ed. A Biographical Sketch of Col. Leven Powell, including His Correspondence during the Revolutionary War. Alexandria, Va., 1877., 7; BROCKETTF. L. Brockett. The Lodge of Washington. A History of the Alexandria Washington Lodge, No. 22, A.F. and A.M. of Alexandria, Va., 1783-1876. Alexandria, Va., 1876., 107; Va. Journal, 20 April 1786).\n   Miss Ramsay is probably Sarah (Sally) Ramsay, daughter of William Ramsay. She and Thomas Porter were married in 1788.\nMonday 24th. Mercury at 70 in the Morning\u201480 at Noon and 77 at Night.\nWind at No. West, and day very pleasant.\nAfter breakfast I accompanied Colo. Bland to Mr. Lund Washington\u2019s where he entered the stage on his return home. Rid from hence to the Plantations at Dogue run & Muddy hole. At the first I found that the plows had finished the alternate rows of drilled corn on Saturday afternoon, & were then plowing the intermediate ones, which had been passed over. Examined the low, & sickly looking corn in several parts of this field, and discovered more or less of the Chinch bug on every stalk between the lower blades & it. It is highly probable that the unpromising appearance of most of my Corn, & which I had been puzled to acct. for and ascribing it to other causes may have proceeded from this, and that the calamity, especially, if a drought should follow, will be distressing to a great degree. The Hoes at this plantation will to morrow have finished the cut they had begun on the west side the field, & would go into the one adjoining. Muddy hole People were engaged in getting their wheat into stacks at the barn & threshing out what rye they had put into the Barn which amounted to 12 shocks, & yielded 18 Bush. of clean grain.\nOn my return home, found colo. Humphreys here and soon\nafter a Captn. Cannon came in with a letter from Colo. Marshall, from Kentucke.\n   David Humphreys (1752\u20131818), the youngest son of Rev. Daniel and Sarah Riggs Bowers Humphreys of Connecticut, was a graduate of Yale and a poet. He distinguished himself during the Revolution by his rapid promotions and his appointment as aide-de-camp to GW. A lifelong friendship developed between Humphreys and GW, and Humphreys often visited Mount Vernon. He went abroad in 1784 to negotiate commercial treaties and returned in the spring of 1786 to Connecticut where in September he was elected to the assembly (Humphreys to GW, 24 Sept. 1786, DLC:GW). At this time he was at Mount Vernon attempting to gather information for a proposed biography of GW. He was at Mount Vernon in the winter of 1787\u201388, served as one of GW\u2019s secretaries 1789\u201390, and in 1790 again went abroad on a series of diplomatic missions.\n   The letter John Canon delivered to GW was from Thomas Marshall, formerly of Fauquier County, Va., and now residing in Fayette County, Ky. GW had commissioned Marshall to procure for him the seeds of trees requested by Lafayette for use at Versailles (Marshall to GW, 19 May 1786, and GW to Lafayette, 25 July 1785, DLC:GW).\nTuesday 25th. Mercury at 66 in the Morning\u201481 at Noon and 80 at Night.\nClear and pleasant all day Wind being Northerly & Easterly.\nAfter breakfast I rid round all my Plantations. Found my corn in the Neck as much infested by the Chinch bug as I had perceived\nthat to be at Dogue run yesterday. The rows of Corn wch. were intermixed with Irish Potatoes, along the fence wch. divides the wheat field (or stubble) from it were perceived to be much better, & more uniform than any other part of the field, but whether it has been occasioned by dunging, or otherwise, I could get no distinct acct. Some of the Negros ascribed it to this cause & it is more probable than that the Potatoes should have been the cause of it. Sowed about five acres of Turnips in br[oa]d cast, in the Neck in that grd. which originally was prepared for the Saintfoin & other Seeds. These seeds were sowed after a plowing which the ground had just received, and were harrowed in with a heavy harrow which raked the grass very much into heaps (the ground tho\u2019 frequently plowed before, having got very grassy). Two hands at this place began yesterday to cut the drilled Oats, which they would about accomplish to morrow. This Oats (24 rows) I ordered to be secured & threshed by itself. 5 plows only were at work here the Waggon & two Ox Carts being employed in getting in the grain. All hands except those at plow were engaged in this business, in stacking the wheat, and threshing of Rye. At Muddy hole, except the three people at the Plows, and those employed in drawing in & stacking the Wheat at the Barn, all hands had begun to weed the drilled corn and the Plants between the rows. The Oats at this place had been cut two or 3 days, & the Wheat would be all drawn in & stacked to day. The Dogue run people did not finish the cut they were in yesterday till noon this day when they entered the one adjoining. The Ferry People wd. nearly get the wheat at that Plantation into Stack to day.\nDoctr. Craik was sent for to visit Carpenter James & Cowper Jack. He also prescribed for a Child Nat, over the Creek who was brought here.\nWednesday 26th. Mercury at 70 in the Morning\u2014at Noon 80 and 80 at Night. Calm, Clear & pleasant all day.\nMr. Herbert, Colo. Ramsay, Colo. Allison and Mr. Hunter dined here and returned in the afternoon.\nOne Edwd. Moystan who formerly lived with Mr. Robt. Morris as a Steward, & now keeps the City Tavern in Philadelphia came here to consult me on the Propriety of his taking the Coffee Ho[use] in Alexandria, i.e., on the prospect of its answering his purposes for keeping Tavern.\nHaving fixed a roller to the tale of my drill plow, and a bush harrow between it & the barrel, I sent it by G. A. Washington to Muddy hole and had the intervals betwn. the corn which had\nbeen left for the purpose sowed with Turnips in drills and with which it was done very well.\n   The coffeehouse in Alexandria apparently did not answer Moyston\u2019s purposes, for he was still in Philadelphia in April 1787 when he wrote GW to urge that he and his acquaintances stay in his City Tavern in Philadelphia while attending the Constitutional Convention (Edward Moyston to GW, 4 April 1787, DLC:GW). Moyston had become the proprietor of the City Tavern in Philadelphia on Second Street above Walnut in 1779 (Pa. Mag., 46 [1922], 75, n.162). The Alexandria Inn and Coffeehouse, which had been managed by Henry Lyles until his death in April 1786, was being advertised for rent in the summer of 1786 (Va. Journal, 27 July 1786).\nThursday 27th. Mercury at 74 in the morning\u201484 at Noon and 80 at Night.\nClear in the forenoon and pretty warm\u2014Cloudy afterwards with great appearances of a settled rain little of which fell. What did was chiefly light and more a mist making little impression in the Earth.\nRid to Muddy hole, Dogue run & Ferry Plantations, and to the Mill. Found the Wheat all got in and stacked at the first and last mentioned places and that the Plows had finished plowing the drilled corn on thursday evening last and were plowing the Cut on the Hill. The rest of the hands at this place, & cart were employed in getting in Rye. The drilled Oats between the corn at Muddy hole, being threshed & cleaned measured 18 bushls.\nIn the evening Mr. Thos. Fairfax (son of Bryan Fairfax Esqr. now Parson) came in and stayed all Night.\n   Thomas Fairfax (1762\u20131846), the eldest son of Bryan and Elizabeth Cary Fairfax, had returned recently from England where he had visited his uncle and aunt George William and Sarah Cary Fairfax at Bath. Bryan Fairfax was ordained a deacon in 1786 (KILMERKenton Kilmer and Donald Sweig. The Fairfax Family in Fairfax County: A Brief History. Fairfax, Va., 1975., 39, 43).\nFriday 28th. Mercury at 75 in the Morning\u201474 at Noon and 72 at Night.\nDay very lowering & some times light Rains or Mists, but not to wet the ground. Wind at No. Et.\nMr. Fairfax went away after breakfast.\nAt home all day.\nSaturday 29th. Mercury at 68 in the morning\u201474 at Noon and 71 at Night.\nWind Northwardly and pleasant\u2014The Morning cloudy, but clear about Noon, and a little warm. Accompanied by Colo. Humphrys I rid to Muddy hole & Neck Plantations. The Drilled oats at the latter, between the Corn, being threshed out & cleaned,\nmeasured 54 B.\u2014There being 24 Rows of these, each (allowing for the divisions between the Cuts and the bouting rows at the ends) about 1075 yards long amounts to 25,800 yards running measure\u2014or 160 yds. sqr. which is better than 5\u00bc acres. The quantity to the Acre therefore, cannot exceed 10 Bushels, which is less, it is presumed, than the same kind of Land would have produced in broadcast. It is to be remarked however that the abundant wet which had fallen from the middle of May, or thereabouts, till Harvest had in most of the low places destroyed the grain either wholly, or in part\u2014by which the quantity growing was reduced but this would also have happened in any square piece of ground as there is scarce any that is not subject to the same accident.\nSunday 30th. Mercury at 67 in the Morning\u201478 at Noon and 70 at Night.\nMorning a little cloudy, the day upon the whole cool & pleasant with the wind at East.\nMonday 31st. Mercury at 67 in the Morning\u201473 at Noon and 70 at Night.\nMorning lowering, with small sprinklings of rain, but too light to wet any thing. About one Oclock it cleared\u2014Wind pretty fresh from the No. East & clear afterwards.\nMr. Willm. Craik who came here to dinner, afterwards went away for Alexandria on his journey to Hampshire [County].\nAccompanied by Colo. Humphreys, rid to the Plantations at the Ferry and Dogue run. At the first, the plowing of the cut upon the hill was finished and the plows in the drilled corn by the fish house. The Hoes were at work in the other drilled corn. At Dogue run the Hoes had just finished the Cut they had been in; and the Plows the drilled corn; into which the Hoes had entered on the East side next the Swamp. The Plows would now cease till the Horses could be a little refreshed & get out wheat for sowing.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0002-0002", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 2 August 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 2d. Mercury at 65 in the Morning\u201470 at Noon and 70 at N. Much rain had fallen in the Night. The day was variable, but generally cloudy with fine rain about 10 or 11 Oclock which lasted more than an hour\u2014after which the Sun came out but for a short duration. Rid to Muddy hole, but proceeded no further as, at the time I was there the appearances of a wet day were greatest.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0002-0004", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 4 August 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 4th. Mercury at 72 in the Morning\u201477 at Noon and 74 at Night. The appearances of rain yesterday afternoon fell very heavily about Ravensworth and that part of the County occasioning greater freshes in Accatinck, Pohick & Hunting C[ree]k than had been known for many years & it is thought a good deal of damage to the Crops of Corn & other grain on the grd. Rid to the Plantations in the Neck, Muddy hole and Dogue run and dined afterwards at Mr. Lund Washingtons with Mrs. Washington Colo. Humphreys & Mrs. Fendal, and Major Washington (who had first been to Alexa. on business) and his wife. Some showers this Aftern. At the Neck plantation the Plows had, on Monday last finished plowing the drilled corn East cut and would this day have compleated all the other corn except the cut on the River in wch. wheat will be first sowed.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0002-0009", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 9 August 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 9th. Mercury at 74 in the Morning\u201481 at Noon and 79 at Night. Wind Southerly\u2014Morning a little lowering but clear afterwards till about 3 oclock when a cloud in the So. West produced a pretty heavy shower of rain attended with a good deal of wind in a short space. In the Night it again rained. Began to sow Wheat at the Ferry and in the Neck yesterday\u2014at the first in the cut on the flat adjoining the drilled Corn and at the other in the cut on the river. Finished cleaning two stacks of wheat which had been tread out at Muddy hole. Each measured 24 bushels of light wheat weighing only  lbs. pr. Bushel.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0002-0010", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 10 August 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n Thursday 10th. Mercury at 73 in the Morng.\u201474 at Noon and 70 at Night. Wind at No. Et. with mists and very light showers till towards noon when the Sun came out. Warm till towards the afternoon when it grew cooler & pleasanter. Rid to Muddy hole, Dogue run, and ferry Plantations\u2014at the first of which Wheat Seeding will commence tomorrow. At the second things are not in order for it & at the third the sowing has been stopped by the heavy rain which fell yesterday. Mr. Fitzhugh and Mr. Randolph went away after Breakfast.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0002-0011", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 11 August 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 11th. Mercury at 68 in the Morning\u201476 at Noon and 74 at Night. Clear & pleasant with the wind at So. West. Rid to Muddy hole and Dogue run Plantations. At the first, Sowing wheat begun this Morning. At the latter I agreed with one James Lawson who was to provide another hand to ditch for me in my mill swamp upon the following terms\u2014viz.\u2014to allow them every day they work\u2014each 1 lb. of salt or 1\u00bd of fresh meat pr. day\u20141\u00bc lb. of brown bread, 1 pint of spirits and a bottle of Milk\u2014the bread to be baked at the House, & their Meat to be Cooked by Morris\u2019s wife\u2014and to allow them 16 d. pr. rod for ditches of 4 feet wide at top, 1 foot wide at bottom, and 2 feet deep; with 12 or 15 Inches footing and 2/. for ditches of 6 feet wide at top, 2 feet at bottom, and two ft. deep with equal footing. On my return home found Mr. John Barnes and Doctr. Craik here\u2014the last of whom returned to Alexandria. The other stayed all night.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0002-0012", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 12 August 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 12th. Mercury at 72 in the Morning\u201479 at Noon and 74 at Night. Warm, with a tolerably bri[s]k Southerly wind all day. Mr. Barnes went away before Breakfast. After which I rid to my Meadow in order to mark out a middle ditch, and to try how much the water within the Meadow is above\nthe water in the run below where the two courses of it unite, below the old Mill Seat, and which is found to be nearly 3 feet; estimating between the Surfaces of the two. It also appears that the Meadow, just by where a breach is made in the dam, is as low as any part in it reckoning from the Surface of the water (from the bottom of the bed of the run would undou[b]tedly be deeper) and that from this place to the Surface of the run at a turn of it by a spreading spanish bush the rise is about 14 Inches. Thomas McCarty left this yesterday\u2014it being found that he was unfit for a Household Steward. Richard Burnet took his place on the wages of Thirty pounds pr. ann.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0002-0013", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 13 August 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 13th. Mercury at 69 in the Morning\u201470 at Noon and 69 at Night. Day lowering with the wind at East\u2014now and then a little sprinkle of rain but not enough to wet the roots of any thing. Mr. Shaw quitted this family to day. Colo. Humphreys, Geo. Washington & wife went to Church at Alexandria to day & dined with Mr. Fendall. The first remained there all Night.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0002-0014", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 14 August 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 14th. Mercury at 72 in the Morng.\u201473 at Noon and 70 at Night. Day clear, and the wind fresh from the No. West, from Morn till eve. Went by way of Muddy hole & Dogue run plantations to the Meadow, in my Mill Swamp, to set the Ditche[r]s to work, only one of whom appeared. About Noon he began on the side ditch,\nEast of the meadow. After doing this, and levelling part of the ground (with a Rafter level) along which the Ditch was to be cut I intended to have run a course or two of Fencing at Muddy hole but Meeting with Genl. Duplessis in the road who intended to Mt. Vernon but had lost his way I returned home with him where Colo. Humphreys had just arrived before us.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0002-0015", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 15 August 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 15th. Mercury at 64 in the Morning\u201470 at Noon and 65 at Night. Cool, & for the most part of the day lowering, with but little wind. At home all day. Doctr. Stuart & Mr. Keith, deputed by the Potomack Co. to present its thanks to the President & directors thereof came for that purpose, dined here & returned in the Afternoon.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0002-0016", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 16 August 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 16th. Mercury at 66 in the Morning\u201471 at Noon and 70 at Night. Cloudy and lowering for the greater part of the day and in the night a good deal of rain fell\u2014wind at So. West. Colonels Fitzgerald and Lyles Mr. Brailsford (an English Gentleman) and Mr. Perrin came here to dinner & returned afterwards. In the afternoon a Major Freeman who looks after my concerns west of the Alligany Mountains came in and stayed all night.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0002-0017", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 17 August 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n Thursday 17th. Mercury at 68 in the Morning\u201474 at Noon and 70 at Night. Drizling morning with the Wind at So. West\u2014Cloudy and misting at times all day. About breakfast time my Baggage which had been left at Gilbert Simpsons arrived here. Settled Accts. with Major Freeman and engaged him to continue his agency till he should remove from his present residency to Kentucke & then to put all my Bonds into the hands of Lawyer Smith to bring suits on. At home all day\u2014understood that the River cut in the Neck had been sowed with Wht.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0002-0018", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 18 August 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 18th. Mercury at 70 in the Morning\u201474 at Noon and 72 at Night. Misty morning, with light showers of rain through the day\u2014wind at No. East. Rid to the plantations at the Ferry, Dogue run, & Muddy hole, and to the Mill\u2014The hands at each place working on the Public roads. At Dogue Run the Plows & Hoes began to put in wheat on Wednesday last. The ditcher at the Meadow wd. by noon have compleated about 6 rod of the 6 feet ditch which would be about 1 rod and half pr. day. A Mr. Jno. Dance, recommended by Genl. Mifflin, & Willing Morris & Swanwick came here to offer his services to me as a Manager but not wanting such a person he returned after Dinner.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0002-0019", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 19 August 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n Saturday 19th. Mercury at 69 in the Morning\u201472 at Noon and 70 at Night. Wind Easterly, misting, & lowering in the forenoon but clear afterwards. General Duplessis left this by 5 Oclock in the Morning. After breakfast I accompanied Colo. Humphreys by water to Alexandria and dined with him at Captn. Conways to whom he had been previously engaged. The Tools & Baggage of Mr. Rawlins\u2019s workmen were carried to Alexandria in my Boat to day.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0002-0020", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 20 August 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 20th. Mercury at 69 to day, Morng.\u2014at 74 at Noon and 70 at Night. Very little Wind at any period of the day\u2014lowering for the most part and in the Morning a little misty.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0002-0021", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 21 August 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 21st. Mercury at 69 in the Morning\u201479 at Noon and 76 at Night. Clear and warm with but little [wind]. Rid to the Plantations at Dogue Run Muddy hole & Ferry. At the 2d. the Hoes & Plows had just finished putting in wheat in the middle cut, which took  bushels to sow it; after which they were ordered to thin the drilled Turnips & to weed the Carrots.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0002-0022", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 22 August 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 22d. Mercury at 72 in the Morning\u201485 at Noon and 82 at Night. Very warm with little or no wind & that Southerly. In the evening clouds with appearances of much rain but not a great deal fell at any of my Plantations\u2014more at Dogue run than elsewhere. Finished sowing the middle cut in the large field in the Neck; to do which took  bushls. of grain, as it did  bushels to seed the river side cut. Mrs. Jenifer came here to Dinner yesterday and Mr. Wm. Craik & his Sister (Miss Craik) came in the afternoon. Doctr. Craik came in before breakfast, after which he, his son & daughter went away.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0002-0023", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 23 August 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 23d. Mercury at 72 in the morning\u201486 at Noon and 84 at Night. Quite calm and exceedingly Sultry. Very clear. Rid to my Plantations at Muddy hole, dogue run and Ferry\u2014also to the Mill.  Colo. Humphreys went away to day to take the stage at Alexandria for the No. Ward. Mr. & Mrs. Fendall\u2014Mr. Charles Lee Miss Flora & Miss Nancy Lee\u2014Miss Countee & Hariot Washington came here to Dinner\u2014all of whom went away after it, except the 4 last named. Having wed the Carrots & thinned the Turnips at Muddy hole I directed the People to sow some wheat in the cut adjoining the middle one which had been put into brine.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0002-0024", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 24 August 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 24th. Mercury at 76 in the Morning\u201477 at Noon and 70 at Night. Wind pretty fresh from the Northward all day with appearances of rain in the forenoon. In the afternoon there were slight showers, but scarcely more than would make the eves of the House run. Mr. Shaw came down before dinner and stayed all night. At home all day myself.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0002-0025", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 25 August 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 25th. Mercury at 68 in the Morning\u201470 at Noon and 69 at Night. Lowering all day with slight showers about 1 Oclock; with distant thunder in the evening there were still greater appearances of a settled rain. Mr. Shaw went to Alexandria after breakfast in order to proceed to the Northward to embark at Philadelphia for the West Inds. I rid to Muddy hole and Dogue run Plantations. At the first I marked out lines for a new partition of my fields and directed the best plowman at it to break up about 10 Acres of Pasture land which had produced Wheat the year of 1785, to try how it would yield (upon a single plowing) wheat next, sowed this fall. At Dogue run Meadow (Mill Swamp) I marked the middle ditch for the hired men to work on, while the season was proper. Mr. Rawlins from Baltim[or]e and Mr. Tharpe came here before dinner to measure the Work which had been done for me & to receive payment.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0002-0027", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 27 August 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 27. Mercury at 67 in the Morning\u201470 at Noon and 69 at Night. Weather clear and very pleasant the wind being pretty fresh from the No. West point. At home all day alone.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0002-0028", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 28 August 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 28th. Mercury at 64 in the Morning\u201472 at Noon and 70 at Night. The forenoon clear, but lowering afterwards, with a slight sprinkling of rain about dusk. Wind at No. Et. all day. Just after we had breakfasted, & my horse was at the door for me to ride, Colonel and Mrs. Rogers came in. When they sat down to breakfast which was prepared for them, I commenced my ride for\nMuddy hole, Dogue run & Ferry Plantations also to my meadow on Dogue run and the Mill. At Muddy hole and the ferry a plow at each begun this day to break ground, for the purpose of Sowing Wheat, or rye, or both as shall be thought best. The Ditchers (for one was added to James Lawson to day) began the middle ditch in the meadow at the Mill this morning. And my Carpenters began to take up the forebay at my Mill this Morning also. Began to level the unfinished part of the lawn in front of my House.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0002-0029", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 29 August 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 29th. Mercury at 69 in the Morning\u201481 at Noon and 80 at Night. Lowering Morning with drops of Rain. Clear afterwards till the afternoon, when a cloud arose in the No. West quarter and extending very wide emitted after dark a great deal of rain with much thunder and lightning\u2014Wind very brisk from the So. West all day. In the evening it shifted more to the westward. Plowed up the Cowpens on the left of the road in order to sow Turneps but was prevented by the rain\u2014spreading stable dung on the poorest parts of my clover at home. Thatching the Haystacks at the same place. Taken with an Ague about 7 Oclock this Morning which being succeeded by a smart fever confined me to the House till evening. Had a slight fit of both on Sunday last but was not confined by them. Colonel and Mrs. Rogers left this about 10 Oclock for George Town, on their way to Baltimore. Lund Washington called in to inform me that Mr. William Triplet would be here to morrow to converse with me on the subject of renting Mrs. Frenchs Lands in this Neck now in the occupation of one Robinson.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0002-0030", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 30 August 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 30th. Mercury at 69 in the Morning\u201468 at Noon and 62 at Night. More rain fell last Night and this forenoon\u2014Wind at East. Prevented riding in the Morning by the weather. About Noon Mr. Willm. Triplet & Mr. L. Washington came in and after a great deal of conversation respecting the Renting of Mrs. French\u2019s Land, and the purchase of Manley\u2019s it ended in postponement till Friday for further consideration.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0002", "content": "Title: August 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 1st. Mercury at 67 in the Morning\u201469 at Noon and 66 at Night.\nMorning heavy & sometimes mizzling but clear afterwards, till Night when the clouds assembled and rained the whole Night, sometimes very fast\u2014Wind at East.\nMrs. Fendall, Harriot Washington, and Lucy Lee (a child)\u2014Colo. Fitzgerald, Colo. Simms, Captn. Conway, Messrs. Saml. and Thos. Hanson & Mr. Charles Lee came here to dinner\u2014all of whom, except the 3 first named, went away after it.\n   Harriot Washington (1776\u20131822), the daughter of Samuel and Anne Steptoe Washington, was GW\u2019s niece.\n   Lucy Grymes Lee (1786\u20131860) was an infant, the third child of Henry and Matilda Lee. When Henry Lee went to New York as a delegate to the Continental Congress and took his wife and two older children north with him, it was thought best, because of Mrs. Lee\u2019s poor health, to leave the baby in Alexandria in the care of her grandmother, Elizabeth Steptoe Lee Fendall.\nWednesday 2d. Mercury at 65 in the Morning\u201470 at Noon and 70 at N.\nMuch rain had fallen in the Night. The day was variable, but generally cloudy with fine rain about 10 or 11 Oclock which lasted more than an hour\u2014after which the Sun came out but for a short duration.\nRid to Muddy hole, but proceeded no further as, at the time I was there the appearances of a wet day were greatest.\nThursday 3d. Mercury at 72 in the Morning\u201475 at Noon and 76 at Night.\nA good deal of rain fell last Night. The day for the most part\nwas cloudy and Warm, altho\u2019 the wind blew pretty fresh from the East. In the afternoon there was again the appearance of much rain but none fell here.\nRid to the Plantations at the Ferry, Dogue run, and Muddy hole. At the first fd. the drilled corn had been wed with the Hoes and the People were cleansing the Meadow ditches & that the Plows had done with the Corn till seeding with wheat. I set them to plowing that part of the New Ground which had been gone over with the Colter plow with a view of sowing Turnips therein.\nTurned the two old draft Oxen at Home house, one of the old cows from ditto, and  steers & cows from Dogue run into the Meadows at that place. At the same time put my Rams into the same place & 25 ewe Lambs on the Clover at Muddy hole where I ordered the work horses to be put.\nMy Overseer returned from a Mr. Reynolds in Calvert Cty. Maryland with 1 Ram & 15 ewe Lambs of the English breed of sheep wch. I ordered to be turned into the same place.\nIn the Evening Richd. Sprig Esqr. of Annapolis & another Mr. Sprig came in and stayed all night.\n   my overseer: John Fairfax.\n   During GW\u2019s long absence from his farm during the war, his flock of sheep was greatly diminished. In May 1786 GW wrote William Fitzhugh, Jr., to say that if any of his neighbors raised lambs for sale he would \u201cgladly buy one or two hundred Ewe lambs, and allow a good price for them\u201d (15 May 1786, MdBJ). Such a large number of ewe lambs proved not to be available, but Fitzhugh\u2019s fellow Calvert County, Md., resident, Edward Reynolds, said he could spare 15 or 20 ewes at $2.00 each. GW agreed to buy these (Fitzhugh to GW, 26 May 1786, and GW to Fitzhugh, 5 June 1786, DLC:GW).\nFriday 4th. Mercury at 72 in the Morning\u201477 at Noon and 74 at Night.\nThe appearances of rain yesterday afternoon fell very heavily about Ravensworth and that part of the County occasioning greater freshes in Accatinck, Pohick & Hunting C[ree]k than had been known for many years & it is thought a good deal of damage to the Crops of Corn & other grain on the grd.\nRid to the Plantations in the Neck, Muddy hole and Dogue run and dined afterwards at Mr. Lund Washingtons with Mrs. Washington Colo. Humphreys & Mrs. Fendal, and Major Washington (who had first been to Alexa. on business) and his wife. Some showers this Aftern.\nAt the Neck plantation the Plows had, on Monday last finished plowing the drilled corn East cut and would this day have compleated all the other corn except the cut on the River in wch. wheat will be first sowed.\nSaturday 5th. Mercury at 71 in the Morning\u2014at Noon 79 and 79 at Night.\nClear and very warm all day. Went to Alexandria to a meeting of the Directors of the Potomac Compa. in order to prepare the Accts., and a Report for the Genl. Meeting of the Co. on Monday next. Neither of the Maryland Gentn. attended. Dined at Wises Tavn.\nFinished weeding the drilled Corn at Muddy hole this day.\n   maryland gentn: Thomas Johnson, Jr., and Thomas Sim Lee, the two Maryland directors of the Potowmack Company.\n   John Wise\u2019s tavern on Royal Street in Alexandria was used frequently by groups as a meeting place. GW attended a number of annual general meetings of the Potowmack Company here.\nSunday 6th. Mercury at 75 in the Morng.\u201484 at Noon and 79 at Night.\nClear and tolerably pleasant.\nAt home all day without company.\nMonday 7th. Mercury at 72 in the Morning\u201478 at Noon and 77 at Night.\nWent to Alexandria to the Genl. Meeting of the Potomack Co. Colo. Humphreys accompanied me. A sufficient number of shares being present to constitute the Meeting the Accts. of the Directors were exhibited and a Genl. report made but for want of the Secretarys Books which were locked up, and he absent the Orders and other proceedings referred to in that report could not be exhibited.\n   secretarys books: The secretary was John Potts, Jr.\nTuesday 8th. Mercury at 72 in the Morning\u201479 at Noon and 75 at Night.\nWind Southerly and day warm, especially the forepart of it. In the Evening there were appearances of a settled rain, enough of which fell to make the eves of the House run but it was of short continuance.\nRid by Muddy hole Plantation to my meadow in the Mill swamp; and leveled from the old dam, just below Wades Houses, to the head of the Old race by the stooping red oak; stepping 27\u00bd yds. or as near as I could judge 5 Rods between each stake, which are drove in as follows. 1 at the Water edge where I begun, and levl. with the Surface thereof; two in the old race (appearances of which still remain) and a fourth by a parcel of small\nPersimon bushes after having just passed the Bars leading into the Meadows. The others at the distance above mentioned from each other to the stooping red oak.\nStake in, & levl. with the water\nfeet\nI.\nqrs.\n5 Rod\nrise\n5 Do.\ndo.\n5 Do.\ndo.\nby Bars.\n5 Do.\ndo.\n5 Do.\nFall\n5 Do.\nDo.\n5 Do.\nrise\n5 Do.\nFall\n5 Do.\nrise\n5 Do.\nrise\n5 Do.\nFall\n5 Do.\n5 Do.\nrise\n5 Do.\nrise\n5 Do.\nFall\n5 Do.\nFall\n5 Do.\nrise\n5 Do.\nFall\n24 yds.\nrise\n      into Ditch\nrise\nTotal Rise\nFall\ndifference\nBy this it appears that the ground from the level of the Water at the old dam by Wades Houses to the race by the Stooping red oak, is higher by two feet (wanting half an Inch) than the bottom of the race in its present filled up state, is, and that the ditch, or old race must be considerably sunk\u2014the old dam considerably raised, and strengthned in order to throw the water into the New ditch\u2014or a dam made higher up the run so as to gain a greater fall which of the three, may be most eligable as it will, without any great additional expence drain a good deal more of the Swamp. But if it should be thought more eligable\u2014deepning the race and raising the dam will carry of the water from the Meadow below but then it may Drown the land above.\nAt Muddy hole the hands finished hoeing the drilled Corn, on Saturday last and on Monday & this day were employed in getting out Wheat.\nIn the evening Mr. Fitzhugh of Chatham and Mr. Robt. Randolph came here from Ravensworth.\n   William Fitzhugh (1741\u20131809), of Chatham, owned Ravensworth in Fairfax County. He was married to Robert Randolph\u2019s sister Anne. Robert Randolph (1760\u20131825), of Fauquier County, was a son of Peter and Mary Bolling Randolph of Chatsworth, Henrico County. During the Revolution Robert served as a lieutenant in the 3d Continental Dragoons and was wounded and taken prisoner at Tappan, N.Y., in Sept. 1778 (WMQThe William and Mary Quarterly: A Magazine of Early American History. Williamsburg, Va., 1st ser., 7 [1898\u201399], 124; HEITMAN [2]Francis B. Heitman. Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army during the War of the Revolution, April, 1775, to December, 1783. 1893. Rev. ed. Washington, D.C., 1914., 458).\nWednesday 9th. Mercury at 74 in the Morning\u201481 at Noon and 79 at Night.\nWind Southerly\u2014Morning a little lowering but clear afterwards till about 3 oclock when a cloud in the So. West produced a pretty heavy shower of rain attended with a good deal of wind in a short space. In the Night it again rained.\nBegan to sow Wheat at the Ferry and in the Neck yesterday\u2014at the first in the cut on the flat adjoining the drilled Corn and at the other in the cut on the river.\nFinished cleaning two stacks of wheat which had been tread out at Muddy hole. Each measured 24 bushels of light wheat weighing only  lbs. pr. Bushel.\nThursday 10th. Mercury at 73 in the Morng.\u201474 at Noon and 70 at Night.\nWind at No. Et. with mists and very light showers till towards noon when the Sun came out. Warm till towards the afternoon when it grew cooler & pleasanter.\nRid to Muddy hole, Dogue run, and ferry Plantations\u2014at the first of which Wheat Seeding will commence tomorrow. At the second things are not in order for it & at the third the sowing has been stopped by the heavy rain which fell yesterday.\nMr. Fitzhugh and Mr. Randolph went away after Breakfast.\nFriday 11th. Mercury at 68 in the Morning\u201476 at Noon and 74 at Night.\nClear & pleasant with the wind at So. West.\nRid to Muddy hole and Dogue run Plantations. At the first, Sowing wheat begun this Morning. At the latter I agreed with one James Lawson who was to provide another hand to ditch for me in my mill swamp upon the following terms\u2014viz.\u2014to allow them every day they work\u2014each 1 lb. of salt or 1\u00bd of fresh meat pr. day\u20141\u00bc lb. of brown bread, 1 pint of spirits and a bottle of Milk\u2014the bread to be baked at the House, & their Meat to be Cooked by Morris\u2019s wife\u2014and to allow them 16 d. pr. rod for ditches of 4 feet wide at top, 1 foot wide at bottom, and 2 feet deep; with 12 or 15 Inches footing and 2/. for ditches of 6 feet wide at top, 2 feet at bottom, and two ft. deep with equal footing.\nOn my return home found Mr. John Barnes and Doctr. Craik here\u2014the last of whom returned to Alexandria. The other stayed all night.\n   GW and James Lawson of Fairfax County signed an agreement on 14 Aug. in which GW hired the latter on a temporary basis as a ditcher. In November Lawson agreed to a year\u2019s service at a salary of \u00a331 10s. Virginia currency. Patrick Sheriden was probably the hand Lawson provided, as GW also engaged him in November, at eight dollars per month (agreements with Lawson, 14 Aug. and 18 Nov. 1786, DLC:GW). GW discharged Sheriden in Dec. 1786, and Lawson left Mount Vernon because of ill health in Sept. 1787 prior to the termination of his contract (see entry for 18 Dec. 1786; GW to Thomas Nelson, Jr., 3 Aug. 1788, DLC:GW).\nSaturday 12th. Mercury at 72 in the Morning\u201479 at Noon and 74 at Night.\nWarm, with a tolerably bri[s]k Southerly wind all day.\nMr. Barnes went away before Breakfast.\nAfter which I rid to my Meadow in order to mark out a middle ditch, and to try how much the water within the Meadow is above\nthe water in the run below where the two courses of it unite, below the old Mill Seat, and which is found to be nearly 3 feet; estimating between the Surfaces of the two. It also appears that the Meadow, just by where a breach is made in the dam, is as low as any part in it reckoning from the Surface of the water (from the bottom of the bed of the run would undou[b]tedly be deeper) and that from this place to the Surface of the run at a turn of it by a spreading spanish bush the rise is about 14 Inches.\nThomas McCarty left this yesterday\u2014it being found that he was unfit for a Household Steward.\nRichard Burnet took his place on the wages of Thirty pounds pr. ann.\n   Richard Burnet, whose tenure at Mount Vernon began in 1783, was a \u201cHouse keeper,\u201d or steward. He lived in Benjamin Dulany\u2019s family before coming into GW\u2019s employ (Lund Washington to GW, 12 Mar. 1783, ViMtvL). Lund described him as \u201cclever in his Way, he is a very good Natured Peacable inoffensive well behaved man, and so far as we have been able to judge, will answer the purpose for which he was got, he certainly is a good cook, he appears to be careful active & Industrious, with respect to preservg., Pickling &c.\u2014he is at no loss, but does these things very Ready & Well\u201d (Lund Washington to GW, 1 Oct. 1783, ViMtvL). He seems to have left Mount Vernon briefly early in 1786 and returned in May (see entry for 29 May 1786). He is probably the same man who worked as butler or house steward at Mount Vernon from 1786 until 1789 under the name of Richard Burnet Walker (LEDGER BGeneral Ledger B, 1772\u20131793. Library of Congress, George Washington Papers, Series 5, Financial Papers., 234). Walker may have been married to John Alton\u2019s daughter Ann.\nSunday 13th. Mercury at 69 in the Morning\u201470 at Noon and 69 at Night.\nDay lowering with the wind at East\u2014now and then a little sprinkle of rain but not enough to wet the roots of any thing.\nMr. Shaw quitted this family to day.\nColo. Humphreys, Geo. Washington & wife went to Church at Alexandria to day & dined with Mr. Fendall. The first remained there all Night.\n   William Shaw resigned to go to the West Indies (see entries for 2 July 1785 and 25 Aug. 1786).\nMonday 14th. Mercury at 72 in the Morng.\u201473 at Noon and 70 at Night.\nDay clear, and the wind fresh from the No. West, from Morn till eve.\nWent by way of Muddy hole & Dogue run plantations to the Meadow, in my Mill Swamp, to set the Ditche[r]s to work, only one of whom appeared. About Noon he began on the side ditch,\nEast of the meadow. After doing this, and levelling part of the ground (with a Rafter level) along which the Ditch was to be cut I intended to have run a course or two of Fencing at Muddy hole but Meeting with Genl. Duplessis in the road who intended to Mt. Vernon but had lost his way I returned home with him where Colo. Humphreys had just arrived before us.\n   Thomas Antoine Mauduit du Plessis (1753\u20131791), born in Hennebont, France, came to America in 1777 and served in the Continental Army before France officially joined the war, distinguishing himself at Brandywine, Germantown, Red Bank, and Monmouth. In 1780 he became senior adjutant of the artillery park with Rochambeau\u2019s army. Mauduit returned to France after the war, but remained only temporarily. Writing to GW from New York on 20 July 1786, he reported that he had bought a large tract of land in Georgia and was looking forward to becoming an American citizen (DLC:GW). On 15 Aug. 1786, the day after Mauduit arrived at Mount Vernon, GW wrote to Theodorick Bland: \u201cNothing but cultivation is wanting. Our lot has certainly destined a good country for our inheritance. We begin already to attract the notice of foreigners of distinction. A French general officer whose name is Du Plessis is now at Mount Vernon on his way to Georgia, with a design to settle there as a farmer\u201d (DLC:GW). In 1787, however, Mauduit returned to French service and was sent to Santo Domingo to command a regiment at Port-au-Prince, where he was killed in 1791 during the insurrection on the island.\nTuesday 15th. Mercury at 64 in the Morning\u201470 at Noon and 65 at Night.\nCool, & for the most part of the day lowering, with but little wind.\nAt home all day. Doctr. Stuart & Mr. Keith, deputed by the Potomack Co. to present its thanks to the President & directors thereof came for that purpose, dined here & returned in the Afternoon.\n   James Keith (1734\u20131824), the son of Rev. James and Mary Isham Randolph Keith, was a Hampshire County burgess 1761\u201362 and later served as clerk of Frederick County, Va., 1762\u20131824. After the Revolution Keith moved to Alexandria where he practiced law. In 1784 he served as mayor of the city.\nWednesday 16th. Mercury at 66 in the Morning\u201471 at Noon and 70 at Night.\nCloudy and lowering for the greater part of the day and in the night a good deal of rain fell\u2014wind at So. West.\nColonels Fitzgerald and Lyles Mr. Brailsford (an English Gentleman) and Mr. Perrin came here to dinner & returned afterwards. In the afternoon a Major Freeman who looks after my concerns west of the Alligany Mountains came in and stayed all night.\nThursday 17th. Mercury at 68 in the Morning\u201474 at Noon and 70 at Night.\nDrizling morning with the Wind at So. West\u2014Cloudy and misting at times all day.\nAbout breakfast time my Baggage which had been left at Gilbert Simpsons arrived here.\nSettled Accts. with Major Freeman and engaged him to continue his agency till he should remove from his present residency to Kentucke & then to put all my Bonds into the hands of Lawyer Smith to bring suits on.\nAt home all day\u2014understood that the River cut in the Neck had been sowed with Wht.\nFriday 18th. Mercury at 70 in the Morning\u201474 at Noon and 72 at Night.\nMisty morning, with light showers of rain through the day\u2014wind at No. East.\nRid to the plantations at the Ferry, Dogue run, & Muddy hole, and to the Mill\u2014The hands at each place working on the Public roads. At Dogue Run the Plows & Hoes began to put in wheat on Wednesday last.\nThe ditcher at the Meadow wd. by noon have compleated about 6 rod of the 6 feet ditch which would be about 1 rod and half pr. day.\nA Mr. Jno. Dance, recommended by Genl. Mifflin, & Willing Morris & Swanwick came here to offer his services to me as a Manager but not wanting such a person he returned after Dinner.\n   working on the public roads: The public roads in Virginia were maintained by a system which had originated in England in the sixteenth century, and had changed little for over 200 years. Basically, the plan required that all tithables (males 16 years of age or over) were to be required to work on the public roads for a certain number of days each year, or to provide someone to work in their place. In Virginia the system was first administered at the parish level as it was in England, but soon came under the jurisdiction of the county courts. The greater use of roads into the back country after the Revolution had increased the difficulty of keeping up the roads, and in 1785 the Virginia legislature had passed new legislation designed to help solve the problems of the bad road conditions (see HENINGWilliam Waller Hening, ed. The Statutes at Large; Being a Collection of All the Laws of Virginia, from the First Session of the Legislature, in the Year 1619. 13 vols. 1819\u201323. Reprint. Charlottesville, Va., 1969., 12:75\u201380, 174\u201380).\n   jno. dance: possibly the John Dance listed in the Pennsylvania census of 1800 from Bucks County. Thomas Mifflin was at this time speaker of the Pennsylvania legislature and Thomas Willing was president of the Bank of North America. Willing and Robert Morris, mercantile partners since 1757, added John Swanwick (1740\u20131798), of Philadelphia, to their firm in 1783. Swanwick had been a clerk in that countinghouse and a cashier in the office of finance under Morris during the Revolution.\nSaturday 19th. Mercury at 69 in the Morning\u201472 at Noon and 70 at Night.\nWind Easterly, misting, & lowering in the forenoon but clear afterwards.\nGeneral Duplessis left this by 5 Oclock in the Morning.\nAfter breakfast I accompanied Colo. Humphreys by water to Alexandria and dined with him at Captn. Conways to whom he had been previously engaged. The Tools & Baggage of Mr. Rawlins\u2019s workmen were carried to Alexandria in my Boat to day.\nSunday 20th. Mercury at 69 to day, Morng.\u2014at 74 at Noon and 70 at Night.\nVery little Wind at any period of the day\u2014lowering for the most part and in the Morning a little misty.\nMonday 21st. Mercury at 69 in the Morning\u201479 at Noon and 76 at Night.\nClear and warm with but little [wind].\nRid to the Plantations at Dogue Run Muddy hole & Ferry. At the 2d. the Hoes & Plows had just finished putting in wheat in the middle cut, which took  bushels to sow it; after which they were ordered to thin the drilled Turnips & to weed the Carrots.\nTuesday 22d. Mercury at 72 in the Morning\u201485 at Noon and 82 at Night.\nVery warm with little or no wind & that Southerly.\nIn the evening clouds with appearances of much rain but not a great deal fell at any of my Plantations\u2014more at Dogue run than elsewhere.\nFinished sowing the middle cut in the large field in the Neck; to do which took  bushls. of grain, as it did  bushels to seed the river side cut.\nMrs. Jenifer came here to Dinner yesterday and Mr. Wm. Craik & his Sister (Miss Craik) came in the afternoon. Doctr. Craik came in before breakfast, after which he, his son & daughter went away.\nWednesday 23d. Mercury at 72 in the morning\u201486 at Noon and 84 at Night.\nQuite calm and exceedingly Sultry. Very clear.\nRid to my Plantations at Muddy hole, dogue run and Ferry\u2014also to the Mill.\nColo. Humphreys went away to day to take the stage at Alexandria for the No. Ward.\nMr. & Mrs. Fendall\u2014Mr. Charles Lee Miss Flora & Miss Nancy Lee\u2014Miss Countee & Hariot Washington came here to Dinner\u2014all of whom went away after it, except the 4 last named.\nHaving wed the Carrots & thinned the Turnips at Muddy hole I directed the People to sow some wheat in the cut adjoining the middle one which had been put into brine.\n   miss countee: probably a member of the Contee family in Prince George\u2019s or Charles County, Md.\nThursday 24th. Mercury at 76 in the Morning\u201477 at Noon and 70 at Night.\nWind pretty fresh from the Northward all day with appearances of rain in the forenoon. In the afternoon there were slight showers, but scarcely more than would make the eves of the House run.\nMr. Shaw came down before dinner and stayed all night.\nAt home all day myself.\nFriday 25th. Mercury at 68 in the Morning\u201470 at Noon and 69 at Night.\nLowering all day with slight showers about 1 Oclock; with distant thunder in the evening there were still greater appearances of a settled rain.\nMr. Shaw went to Alexandria after breakfast in order to proceed to the Northward to embark at Philadelphia for the West Inds.\nI rid to Muddy hole and Dogue run Plantations. At the first I marked out lines for a new partition of my fields and directed the best plowman at it to break up about 10 Acres of Pasture land which had produced Wheat the year of 1785, to try how it would yield (upon a single plowing) wheat next, sowed this fall.\nAt Dogue run Meadow (Mill Swamp) I marked the middle ditch for the hired men to work on, while the season was proper.\nMr. Rawlins from Baltim[or]e and Mr. Tharpe came here before dinner to measure the Work which had been done for me & to receive payment.\nSaturday 26th. Mercury at 68 in the Morning\u201477 at Noon And 73 at Night.\nA great deal of rain, in many hard showers fell in the course of last night. Morning cloudy, but clear after wards and warm.\nRid to the Neck, Muddy hole, and Ferry plantations. At the two\nfirst (as also at Dogue run Plantation) the Plows & Hoes were stopped by the earth being surcharged with water. At the ferry, the cut of Corn on the Hill having discharged the water more freely the People were putting in wheat there.\nOn my return home found Mr. Geo. Fitzhugh (son of Colo. Wm. Fitzhugh of Maryland) here. They dined, and returned to Alexandria afterwards as did the Miss Lees & Miss Countee this Morng.\n   George Lee Mason Fitzhugh (1748\u20131836) was the son of Col. William Fitzhugh of Maryland by his first wife, Martha Lee Turberville Fitzhugh.\nSunday 27. Mercury at 67 in the Morning\u201470 at Noon and 69 at Night.\nWeather clear and very pleasant the wind being pretty fresh from the No. West point.\nAt home all day alone.\nMonday 28th. Mercury at 64 in the Morning\u201472 at Noon and 70 at Night.\nThe forenoon clear, but lowering afterwards, with a slight sprinkling of rain about dusk. Wind at No. Et. all day.\nJust after we had breakfasted, & my horse was at the door for me to ride, Colonel and Mrs. Rogers came in. When they sat down to breakfast which was prepared for them, I commenced my ride for\nMuddy hole, Dogue run & Ferry Plantations also to my meadow on Dogue run and the Mill.\nAt Muddy hole and the ferry a plow at each begun this day to break ground, for the purpose of Sowing Wheat, or rye, or both as shall be thought best.\nThe Ditchers (for one was added to James Lawson to day) began the middle ditch in the meadow at the Mill this morning.\nAnd my Carpenters began to take up the forebay at my Mill this Morning also.\nBegan to level the unfinished part of the lawn in front of my House.\n   Nicholas Rogers (1753\u20131822), the son of Nicholas Rogers III, was a prominent Baltimore merchant. After graduating from the University of Glasgow in 1774, Nicholas traveled in Europe until the Revolution began, at which time he volunteered as aide-de-camp to Maj. Gen. Tronson du Coudray and Baron de Kalb, attaining the rank of lieutenant colonel. In 1780 he returned to Baltimore where he managed his estate, Druid Hill, and was active in politics. Three years later he married his cousin Eleanor Buchanan (1757\u20131812), the daughter of Lloyd Buchanan who died in 1761 (Md. Hist. Mag., 44 [1949], 192\u201395).\nTuesday 29th. Mercury at 69 in the Morning\u201481 at Noon and 80 at Night.\nLowering Morning with drops of Rain. Clear afterwards till the afternoon, when a cloud arose in the No. West quarter and extending very wide emitted after dark a great deal of rain with much thunder and lightning\u2014Wind very brisk from the So. West all day. In the evening it shifted more to the westward.\nPlowed up the Cowpens on the left of the road in order to sow Turneps but was prevented by the rain\u2014spreading stable dung on the poorest parts of my clover at home.\nThatching the Haystacks at the same place.\nTaken with an Ague about 7 Oclock this Morning which being succeeded by a smart fever confined me to the House till evening. Had a slight fit of both on Sunday last but was not confined by them.\nColonel and Mrs. Rogers left this about 10 Oclock for George Town, on their way to Baltimore.\nLund Washington called in to inform me that Mr. William Triplet would be here to morrow to converse with me on the subject of renting Mrs. Frenchs Lands in this Neck now in the occupation of one Robinson.\n   renting mrs. frenchs lands: Rather than taking a lump sum for relinquishing her life interest in the land, Penelope Manley French insisted that GW\npay her an annual rental for the use of the land during her lifetime (see entries for 9, 16 Sept. and 16 Oct. 1786). one robinson: John Robertson was the tenant on Mrs. French\u2019s land. William Triplett, a relative of Mrs. French\u2019s by marriage, was acting for her in her negotiations with GW.\nWednesday 30th. Mercury at 69 in the Morning\u201468 at Noon and 62 at Night.\nMore rain fell last Night and this forenoon\u2014Wind at East.\nPrevented riding in the Morning by the weather. About Noon Mr. Willm. Triplet & Mr. L. Washington came in and after a great deal of conversation respecting the Renting of Mrs. French\u2019s Land, and the purchase of Manley\u2019s it ended in postponement till Friday for further consideration.\nThursday 31st. Mercury at 60 in the Morning\u201463 at Noon and 62 at Night.\nMore rain last Night & this forenoon\u2014with heavy weather all day. Wind Easterly.\nSiezed with an ague before Six Oclock this morning after having laboured under a fever all night.\nSent for Doctr. Craik who arrived just as we were setting down to dinner; who, when he thought my fever sufficiently abated, gave me a cathartick and directed the Bark to be applied in the Morning.\n   bark: Quinine derived from the bark of various species of the cinchona tree was ground into a powder and taken to reduce fevers.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0003-0002", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 2 September 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 2d. Mercury at 66 in the Morning\u201472 at Noon and 70 at Night. Foggy morning, but clear & warm afterwards with the wind at So. West. Kept close to the House to day, being my fit day in course least any exposure might bring it on. Happily missed it. Sowed Turnep Seed on the Cowpen ground which had been just plowed\u2014harrowed them in, at the home house adjoining the clover. Doctr. Craik came here in the afternoon & stayed all Night.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0003-0003", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 3 September 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 3d. Mercury at 70 in the morning\u201482 at Noon and 80 at Night. Very thick fog in the Morning but clear afterwards and warm with the wind at South. Majr. Washington & Mr. Lear went to Pohick church, dined at Colo. McCartys and returned afterwards. I rid by the Ferry to the Mill and back by way of exercise. Doctr. Craik returned after he had breakfasted to Alexandria.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0003-0007", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 7 September 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 7th. Mercury at 64 in the Morning\u201471 at Noon and 67 at Night. Cool morning with the wind pretty fresh from the westward in the Morning and from the Eastward in the Evening. Mr. & Mrs. Fendall crossed the [river] early. I rid to the Plantations at Muddy hole Dogue run and Ferry. At the first Wheat had, this day, been sowed up to the Land in whch. the Plow was at work & harrowed in. The part next the hedge row (being the first plowed) had receivd a heavy rain since it was plowed which occasioned it not to harrow well but as the greater part of it was a slipe of Cowpens it is more than probable, nevertheless, that the best Wheat will grow there. The People making a fence round that field. At Dogue run the hands had been employed in putting in abt. 1\u00bd bushls. of the Cape Wheat raised below my Stables. This was put into a well cowpened piece of ground (now in Corn) adjoining the meadow\u2014the grass & weeds of which I had cut up & carried off the ground before the Seed was sowed. Getting out Rye at the Ferry to sow the Newly broken up grd. Began to Paper the yellow room this day\u2014Majr. Washington &\nThos. Green the undertakers\u2014by the directions I received with the Paper from England.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0003-0010", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 10 September 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 10th. Mercury at 62 in the Morning\u201467 at Noon and 63 at Night. Wind variable\u2014sometimes at No. West & then at East\u2014weather lowering all day and at times especially after noon dripping. Mr. & Mrs. Fendall went away after breakfast & Colo. Gilpin came in dined & returned in the afternoon.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0003-0012", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 12 September 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 12th. Mercury at 61 in the Morning\u201470 at Noon and 68 at Night. A good deal of rain fell in the course of the Night and early this Morning. About 8 Oclock the clouds began to dispel and the Wind blowing fresh from the No. Wt. the weather cleared, the Sun came out and the day was pleasant & drying and towards evening cool. Mrs. Randolph, Miss Harrison, Mrs. G. Washington, Captn.\nSingleton, & Mr. Lear went to Alexandria after breakfast & returned before dinner. I rid to the Plantations at Muddy hole and in the Neck. Began at the former to gather the tops & blades of the early corn in drills.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0003-0013", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 13 September 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 13th. Mercury at 53 in the morning\u201464 at Noon and 60 at Night. Wind at No. West, raw and cold all day, but especially in the morning. Mrs. Randolph & her Children, Miss Harrison & Captn. Singleton left this after breakfast. I rid to the Plantations at the Ferry, Dogue run & Muddy hole also to the Mill. At the first, the people having finished sowing the cut on the hill with Wheat, were chopping this grain in in the drilled corn by the fish house among the Potatoes, which they did by shifting the tops of the vines from side to side as they hoed. At the other, or second place, the hands continued hoeing & plowing in Wheat in the Corn ground, tho\u2019 it was wet & heavy. At the last Will (plowman) finished in the afternoon the 10 Acre piece of Wheat he began the 28th. Ulto. by which it appears he was 15 days accomplishing it; and had not plowed quite \u00be of an Acre a day altho\u2019 the ground, except in one or two small spots which had been made wet & heavy by the Rains, was in as good order for plowing as were to be wished\u2014better & much easier than if the weather had proved dry & the ground consequently hard. My Corn being out, or nearly so, I was obliged to have midlings & ship stuff mixed for bread for my white Servants and the latter & rye for my Negroes till the New Corn is ripe enough to pull.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0003-0014", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 14 September 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 14th. Mercury at 49 in the Morning\u201460 at Noon and 56 at Night. Wind pretty fresh again today and cool. At home all day repeating dozes of Bark of which I took 4 with an interval of 2 hours between. After dinner Messrs. Thos. and Elliot Lee came in, as did Doctr. Craik by desire, on a visit to Betty\u2014who had been struck with the palsey. The whole stayed all Night. Finished sowing Wheat and Timothy seed on the 10 acre piece of wheat at Muddy hole this day. And also finished that cut with rye adjoining the Meadow in the Neck it taking including the 2\u00bd Bushels sowed in the piece\nbetween the gate and the meadow  Bushels. On the small piece (sowed with 2\u00bd Bushels) by mistake a bushel of Timothy seed nearly if [not] quite clean was sowed which was at least 6 times as much as ought to have been sown.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0003-0015", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 15 September 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 15th. Mercury at 54 in the Morning\u201466 at Noon and 64 at Night. Clear, calm, and very pleasant. After breakfast the two Mr. Lees and Doctr. Craik went away. I rid to Muddy hole & Neck Plantations. Treading out Wheat & rye at both retarded fodder getting at the first, & wheat Sowing at the other. Sent my Boat to Alexandria for Molasses & Coffee which had been sent to me from Surinam by a Mr. Branden of that place.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0003-0018", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 18 September 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 18th. Mercury at 62 in the Morning\u201470 at Noon and 71 at Night. Morning very rainy till about 9 Oclock altho the wind had got to No. Wt. Mr. Randolph, Lady & family and all the Gentlemen from Alexandria left this as soon as the weather cleared\u2014the first on his return to Richmond. Rid to my Plantations at Muddy hole, Dogue run, & Ferry. Plows, & sowing Wheat and other grain, stopped at all the places. In the Neck one of the Womn. & 2 girls began to gather Pease on Friday last. Nearly half on the vines appearing to be ripe. Getting in the Fodder or rather spreading it at Muddy hole being wet that it might dry.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0003-0020", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 20 September 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 20th. Mercury at 65 in the Morning\u201473 at Noon and 70 at Night. Clear warm & pleasant all day\u2014Wind Southerly. Rid to the Ferry, Muddy hole, & Dogue run. At the first the People had begun yesterday, & were at it to day, sowing wheat in the drilled Corn by the meadow\u2014The ground especially in places too wet\u2014At the next cutting down tops & securing the first cut fodder. At the latter all except 3 plows which were breaking up more of the lay land were getting fodder\u2014it being too wet to sow wheat in corn ground. My Farmer sowed this day the lay land which had been broken up at this place by his own directions\u2014part of which at the east end adjoining the Corn had been plowed  days. The other part at the West end also adjoining the Corn had been plowed  days. The first cont[ai]ns about  acres; the 2d. about . This wheat was put in in the following manner\u2014viz.\u2014sowed on the first plowing, which tho\u2019 the ground was well enough broke the sod was not properly turned. In the roughest & heaviest part the Seedsman was followed by a heavy harrow the same way as the ground was plowed in the lighter part by two light harrows, side by side (fastened together) and the whole cross harrowed with the light double harrow to smooth & fill the hollows. Alongside this, I set two plows as above to break up about  acres more of the lay and directed it to be sowed as fast as the Lands were finished, & to receive the same harrowings to try (the Land being nearly of the same quality) wch. method will succeed best.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0003-0021", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 21 September 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 21st. Mercury at 65 in the Morning\u201476 at Noon and 74 at Night. But little wind, and Southerly, clear & warm. Rid to the Plantations in the Neck, Muddy hole, Dogue run, and Ferry\u2014also to the ditchers. At the first, the flax which was put out to Dew rot was turned\nyesterday and the Fodder which the people begun to get yesterday was discontinued to day in order to get out Oats. At the second finished sowing Rye on the Wheat Stubble\u2014put in 15 Bushels on abt. 13 Acres\u2014securing the Fodder which had been cut & pulled at this place\u2014at the 3d. gathering Fodder & plowing the lay land and at the last threshing out Rye & putting in rye in the lay land.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0003-0022", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 22 September 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 22d. Mercury at 69 in the Morning\u201478 at Noon and 76 at Night. Calm & very warm in the forenoon with appearances of Rain in the afternoon a little of which only fell. Went to Mr. Tripletts in my way to Alexandria, and got his conveyance before Evidences of Manleys land\u2014after which in the same manner in Town, obtained the signatures to the Deed of Mr. & Mrs. Sanford who were necessarily made parties thereto. Did business with Colo. Simm & others and returned home in the evening.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0003-0024", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 24 September 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 24th. Mercury at 55 in the Morning\u201459 at Noon and 57 at Night. Wind at No. West & weather clear & cool\u2014Lund & Lawe. Washn. dined here. The Company mentioned above remained here all day & Night. In the afternoon Colo. Bassett, & his Son Burwell arrived\u2014with servants and horses.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0003-0025", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 25 September 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 25th. Mercury at 50 in the Morning\u201466 at Noon and 64 at Night. The Morning and day through was very pleasant, turning warm\u2014the wind getting to the Southward. Sent Mr. Tucker & his Lady to Colchester. Doctr. Stuart, Mrs. Stuart & family together with Nelly Custis went up to Abingdon. In the afternoon the Revd. Mr. Bryn. Fairfax came in and stayed all Night. Began to day with my Waggon Horses at their leizure moments, to plow alternate Lands, at Dogue run, in the Lay Land adjoining the Wheat sowed in it to try the difference in Barley (if to be had) or Oats next spring between fall & spring plowing.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0003-0026", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 26 September 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 26th. Mercury at 58 in the Morning\u201472 at Noon and 68 at Night. Day clear & very pleasant, with the wind at South; towards evening however it began to lower. Mr. & Mrs. Lund Washington dined here & returned in the afternoon. At home all this day as I was yesterday. Mr. Bryan Fairfax went away after breakfast.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0003-0027", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 27 September 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 27th. Mercury at 66 in the Morning\u201480 at Noon and 78 at Night. Clear, calm, and warm all day. Colo. Bassett his Son & George Washington took a ride to Alexandria. I rid into the Neck, by Muddy hole, to measure a piece of ground intended for Corn another year & to new model my fields.  Took up the flax that had been spread to rot at the latter place. Engaged at every plantation in gathering fodder. No plow going but at the ferry for Rye. Put my Rams to the Ewes this day.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0003-0028", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 28 September 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 28th. Mercury at 69 in the Morning\u201481 at Noon and 79 at Night. Calm, clear and warm; all day. Accompanied by Colo. Bassett, I rid to the Plantations at Muddy hole, Dogue run and Ferry. Employed in getting & securing Fodder at all of them. Only one Ditcher at work in my Mill swamp\u2014the other left it (at least discontinued work) on Tuesday last.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0003-0029", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 29 September 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 29th. Mercury at 67 in the Morning\u201482 at Noon and 80 at Night. Clear calm, and warm from Morn to evening. Colo. Bassett and Mrs. Washington made a mornings visit at Mr. Lund Washington\u2019s. I rid by Muddy hole Plantation into the Neck. Employed at both in gathering & securing Fodder. The Flax which I thought had been taken up on Wednesday last was still on the ground. Directed it to be critically examined and taken up this afternoon if it should be found sufficiently rotted.   After dinner Majr. Washington and his wife set off for Fredericksburgh\u2014intending as far as Belmont on Occoquan this afternoon.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0003-0030", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 30 September 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 30th. Mercury at 67 in the Morning\u201478 at Noon and 75 at Night. Calm, clear and pleasant all the forenoon. In the afternoon a light breeze from the Eastward. Rid to the Mill, Meadow, and Plantations at the Ferry, Dogue run, and Muddy hole. Gathering and securing fodder at all of them. At the last the whole would be gathered, but not secured this evening. Mr. Burwell Bassett Junr. left this after Breakfast. Mr. McQuir came here to Dinner & to invite me to the Accadamical commencement in Alexandria on Thursday next.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0004-0001", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 1 October 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n[Sunday 1st.] Mercury at 68 in the Morning\u201478 at Noon and 76 at Night. The day clear and warm. Took an early Dinner and set out for Abingdon on my way to the Great Falls to meet the Directors of the Potomack Co. Left Doctr. Craik at Mt. Vernon who came in a few minutes before I set off.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0004-0002", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 2 October 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 2d. Mercury at 67 in the Morning\u201478 at Noon and 75 at Night. Morning lowering but clear warm, & pleasant afterwds. Set out before Six Oclock, & arrived at the Great Falls abt. half after nine. Found Colo. Gilpin there & soon after Govrs. Johnson & Lee, and Colo. Fitzgerald & Mr. Potts arrived when the board proceeded to enquire in to the charges exhibited by Mr. James Rumsey the late against Mr. Richardson Stuart the present Manager of the Companys business. The examination of the Witnesses employed the board until dark when the members dispersed for Lodgings. I went to Mr. Fairfax\u2019s.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0004-0003", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 3 October 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 3d. Mercury at 67 in the Morng.\u201479 at Noon\u201474 at Night.  Morning somewhat lowerg. with thunder lightning and rain in the evening. Returned to the Falls by appointment at 7 Oclock to Breakfast: we proceeded immediately afterwards to a consideration of the evidence, and to decide upon each article of charge: a record of which was made & upon the whole appeared (the charges) malignant, envious, & trifling. After this the board settled many accts. and adjourned till 8 oclock next Morning.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0004-0004", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 4 October 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 4th. Mercury at 68 in the morning\u201478 at Noon and 72 at Night. Morning clear, and it continued so till near 3 Oclock when it began to rain and continued with little or no intermission untill past 6 Oclock. The Board having agreed to a Petition to be offered to the assemblies of Virga. and Maryland for prolonging the time allowed by Law for improving the Navigation of the river above the Great Falls\u2014Directed the Manager respecting the Winter Work for the hands and having settled and regulated every other matter which came before them broke up about three oclock\u2014when in company with Colos. Fitzgerald & Gilpin, & Mr. Potts I set off home. With much difficulty on acct. of the rising of the Water by the rain of last Night we crossed Difficult run and through a constant rain till I had reached Cameron. I got home a little before 8 oclock where I found my Brother Jno. Auge. Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0004-0007", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 7 October 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 7th. Mercury at 52 in the Morning\u201458 at Night [Noon] and 56 at Night. Morning clear and tolerably pleasant\u2014wind still westerly and pretty fresh\u2014No frost though one was expected from appearances. Immediately after breakfast my Brother left this, when I rid to all my Plantations. Found my People securing fodder in the Neck, Dogue run and Ferry\u2014at the last of which the drilled corn by the meadow was untouched. At Muddy hole the fodder had all been secured on Monday last and some of the Wild Pea vine (such as came from the Eastn. shore) had been pulled. The hands on Tuesday went to assist the Dogue run people to get in their fodder\u2014a suspension of all wch. business was had on Wednesday afternoon & all day thursday. In the Neck, the first gathering of 6 rows of drilled pease measured 4\u00be bushels and the first gathering of the next 6 rows planted in rows also, but 18 Inches a part in the rows yielded 6\u00bd bushels.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0004-0008", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 8 October 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 8th. Mercury at 56 in the Morning\u201460 at Night [Noon] and 57 at Night. A brisk southerly wind all day & pleasant. Mr. Rumney, Mr. Powell, and a Mr. Patterson an English Gentn. dined here & returned in the afternoon.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0004-0011", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 11 October 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 11th. Mercury at 60 in the Morning\u201474 at Noon and 73 at Night. This day as yesterday, was clear, calm, and warm. Majr. Washington, his wife, and Nelly & Washington Custis went up to the race at Alexa. All but the Major returned to Dinner with Betcy & Patcy Custis along with them. I rid to all the Plantations, found most of my People had gone to the races. Those remaining in the Neck were cleaning rye which had been tread out the day before & preparing to continue their wheat sowing tomorrow.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0004-0013", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 13 October 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 13th. Mercury at 64 in the Morning\u201476 at Noon and 74 at Night. Clear Calm, and very warm all day. At Night it began to Thunder & lighten\u2014accompanied in the course of it with frequent & hard Showers. All the company except Mrs. Stuart went away directly after breakfast. She with Betcy & Patcy Custis did not leave this till after dinner. Rid to the Ferry, Dogue run, & Muddy hole Plantations and to the Mill and Ditchers. Finished securing the Fodder at the Ferry. Tread out a stack of Wheat at Dogue run in order to renew my sowing of this grain at that place. Tried here and in the Neck to plow before sowing, then sow and harrow in, but it would not answer in the Corn ground. The grass occasioned the Earth to be drawn in heaps. Began to pull the early Corn at Muddy hole.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0004-0014", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 14 October 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 14th. Mercury at 62 in the Morning\u201470 at Noon and 68 at Night. Morning cloudy but clear afterwards with the Wind at So. West & warm. Rid to all the Plantations. In the Neck, found the rain of last Night had wet the Corn ground so much that there was no plowing in Wheat. Ordered them to shift to the Wheat Stubble (where they had formerly been) and Plow for Rye. Finding at the same place that part of the first sowed rye had either not come up, or had been destroyed by some insect, I directed that part of the first cut\u2014North of the Meadow, to be sowed over again; and to be harrowed in by the double harrow\u2014if sufficient to cover the grain. At Muddy hole gathering the early Corn & husking it. At Dogue run Sowing Wheat\u2014the ground, in places rather too wet. At the Ferry just finished plowing, sowing & harrowing the ground allotted for Rye at the Ferry and securing the fodder. Directed, as the fly appeared to be getting into the Wheat more or less at all the Plantations, that that at the Ferry should be immediately tread out & sent to the Mill.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0004-0015", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 15 October 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 15th. Mercury 65 at Morn\u201476 at Noon and 74 at Night. Clear, warm, & pleasant all day. Accompanied by Majr. Washington his wife Mr. Lear & the two\nChildn. Nelly & Washington Custis went to Pohick Church & returned to Dinner. Fell in with on the Road, Colo. Jno. Mercer, his Lady & child coming here and their nurse.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0004-0016", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 16 October 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 16th. Mercury at 64 in the Morning\u201472 at Noon and 72 at Night. A Watery Sun in the morning and Clouds in the afternoon but no rain fell till towards day in the Night. Colo. Mercer &ca. crossed the River after breakfast on their way to Annapolis. Majr. Washington & myself went up to Alexandria, & dined at Lomax\u2019s. Got the Deed from Manley\u2019s Exrs. acknowledged to me in open Court & for the 2d. time agreed with Mr. Wm. Triplett for the use of Mrs. French\u2019s Plantation for wch. during Robinsons term and Interest in it, I am, for the Land & Negroes, to pay \u00a3136 & 150\u00a3 afterwards during her life. Returned home in the Evening.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0004-0018", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 18 October 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 18th. Mercury at 48 in the Morning\u201456 at Noon and 55 at Night. Clear and cool, wind pretty fresh from the No. West. Rid by Muddy hole and Dogue run Plantations to Mr. Tripletts. 3 plows and most of the hands from the first had gone to the latter to assist in sowing Wheat in Corn ground. Having met Mrs. French at Mr. Tripletts, I concluded the bargain with her for her Plantation & Negroes in my Neck and had a Lease executed for the same and sent word to a Mr. Robertson the present tenant to come to me to see if I cd. not engage him to quit it, and coming accordingly some propositions were made to him of which he was to consider till saturday night or Monday Morning & then give an answer.  Monsr. Ouster, French Consul at Williamsburgh & Mr. Lacaze two French Gentlemen dined here & returned to Alexa. in the evening.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0004-0019", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 19 October 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n[Thursday] 19th. October 1786. Mercury at 46 in the Morning\u201455 at Noon and 52 at Night. A large white frost this Morning\u2014the air cool, but calm & pleasant afterwards. Rid to my Plantations in the Neck and at Muddy hole & from thence to Colo. McCartys to Dinner where I met Mrs. Washington & Fanny Washington. On our return home found Mr. John Dawson and Mr. Theodk. Lee here. In the Neck my People were sowing Wheat; but the ground was much too wet for it\u2014but it was either to be put in in this condition or put off altogether. The former I chose. The resowing of Rye (directed on Saturday last) had been suspended, & was now put off altogether to see whether the part which appeared so thin would come to any thing\u2014Sowing Rye on the New plowed Wheat stubble and had it harrowed and cross harrowed which put the ground in much finer order than the single harrowing had done the first. This Rye had both the harrowing after it was sowed as the lay land at Dogue run was managed. At Muddy hole the Overseer & two or three of the weak hands (the rest being at Dogue run) were gathering the Wild (or Magity bay) Pea a tedious operatn.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0004-0020", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 20 October 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 20th. Mercury at 50 in the Morning\u201460 at Noon and 56 at Night. Calm clear & pleasant in the Morning\u2014lowering afterwards with the Wind Southe[r]ly. Rid (after Mr. Dawson & Mr. Lee went away) first to the Ferry\nplantation, and thence to Dogue run through the Plantation lately rented of Mrs. French which I find less injured by Gullies than I expected. At the Ferry the people were getting out the wheat and at Dogue run upon the point of finishing sowing the last cut of common corn (about the Houses)\u2014after which I directed them to sow part of the drilled Corn. In the afternoon Geo. Dunnington, a Tenant of mine in Charles County, Maryland, came in to give an acct. of the situation of the place on which he lives and of the attempts to take part of the Land away by one Strumat. It ought to have been mentioned on Thursday that the early Corn drilled, in alternate rows, at Muddy hole had been measured; that of it there was only 19 Barrls. of sound corn\u20143 Barrls. of faulty Corn (fit only for Hogs) and 2 Barrls. of the Common Corn which had got intermixed\u2014In all from these Alternate rows, 24 Barrls. Much rotten & bad corn was found in this early kind & proves as well from the experiment of this year as the last, that it does not do in this climate or soil.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0004-0022", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 22 October 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 22d. Mercury at 48 in the Morning\u201459 at Noon and 56 at Night. Clear and pleasant with but little wind. The Honble. Wm. Drayton and Mr. Walter Izard came here to dinner and stayed all Night. Mr. Rumney, Mr. Hunter, Mr. Wilson & Mr. Porter also came here to dinner all of whom except the first went away after it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0004-0024", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 24 October 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 24th. Mercury at 53 in the Morning\u201468 at Noon and 66 at Night. Clear, calm, and extremely pleasant all day.  Mr. Drayton and Mr. Izard set out after breakfast on their rout to South Carolina. I remained at home all day, being prevented from going up to Abingdon to Meet Mrs. Washington according to promise by the above company. Entered into articles of agreement and bonds for the performance of the Covenants with John Robertson for the Plantation I lately leased of Mrs. French, and on which he lives. Sent up to Abingdon for a young Bull of extraordinary make for which I had exchangd and given a young heifer of the same age.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0004-0025", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 25 October 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 25th. Mercury at 53 in the Morng.\u201467 at Noon and 66 at Night. An exceedingly heavy fog till 10 Oclock\u2014after which it became clear warm & pleasant. Mr. Maddison and Colo. Monroe & his Lady set out after breakfast for Fredericksburgh. I called at the Ferry, Dogue run, & Muddy hole plantations on my way to Mr. Fendalls where I met Mrs. Washington, dined, & returned home in the evening bringing Betcy & Patcy Custis with the other two home with us. Found all the Wheat at the Ferry tred out but not quite cleaned or carried to the Mill. At Muddy hole the 4 rows of Irish Potatoes had been dugged. Out of one which appeared to be best set (though they were all much missing) 2\u00bc bushels were obtained and from the other 3 rows 4\u00bd Bushels were gathered\u2014In all 6\u00be Bushels. This at best is a poor encrease\u2014but would have been very bad if the rows had been nearly compleated but this they were not\u2014the flat places having none on them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0004-0026", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 26 October 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 26th. Mercury at 56 in the Morning\u201470 at Noon and 68 at Night. Calm, clear, and very pleasant day throughout.  Immediately after breakfast I rid into the Neck, and to Muddy hole & Dogue run Plantations. At the first finished sowing and plowing in all the Rye, but had not compleated the harrowing & Hoeing of it. This comprehended the 3d. cut of Wheat and the furthest cut of drilled corn except 52 rows which were left for Oats in the Spring & this sowing having advanced 18 rows into the Corn which had Peas between I directed the same number of Pea rows in the middle cut to be sowed with Wheat to bring them even. This would be set about tomorrow. Ordered three plows from this place to Dogue run to assist in putting in the Wheat & rye there wch. was more backward than at any other place in sowing. At Muddy hole the people had recommenced sowing rye in the Corn ground which had been left for this purpose. The Pease of the 6 rows in the Neck which had been drilled or sowed thick, yielded 15 bushels after they were cleaned (besides the green ones) and the next 6 rows of the same kind, dropped 18 inches in the row, measured (besides the green ones) 16 Bushels. The whole field therefore (if Pease had been planted between all the Corn rows) would have yielded at this rate, 410 bushels there being 159 of them and it is to be observed that many of the rows if not all of them were greatly missing occasioned by too early planting and the frequent rains which drowned them in all low and cold places. Ordered a piece of ground to be prepared in the Neck on which to transplant Turneps for the purpose of saving seed. Colo. and Mrs. McCarty & Colo. Ball and his Lady came here to dinner & returned afterwards and abt. Sun down Mr. Mayo & his wife & Miss D\u2019Hart in a Post Chaise & 4 came in.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0004-0027", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 27 October 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 27th. Mercury at 56 in the Morning\u201458 at Noon and 56 at Night. Cloudy in the Morning, with the wind very fresh at N. W. About 10 oclock it cleared but continued to blow fresh, and grew colder. Rid to the Plantations at the Ferry, Dogue run, and Muddy hole and examined the Land I lately bought from the Exr. of\nManley more attentively. Find some of it in very good condition and other parts much gullied and worn and that there is more & better meadow ground on it than I expected.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0004-0028", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 28 October 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 28th. Mercury at 46 in the Morning\u201462 at Noon and 60 at Night. Clear and pleasant all day with but little wind and that from So. West. Mr. Mayo, his wife and Miss D\u2019Hart went away after breakfast. Rid to the Plantations in the Neck, Muddy hole, and Dogue Run. At the first compleated sowing Wheat yesterday and finished covering Rye with the Hoes & Harrows the same day\u2014Gathering for plantation use some of the drilled Corn at Muddy hole & plowed a poor \u00bd acre to Cowpen on\u2014Taking up the Irish Potatoes at Dogue run out of the way of the Wheat sowing. Found Mrs. Stuart and her two youngest children here on my return home.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0004-0029", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 29 October 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 29th. Mercury at 54 in the Morning\u201460 at Noon and 58 at Night. Lowering at times through the day\u2014very little wind and that South\u2014very smoaky all day.  About noon Mrs. Stuart and one of her youngest Children left this for Mr. Lund Washingtons. At the same time I crossed the river with intention to view & Survey my land in Charles County Maryland. Went to and lodged at Govr. Smallwoods about 14 Miles from the Ferry.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0004-0030", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 30 October 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 30th. Mercury at 49 in the Morning\u201452 at Noon and 50 at Night. Raining all the forenoon with the Wind at No. Et.\u2014Misting & very cloudy all the latter part of the day altho the Wind had shifted to the No. Wt. About One Oclock accompanied by the Governor, I set out to take a view of my land which lay 12 Miles from his House\u2014after doing which and finding it rather better than I expected we returned to the Governrs. having from the badness of the Weather & wetness of the ground given over the idea of Surveying. This land lyes full level enough. The cleared part has been lively & good but much abused and a good deal worked. The wood part, of wch. there is a good deal, is tolerably full of rail timber and Wood (chiefly spanish Oak & black Jack) but the soil is thin and of a mean quality tho very capable of improvement from the Nature of it & levelness. Govr. Smallwood thinks the whole is worth and would sell for 35 or 40. Shillings Maryland Curry. pr. Acre and seems to have an inclination to buy it himself and that his Manager (one Franklin) is that way inclined also. Being informed by my Tenant (on this Land) George Dunnington of a vacancy containg. 20 or 30 acres within, or adjoining to my lines the Governor promised to obtain a warrant for it on my behalf and a Mr. Stromat who had obtained Warrants for sevel. vacancies one of which being within my Tract sent me word by the above Geo. Dunnington that I might have the latter (more than 100 acres) upon condition of my paying a proportionate part of the expence he had been at to obtain them, which I consented to do & sent him word so by Dunnington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0004", "content": "Title: October 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n[Sunday 1st.] Mercury at 68 in the Morning\u201478 at Noon and 76 at Night.\nThe day clear and warm. Took an early Dinner and set out for Abingdon on my way to the Great Falls to meet the Directors of the Potomack Co.\nLeft Doctr. Craik at Mt. Vernon who came in a few minutes before I set off.\nMonday 2d. Mercury at 67 in the Morning\u201478 at Noon and 75 at Night.\nMorning lowering but clear warm, & pleasant afterwds.\nSet out before Six Oclock, & arrived at the Great Falls abt. half after nine. Found Colo. Gilpin there & soon after Govrs. Johnson & Lee, and Colo. Fitzgerald & Mr. Potts arrived when the board proceeded to enquire in to the charges exhibited by Mr. James Rumsey the late against Mr. Richardson Stuart the present Manager of the Companys business. The examination of the Witnesses employed the board until dark when the members dispersed for Lodgings. I went to Mr. Fairfax\u2019s.\nTuesday 3d. Mercury at 67 in the Morng.\u201479 at Noon\u201474 at Night.\nMorning somewhat lowerg. with thunder lightning and rain in the evening.\nReturned to the Falls by appointment at 7 Oclock to Breakfast: we proceeded immediately afterwards to a consideration of the evidence, and to decide upon each article of charge: a record of which was made & upon the whole appeared (the charges) malignant, envious, & trifling. After this the board settled many accts. and adjourned till 8 oclock next Morning.\nWednesday 4th. Mercury at 68 in the morning\u201478 at Noon and 72 at Night.\nMorning clear, and it continued so till near 3 Oclock when it began to rain and continued with little or no intermission untill past 6 Oclock.\nThe Board having agreed to a Petition to be offered to the assemblies of Virga. and Maryland for prolonging the time allowed by Law for improving the Navigation of the river above the Great Falls\u2014Directed the Manager respecting the Winter Work for the hands and having settled and regulated every other matter which came before them broke up about three oclock\u2014when in company with Colos. Fitzgerald & Gilpin, & Mr. Potts I set off home. With much difficulty on acct. of the rising of the Water by the rain of last Night we crossed Difficult run and through a constant rain till I had reached Cameron. I got home a little before 8 oclock where I found my Brother Jno. Auge. Washington.\n   a petition . . . to the assemblies: Frequent rains and high water in the summer and fall of 1785 and the summer of 1786 had prevented much work from being done on the bed of the Potomac River. The Potowmack Company petition, signed by GW, requested an extension of the three years originally allowed until Nov. 1790 or \u201csuch other time as your Honors shall deem reasonable for making and improving the Navigation between Great Falls and Fort Cumberland.\u201d Both the Maryland and Virginia legislatures promptly complied with the request (BACON-FOSTERCorra Bacon-Foster. Early Chapters in the Development of the Patomac Route to the West. Washington, D.C., 1912., 78\u201379, 80).\nThursday 5th. Mercury at 70 in the Morng.\u201472 at Noon and 68 at Night.\nA good deal of Rain fell in the Night; & a great deal in the course of this day (with the Wind from the So. East & sometimes very high) which occasioned very high tides, and high freshes. At home all day.\nFriday 6th. Mercury at 62 in the morning\u201460 at Noon and 57 at Night.\nMorning clear, except scattering clouds\u2014Winds high from the westward.\nIn the afternoon (having first dined) rid with my Brother to Mr. Lund Washington\u2019s and returned. Found the waters had been exceeding high.\nSaturday 7th. Mercury at 52 in the Morning\u201458 at Night [Noon] and 56 at Night.\nMorning clear and tolerably pleasant\u2014wind still westerly and pretty fresh\u2014No frost though one was expected from appearances.\nImmediately after breakfast my Brother left this, when I rid to all my Plantations. Found my People securing fodder in the Neck, Dogue run and Ferry\u2014at the last of which the drilled corn by the meadow was untouched. At Muddy hole the fodder had all been secured on Monday last and some of the Wild Pea vine (such as came from the Eastn. shore) had been pulled. The hands on Tuesday went to assist the Dogue run people to get in their fodder\u2014a suspension of all wch. business was had on Wednesday afternoon & all day thursday. In the Neck, the first gathering of 6 rows of drilled pease measured 4\u00be bushels and the first gathering of the next 6 rows planted in rows also, but 18 Inches a part in the rows yielded 6\u00bd bushels.\nSunday 8th. Mercury at 56 in the Morning\u201460 at Night [Noon] and 57 at Night. A brisk southerly wind all day & pleasant.\nMr. Rumney, Mr. Powell, and a Mr. Patterson an English Gentn. dined here & returned in the afternoon.\nMonday 9th. Mercury at 56 in the Morning\u201466 at Noon and 60 at Night.\nClear warm & pleasant, with but little wind.\nRid to all the Plantations & to the Ditchers in my Mill swamp. Finished securing Fodder at the River Quarter & would nearly do so at Dogue run\u2014at the Ferry, gathering the Fodder of the Drilled Corn by the Meadow\u2014Pulling pease in the Neck with the small hands. Allowed all my People to go to the races in Alexandria on one of three days as best comported with their respective businesses\u2014leaving careful persons on the Plantations.\nTuesday 10th. Mercury at 59 in the Morning\u201474 at Noon and 72 at Night.\nIn company with Major Washington (who with his wife returned yesterday evening from Fredericksburgh) and Mr. Lear\nwent up to Alexandria to see the Jockey club purse run for (which was won by Mr. Snickers). Dined by invitation with the Members of it and returned home in the evening.\n   William Snickers (b. 1759), son of Edward and Elizabeth Taliaferro Snickers of Frederick County, won 100 guineas at the Alexandria Jockey Club Purse with his horse Paul Jones. In 1793 Snickers married Frances Washington (b. 1775), daughter of Warner Washington, Jr. (1751\u20131829) and Mary Whiting Washington (MCILHANYHugh Milton McIlhany, Jr. Some Virginia Families. Staunton, Va., 1903., 107, 111; Va. Journal, 12 Oct. 1786).\nWednesday 11th. Mercury at 60 in the Morning\u201474 at Noon and 73 at Night.\nThis day as yesterday, was clear, calm, and warm.\nMajr. Washington, his wife, and Nelly & Washington Custis went up to the race at Alexa. All but the Major returned to Dinner with Betcy & Patcy Custis along with them.\nI rid to all the Plantations, found most of my People had gone to the races. Those remaining in the Neck were cleaning rye which had been tread out the day before & preparing to continue their wheat sowing tomorrow.\nThursday 12th. Mercury at 60 in the Morning\u201474 at Noon and 72 at Night.\nClear, calm, and warm all day, or rather till noon when a breeze from the Southward came up.\nRid to all the Plantations. Began in the Neck to sow wheat in the middle cut of drilled Corn. Ferry people all gone to the race and those at home at Dogue run all idle\u2014Overseer being gone to the Race.\nIn the afternoon Doctr. Stuart and his wife Mr. Fitzhugh of Chatham, Mr. Presley Thornton Mr. Townshend Dade, and Mr. Stith came here, and stayed all Night.\n   Presley Thornton (1760\u20131807), of Northumberland County, was the son of Presley Thornton (1721\u20131769) and Charlotte Belson Thornton. The younger Thornton left with his mother for England in the early 1770s and served with the British army on the Continent during the Revolution. Thornton returned to Virginia immediately after the war and restored his citizenship by taking the required oaths of allegiance. In 1799 he served as a captain in the 8th United States Infantry and an aide to Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. About 1800 Thornton sold his Northumberland estate and moved to Genesee, N.Y., where he died (GW to James McHenry, 4 Feb. 1799, and GW to Thornton, 12 Aug. 1799, DLC:GW; WMQThe William and Mary Quarterly: A Magazine of Early American History. Williamsburg, Va., 1st ser., 5 [1896\u201397], 198\u201399).\n   Townshend Dade who appears on this day may be David Stuart\u2019s brother-in-law Townshend Dade (b. 1743). He had been married to Stuart\u2019s sister Jane Stuart (1751\u20131774).\n   Mr. Stith was possibly John Stith (1755\u20131808), son of Buckner Stith (1722\u20131791)\nand brother of Col. Robert Stith of Chotank. John Stith married Ann (Nancy) Washington, daughter of Lawrence Washington (b. 1728) of Chotank and Elizabeth Dade Washington. Stith served as a captain with several different Virginia regiments during the Revolution.\nFriday 13th. Mercury at 64 in the Morning\u201476 at Noon and 74 at Night.\nClear Calm, and very warm all day. At Night it began to Thunder & lighten\u2014accompanied in the course of it with frequent & hard Showers.\nAll the company except Mrs. Stuart went away directly after breakfast. She with Betcy & Patcy Custis did not leave this till after dinner.\nRid to the Ferry, Dogue run, & Muddy hole Plantations and to the Mill and Ditchers. Finished securing the Fodder at the Ferry. Tread out a stack of Wheat at Dogue run in order to renew my sowing of this grain at that place. Tried here and in the Neck to plow before sowing, then sow and harrow in, but it would not answer in the Corn ground. The grass occasioned the Earth to be drawn in heaps. Began to pull the early Corn at Muddy hole.\nSaturday 14th. Mercury at 62 in the Morning\u201470 at Noon and 68 at Night.\nMorning cloudy but clear afterwards with the Wind at So. West & warm.\nRid to all the Plantations. In the Neck, found the rain of last Night had wet the Corn ground so much that there was no plowing in Wheat. Ordered them to shift to the Wheat Stubble (where they had formerly been) and Plow for Rye. Finding at the same place that part of the first sowed rye had either not come up, or had been destroyed by some insect, I directed that part of the first cut\u2014North of the Meadow, to be sowed over again; and to be harrowed in by the double harrow\u2014if sufficient to cover the grain. At Muddy hole gathering the early Corn & husking it. At Dogue run Sowing Wheat\u2014the ground, in places rather too wet. At the Ferry just finished plowing, sowing & harrowing the ground allotted for Rye at the Ferry and securing the fodder. Directed, as the fly appeared to be getting into the Wheat more or less at all the Plantations, that that at the Ferry should be immediately tread out & sent to the Mill.\nSunday 15th. Mercury 65 at Morn\u201476 at Noon and 74 at Night. Clear, warm, & pleasant all day.\nAccompanied by Majr. Washington his wife Mr. Lear & the two\nChildn. Nelly & Washington Custis went to Pohick Church & returned to Dinner. Fell in with on the Road, Colo. Jno. Mercer, his Lady & child coming here and their nurse.\n   Col. John Francis and Sophia Sprigg Mercer of Maryland had a son, Richard, born 19 Nov. 1785. He died before reaching maturity (GARNETT [2]James Mercer Garnett. Biographical Sketch of Hon. James Mercer Garnett of Elmwood, Essex County, Virginia, With Mercer-Garnett and Mercer Genealogies. Richmond, 1910., 52\u201353).\nMonday 16th. Mercury at 64 in the Morning\u201472 at Noon and 72 at Night.\nA Watery Sun in the morning and Clouds in the afternoon but no rain fell till towards day in the Night.\nColo. Mercer &ca. crossed the River after breakfast on their way to Annapolis.\nMajr. Washington & myself went up to Alexandria, & dined at Lomax\u2019s. Got the Deed from Manley\u2019s Exrs. acknowledged to me in open Court & for the 2d. time agreed with Mr. Wm. Triplett for the use of Mrs. French\u2019s Plantation for wch. during Robinsons term and Interest in it, I am, for the Land & Negroes, to pay \u00a3136 & 150\u00a3 afterwards during her life.\nReturned home in the Evening.\n   For further information on the complicated French-Dulany land transactions, see GW to David Stuart, 12 Dec. 1790, PHi: Dreer Collection; GW to William Triplett, 25 Sept. 1786, DLC:GW; Fairfax County Deeds, Book P\u20131, 311\u201316, 318\u201320, and Book Q\u20131, 392\u201396, Vi Microfilm).\nTuesday 17th. Mercury at 68 in the Morning\u201464 at Noon and 59 at Night.\nWind Southerly and raining till about 9 Oclock when it chopped round to the No. Wt.\u2014blew hard & cleared.\nAt home all day. Began to set a brick kiln.\nWednesday 18th. Mercury at 48 in the Morning\u201456 at Noon and 55 at Night.\nClear and cool, wind pretty fresh from the No. West.\nRid by Muddy hole and Dogue run Plantations to Mr. Tripletts. 3 plows and most of the hands from the first had gone to the latter to assist in sowing Wheat in Corn ground.\nHaving met Mrs. French at Mr. Tripletts, I concluded the bargain with her for her Plantation & Negroes in my Neck and had a Lease executed for the same and sent word to a Mr. Robertson the present tenant to come to me to see if I cd. not engage him to quit it, and coming accordingly some propositions were made to him of which he was to consider till saturday night or Monday Morning & then give an answer.\nMonsr. Ouster, French Consul at Williamsburgh & Mr. Lacaze two French Gentlemen dined here & returned to Alexa. in the evening.\n   Martin Oster, who came to Philadelphia from France in 1778 as an officer in the French consular service, held the post of vice-consul of Philadelphia 1781\u201383 and of Norfolk and Williamsburg from 1783 until his recall in 1792. He was traveling to several port cities at the time of this visit to Mount Vernon (NASATIR AND MONELLAbraham P. Nasatir and Gary Elwyn Monell. French Consuls in the United States: A Calendar of their Correspondence in the Archives Nationales. Washington, D.C., 1967., 196, 566\u201367). Mr. Lacaze was probably James Lacaze, a merchant, partner in the firm of Lacaze & Mallet, which operated in Philadelphia from 1780 to 1785.\n[Thursday] 19th. October 1786. Mercury at 46 in the Morning\u201455 at Noon and 52 at Night.\nA large white frost this Morning\u2014the air cool, but calm & pleasant afterwards.\nRid to my Plantations in the Neck and at Muddy hole & from thence to Colo. McCartys to Dinner where I met Mrs. Washington & Fanny Washington.\nOn our return home found Mr. John Dawson and Mr. Theodk. Lee here.\nIn the Neck my People were sowing Wheat; but the ground was much too wet for it\u2014but it was either to be put in in this condition or put off altogether. The former I chose. The resowing of Rye (directed on Saturday last) had been suspended, & was now put off altogether to see whether the part which appeared so thin would come to any thing\u2014Sowing Rye on the New plowed Wheat stubble and had it harrowed and cross harrowed which put the ground in much finer order than the single harrowing had done the first. This Rye had both the harrowing after it was sowed as the lay land at Dogue run was managed. At Muddy hole the Overseer & two or three of the weak hands (the rest being at Dogue run) were gathering the Wild (or Magity bay) Pea a tedious operatn.\n   John Dawson (1762\u20131814), of Spotsylvania County, was the son of Rev. Musgrave and Mary Waugh Dawson. He represented Spotsylvania County in the House of Delegates 1786\u201389, was a member of the Continental Congress in 1788 and 1789, and served in the United States Congress from 1797 to 1814.\n   Theodorick Lee (1766\u20131849) was the fourth son of Henry Lee of Leesylvania, and younger brother of Light Horse Harry Lee and Charles Lee.\nFriday 20th. Mercury at 50 in the Morning\u201460 at Noon and 56 at Night.\nCalm clear & pleasant in the Morning\u2014lowering afterwards with the Wind Southe[r]ly.\nRid (after Mr. Dawson & Mr. Lee went away) first to the Ferry\nplantation, and thence to Dogue run through the Plantation lately rented of Mrs. French which I find less injured by Gullies than I expected.\nAt the Ferry the people were getting out the wheat and at Dogue run upon the point of finishing sowing the last cut of common corn (about the Houses)\u2014after which I directed them to sow part of the drilled Corn.\nIn the afternoon Geo. Dunnington, a Tenant of mine in Charles County, Maryland, came in to give an acct. of the situation of the place on which he lives and of the attempts to take part of the Land away by one Strumat.\nIt ought to have been mentioned on Thursday that the early Corn drilled, in alternate rows, at Muddy hole had been measured; that of it there was only 19 Barrls. of sound corn\u20143 Barrls. of faulty Corn (fit only for Hogs) and 2 Barrls. of the Common Corn which had got intermixed\u2014In all from these Alternate rows, 24 Barrls. Much rotten & bad corn was found in this early kind & proves as well from the experiment of this year as the last, that it does not do in this climate or soil.\n   George Dunnington lived on the land in Maryland which GW had obtained from Daniel Jenifer Adams (see 22 Jan. 1775 and 12 Sept. 1785). In 1790 Dunnington was the head of a household of 10 whites and 15 slaves in Charles County (HEADS OF FAMILIES, MD.Heads of Families at the First Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1790: Maryland. 1907. Reprint. Baltimore, 1965., 49). one strumat: Capt. John Stromatt in 1790 was the head of a household of 8 whites and 8 slaves in Charles County (HEADS OF FAMILIES, MD.Heads of Families at the First Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1790: Maryland. 1907. Reprint. Baltimore, 1965., 54).\nSaturday 21st. Mercury at 50 in the Morning\u201458 at Noon and 55 at Night.\nWind at No. Et. all day with various appearances\u2014sometimes threatning Rain\u2014at other times promising to be fair.\nColo. Richard Henry Lee with his daughter Nancy, who came here yesterday to dinner, going away after breakfast, I rid into the Neck, and to Muddy hole & Dogue run Plantations. At the first the People had finished sowing Wheat about Noon yesterday; & to day were picking up the fallen Corn and gathering the residue of the Pease. The Plows were preparing the Wheat Stubble for rye, & sowing it. At Dogue run the Plows had got into the drilled Corn, the stalk of which were cut down & entirely taken of the ground. The ground with this plowing seemed to be in perfect tilth, & in good order. I was about to harrow it after sowing & plowing, but my Farmer advised the contrary & I desisted.\n   nancy: Anne Lee (1770\u20131804) was the eldest daughter of Richard Henry Lee and his second wife, Anne Gaskins Pinckard Lee.\nSunday 22d. Mercury at 48 in the Morning\u201459 at Noon and 56 at Night.\nClear and pleasant with but little wind.\nThe Honble. Wm. Drayton and Mr. Walter Izard came here to dinner and stayed all Night. Mr. Rumney, Mr. Hunter, Mr. Wilson & Mr. Porter also came here to dinner all of whom except the first went away after it.\n   William Drayton (1732\u20131790), of Charleston, S.C., was the son of Thomas Drayton, prominent in political circles in that colony. Before the Revolution Drayton practiced law in South Carolina and was chief justice of East Florida. He spent part of the war in England. After his return to South Carolina in 1780, Drayton served as judge of the admiralty court, associate justice of the state supreme court, and in 1789 became the first judge of the United States court for the district of South Carolina.\n   Drayton began corresponding with GW on 23 Nov. 1785 when he informed GW that the South Carolina Society for Promoting and Improving Agriculture and Other Rural Concerns had elected him its first honorary member (DLC:GW). At the time of this visit to Mount Vernon, Drayton and Izard were en route to South Carolina from New York.\n   Walter Izard (c.1750\u20131788) was a son of Ralph Izard (1717\u20131761), of Berkeley County, S.C., and cousin of Ralph Izard (1742\u20131804), the revolutionary diplomat. During the Revolution Walter Izard served as a volunteer in the Continental Army. In 1779 he married Mary Fenwick, the second daughter of Edward Fenwick.\nMonday 23d. Mercury at 48 in the Morning\u201460 at Noon and 58 at Night.\nCalm clear and pleasant all day.\nMr. Rumney went away directly after breakfast and Mrs. Washington with Nelly and Washington Custis for Abingdon about the same time.\nI remained at home all day. In the evening Colo. Monroe, his Lady and Mr. Maddison came in.\n   James Monroe (1758\u20131831) had served as a delegate from Virginia to the Continental Congress since 1783 but had recently resigned because no delegate was eligible to serve more than three out of six years. Writing from New York on 7 Oct. 1786, Monroe had suggested to James Madison, who was in Philadelphia on personal business after attending the convention in Annapolis, that they travel to Virginia together and stop over at Mount Vernon to visit GW (MADISONWilliam T. Hutchinson et al., eds. The Papers of James Madison, Congressional Series. 17 vols. Chicago and Charlottesville, Va., 1962\u201391., 9:121\u201322, 143). Monroe and his wife, Elizabeth Kortright Monroe (d. 1830), were on their way to Fredericksburg, Va., where they intended to reside in a house belonging to Monroe\u2019s uncle, Joseph Jones. Madison was going to Richmond for the fall session of the General Assembly.\nTuesday 24th. Mercury at 53 in the Morning\u201468 at Noon and 66 at Night.\nClear, calm, and extremely pleasant all day.\nMr. Drayton and Mr. Izard set out after breakfast on their rout to South Carolina.\nI remained at home all day, being prevented from going up to Abingdon to Meet Mrs. Washington according to promise by the above company.\nEntered into articles of agreement and bonds for the performance of the Covenants with John Robertson for the Plantation I lately leased of Mrs. French, and on which he lives.\nSent up to Abingdon for a young Bull of extraordinary make for which I had exchangd and given a young heifer of the same age.\n   John Robertson agreed to give up the use of the land and slaves on or before 1 Jan. 1787, and in the meantime GW could \u201cemploy the labourers on the said Plantation in such works as may have a tendency to prepare for his crops & Inclosures designed for the next year, when they are not necessarily engaged in finishing the present crop, and taking care of the stock and other Interests\u201d of Robertson. Robertson could have use of a tenant house, now occupied by Peter Pool, rent free for 1787, and for an additional year for payment of rent. GW was to pay Robertson for the wheat actually sown this year and Robertson would in turn pay Pool for the wheat planted on the tenement Pool relinquished to Robertson (agreement between GW and Robertson, 24 Oct. 1786, DLC:GW).\nWednesday 25th. Mercury at 53 in the Morng.\u201467 at Noon and 66 at Night.\nAn exceedingly heavy fog till 10 Oclock\u2014after which it became clear warm & pleasant.\nMr. Maddison and Colo. Monroe & his Lady set out after breakfast for Fredericksburgh.\nI called at the Ferry, Dogue run, & Muddy hole plantations on my way to Mr. Fendalls where I met Mrs. Washington, dined, & returned home in the evening bringing Betcy & Patcy Custis with the other two home with us. Found all the Wheat at the Ferry tred out but not quite cleaned or carried to the Mill. At Muddy hole the 4 rows of Irish Potatoes had been dugged. Out of one which appeared to be best set (though they were all much missing) 2\u00bc bushels were obtained and from the other 3 rows 4\u00bd Bushels were gathered\u2014In all 6\u00be Bushels. This at best is a poor encrease\u2014but would have been very bad if the rows had been nearly compleated but this they were not\u2014the flat places having none on them.\nThursday 26th. Mercury at 56 in the Morning\u201470 at Noon and 68 at Night.\nCalm, clear, and very pleasant day throughout.\nImmediately after breakfast I rid into the Neck, and to Muddy hole & Dogue run Plantations. At the first finished sowing and plowing in all the Rye, but had not compleated the harrowing & Hoeing of it. This comprehended the 3d. cut of Wheat and the furthest cut of drilled corn except 52 rows which were left for Oats in the Spring & this sowing having advanced 18 rows into the Corn which had Peas between I directed the same number of Pea rows in the middle cut to be sowed with Wheat to bring them even. This would be set about tomorrow. Ordered three plows from this place to Dogue run to assist in putting in the Wheat & rye there wch. was more backward than at any other place in sowing. At Muddy hole the people had recommenced sowing rye in the Corn ground which had been left for this purpose. The Pease of the 6 rows in the Neck which had been drilled or sowed thick, yielded 15 bushels after they were cleaned (besides the green ones) and the next 6 rows of the same kind, dropped 18 inches in the row, measured (besides the green ones) 16 Bushels. The whole field therefore (if Pease had been planted between all the Corn rows) would have yielded at this rate, 410 bushels there being 159 of them and it is to be observed that many of the rows if not all of them were greatly missing occasioned by too early planting and the frequent rains which drowned them in all low and cold places. Ordered a piece of ground to be prepared in the Neck on which to transplant Turneps for the purpose of saving seed.\nColo. and Mrs. McCarty & Colo. Ball and his Lady came here to dinner & returned afterwards and abt. Sun down Mr. Mayo & his wife & Miss D\u2019Hart in a Post Chaise & 4 came in.\n   John Mayo (1760\u20131818), the son of John and Mary Tabb Mayo of Richmond, represented Henrico County in the House of Delegates in 1785\u201386, 1793, and 1796. Mayo married Abigail De Hart (1761\u20131843), the daughter of John De Hart (1728\u20131795) and Sarah Dagworthy De Hart of Elizabethtown, N.J. (MAYOMary Mayo Crenshaw, ed. An American Lady in Paris, 1828-1829: The Diary of Mrs. John Mayo. Boston and New York, 1927., xiii, 143\u201344). Miss D\u2019Hart may have been Abigail\u2019s sister Sarah De Hart (1759-1832), who had created shadow silhouettes of GW in 1783 (GW to William Gordon, 8 Mar. 1785,  DLC:GW; Eisen, Portraits of WashingtonGustavus A. Eisen. Portraits of Washington. 3 vols. New York, 1932., 2:590).\nFriday 27th. Mercury at 56 in the Morning\u201458 at Noon and 56 at Night.\nCloudy in the Morning, with the wind very fresh at N. W. About 10 oclock it cleared but continued to blow fresh, and grew colder.\nRid to the Plantations at the Ferry, Dogue run, and Muddy hole and examined the Land I lately bought from the Exr. of\nManley more attentively. Find some of it in very good condition and other parts much gullied and worn and that there is more & better meadow ground on it than I expected.\nSaturday 28th. Mercury at 46 in the Morning\u201462 at Noon and 60 at Night.\nClear and pleasant all day with but little wind and that from So. West.\nMr. Mayo, his wife and Miss D\u2019Hart went away after breakfast.\nRid to the Plantations in the Neck, Muddy hole, and Dogue Run. At the first compleated sowing Wheat yesterday and finished covering Rye with the Hoes & Harrows the same day\u2014Gathering for plantation use some of the drilled Corn at Muddy hole & plowed a poor \u00bd acre to Cowpen on\u2014Taking up the Irish Potatoes at Dogue run out of the way of the Wheat sowing.\nFound Mrs. Stuart and her two youngest children here on my return home.\n   Mrs. Stuart\u2019s two youngest children were Ann Calvert (Nancy) Stuart (b. 1784) and Sarah (Sally) Stuart (born c.1786).\nSunday 29th. Mercury at 54 in the Morning\u201460 at Noon and 58 at Night.\nLowering at times through the day\u2014very little wind and that South\u2014very smoaky all day.\nAbout noon Mrs. Stuart and one of her youngest Children left this for Mr. Lund Washingtons. At the same time I crossed the river with intention to view & Survey my land in Charles County Maryland. Went to and lodged at Govr. Smallwoods about 14 Miles from the Ferry.\n   William Smallwood (1732\u20131792) came from a distinguished Charles County, Md., family. In 1761 he represented Charles County in the Maryland legislature, joined the Maryland nonimportation association in 1769, and became a delegate to the Maryland Convention of 1775. During the Revolution he attained the rank of major general. He was elected to Congress in 1785 but before assuming office was chosen to succeed William Paca as governor of Maryland. After serving three one-year terms, Smallwood retired in 1788 to his home in southern Maryland.\nMonday 30th. Mercury at 49 in the Morning\u201452 at Noon and 50 at Night.\nRaining all the forenoon with the Wind at No. Et.\u2014Misting & very cloudy all the latter part of the day altho the Wind had shifted to the No. Wt.\nAbout One Oclock accompanied by the Governor, I set out to take a view of my land which lay 12 Miles from his House\u2014after doing which and finding it rather better than I expected we returned to the Governrs. having from the badness of the Weather & wetness of the ground given over the idea of Surveying.\nThis land lyes full level enough. The cleared part has been lively & good but much abused and a good deal worked. The wood part, of wch. there is a good deal, is tolerably full of rail timber and Wood (chiefly spanish Oak & black Jack) but the soil is thin and of a mean quality tho very capable of improvement from the Nature of it & levelness. Govr. Smallwood thinks the whole is worth and would sell for 35 or 40. Shillings Maryland Curry. pr. Acre and seems to have an inclination to buy it himself and that his Manager (one Franklin) is that way inclined also. Being informed by my Tenant (on this Land) George Dunnington of a vacancy containg. 20 or 30 acres within, or adjoining to my lines the Governor promised to obtain a warrant for it on my behalf and a Mr. Stromat who had obtained Warrants for sevel. vacancies one of which being within my Tract sent me word by the above Geo. Dunnington that I might have the latter (more than 100 acres) upon condition of my paying a proportionate part of the expence he had been at to obtain them, which I consented to do & sent him word so by Dunnington.\n   an inclination to buy it: GW wrote Smallwood on 6 Oct. 1787: \u201cWhen I had the pleasure of being at your house last fall, you gave me reason to believe\nthat you would become the purchaser of my land adjoining yours, in Charles County\u2014And if I recollect rightly, was to have written to me on that subject from Annapolis\u201d (NjP). GW expressed his continued interest in selling the land to Smallwood, but apparently nothing ever came of it, for GW still owned the land when he died. a vacancy: There were several strips of unclaimed, or waste, land bordering on, or intruding into, GW\u2019s land. Both GW and John Stromatt, whose land marched with GW\u2019s, obtained a warrant to survey the land for their own use. For the ensuing dispute and final settlement, see GW to William Craik, 19 and 27 Mar. 1789 and 8 Feb. 1790, DLC:GW. one franklin: George Augustine Washington mentions an F. P. Franklin as \u201cGovr. Smallwoods agent\u201d in 1788 (LEDGER BGeneral Ledger B, 1772\u20131793. Library of Congress, George Washington Papers, Series 5, Financial Papers., 270). He may have meant Francis B. Franklin who lived in the area in 1790 and owned 29 slaves (HEADS OF FAMILIES, MD.Heads of Families at the First Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1790: Maryland. 1907. Reprint. Baltimore, 1965., 49).\nTuesday 31st. Mercury at 41 in the Morning\u201442 at Noon and 42 at Night.\nWind pretty fresh at No. West in the Morning but cloudy which it continued to be through the day with Mists in the afternoon and rain at Night, the wind getting round to No. Et.\nAfter breakfast I left Govr. Smallwoods & got home to dinner. Attempted to cross at the Widow Chapmans in order to pay Colo. Mason a visit but could not get over.\n   Constantia Pearson Chapman (c.1714\u2013c.1791) was the daughter of Capt. Simon Pearson (d. c.1733) of Stafford County, Va., and the widow of Nathaniel Chapman of Charles County, Md.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0005-0001", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 1 November 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 1st. Mercury at 38 in the Morning\u201441 at Noon and 41 at Night. Cloudy all the forenoon, with a light sprinkle of rain\u2014Wind at No. West, & afternoon clear. Rid to all the Plantations, & to the Ditchers. Found, in the Neck that the People had begun to take up the Irish Potatoes, and during the rain had been cleaning rye & thrashing out the Pease and yesterday, & part of this day, were setting out (the summer) Turnips for Seed\u2014at Muddy hole Sowing rye and at Dogue run that 3 pecks of the black spelt had been sowed yesterday in the drilled Corn next the Swamp, where the turnips and cabbages had been planted at the North end. On Saturday last one plow had begun a winter fallow for Oats; adjoining the rye at the Ferry; & the other people were clearing the Bryers & Shrubs out of the way of it. The Ditchers had nearly compleated the middle ditch on\nSaturday, but the rain on Monday obliged them to shift to the upper ditch. On my return found Mrs. Stuart.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0005-0002", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 2 November 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 2d. Mercury at 35 in the Morning\u201449 at Noon and 47 at Night. A very large white frost\u2014the ground froze and Ice. Morning calm, wind afterwards variable and evening cool. Rid to the Ferry, Dogue run & Muddy hole Plantations. From the latter the Potatoes and Pease were brought home; of the former there were  Bushels; and of the latter  Bushels  whereof were of the large kind (had from the Revd. Mr. Stuart). The Potatoes at Dogue run, from the rows planted in the drilled corn, measured 38\u00bd Bushels. At this place the Plows were at work for Rye crossing the Corn rows; on which plowing I mean to sow the grain and then harrow & cross harrow the ground as had been done before with both Wheat & rye. At the ferry getting out Rye. Directed one or two plows more to assist in breaking up the ground at this place if the plowers could do it well. Left this to the Overseer to determine. Levelled round to the Road at a Stake by the bridge near Manleys, & begun to do the same on the other side of Muddy hole swamp from the plank bridge. Mr. Lund Washington and his wife dined here and returned in the evening.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0005-0004", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 4 November 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 4th. Mercury at 43 in the Morning\u201454 at Noon and 54 at Night. Morning mild, clear, and pleasant with the wind Southerly in the afternoon. Rid to all the Plantations. In the Neck, finished gathering and Measuring the Irish Potatoes, wch. turned out as follow\u2014viz.\u2014In the Cut next the Barn 100 Bushels\u2014There being 10 rows, every alternate one had a sprinkling of dung; 4 of which produced 52 bushels\u2014the other being of another kind of Potatoe, produced not more than 1 Bushel, the 5 undunged rows yielded 48 Bushels.\nThe Middle cut turned out 50 Bushels & the Easternmost cut 25 Bushels only. As the number & length of the Rows were the same in these as the first the differe. in the quantity is to be ascribed to the difference of Land and to that part of the first cut in wch. the Potatoes grew having been dunged formerly over and above the sprinkling it got at Seed time. It is to be noted however that the last mentioned cuts were more missing than the first; and the whole more or less so. At Muddy hole compleated sowing the rye and at Dogue run only began this day to sow\u2014the ground being too wet before. At the Ferry 2 plows employed in fallowing. On my return home found Colo. Pinkney his Lady & 4 Childn., Mrs. Middleton her Child nurse &ca. here\u2014also Mr. Robt. and Mr. Lawe. Washington and Mr. Thompson. The 3 last went away after dinner\u2014the others stayed all Night.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0005-0005", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 5 November 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 5th. Mercury at 44 in the Morning\u201454 at Noon and 54 at Night. The forenoon variable\u2014sometimes threatning and then promising\u2014but clear, fine and agreeable in the afternoon. Wind southerly all day. Colo. Pickney &ca. set out after breakfast. At home all day writing.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0005-0006", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 6 November 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 6th. Mercury at 43 in the Morning\u201458 at Noon and 57 at Night. But very little wind and that southerly. Clear & remarkably pleasant all day. After breakfast Mrs. Stuart & all her Children except Washington Custis went away. I rid to the Plantations at the Ferry, Dogue run & Muddy hole\u2014Making a farm pen at the latter. On my return home found Colo. Lewis Morris and his Brother Major Jacob Morris here, who dined and returned to Alexandria\nafterwards where Mrs. Lewis Morris & her Mother Mrs. Elliot were on their way to Charleston.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0005-0007", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 7 November 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 7th. Mercury at 53 in the Morning\u201460 at Noon and 59 at Night. Clear mild & very pleast. all day\u2014Calm in the forenoon & a light Southerly breeze after Noon. Rid to all the Plantations to day. In the Neck the people had just finished gathering and measuring the Pease which in all amounted to only 80 Bushels. They were, in places, very much missing to which this short quantity is principally to be ascribed. Some had not ripened and were destroyed by the frost & left on the Vines. Ordered the three plows belonging to Muddy hole to go to Dogue run to assist in getting in the rye while the weather continued good. My old Farmer thinking the Nights had got too long tho\u2019 the weather as yet has been mild to keep the Cattle in open pens on the naked ground, I ordered the whole not to be penned till proper shelters were made for them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0005-0011", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 11 November 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 11th. Mercury at 41 in the Morning\u201445 at Noon and 42 at Night. Morning clear and cool, with the wind pretty fresh from the No. Wt. By noon it became calm & very pleasant. Rid to the Mill, and to Dogue run & Muddy hole plantations. At the first named Plantation finished plowing for Rye in the Morning, but there remained of it 8 or 10 acres to sow & harrow in. By Night the ground from which the Corn & Stalks had been taken off would be plowed (4 or 5 acres of it) for to lay down in Spelts provided for me by Colo. Deakins. Having received a letter from Baltimore, announcing the arrival of three Asses (a male and two females) from the Marquis de la Fayette for me together with some Pheasants and Patridges from France, I sent my Overseer Jno. Fairfax and a servant to bring the former.  Received from the Ferry Plantation 48\u00bd bushels of a fine red (Irish) Potatoe, which were planted in the rows of drill corn by the fish house. This with  bushels of the white kind, which were planted in the missing places\u2014of which after all replanting, there were many\u2014is what came of that piece of drilled ground. The common Corn in the alternate rows of Drilled, at Muddy hole, turned out 28 Barrels wch. is 7 Barrels more than the other rows did of the early Corn. In the Neck the disproportion between these is much greater.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0005-0012", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 12 November 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 12th. Mercury at 41 in the Morning\u201448 at Noon and 48 at Night. Morning clear, wind fresh from the Southward\u2014lowering after wards till Noon when it began to rain & continued to do so moderately all the afternoon.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0005-0013", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 13 November 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 13th. Mercury at 39 in the morning\u201447 at Noon and 46 at Night. Morning clear and cool, the Wind being fresh at No. West. Towards the afternoon the wind veered round (backed) to the Southward and in the evening lulled. Rid to all the Plantations\u2014getting up Hogs for feeding at all. Finished sowing and harrowing in Rye at Dogue run & began to gather Corn in the Neck and at the Ferry for lofting. Agreed to let the Widow Alton have the House used for a School by my Mill if the School should be discontinued and Told James Bloxham, my Farmer, who was about to write to England for his Wife & family, and who proposed the measure that he might write to one Caleb Hall a Neighbour of his in Gloucestershire (who had expressed a desire to come to this Country, and who he said was a compleat Wheel Wright, Waggon builder, and Plow & Hurdle maker) that I wd. give him 25 Guineas a year for his Services (if he paid his own passage to this Country) the first year, and if I found he answered my purposes, & we liked each other, that I might give him 30 guineas the next yr. and held out encouragemt. if he chose to work for himself, that I would provide him with some place to live at\u2014Whilst with me that he should be found in Provisions, Washing & lodging.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0005-0014", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 14 November 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 14th. Mercury at 41 in the Morning\u201450 at Noon and 50 at Night. Lowering in the Morning with appearances of rain. About Noon the Clouds broke; and the afternoon became clear mild & exceedingly pleasant. Rid to Muddy hole, Dogue run, & Ferry Plantations. At the latter compleated all my fall Sowing of winter grain, by putting into the Corn ground wch. had been prepared for the purpose, 6\u00bd bushels of the Common Spelts. This ground after the Corn, & stalks were taken off, was plowed\u2014the grain then Sowed, & harrowed & cross harrowed. The Soil is strong, but being very grassy, the Spelts with all this working were not put in very well\u2014some places not being broke, & by means of the grass choaking the harrow, drawn, it is to be feared, in heaps\u2014abt. 5 Acres of it. Beat about one Bushel of the Wild Crab into pummice, and sowed it in the hop Inclosure\u2014lower end, in 19 rows, one foot apart.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0005-0015", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 15 November 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 15th. Mercury at 46 in the Morning\u201458 at Noon and 54 at Night. Wind Southerly but not very fresh in the forepart of the day. About Noon it came out very powerfully at No. West and towds. Night turned cold. Rid to Muddy hole and Dogue run Plantations. The hands at these places & the ferry at work on the public Roads. Attempted to level to day, but the wind was too high to admit it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0005-0016", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 16 November 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 16. Mercury at 36 in the Morning\u201448 at Noon and 47 at Night. Morning windy clear, and cold; before Noon it moderated and became mild & pleasant and before Night it got to the Southwd. and lowered a little. Mr. & Mrs. Fendall came from Maryland here to Breakfast\u2014as did Mr. Willm. Craik\u2014after which they all went away. Rid into the Neck, and to Muddy hole plantations. At the first having measured the remainder of the Middle cut of drilled Corn it was found to turn out 85 Barls.\u2014the further, or Eastermost cut of drilled Corn in the same field turned out miserably bad\u2014there\nbeing only 6 barrl. of the early Corn & 18 of the other or common corn. Here the difference against the early or Eastern is found greater than at Muddy hole and decidely in both in favor of the common Corn of the Country. On my return home, found Mons. Campoint sent by the Marqs. de la Fayette with the Jack and two She Asses which he had procured for me in the Island of Malta and which had arrived at Baltimore with the Chinese Pheasants &ca. had with my Overseer &ca. got there before me. These Asses are in good order and appear to be very fine. The Jack is two years old and the She Asses one three & the other two. The Pheasants and Patridges will come round by Water.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0005-0018", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 18 November 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 18th. Mercury at 43 in the Morning\u201443 at Noon and 40 at Night. Wind Easterly all day and very cloudy and like for snow\u2014sometimes drops of it for the first this year. Rid to the Ferry, Dogue run & Muddy hole Plantations\u2014gathering & husking Corn at all. Also rid to the Ditche[r]s who had begun to scour a ditch in the Mill Meadow. One of them, James Lawson went up to Town to day. Yesterday they entered upon standing wages. Monsr. Campion accompanied by Mr. Lear went to Alexandria & returned in the Evening.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0005-0019", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 19 November 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n Sunday 19th. Mercury at 34 in the Morning\u201438 at Noon and 32 at Night. Ground lightly covered with Snow this Morning. Continued cloudy all day and Snowing a little, at times, but the ground was never more than an inch thick. At home all day.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0005-0021", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 21 November 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 21st. Mercury at 36 in the Morning\u201440 at Night [Noon] and 38 at Night. Flying clouds with the Wind pretty fresh from the No. Wt. in the Morning and cold. Pleasanter afterwards and clear Wind moderating about Noon and by night was calm. Rid to the Ferry, Dogue run, and Muddy hole Plantn.\u2014gathering and husking Corn at all of them. Sent George Washington to Town on business. Colo. Darke dined here.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0005-0022", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 22 November 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 22. Mercury at 34 in the Morning\u201432 at Noon and 30 at Night. Two inches or more snow fell in the Night\u2014more [or] less fell all day\u2014but little Wind and that Southerly. At home all day.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0005-0024", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 24 November 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 24th. Mercury at 31 in the Morning\u201441 at Noon and 36 at Night. Very clear, and pretty cold in the Morning Wind being at No. West but not hard. About Noon it moderated, and at Night was calm. After breakfast Judge Harrison and Mr. Craik returned to Maryland. I rid to the Ditchers and thence to the Ferry Plantation\u2014Grubbing at the latter and getting up wild hogs. Major Washington went into the Neck, and to Muddy hole. At the first he measured 86\u00bd Barrels of Corn\u2014gathered from the drilled cut of Corn nearest the Barn and at Muddy hole he Measured 67 Barrls. which was gathered out of the Middle Cut besides 14 Barls. of Short Corn givn. Hogs.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0005-0027", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 27 November 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 27th. Mercury at 38 in the Morning\u201448 at Noon and 44 at Night. Wind Southerly, and moderately all day. Sometimes there were great appearances of rain at other times it looked promising. Evening clear but a circle and bur both rd. the Moon.  Rid to the Ferry, Dogue run and Muddy hole Plantations\u2014also to the Mill and to the Ditchers\u2014about the Corn at all the places\u2014Measd. 68 Barls. at Dogue run. The Revd. Mr. Keith, and the Revd. Mr. Morse dined here & returned to Alexandria in the Evening. Received my Chinese Pheasents &ca. from Baltimore by the Packet\u2014viz.\u2014 \nA Cock\nof the Gold Pheast.\nA Cock &\nof the Silver Pheat.\n   Hen\nA Cock &\nof the French Pheat.\n   2 Hens\n and one French Patridge. The other French Patridge died in coming round from Baltimore. The German Man, his wife and Child came home last Night by water from Alexanda.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0005-0028", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 28 November 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 28th. Mercury at 36 in the Morning\u201429 at Noon and 27 at N. Wind fresh all day from the No. West, and North, with clouds and appearances of Snow. Towards evening it cleared, and was very cold all day.  A Hound bitch which like most of my other hounds appearing to be going Mad and had been shut up getting out, my Servant Will in attempting to get her in again was snapped at by her at the arm. The Teeth penetrated through his Coat and Shirt and contused the Flesh but he says did not penetrate the skin nor draw any blood. This happened on Monday forenoon. The part affected appeared to swell a little to day. Rid to the Plantations at Dogue run, Muddy hole, and in the Neck. Set my Dutchman to ditching within the fence at the Ferry where the water level of the branch was traced out.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0005-0030", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 30 November 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 30th. Mercury at 26 in the Morning\u2014 at Noon and  at Night. Morning cloudy but Mild\u2014Wind westerly all day. About 9 or 10 Oclock the clouds dispersed and the day turned out very fine and pleasant. Thawing considerably\u2014the frost having stopped the Plow at the Ferry Plantation. Surveying my New purchases of Manley\u2019s and French Land, in order to lay the whole of into proper inclosures. Geo. Washington went up to Abingdon in my Chariot to bring his wife and Nelly Custis home who went thither on Monday last.  Jno. Fairfax measured 42 Barrls. of corn at Muddy hole gathered out of the Eastermost (& furthest) cut in the field. Mr. Lear left this for the Western Parts of Pensylva. in the Neighbourhood of Pittsburgh on my business.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0005", "content": "Title: November [1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 1st. Mercury at 38 in the Morning\u201441 at Noon and 41 at Night.\nCloudy all the forenoon, with a light sprinkle of rain\u2014Wind at No. West, & afternoon clear.\nRid to all the Plantations, & to the Ditchers. Found, in the Neck that the People had begun to take up the Irish Potatoes, and during the rain had been cleaning rye & thrashing out the Pease and yesterday, & part of this day, were setting out (the summer) Turnips for Seed\u2014at Muddy hole Sowing rye and at Dogue run that 3 pecks of the black spelt had been sowed yesterday in the drilled Corn next the Swamp, where the turnips and cabbages had been planted at the North end. On Saturday last one plow had begun a winter fallow for Oats; adjoining the rye at the Ferry; & the other people were clearing the Bryers & Shrubs out of the way of it. The Ditchers had nearly compleated the middle ditch on\nSaturday, but the rain on Monday obliged them to shift to the upper ditch.\nOn my return found Mrs. Stuart.\nThursday 2d. Mercury at 35 in the Morning\u201449 at Noon and 47 at Night.\nA very large white frost\u2014the ground froze and Ice. Morning calm, wind afterwards variable and evening cool.\nRid to the Ferry, Dogue run & Muddy hole Plantations. From the latter the Potatoes and Pease were brought home; of the former there were  Bushels; and of the latter  Bushels  whereof were of the large kind (had from the Revd. Mr. Stuart). The Potatoes at Dogue run, from the rows planted in the drilled corn, measured 38\u00bd Bushels. At this place the Plows were at work for Rye crossing the Corn rows; on which plowing I mean to sow the grain and then harrow & cross harrow the ground as had been done before with both Wheat & rye. At the ferry getting out Rye. Directed one or two plows more to assist in breaking up the ground at this place if the plowers could do it well. Left this to the Overseer to determine.\nLevelled round to the Road at a Stake by the bridge near Manleys, & begun to do the same on the other side of Muddy hole swamp from the plank bridge.\nMr. Lund Washington and his wife dined here and returned in the evening.\nFriday 3d. Mercury at 49 in the Morning\u201456 at Noon and 56 at Night.\nCloudy with small showers at intervals, till after noon, when the weather cleared & became warm and pleasant. Wind Southerly all day.\nAt home writing Letters.\nSaturday 4th. Mercury at 43 in the Morning\u201454 at Noon and 54 at Night.\nMorning mild, clear, and pleasant with the wind Southerly in the afternoon.\nRid to all the Plantations. In the Neck, finished gathering and Measuring the Irish Potatoes, wch. turned out as follow\u2014viz.\u2014In the Cut next the Barn 100 Bushels\u2014There being 10 rows, every alternate one had a sprinkling of dung; 4 of which produced 52 bushels\u2014the other being of another kind of Potatoe, produced not more than 1 Bushel, the 5 undunged rows yielded 48 Bushels.\nThe Middle cut turned out 50 Bushels & the Easternmost cut 25 Bushels only. As the number & length of the Rows were the same in these as the first the differe. in the quantity is to be ascribed to the difference of Land and to that part of the first cut in wch. the Potatoes grew having been dunged formerly over and above the sprinkling it got at Seed time. It is to be noted however that the last mentioned cuts were more missing than the first; and the whole more or less so. At Muddy hole compleated sowing the rye and at Dogue run only began this day to sow\u2014the ground being too wet before. At the Ferry 2 plows employed in fallowing.\nOn my return home found Colo. Pinkney his Lady & 4 Childn., Mrs. Middleton her Child nurse &ca. here\u2014also Mr. Robt. and Mr. Lawe. Washington and Mr. Thompson. The 3 last went away after dinner\u2014the others stayed all Night.\n   Charles Cotesworth Pinckney (1746\u20131825), the son of Charles and Elizabeth Lucas Pinckney of South Carolina, had a distinguished career in the public service of his state and country as a soldier, statesman, and diplomat. Pinckney\u2019s first wife, Sarah Middleton Pinckney, was the daughter of Henry Middleton (1717\u20131784). Sarah died in 1784, and on 23 June 1786 Pinckney married Mary Stead, the daughter of Benjamin Stead. The children GW mentioned here were Pinckney\u2019s by his first wife. Mrs. Middleton probably referred to Mary Izard Middleton, the daughter of Walter Izard of Cedar Grove, S.C., and the wife of Arthur Middleton (1742\u20131787), who was the brother of Sarah Pinckney. At this time Pinckney and his entourage were returning from a trip north.\nSunday 5th. Mercury at 44 in the Morning\u201454 at Noon and 54 at Night.\nThe forenoon variable\u2014sometimes threatning and then promising\u2014but clear, fine and agreeable in the afternoon. Wind southerly all day.\nColo. Pickney &ca. set out after breakfast.\nAt home all day writing.\nMonday 6th. Mercury at 43 in the Morning\u201458 at Noon and 57 at Night.\nBut very little wind and that southerly. Clear & remarkably pleasant all day.\nAfter breakfast Mrs. Stuart & all her Children except Washington Custis went away.\nI rid to the Plantations at the Ferry, Dogue run & Muddy hole\u2014Making a farm pen at the latter.\nOn my return home found Colo. Lewis Morris and his Brother Major Jacob Morris here, who dined and returned to Alexandria\nafterwards where Mrs. Lewis Morris & her Mother Mrs. Elliot were on their way to Charleston.\n   Lewis and Jacob Morris (1755\u20131844) were sons of Lewis Morris (1726\u20131798) and Mary Walton Morris of Morrisania, Westchester County, N.Y., and nephews of Gouverneur Morris. Both brothers served during the Revolution in the New York militia before becoming aides-de-camp. Jacob was aide to Charles Lee 1776\u201378 and Nathanael Greene 1781\u201382, and Lewis was aide to John Sullivan 1776\u201379 and to Greene from 1779 to the end of the war. In 1783 Lewis married Ann Elliott, the daughter of William and Sabina Elliott (d. 1793) of Accabee on the Ashley River near Charleston, S.C.\nTuesday 7th. Mercury at 53 in the Morning\u201460 at Noon and 59 at Night.\nClear mild & very pleast. all day\u2014Calm in the forenoon & a light Southerly breeze after Noon.\nRid to all the Plantations to day. In the Neck the people had just finished gathering and measuring the Pease which in all amounted to only 80 Bushels. They were, in places, very much missing to which this short quantity is principally to be ascribed. Some had not ripened and were destroyed by the frost & left on the Vines. Ordered the three plows belonging to Muddy hole to go to Dogue run to assist in getting in the rye while the weather continued good.\nMy old Farmer thinking the Nights had got too long tho\u2019 the weather as yet has been mild to keep the Cattle in open pens on the naked ground, I ordered the whole not to be penned till proper shelters were made for them.\nWednesday 8th. Mercury at 54 in the Morning\u201458 at Noon and 58 at Night.\nVery mild, with but little Wd. and that Southerly\u2014Lowering more or less all day with great appearances now & then of rain but none fell. In the evening the clouds dispelled.\nRid to the Ferry & Dogue run Plantations. At the first, the wheat & rye having been all Tread & threshed out, there was in the whole of the former  Bushels; and of the latter  Bushels. The people were employed in digging the Irish Potatoes near the Fish House. At the latter 9 plows & 2 harrows employed in getting in rye\u2014the rest of the People getting off the Corn & Stalks of the only unsowed Corn ground at this Plantation.\nThe Farmer having carrd. the level & staked it for conducting the Water on the South side of Muddy hole swamp below the fork by Manleys old House and Cornelius McDermot Roe having done the same on the No. Side from the plank bridge on Muddy\nhole (where the farmer also began) I tried with a water level across in several places within Manleys field and found that the farmer was higher on his side than the other by between 13 and 16 Inches. But this will make no essential difference in a ditch for the water 18 Inches deep.\nThursday 9th. Mercury at 48 in the Morning\u201454 at Noon and 52 at Night.\nMorning heavy, about Noon it began to rain, & continued to do so all the Afternoon moderately.\nRid to the River, Muddy hole, and Dogue run Plantations. At the first the People were employed in removing the Potatoes from thence to the Mansion House\u2014at the 2d. in gathering Corn except the 3 plow people who were at Work at Morris\u2019s\u2014at the 3d. they were employed as yesterday.\nFriday 10th. Mercury at 53 in the Morning\u2014 at Noon and  at Night.\nMorning a little lowering\u2014more favourable at Noon but raining afterwards. But little wind in the forepart of the day and that Southerly. Towards evening it got to the Eastward and in the Night Westerly & cleared.\nWith Mrs. Washington and all the family, I went to Alexanda. and dined with Doctr. Craik. Returned in the Evening.\n   dined with doctr. craik: James Craik seems to have moved with his family from Maryland to Alexandria, probably during the summer or early fall of 1786.\nSaturday 11th. Mercury at 41 in the Morning\u201445 at Noon and 42 at Night.\nMorning clear and cool, with the wind pretty fresh from the No. Wt. By noon it became calm & very pleasant.\nRid to the Mill, and to Dogue run & Muddy hole plantations. At the first named Plantation finished plowing for Rye in the Morning, but there remained of it 8 or 10 acres to sow & harrow in. By Night the ground from which the Corn & Stalks had been taken off would be plowed (4 or 5 acres of it) for to lay down in Spelts provided for me by Colo. Deakins.\nHaving received a letter from Baltimore, announcing the arrival of three Asses (a male and two females) from the Marquis de la Fayette for me together with some Pheasants and Patridges from France, I sent my Overseer Jno. Fairfax and a servant to bring the former.\nReceived from the Ferry Plantation 48\u00bd bushels of a fine red (Irish) Potatoe, which were planted in the rows of drill corn by the fish house. This with  bushels of the white kind, which were planted in the missing places\u2014of which after all replanting, there were many\u2014is what came of that piece of drilled ground.\nThe common Corn in the alternate rows of Drilled, at Muddy hole, turned out 28 Barrels wch. is 7 Barrels more than the other rows did of the early Corn. In the Neck the disproportion between these is much greater.\nSunday 12th. Mercury at 41 in the Morning\u201448 at Noon and 48 at Night.\nMorning clear, wind fresh from the Southward\u2014lowering after wards till Noon when it began to rain & continued to do so moderately all the afternoon.\nMonday 13th. Mercury at 39 in the morning\u201447 at Noon and 46 at Night.\nMorning clear and cool, the Wind being fresh at No. West. Towards the afternoon the wind veered round (backed) to the Southward and in the evening lulled.\nRid to all the Plantations\u2014getting up Hogs for feeding at all. Finished sowing and harrowing in Rye at Dogue run & began to gather Corn in the Neck and at the Ferry for lofting.\nAgreed to let the Widow Alton have the House used for a School by my Mill if the School should be discontinued and\nTold James Bloxham, my Farmer, who was about to write to England for his Wife & family, and who proposed the measure that he might write to one Caleb Hall a Neighbour of his in Gloucestershire (who had expressed a desire to come to this Country, and who he said was a compleat Wheel Wright, Waggon builder, and Plow & Hurdle maker) that I wd. give him 25 Guineas a year for his Services (if he paid his own passage to this Country) the first year, and if I found he answered my purposes, & we liked each other, that I might give him 30 guineas the next yr. and held out encouragemt. if he chose to work for himself, that I would provide him with some place to live at\u2014Whilst with me that he should be found in Provisions, Washing & lodging.\n   widow alton: Mrs. Elizabeth Alton was the widow of GW\u2019s old servant John Alton, who had died the previous year (see entry for 4 Dec. 1785).\n   James Bloxham noted, in a letter of 12 Nov. 1786 to his former employer William Peacey, that he had sent for his wife and two daughters to join him at Mount Vernon, while his two sons were to remain in England to obtain an\neducation. Bloxham\u2019s former neighbor, Caleb Hall, eventually decided against emigrating (Peacey to GW, 2 Feb. 1787, DLC:GW; GW to Peacey, 16 Nov. 1786, PHi, and 7 Jan. 1788, ViMtvL).\nTuesday 14th. Mercury at 41 in the Morning\u201450 at Noon and 50 at Night.\nLowering in the Morning with appearances of rain. About Noon the Clouds broke; and the afternoon became clear mild & exceedingly pleasant.\nRid to Muddy hole, Dogue run, & Ferry Plantations. At the latter compleated all my fall Sowing of winter grain, by putting into the Corn ground wch. had been prepared for the purpose, 6\u00bd bushels of the Common Spelts. This ground after the Corn, & stalks were taken off, was plowed\u2014the grain then Sowed, & harrowed & cross harrowed. The Soil is strong, but being very grassy, the Spelts with all this working were not put in very well\u2014some places not being broke, & by means of the grass choaking the harrow, drawn, it is to be feared, in heaps\u2014abt. 5 Acres of it.\nBeat about one Bushel of the Wild Crab into pummice, and sowed it in the hop Inclosure\u2014lower end, in 19 rows, one foot apart.\nWednesday 15th. Mercury at 46 in the Morning\u201458 at Noon and 54 at Night.\nWind Southerly but not very fresh in the forepart of the day. About Noon it came out very powerfully at No. West and towds. Night turned cold.\nRid to Muddy hole and Dogue run Plantations. The hands at these places & the ferry at work on the public Roads.\nAttempted to level to day, but the wind was too high to admit it.\nThursday 16. Mercury at 36 in the Morning\u201448 at Noon and 47 at Night.\nMorning windy clear, and cold; before Noon it moderated and became mild & pleasant and before Night it got to the Southwd. and lowered a little.\nMr. & Mrs. Fendall came from Maryland here to Breakfast\u2014as did Mr. Willm. Craik\u2014after which they all went away.\nRid into the Neck, and to Muddy hole plantations. At the first having measured the remainder of the Middle cut of drilled Corn it was found to turn out 85 Barls.\u2014the further, or Eastermost cut of drilled Corn in the same field turned out miserably bad\u2014there\nbeing only 6 barrl. of the early Corn & 18 of the other or common corn. Here the difference against the early or Eastern is found greater than at Muddy hole and decidely in both in favor of the common Corn of the Country.\nOn my return home, found Mons. Campoint sent by the Marqs. de la Fayette with the Jack and two She Asses which he had procured for me in the Island of Malta and which had arrived at Baltimore with the Chinese Pheasants &ca. had with my Overseer &ca. got there before me. These Asses are in good order and appear to be very fine. The Jack is two years old and the She Asses one three & the other two. The Pheasants and Patridges will come round by Water.\n   on my return home: During his visit to Mount Vernon in 1784, Lafayette had apparently offered to obtain breeding stock from Malta. Because GW was unsure that his Spanish jacks were coming, he asked Lafayette to obtain \u201ca male & female, or one of former & two of the latter\u201d from the governor of Malta or some other person (GW to Lafayette,  15 Feb., 1 Sept. 1785, DLC:GW). When they arrived, accompanied by caretaker Jacques Campion, GW was delighted. He wrote to Lafayette on 19 Nov. 1786: \u201cOn thursday last I received in very good order . . . the most valuable things you could have sent me\u201d (DLC:GW). He named the jack Knight of Malta. GW expected to pay for the animals, but Lafayette clearly intended them as a gift (GW to Lafayette, 25 Mar., 15 Aug. 1787, DLC:GW).\nFriday 17th. Mercury at 38 in the Morning\u201444 at Noon and 45 at Night.\nCloudy with drops of rain now and then in the forenoon\u2014more promising afterwards with the wind fresh from the Southward all day.\nAt home writing all day. Finished the ditch along the side of my Mill Meadow intended to conduct the water in common heights of the run.\nSaturday 18th. Mercury at 43 in the Morning\u201443 at Noon and 40 at Night.\nWind Easterly all day and very cloudy and like for snow\u2014sometimes drops of it for the first this year.\nRid to the Ferry, Dogue run & Muddy hole Plantations\u2014gathering & husking Corn at all. Also rid to the Ditche[r]s who had begun to scour a ditch in the Mill Meadow. One of them, James Lawson went up to Town to day. Yesterday they entered upon standing wages.\nMonsr. Campion accompanied by Mr. Lear went to Alexandria & returned in the Evening.\nSunday 19th. Mercury at 34 in the Morning\u201438 at Noon and 32 at Night.\nGround lightly covered with Snow this Morning. Continued cloudy all day and Snowing a little, at times, but the ground was never more than an inch thick. At home all day.\nMonday 20th. Mercury at 36 in the Morning\u201440 at Noon and 34 at Night.\nA thick fog & Mist all day with little or no wind. After dark the Clouds dispelled and Stars appeared.\nAt home all day.\nTuesday 21st. Mercury at 36 in the Morning\u201440 at Night [Noon] and 38 at Night.\nFlying clouds with the Wind pretty fresh from the No. Wt. in the Morning and cold. Pleasanter afterwards and clear Wind moderating about Noon and by night was calm.\nRid to the Ferry, Dogue run, and Muddy hole Plantn.\u2014gathering and husking Corn at all of them.\nSent George Washington to Town on business.\nColo. Darke dined here.\n   William Darke (1736\u20131801), of Berkeley County, during the Revolution attained the rank of lieutenant colonel in the 4th Virginia Regiment, and in the early 1790s he was made a brigadier general as a reward for his frontier service under Maj. Gen. Arthur St. Clair. Often during the 1790s Darke represented Berkeley County in the General Assembly.\nWednesday 22. Mercury at 34 in the Morning\u201432 at Noon and 30 at Night.\nTwo inches or more snow fell in the Night\u2014more [or] less fell all day\u2014but little Wind and that Southerly.\nAt home all day.\nThursday 23d. Mercury at 32 in the Morning\u201436 at Noon and 36 at Night.\nVery cold in the forenoon and not very agreeable at any time of the day\u2014Wind at No. West.\nRid to the Plantations at Muddy hole & Dogue run. At the first raking up dung\u2014at the other gathering and husking of Corn.\nSet James Lawson and his comrade, Patrick Sheriden, to running a level ditch 2 feet wide at top, 1 at Bottom, and a spit deep, from the bridge over Muddy hole by the corner of the fence till it should come to the road by the other bridge and branch.\nOn my return home found Colo. (or Judge) Harrison of Maryland here as also Mr. William Craik.\n   spit: the depth of the blade of a spade.\nFriday 24th. Mercury at 31 in the Morning\u201441 at Noon and 36 at Night.\nVery clear, and pretty cold in the Morning Wind being at No. West but not hard. About Noon it moderated, and at Night was calm.\nAfter breakfast Judge Harrison and Mr. Craik returned to Maryland. I rid to the Ditchers and thence to the Ferry Plantation\u2014Grubbing at the latter and getting up wild hogs.\nMajor Washington went into the Neck, and to Muddy hole. At the first he measured 86\u00bd Barrels of Corn\u2014gathered from the drilled cut of Corn nearest the Barn and at Muddy hole he Measured 67 Barrls. which was gathered out of the Middle Cut besides 14 Barls. of Short Corn givn. Hogs.\nSaturday 25th. Mercury at 36 in the Morning\u201442 at Noon and 40 at Night.\nMild and but little wind, which was Southerly\u2014lowering all day. In the Night the Wind came out from the No. Wt. and it froze hard.\nRid to Alexandria to place the Papers respecting the Administration of Colo. Thos. Colvills Estate in the hands of Mr. Keith to adjust & settle them & to do some other Business.\nBought the time of a Dutch family consisting of a Man by profession a Ditcher, Mower, &ca., a Woman his wife a Spinner, washer, Milker and their child\u2014names.\nDaniel OverdunkMargarett OverdunkAnna Overdunk\nDined at Colo. Hooes and returned home in the evening.\n   GW had secured the services of the Overdoncks, a German family\u2014probably redemptioners\u2014through the agency of Philip Marsteller, an Alexandria merchant. Today GW sent a barge to Alexandria to transport them to Mount Vernon and requested Marsteller \u201cto impress upon them in strong terms the propriety of diligent attention to their duty\u201d (GW to Marsteller, 27 Nov. 1786, and Marsteller to GW, 27 Nov. 1786, DLC:GW; LEDGER BGeneral Ledger B, 1772\u20131793. Library of Congress, George Washington Papers, Series 5, Financial Papers., 245).\nSunday 26th. Mercury at 32 in the Morning\u201443 at Noon and 40 at Night. Wind at No. West in the fore noon, but not hard;\nabout Noon it died away, and in the evening was quite calm. Ground pretty hard frozen in the Morning.\n   The following Gentlemen dined here.\nColonels Hooe & Henley\u2014Dr. Craik, Mr. Porter, Mr. Swift, Mr. Jackson, Mr. Jenkes, Mr. Thompson, Mr. Lowry, Mr. Abenethy, Mr.  Mr. Peran, Captns. Sullivan and  Lund Washington all of whom went away in the Evening.\n   Mr. Thompson is probably Jonah Thompson, an Alexandria merchant. In 1784 he had a store on Fairfax Street, where he sold imported goods (Va. Journal, 11 Nov. 1784; MOORE [1]Gay Montague Moore. Seaport in Virginia: George Washington\u2019s Alexandria. 1949. Reprint. Charlottesville, Va., 1972., 74).\n   Capt. Giles Sullivan of the ship Union had brought with him from Ireland a letter and gift for GW from Richard Harrison, of the Alexandria firm of Hooe & Harrison (Harrison to GW, 10 July 1786, DLC:GW).\nMonday 27th. Mercury at 38 in the Morning\u201448 at Noon and 44 at Night.\nWind Southerly, and moderately all day. Sometimes there were great appearances of rain at other times it looked promising. Evening clear but a circle and bur both rd. the Moon.\nRid to the Ferry, Dogue run and Muddy hole Plantations\u2014also to the Mill and to the Ditchers\u2014about the Corn at all the places\u2014Measd. 68 Barls. at Dogue run.\nThe Revd. Mr. Keith, and the Revd. Mr. Morse dined here & returned to Alexandria in the Evening.\nReceived my Chinese Pheasents &ca. from Baltimore by the Packet\u2014viz.\u2014\nA Cock\nof the Gold Pheast.\nA Cock &\nof the Silver Pheat.\n   Hen\nA Cock &\nof the French Pheat.\n   2 Hens\nand one French Patridge. The other French Patridge died in coming round from Baltimore.\nThe German Man, his wife and Child came home last Night by water from Alexanda.\n   Jedidiah Morse (1761\u20131826) was born in Woodstock, Conn., the son of Jedidiah and Sarah Child Morse. While studying theology at Yale in the early 1780s, Morse expanded an early interest in geography and in 1784 published the first school textbook on the subject, Geography Made Easy, a forerunner of his more ambitious later works. The day after his ordination in the Congregational Church on 9 Nov. 1786, Morse left his position as tutor at Yale and at this time was on his way to become pastor of a church in Midway, Ga. Morse and a fellow classmate, Abiel Holmes, exchanged posts temporarily so that Holmes could visit New England and Morse could learn more about the geography of the South. By Aug. 1787 Morse had returned to Yale to embark on a career in the ministry (MORSEAbraham P. Nasatir and Gary Elwyn Monell. French Consuls in the United States: A Calendar of their Correspondence in the Archives Nationales. Washington, D.C., 1967. [1], 26\u201328).\n   my chinese pheasents: The birds, from the royal aviary of France, were a gift from Lafayette. Charles Willson Peale wrote from Philadelphia that if any of the birds should die he would like to obtain the bodies for display. GW replied on 9 Jan. 1787: \u201cI cannot say that I shall be happy to have it in my power to comply with your request by sending you the bodies of my Pheasants; but I am afraid it will not be long before they will compose a part of your Museum\u201d (sold by American Art Association, 17 Mar. 1931, Item 260). In February GW sent Peale the body of a golden pheasant packed in wool, and said he would like to free the others but feared they would be taken by hawks. In acknowledging receipt of the Chinese pheasant on 27 Feb. 1787, Peale admitted that until receiving the specimen he thought the birds he had seen in Chinese paintings were only \u201cworks of fancy\u201d (DLC:GW).\nTuesday 28th. Mercury at 36 in the Morning\u201429 at Noon and 27 at N.\nWind fresh all day from the No. West, and North, with clouds and appearances of Snow. Towards evening it cleared, and was very cold all day.\nA Hound bitch which like most of my other hounds appearing to be going Mad and had been shut up getting out, my Servant Will in attempting to get her in again was snapped at by her at the arm. The Teeth penetrated through his Coat and Shirt and contused the Flesh but he says did not penetrate the skin nor draw any blood. This happened on Monday forenoon. The part affected appeared to swell a little to day.\nRid to the Plantations at Dogue run, Muddy hole, and in the Neck. Set my Dutchman to ditching within the fence at the Ferry where the water level of the branch was traced out.\nWednesday 29th. Mercury at 17 in the Morning\u201423 at Noon and 22 at Night.\nWind Northerly and rather fresh in the forenoon and about So. Et. afterwards\u2014very raw and cold all day with appears. of Snow. Towards Night a mixture of it and hail fell but not enough to cover the ground.\nRid to the Plantations at the Ferry, Dogue run, and Muddy hole and to the Ditchers.\nAt the first G. Washington measured 72 Barrls. of Corn from the cut on the flat (exclusive of the drilled corn) which with 9 used for the Hogs and 6 for the Negroes makes 87 out of that Cut.\nAt the same time John Fairfax my Overseer 76 Barrls. in the Neck from the Cut next the Barn.\nGathering, husking, and securing Corn at all the Plantations.\nMr. Campion (who brought the Asses and Pheasants here from the Marqs. de la fayette) for Alexa. to proceed in the Stage for Baltimore. Gave him 30 Louis dores for his trouble.\n   louis dores: A louis d\u2019or was a French gold coin first struck in 1640 and issued until the French Revolution. In 1717 its legal value in England was fixed at 17s. In his ledger, GW entered the amount given Campion as \u201c30 Guineas & 28s.,\u201d or \u201c\u00a342\u201d (LEDGER BGeneral Ledger B, 1772\u20131793. Library of Congress, George Washington Papers, Series 5, Financial Papers., 238).\nThursday 30th. Mercury at 26 in the Morning\u2014 at Noon and  at Night.\nMorning cloudy but Mild\u2014Wind westerly all day. About 9 or 10 Oclock the clouds dispersed and the day turned out very fine and pleasant. Thawing considerably\u2014the frost having stopped the Plow at the Ferry Plantation.\nSurveying my New purchases of Manley\u2019s and French Land, in order to lay the whole of into proper inclosures.\nGeo. Washington went up to Abingdon in my Chariot to bring his wife and Nelly Custis home who went thither on Monday last.\nJno. Fairfax measured 42 Barrls. of corn at Muddy hole gathered out of the Eastermost (& furthest) cut in the field.\nMr. Lear left this for the Western Parts of Pensylva. in the Neighbourhood of Pittsburgh on my business.\n   Tobias Lear\u2019s journey to Pennsylvania was precipitated by news from GW\u2019s Pennsylvania lawyer, Thomas Smith, that GW had won his suit of ejectment in the Pennsylvania court against the settlers trespassing on the Millers Run tract in Washington County (see entries for 14, 20, and 22 Sept. 1784). Smith urged GW to appoint an agent in the area to take possession of the lands as soon as the settlers left (Smith to GW, 7 Nov. 1786, DLC:GW). Lear\u2019s primary objective on the trip was undoubtedly to persuade Presley Nevill, John Canon, or George McCarmick to act as an agent. GW also needed local information as to the highest prices he could expect to get for these lands and the smaller Washington\u2019s Bottom tract in Fayette County. GW gave Lear additional commissions: at Bath he was to inquire into the condition of a small tract of land owned by GW in the area; at Col. John Stephenson\u2019s on the road from Fort Cumberland to Pittsburgh, he was to try to collect money owed GW; at Pittsburgh he was to request Gen. Richard Butler\u2019s help in acquiring an Indian vocabulary requested by Catherine the Great; he was to ascertain the condition of GW\u2019s small tenement on Braddock\u2019s Road; and at Winchester he was to attempt to collect money owed GW by the estate of Maj. Gen. Charles Lee (instructions for Lear, 30 Nov. 1786, CSmH). Lear carried with him letters, dated 27 Nov., from GW to Nevill, Butler, and McCarmick; to Thomas Freeman, Canon, and Stephenson dated 28 Nov.; and a blank power of attorney to be given to the person who accepted the job of agent for the Millers Run land (DLC:GW).", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0006-0001", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 1 December 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 1st. Mercury at 36 in the Morning\u2014 at Noon and  at Night. Wind Southerly and pretty fresh\u2014clear and pleasant all day. Employed as yesterday, running round the Lands of Manley and French. Geo. Washington and his wife returned home in the Evening. Received 50 Bushels of Buck Wheat from Colo. Leven Powell of Loudoun.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0006-0004", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 4 December 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 4th. Mercury at 31 in the Morning\u201436 at Noon and 32 at Night. Began to Snow an hour or two before day, and continued steadily at it quite through it\u2014by Night it was about 6 Inches deep\u2014the Wind at No. East. No stirring out to day. Doctr. Craik who had been sent for to a laying in Woman at the river Plantation came here after dark and stayed all Night.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0006-0005", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 5 December 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 5th. Mercury at 30 in the Morning\u201434 at Noon and 31 at Night. Morning clear and cold. Wind (which had blown all Night) continued hard at No. West till near Sun down when it lulled, but rose again after dark. Doctr. Craik went away after Breakfast. I remained at home all day writing.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0006-0007", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 7 December 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n Thursday 7th. Mercury at 36 in the Morning\u201440 at Noon and 36 at Night. Wind Southerly all day and Weather lowering. In the afternoon it began to rain slowly, & continued to do so I believe through the Night. Rid to the Ferry, Dogue run & Muddy hole Plantations\u2014also to the Mill, & to the Ditchers\u2014Grubbing at the first place and beating out & cleaning, for house use, Corn at the latter. Gathering in, and husking this at Dogue run. The Wheat made, and disposition of it at the Ferry is as follow \nMade\nHow disposed of\nBushels 245 1/3\nSowed\n95 Bls.\nSent to D. Run\nDitto to the Mill\nAcct. of Rye made at the same place and disposition of it.\nMade\nDisposed of\nBls.\nBushels 139\nSowed\nDo. sent to D. run\nDo. to Home Ho[use]\nDo. to Muddy hole\nGiven to the Horses\nOverseers Share\n At Muddy hole 2 Stacks of Rye of equal size with three remaining have been got out, and disposed of as follows \nTo Dogue run\nBushls.\nSowed\nGiven to the Horses", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0006-0008", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 8 December 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 8th. Mercury at 38 in the Morning\u201434 at Noon and 34 at Night. Wind Southerly all day & with the rain that fell last Night, and at intervals to day occasioned much Water in and on the Earth. Towds. Night a mixture of snow and fine hail began (from the No. West) & continued through the night. Rid to where the Ditchers were at work and to the Ferry Plantation.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0006-0009", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 9 December 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 9th. Mercury at 34 in the Morning\u201426 at Noon and 26 at Night.  A sharp hail, and hard wind all day from the No. West\u2014very cold & disagreeable. Received the Accts. of Wheat sown at Dogue run\u2014159 Bushels.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0006-0011", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 11 December 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 11th. Mercury at 14 in the Morning\u201426 at Noon and 24 at Night. Wind at No. West all day and Cold\u2014very little, or no thawing though clear. The River was entirely closed this Morning and the Ice so hard as not to be opened or broke by the Wind or tide. At home all day. My Ditchers not being able to level & thereby to carry on the Ditch they were about I shifted them to the Wood on the hither side Muddy hole branch wch. had been levelled by my Farmer. In the Afternoon a Mr. Anstey (Commissioner from England for ascertaining the claims of the refugees) with a Mr. Woodorf (supposed to be his Secretary) came in and stayed all Night.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0006-0012", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 12 December 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 12th. Mercury at 13 in the Morning\u201428 at Noon and 26 at Night. Wind Southerly, but cold not withstanding with great appearances every now and then through the day of Snow. At other times the Sun seemed to prevail. Mr. Anstey & his companion going away about 11 Oclock I rid to the Ditchers and to Dogue run Plantation, also to Muddy hole\u2014little doing at either. Geo. Washington went to the Ferry Plantation & Measured the corn which was drilled. In the small piece by the fish house, containing rather under 2 acres, the yield was 9 Barrls. 1 bushl. & an half and in the other piece adjoining the Meadow containing 16\u00bc acres the yield was 29 Barrls. It is to be observed of both; that they\nwere late planted, which was apparently of considerable disadvantage to them and of the latter, that it was of the Eastern rare ripe Corn which had yielded so unproductively both at Muddy hole & in the Neck.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0006-0013", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 13 December 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 13th. Mercury at 27 in the Morning\u201437 at Noon and 35 at Night. Wind Southerly\u2014air temperate but heavily charged with Snow or rain all the forenoon. In the afternoon it began to rain and continued to do so pretty steadily through the greater part of the Night. It cleared however before day. Rid to the Ferry, Dogue run, and Muddy hole Plantations and to the Ditchers. At the first the People had begun to gather Corn in the cut on the Hill. At Dogue run the hands were also employed in gathering & husking of Corn. At Muddy hole a yard was clearing out to tread Rye.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0006-0015", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 15 December 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 15th. Mercury at 36 in the Morning\u201437 at Noon and 34 at Night. Morning a little Rainy, it having begun to fall (though not fast or much) sometime in the Night. Before Noon it ceased Raing. and the evening became clear with the Wind (tho\u2019 not fresh) at North West. Mr. Bushrod Washington, his Wife and Miss Polly Blackburne came here whilst we were at Dinner. The River in the Ferry way became entirely free from Ice this Morning, and my Boat & hands which had been froze up on the Maryland side since Saturday last returned. At home all day.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0006-0016", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 16 December 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n Saturday 16th. Mercury at 28 in the Morning\u201447 at Noon and 41 at Night. Last Nights frost pretty hard. Day clear, calm, and pleasant for the Season\u2014thawing after the Sun got up a little. Rid to the Plantations at the Ferry, dogue run and Muddy hole\u2014Gathering and husking corn at the two first\u2014Treading out a Stack of Rye at the latter. Received the following acct. of the Corn measured in the Neck by Jno. Fairfax, to day\u2014viz. 42 Barrels from the riverside cut which makes the whole crop stand thus at that Plantation \nDrilled Corn\nCut nearest the Barn\nMiddle cut\nEasternmost ditto\nCommon Planting\nCut next the Barn\nMiddle do.\nRiver side cut\nTotal\n The Oats made at, and recd. from that Plantation this year are \nOf those drilled between\nthe rows of drilled Corn\nFrom the point 29 Acres\nTotal\n The Wheat sowed here this year, is\u2014 \nBush.\nIn the field on the River\nIn part of the Middle cut\nTimberlanding field\nIn all\nRye Ditto in field No. 1\nEastn. most cut of No. 2\nSowed in all\nBesides the Rye sowed as mentioned\nBush.\non the other side, there has been\nused by the Negroes\nDitto by the Horses\nSent to Dogue run\nbrought from other side", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0006-0019", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 19 December 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 19th. Mercury at 36 in the Morning\u201445 at Noon and 40 at Night. Quite calm all day, with slow rain, which contributed much to the dissolution of the Snow. At home all day. Doctr. Craik went away after Breakfast. Killed 41 Hogs from the different Plantations\u2014weights as follow \nFerry\nDogue run\nMuddy hole\nRiver Plan.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0006-0022", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 22 December 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n Friday 22d. Mercury 34 at Morning\u201449 at Night [Noon] and 46 at Night. Morning Cloudy, but clear calm & pleasant afterwards\u2014ground hard froze in the morning but thawed afterwards where there was no Snow. Rid to the Neck, Muddy hole, Dogue run & Ferry Plantations\u2014getting Wheat into the Barn at the first\u2014threshing it at the 2d. about finishing gathering Corn at the 3d. and cutting down Corn stalks for the Farm pen at the last. Doctr. Craik for whom I had sent to visit the sick people in the Neck came across from there after Sun down. Doctr. La Moyeur came in about the sametime from Alexandria. My Farmer brought home for the purpose of Stall feeding 3 Steers from Dogue run\u2014Viz. the two old draught Steers wch. went from the House, & one that was on the Wheat field at Dogue run all last Winter & Spring\u2014the latter to be slaughtered tomorrow. Doctr. Craik who visited my Sick people in the Neck came here to night as did Doctr. La Moyeur.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0006-0023", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 23 December 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 23d. Mercury at 49 in the Morning\u201439 at Noon and 30 at Night. Morning very cloudy\u2014about 8 Oclock began to rain and continued to do so, more or less, through the day\u2014in the forepart of which it was Southerly. Afterwards it got to the Northward blew hard & turned very cold by night when there fell a mixture of snow and rain, and was exceedingly disagr[eeable]. Doctr. Craik went away after breakfast\u2014Mr. Bushrod Washington & his wife were prevented doing it by the Weather. I remained at home all day. Finished gathering & husking of Corn at Dogue run, yesterday; but the weather to day prevented the measuring & lofting it. Ordered the Overseer at the Ferry and my Negroe Overseers, to kill of the Hogs up fatting, each as follow. \nweight\nFerry. Hezh. Fairfax\nRiver Plantation\nDogue run Ditto\nMuddy hole Do.\nHead Carpr. Isaac f[ro]m do.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0006-0024", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 24 December 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSunday 24th. Mercury at 24 in the Morning\u201430 at Noon and 26 at Night. Wind very high from the No. West all day, & cold\u2014also clear. Ground which was uncovered in places yesterday was slightly covered this Morning (not an Inch deep) and no thawing except on the Sun sides of Houses out of the Wind. At home all day. B. Washington & his wife left this.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0006-0025", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 25 December 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nMonday 25th. Mercury at 26 in the Morning\u201438 at Noon and 36 at Night. Clear and pleasant with the Wind at South. River froze across in the Morning but open afterwards. At home all day. Miss Allan\u2014Betcy, Patcy and Nelly Custis came here to dinner.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0006-0026", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 26 December 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nTuesday 26th. Mercury at 29 in the Morning 48 at Noon and 36 at Night. The Wind shifting last Night to the No. West, it grew colder but this day was pleasant notwithstanding and clear. Doctr. La Moyeur went to Alexandria to day and Colo. Lee (late of Congress) came here to Dinner as did Mr. Lund Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0006-0027", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 27 December 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nWednesday 27th. Mercury at 28 in the Morning\u201449 at Noon and 42 at Night. Quite calm and pleasant, with little or no wind, and that from the Southward\u2014clear. After Breakfast Colo. Lee set out for Richmond. Mr. Lear returned from his journey into the Western Country about 4 Oclock to day having been absent 28 days. Miss Allan returned to Abingdon to day and Doctr. La Moyeur came back from Alexandria. At home all day.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0006-0028", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 28 December 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThursday 28th. Mercury at 28 in the Morning\u201455 at Noon and 50 at Night. Calm, clear, warm, and very pleasant all day; towards evening it began to lower a little in the So. Western horizon\u2014A very white frost in the Morning. At home all day.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0006-0029", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 29 December 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 29th. Mercury at 30 in the Morning\u201455 at Noon and 51 at Night.  Clear, calm, warm, and exceeding pleasant all day. The hollidays being over, and the People all at work, I rid to the Ferry\u2014Dogue run, and Muddy hole Plantations\u2014also to the Ditchers (who were at Work). At the first Plantation cutting stalks and getting farm pen in order\u2014at the next (Dogue run) measured the remainder of the Corn. \nBarls.\nviz.\n27th. Novr. was measured\n         Given to Hogs\n         At the Plantation\n My whole Crop of Corn will stand \nNeck Plantation\nBarls.\nDogue run\nMuddy hole\nFerry\nTotal\n Mrs. Peake and Miss Eaglin dined here to day and returned afterwards.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0006-0030", "content": "Title: [Diary entry: 30 December 1786]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nSaturday 30th. Mercury at 28 in the Morning\u201436 at Noon and 30 at Night. An exceeding heavy close fog all day without Wind. Staked out the fields at the Ferry Plantation to day, according to the late modification of them. Visited the Ditchers and rid to Dogue run where the People had just finished securing the corn measured yesterday and were going to grub a piece of ground for the Muddy hole plows to work on East of the Branch in Field No. 1. The Muddy hole hds. began to succour, or take the sprouts from the stumps in the New ground to prepare it for Hoeing for corn. Killed the following Hogs  \nNeck Plantn.\t25 Hogs\t2861\nDogue Run Do.\t5 Do.\t571\nFerry Do.\t8\t867\nFrom this quantity\t4299\nThoms. Bishop has had\t400\nThos. Green\u20142d. parcel\t200\nRichd. B. Walker\t300\nOverseer Morris\t45\nDitto Davy\t55\nDitto Will\t157\nDitto Isaac\t116\nIn addn. to the former\nKilled the 19th. & 20th.\t9476\nDitto at the Plantns. for Overrs.\t1009\nDitto for forward Bacon\nfrom Neck 6 Hogs\t905\nMill 3 Do.\t460\nTotal amt.\t120 Hogs\t16149\nDelivered to sundries pr. the foregoing acct.\t2282\nFor family consumpn.\t13867\n Besides the above, there are 4 Hogs yet at the ferry Plantn. to Kill\u2014from which the overseer [will receive] the Balle. due to him. The Snow was mostly gone especially off Grass land. Wheat Fields still were partly covered.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/01-05-02-0001-0006", "content": "Title: December 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFriday 1st. Mercury at 36 in the Morning\u2014 at Noon and  at Night.\nWind Southerly and pretty fresh\u2014clear and pleasant all day.\nEmployed as yesterday, running round the Lands of Manley and French.\nGeo. Washington and his wife returned home in the Evening.\nReceived 50 Bushels of Buck Wheat from Colo. Leven Powell of Loudoun.\n   Leven (Levin) Powell (1737\u20131810), a Loudoun County merchant, was a major in the Virginia militia 1775\u201376 and a lieutenant colonel of the 16th Regiment of the Continental line 1777\u201378. Powell served as a Virginia delegate in the late 1780s and early 1790s as well as a United States congressman 1799\u20131801. For a discussion of GW\u2019s experiments with buckwheat, see the entry for 2 Aug. 1762.\nSaturday 2d. Mercury at 35 in the Morning\u201446 at Noon and 45 at Night.\nWind at No. West very early in the Morning\u2014after which it turned calm and then came out pretty brisk from Southward.\nFinished running round the Fields of Manleys and French\u2019s and rid afterwards to Dogue run and Muddy hole plantations.\nMeasured at the latter 19 Barrls. of long Corn & 6 of Short which with the 42 Measured there on Thursday last makes 67 out of that cut and 201 Barrls. in all made at the Plantation this year.\nSunday 3d. Mercury at 38 in the morning\u201446 at Noon and 42 at Night.\nClear and very pleasant in the Morning with a light air from the Westward. Continued fine till towds. evening when the Sky looked gloomy in the horizon of the Suns setting and a great circle appeared round the Moon at Night.\nAt home all day alone.\nMonday 4th. Mercury at 31 in the Morning\u201436 at Noon and 32 at Night.\nBegan to Snow an hour or two before day, and continued steadily at it quite through it\u2014by Night it was about 6 Inches deep\u2014the Wind at No. East.\nNo stirring out to day. Doctr. Craik who had been sent for to a laying in Woman at the river Plantation came here after dark and stayed all Night.\nTuesday 5th. Mercury at 30 in the Morning\u201434 at Noon and 31 at Night.\nMorning clear and cold. Wind (which had blown all Night) continued hard at No. West till near Sun down when it lulled, but rose again after dark.\nDoctr. Craik went away after Breakfast. I remained at home all day writing.\nWednesday 6th. Mercury at 16 in the Morning\u201430 at Noon and 31 at Night.\nMorning calm and foggy\u2014Wind Southerly afterwards, and towards evening rather brisk. River froze quite across in the Morning, but broke before Noon by the Wind; and by Night the Ice remained on the flats only.\nWriting in the forenoon prevented my riding out to day also.\nMajor Washington measured 41\u00bd barrls. of Corn at Dogue run to day.\nThursday 7th. Mercury at 36 in the Morning\u201440 at Noon and 36 at Night.\nWind Southerly all day and Weather lowering. In the afternoon it began to rain slowly, & continued to do so I believe through the Night.\nRid to the Ferry, Dogue run & Muddy hole Plantations\u2014also to the Mill, & to the Ditchers\u2014Grubbing at the first place and beating out & cleaning, for house use, Corn at the latter. Gathering in, and husking this at Dogue run.\nThe Wheat made, and disposition of it at the Ferry is as follow\nMade\nHow disposed of\nBushels 245 1/3\nSowed\n95 Bls.\nSent to D. Run\nDitto to the Mill\nAcct. of Rye made at the same place and disposition of it.\nMade\nDisposed of\nBls.\nBushels 139\nSowed\nDo. sent to D. run\nDo. to Home Ho[use]\nDo. to Muddy hole\nGiven to the Horses\nOverseers Share\nAt Muddy hole 2 Stacks of Rye of equal size with three remaining have been got out, and disposed of as follows\nTo Dogue run\nBushls.\nSowed\nGiven to the Horses\nFriday 8th. Mercury at 38 in the Morning\u201434 at Noon and 34 at Night.\nWind Southerly all day & with the rain that fell last Night, and at intervals to day occasioned much Water in and on the Earth. Towds. Night a mixture of snow and fine hail began (from the No. West) & continued through the night.\nRid to where the Ditchers were at work and to the Ferry Plantation.\nSaturday 9th. Mercury at 34 in the Morning\u201426 at Noon and 26 at Night.\nA sharp hail, and hard wind all day from the No. West\u2014very cold & disagreeable.\nReceived the Accts. of Wheat sown at Dogue run\u2014159 Bushels.\nSunday 10th. Mercury at 30 in the Morning\u201431 at Noon and 24 at Night.\nWind fresh all day from the No. Wt. & Cold. The clouds dispersed in the Night\u2014Morning & day clear excepting a few flying Clouds and freezing hard.\nMonday 11th. Mercury at 14 in the Morning\u201426 at Noon and 24 at Night.\nWind at No. West all day and Cold\u2014very little, or no thawing though clear. The River was entirely closed this Morning and the Ice so hard as not to be opened or broke by the Wind or tide.\nAt home all day.\nMy Ditchers not being able to level & thereby to carry on the Ditch they were about I shifted them to the Wood on the hither side Muddy hole branch wch. had been levelled by my Farmer.\nIn the Afternoon a Mr. Anstey (Commissioner from England for ascertaining the claims of the refugees) with a Mr. Woodorf (supposed to be his Secretary) came in and stayed all Night.\n   John Anstey (d. 1819), the son of Christopher Anstey (1724\u20131805) and Ann Calvert Anstey of Bath, Eng., was a barrister of Lincoln\u2019s Inn and a commissioner for auditing public accounts, as well as a poet who used the pseudonym John Surrebutter. In 1785 Anstey was made a member of the Commission for Enquiring into the Losses, Services, and Claims of the American Loyalists. After stopping at Mount Vernon, Anstey left for Charleston, eventually touring much of America before returning to England in Sept. 1788 to render a final report on the Loyalists\u2019 claims (George William Fairfax to GW, 25 Jan. 1786, and GW to Edmund Randolph, 12 Dec. 1786, DLC:GW).\nTuesday 12th. Mercury at 13 in the Morning\u201428 at Noon and 26 at Night.\nWind Southerly, but cold not withstanding with great appearances every now and then through the day of Snow. At other times the Sun seemed to prevail.\nMr. Anstey & his companion going away about 11 Oclock I rid to the Ditchers and to Dogue run Plantation, also to Muddy hole\u2014little doing at either.\nGeo. Washington went to the Ferry Plantation & Measured the corn which was drilled. In the small piece by the fish house, containing rather under 2 acres, the yield was 9 Barrls. 1 bushl. & an half and in the other piece adjoining the Meadow containing 16\u00bc acres the yield was 29 Barrls. It is to be observed of both; that they\nwere late planted, which was apparently of considerable disadvantage to them and of the latter, that it was of the Eastern rare ripe Corn which had yielded so unproductively both at Muddy hole & in the Neck.\n   rare ripe corn: any early ripening variety. GW sent a shipment of rare-ripe seed corn to William Pearce 27 July 1794, saying, \u201cit will be fine for the wet grounds which cannot be planted early, next Spring\u201d (DLC:GW).\nWednesday 13th. Mercury at 27 in the Morning\u201437 at Noon and 35 at Night.\nWind Southerly\u2014air temperate but heavily charged with Snow or rain all the forenoon. In the afternoon it began to rain and continued to do so pretty steadily through the greater part of the Night. It cleared however before day.\nRid to the Ferry, Dogue run, and Muddy hole Plantations and to the Ditchers. At the first the People had begun to gather Corn in the cut on the Hill. At Dogue run the hands were also employed in gathering & husking of Corn. At Muddy hole a yard was clearing out to tread Rye.\nThursday 14th. Mercury at 37 in the Morning\u201459 at Noon and 49 at Night.\nClear, calm, warm, and exceedingly pleasant over head\u2014but wet under foot occasioned by the Thaw. Towards night the river began to open by the breaking of the Ice.\nRid to the Neck, and all the other Plantations; and to the Ditchers. At Muddy hole the hands were employed in threshing Wheat\u2014at all the others gathering Corn as usual.\nDoctr. La Moyeur came in just as we were going to dinner.\nFriday 15th. Mercury at 36 in the Morning\u201437 at Noon and 34 at Night.\nMorning a little Rainy, it having begun to fall (though not fast or much) sometime in the Night. Before Noon it ceased Raing. and the evening became clear with the Wind (tho\u2019 not fresh) at North West.\nMr. Bushrod Washington, his Wife and Miss Polly Blackburne came here whilst we were at Dinner.\nThe River in the Ferry way became entirely free from Ice this Morning, and my Boat & hands which had been froze up on the Maryland side since Saturday last returned.\nAt home all day.\nSaturday 16th. Mercury at 28 in the Morning\u201447 at Noon and 41 at Night.\nLast Nights frost pretty hard. Day clear, calm, and pleasant for the Season\u2014thawing after the Sun got up a little.\nRid to the Plantations at the Ferry, dogue run and Muddy hole\u2014Gathering and husking corn at the two first\u2014Treading out a Stack of Rye at the latter.\nReceived the following acct. of the Corn measured in the Neck by Jno. Fairfax, to day\u2014viz. 42 Barrels from the riverside cut which makes the whole crop stand thus at that Plantation\nDrilled Corn\nCut nearest the Barn\nMiddle cut\nEasternmost ditto\nCommon Planting\nCut next the Barn\nMiddle do.\nRiver side cut\nTotal\nThe Oats made at, and recd. from that Plantation this year are\nOf those drilled between\nthe rows of drilled Corn\nFrom the point 29 Acres\nTotal\nThe Wheat sowed here this year, is\u2014\nBush.\nIn the field on the River\nIn part of the Middle cut\nTimberlanding field\nIn all\nRye Ditto in field No. 1\nEastn. most cut of No. 2\nSowed in all\nBesides the Rye sowed as mentioned\nBush.\non the other side, there has been\nused by the Negroes\nDitto by the Horses\nSent to Dogue run\nbrought from other side\nSunday 17th. Mercury at 36 in the Morning\u201441 at Noon and 40 at Night.\nPerfectly calm all day\u2014lowering with great appearances of Snow or rain till the afternoon when the clouds broke and the Sun set Clear.\nIn the afternoon a Mr. Brown Son of Mr. Jno. Brown of Providence came in and stayed all Night.\n   John Brown (1736\u20131803), of Providence, R.I., the son of James and Hope Power Brown, was one of Rhode Island\u2019s leading merchants. The voyage of John Brown\u2019s ship the General Washington in 1787 marked the beginning of the Rhode Island trade with the East Indies and China. James Brown (1761\u20131834) was John and Sarah Brown\u2019s eldest son, and the only one to survive to manhood. This younger Brown attended Rhode Island College, now Brown University, but graduated in 1780 from Harvard.\nMonday 18th. Mercury at 42 in the Morning\u201452 at Noon and 42 at Night.\nClear, warm, and perfectly calm & pleasant all day.\nGeorge Washington went up to town on my business.\nI rid to the Plantations at the Ferry\u2014Dogue run and Muddy hole\u2014Gathering & husking Corn at the two first & cleaning Rye at the latter.\nRid also to the place where James Lawson ought to have been at Work, but he was not there. Patrick Sheriden his companion, was discharged on friday evening last.\nDoctr. Craik who had visited Negroe Ben in the Neck came here last Night.\n   Ben, a dower slave and laborer at River Farm, was about 57 years old.\nTuesday 19th. Mercury at 36 in the Morning\u201445 at Noon and 40 at Night.\nQuite calm all day, with slow rain, which contributed much to the dissolution of the Snow.\nAt home all day.\nDoctr. Craik went away after Breakfast.\nKilled 41 Hogs from the different Plantations\u2014weights as follow\nFerry\nDogue run\nMuddy hole\nRiver Plan.\nWednesday 20th. Mercury at 31 in the Morning\u201441 at Noon and 36 at Night.\nA little Snow fell in the night scarcely half an inch thick. Weather cleared in the Night. Day fair, and tolerably [warm] for the Season tho\u2019 the wind was pretty fresh from the No. West.\nMr. Bushrod Washington and Wife & Miss Blackburn went up to Alexandria after breakfast as did Doctr. La Moyeur. George Washington went up there also on my business; after having measured the remaindr. of the Corn at the Ferry plantation on the Hill, which with 6 Barrels brought home, and four given to the Hogs\namounted in that cut to\nBarls.\nOn the Flat comn. plantg.\nDrilled Corn by Meadow\nDo. by Fish House\nTotal made this yr.\nRid to the Plantations at the Ferry, Dogue run & Muddy hole. James Lawson the Ditcher not at Work to day nor has he been seen since Sunday.\nKilled the following Hogs to day\nFrom Rivr. Plann.\nMuddy hole\nKilled Yesterday\nSupplied Ths. Green with\nRemains\nThursday 21st. Mercury at 31 in the Morning\u201445 at Noon and 45 at Night. Morning clear, calm, and very pleasant. Afternoon it lowered\u2014but seemed to clear up again towards night.\nMr. Brown went away after Breakfast.\nI rid to the Plantations at the Ferry, Dogue run and Muddy hole. Just finished securing the Corn at the Ferry which was measured yesterday\u2014still gathering this at Dogue run and threshing at Muddy hole.\nJames Lawson (the Ditcher) returned to his work to day.\nBushrod Washington and his Wife returned from Alexandria to day\u2014got in before dinner. Mr. Potts came soon after dinner and Mr. Richardson Stuart at Night.\nFriday 22d. Mercury 34 at Morning\u201449 at Night [Noon] and 46 at Night.\nMorning Cloudy, but clear calm & pleasant afterwards\u2014ground hard froze in the morning but thawed afterwards where there was no Snow.\nRid to the Neck, Muddy hole, Dogue run & Ferry Plantations\u2014getting Wheat into the Barn at the first\u2014threshing it at the 2d. about finishing gathering Corn at the 3d. and cutting down Corn stalks for the Farm pen at the last.\nDoctr. Craik for whom I had sent to visit the sick people in the Neck came across from there after Sun down.\nDoctr. La Moyeur came in about the sametime from Alexandria.\nMy Farmer brought home for the purpose of Stall feeding 3 Steers from Dogue run\u2014Viz. the two old draught Steers wch. went from the House, & one that was on the Wheat field at Dogue run all last Winter & Spring\u2014the latter to be slaughtered tomorrow.\nDoctr. Craik who visited my Sick people in the Neck came here to night as did Doctr. La Moyeur.\nSaturday 23d. Mercury at 49 in the Morning\u201439 at Noon and 30 at Night.\nMorning very cloudy\u2014about 8 Oclock began to rain and continued to do so, more or less, through the day\u2014in the forepart of which it was Southerly. Afterwards it got to the Northward blew hard & turned very cold by night when there fell a mixture of snow and rain, and was exceedingly disagr[eeable].\nDoctr. Craik went away after breakfast\u2014Mr. Bushrod Washington & his wife were prevented doing it by the Weather.\nI remained at home all day. Finished gathering & husking of Corn at Dogue run, yesterday; but the weather to day prevented the measuring & lofting it.\nOrdered the Overseer at the Ferry and my Negroe Overseers, to kill of the Hogs up fatting, each as follow.\nweight\nFerry. Hezh. Fairfax\nRiver Plantation\nDogue run Ditto\nMuddy hole Do.\nHead Carpr. Isaac f[ro]m do.\nSunday 24th. Mercury at 24 in the Morning\u201430 at Noon and 26 at Night. Wind very high from the No. West all day, & cold\u2014also clear. Ground which was uncovered in places yesterday was slightly covered this Morning (not an Inch deep) and no thawing except on the Sun sides of Houses out of the Wind.\nAt home all day.\nB. Washington & his wife left this.\nMonday 25th. Mercury at 26 in the Morning\u201438 at Noon and 36 at Night.\nClear and pleasant with the Wind at South. River froze across in the Morning but open afterwards.\nAt home all day.\nMiss Allan\u2014Betcy, Patcy and Nelly Custis came here to dinner.\nTuesday 26th. Mercury at 29 in the Morning 48 at Noon and 36 at Night.\nThe Wind shifting last Night to the No. West, it grew colder but this day was pleasant notwithstanding and clear.\nDoctr. La Moyeur went to Alexandria to day and Colo. Lee (late of Congress) came here to Dinner as did Mr. Lund Washington.\nWednesday 27th. Mercury at 28 in the Morning\u201449 at Noon and 42 at Night.\nQuite calm and pleasant, with little or no wind, and that from the Southward\u2014clear.\nAfter Breakfast Colo. Lee set out for Richmond.\nMr. Lear returned from his journey into the Western Country about 4 Oclock to day having been absent 28 days.\nMiss Allan returned to Abingdon to day and Doctr. La Moyeur came back from Alexandria.\nAt home all day.\nThursday 28th. Mercury at 28 in the Morning\u201455 at Noon and 50 at Night.\nCalm, clear, warm, and very pleasant all day; towards evening it began to lower a little in the So. Western horizon\u2014A very white frost in the Morning.\nAt home all day.\nFriday 29th. Mercury at 30 in the Morning\u201455 at Noon and 51 at Night.\nClear, calm, warm, and exceeding pleasant all day.\nThe hollidays being over, and the People all at work, I rid to the Ferry\u2014Dogue run, and Muddy hole Plantations\u2014also to the Ditchers (who were at Work). At the first Plantation cutting stalks and getting farm pen in order\u2014at the next (Dogue run) measured the remainder of the Corn.\nBarls.\nviz.\n27th. Novr. was measured\n         Given to Hogs\n         At the Plantation\nMy whole Crop of Corn will stand\nNeck Plantation\nBarls.\nDogue run\nMuddy hole\nFerry\nTotal\nMrs. Peake and Miss Eaglin dined here to day and returned afterwards.\nSaturday 30th. Mercury at 28 in the Morning\u201436 at Noon and 30 at Night.\nAn exceeding heavy close fog all day without Wind.\nStaked out the fields at the Ferry Plantation to day, according to the late modification of them. Visited the Ditchers and rid to Dogue run where the People had just finished securing the corn measured yesterday and were going to grub a piece of ground for the Muddy hole plows to work on East of the Branch in Field No. 1. The Muddy hole hds. began to succour, or take the sprouts from the stumps in the New ground to prepare it for Hoeing for corn.\nKilled the following Hogs\nNeck Plantn.\t25 Hogs\t2861\nDogue Run Do.\t5 Do.\t571\nFerry Do.\t8\t867\nFrom this quantity\t4299\nThoms. Bishop has had\t400\nThos. Green\u20142d. parcel\t200\nRichd. B. Walker\t300\nOverseer Morris\t45\nDitto Davy\t55\nDitto Will\t157\nDitto Isaac\t116\nIn addn. to the former\nKilled the 19th. & 20th.\t9476\nDitto at the Plantns. for Overrs.\t1009\nDitto for forward Bacon\nfrom Neck 6 Hogs\t905\nMill 3 Do.\t460\nTotal amt.\t120 Hogs\t16149\nDelivered to sundries pr. the foregoing acct.\t2282\nFor family consumpn.\t13867\nBesides the above, there are 4 Hogs yet at the ferry Plantn. to Kill\u2014from which the overseer [will receive] the Balle. due to him.\nThe Snow was mostly gone especially off Grass land. Wheat Fields still were partly covered.\nSunday 31st. Mercury at 31 in the Morning\u201460 at Noon and 55 at Night.\nClear and remarkably pleasant\u2014Wind Southerly all day but not fresh.\nAt home all day.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-01-02-0076-0005", "content": "Title: IV., 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nAbout 9 Oclock on the 3d of July the Enemy advanced with Shouts, & dismal Indian yells to our Intrenchments, but was opposed by so warm, spirited, and constant a fire, that to force the works in that way was abandoned by them. They then, from every little rising\u2014tree\u2014stump\u2014Stone\u2014and bush kept up a constant galding fire upon us; which was returned in the best manner we could till late in the afternn when their fell the most tremendous rain that can be conceived\u2014filled our trenches with Water\u2014Wet, not only the Ammunition in the Cartouch boxes and firelocks, but that which was in a small temporary Stockade in the middle of the Intrenchment called Fort Necessity erected for the sole purpose of its security, and that of the few stores we had; and left us nothing but a few (for all were not provided with them) Bayonets for defence. In this situation & no \u27e8prospt\u27e9 of bettering it terms of capitulation were offered to us by the \u27e8enemy\u27e9 wch. with some alterations that were insisted upon were the more readily acceded to, as we had no Salt provisions, & but indifferently supplied with fresh; which, from the heat of the Weather, would not keep; and because a full third of our numbers Officers as well as privates were, by this time, killed or wounded\u2014The next morning we marched out with the honors of War, but were soon plundered contrary to the Articles of capitulation of great part of our Baggage by the Savages. Our Sick and wounded were left with a detachment\nunder the care, and command of the worthy Doctr Craik (for he was not only Surgeon to the Regiment but a lieutt therein) with such necessaries as we could \u27e8collect\u27e9 and the Remains of the Regimt, and the detachment of Regulars, took up their line for the interior Country. And at Winchester met 2 Companies from No. Carolina on their March to join them\u2014These being fresh, & properly provided, were ordered to proceed to Wills\u2019s Creek & establish a post (since \u27e8illegible\u27e9 called Fort Cumberland) for the purpose of covering the Frontiers. Where they were joined by a Company from Maryland, which, about this time, had been raized\u2014Captn McKay with his detachment remd at Winchester; & the Virginia Regiment proceedd to Alexandria in order to recruit, & get supplied with cloathing & necessarys of which they stood much in need.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0418", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Gardoqui, 1 January 1786\nFrom: Gardoqui, Diego Maria de\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew york 1st Jany 1786.\nThere is I beleive few foreigners who can boast of being your sincere admirers at so early a period as myself, haveing by a variety of circumstances of my private life been well inform\u2019d of the transactions on this Continent. Beleive me Sir that the more I hear\u2019d, the best I wish\u2019d you, but as the world has done due justice to your great meritt & I Know that I am not capable of saying enough on such a deserving Subjectt, I must leave this happy work to better pens, assuring you that your confering me your esteem & freindship will give me the highest satisfaction.\nYour obliging Invitation by Mr Rendon\u2019s letter in case I shou\u2019d visitt the Southern States, is a Kindness that I shall never forgett & I own candly that shou\u2019d my circunstances permitt me to make such a escurssion it will be principaly for the honour of waiting upon you & that of haveing your personal acquaintance, but in the mean time I must beg the favour of your correspondence & of your advise in whatever may tend to the wellfare & happyness of this Country & that of the King my Master, being the sole view of my hearty wishes.\nTellez arriv\u2019d safe here & I have already provided a passage for him. I am glad that he had the luck to carry the animal safe & that his beheaviour in his line was proper.\nYour letter to my freind Mr Carmiachael shall be carefully forwarded, & permitt me to add before I conclude that your real great character & the advise of many of your freinds has induced me to avoid all treatment & to address myself in this freindly stile which hope will be agreable, persuaded of the unfeigned respectt & affection with which I have the honour to subscrive Sir your most obedt humble Servt\nJames Gardoqui", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0419", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 4 January 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nParis Jan. 4. 178[6]\nI have been honoured with your letter of Sep. 26 which was delivered me by Mr Houdon, who is safely returned. he has brought with him the mould of the face only, having left the other parts of his work, with his workmen to come by some other conveiance. Doctor Franklin, who was joined with me in the superintendance of this just monument, having left us before what is called the costume of the statue was decided on, I canot so well satisfy myself, and I am persuaded I should not so well satisfy the world, as by consulting your own wish or inclination as to this article. permit me therefore to ask you whether there is any particular dress, or any particular attitude which you would rather wish to be adopted. I shall take singular pleasure in having your own idea executed if you will be so good as to make it known to me. I thank you for the trouble you have taken in answering my enquiries on the subject of Bushnel\u2019s machine. Colo. Humphreys could only give me a general idea of it from the effects proposed, rather than the means contrived to produce them.\nI sincerely rejoice that three such works as the opening the Patowmac, James river, & a canal from the Dismal are like to be carried through. there is still a fourth however, which I had the\nhonour I beleive of mentioning to you in a letter of Mar. 15 1784 from Annapolis. It is the cutting a canal which shall unite the heads of Cayahoga & Beaver creek. The utility of this, & even the necessity of it, if we mean to aim at the trade of the lakes will be palpable to you. the only question is it\u2019s practicability, the best information I could get as to this was from General Hand, who described the country as champain, and these waters as Leading in lagoons which would be easily united. Maryland and Pennsylvania are both interested to concur with us in this work.\nThe institutions you propose to establish by the shares in the Patowmac & James river companies given you by the assembly, and the particular objects of those institutions are most worthy. It occurs to me however that if the bill \u2018for the more general diffusion of knowlege\u2019 which is in the revisal, should be passed, it would supersede the use, & obscure the existence of the charity schools you have thought of. I suppose in fact that that bill, or some other like it, will be passed. I never saw one received with more enthusiasm than that was by the house of delegates in the year 1778 and ordered to be printed, and it seemed afterwards that nothing but the extreme distress of our resources prevented it\u2019s being carried into execution even during the war. it is an axiom in my mind that our liberty can never be safe but in the hands of the people themselves, & that too of the people with a certain degree of instruction. this it is the business of the state to effect, and on a general plan. should you see a probability of this however, you can never be at a loss for worthy objects of this donation. even the remitting that proportion of the toll on all articles transported would present itself under many favorable considerations, and it would in effect be to make the state do in a certain proportion what they ought to have done wholly; for I think they should clear all the rivers and lay them open & free to all. however you are infinitely the best judge how the most good may be effected with these shares.\nAll is quiet here. there are indeed two specks in the horizon, the exchange of Bavaria, & the demarcation between the Emperor & Turks. we may add as a third the interference by the king of Prussia in the domestic disputes of the Dutch. Great Britain, it is said, begins to look towards us with a little more good humour. but how true this may be I cannot say with certainty. we are trying to render her commerce as little necessary to us\nas possible by finding other markets for our produce. a most favourable reduction of duties on whale oil has taken place here, which will give us a vent for that article paying a duty of a guinea & a half a ton only. I have the honor to be with the highest esteem & respect Dear Sir your most obedient and most humble servant,\nThomas Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0421", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Battaile Muse, 5 January 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Muse, Battaile\nSir\nMount Vernon Jany 5th 1786\nA few days ago a Mr Isaac Jenny of Loudon County was with me respecting a Piece of land which he supposing was Vacant, has been endeavouring to obtain but which upon investigation,\nhe finds belongs to me, & in part of my Chattins Run tract adjoining Robt Ashbys, though claimed by Mr Robt Scott who has Placed a Tenant thereon One Jesse Hit whose first Years Rent is now due. As far as I can understand the Matter the following is a true State of the case.\nBoth Scott & I bind upon Burgess\u2019s Patent & call for \u27e8his\u27e9 Lines One of which it Should seem runs a Certain Course & Distance & Calls for a Red Oak, but in Place of a Red Oak, there is a White Oak, which Mr Jenny says all the Neighbours know to be Burgess\u2019s Corner, & he is informed that the Surveyor of the County has established it as such. From hence I Run Two or Three Short Courses with Burgess\u2019s lines to a Red Oak\u2014And from there a line with Scotts\u2014But Scott wants, & it Should Seem from Mr Jenny\u2019s Account actually got Ashby when he was laying my Land off into Lotts, to leave out those Short courses above-mentioned by which a line of Blazed Trees, which were then, or at Some other time made to Subserve the Purpose. I am cut out of 170 or 180 Acres of Land, which are within the lines of my Patent & now Tenanted by Scott to Hit. Inclosed I Send you a copy of the Courses & Boundaries of my Land, taken from the Original Patent & pray the first time you go into the Neighbourhood, that you would have the matter enquired into. I have no objection to Hits having the Land & would give him the Preference but Shall not by any means If the Land is mine think myself bound to fulfill Scott\u2019s agreement with him. He must except in the Preference above stand upon the Same footing with me as another Man.\nSome time ago Mr Landon Carter informed me that a Patent of which he is Possessed takes away part of my Tract in Ashbys Bent. I reply\u2019d that I wanted no Land but my own, nor to go into a litigation of the right If it is realy his\u2014But that his Right must be clearly ascertained before I Shall Surrender the land: which I mention that if upon enquiry you find he has taken possession of any part of what I hold by Purchase there & which I laid out into lots, I may be informed thereof & prevent his doing it, If it remains to be done.\nBe so good as to inform me by the first conveyance, whether clover Seed is to be bought in your Neighbourhood, & if so the quantity & Price of it. On your answer will depend my Purchase with you or at Philadelphia. I have great reason to fear that that\nwhich you bought for me last year was good for nothing. If so, & the Man of whome you got it was apprized thereof, I Shall view him in a light infinitely worse than a pick pocket, because the latter only takes your Money whilst the former does this also runs you to a useless cost of Putting land in fine Tilth, for the Seed & occasions the loss of a Year in one\u2019s Projects.\nI have heard nothing more of the Butter which you were to have lodg\u2019d at Mr Wayles by the 23d of last Month. I hope no dissappointment will take Place, more especially as I Could after I had engaged this of you, have Purchassed any quantity of very fine Butter in Alexandria at 9d. \u214c lb. having obtained 200 lbs. at that Price. I am Sir Your Very Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0422", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Evans, 6 January 1786\nFrom: Evans, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nMonongalia\u2014Morgins Town January 6th 1786\nI am informed that you have the principal direction of the cutting of a Road from the nearest Navigation on the Waters of\nPotomack to those of the Western Waters, now Sir if you think that I can be of service in the accomplishing this very advantageous business I shall be glad to be imployed in it. I have the Honour to be Sir Yr Mo: obdt Servt\nThomas Evans", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0423", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 7 January 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nParis Jan. 7. 178[6]\nA conversation with the Count de Rochambeau yesterday obliges me to write a supplementary letter to that of the 4th instant. he informs me that he has had applications for paiment from the person who furnished the badges for the Cincinnati, as well the Americans as French. that this person informed him they were not paid for, that he had furnished them indeed on the application of major L\u2019Enfant, but that he did not do it in reliance on his credit, for that he should not have trusted so much to Major l\u2019Enfant of whose means of paiment he knew nothing, but that he considered himself as working for a society who had delivered their orders thro\u2019 Major l\u2019Enfant, and always expected the Society would see him paid. Count Rochambeau has written to Major l\u2019Enfant, and the answer is that he has never received the whole, nor expects to be able to collect it, & that being without resources he is obliged, as fast as he collects it, to apply it to his own sustenance. Count Rochambeau told the workman he would pay for the badges delivered him for the French officers (I think he said about 40 in number) but that for the others he must apply to the Marquis de la fayette and Count d\u2019Estaing. as L\u2019Enfant\u2019s letter gives room to suppose a misapplication of these monies, and in the mean time the honour of the American officers stands committed, and in danger of being spoken of publicly, I thought it my duty to apprise you of this, that you might take such measures herein as you think best. I have the honour to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem Dear Sir your most obedient and most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0424", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Tench Tilghman, 7 January 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Tilghman, Tench\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon Jany 7th 1786\nYour favor of the 30th Ulto did not reach me until last night. Except it is by chance, letters by the Stage never get to my hands so quickly as they do by the Post; nor so safely, because I send regularly every post day to the Office in Alexandria, whilst those by the Stage getting into private hands await accidental conveyances from that place. I mention this circumstance as a reply might have been expected from me sooner.\nAs it is convenient and indeed essential to me to have the use of my unfinished room as soon as may be, I agree to Mr Rawlins\u2019s terms (as stated in your letter) in all their parts; not but that I am convinced from what I know of the business (being once part owner of as accomplished a workman as ever came to\nthis Country, in that way, and the manner of its execution) that Mr Rawlins has imposed upon Mr Gough and now avails himself of the scarcity of Artisans in his profession, to extort high terms from me. Most of this work is cast, and is as quickly done as lead is run into a mould. But rather than encounter further delay\u2014perhaps a disappointment\u2014or ask the favor of a stranger to engage an undertaker to cross the Atlantic, who might be troublesome to me thereafter, I submit to this imposition as the lesser evil.\nAs Mr Rawlins is a stranger to me, and one, of whose character I have not the smallest knowledge; and as I have had some reason to remember an old adage\u2014that one of the bad paymasters is him that pays beforehand\u2014I persuade myself that you will be satisfied I shall run no risk in advancing him money to the amount of \u00a350 in the course of the Winter, \u2019ere it is done. And as you are so obliging as to offer to do this, your drafts on me for such advances as you make him, shall be punctually paid.\nWhen the agreement is specifically entered into, and bound, be so good as to request Mr Rawlins to point out the preparative steps for me, that no delays may follow his arrival. I shall rely more upon your friendship & goodness, than upon any apology I could make, for an excuse for the trouble this business has already given you, and is likely to give, before its final accomplishment; and can only assure you that with unfeigned esteem & affection I am Dear Sir Yr most obedt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington\nP.S. I send this letter to Alexaa to take the chance of a private conveyance, but it is probable the Post will offer the first. G.W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0425", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Arthur Young, 7 January 1786\nFrom: Young, Arthur\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nBradfield Hall near Bury SuffolkJan: 7. 1786\nI scarcely know what apology to make for a letter so out of common forms as the present; but the spectacle of a great commander retiring in the manner you have done from the head of a victorious army to the amusements of agriculture, calls all the\nfeelings of my bosom into play & gives me the strongest inclination, I fear an impotent one, to endeavour in the smallest degree to contribute to the success of so laudable a pleasure. I should not however have been so abrupt, had I not received an application to assist in procuring you a bailiff well skilled in English husbandry, for wch purpose I had made enquiries, & doubt not should have succeeded, but I hear fro. Mr Rack of Bath that he has met with one likely to suit you: In this little negotiation Mr Fairfax gave something of a sanction to the liberty I at present take in addressing you.\nI have sent you by Mr Athawes of London the first four volumes of the Annals of Agriculture a work I am at present publishing Will you do me the honour of accepting them, as a very small mark of my veneration for the character of a man whose private virtues rendered a cause successful and illustrious, which I have been solicitous as an englishman to condemn. Permit me also to send by the same conveyance the rest of the Volumes as they are published.\nBut Sir\u2014as my love of agriculture is even stronger than that I feel for any species of military glory, you must permit me to speak to you as a brother farmer; & to beg, that if you want men, cattle, tools, seeds, or any thing else that may add to yr rural amusement, favour me with your commands, & beleive me I shall take a very sincere pleasure in executing them.\nI find by the extract from your letter sent me that you have discontinued Tobacco & maiz & wish a well regulated farm in the english culture: your expression concerning manure being the \u27e8f\u27e9irst transmutation towards gold, is good, and shews that you may be as great a farmer as a general. The culture of those plants that support cattle you will probably find the true means of improvement, & amongst those, turneps, cabbages and potatoes all very important. Permit me to remain With the greatest Respect, Sir, Your most obedt & Devoted Servt\nArthur Young", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0426", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Bryan Fairfax, 9 January 1786\nFrom: Fairfax, Bryan\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nTowlston January the 9th 1786.\nI have sent the Bearer for a few Slips of the weeping willow You were so kind as to offer me, as well as to ask your Advice, in case I should not have an opportunity hereafter, where an Execution should be sent vs Dr Savage\u2019s Estate. I have brot up with me a copy of the decree whereby we are at Liberty to proceed at Law upon the Judgement obtained. I must apply to the Clerk\u2019s office for a scire facias in order to have an execution, as well as to bring on a Judgement upon the subsequent annuities; and in case I should not be able to do myself the pleasure of Going to Mt Vernon before that time, I beg to know Yr opinion into which county it would be adviseable to send an Execution\u2014for No Execution can be had in Carolina without commencing a fresh suit there. The Doctor had Lands in Culpeper & prince William as well as in this county: perhaps an Execution mt be sent into each, of which I shall know more when I hear from Mr Cl: Moore to whom I applyed to prosecute the Business in the county court.\nI should not have troubled You with this but I thot this matter of the Execution a material point.\nI shall hope to have the Favor of Yr Company when You come into these parts\u2014By what I learn I imagine the managers will have hard work to controul those that they have lately brot up. Our Compliments to Mrs Washington & Family\u2014& I remain Dr Sir Yr obliged & affect. humble Servt\nBryan Fairfax", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0427", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Bryan Fairfax, 10 January 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Fairfax, Bryan\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon 10th Jany 1786\nI have ordered my Gardr to furnish your Servant with Six of the weeping Willows that have roots; and as many cuttings as he pleases to take. If he does not bring enough for your purposes\u2014or if these should not succeed, you may have a fresh supply at any time.\nI wish it was in my power to offer you any advice that would be availing in the case of Savage: but the truth is, I do not know where his property lyes\u2014and \u2019till the receipt of your letter knew not, or did not recollect that, he died possessed of a foot of Land in this, or Loudoun County. If the Law will justify us in it, my opinion would be, that the Execution should be laid, or obtained ready to lay, in as much property as will unquestionably answer the demand\u2014when that is satisfied, we want no more, the residue (if any) being untouched, cannot be injured; especially if it consists of Land. I should prefer beginning the Sale in this County\u2014because least troublesome.\nBy your not mentioning the hound puppies, it is probable you may have altered your mind respecting them; but if the case is otherwise, I am unable to supply you at present, having lost all but one, and the chance of his living not much in his favor.\nI shall always have great pleasure in seeing you at this place, and shall be equally happy in paying my respects to you at Towlston. I am sorry to hear that my fears of, are likely to be reallized by, the Servants which were bought for the use of Potomack Compa. To avoid this evil\u2014as much as possible\u2014was the inducement with the Directors to offer such (as we thought) encouraging terms for the hire of Negros, ineffectually it should\nseem, as I believe we have got none yet. Mrs Washington joins me in Compliments, and best wishes for yourself, Mrs Fairfax & family, and with very great esteem & regard I am Dr Sir Yr Most Obedt & Affecte Hble Servt\nG. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0428", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Catharine Sawbridge Macaulay Graham, 10 January 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Graham, Catharine Sawbridge Macaulay\nMadam,\nMount Vernon Jany 10th 1786\nI wish my expression would do justice to my feelings, that I might convey to you adequate ideas of my gratitude for those favourable sentiments with which the letter you did me the honour to write to me from New York, is replete. The plaudits of a Lady, so celebrated as Mrs Macauly Graham, could not fail of making a deep impression on my sensibility; and my pride was more than a little flattered, by your approbation of my conduct through an arduous and painful contest.\nDuring the time in which we supposed you to have been on your journey to New York, we participated the distresses which we were sure you must have experienced, on acct of the intemperature of the Air, which exceeded the heats common in this Country at the most inclement season; and though your letter was expressive of the great fatigue you had undergone, still we rejoiced that the journey was attended with no worse consequences.\nI hope, and most sincerely wish, that this letter may find you happily restored to your friends in England, whose anxiety for your return must, I am persuaded have been great\u2014and that you will have experienced no inconvenience from your voyage to America.\nMrs Washington who has a grateful sense of your favourable mention of her\u2014and Fanny Bassett, & Major Washington who, since we had the honor of your Company, have joined their\nhands & fortunes, unite with me in respectful compliments to you\u2014and in every good wish that can render you & Mr Graham happy. The little folks enjoy perfect health. The boy, whom you would readily have perceived was the pet of the family, affords promising hopes from maturer age. With sentiments of great respect & esteem I have the honor to be Madam Yr Most Obedt & Very Hbe Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0429", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Mercer, 10 January 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Mercer, James\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from James Mercer, 10 Jan. 1786. On 20 Jan. GW wrote to Mercer: \u201cI have been favored with your letter of the 10th inst.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0430", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Hanson, 12 January 1786\nFrom: Hanson, Samuel (of Samuel)\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nAlexandria Jany 12th 1786\nWhen I had last the pleasure of seeing you at Mount-Vernon, you expressed an inclination to peruse the Pamphlets of the Revd Messrs Wharton & Carroll, upon the subject of their religious Controversy. Immediately on my return I wrote to Baltimore for them, but without being able to obtain Mr Carroll\u2019s reply. I have hope of procuring it at Annapolis. In the meantime, lest you should suppose me inattentive to your Commands, I forward the Pieces of Mr Wharton, not doubting that Mr Carroll\u2019s reply may be had at Annapolis, where it was printed. I beg my Compliments to your lady and remain, with great respect, Sir Your most obedient Servant\nS. Hanson of Saml", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0431", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Battaile Muse, 12 January 1786\nFrom: Muse, Battaile\nTo: Washington, George\nHonourable Sir,\nBerkeley County January 12th 1786\nI received your Favours dated December the 4th and 16th and I shall Endeavour to Comply with the Contents. Your Tenants in Fauquir has behaved Very Ill Since I wrote you, Several has run away altho I was with them and Told them To be Industrious and that you would give them a reasonable Time to Pay their arrears of rents. about Christmas two run away\u2014one a Poor Man, the other was able\u2014which was Abner grigg that owed \u00a330\u2014I followed Him four days and Took him with and officer\u2014with a writ as He secrited His Effect after I Took Him by writ He agreed To Give a replevey Bond in which I have got good Security\u2014in consequence of his Leaving the Lott I advertised it To rerent but allowed him Ten days to go and see whether you would allow Him To return To his Place, since which he has return\u2019d and sayes he defies you or my self to dispossess Him This fellow is a great Villain from His Conduct I Judge Him; I wish you Could make and Example of Him\u2014which business may rest untill I See you in april. Abner Griggs Lott No. 8. Should this man Come to you you\u2019ll Know him, I shall Shew him no Favour as He has behaved So Ill.\nThe Vacant Lotts I advertised To rent for the present year, or on Lease for Ten Years. I do not Expect To rent them this year\u2014if I can I will, or rent them on Lease if I can get a Tenant that will give the Value than can be depended on. In consequence of the Tenants running away I have Issued a warrant to Distress those that are able To bear it, what is done I cannot say as I came away before the officer Could go to do the business and I was in pursuit of Grigg whome I was happy To Ketch for Example To others. I do not Expect to collect but a small Propotion of the rents by april\u2014but I certainly Shall do every thing in my Power To reason the Tenants to their duty\u2014I have already given notice to Every Man To Provide Payment by the First day of February\nand it\u2019s my opinion that unless they Pay in a reasonable Time that they ought To be distressed I have from Experience Found it To be necessary\u2014Nevertheless I shall not do it in Berkeley and Frederick untill I See or hear From you unless in Cases of Necessity\u2014your business is New To me\u2014Time will make and amendment\u2014in April I shall make a return of Every Tenemant\u2014and its Sittuation as Far as I can do it\u2014and will use my Endeavours To bring Every Tenant To a Sence of his duty\u2014Please To inform me Whether Mr Ariss is to Pay the Taxes of the Land or reather in what manner I am to Fill up a Lease, He says He is To have the place during His & His Wifes Life on the same Terms Mr F. Whiteing has his Lease, on Paying \u00a360 in-Stead of \u00a350 this business He wants done next spring To have his Lease. you will observe by the Inclosed that I had started a waggone the 10th of D\u27e8ecr\u27e9 In order to have your Butter down by Ch\u27e8rist\u27e9mas, but the bad roads stopt the waggone about Leesburg, and it has not been in my Power To set His off again untill Now. if you do not approve of the butter I shall be much oblige To you To contrive it To Mr Wales, that I may call for it their. I am Sorry any Man should Loose by a Contract made with me, I hope that the goodness of my wheat will Save you in the price, I have the Quantity out but the roads are not Passable I beg Sir you will Excuse any Imperfectness In my writeing as I am Hurried by the waggoner & write by Candle Light\u2014as Soon as I hear From the Fauquier Sheriff I shall Inform you\u2014I am Honourable Sir Your Obedient Humble Servant.\nBattaile Muse", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0432", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Powel, 16 January 1786\nFrom: Powel, Samuel\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia January 16. 1786\nIt would have afforded me great Pleasure could I, at this Time, have answered your Queries as fully & satisfactorily as I wish to do; but tho\u2019 it is not in my Power to do this now, yet, as the definitive Judgement of the Society respecting the Claims 2 & 3, is to be given on the first Tuesday in February, I shall, when that is pronounced, procure a Copy of the respective Essays & forward them to you. They are, from the Nature of the Subject, rather long, especially No. 2, which, from it\u2019s being so essentially fundamental to all good Husbandry, requires to be treated in Detail.\nFor No. 3 no Claim has been offered\u2014I hope, however, that the Pr\u00e6mium for an Essay on that Subject will be continued for the ensuing Year. At the next Meeting a new List of Pr\u00e6miums will be offered, in which many of the Subjects of the present List will, doubtless, be continued. Should any Subject, interesting to Agriculture, occur to you\u27e8,\u27e9 the Society will be much obliged to you to communicate it.\nThe Result of actual Experiments, being so much preferable to the most specious & well supported theories, has induced the Society to turn its Thoughts towards the Establishment of an experimental Farm, & the sending to England for a Farmer thoroughly versed in the most approved Mode of english Farming, to execute the Plan. A Committee is appointed to examine into the State of the Society\u2019s funds, & to report how far their Ability to execute this Scheme, extends. Should it be found practicable, the present Intention is to rent a worn out Farm, & by a Sett of actual Experiments, to endeavor to ascertain the best Methods of recovering, what is called a worn out Soil. Should an easy Method of doing this, & within the reach of every Farmer be found out, the Discovery will be usefull indeed.\nMrs Powel begs Leave to join me in Thanks to Mrs Washington & yourself for your obliging Compliments of the Season, which we most sincerely return. I am, with great Esteem, Dear Sir Your most obedt humble Servt\nSamuel Powel", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0436", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Patrick Henry, 18 January 1786\nFrom: Henry, Patrick\nTo: Washington, George\nDear sir.\nRichmond Jan. 18th 1786\nMr Oliver Pollock will have the Honor of delivering you this; & as he begs to be gratify\u2019d in once seeing you, I take the Liberty of introducing him to you.\nMr Wm Ronald who is a Delegate of considerable Weight in the House, & who was one of the Veiwers of the Ground most proper for the Canal from Eliza. River to Albemarle Sound, was fully impressed with the Utility & Importance of the Scheme\u2014And in order to save him & the other Friends of it some Trouble, a Bill for establishing it was drawn & put into his Hands. He introduced it, & it had two Readings & was committed early in the Session. The Wife of that Gentleman dying at the Time, he was absent for near two Months; during which the Business has been totally neglected, notwithstanding repeated Intimations of its high Importance. Mr Ronald is now just returned, but I fear too late to do any thing effectual; & probably the Appointment of a Commissioner to communicate with one from Carolina on the Subject, will be the utmost that can now be done.\nMore than one hundred Laws have been enacted at this Session, few of which can lay Claim to the public Regard so properly, as an Act on the Subject I allude to. What Pity that the three great Objects you mention, of internal Improvement, could not go on Hand in Hand to Completion! I beg Leave to assure you of the High Regard & Veneration with which I ever am dear sir your obedient humble Servant\nP. Henry", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0437", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Battaile Muse, 18 January 1786\nFrom: Muse, Battaile\nTo: Washington, George\nHonourable Sir,\nBerkeley County Jay 18th 1786\nSome Time ago you wrote me you had a desire To Know who was in Possession of your Lands I here inclose a state of your Tenaments in the Counties of Fauquier & Loudoun FuUey\u2014the State of the Berkeley Tenants I Left with you in October Last\u2014I expect that I shall do Every thing To the utmost of my Abilities for you untill april Next at which Time I expect I shall be able To Convince you that I have discharged the Trust you have Put into my hands-\u2014many things I am not able To do under Certain Circumstances altho you have Pointed out a method. its Very True your method is write, but still I am To Consider that I may have and acct To settle with your Executors or you with mine, when accts so Complicated as mine may appear under settlement so Circumstanced as your accts are. My small Estate as well Family may be Involved with Troubles and Loss and after all the accts not appear Properly authenticated\u2014nevertheless I shall Take care To do all I can\u2014and will not Neglect or omitt any thing that I can do in safety To my Self\u2014I have done much business but none To Equal yours\u2014Mr Lemarts accts appear strange To me and Cannot be Settled with any Certainty\u2014\u27e8I\u27e9 Find by His accts that He has paid a Considerable Sum for Taxes and has no receipts\u2014I have Congectured that it may be, that you have Taken up the Sheriffs receipts Prior to His Settlement, if so, it Will be Necessary for me To have a Coppy of those receipts To Prevent the Sheriff from Imposing on you, as I Know they make many Erours in their Favour. I have Taken a Coppy of Mr Lemarts accts of the money He received From the Tenants in order To detect Forged Receipts should any be offered. it\u2019s a Misfortune that His acct has no dates\u2014and the number of Transfers that has Taken Place may Ocation wrong Credits where receipts are given without Paying any regard to the Lotts on which Such receipts should Specifie\u2014you will Find in some part of my Informations herein you are abused by your Tenants and with such it\u2019s my Humble opinion that they should be Called To acct but in april you may be more Perticularly Informed.\nThe bearer Mr Daniel McPherson Informs me that you received from Him the Sum of \u00a327.12.0 which He meant Should\ngo To the Credit of Lott No. 18\u2014which Lott He Purchased and Expects To have a Lease for the Same on the Terms of three Lives\u2014He applys To me in consequence of a Lease and Produces your receipt\u2014which receipt Specifies that, that Sum is to go to the Credit of Lemart\u2014and not To the Credit of Lott No. 18 It\u2019s difficult for me To determine what To do the Lott has never been Legally Leased and now Claimed by Mr Danl McPherson I do not Know what is the annual rent therefore I cannot Tell what is due on the Lott\u2014He sayes He will Pay all the ba\u27e8ck\u27e9 rents if He can get a Lease on a reasonable cost for three Lives which is His business down. Please To advise me on the Subject as I wish the Lott not To Lay Idle\u2014I shall Visit those Lands the first of next month to see what can be done for the present year\u2014I have advertised the Vacant Lotts\u2014as I write in a hurry and in Confused Company I have Confidence your goodness will Look over any Imperfectness and Take me To be your Faithfull Obedient Humble Servant\nBattaile Muse", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0439", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Gardoqui, 20 January 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Gardoqui, Diego Maria de\nSir,\nMount Vernon 20th Jany 1786.\nThe letter which your Excellency did me the favor to write to me on the first of this month does me great honor: the sentiments which you have been pleased to entertain of my conduct are very flattering; and the friendly manner in which they are expressed is highly pleasing. To meet the approbation of a gentleman whose good wishes were early engaged in the American cause, & who has attended to its progress thro\u2019 the various stages of the revolution, must be considered as a happy circumstance for me; & I shall seek occasionally to testify my sense of it.\nWith much truth, I repeat the assurances offered to your Excellency thro\u2019 Mr renden, of the pleasure I should have in seeing you at my Seat in this State, that I might express personally to you, how sensibly I feel for the proposed honor of your correspondence, & pray you to offer in such terms as you know would be most acceptable & proper, my gratitude to His Catholic Majesty, for his royal present to me\u2014than which nothing could have been more flattering or valuable. With much esteem, respect & consideration I have the honor to be &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0440", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Mercer, 20 January 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Mercer, James\nDr Sir,\nMt Vernon 20th Jany 1786.\nI have been favored with your letter of the 10th inst: with its inclosures the last are returned signed. I also send you a copy of the courses of the Lotts purchased by yourself & me at the sale of your brother\u2019s Land, & shall thank you for the conveyances which are necessary to secure the legal right to those which I hold.\nI am sorry to hear that you still continue indisposed\u2014you have my best wishes for a speedy & perfect recovery of your health, & with sentimts of sincere esteem & regard, I am Dr Sir &c.\nG: Washington\nP.S. A few days ago I receeived under cover, several copies of the inclosed proposals from the Author; one of which has obtained a good many subscribers in Alexa. I use the freedom of sending a copy to you, that in case yourself & friends in & about Fredericksburgh should incline to become subscribers to the work, an opportunity may be furnished. As the Doctr, it is to be presumed, will look to me for a return of the number committed to my charge, I shall be glad to receive the enclosed when you shall find it convenient & proper, so as to be ready for his call. I have only to pray that the conditions may be complied with respecting the advance, as I would not incline to have any thing more to do in the business, after the subscription papers are returned.\nG: W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0441", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Newton, 20 January 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Newton, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Thomas Newton, 20 Jan. 1786. On 9 April GW wrote Newton: \u201cI have been favored with your letter of the 20th of Jany.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0442", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Pearce, 22 January 1786\nFrom: Pearce, David\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nGloucester [Mass.] January 22d 1786\nI am very sorry that I should so mis the freight of the Jackass\u2014I made enquiry & was told that the freight of an horse from London was equal to a Cabin passinger but may it please your Excellency to settle that part as you please; with respect to the house the Captain says that he did pay twenty five & an half Dollars for the building of it which he has charged me & the Groom is charged as a sterige passinger. I am sorry that I happened to err in the above or any way else, as I take a peculiar pleasure to due my best services and ever shall when ever your Excellency shall please to put it in my power. you will please to settle it with our friend Mr Hartshorne to your own liking and I assure you that it will be to mine. I remain your most obedient & humble Servant\nDavid Pearce", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0444", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Marsden Pintard, 24 January\u20135 February 1786\nFrom: Pintard, John Marsden\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nMadeira 24th January[\u20145 February] 1786.\nA few days ago I was honoured with your Excellency\u2019s favour of the 18th November Acknoledging receipt of mine of 19th August last. The Esteem Your Excellency is Pleased of Express for my father and the very Polite Manner of Conveying your Congratulations to me on my Appointment with your Wishes for my Success are highly flattering to me. More Particularly So as Coming from So Great a Charecter \u27e8as\u27e9 the One to whome (Under the direction of Providence) \u27e8my\u27e9 Country is Indebted for the Blessings of her Independency.\nWe have been Pestered by four Moorish Corsairs off here two of which have Actualy Anchored in the road of funchall. but from the Precautions I took in having Boats off to give Intelligence of them\u2014three Americans Vessels got In safe and Escaped these Pirates. They have however now left us, I hope never to return; If some method is not Pursued to satisfy these Pests of mankind I am affraid our Commerce will greatly suffer.\nAgreeable to your excellencys request I now send the vine slips and the young fig as Pr enclosed list. The vessell they go in Toutches at the Cape de Verd, but as there are So Seldom direct opportunities and this being the Proper Season for Sending them I have taken that liberty Especialy as the Capt. has Promissed to take the Greatest care[.] Should they miscarry or any Accident befall them on your Excellency\u2019s Informing me they shall be Imediately replaced. In mean time should any direct opportunity offer I will send So\u27e8me\u27e9 others which I have ready Put up in earth. It will Allways give me Pleeasure (exclusive of the Honour Confered on Me by it) to execute Your Excellency\u2019s Commands and should you wish a Supply of wine from this you may depend on my Greatest Care in the choice of its quality. It gives me Pleasure to find that the House of my Relations Messrs John Searle & Co. of this Place have formerly been honoured with your orders for that Comodity. they as well as myselfe will be happy for the Continuation of that Honour and endeavour to give the greatest satisfaction I cannot but observe that I should be hurt at Seeing Your Excellency Supply\u2019d with wine by any other House on the Island being the only American here and Surrounded by those who are far from well wishers to America. It wd be a satisfaction to me to be taken notice of by my Country men. Wishing your Excellency evry \u27e8degry\u27e9 of health and happiness I have the Honour to Subscribe myselfe Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient Humble Servant\nJohn Marsden Pintard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0445", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George William Fairfax, 25 January 1786\nFrom: Fairfax, George William\nTo: Washington, George\nMy Dear Sir\nBath 25th January 1786.\nThis will I hope be presented to you by John Anstey Esqr. in his Tour through America. He goes upon particular business with the approbation of our Ambassador Mr Adams from whom he has Letters to Congress, Doctor Franklin &c.\nMr Ansteys Father is a very worthy Gentleman of Fortune in this City, no Person more respected, and what must be allowed to be a recommendation to Us, he always Execrated the American War. It is with pleasure, I assure you that the young Gentn bears an excellent Character, and is much esteemed by all that know his worth, it is his wish to make himself agreable in America, and as his good Father assures me, his only object is ascertaining the Claims of the Refugees. I may with Propriety request that He may meet with the favorable reception. I belive he merits as a private Gentn from You, and every respectable\nPerson in Virginia. I am with great regard, Dear Sir Your Affect: and most Obedient Humble Servant\nGo: Wm Fairfax", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0446", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Battaile Muse, 27 January 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Muse, Battaile\nLetter not found: to Battaile Muse, 27 Jan. 1786. Muse wrote GW on 20 Feb.: \u201cYour Favour by Daniel McPherson dated January The 27th Last I received.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0447", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Morris, 28 January 1786\nFrom: Morris, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nPhilad[elphi]a Jany 28th 1786\nI did intend to save you the trouble of sending up the ten Dollars advanced to Jno. Fairfax on your Account & for that purpose took his draft on you for that Sum & remitted it to Messrs Josiah Watson & Co. from whom I have received it back at my own request & herein transmit the same with a receipt on it.\nWhatever belongs to, or is connected with you, will ever meet attention from me. Mrs Morris joins me in thanks to Mrs Washington & yourself with assurances of the Warmest reciprocal good wishes for hers & your Health & happiness. I am with sincere attachmt Dear Sir Your most obedt Servt\nRobt Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0450", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Francis Mercer, 30 January 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Mercer, John Francis\nDr Sir,\nMount Vernon 30th Jany 1786\nThe letter which you dropped for me at Alexandria I have received. If you can make it convenient to lodge the money in the hands of any person at that place, it would oblige me. I lie quite out of the line of opportunities to Annapolis\u2014and to send there on purpose, would cost me 2\u00bd, or perhaps 5 prCt to fetch it.\nIf Mr Pine, the Portrait Painter, should still be at Annapolis (which is scarcely to be expected) you would oblige me by paying him Twenty Guineas, and Sixteen dollars; and his receipt, for these sums, will be equal to that much of the \u00a3200 promised me. If he should have left Annapolis, I will remit the money to him myself.\nMrs Washington joins me in compliments to Mrs Mercer\u2014We shall always be glad to see you both at this place on your rout to or from Annapolis. My best respects attend Mr Spriggs family I am\u2014Dr Sir Yr Obedt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0451", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Rumsey, 31 January 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Rumsey, James\nSir,\nMount Vernon 31st Jan: 1786.\nIf you have no cause to change your opinion respecting your mechanical Boat, & reasons unknown to me do not exist to delay the exhibition of it, I would advise you to give it to the public as soon as it can be prepared, conveniently. The postponement creates distrust in the public mind; it gives time also for the imagination to work, and this is assisted by a little dropping from one, & something from another, to whom you have disclosed the secret: should therefore a mechanical genius hit upon your plan, or something similar to it\u2014I need not add that it would place you in an awkward situation, & perhaps disconcert all your prospects concerning this useful discovery; for you are not, with your experience in life, now to learn that the shoulders of the public are too broad to feel the weight of the complaints of an individual\u2014or to regard promises, if they find it convenient, & have the shadow of plausibility on their side, to retract them. I will inform you further, that many people in guessing at your plan, have come very near the mark; & that one, who had something of a similar nature to offer to the public, wanted a Certificate from me that it was different from yours. I told him, that as I was not at liberty to declare what your plan was, so I did not think it proper to say what it was not.\nWhatever may be your determination after this hint, I have only to request that my sentiments on the subject may be ascribed to friendly motives, & taken in good part.\nI should be glad to know the exact state in which my houses at Bath are. I have fifty pounds ready, for which you may draw on me at any time; & I will settle for the whole as soon as possible.\nHerewith you will receive a Magazine containing the estimates of the expence of the Canal in Scotland. It belongs to Mr Johnson who requested me to forward it to you after I had read it\u2014to him you will be pleased to return the book when you are done with it. With esteem & regard I am Sir &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0452", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Rochambeau, January 1786\nFrom: Rochambeau, Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de\nTo: Washington, George\nMy Dear G\u00e9n\u00e9ral\nParis January the \nI but receive now the letter Which you honoured me With on September the 7th ultimo. I Send at once to Captain Pusignan your answer, and I hope you Will be henceforth got clear from all those troublesome askings.\nI am Enchanted of the continuation of your good health, of the calm that you are enjoing in the bosom of your family, and under the Shadow of your Laurels.\nThe Storms Which threatened us on the account of holland are Entirely dissipated, and the france as yet played, in this occasion, the fine part of moderatrix\u2014The troubles for the succession of Bavaria Shall yet threaten us at the death of the Elector of Bavaria, or at that of the King of Prussia of Whom the health is old and reeling\u2014he is at the head of a formidable confederation to hinder the Exchange to Which the Emperor has not renounced When the circumstances will permit it to him.\nour Neighbours the English retrieve their finances, the young Pitt gets every day a great majority, and a great confidence in his nation by a good and Wise administration and oeconomy\u2014the against part has lost one of its chief members by the nommination of M. Eden in the Station of commissary to make a treaty of commerce With the france, and they believe that the settlement of ireland will be consolidated this Winter.\nI have seen Cornwallis last summer at Calais, he Was Sent by the King of England to Wait on the Duc of york, his son, to the instructive camps of the King of prussia. I gave him a supper in little committee: he Was Very polite, but, as you may believe, I could not drink With him your health in \u27e8turn.\u27e9 The English treat us very politely but I think in the bosome of their hearts they do not love us more than they do they americans. I have many invitations from them to go to London, but I am not hurry to profit of it, and I lake better to See them on my hearths than\nto go and See them on theirs own. they pretend, by their public papers, that they Wait only for the Construction of Some new forts upon their Limits to deliver up to you those Which they have on yours. it is a pretence that you Can better than any body judge of the value.\nI am very glad that the respectable and old Docteur franklin has received in his Country the honour that they owe to his Services.\nI beg of you, my Dear G\u00e9n\u00e9ral, to present my respects and give my best Compliments to Mad. Washington and to all your family, and be Well persuaded of my Eternal attachment and of the respect With Which I have the honour to be My Dear G\u00e9neral Your most obedient and Very humble servent,\nle comte de Rochambeau", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0453", "content": "Title: To George Washington from La Luzerne, 3 February 1786\nFrom: La Luzerne, Anne-C\u00e9sar, chevalier de\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nParis 3rd Feby, 1786\nMr Houdon Delivered me the Letter, That Your Excy Honoured me with of the 5th Novr And I have learnd with very great Satisfaction, that you have Enjoyed very good Health, & that you Promise to your Aquaintances a long Life, that has been Glorious, & Usefull to Your Country.\nI return Your Excy my Most Sincere thanks for the Accurate Account, you have given me of the Affairs of the United States, & They are of the Same Opinion at Versailles that you are \u27e8as to\u27e9 The Powers, that the Different States, Ought to Grant to Congress, for to enable them, to Regulate Commerce in General; And that Wise, & Prudent Measure Could not assuredly, Do any detriment to their liberty, & the Americans have Spirritt, & to good a knowledge, for not to be Sensible that the Foreign Powers, who are Interested in Commerce with them, could not Possibly Treat with the Thirteen States, Separately, who also having, all different Interests, could not agree, But for the Congress to adopt the General Measures, which alone could enable them, to Conduct it, for the Good of the Republick; I hope that the first News we Receive from America, will Inform us that\nthe Different Assembly\u2019s have put the finishing Stroke to this Grand affair.\nWe are likewise very desirous, that Something decisively could be done upon the Article of Finances. for the Payment of the Publick Debt, or at least for the Int. of that Debt, In the event of the Ground Ceded by Treaty, some of whc. was not Inhabited before the War, They Should find it Insufficient to Satisfy the Creditors; I hope that the Legislators will be of the Same mind, & that they will Seriously think of means, to Clear themselves of it; We agree here to give to the American Trade, all the Assistance, that would be Cappable of Admitting, agreeing with the Interests of Both Nations.\nAll the Publick News Assure us, that the Forts Situated upon the Lakes & the River St Lawrence will not be given up to the Americans, & That the English, have made it a kind of Compensation for the Pretended Infraction of the Treaty of Peace; I have too good an Opinion of Mr Pitt, for to Believe, that If he had it in his Power, to Decide that dispute, that it would not be in favor of America, But the Minister has found a Party very Powerfull in the Opposition, that he is So much affraid of, that he Cannot follow the Measures, that he Believes reasonable to Propose, Some People Believe that there will be Soon a Change of the British Ministry; The Cabinett of London is full of Dissentions; All Europe is very Tranquille, & the Change of the Barrier whc. has made Such a noise, makes War appear more Distant than ever, It is Probable that the line of Germany (whc. has been the Fruits of Jealousies, that this Bartering was the cause of it) will Produce the Repose of Europe for a long time, The Interior Dissentions of Holland which was the cause of a great Noise in Europe, has not been of very Troublesome Consequences, that State has been at its ease, Since the Treaty with the Emperor, & its alliance Deffensive with France, although the Republican Party & the Stadtholder, appeared very much incensed, it is nevertheless Probable, that they will be reconciled for the good of the Republick.\nI hope that Your Excy will in these moments remember, that you have in France, a Servant very much Attached, & who desires very Sincerely to Give Some Dissinterested Proofs, Of the\nPerfect Consideration, & of the Respect with which he is Your Excelly Very Hble & Obedt servt\nLe Du de le Luzerne\nWill Madame Washington, do him the Honour to accept of his Respects.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0454", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Augustine Washington, 3 February 1786\nFrom: Washington, George Augustine\nTo: Washington, George\nHond Uncle\nEltham February 3d 1786\nA Letter from You always meets a most joyful reception\u2014Your favor of the 24th of Decr, tho\u2019 it had not a speedy conveyance gave us the latest information, and the most pleasing as it acquainted us that all were well at Mount Vernon\u2014Not having been from this place since the receipt of Your Letter have had but little opportunity of making inquiry relative to its contents\u2014I cannot ascertain that any person in this part of the Country is possess\u2019ed of a She-Ass, the Secretary and General Nelson, are I am informed the most probable persons if they can I doubt not will most readily furnish You, and on terms that will be agreable\u2014should I succeed in my commission I will with pleasure take it up with me\u2014The Box which was in the hands of Mr Bracken Mr Bassett conceived hazardous to commit to the Stage, as the direction signified that great care was necessary He theirfore brought it to this place, hoping that a safer conveyance might offer\u2014The Box is 2\u00bd feet by 2\u00bc but I hope to devise some mode of bringing it safe to You\u2014I have not yet finished Copying the Letters, owing to my not having arrived here so soon as I expected and interuptions of Company, but shall before I set out which will be about the end of the month, the weather pe[r]mitting, for I really most anxiously wish to see Mount Vernon again, the affection I have experienced from You and Mrs Washington has render\u2019d it by much the most desireable place to me\u2014The friendly invitation I received from You was a most pleasing mark of Your affection and I hoped a\nsignification of my conduct being approved by You, which will ever be of the first consideration to me and I most ardently hope that my efforts to deserve it, may equal my wishes\u2014my experience in business but illy qu[a]lifys me for embarking in it, but under Your direction and from Your example I flatter myself I shall derive insight, and I must hope that my attention and integrity, will in some degree make amends for my deficiencies\u2014On my arrival at Richmond I found that an act had been past in favor of the discharge of interest Certificates, on all Loan Office Warrants issued by this State, concieving it a mater of consequence supposing that You might be posses\u2019ed of some, wrote You immediately hoping that I should give You timely information as I put the Letter in the hands of Doctr Lamoy, who was setting out for Fredericksburgh, and who promissed to give it a speedy conveyance from that place\u2014he also took charge of 4 pr Shoes which I hope got safe\u2014I had no propositions made for my Lot\u2019s on my way through Fredericksburg\u2014one of the Letters You forwarded was asking information and proposing a mode of payment which I fear cannot be made agreeable if He should accede to my terms\u2014I am not yet acquainted with Colo. Bassett\u2019s intentions, and I hope my conduct will not discover a disposition to be made so it will be my study to make myself agreeable to Him\u2014Fanny joins me in most affectionate love to You Mrs Washington and the dear Children and Compliments to all inquiring friends\u2014Colo. Bassett and the Young Gentlemen also desire to be rememberd[.] with the most refined sentiments I am Hond Uncle Your truely affectionate Nephew\nGeo: A. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0455", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Gordon, 4 February 1786\nFrom: Gordon, William\nTo: Washington, George\nMy Dear Sir\nJamaica Plain [Mass.] Feby 4. 1786\nThe last week I had the pleasure of seeing Genl Lincoln, from whom I learnt, that You had been so obliging as to send me trees by his vessel, put into a tub or tubs with earth, to preserve them, till the season admits of their being planted. Your Excellency will be pleased to receive my most hearty thanks for this fresh proof of friendship. Believe I shall make an offer of them to Genl Lincoln, as I am about returning to my native country, should an opportunity offer the ensuing April, & my affairs be so far settled as to admit of my going so soon. I should plant them about my present dwelling, did I see any prospect of a successor\u2019s being settled with the people; the want of which is no small affliction to me. When at London I design going to the press so as to allow of the History\u2019s being finished & received by the subscribers the next May twelvemonth at farthest, indeed by the first spring ships of 87. I shall do myself the honour of writing to you, after I am safely arrived with my family, should it please God so to favour us. As I may possibly have something at one time or other to communicate, which I would wish to conceal from every one but yourself, I propose sending you a Cypher the next week, & if you approve of it let Cornwallis be the key, which keep secret in your own breast. Mrs Gordon joins in best regards to your Excellency, your Lady, my young friend, Mr & Mrs L. Washington & others, with Dear Sir Your sincere friend & very humble servant\nWilliam Gordon\nMay I request your presenting my respects to my good friend Mr Roberbeau & family, & acquainting him with my intention of sailing for Europe shortly, that he may double his kindness by forwarding the subscriptions to the utmost. Mean to write to him, time enough to admit of my receiving an answer on this side the Atlantic.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0458", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Marsden Pintard, 5 February 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Pintard, John Marsden\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from John Marsden Pintard, 5 Feb. 1786. GW wrote Pintard on 20 May: \u201cYour favors of the 24th of January & 5th Feby are at hand.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0459", "content": "Title: From George Washington to David Stuart, 5 February 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Stuart, David\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon Feby 5th 1786\nThe Vessel which brought the inclosed, has delivered the 800 Bushels of Oats for which you contracted with Mr Savage\u2014Besides these, I have taken 100 more; for which I am to pay Flour. L. Washington has taken anothr & the remaining 200 hundred are taken to Alexandria for you.\nI have engaged this Man to bring the Corn from York River\u2014He expects to stay no longer than Monday (to morrow) at Alexandria; if you propose therefore to send Wheat fans by him to the Plantations below you have no time to loose in getting them on board.\nI hope Mrs Stuart, to whom & yourself I offer congratulations on the encrease of your family, is quite recovered\u2014With great esteem & regard I am\u2014Dr Sir Yr Obedt & Affecte Servt\nGo: Washington\nMrs Washington presents her love to Mrs Stuart and wishes to know how she is.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0460", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Patrick Henry, 6 February 1786\nFrom: Henry, Patrick\nTo: Washington, George\nGentlemen\nCouncil Chamber [Richmond] feby 6th 1786\nThere are six men in the public Goal who are pardoned for capital Crimes on Condition of laboring for Years more or less. I beg to know whether the Company over which you preside will accept of these people to labor in accomplishing the purposes of your Institution. It will be expected that their Labor shall be considered as a Compensation for all the Expences of supporting them in the Condition of Laborers & of providing the necessary Means of preventing Escapes.\nI beg to hear from you on this Subject soon as possible & am Gentlemen Your most obedient Servant\nP. Henry", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0461", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Lafayette, 6 February 1786\nFrom: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear General\nParis february the 6th 1786\nYour letters September the 1st and November the 8th Have Safely Come to Hand for which I offer you thanks the Warmer and More affectionate as nothing, while we are separated, Can so much Rejoice Your friend\u2019s Heart as the unspeakable Blessing to Hear from His Beloved General\u2014a long time Has elapsed since which my letters Have Been unfrequent, Uninstering,\nand Uncertain in point of Conveyance\u2014My summer has been devoted to princes, soldiers and post Horses\u2014and while I Have Been Rambling through Cassel, Brunswick, Berlin, Breslaw, Vienna, prague dresden, potsdam Again and Berlin, no opportunity offered that I could trust, nor even any that I could Hear of\u2014since I am returned Home, no Packet Has Sailed, and this day for the first time, I can Safely write By a Packet Boat, and put My Letter into Mr Barret\u2019s Hands, a Boston Gentleman Who is On His Return to America.\nAltho\u2019 my former letters Have Given You an Account of My journey, I must repeat to you, my dear General, that at Cassel I saw our Hessian friends, old Knip Among them, I told them they were very fine Fellows\u2014they Returned thanks and Compliments\u2014Ancient foes ever meet with pleasure, which However, I should think must be greater on the side that fought a successfull cause\u2014at Brunswick I got Acquainted With the duke, formerly the Renowned Hereditary Prince, who is Now Arrived at the Height of Military Knowledge, and of the Confidence of the Prussian Army, in which, altho\u2019 a Sovereign, He acts as a General\u2014no officer at Berlin seemed to me so worthy of Attention as General M\u00f6llendorf whose Name you no doubt Have Heard\u2014to potsdam I went to Make my Bow to the King, and notwisdanding what I Had Heard of Him, could not Help Being struck By that dress and Appearance of an old, Broken, dirty Corporal, coverd all over with Spanish snuff, with His Head almost leaning on one shoulder, and fingers quite distorted By the Gout. But what surprised me much more is the fire and some times the softeness of the most Beautifull Eyes I ever saw, which give as charming an expression to His phisiognomy as He Can take a Rough and threatening one at the Head of His troops\u2014I went to Silesia where He Reviewed an army of 31 Bataillons, and 75 squadrons, Making in all thirty thousand men, seven thousand five hundred of whom were on Horse Back\u2014for eight days I made dinners of three Hours with Him, when the Conversation was pretty much Confined at first to the duke of York the King and myself, and then to two or three more\u2014which gave me the opportunity to Hear Him throughout, and to admire the Vivacity of His wit, the endearing charms of His adress and politness, so far that I did Conceive people could forget what a tyrannic, Hard Hearted, and selfish Man He\nis\u2014lord Cornwallis being there, He took Care to invite Him at table to a seat By me, Having the British King\u2019s son on the other side, and to Make thousand questions on American affairs\u2014Among others I Remember He Asked the duke of York if it was tr\u00fce you intended taking an House in London. from Silesia I Hastened to Vienna where I only stayed a few days, Had a very long Conference with the Emperor, saw the Generals Laudon and Lasey, And my Uncle the Ambassador with prince Kaunitz, and after those objects were fulfilled, I posted off through prague and dresden, to potsdam, where the troops were to Make sham fights and every kind of Warlike Maneuvres\u2014Had I stayed in prussia, I might Have gone often to the old king\u2019s who Has Been Most peculiarly Kind to me\u2014But the very day I arrived at potsdam, He fell sick and was Near dying\u2014the Maneuvers went on However\u2014and there I Had new opportunities to Know the Hereditary prince of prussia, who is a good officer, an Honest Man, a Man of plain good sense, But does not come up to the Abilities of His two Uncles\u2014this second Uncle prince Henry I Have Kept for the last, because it is By far the Best Acquaintance I Have Made\u2014I don\u2019t Examine who is the Greater General His Brother or He, a Question that divides the Military World\u2014But to Abilities of the first Rate, Both as a soldier and a politician\u2014to a perfect litterary knowledge, and all the Endowments of the Mind\u2014He joins an Honest Heart, philantropic feelings, and rational ideas on the Rights of Mankind\u2014I Have spent a fortnight with Him in His Country seat and We Keep up an epistolary Correspondance\u2014as the king Was still Confined and Could not Bear Being seen in that situation, I determined neither to ask for leave of a visit, nor to wait untill He was up, and our Adieus Having taken place By letters, I Returned Home through Magdebourg where the duke of Brunswick Commanded Maneuvers similar to those of potsdam.\nit is with the Highest satisfation that I saw the Prussian Army\u2014Nothing Can Be Compared to the Beauty of the troops, the discipline that is diffused throughout, the simplicity of their Motions, the Uniformity of their Regiments\u2014it is a plain Regular Machine that Has Been set these forty years, and Undergoes no alteration But what Can Make it simpler and lighter\u2014Every supposition in war, and every Motion deriving from it, Has Been from a Constant use so much inculcated into their Heads, that\nit became almost a Mechanic for them\u2014were the Ressources of France, the Alertness of Her men, the intelligence of Her officers, and National Ambition and Moral delicacy Applied to such a Constant system, we Could Be as Superior to the prussians as our Army is now inferior to theirs\u2014and that is saying great deal\u2014I Have also seen the Austrians\u2014But not together\u2014their general system of \u0152conomy is more to be admired than the Maneuvres of their troops\u2014their Machine is not plain\u2014our Regiments are Better than theirs\u2014and what advantage they might Have in a line over us, we Can surpass with a little use\u2014indeed, I think there is more instruction of detail in some of our Best Regiments than those of the prussians\u2014But their line Maneuvres infinitely Better than ours\u2014the Austrian Army is much more numerous than either, and Costs much less than the french.\nOn my journey I Have Examined several fields of Battle, and the whole tour Has Been very useful to my Military instruction\u2014it Has Been also made very agreable By the good Reception, and the flattering testimonies I Have met from those Crowns, staffs, and other great personages\u2014there was at those Camps a croud of English officers\u2014among whom Lord Cornwallis, Clels England, Abercrombie, Musgrave\u2014on our side were Colonel Smith, general portail, and Gouvion\u2014and often did Smith and Myself Make this observation that, Had we Been Unfortunate in the Contest, we would Have cut there a poor figure.\nWhere Ever I went, my dear General, I Had the pleasure to Hear Your Name pronounced with that Respect and enthusiasm which altho\u2019 it is a matter of course, and I am so used to it, never fails to Make My Heart glow with Unspeakable Happiness\u2014With Your Eulogium Began Every Conversation on American Affairs\u2014And to Be Your friend, Your disciple, and Your Adoptive son Was, as it ever Has Been, and Will Be for ever, the pride of my Heart, and the Most pleasing of my thoughts\u2014I wish the other Sentiments I Have Had occasion to discover with Respect to America were Equally satisfactory with those that are personal to you\u2014I need not saying that the spirit, the firmness with which the Revolution Was Carried Has Excited Universal Admiration\u2014that Every one who Cares Any thing about the Rights of Mankind is an Enthusiast for the principles on which the\nConstitutions are Built\u2014But I Have often had the Mortification to Hear that the want of powers in Congress, of Union Between the States, of Energy in their Government should Make the Consideration very insignificant\u2014The fact is that those people, Generally Speacking, know very little of the Advantages of democratical governements, of the Ressources to Be found in a free Nation, and the parties which are essentially deriving from the Constitution\u2014But they Cannot Help Being more forcibly struck with all the Blemishes which we Have so often lamented together\u2014it is Conveyed to them through Every Newspaper, and Great pains are taken By the British Ambassadors to Confirm the Reports which they themselves Have Raised\u2014Numberless of these Notions I Have set to Right\u2014the King of prussia, the Emperor, the Great Men in Both Countries I found either ill informed, or informed By people who Had led them the wrong path\u2014By their Conduct in the Revolution, the Citizens of America Have commanded the Respect of the World\u2014But it grieves me to think they will in a Measure loose it, unless they strengthen the Confederation, give Congress powers to Regulate the trade, pay off their debt or at least the interest of it, establish a well Regulated Militia, in a word Compleat all these Measures which You Have Recommended to them\u2014I give very frankly My opinion to Congress on this subject, and will write on the Same tune to all my friends on that Side of the Atlantik.\nThere are, I am told, Some Better Hopes of a Commercial treaty with Great Britain\u2014their Rancour is Boundless\u2014But I flatter Myself their Mercantile interest will get the Better\u2014I long for the surrender of the Posts, and wish the plenipotentiaries Had Given themselves time to Make France guarantee for the treaty\u2014this Blunder of theirs Has occasioned Great Mischief\u2014My Endeavours are to convince France it is their interest to obtain a Measure that gives them a large share in the indian trade\u2014But in Case Matters were Brought to decided Measures Against Great Britain, Upon You, my dear General, I depend to Know it in time, and to indulge My Wishes to Render further Services to the United States.\nHoudon is Arrived in Paris\u2014But Has not Yet Brought Your Bust which He Expects By Water from London\u2014I wait impatiently for it, and am very Sanguine in My Hopes of its likeness with you\u2014On Hearing of the King of Spain\u2019s Compliment, I\nHad suspended my Negotiation for Asses\u2014what Now Happens is to me a further proof that Kings are Good for Nothing But to Spoil the Sport, Even When they Mean Right\u2014let your Royal Business Go on as it May, I Have Requested Admiral Suffrein to get for me a jack Ass and two females, and Before the Summer is over they will Be Rolling on the Banks of the Pottowmack, and I wish to god I May do the Same\u2014Your letter to M. doillamson Has Been forwarded, with Your Compliments to the lady\u2014I Have also spoken to Marquis de St Simon, But Wish You May write to Him, Because He Has His share of Vanity, and will Be glad if you pay affectionate Compliments to Him, and show a Regard for M. de Menonville His Adjudant General, disclaiming the right to make Cincinnati, and leaving it with Your Best wishes with the Society in Europe\u2014Captain littlepage delivered to me some letters for Holland which I Have sent\u2014His quarrell with M. jay seems to me very indecent, and I Can\u2019t Conceive that jay, for so small a debt, Could Condescend to enter the lists with a young man.\nit Has Been a Great Satisfaction to me, My dear General, to Hear of My friend George\u2019s Matrimonial Happiness\u2014as I write to Him on the Subject I will not trouble you with my Compliments to the Young Couple. I Give You joy on the success of Your pottowmack plans\u2014there is no doubt But what a good Engeneer May Be found in this Country to Conduct the Work\u2014France in this point Exceeds England\u2014and will Have, I think, Every Advantage But that of the language which is something, altho\u2019 it may Be Replaced By the Help of interpreters\u2014an application from M. Jefferson and Myself to the Ministry, and More particularly an intimation that You set a value By that Measure, will insure to us the Choice of a good Engeneer\u2014they are different from the Military ones, and are Called ingenieurs des ponts et chauss\u00e9es; I think five Hundred guineas a year while the Business lasts, and an Assurance Not to loose His Rank in france will Be sufficient to provide you with the Gentleman You Want.\nI Cannot finish this long letter, My dear General, without telling You a Word of European politicks\u2014the System of france is Quite pacific\u2014the Nation Feels a partiality for prussia\u2014Austrian interest, Betwen us, is much supported By the Queen\u2014Count de Vergennes is not inclined this Way, But acts with Caution\u2014from that it Results that We Will patch up as much as We\nCan\u2014that the Ambitious views of the Emperor will not Be so decidedly opposed as we might do it\u2014The plans of prussia will Be Cramped By us\u2014But should matters Come to an Extremity, and the Emperor set out on a Wild Scheme Against prussia, we will then be forced to a War Against Him, as the opinion of the people, and that of the Ministry, Most of them at least, is Opposed to imperial Encroachements\u2014With Respect to England, we are Rivalizing Each other, But pretty friendly for the present, and pay Great Regard to our Respective Nations\u2014a treaty of Commerce is upon the Carpet, and I think our politicks on the Continent draw pretty much the Same Way, that of avoiding a War, which However England Wishes to Engage us in, provided she is dispensed with taking a part in it\u2014our Alliance with Holland Has made them very Angry, and I think it very Advantageous to us. We are very Busy about Making a Harbour at Cherbourg which is a Wonderfull Undertaking, as it is Made with piles of stones thrown in the High Sea, and will succeed very well\u2014our financeer and Baron de Breteuil are in a oppen dispute, and I don\u2019t think the former will last long\u2014But I need not teazing you with the intrigues of Versailles\u2014I thank you most tenderly, my dear General, for the Caution You Give me, which I will improve, and find that Satisfaction in my prudence to think it is dictated By You\u2014I Hope, Betwen us, that in the Course of Next winter the affair of the protestants Will take a Good turn\u2014an other Secret I intrust to you, my dear General, is that I Have purchased for Hundred And twenty five thousand French livres a plantation in the Colony of Cayenne and am going to free my Negroes in order to Make that Experiment which you know is My Hobby Horse.\nGreat Britain is a little Embarrassed in Her irish Concerns\u2014Some Say their affairs in india are not well\u2014Notwisdanding these Reports, india is to them an immense, amazing source of wealth and power\u2014it seems they are Moderating their Bitter Expressions, their injurious publications Against America, and from what M. Adams writes, I Hope they will, altho\u2019 it is slowly, Come into More Rational Measures with Respect to the United States.\nThe king of prussia is about leaving the stage and Cannot last long\u2014the last accounts from potsdam are very Bad\u2014it will Make But little odds in politicks if His Nephew, as He will no\ndoubt Be obliged to do, follows the Advices of prince Henry\u2014the first idea of the Emperor will Certainly Be to do some thing\u2014But I don\u2019t Believe this will produce a War, altho\u2019 there is No Knowing it with a Man of His temper.\nWhile on my tour, I need not Saying that I Have Said in Conversations with the Two Monarchs and Every Body all What I thought could tend to the Advantage of America\u2014in this Country I am endeavouring to oppen as Many Channels as I Can for American trade\u2014There are far above 25 million french livres Worth of Articles that the United States Might furnish to france\u2014those Remittances I Want to Have encouraged By Every possible favour\u2014Upon my applications a Committee has Been Named Which I am to attend to morrow\u2014the last part of my Business will not Be an Easy matter\u2014for it tends to No less than the destruction of the tobacco farm, the greatest Barrier Against American trade\u2014But I don\u2019t Hope my Speeches Can produce such an effect\u2014M. Barret who takes Care of this letter, is going to Boston with a six years Contract for whale oil of four Hundred thousand french livres a year.\nWords Cannot Sufficiently Express to You How much I am pleased with Mr Jefferson\u2019s public Conduct\u2014He Unites every Ability that Can Recommend Him With the Ministers, and at the time possesses Accomplishements of the mind and the Heart which Cannot But Give Him Many friends. Humphreys is Now in England\u2014LangBourne is Arrived in Paris these two weecks\u2014But the same queer fellow you know Him to Be, and you will Hardly Believe that I could not as yet prevail on Him to Come and see me.\nit is with the utmost Regret, my dear General, that I Heard the losses Mrs Washington Had the Unfortunate Occasion to lament\u2014I Hope she knows my Heart well Enough to Be Certain it Has Most Affectionately Simpathised With Hers\u2014I Beg her to Accept the Homage of my tender Respects\u2014Madame de Lafayette and the little family Beg to Be Respectfully Remembered to Her, as well as to You, My Beloved General\u2014My Best Compliments Wait on all the inHabitants of Mount Vernon, on all our friends You Happen to Meet, old Harrison when You write to Him, My friend tub, and the young ladies\u2014my Best Respects to Mrs Stuart, to the docter, to Mr Lund and Most affectionately I Beg to Be Remembered to Your own family, particularly to\nYour Respected Mother. I Beg leave to Send under Cover to You a few trifles to Be presented to tub and His Sisters. Adieu, My dear General, You know How affectionately and Respectfully I Have the Honour to Be Your devoted and filial friend\nLafayette", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0462", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Benjamin Lincoln, 6 February 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lincoln, Benjamin\nMy dear Sir\nMount Vernon 6th Feb: 1786\nYour favour of the 4th of Jany never reached me till yesterday, or the receipt of it should have had an earlier acknowledgement.\nLet me in the first place thank you for your kind attention to my enquiries. And in the next, pray you to learn, precisely from Mr Lear, upon what terms he would come to me; for I am not inclined to leave matters of this sort to after discussion, or misconception. Whatever agreement is previously made, shall be pointedly fulfilled on my part, wch will prevent every cause of complaint on his.\nMr Lear, or any other who may come into my family in the blended characters of preceptor to the Children, and as a Clerk or private Secretary to me, will sit at my Table\u2014will live as I live\u2014will mix with the Company which resort to the Ho.\u2014and will be treated in every respect with civility, and proper attention. He will have his washing done in the family, and may have his linnen & Stockings mended by the Maids of it.\nThe duties which will be required of him are, generally, such as appertain to the Offices before-mentioned. The first will be\nvery trifling \u2019till the Children are a little more advanced\u2014and the latter will be equally so as my corrispondencies decline (which I am endeavouring to effect); and after accts, and other old matters are brought up. To descend more minutely into his avocations I am unable, because occasional matters may require particular Services; nothing how ever derogatory will be asked, or expected.\nAfter this explanation of my wants, I request Mr Lear would mention the annual sum he will expect for these Services; and I will give him a decided answer by the return of the Stages, which now carry the Mail & travel quick\u2014A good hand, as well as proper diction would be a recommendation; on acct of fair entries; and for the benefit of the Children, who will have to copy after it.\nThe discovery of extracting fresh Water from Salt Water, by a simple process, and without the aid of fire, will be of amazing importance to the Sons of Neptune; if it is not viciated, or rendered nausious by the operation; but can be made to answer all the valuable purposes of other fresh Water, at Sea. Every Maritime power in the world, in this case, ought, in my opinion, to offer some acknowledgment to the Inventor\u2014With sentiments of great regard & friendship I am My dear Sir Yr Affecte Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0463", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Bryan Fairfax, 7 February 1786\nFrom: Fairfax, Bryan\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nTowlston Febry the 7th 1786.\nI received the Favor of Yr Letter from the Great Falls\u2014and was sorry that I did not hear of your being there till after your departure as I should certainly have done myself the pleasure of waiting on You, especially as I had had thoughts from time to time of taking a Ride there. I was the more concerned to hear of your setting off at Night, and was a little afraid that your delicacy in regard to giving trouble at a late hour prevented You from calling at Towlston. But Mr Stewart according to his own Account was to blame, for a man ought not to suffer his own Zeal to oppose entirely the Will of his Patron or best Friend.\nWith regard to the Wood cut at the Place I purpose to inform Mr Potts, that as I expect and have not doubted but that ample Satisfaction would be made me I am easy with regard to what has been cut, as well as what may be used, which may be settled at a future day. A Man has applied to me for an Acre of ground thereabouts, but I have declined it, not knowing but it might be disagreeable to the Board, and I am since glad that I did, because he might have kept a tipling house and been hurtful\u2014and therefore shall continue to deny till at some future meeting here I may mention the Subject. I am with great Regard, Dr Sir Yr most obliged & obedt Servt\nBryan Fairfax", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0464", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Fitzgerald, 7 February 1786\nFrom: Fitzgerald, John\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\n[Alexandria, 7 February 1786]\nUpon coming home I immedeatily Conversed with Colo. Lyles on the Subject of the Importation of a She Ass for you & also with the Captain[.] Colo. Lyles is very desirous to effect it & will if it is practicable\u2014The Captain not having any expectation of orders in that way made no enquiry respecting them he says they are plenty & he believes there is no difficulty in obtaining them[.] I think the best way will be for you to Ship 20 or 25 bbls S. fine flour, for which I understand there is room, & in case of disappointmt Colo. Lyles is willing either to be accountable here at the price or run the risque of the Market as you think best[.] the Vessell I believe will be ready to sail by Saturday or Sunday. I much want to go up to Berkeley but my Business is such at this time that I believe it will not be in my power for 8 or ten days if then, I will however take care to let you know before I sett out. I am Dear Sir with perfect respect & Esteem yr Obedt Servt\nJohn Fitzgerald\nP.S. Mr Rumsey called upon me late the other evening & the only Conclusion we could come upon was that the President & Directors were to hold themselves in readiness to meet by the first of March unless advised previously that the Meeting could be put off without injury to the 15th.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0465", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Smith, 7 February 1786\nFrom: Smith, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nCarlisle [Pa.] 7th February 1786\nMajor McCormick has this moment called on me in his way through this Place, & informed me that he means to go from Philadelphia by Mount-Vernon on his way home; as his company pursue their Journey in a quarter of an hour, I cannot have the honour of writing more than just to acknowledge the receipt of your Letter of the 7th of December\u2014one Copy of which I received the Day before I went to the Western Courts, & the other was deliverd to me on my journey. until I had the honour of being employed by General Washington, I was vain enough to believe that I had some small claim to the reputation of punctuality & accuracy in my business; but now I am convinced that I ought to blush at my want of both.\nMr McCormick can give you every information that I could add, and more\u2014he will also take your directions\u2014It will be necessary that some one Person near the spot should engage to secure such Sup\u0153nas as may be thought proper; because when any kind of business is trusted to many it is seldom well done. I am not yet informed when the Judges go to Washington County, nor which two of them go\u2014as soon as I gain this knowledge, I will again have the honour of assuring you that I am, Sir, with the greatest respect your most obedient humble Servant\nThomas Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0466", "content": "Title: From George Washington to George Savage, 8 February 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Savage, George\nSir,\nMount Vernon 8th Feby 1786.\nYour skipper, Mr Jno. Whitney, has delivered me eight hundred bushels of oats agreeably to the contract made with Doctr Stuart in my behalf\u2014They are good & clean, for which I thank you.\nMr Whitney informing me that he was authorized to provide\na freight for the Schooner he is in, I have engaged him positively, to bring me eight hundred bushels of Indian corn from the plantations of the deceased Mr Custis on Pamunky river. I hope it is to be had at the lowest plantation (a few miles above West point)\u2014but of this I am not certain\u2014I am to pay him six pence a bushel freight, delivered at my landing.\nI expect no delay or disappointment will take place in this contract, as I have had the offer of two other vessels on the same terms, & have rejected them on account of this engagement. I am Sir &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0467", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Clement Biddle, 10 February 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Biddle, Clement\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon Feb: 10th 1786\nA hasty letter which I wrote to you by Colo. Grayson was accompanied with ten half Johans.\u2014the application of which I informed you shd be directed in a subsequent letter.\nLet me now request the favour of you to send me the following articles if to be had.\nA pair of Boots, and two pair of Shoes, to be made by Mr Star (who has my measure) agreeably to the enclosed Memo.\nYoung\u2019s Six Months tour through England (his tour thro\u2019 Ireld I have).\nThe Gentleman Farmer\u2014by Henry Home.\nTulls Husbandry. All to be neatly bound & lettered.\n200 Weight of Clover Seed\u2014to be fresh and good.\n                  12 lbs. of Saint foin seed.\n                  6 lbs. of the field Burnet\nA Common Hunting horn of the largest and best sort.\nIt will readily occur to you, my good Sir, that these Seeds (as they are to be sown this spring) cannot be forwarded too soon. I ought indeed to have wrote for them at an earlier period, but they may yet arrive at a proper Season if they are quickly dispatched.\nAt any rate, inform me if they are to be had, & the prospect there is of forwarding them, for thereon will depend my preparation of the ground.\nThe Gazettes which were furnished by Mr Dunlap, for my use, during my Military appointment, ought, undoubtedly to be paid for by the public\u2014and I had no doubt but that this had been done, regularly, by the Qr Mr General or his assistt in the State of Pensylvania\u2014If the case is otherwise, I am ready to give my aid towards his obtaining it. My respects to Mrs Biddle. I am\u2014Dear Sir, Yr Most Obedt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington\nI pray you to be pointed with respt to the goodness of the Seeds: an imposition of bad Seeds is a robbery of the worst kind; for your pocket not only suffers by it but your preparations are lost\u2014& a season passes away unimproved.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0468", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Hartshorne, 10 February 1786\nFrom: Hartshorne, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nAlexandria February 10th 1786\nI have a Letter of the 3d inst. from my Freind Israel Thompson who says he is glad he has it in his power to Supply you with the Buckwheat I wrote for, for your use\u2014The Flaxseed he was doubtfull would be Scarcely got of that which is good, but he would use his utmost endeavors\u2014he had a\u27e8nother\u27e9 by him, which should be sent if he could no\u27e8t do be\u27e9tter\u2014I have desired him to forward both ki\u27e8nds as\u27e9 soon as he could get such as would answer.\nAs I shall shortly have Occasion to send my account against Capt. David Pearce of New England, shall be glad to know how much I am to charge you for the Freight &c. of the Jack Ass brought in his Ship from Spain. Mr Shaw said he would enquire the Freight of a Horse from London which when known, I believe there will be no difficulty, as the Bill Lading seems to Settle other matters except triffles. I am respectfully Yours\nWm Hartshorne", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0471", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Pierre Fran\u00e7ois Cozette, 15 February 1786\nFrom: Cozette, Pierre Fran\u00e7ois\nTo: Washington, George\nMonsieur\na l\u2019orient le 15 fevrier 1786.\nJ\u2019ay et\u00e9 charg\u00e9 en 1765 de faire pour l\u2019hotel des Bureaux de la Guerre \u00e0 Versailles, le Portrait a cheval du feu Roy Louis quinze. l\u2019Esquisse de ce tableau que j\u2019ay fait avec beaucoup de soins m\u2019est rest\u00e9, et je suis absolument le maitre d\u2019en disposer. je ne me permetteray aucunne reflexion sur ce que cette Esquisse qui a le meritte de la ressemblance est encore entre mes mains et ignor\u00e9, je l\u2019y trouve deplac\u00e9, et le desir qu\u2019il soit mieux m\u2019a fait penser a l\u2019offrire a quelqu\u2019un qui peut en faire un peu de cas. Cette id\u00e9e Monsieur, m\u2019a fait naitre celle de vous supplier de me permettre de Vous en faire l\u2019homage. Daignez l\u2019accepter Monsieur, comme un temoignage de la Veneration, et du Respect que m\u2019ont inspir\u00e9 vos vertus.\nLe Major l\u2019Enfant, de qui je suis l\u2019amy depuis qu\u2019il est n\u00e9 poura si vous daignez vous en informer, vous instruire Monsieur de ce que je suis. il me connoit bien. mon mediocre talent ne m\u2019a jamais donn\u00e9 de pretentions indiscrettes, quoy que j\u2019aie fait d\u2019assez bonnes choses, mais je me croiray, de domag\u00e9, des desagrements que les circonstances m\u2019ont oblig\u00e9 de supporter si vous daignez Monsieur, ne pas rejetter l\u2019offre que je prends la\nlibert\u00e9 de Vous faire de cette Esquisse, et l\u2019assurance du profond Respect avec le quel je suis. Monsieur, Votre tres humble et tres obeissant Serviteur.\nCozette,\nProfesseur de dessein des Cadets Gentils-hommes des colonies", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0472", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Gordon, 16 February 1786\nFrom: Gordon, William\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear Sir\nJamaica Plain [Mass.] Feby 16. 1786\nYesterday I recd from Boston the box with the shrubs. They look as well as I could expect, & am greatly obliged to you for them. How far the severe frosts may have damaged them, must be left to the approaching spring to discover. I have some thoughts of taking a number of them with me to London. Should Providence fix me in that spot or neighbourhood, shall endeavour to furnish your garden & shrubbery, with flowers & plants, that may keep up the remembrance of an absent friend.\nSince writing about the Memoir &c. have had an opportunity of satisfying myself as to several particulars. Still I am obliged to you, for what you have written.\nThe enemy came out in force from Philadelphia to surprize the Marquis; but I have not yet met with positive proof of their being commanded by Genl Howe in person. This matter I shall be able to ascertain when in London.\nI rejoice most sincerely, that the difficulties respecting the navigation of the Patowmack decrease instead of increasing.\nThe obliging manner in which your Excellency & your Lady have been pleased to accept the trifling token of my strong gratitude is peculiarly pleasing.\nWhen young people fulfill engagements of long standing, they do themselves honour & prove the genuineness of their affections. May your nephew & niece live long mutual blessings to each other; & a joy & comfort to all around them. I pray to be kindly remembered to them; as also to the Dr & his lady & children at Alexandria; not forgetting Mr & Mrs Lund Washington, & upon no account my young friend.\nHave reason for thankfulness, that upon the whole we enjoy good health.\nHave drawn out the cypher (which I shall enclose) & given a specimen of the mode of working with it. To you it may have no novelty. I remain with sincerest regards Your Excellency\u2019s very humble servant\nWilliam Gordon\nCol. Henley is likely to be a widower in a short time.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0473", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Lee, Jr., 16 February 1786\nFrom: Lee, Henry Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear General\nNew York 16th Feby 86\nYou desired to hear from me now and then, when I left Virginia. I obey your wishes with pleasure, & must assure you, that I continue to feel the same unabating zeal to administer to your happiness, which my public duty formerly commanded from me. I wish that my communications may be always agreable; I apprehend your solicitude for the honor & prosperity of a nation formed under your auspices will illy relish intelligence ominous of its destruction. But so circumstanced is the federal government, that its death cannot be very far distant, unless\nimmediate and adequate exertions are made by the several states.\nThe period is hurrying on, when no longer delay can be permitted.\nThe late returns from the continental receivers in the different states prove unanimity in one point among the members of the Union\u2014no money\u2014Congress impressed with the lamentable effects which await the United states from their adherence to temporary and disunited exertions, again have addressed the states. I enclose it\u2014If success attends, we may divert the evils which menace our existence & may still enjoy that happiness which we so arduously contended for. But should the same supineness continue in our councils, jealousy instead of patriotism direct the measures of our governments, consequences most distressing must certainly ensue. Part of the principal of our foreign loans is due next year, & no certain means yet devized to pay even the interest.\nOur agents have arrived in Morrocco, and Algiers, & we have some hopes that their negotiations may be successful.\nIt is very doubtful how our commissioners may succeed with the indians. We have too much reason to fear a war, which among other evils will encrease our finance embarrassments. People here are very inquisitive about the progress of the potomack navigation\u2014the moment that business wears the prospect of certainty, rich emigrants from all the eastern states will flock to our towns. The assembly of this state are in session, & will emit 200,000\u00a3 paper. They are violent enemys to the impost, & I fear even the impending and approaching dangers to the existence of the Union will not move them\u2014Please to present my respects to Mrs Washington & accept the best wishes of your friend & h. ser.\nH: Lee junr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0475", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Savage, 18 February 1786\nFrom: Savage, George\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nNorthampton Feby 18th 1786\nYours by my Skipper Mr Whitney enclosing a Rect for the Oats Contracted for with Doctr Stewart came safe to hand; and in Consequence of the Agreement Mr Whitney entered into with your Excellency, have sent the Schooner Molly & Betsey off to Pamunky for the Corn which I hope will arrive at your Excellency\u2019s Landing in good order & in due time\u2014The want of a new Jibb oblig\u2019d me to detain the Schooner 3 or 4 days. I am your Excellency\u2019s most Obedt hum. Servt\nGeorge Savage", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0476", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Clement Biddle, 19 February 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Biddle, Clement\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Clement Biddle, 19 Feb. 1786. GW wrote Biddle on 18 May: \u201cYour favors of the 19th of Feby . . . [is] before me.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0477", "content": "Title: Agreement with William Halley, 20 February 1786\nFrom: Halley, William,Smith, Alexander\nTo: \nFebruary 20th 1786\nI have this Day agree\u2019d to pay for the Use of Genrl Washingtons House and Lott in the Town of Alexandria (lately occupy\u2019d by Doctr Wm Brown) for the Term of one year from this Date Forty Pound Specie, to Fence in the Lott with a Good and sufficient Fence either of Post and Rail or Plank, to cleanse and repair\nthe drain leadg from the Cellar and Glaze the Windows of the said House.\nWilliam Halley\nI promise to see the above engagement fullfil\u2019d.\nAlexandr Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0478", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Hartshorne, 20 February 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hartshorne, William\nSir,\nMot Vernon 20th Feby 1786.\nI ought to have acknowledged the receipt of your letter of the 10th sooner, tho\u2019 I am at a loss what answer to give it now.\nWhen I sent to Boston for my Jackass, which was previous to the presentation of Captn Pearce\u2019s order, tho\u2019 subsequent to the date of it, I requested Mr Cushing (the Lieut: Governor) to whose care this animal was addressed, to pay all the charges which had accrued for freight & other accidental expences attending the importation [of] him, and to draw upon me for the amount. In consequence I have answered a Draft, to Mr Taylor of your town, for 300 Dollars; & was informed by Mr Cushing,\nby letter of equal date with the Draft, that he had not at that time been able to obtain Captn Pearce\u2019s Accot\u2014but that it should be transmitted as soon as the matter could be settled with him. In this way the thing has lain ever since; Post after Post I have been looking for some further advice respecting this business, but hitherto in vain. I am ready at any moment to answer Captn Pearce\u2019s demand, when it is properly ascertained (if it has not been already paid) but it would be inconvenient for me to advance the money twice; of this, I think both Mr Shaw & L. Washington were requested some time ago to inform you\u2014for if the 300 Dollars has not, in part, been appropriated to the payment of Captn Pearce\u2019s demand, I know not for what purpose the order was drawn upon me. All the other charges did not amount to more than one third of that sum.\nI depended so much upon others to enquire into the usual freight of a horse from London to this Country, as not, hitherto, to have taken any steps myself, to obtain information; & it is to be feared none has been taken, either by Mr Shaw or L. W\u2014\u2014, nor do I know at this moment where to direct my enquiries.\nI am thankful for your attention to my request respecting the Buck wheat and Flax seeds, & shall be glad to know when they arrive, as I wish to secure all my Seeds for Spring sowing, in time. I am Sir, Yr most Obt Servant\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0479", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Battaile Muse, 20 February 1786\nFrom: Muse, Battaile\nTo: Washington, George\nHonourable Sir,\nBerkeley C[oun]ty February 20th 1786\nYour Favour by Daniel McPherson dated Jany The 27th Last I received, Its out of my power To grant Him a Lease for Lott No. 18 on the first Condition\u2014all the arrears of rents are not Paid up and admiting they were, I See no obligation For Him To have a Lease, the man has been Ignorant in Purchaseing what the Seller Cannot Justify. I repeatedly offered Him the Place on Terms I think Justifiable, but He refuses. I have now To rent it on the best Terms I can for your Interest as well some other Lotts on the Same Tract\u2014the First day of March I have advertised I shall attend To rent the Vacated Lotts, they have been Advertised all the winter but none has apply\u2019d but one, that I would admitt as Tenant. the money that McPherson Paid in my opinion Should go To the Credit of Lott No. 18 and Not To Mrs Lemarts accts as She is not charged with arrears of that Lott, on which acct the money was Paid.\nYour Favour dated the 4th Instant I receiv\u2019d by the Last Post\u2014I was very Sorry the butter did not get down in Time, not on acct of the high price, but on acct of my Promise. it lay on the road many weeks as a Quantity of my wheat does at this Time, I had Four waggones Last week returned after reaching as Far as Leesburg owing To the roads & weather being so Severe\u2014the Quantity of wheat I engaged has been ready Some Time, but the roads are not Passable, as their is some on the roads\u2014I cannot say what Quantity has been delivered. I will do all I can To get it down Early. If my overseers in Loudoun do not clean the wheat well I wish your miller would write To them as I Well Know they are Generally Diatily Inclined\u2014the wheat From My House I see well clean\u2019d. I shall Collect all the money I Possable Can From the Tenants before the 20th of april & Shall be down about that Time. I have Collected about \u00a3110 Clear of Charges, and I expect To Collect about as much more, but that depends on chance as many of the Tenants are Pooer and Money Very Scarce.\nI observe all your Instructions and Friendly Powers given me in the Settlement of the Tenants Accts I Shall attend To all things as Far as my Knowledge Extends\u2014the accts will not be settled this year if so, it will be Late Next Fall\u2014as there are many things\nDoubtfull with me\u2014I Find you have given a receipt on John Dyers Lease for rent you Say became due 1774 the Lease Sayes 1770\u2014in Griggs acct He is over charged\u2014Lott No. 16 Ezekiel Phillips is charged with \u00a320. in another place Abraham Morgan is Charged with Lott No. 16 \u00a358.14.0\u2014Some Tenants has not receipts\u2014others do not chews To settle at present as they want Time To avoid distresses\u2014under those Circumstances a Stranger as I am To those accts might Commit and Errour\u2014was my Reason (as Far as I at present recolect) for saying that at a Future day To Explain Every Circumstance Respecting these Accts Put into my hands might be difficult To do\u2014So Clearly as I wish all things To appear From my Transactions\u2014I do not desire any Farther Powers\u2014I Shall Take Care To Close no acct or make Final Settlement (only in desperate cases where distresses are required) unless all things appear Clear To my understanding\u2014To go Farther on this Subject would be Tedious To you as I am sinceble that your are Crouded with Perplexsities the Time Draws nigh when I expect To make \u27e8a\u27e9 Proper report of my Transactions, I should not have \u27e8trou\u27e9bled you on the business so much as I have done only from \u27e8pr\u27e9inciple of wishing To do well. I have seen Mr Scott He sayes Mr Jenny gives a wrong representation of the Lines\u2014when I go down I shall Enquire Farther in the matter\u2014but do not at this Time Intend To make a survey untill the Tenaments on that Tract are Properly Pointed out, so as to do all the Surveying business at once To prevent Trouble as well Expences. I beg Leave To present my Self\u2014To be your Faithfull Obedient and Very Humble Servant\nBattaile Muse", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0483", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Taylor, Jr., 21 February 1786\nFrom: Taylor, George Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nNew York 21st February 1786.\nSince the beginning of the Season for gathering Fruit, I have been very particular in my Inquiries for an Opportunity to send the Apples which Your Excellency was pleased to Honor me with a Commission to Purchase, all which have hitherto proved unsuccessful, and had I not met with a disappointment in November last, I should now have been incapable of embracing the\npresent Conveyance. At that Time I was told by a Gentleman belonging to the House of Messrs Murry & Co., who have also a House at Alexandria, that a Vessel would go from thence to that Place. Upon this, I purchased six Barrels, (Copy of the Bill of which I do myself the Honor to send your Excellency herewith enclosed), and in a few Days after was informed that she was sold. I therefore thought it advisable to keep them \u2019till a good Opportunity should offer, and of this desired Mr Fairfax, when here, to inform your Excellency, and that should I not be able to send them in Season, I would keep them \u2019till the Spring, at which Time they would probably be more acceptable.\nNot having since heard of any, for Alexandria, till the present Vessel, I have had the six Barrels examined with Attention, and find only five of them in good order, which I have herewith put on board of her. I could have wished they were larger, but believe they were as large as any exposed for Sale the last Season, as the Man of whom I purchased them is said to have one of the best Orchards on Long Island. Indeed their keeping so well is a proof of their being good and gathered with Care.\nI am sorry that the Season for Lobsters is past. Permit me, however, the Honor of presenting to Your Excellency a few Pickled and Fried Oysters preserved in Pots\u2014there are Eight of the former and Four of the latter packed in two Boxes, for which, and the five Barrels of Apples, I also do myself the Honor to enclose the Captains Receipt. They are done by a very decent Woman and one who is accustomed to preserve them for the West Indies. I shall be happy if, on their Arrival, they should prove acceptable, and hope that the Pleasure and Satisfaction in using them, may be equal to that which I feel in presenting them.\nI shall always esteem myself highly honored in executing any Commands which Your Excellency may be pleased to confide to me.\nPermit me to present my most Respectful Compliments to Mrs Washington & Family. I have the Honor to be with the highest Respect, Your Excellency\u2019s, Most Obedient, And Very humble servant\nGeo. Taylor Junr\n   I shall do myself the Honor to send a Duplicate of this Letter by the Post.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0484", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Cushing, 22 February 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Cushing, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Thomas Cushing, 22 Feb. 1786. GW wrote Cushing on 5 April 1786: \u201cI have now the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your several favors of. . . 22d of Feby.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0485", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Ramsay, 22 February 1786\nFrom: Ramsay, David\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew: York Feby 22d 1786\nI beg that you would do me the honor to accept a copy of a book I have lately published & which is herewith transmitted. I only regret that my remote situation precluded me from comprehending the operations of the middle & eastern States in which you were the principal actor. Should the perusal give you a moments pleasure I shall be happy. At all events I beg you would accept it as a token of my gratitude for the important services you have rendered our common country & as an evidence of the particular esteem in which you are held by your Excellencys most obedient & very humble servt\nDavid Ramsay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0486", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Taylor, 22 February 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Taylor, James\nLetter not found: to James Taylor, 22 Feb. 1786. On 13 Mar. Taylor wrote GW: \u201cI had the Honor of yours of 22d febry.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0487", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Tench Tilghman, 22 February 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Tilghman, Tench\nDear Sir\nMount Vernon 22d Feby 1786\nIf you have reduced the agreement with Mr Rollins to writing, I should be glad to receive it, and the plan by wch the Work is to be executed, as soon as convenient. At any rate the latter, if I am to depend upon Mr Rollins for the execution; because my Joiners assure me, that if any thing is to be done in their way, to the doors or Windows, it must preceed the Stuccoing\u2014& that the plan must be their guide.\nThis induces me once more to call upon Mr Rollins for particular directions for them (if any are necessary) that there may be no delay; nor any thing wanting on my part previous to his arrival\u2014If this cannot be done by writing\u2014nor prepared in proper time after he comes by four or five workmen (which I have) I would, if he does not consider it to fall within the spirit of the agreement, rather bear the expence of his journey hither myself, than error, or delay, should result from a want of proper instruction. With great regard, and sincere attachment I am\u2014Dear Sir Your Affecte & Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington\nP.S. If any body within your circle, hath lately imported a horse from London (I suppose any other part of England will be the same) you would oblige me by enquiring what the freight of him was. This, not comprehending the provision for the voyage, is the freight I am to pay for my Jackass, to Boston.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0489", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Newton, 24 February 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Newton, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Thomas Newton, 24 Feb. 1786. On 9 April GW wrote Newton: \u201cI have been favored with your letters of. . . 24th of Febry.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0491", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Edge Pine, 26 February 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Pine, Robert Edge\nSir,\nMount Vernon 26th Feby 1786.\nYour favor of the 16th of Decemr (tho\u2019 some what delayed) came safely to hand.\nThe pictures arrived shortly after in good order, & meet the approbation of Mrs Washington & myself\u2014the first of whom thanks you for the portrait of Fanny Washington, with which you have been so polite to present her\u2014she with the Major are on a visit to her friends in the lower parts of this State, & have been so since the middle of December.\nIt is some time since I requested a Gentleman of Annapolis (who is owing me money & was to have sent it to me) to pay you Twenty guineas & sixteen Dollars; the first for balance due on the pictures\u2014the latter for their frames; but having heard nothing from him respecting it, I begin to suspect it never has been done, & therefore send these sums by Mr Hunter of Alexandria.\nI have lately received a Letter from our old & worthy acquaintance Colo. Fairfax, who again mentions you in terms of great regard. Mrs Washington unites her best wishes to mine for you\u2014on congratulations on the safe arrival of Mrs Pine &c. With great esteem I am Sir Yr most Obedient humble Servant\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0492", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Josias Hawkins, 27 February 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hawkins, Josias\nSir,\nMount Vernon Feby 27th 1786.\nAt the request of Mr Booth, I give you the trouble of this letter. This request, added to an inclination to do justice, must be my apology, for I have no motive but to rescue his character from the injurious aspersions which he says has been cast it.\nMy acquaintance with Mr Booth is of more than 30 years standing. I have known him in the characters of Batchelor, husband, & widower; in all of which his conduct has been unexceptionable. In that of husband & father, particularly, it was ever esteemed kind, affectionate, & remarkable indulgent. In a word, he has passed through life unimpeached by those who have had the best opportunities of forming a judgment of him; and in every instance, to my best knowledge & belief, has supported the character of a Gentleman. I am Sir Yr Obedt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0493", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Leonard Henley, 27 February 1786\nFrom: Henley, Leonard\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNewkent Feb: 27th 1786.\nAgreeable to your directions I have delivered to Mr John Whitney of the Schoone Betcy & Molly two hundred Barrells of Indian Corn from the lower Plantation in King-william County belonging to the Esta. of the late Mr Custis\u2014The Vessel arrived\non Wednesday evening last, & Your letter Came to hand the day after\u2014The badness of the Weather prevented me from puting any Corn on board (except a few Barrells) before Saturday; in consequence of which the Vesel was detaind until today. I am Sorry it has not been in my power to procure for You any of the large gray Pease You wrote for by Mr Dandridge but have Sent Six bushells of the best I cou\u2019d get & hope this may answer\u2014I got from Colo. Bassett\u2019s your Case of Pictures & put them on board the Vessel & gave particular directions to the Skipper to take proper Care of them\u2014After conversing with the Skipper, & viewing the Vessel, I was of Opinion that the two Calves from Colo. Cary, Could not be Sent with Safety I therefore thought it best to keep them here until You had a more favourable Oppertunity to get them up\u2014Mrs Henley\u2019s love accompany\u2019d with my best wishes are offer\u2019d to your Self Mrs Washington & family. I am with great respect Sir. Your Mo: Obdt humble Sert\nL: Henley", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0494", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Hunter, 27 February 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hunter, William\nSir,\nMount Vernon Feby 27th 1786\nMr Shaw informing me of your intended journey to Philadelphia, I take the freedom of asking you to carry Twenty guineas, and Sixteen Dollars for Mr Pine the Portrait Painter; whom you will find at Baltimore or Philadelphia\u2014at Col. Rogers\u2019s if in the former\u2014and at the Stadt House, if at the latter.\nBe so good as to take his rect for the money\u2014but, previous to paying it, ask if this Sum has not been offered by Mr Jno. F: Mercer. This Gentlemen is owing me money &, out of it, was requested to pay the above sums whilst Mr Pine was at Annapolis; but having no acct of the compliance it is questionable, his having done it.\nThe bearer will delive[r] you the above sums\u2014I wish you a pleasant journey & safe return\u2014and, with esteem & regard\u2014am Sir Yr Most Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0496", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Tench Tilghman, 1 March 1786\nFrom: Tilghman, Tench\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nBaltimore 1st March 1786\nI have recd your favr of the 22d ulto in consequence of which I sent for Rawlins and have prevailed upon him to go down to Mount Vernon, as I found him incapable of giving such directions in writing as would have been intelligible\u2014The Expences of this journey are certainly provided for in the Agreement, which you have inclosed. I did not hint at a doubt of this, as I knew if I gave Rawlins the least opening to make it an extra matter, he would take advantage of you.\nNo Horse has been imported here lately from England. The last that I remember belonged to a Mr Hall of Prince Georges County\u2014what Freight he paid I cannot learn.\nI must beg the favor of you to make the Compliments of Mrs Tilghman and myself to Mrs Washington\u2014I am with very sincere Regard Dear Sir Yr most obt & most humble Servt\nTench Tilghman", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0497", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Jay, 2 March 1786\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Washington, George\nDr Sir\nN[ew] York 2 March 1786\nat & for some time after the arrival of your kind and friendly Letter by mr Taylor, official Business obliged me to postpone writing the Letters due to my private Correspondents. In Decr a young Man under the Influence of more important advisors, made an attack in the Papers, which rendered the Publication of my Correspondence with him expedient. The first Edition being replete with Errors of the Press, a second became indispensable; and from the moment of the attack I concluded to delay answering your Letter until I could transmit with it a proper State of Facts. a new Edition has just been compleated, and I have the Honor of enclosing a copy of it with this.\nnow my dear Sir let me tell you, and very sincerely, that no Letter, since my Return, has given me more pleasure than yours. as civilities like true and counterfiet Coins, are sometimes difficult to distinguish, and as Commendation, having no intrinsic Value, borrows the Chief of its worth from the merit of those who bestow it, I feel on this occasion all the Satisfaction which can result from approbation under the most advantageous Circumstances.\nan apprehension that this Letter may not reach the post office\nin Time, presses me not to enlarge at present. Mrs Jay whose best wishes you enjoy, disires me to tell you so, and with me requests the favor of you to present the like to mrs Washington\u2014with perfect Esteem & attachmt I am Dear Sir your most obt & very hble Servt\nJohn Jay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0498", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Lee, Jr., 2 March 1786\nFrom: Lee, Henry Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear Genl\nMarch 2d n[ew] york. 1786\nI did myself the honor to write to you some days past: since which an Arabian stud horse has arrived in this City & has been announced in the gazettes a present to you, from his Catholic Majesty.\nI consider it not improper to inform you that the printers have mistaken the matter, the horse being sent to Mr Jay.\nOur f\u0153deral distresses gather fast to a point. New Jersey has refused the requisition, and will grant not a shilling, till New york accedes to the impost.\nPe[r]haps this intemperance in Jersey may bring this state to acquiesce in a system of finance long ago approved by ten states & whose operation might have saved the difficultys which impend over the Union.\nI intended to have sent you Mr Ramsays late publication, entitled the \u201crevolution of So. Carolina\u201d but am anticipated by the Author who forwarded you a sett by a vessel from this port to Alexandria.\nGordons history has not yet made its appearance & Many hope never may; as the character & genius of the writer illy correspondents with the subject.\nI hope your lady enjoys her health & beg to be presented to her. I have the honor to be dear sir your most aff. h. sert\nHenry Lee Junr\nMr Jays narrative of his late altercation with Mr Littlepage accompanys this.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0499", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, 2 March 1786\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\nDear sir\nRichmond March 2. 1786.\nThe delay, which has hitherto occurred in transmitting to you the inclosed proceedings, will be ascribed, I hope, to its true causes; one of which will be found in my last letter, and the other in the daily expectation of Mr Ross\u2019s visit to Mount-Vernon, in pursuance of our resolution of the 8th of december 1785.\nYou may possibly be surprized, that a work, which has already expended a considerable sum of money, should be delineated in so few words, as the copies now sent contain, But I beg leave to inform you, that We have detailed in the execution almost the whole of the resolutions.\nFor example: We have procured the ascertainment of a precise point, to which the navigation is to be extended; Crow\u2019s ferry being now established, as such.\nWe are authorized to borrow money at six per cent, and to extend the number of shares.\nUnexperienced as we were, we yet conceived that our duty called for an examination of the ground between Richmond and Westham. The difficulties seemed greater than we at first apprehended. As soon as the report is prepared by a more skilful hand, than we affect to be, it shall be forwarded to you.\nThe old books of subscriptions are not compleat, as I supposed, when I wrote to you last. Seven shares are still unoccupied; of which we shall reserve the five, which you wished for yourself.\nIt was impossible to engage any other labour, than that of blacks: and this necessity has obliged us to bring the labourers into actual service, earlier perhaps than we should have done, in the present state of our imperfect knowledge of canals. But the subscribers would have been dissatisfied, had we not begun\nin the course of this Year, and negroes, you know, sir, must be hired in January at farthest.\nConcerning our progress in this great business, our plans, and future expectations, we beg you to enquire of James Harris, our manager, who will deliver this letter. He is a quaker, of good character, as a man, and a mechanic, formed by nature for the management of water, when applied to mills. He has added nothing to his natural turn, by the view of any very great works. We therefore request, if you see no impropriety, that you would give him such a passport to the Potowmack works, as will enable him to get a thorough insight, into what is there projected. You perceive that Mr Ross was originally intended to be sent to Mount Vernon for this purpose; but he has been for a length of time under a severe disease, and is not yet restored. The office of subordinate manager, mentioned in one of the resolutions, does not exist; it being swallowed up in that of Mr Harris.\nIt is not improbable, that Mr Harris may continue his journey to the Susquehanna canal. If so, we shall thank you, to furnish him with a certificate of being employed by the James River company in any manner, which may appear most likely to introduce him into an acquaintance with those of that scheme, who may be most intelligent.\nThus, my dear sir, I have written to you at the desire of my brethren in office a tedious account of our operations. Permit me therefore to return to the contemplation of private friendship, and to assure you, that I am always with the greatest respect and esteem your mo. affte and obliged humble serv.\nEdm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0500", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Smith & Douglass, 4 March 1786\nFrom: Smith & Douglass\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nAlexandria March 4th 1786\nWe acknowledge your Excelencys goodness in the Indulgence we have had in makeing our remittencess for the last year and also Return you thanks for your kind offer on tuesday Last but have Since thought proper to decline for this year.\nWe have in your fish house A number of Hhds we wish to dispose of they possibly may answer your purpose if So we wait your Answer to detirmine us concerning them. With every Sentiment of respect we are your Excelencys Most Obt & Humble Servts\nSmith & Douglass", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0502", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Hartshorne, 6 March 1786\nFrom: Hartshorne, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nAlexandria March 6. 1786\nYour favor of this day I recd and shall forward your Letter to Mr Mercer tomorrow & if he will pay the money my assistant will bring it, or should Mr Mercer be returned to Virginia, bring back the Letter.\nI have a Letter from Capt. Pearce of the 26th Janry wherein he says he has wrote you respecting his acct for Freight of the Jack Ass and that you might Settle with me as you pleased and that he should be Perfectly pleased with what Suited you\u2014I observe the uncertainty you are in about this accot being paid as mentioned in your Letter of the 20th Ulto\u2014Mr Pearce writes me he had sent you a Letter on the Subject\u2014if the matter has not been cleared up to your Satisfaction Please to informe me as I owe you money for Flour which should have been paid before, but I was in hopes this accot would have been deducted, but I\nwill now pay as soon as I can get the money which expect will be in a few days\u2014I am very Respectfully Yours\nWm Hartshorne", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0503", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Francis Mercer, 6 March 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Mercer, John Francis\nDr Sir,\nMount Vernon 6th March 1786.\nThe Treasurer of the Potomack Company being desired by the Directors of it to send a careful hand to Annapolis for the advance due on the State subscription; I pray you to pay the Bearer (who will be that person) the \u00a3200\u2014for which you requested me to draw on you at that place. I am Dr Sir &c.\nG: Washington\nP.S. Since writing to you the 30th of Jany on this subject\u2014I have myself sent the 20 guineas &c. to Mr Pine.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0504", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Murray & Co., 6 March 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: John Murray & Company\nLetter not found: to John Murray & Co., 6 Mar. 1786. John Murray & Co. wrote GW on 6 Mar. \u201cin reply to your favor of this date.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0505", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Murray & Company, 6 March 1786\nFrom: John Murray & Company\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nAlexandria March 6th 1786\nIn reply to your favr of this date we have to say that we have already contracted for a quantity of herring at Eighteen Shillings pr bbl & give salt in excha. at three Shillings pr bus., 2/9 in Coarse & 1/3 in Liverpool Salt, on which terms we are willing to engage for two or three hundred bbls more, the fine Salt to be \u27e8did\u27e9 either here or at Dumfries, the Coarse either at the landing where the fish are caught or in this harbor, as may be most convenient, by this we mean, if a Vessel of our own should bring it, we would deliver it where most convenient to the purchaser,\nif freighted it must be receiv\u2019d at the port of delivery; if those terms which are the only we can offer, suit, you will be kind enough to let us know as soon as convenient.\nI hourly expect a Vessel from New York, which we suppose has been out about ten days, she has on board some freight for Your Excellency & should she come to an anchor near Mount Vernon, the Captn will deliver it if at hand upon shewing him the inclosed order. Very respectfully we are Sr Your most obedt Servants\nJohn Murray & Co.\nP.S. It is most likely we shall want the early fish.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0506", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Purviance, Jr., 6 March 1786\nFrom: Purviance, Samuel Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nBaltimore 6th March 1786\nI took the liberty of troubling you in 1779 with some Queries relative to a parcel of Lands which were offerd to me near the mouth of the Great Kanhaway\u2014My Brother & I became Purchasers thereof, to the Amount of Fourteen thousand Acres, besides some other parcels in which We have become interested, upon Elk River a branch of the Kanhaway\u2014This having interested Me so much in that Quarter, I am anxiously desirous to procure some authentic information whether any Settlements have yet begun, or are like to take place in that part of Virginia: And altho I have been at some pains to inform myself, the only certain Account which I have yet obtained, is, that Colo. Lewis had begun a Settlement at the mouth of the Kanhaway, which if it succeeds, must probably have a considerable effect on the Value of Lands in that Vicinity\u2014Knowing that you had a considerable property near that place, I conceived that you coud probably inform me better than any Person to whom I coud apply, of what is done or doing towards the furtherance of any new Settlements upon the Kanhaway: for without the Execution of some such Measures, it is evident, that Property there can neither have any present nor encreasing Value\u2014If I coud be assured that any effectual Steps were taken to promote or further\nsuch Settlements, I shoud gladly use every endeavour in my power to promote the design\u2014It is with this intention that I now take the liberty of addressing You, and requesting that you will oblige Me with the best information you can give, how Matters are situated in that part of your State, And what probability there is of any effective Settlements being made there.\nPermit Me also to request if it is in your power, to gratify me with any tollerable description of the Great Kanhaway and the principal branches of it, as all my Enquiries hitherto upon that Subject have been very imperfectly answerd\u2014My Son who returned from Kentucky in August, informs Me that the Kanhaway where he crossed it, which I suppose to be the branch called New River, is a very large navigable Stream, And that James River where he crossed it, is also a fine navigable Stream of Two to three hundred Yards across\u2014This with every other Account I have had of those Rivers, excite my Wishes to know whether the State of Navigation in the former, is such as can Establish a Communication between James River & the Western Waters, and whether such design is comprised in the Scheme now carrying on to improve the Navigation of James River. So various & contradictory have been all the Informations I coud ever collect, about either the quality or quantity of Lands on the Kanhaway, as well as of the different Falls in that River, that I coud form no certain Judgement on those Subjects\u2014The Accounts which I have had of Elk River, are, that it is the lowest principal branch on the Northside, emptying into the Kanhaway about 40 Miles above its mouth, and considerably below the lowest Falls on that River, that it extends across towards the Little Kanhaway, And the Lands on it are said to be very rich, but Not very level.\nThe noble design which you have taken such pains to promote, of establishing a Communication between the Eastern & Western Waters thro\u2019 Potomack I heartily wish to see atempted thro every other Channel that promises Success to such Undertakings: And it appears to Me that if the Navigation of the Kanhaway is practicable, a Communication between it & James River is more likely to be of extensive utility to your State, than that thro Potomack. I flatter myself that if the Susquehanna Canal is once compleated, it will unite the Views of Pensylvania & Maryland in opening a Communication between the Waters of Susq[uehann]a & the Allegeney, which is generally thought very\npracticable\u2014The Secretary of our Corporation of the Susqa Canal is now here, and informs Me that Mr Brindley our Engineer has now compleated about two Miles of the upper End of the Canal, in which distance were included all the principal difficulties of that Undertaking, and of which three Quarters of a Mile were One continued & solid body of Rock, thro part of which they had to cut about Sixteen feet deep\u2014This being got over, there seems not a remaining doubt of our being able to effect the residue of that Undertaking, most of which is supposed to be not more difficult than an ordinary Mill Race\u2014I shall be glad to learn that you find equal hopes of Success in the Potomack Scheme.\nMr Neilson the Bearer of this, my Nephew, having Occasion to go to Dumfries, I have directed him to forward my letter to you as he goes down, & to return by your House, in hopes you may find time for a Reply when he comes up\u2014And as he is to proceed to Louisville immediately after his return here, and to go to Pitsburg or Wheelan, he will readily take charge of your Commands shoud you have any in his route\u2014As he will have Occasion to call at Col. Pentecosts in Washington County, he can carry any Letters which you want to convey to that Quarter. I will also direct him to stop at Colo. Lewis\u2019s Place at the Kanhaway in order to procure information how affairs go on there, as One tract of the Lands which We purchasd, is adjoining to Colo. Lewis\u2019s.\nPresuming on your Goodness to excuse this trouble, I remain with every possible Sentiment of Gratitude & Respect, and with the most Affectionate Wishes for you & Mrs Washingtons\u2019 Wellfare Sir Your most Obededient And Very hble Servant\nSaml Purviance", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0507", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Warner Washington, 7 March 1786\nFrom: Washington, Warner\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nMarch 7th 1786\nIn the Month of March, I do not recollect the Year, one William Bartlett took a Lease of 125 acres of your Land in the Barrens of Bullskin, Bartlett has been dead some few Years & the Widow continued on the Lease till last Summer or Fall was twelve Month. Mr John Bryan who has the management of my Business took possession of the above Lease by your permission. I will be his Security for the punctual payment of the Rent & that every Article of the Lease shall be complyd with\u2014A Dwelling house according to the dimentions has been built, also a Well of good Water, some Peach trees have been planted and about four Acres laid down in English Clover but it is now over run wuh blue Grass which will be broke up in the Fall & laid down with Clover\u2014I am Dear Sir Your most Obedt Servt\nWarner Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0508", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Murray & Company, 8 March 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: John Murray & Company\nGentn\nMount Vernon 8th March 1786.\nYour letter of the 6th in answer to mine of the same date, is before me; but from the present view I have of the subject, I do not conceive that my entering into a Contract for Herrings on the terms offered by you, would be eligible; 1st because in my judgment, you estimate them too low\u2014lower than they usually sell for at the landings\u20142dly because your Salt is rated higher than, I believe it is to be bought for\u2014more than I have lately given. 3dly because Liverpool Salt is inadequate to the saving of Fish, & therefore useless in this business\u20144thly because I would not, on any terms, go to Dumfries for this article; and fifthly, because it does not suit me to receive Salt alone in paymt.\nMoreover, if your coarse salt is allum or lump Salt, I conceive it must be reduced by pounding, before it can be applied\u2014which would add to the expence of curing. Lisbon is the proper kind of Salt for Fish.\nFrom these considerations I must decline contracting to furnish Herring unless you are disposed to offer more favourable terms. I am &c. &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0509", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Battaile Muse, 8 March 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Muse, Battaile\nSir,\nMt Vernon 8th March 1786\nI have Just received your letter of the 20th of last Month, & only request that you will proceed as you have begun; that is, to do equal & impartial Justice to the Tennants, & myself, I want no improper advantage of them on the one hand\u2014On the other, where leases are clearly forfeited by a manifest intention on the part of the Tennant to neglect all the Covenants in them, that were inserted for my Benefit; & their Sole aim has been to make Traffick of the land, I shall have no Scruple in Setting them aside, & Beginning a fresh, upon the best Rents I can get, for 10 years. At any rate it is my wish that you would be as attentive\nto the other Covenants of the leases as to that which exacts the Rent. Particularly to those which require a Certain Proportion of Woodland to be left Standing in One Place\u2014to Orchards, to Meadows, & to Buildings. These were as much objects with me as the Rent\u2014Nay more, because to these I looked to have the Value of my lands enhanced, whilst I was, in the first instance, Contenting myself with low rents. If therefore these have Passed off unnoticed by the Tennants, it Should be Punished equally with the nonpayment of Rents. I mention these things because it is my wish, they Should be strictly complied with. There is another matter or Two, which in Renting my lands I am desirous you Should always keep in View. 1st To lease to no Person who has lands of his own adjoining them; & 2d to no One who does not Propose to live on the Premises. My reasons are these; in the first case, my land will be cut down, worked, & Destroyed to Save his own; whilst the latter will receive all the Improvements. In the Second case, If the Tennant does not live thereon, it will not meet a much better fate, & Negroe Quarters, & Tobacco Pens, will Probably be the best edifices on the Tenement. One Grigg (I think his name is) an Overseer to Colo. John Washington, must be an exception, because at the instance of my Brother, I consented to the Purchase he has made.\nInclosed you have a letter for Mr Robt Rutherford, of whome you will endeavour to receive the Amount of the Within. If you Should Succeed in this, you may carry it to my Credit, & draw a Commission thereon, as If Collected for Rent. I also Send you an Accot against a Capt. David Kennedy (I believe of Winchester,[)] to receive if you can on the Same terms, I put this Accot about 18 Mos. ago into the hands of Genl Morgan, to whome Kennedy had, I believe, made Sale of a Lott, in Winchester, but know not to what effect. It may be well to enquire of Morgan concerning it, previous to an application to the former. I am Sir Yr Very Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0510", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Rutherford, 8 March 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Rutherford, Robert\nLetter not found: to Robert Rutherford, 8 Mar. 1786. On 28 Mar. Rutherford wrote: \u201cI am hond by your excellency\u2019s letter of the 8th instant.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0512", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Gilpin, 10 March 1786\nFrom: Gilpin, George\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nMarch 10th 1786\nSmith and Duglass inform\u2019d me that they declined fishing this season which made me take my people from gitting Staves to other business, but it will be in my power to deliver Seventy five fish barrels on or before the fifteenth and seventy five more by the last day of April next in Alexandria, the barrels Shall be good my price is 4/6 \u214c barrel, it will be convenient for me to wait Untill the fishing Season is ended, a line from you within\none week will fix this matter as you may choose. I am Dr sir with the greatest regard your most obedient Servt\nGeorge Gilpin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0513", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Murray & Co., 10 March 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: John Murray & Company\nLetter not found: to John Murray & Co., 10 Mar. 1786. On 10 Mar. a letter from John Murray refers to \u201cyours of this date.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0514", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Murray & Company, 10 March 1786\nFrom: John Murray & Company\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nAlexandria Mar. 10, 1786\nBy yours of this date we find you conclude to take the two hundred fish barrels at five Shillings each. Should we want fish in payment we shall apply for them as you wish, otherwise we are content to wait for the Amot untill the end of the fishing season\u2014Very respectfully we remain Sir Your most obedt Servants\nJohn Murray & Co.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0515", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Samuel Purviance, Jr., 10 March 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Purviance, Samuel Jr.\nSir,\nMount Vernon March 10th 1786\nYour letter of the 6th instt is this moment put into my hands. was it in my power, I would, chearfully, answer your qu\u00e6ries respecting the Settlements on the Kanhawa\u2014the nature of the water\u2014and quality of the Soil. But of the first, I only know from information, that Colonl Lewis is settled there\u2014from his own mouth I learnt that it was his intention to do so; and to establish a town in the Fork of the two Rivers where he proposed to fix families in the vicinity on his own Lands\u2014Of the 2d I never could obtain any distinct acct of the Navigation. It has been variously represented; favourably by some; extremely difficult by others in its passage through the Gauley Mountain (which I presume is the Laurel hill), but the uncertainty of this matter will\nnow soon be at an end, as there are Commissioners appointed by this State to explore the navigation of that river, & the communication between it and James River with a view to a Passage\u2014This, equally with the extention of the Potomack navigation, was part of my original plan; and equally urged, by me, to our Assembly. for my object was to communicate the Western and Eastern (or Atlantic States) together by strong commercial ties. I am a friend therefore on this principle to every channel that can be opened and wish the people to have a choice of them\u2014The Kanhawa and James river, if the obstacles in the former are not great, are certainly the shortest and best for the Settlers thereon\u2014for those on the Ohio below\u2014above, perhaps as high as the little Kanhawa, and for the Country immediately West of it. The Monongalia & Yohiogania with the Potomack, are most convenient for all the Settlers from the little Kanhawa inclusively, to Fort Pitt, and upwards; & West as far as the Lakes. Susquehanna, and the Aligany above Fort Pitt some distance, will accomodate a third district of Country; & may, for ought I know, be equally convenient to the trade of the Lakes. all of them therefore have my best wishes; for as I have observed already my object, and my great aim are political. If we cannot bind those people to us by interest and it is no otherwise to be effected but by a commercial knot, we shall be no more to them, after a while than G. Britain or Spain are; and thus may be as closely linked with one or other of those powers as we wish them to be with us; and in that event they may be a severe thorn in our sides. With respect to the nature of the Soil on the Kanhawa\u2014the bottoms are fine, but the lands adjoining are broken. in some places the hills are very rich, in others piney, & extremely poor\u2014but the principal reason, as I conceive, why the settlement has not progressed more, is, that the greater part, if not all the good land on the main rivers is in hands who do not incline to reside there themselves and possibly hold them too high for others; as there is a surrounding Country open to them\u2014this I take to be my own case. and might be an inducement to concur in any well concerted measures to further a settlement that might, ultimately (not at too remote a distance) subserve my interest in that quarter. The Great Kanhawa is a long river, with very little interruption for a considerable distance. No very large Waters empty into it, I believe; Elk River,\nCoal river, & a Creek called Pokitellico, below the Falls\u2014and Green Brier above them are the most considerable\u2014I am glad to hear that the Susquehanna Canal is so well advanced. I thank you for the offer of Mr Neilsons Services in the Western Country. and am with very great esteem and regard Dr Sir Yr Most Obedt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0518", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Bancroft Woodcock, 11 March 1786\nFrom: Woodcock, Bancroft\nTo: Washington, George\nRespected FriendGeorge Washington\nWilmington Delaware State11\u20143 Mo. 1786\nAs I understand thou art a Lover of Regularity & Order, I take the Freedom to sugjest to thee, (hopeing it will not offend) that from what a person from Allexandra told me, (on seeing his & another Street-Commissioner, laying out the Fronts of Lots, to prevent the Masons from Incroaching on the Streets or on their neighbours) I understand that they are not Building that Town with that Accuracy that we are, & which we have found by Experience to be Absolutely Necessary to prevent Contention & even Lawsuits.\nOur Mode is approved & admited by Rittenhous & Lukins, in Preferrence to theirs of Philadelphia. In the year 84 we were Appointed to Run our Streets over again, which with an Instrument I Constructed & an Accromattic glass, we adjusted & Corrected the Irregularities into which the former Commissioners had Inevitablity run, for want of such Machine, we have now placed Stones from one to Four Hundred weight with a Hole in them in the Center of the Intersections of the Streets, from which all Frunts of Houses, Party Walls & Partition Fences within the Corporation are to be Adjusted & Govern\u2019d according to an Act of Assembly. This Mode I would have Allexandra Addopt, & the sooner the better to prevent Irregularities & Disputes.\nIf my Assistance will be acceptable, I will bring my Instrument & assist the Street Commissioners of Allexandra, for Tenn Shillings pr Day & my Accomodations.\nAnd my Esteem\u2019d Friend, suffer me to Request of thee, What I have often Pourd out my Tears & put up my Supplycations to the God of my Life for thee as for my self, when I have had to Remember thee, that as the curtain of our Evening Closes, & (metaphorically) our shadows Lengthens, thou & I may Dayly Experience more or less \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 a Well grounded Hope, that when the auful Period arrives, wh\u27e8en\u27e9 we must forever be Seperated from all Mundine enjoyments, we may be Admited to Join the Heavenly Hoste, in the full Fruition of that Joy, the foretaste of which was so Delightful to the Soul, whilst in these Houses of Clay. That this may be Favourably received is the Desire of thy Friend\nBancroft Woodcock", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0519", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Hoar, 12 March 1786\nFrom: Hoar, David\nTo: Washington, George\nMay it Please your Excellency,\n[Concord, Mass., 12 March 1786]State of Massachusetts. March 12, Independence ten.\nYour established character as a warrior, entitles you to all the respect that can be due to the occupation relative to material defence and resistance. This exercise was a very necessary and agreeable Study in ancient times; but mankind has nearly outgrown these childish plays. We are now come to years of discretion, and may quarrel in a manner much more entertaining and less toilsome.\nThe Gospel acquaints us with a method of overcoming our fellow-creatures, by the Subtilty of mental operations, without exposing ourselves to fatigue or the conquered to injury. We have only to reverse the mistaken ideas of personal right and the medium of Social concord; our Subjects are then forever happy, and their Governors counted honourable So far as we extend our dominion.\nWe are contemplating in profound Solemnity, these simple questions. What is it in the human constitution, that gives the unmolested possession of property? And what that insures Social unity of Sentiment? We consult nature, reason and revelation, which all agree in one: they plainly discover, that men have not been learned enough in any former aera or dispensation, to answer the important enquiry. The present Situation of our understanding, and the peculiar condition of America, ordain this to be the time, and place, wherein So divine a Science must be opened.\nWe ought not to be So impolite, as to declare our result in too blunt a tone, but are ready to communicate this inestimable Secret, to any person, State or Kingdom, who can wisely concede to the annexed preliminaries. The proposed primary immunities, must be exhibited in an incontestible theory, clearly intelligible, conclusive and practicable; that no member of the respective community, may ever be exposed to loss, trouble or danger.\npreliminary first. Human being is Sufficient to solve these momentous concerns.\npreliminary Second. The person and society in whom the solution originates, owe no allegiance to any inferior jurisdiction.\nSir, With unfeigned respect I am yours,\nDavid Hoar\npresident of the Independent Society in Concord for the culture, and propagation of learning and good manners.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0520", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Newton, 13 March 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Newton, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Thomas Newton, 13 Mar. 1786. On 9 April GW wrote Newton: \u201cI have been favored with your letters of. . . 13th of March\u2014the last of which speaks of a letter written by you to me of the same date\u2014this letter has never got to hand.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0522", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Wakelin Welch, 13 March 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Welch, Wakelin\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Wakelin Welch, 13 Mar. 1786. GW wrote Welch, July 1786, about receiving his letter of \u201c13th of March.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0523", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Lincoln, 15 March 1786\nFrom: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear General\nBoston March 15h 1786\nImmediately on the receipt of your Excellencys favor of the 6th Ulto I wrote to Mr Lear, who lives at Portsmouth New Hampshire, on the subject of joyning your family and requested to know the terms, \u214c Year, he would perform the several duties pointed out The following is an extract from his letter in answer to mine \u201cTwo hundred dollars \u214c annum will be satisfactory on my [part] for the services which I shall render his Excellency in the capacity of a preceptor to the Children and private secretary to him. The advantages which I think must accrue to me from a connexion with that exalted Character and the company which resorts to the House will have a greater weight than any pecuniary considerations. My leisure hours I shall devote to the study of the law: And one or more I think, by method, I can call my own every day without neglecting the duties I am to perform, unless, when some pressing circumstances require particular dispatch\u201d Mr Lear writes a good hand & has obtained a pretty good knowledge of the most exact method of book-keeping\u2014It is now said little may be expected from, the supposed invention,\nof extracting fresh from salt water. With sentiments of the highest esteem I have the honor of being your Excellency\u2019s most Obedient servt\nB. Lincoln", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0524", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Clement Biddle, 16 March 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Biddle, Clement\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Clement Biddle, 16 Mar. 1786. On 18 May GW wrote Biddle: \u201cYour favors of. . . 16th & 19th March, are before me.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0526", "content": "Title: From George Washington to George Savage, 17 March 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Savage, George\nSir\nMount Vernon March 17th 1786\nI have received your letter of the 18th ulto, & one thousand bushels of Indian corn, and six bushels of peas, which your Schooner Molly and Betsey took in, on my acct at a Plantn of the deceased Mr Custis on Pamunky.\nI have paid Mr Whitney, the skipper, twenty five pounds three shillings for freight of the same and taken his receipt therefor. I am Sir \u27e8Your\u27e9 Most Obed. Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0527", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Cheiza D\u2019Artaignan, 18 March 1786\nFrom: Cheiza d\u2019Artaignan, comte de\nTo: Washington, George\nMy General\nAlexa[ndria] 18 March 86\nThe Count De Cheiza D\u2019artaignan, has the Honour to Inform you of his being arriv\u2019d at Alexa. for these Four Days; having Come from Cape Fran\u00e7ois St Dominicque, He Proposes to Pay his very Humble Rispects & duty which he Owes to your Rank & Illustrious merite, He hopes that His General will Grant him the Permission to Pay his Court (or to Pay his Respects) & the Honour of his Protection (or Patronage[)]. He has the Honour to be with very High respect My Genl Yours &c.\nCheiza Darteignan\nOfficer of the French Guards", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0528", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Clement Biddle, 19 March 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Biddle, Clement\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Clement Biddle, 19 Mar. 1786. GW wrote Biddle on 18 May: \u201cYour favors of. . . 16th & 19th March, are before me.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0529", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Tench Tilghman, 19 March 1786\nFrom: Tilghman, Tench\nTo: Washington, George\nDear sir\nBalt[imore], 19th March 1786\nInclosed is an account of the seeds which I have procured for you & which shall be forwarded by next Wednesdays Stage to Alexanda to the Care of Colo. Fitzgerald. They should have been sent to morrow, had there been Time sufficient to get them ready before the setting out of the Stage\u2014There was no turnip Cabbage, nor Carrot seed. All the Clover, except a little of the White, which is 2/6 \u214c lb., had been disposed of, as also were the Peas Beans & Vetches. There is every reason to believe that these Seeds are fresh & good, as they were brought from England by a Gentleman for his own use, & were parted, with by him, because it would not have been in his Power to have sown them at a proper season.\nI have been confined upwards of a Fortnight in great measure, to my bed, by the return of a Complaint in my side with\nwhich I was troubled some time ago. I recover but very slowly, but I hope that as soon as I am able to enjoy the favorable Season which is approaching I shall soon get recruited. I remain Dear Sir Yr affe hble Servt\nTench Tilghman", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0533", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Battaile Muse, 24 March 1786\nFrom: Muse, Battaile\nTo: Washington, George\nHonourable Sir,\nMarch 24th 1786\nYour Favour date the 8th of this Month I have received I shall attend Perticularly To your Instructions with the Tenants and the renting of your Lands, and it gives me Pleasure To Find their is one Man in this Country that will have Obligations Complied\nwith and attended To; their is but Very Few that has Complyed with their Leases but the Greater part Seem To be much allarmed at my Stricktness and Promises To do Every thing as Quick as Possable to Fullfill their Lease.\nI have not rerented the Vacant Lots in Fauquier I was on the Lands the first of this month Two days but Could not Procure Such Tenants as I wished for I go down again Next week To See what Can \u27e8be\u27e9 done. I have seen Mr R. Rutherford He sayes He Cannot Pay untill next Fall\u2014I Shall Call on Genl Morgan on my way To Fauquier To Enquire Inconsequence of Cap. Kennadyes Debt\u2014the badness of the roads has prevented the Tenants From raiseing Money To Pay up So Fully as was Expected\u2014I have Pushed the whole of them, and have reasoned the necessity of their Paying as well for their benifitt as yours.\nI expect the roads wil soon Get better and that they will Pay up as Far as Possable the Fauquier Tenants are Too Poore To Pay up Fully this year. My wheat shall be sent down as Fast as the weather & roads will permitt & I expect To Collect as much money as will Pay for it. I am with every Sentiment of Obedience you Very Humble Servant\nBattaile Muse\nP.S. I do not Expect you will hear from me untill I appear at Mountvernon the Last of april.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0534", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Drayton, 25 March 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Drayton, William\nSir,\nMt Vernon 25th Mar: 1786.\nThe Letter which you did me the honor to write to me on the 23d of November last, came safely; tho\u2019 not at so early a period as might have been expected from the date of it\u2014I remark this by way of apology for my silence \u2019till now.\nI feel very sensibly, the honor conferred on me by the South Carolina Society for promoting & improving agriculture & other rural concerns, by unanimously electing me the first honorary member of that Body; & I pray you Sir, as Chairman, to offer my best acknowledgements & thanks for this mark of its\nattention. To you, for the flattering terms in which the desires of the Society have been communicated, my thanks are particularly due.\nIt is much to be wished that every State in the Union would establish a Society similar to this; & that these Societies would correspond with, & fully & regularly impart to each other, the result of the experiments actually made in husbandry, together with such other useful discoveries as have stood, or are likely to stand the test of investigation. Nothing in my opinion would contribute more to the welfare of these States, than the proper management of our Lands; and nothing, in this State particularly, seems to be less understood. The present mode of cropping practised among us, is destructive to landed property; & must, if persisted in much longer, ultimately ruin the holders of it. I have the honor to be &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0535", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Hartshorne, 25 March 1786\nFrom: Hartshorne, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nAlexandria March 25. 1786\nYour favor of the 21st inst. came while I was from home\u2014having no other information respecting Capt. Pearce\u2019s account than what I before mentioned to you, I have only to say, that I am willing to recive the Same Sum from you for the Freight of the Jack & his Keeper from Spain that Mr Cushing paid for the other, as I see no reason why they should not be both at the same Freight, but for my justification I must request you will please send me a Copy of the account sent you by Mr Cushing\u2014this I wish to come soon, that I may Credit Capt. Pearce for the Amot as I intend to draw on him for the Ballance of his accot\u2014as to the Cash it may be sent at your Convenience.\nI have again enquired of Mr Thompson about the Seed who informs me, that no Waggons have come yet from his Fathers, since he wrote about it at my request, but as the roads are getting better I expect it will come next week\u2014when it arrives, I will inform you as soon as possible. I am very Respectfully Yours\nWm Hartshorne", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0536", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Nicolas Pike, 25 March 1786\nFrom: Pike, Nicolas\nTo: Washington, George\nHighly respected Sir.\nNewbury Port. State of Massachusetts.March 25. 1786\nTo address a Person of your exalted Rank upon a Subject for my own emolument, only, wou\u2019d require something more than an Apology; but, when your Excellency is informed that the interests of the Public are jointly connected with the Request I have to make, my knowledge of the readiness you have ever exhibited to cherish even the smallest Effort towards the Prosperity of these Infant-States, emboldens me to expect a Pardon.\nWith much Labor, I have, at the request of my Friends, composed what I conceive to be a complete System of Arithmetic. The frequent complaints of the insufficiency of those now in use, joined to the sollicitations of my friends, induced me, tho\u2019 with diffidence, to undertake what I have found to be an arduous Task, and which cannot be brought forth to View, the work being so large, & costing me double to common printing, unless Subscribers, to the number of twenty three or twenty four hundred can be obtained.\nThe Approbation of the Gentlemen to whom my Performance has been submitted, which I enclose, cannot but be pleasing to me, more especially as they rank among the first in the New England States for Mathematical Learning, and I think will induce your Excellency to grant me the honor I wish.\nMy Request to your Excellency is, that I may be permitted to dedicate my first Performance to the Gentleman, who, under Providence, has been the Saviour of his Country and so great & liberal an Encourager & Promoter of the Arts & Sciences in general & to hope every Attempt to promote and diffuse knowledge under your Patronage may be as successful as your Exertions in the late Contest have been glorious. Shou\u2019d the proposal I have suggested to your Excellency fall in with your Idea of propriety,\nI will thank you to forward a Line to Mr Samuel Purvyance at Baltimore, which will be received by Mr Mccall, who, if any one, will print my Book & whom I send to the Southward for the express purpose of obtaining Subscriptions, & who will probably be there in the latter part of May.\nI have only to add my Wishes that the Evening of your Days may receive every Pleasure which can flow from the Reflexion of a Life spent in such laudable persuits, which have so honorably terminated, and that the Infant, yet unborn, may lisp your Name, not only as po\u27e8mutilated\u27e9 and victorious in War; but; as the \u27e8prot\u27e9ector, & cherisher of all useful Arts & Sciences in Peace. With Sentiments of the highest Esteem & Respect, I beg Leave to subscribe myself, your Excellency\u2019s most obliged, affectionate & grateful hble Servt\nNicolas Pike\nP.S. Shou\u2019d Gentlemen in Virginia be disposed to encourage this Work, the Book shall be sent (if published) to any Gentleman in Baltimore, whom they will point out to me.\nShou\u2019d the Publication succeed & be approved of, I will, at any time, after the Books are out, supply the Virginia Booksellers, to be left with whom they shall direct in Baltimore at one dollar \u214c Book in sheets by the quantity, or one dollar & a third by the quantity neatly bound & lettered, so that they may have a handsome Profit. Three Bookbinders in Boston have taken 600 in Sheets at one Dollar. I am your Excellency\u2019s hble Servt ut supra.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0538", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Augustine Washington, 27 March 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Washington, John Augustine\nDear Brother:\nMount Vernon, March 27, 1786\nYour letter of the 17th did not reach me till yesterday afternoon. Whence your overseers apprehensions proceed, I know not; for if I recollect right, I gave him, myself, assurances of the plan when I was in Berkeley in the fall of 1784; and since, have informed Mr. Muse that he was to receive a confirmation of the lease. It is true that, being a nonresident on the Lott he would have been excluded, had it not been for the communication of your wishes, that he might have it, antecedant to the above period; because, for reasons which will readily occur to you, I had established it as a maxim to accept no Tenants that did not mean to reside on the Land; or who had land of their own adjoining to it, not expecting, in either case, much improvement on, or much justice to mine under these circumstances.\nAt the time I sent you the flour that was manufactured at my Mill, I requested to be informed if you could tell me where corn was to be had in your parts, or within your knowledge; but having received no answer to that letter, nor any one from you since, till the one above acknowledged; I sent to York River for 200 Barr., which I have just landed. I do not therefore stand in need of that at the little Falls Quarter.\nHerewith you will receive an Alexandria Gazette containing a demd. upon the subscribers to the Potomack Navigation for two other dividends for carrying on the work, which the directors mean to do with spirit; and they hope to good effect this summer. It also contains an address from Mr. Stoddart to Messrs. Washington & Co. the first of whom I hope has, \u2019ere this, seen the impropriety of hazarding a valuable estate upon so precarious a tenure as trade and either has, already, or soon will withdraw himself from it. I beg when you see him, that you will give my love and thanks to him, for the fruit trees he sent me, which came safe, and were a very valuable present.\nAll here join most cordially, in every good wish for you, my sister and family, and with every sentiment of regard and affection I am ever yrs.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0539", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Jean Le Mayeur, 28 March 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Le Mayeur, Jean-Pierre\nLetter not found: to Jean Le Mayeur, 28 Mar. 1786. On 10 April Le Mayeur wrote GW of having \u201cthe honour of your Excellency\u2019s favour of the 28th march.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0540", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Rutherford, 28 March 1786\nFrom: Rutherford, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nBerkeley County March 28th 1786\nI am hond by your excellency\u2019s letter of the 8th instant, and am very unhappy in not Complying with your utmost wish, & at the Same time to have acted up to the warm & grateful dictates of my own heart on the occasion. The very great & unequal loss of at least \u00a310,000 Specie Value Sustained by the Continental money not to mention the entire neglect of every domestic Concern, the whole time of the late important Contest, by which the remnant of my fortune (to use a forced term) became a perfect wreck at the Close of the war has embarrassed me much, but as I am determined (however painful the Idea) to Sell 1000 Acres of my paternal Estate, I hope to pay off each Pressing demand in the Course of the year. Please to be assured that I Consider it as a very pleasing Circumstance in my life to have had your patronage, and must Still put myself upon that Condescension & goodness of heart often evinced in my favour, and intreat a recall of the note into the hand which obliged me, and into which I am anxious to return it. indeed it would distress me beyond expression to be hardly pressed for what I Consider myself bound by every tie of honor & gratitude. Most Sincerely do I wish that it may ever be in my power to render any return of good offices, and I pray you Command me freely, if Such occasion require. May you with amiable Lady, long injoy every ternporal\nblessing. I beg pardon for being thus prolix, and have the honour to be, with every sentiment of grateful affection My Dear Genl your Most obt And Very Hble Sert\nR. Rutherford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0541", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Rumsey, 29 March 1786\nFrom: Rumsey, James\nTo: Washington, George\nDr General.\nGreat falls March 29th 1786\nThis will be handed to you by Mr Brindley, we have had the pleasure of his, and Mr Harris\u2019s Company Since yesterday, and they Boath approve of what is Done and proposed Here.\nOn Sunday Evening the 26th of this Inst. I Receivd your fovor of the 20th Respecting The Conduct of the people working here, It Distress me that you had Accation to Write on Such a Subject. what follows is as near what has hapened Since I Came Down as I am Able to Relate.\nOn my way Down I heared great Complaints Against the people of the falls, But as Such Complaints has been freequent when no outrages Has bee Cammited, I thought But Little of them, I was But a Short time at the falls before I Set Out for alexandria, and Mr Stuart with me for Baltimore During which time they Behaved themselves Very well, On my Return from alexandria to This place the Complaints that was made to me was Shocking, that no person Could Come on their Lawfull Buisness But what got Abused, and that Officers of Justice durst not go on the ground to Execute their Office\u2014In Consequence of these Complaints I Immediately Set up adertisments Leting the Neighbours know that they Should be treated well when they Came to the place, and the Officers that they Should be protected In the Execution of their office, for which I pledged myself to them[.] notwithstanding these advertisements, The\nOfficer that had Mr Jacksons warrants Summined fifty men to Come here on monday Last to aid and assist him, This Expedetion was Intended private which was the Reason your Letter was not Handed to me Sooner, But I was Luckey enough to Meet with Mr Stanhope at Mr Wheelers on Sunday and he Informed me of it and where they ware To meet I Sett out on monday and met them, all Armed, within a mile of the falls. I beged them to Stop, Expostulated withem for Sum time, and gave them Every ashorance in my power that if they would Stop I would take the officer alone and Bring any men they would name they at first agreed to it But Soon Changed their minds and the most of them moved on again I Beged them to Listen to me and more Expressed my Desire to Convince them that the men was Under good Diciplin, and at Lenth By the Exertions of Mr Stanhope & Mr Gunnel I Carryed my point So far that they the Justises and the officer was to go with me to the works while the Rest was To go to the Buildings where I was to perade the Hole of the men, I had preveous to my Seting out Let the men know that an officer was to Be with them that Day to take a number of them, and I Charged them to Behave well\u2014when we Came on the works, they accordingly Did, I ordered them all To the House and made them form in a Line untill the officer Called out what he wanted, all this was Done without a murmer, the number taken was About Sixteen they ware then Caryed off and put upon tryal which I attended and Mr Stuart Returned Before it was Over, The Hole of Mr Jacksons afair amounted to this, that his Son was In Company with a number of them at a Mr Conns that they threatened Sumbodey Very hard that he beleived It to be him, that he Borrowed a horse and rode home for his gun and Returned Shortly with it and presented it and Swore that he would kill The first man that afended him, on which they \u27e8to\u27e9ok after him, and Doged him Sum time, and finaly \u27e8th\u27e9at he made his Excape, the men was Sentenced to have Sum Lashes, that Mr Stanhope, Coleman, and Gunnel, prevailed with mr Jackson after the Judgment was passed to Remit the Hole punishement which he Did with a great Deal of Reluctance There was tow Servants got five Lashes apeace for Sum offence to a woman that Lives at Mrs Bauguses, I Shall Endeavor, and I make no Doubt But the men Can Be kept in good order\nI am Sir With Sincere Regard your most Obt and Very Hbl. Servt\nJames Rumsey", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0542", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Edward Newenham, 30 March 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Newenham, Edward\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon Mar. 30th 1786\nHaving had cause, lately, to apprehend a miscarriage of the letter of which the inclosed is a duplicate, I do myself the honor of forwarding this copy, as the best apology I can make for a silence that might, otherwise, be ascribed to motives of inattention; wch would give me pain; as I have pleasure in your corrispondence, and would wish to keep up a friendly intercourse with you by letter.\nAs your last letters gave me hopes of seeing you in Virginia this Spring, & nothing since has contradicted it, I think I may shortly look for that pleasure, and therefore shall add nothing more in this letter than my best wishes for the pleasantness of your voyage, and assurances of the happiness I shall derive from saluting you under my own roof; being with every sentiment of esteem & regard Dear Sir Yr most Obedt and Very Hble servant\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0543", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Fitzgerald and George Gilpin, 31 March\u20132 April 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Fitzgerald, John,Gilpin, George\nGentn\nMount Vernon Mar. 31st[\u20132 April] 1786\nYesterday Mr Brindley, in company with a Mr Harris (Manager for the James River company, and sent by the Directors thereof for the former) left this on their way to Richmond: from whence Mr Brindley expected to be returned as far as Alexandria, by the 4th of next Month.\nI have engaged him to call upon Colo. Gilpin on his rout back.\nMr Brindley and Mr Harris took the Great Falls in their way down, and both approve of the present line for our Canal. The first very much, conceiving that 9/10th of the expence which must have been incurred in the one first proposed, will be saved in the second\u2014the work be altogether as secure\u2014and the discharge into the river below, by no means unfavourable. He thinks however, that a good deal of attention and judgment is requisite to fix the Locks there; the height of which, he observes, must be adapted to the ground, there being no precise rule for their construction; Locks running, frequently, from 4 to 18 feet\u2014& sometimes as high as 24\u2014The nature, & declension of the ground, according to him, is alone to be consulted, and where these will admit of it, he thinks the larger the locks are, the better, because more convenient.\nWith respect to this part of the business, I feel, and always have professed, an incompetency of judgment; nor do I think that theoretical knowledge alone, is adequate to the undertaking. Locks upon the best digested plan will certainly be expensive\u2014& if not properly constructed, & judiciously placed, may be altogether useless. It is for these reasons I have frequently suggested, though no decision has been had, the propriety of employing a professional man. Whether the expence of importing one has been deemed altogether unnecessary; or, that the advantages resulting therefrom are considered as unequal to the cost, I know not; but, as it is said no person in this Country has more practical knowledge than Mr Brindley, I submit it for consideration, whether it is not advisable to engage him to take the Falls on his way home\u2014examine\u2014level\u2014& digest a plan for locks at that place. If it shall appear a good one, and his reasons in support of the spots for, and sizes of the locks are conclusive, they will justify the adoption of it\u2014if on the other hand, they are palpably erroneous, we are under no obligation to follow him. and the expence, in that case, is the only evil that can result from it. this, for the chance of a probable benefit, I am not only willing, but desirous of encountering; and if Colo. Gilpin has not already made the trip to that place which he proposed at our last visit, & disappointment there, it would give me great pleasure if it could be so timed as for him to accompany\nMr Brindley. This would not only give countenance to the latter, but afford him aid also; and might be a mean of preventing the little jealousies which, otherwise might arise in the minds of our own Managers. Taking Mr Brindley to the works now, may, ultimately, save expence; at the sametime, having a plan before us, it would enable us at all convenient times, to be providing materials for its execution. I am Gentn\u2014Yr Most Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington\nIf my proposition is acceded to, it might be well to fix, at once, what shall be given to Mr Brindley\u2014I will readily subscribe to what you two Gentlemen may agree to give him on this occasion.\nG. W\u2014\u2014n\nApril 2d\nThis letter I intended to have sent up by a Gentleman, now here, on friday last, but his remaining & the bad weather yesterday have detained it till now.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0544", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Noah Webster, 31 March 1786\nFrom: Webster, Noah\nTo: Washington, George\nSir.\nNew York March 31st 1786\nI am happy in the opportunity, which Mr Lee\u2019s politeness has offered, of presenting Your Excellency a copy of Mr Dwights Poem. Whatever faults may be found in this performance, its merit cannot fail to recommend it to every friend of America & of virtue.\nI flatter myself that in three or four weeks I shall be able to furnish you with an Instructor, as several Gentlemen will assist me in procuring a man of worth.\nReading Lectures in several towns has detained me longer than I expected; but I am encouraged, by the prospect of rendering my country some service, to proceed in my design of refining the language & improving our general system of education. Dr Franklin has extended my views to a very simple plan of reducing the language to perfect regularity: Should I ever attempt it, I have no doubt that I should be patronized by many\ndistinguished characters. Please to present my respects & Compliments to Mrs Washington\u2014to the Major & his Lady \u27e8&\u27e9 to Mr Shaw, if in your family\u2014& believe me with perfect respect Your Excellencys most obliged & most obedient Servant\nNoah Webster jun.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-03-02-0545", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Wilton, 31 March 1786\nFrom: Wilton, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nCommon Farm Somerset [England] March the 31 1786\nperuseing the Bath peaper of this week I saw A Letter of your Exelencesees Adress to Mrs Mackauley Where you seemes to Desier to heave A Engelish farmer Ingeaged, to Come to America, Wich has been long my Desier, Not only to Come to America but to bee A Real subject of that Cunterye, I am A young man twenty Six years of Age Never was from my father, who was all his life a farmer, and Rents five hundred pr Anum, pastuer & Arable I understands Everry branch of husbuntery in the Engelish Stile, but to Comepleate our bussenniss I think would Bee to Engeage two Engelish Rusticks, wich Can bee Done Very Reasenable, I dont Understand Aney thing of the law Nothing Better than A scool Education wich I supose not Capable to Undertake A Stuerdship But thear is pleanty of that Class heare, If I Come I shall Expect my pleace to bee worth one hundered pr Annum my pasige and all Other Expences paid beefore I leaves Engeland. I am Your Execlls Most Devoted Huml. Servant\nJno. Wilton\nN.B. Should Bee Glad to heave a ansser as soon as posable as I Shall Not Engeage In Anny thing till I heave.\nP.S. please to Direct Jno Wilton Common farm to Bee Left at the three Cups Bath Somerset Old England.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0001", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Leonard Henley, 2 April 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Henley, Leonard\n Letter not found: to Leonard Henley, 2 April 1786. On 14 April Henley acknowledges to GW the receipt of \u201cYour letter of the 2d of Apl.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0002", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Daniel Morgan, 3 April 1786\nFrom: Morgan, Daniel\nTo: Washington, George\nDear sir\nFrederick county 3d april 1786\nBefore I recd your accompt against Colo. Kennedy I had paid him all that I was to give him for the house lotts &c. that I bought of him and chiefly in orders accepted\u2014I was desirous to get the money for you It being the first time I ever had it in my power to serve you in a domestick line\u2014his circumstances (I knew) did enable him to pay without a suite of them by the time the suite was determin\u2019d\u2014I therefore thought it most advisable to try to get so much in my hand and detain it\u2014for which reason I did not show him the acompg nor let him or any other person know I had it\u2014but a bad woman which he kept for a house keeper made such a Deep stroke at him that frustrated all my designs & left the old man poor indeed, he has an estate in Scotland worth about \u00a3500 Sterling which he has been offering for sail which was my reason for not returning you the accompt as thinking the accompt could be of no service to you without the money\u2014I recd a line from Mr Muse the other day respecting the Matter and shall give him the accompt and order at our court\u2014but will still keep a look out, and if I can see a chance of securing the money I will give Mr Muse Notice as I understand he dose your business in this quarter\u2014I am happy to understand that an easy passage is discovered for the water to [be] taken round the G. fall of patomack, I wish you great success in that Interprize, Never the less I had great faith in you judgment I do candidly tell you, I was fearfull of its not being effected Never the less if my expences in building had Not exceeded my Resources I would have taken two or three shares I wish you success in every undertaking and shall \u27e8be\u27e9 allways happy to serve you in every thing in my power. I have the Honor to be your most obedt Hble servt\nDanl Morgan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0004", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Lee, Jr., 5 April 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lee, Henry Jr.\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon April 5th 1786.\nAscribe my silence to any cause rather than the want of friendship, or to a disinclination to keep up a friendly intercourse with you by letter. Absences from home, hurry of business, company, &ca, however justly they might be offered, are too stale & commonplace, to be admitted. I therefore discard them. Throwing myself upon your lenity, and depending more upon your goodness than on any apology I could make, as an excuse for not having acknowledged the receipt of your favors of the 16th of Feb. and 2d of march, before this time.\nThe first came to hand just after I had made one trip to our Works at the great Falls of this River, and when I was upon the eve of a second to the same place; where the board of Directors met, by appointment, the 1st day of last month. I can therefore, from my own observation, inform you, that this business is progressing in a manner that exceeds our most sanguine expectations. Difficulties vanish as we proceed. The time & expence which it was supposed we shd have to encounter at this place, will both, be considerably reduced. After a thorough investigation of the ground there, we have departed from Ballendines rout for the Canal\u2014marked a fresh one\u2014(which in our judgments will save \u2158ths of the labour, time, & expence; and in the opinion of Mr Brindley, who has just been to view them 9/10 ths)\u2014and be equally good when effected. To sum up the whole in one word\u2014if there are any doubts remaining of the success of this undertaking, they must be confined to three classes of people\u20141 those who have not opportunities of investigation\u20142, those who, having it in their power will not be at the trouble of doing it\u2014and 3, those whose interests being opposed,\ndo not wish to be convinced. The great Falls, is the only place where, under our present view of the river, we conceive it necessary to establish Locks. The ground favors them. and there can be no doubt (this being the case) of their succeeding as well in this, as in other Countries, as the materials for erecting them are abundant & cheap. What difficulties may hereafter be found, where none was apprehended, I will not take upon me to determine; but where they were thought wholly to lie, we are free from apprehension.\nMy sentiments with respect to the F\u0153deral government are very well known\u2014publickly, & privately, have they been communicated without reserve, but my opinion is, that there is more wickedness than ignorance in the conduct of the States, or in other words, in the conduct of those who have too much influence in the fabrication of our Laws; and that, till the curtain is withdrawn, and the private views, & selfish principles upon which these men act, are exposed to public notice & resentment, I have little hopes of amendment; without another convulsion. The picture of our affairs as drawn by the Committee, approved by Congress, and handed to the public, did not at all surprize me. before that report appeared, though I could not go into the minuti\u00e6 of matters, I was more certain of the agregate of our distresses than I am now of the remedy which will be applied. And without the latter, I do not see upon what ground your Agent at the Court of Morocco, and the other at Algeirs are to treat, unless\u2014having to do with new hands\u2014they mean to touch the old string again, and make them dance a while, to the tune of promises.\nI thank you for the Pamphlet which contains the corrispondence between Mr Jay & Mr Littlepage; and shall be obliged to you for a Gazette containing the publication of the latter, which appears to have given rise to it. With sentiments of great esteem & regard I am\u2014Dear Sir Yr Obedt & Affec. Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0005", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Samuel Powel, 5 April 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Powel, Samuel\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon Aprl 5th 1786.\nThe Revd Mr Griffith, who will present this letter to you, is possessed of much property in the Town of Alexandria, the value of which he is desirous of encreasing by buildings. To enable him to do this, he wishes to borrow, on interest, about Two thousand five hundred pounds. As security for such a loan, he is willing to mortgage his interest in the above place; and proposes as a further security, to offer other means. The nature of all, he will explain to you. They are, in my opinion, amply sufficient, such as I should not hesitate to take, if I had the money to lend; but you will be able to judge more fully of the matter when they are laid before you. From a long & intimate acquaintance with Mr Griffith, I have a high opinion of his worth, and entire dependence on his representations, which (as he may, in some degree, be a stranger to you) I have thought it a piece of justice to mention. With great estm I am\u2014Dear Sir Yr most Obedt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0006", "content": "Title: From George Washington to David Ramsay, 5 April 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Ramsay, David\nSir,\nMount Vernon 5th April 1786.\nI pray you to accept my best acknowledgments of your letter of the 22d of Feby, & thanks for the history of the revolution of South Carolina, with which you have been so good as to present me. From what I have heard of its merits, I anticipate much pleasure in the perusal of the work.\nIt is to be regretted that your local situation did not allow you, with convenience, to take a more comprehensive view of the war.\nMy gratitude for the favourable sentiments you have been pleased to express for me is due, and with esteem & respect I have the honor to be &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0007", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Moultrie, 7 April 1786\nFrom: Moultrie, William\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir,\nCharleston South Carolina 7th April 1786\nI have been highly honoured and particularly obliged by you, in introducing the Count De Castiglioni to me; I have found him a most agreeable & accomplished Gentleman; & as such, he has received every mark of polite attention from our Citizens; he expresses great satisfaction on his Visit to this State. The Count left this City a few days ago for Georgia & intends to take his rout through the interior Country, down to Mount Vernon, by which he will be able to add greatly to the information he is desirous of obtaining respecting the different States.\nConvinced of your wish & desire to promote every public benefit that may possibly present itself to you, in which any part of the United States may be concerned: I presume to take the liberty of addressing you in a matter relative to this State, & without further apology for the freedom I now use, shall proceed to the point.\nA number of Gentlemen of this State have entered into an association which is sanctioned by the legislature to open an Inland Navigation, by a communication from the Santee to the Cooper River, the distance across being about twenty miles; we intend it to be done by Locks & Canals, & will be a means of shortening the present Navigation at least 150 Miles.\nMany of the Gentlemen who compose the Board of Directors for carrying the plan into execution, having the honor of being personally acquainted with you were induced to recommend that, endeavour be made to obtain Mr Brinley to superintend it, if in your Opinion, you judged him capable of the undertaking\u2014it is said Mr Brinley was constantly with his Brother, while carrying on the Duke of Bridgewater\u2019s Works, & possessed great knowledge and abilities\u2014To begin right, is all in all with us\u2014\nthe practicability of bringing it to perfection cannot admit of a doubt.\nHowever, the engagements that Mr Brinley may now have of the same kind, may possibly prevent him entering into a New One, yet if he could be spared only to inspect into the situation, & to give his opinion and directions how to proceed, it may at least prevent us from begining wrong, & we may be going on untill he or some other as equal can be procured; the Board of Directors will chearfully pay every expence that Mr Brinley may be at, by coming here, exclusive of a compensation.\nMrs Moultrie request her best respects to be tendered to Mrs Washington & yourself\u2014and I most sincerely wish you both health & happiness. I am with perfect Esteem, Dear Sir Your most Obedient Humble Servant\nWillm Moultrie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0008", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Cresap, 8 April 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Cresap, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Thomas Cresap, 8 April 1786. GW wrote Cresap on 8 May: \u201cYour letter of the 8th of last month came to my hands.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0009", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Gordon, 9 April 1786\nFrom: Gordon, William\nTo: Washington, George\nMy Dear Sir\nBoston Apr. 9. 1786\nThis will probably be the last letter, you will receive from me till I have crossed the Atlantic. Should I get safe to London, through the kind orderings of Providence, shall take the first opportunity of writing to you. Expect to sail next Wednesday wind & weather permitting. Shall take your present with me, to remind me of your friendship. The honour your Excellency has done me in confiding in my prudence not to abuse the information\nreceived from your papers, binds me to yourself & will oblige me to answer your expectations. The abuse with which I have been loaded by the public prints shall only make me the more cautious in answering the character of a faithful Historian. If I can, will contrive that you may have the Chronicle as usual. Mrs Gordon joins in most affectionate regards to Your Excellency, Your Lady, & the rest of your worthy family. Your Excellencys sincere friend & humble servant\nWilliam Gordon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0010", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Newton, Jr., 9 April 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Newton, Thomas Jr.\nSir,\nMount Vernon 9th April 1786.\nI have been favored with your letters of the 20th of Jany\u201424th of Feby & 13th of March\u2014the last of which speaks of a letter written by you to me of the same date\u2014this letter has never got to hand: but I have received in Alexandria the \u00a360\u2014which Messrs Pennock & Skipwith promised to remit me on your accot\u2014as also the Wine from Captn Earle, in very good order.\nMy situation, since my retreat from public life, has been such as to put it out of my power to go into an examination & settlement of Accots with that precision which is requisite; & among others, the transactions between the deceased Colo. Lewis & myself stand open. I do not know (from any thing my memory affords) on what account he could draw an order in favor of Henry Mitchell, as I recollect no dealings with that Gentn\u2014but presume it must be right. Nevertheless, if there is an accot annexed to the order, or if the order is expressive of the purpose for which it was drawn, you would do me a favor in transmitting a copy of it.\nI have made several ineffectual applications for my Accot with Mr Hill; but as Dr Stuart is again going into that part of the country in which he lives, I will make one effort more to obtain it\u2014\u2019till this happens I can say nothing with respect to his credits, but will advise you as soon as it is in my power.\nIn one of your former letters you intimated that my superfine Flour would sell well in Norfolk, & it was my intention to have consigned you some \u2019ere this; but as the quantity I make is small, the demand for it in Alexandria has generally kept pace with my manufactory. However I believe it would now be in my power to send you from 50 to 100 barrels, if you thought the present prices in your Town would answer; and that you may be enabled to judge I shall inform you that I have not sold one barrel this year which has not netted at my Mill 38/\u2014cash paid on delivery; & some at 40/\u2014Would it nett the former at Norfolk, free of freight commission & storage? Your answer would determine my conduct, & I shall be glad to receive it by the return of the Post. I am Sir &c.\nGeo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0011", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Doyle, 10 April 1786\nFrom: Doyle, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nGeorge Town [Md.] April 10th 1786\nFrom a Sense of your Excellency\u2019s Universal Benevolence and Willingness to Countenance and Incourage any design of Public Utility, I have taken the Liberty to entreat your Excellency to give the Paper you will Receive herewith the Sanctions of your Name. In Conjunction with Several well disposed persons of this Town, who Consider Religion and Virtue as the best Basis of the Happiness, Security and Permanency of States, I have purchased a Lot of Ground and Materials for building a Chapel. we have with concern observed some vices and disorders Introduced by an Influx of Foreigners of the Lowest Class who are Settling here May in a great measure be Attributed to a want of Attention to Religious Duties. Men are generally Strongly attached to that Religion in which they are Educated, and as this Town the Populous and daily encreasing has but one place of Worship, we have determined to Build another as our motive whether viewed in a Religous or Political Light (we hope) is good, we beg Leave to solicit your Excellency\u2019s concurence, Satisfied your Example will Influence the gentry of the Neighbouring parts of Virginia and Maryland. I am with the greatest respect your Excellency\u2019s most Obt Servt\nAlexr Doyle", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0012", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Leonard Henley, 10 April 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Henley, Leonard\nLetter not found: to Leonard Henley, 10 April 1786. On 14 April Henley acknowledged receipt of GW\u2019s letter \u201cof the 10th.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0013", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jean Le Mayeur, 10 April 1786\nFrom: Le Mayeur, Jean-Pierre\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nRichmond 10th april 1786\ni have this day only\u2014had the honour of your Excellency\u2019s favour of the 28th march owing i supose to the neglect of the Post office in not forwarding it to me before now i can not sufficiently Express the high sence i have of your Excellencys polite and frindly attention to the care of my Cavallry i am at a loss for words to Express my Gratitude for the new offer of the services of yr horse magnolio. i think him and Elegant horse and would prefer my mares Going to him rather than any one i have seen in America but the choice is more agreable to me being recommended by yr Excellancy to whose favour i am not ashamed to be further indebted.\nthis come by my servant who will relive you from the trouble of my Black horse and about the second week in may i hope the honour of paying my respects in person to mrs Washington and your Excellancy at mount vernon. i have the honour to be with Every sentiment of regard and veneration your Excellancy\u2019s most most Respectfull and very humble servant\nj. Le Mayeur", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0015", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Jonathan Trumbull, Jr., 10 April 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Trumbull, Jonathan Jr.\nMy dear Sir,\nMount Vernon 10th Apl 1786\nYour favor of the 20th of Feby came safely, tho\u2019 tedeously; as it is not more than a few days since I received it, and the inclosure, for which I thank you. The author at the sametime that he pays a just tribute to the deceased does no discredit to his own talents.\nI hope nothing will intervene to prevent the tour you have in contemplation to the Southward; and I persuade myself you will believe me very sincere, when I assure you of the pleasure I shall feel at seeing you under my roof; in wch every inhabitant of the mansion (acquainted with you) will participate. Your acquaintance G.A. Washington has taken unto himself a wife (Fanny Bassett the Niece of Mrs Washington) both of whom live with us.\nThe inclosed for Mr Dwight, I take the liberty of committing to your care, because the letter which I received from him (and of which this is an acknowledgment) having neither date nor\nplace to it, I am at a loss where to direct it. If my address is wrong (for your Parsons sometimes turn Lawyers) I pray you to correct it.\nMrs Washington & George, join me in every good wish for your self, Mrs Trumbull & family, and with sentiments of sincere esteem and perfect friendship I am, Dear Sir Yr Affecte & Obt Hble Ser\u27e8vt\u27e9\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0016", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Washington, 10 April 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Washington, William\nDr Sir,\nMt Vernon 10th April 1786.\nThree days ago only, I had the pleasure to receive your favor of the 18th of December, under cover of one from Mr Hammond of Baltimore. This gentleman writes me that the boxes which you had the goodness to send me, were then shipped on board the Baltimore packet for Alexandria. I every moment look for them, & feel myself much indebted for your kind attention to my request in this instance. I shall plant the acorns, & nurture the young trees, when they arrive, with great care: those brought last year by my Nephew (chiefly of the Laurel) stood the passage, the summer, & the winter, with very little covering, very well. I am now transplanting them from the box in which they were brought.\nAt the proper season if you could make it convenient, I should be obliged to you for saving for me some seed of the Palmetto, & of any other trees or shrubs that are curious, in Carolina, & not natives of this Country.\nMrs Washington, & my Nephew Geo: A. Washington who has taken unto himself a wife, join me in every good wish for your Lady & Self, & with sincere esteem & regard, I am Dr Sir, &c. &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0018", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Brereton, 12 April 1786\nFrom: Brereton, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nBaltimo[re] 12th April 1786\nI had the Honor to Address your Excelency the 30th of July last on an affair you were formerly concernd with Brian Fairfax Esqr. as a Trustee and lateraly with him and others as a Legatee in the Will of the late Mrs Margrt Savage who Died in Dublin in the year 1781 Wife of Doctor Willm Savage of Dumfrise & Pce William County Virginia. I then acquainted your Excelcy that said Will regularly proved and Probrt of Administation granted to Richard and Ann Ennis Executors and residuary Legatees with their Letter of Attorney to Francis & Hannah Moore to Act, had just come to my hands Fras & Hanh being dead the Power ceased. as it recited a great part of the Will I then inclosd for your Excelcys further information, but have never receivd a line in return.\nThis day I receivd letters from Dublin. Mrs Ennis Surviving Exctr is very desirous of hearing from Us to know how to Act or be advisd she supposes the property Mrs Savage bequeathd rests in your Execlys and Bryan Fairfaxs hands as Trustees, Prior to the Mariage with Savage he with Mr Thompson Mason passd a joint Bond for \u00a35000. about 1st Janry 1767 Penalty conditiond to pay into your hands \u00a3100 Annualy for the use of Mrs Green\nafterward Savage during her life. said Savage with his Wife some time after saild for Ireland where he left her destitute and returnd to Virginia to Enjoy her fortune the good woman distress\u2019d in Ireland was there for years supportd by the Charitable donations of a few acquaintances she had made amongst whom was this Mr & Mrs Ennis and a Mrs Bumford to whom she bequeathd \u00a3200., should you[r] Excelcy incline to write Mrs Ennis may direct to Mr Jas Templeton No. 56 Henry street Dublin. I am with respect Your Excelcys most Obedt Hhble Servt\nTho. Brereton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0019", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Morris, 12 April 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Morris, Robert\nDr Sir,\nMt Vernon 12th April 1786\nI give you the trouble of this letter at the instance of Mr Dalby of Alexandria; who is called to Philadelphia to attend what he conceives to be a vexatious law-suit respecting a slave of his, which a Society of Quakers in the City (formed for such purposes) have attempted to liberate. The merits of this case will no doubt appear upon trial; but from Mr Dalby\u2019s state of the matter, it should seem that this Society is not only acting repugnant to justice so far as its conduct concerns strangers, but, in my opinion extremely impolitickly with respect to the State\u2014the City in particular; & without being able (but by Acts of tyranny & oppression) to accomplish their own ends. He says the conduct of this society is not sanctioned by Law: had the case been otherwise, whatever my opinion of the Law might have been, my respect for the policy of the State would on this occasion have appeared in my silence; because against the penalties of\npromulgated Laws one may guard; but there is no avoiding the snares of individuals, or of private societies\u2014and if the practice of this Society of which Mr Dalby speaks, is not discountenanced, none of those whose misfortune it is to have slaves as attendants will visit the City if they can possibly avoid it; because by so doing they hazard their property\u2014or they must be at the expence (& this will not always succeed) of providing servants of another description for the trip.\nI hope it will not be conceived from these observations, that it is my wish to hold the unhappy people who are the subject of this letter, in slavery. I can only say that there is not a man living who wishes more sincerely than I do, to see a plan adopted for the abolition of it\u2014but there is only one proper and effectual mode by which it can be accomplished, & that is by Legislative authority: and this, as far as my suffrage will go, shall never be wanting.\nBut when slaves who are happy & content to remain with their present masters, are tampered with & seduced to leave them; when masters are taken at unawar[e]s by these practices; when a conduct of this sort begets discontent on one side and resentment on the other, & when it happens to fall on a man whose purse will not measure with that of the Society, & he looses his property for want of means to defend it\u2014it is oppression in the latter case, & not humanity in any; because it introduces more evils than it can cure.\nI will make no apology for writing to you on this subject; for if Mr Dalby has not misconceived the matter, an evil exists which requires a remedy; if he has, my intentions have been good though I may have been too precipitate in this address. Mrs Washington joins me in every good & kind wish for Mrs Morris & your family, and I am &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0020", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Bushrod Washington, 13 April 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Washington, Bushrod\nDear Bushrod,\nMount Vernon April 13th 1786\nIf royal gift will administer, he shall be at the Service of your Mares, but at present he seems too full of royalty, to have any thing to do with a plebean race. perhaps his stomach may come to him\u2014if not, I shall wish he had never come from his most Catholic Majesty\u2019s Stables.\nYour Papa has not been here, yet. I am just come in from a ride\u2014the Dinner bell rings\u2014and your Man says he must go oflf after it\u2014so offer me affectionately to all\u2014and believe me to be sincerly Yrs\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0022", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Rumney, Jr., 16 April 1786\nFrom: Rumney, John Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nW[hi]tehaven [England] 16th April 1786\nI have to acknowledge rect of your much esteem\u2019d Favor of the 18th Novr last inclosing your Dft on Wakelyn Welsh Esqr. for \u00a350 which is honor\u2019d & rather overpays your Acct for the Flags sent, which Bailce our Store in Alexandria will pay you. The Person who procured those Flags would not prepare another Parcell at the same rate, having been a loosing Bargain to him, indeed no other Person would have undertaken them without 1\u00bd[d.] per Flag more. I hope they will fully answer your Purpose, which wd give me great Pleasure to hear. I hope to have the Pleasure of seeing you in Virginia this Summer, as Mr Sanderson is coming Home. I have the Honor to be with the Greatest respect, Sir Yr mo. obdt & hble Servt\nJohn Rumney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0023", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Armistead, 17 April 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Armistead, John\nSir,\nMount Vernon 17th April 1786.\nIt has been my hope since my return, that it would be unnecessary for me to remind you of the debt due to me from the Estate of your deceased Father; the speedy payment of which, at different times I have received assurances of from your self. Besides standing much in need of the money (which alone will, I persuade myself, be a stimulus to the discharge of my claim) it may be well for you to consider the nature of it, and with what rapidity a protested Bill encreases the original sum. This is no\ninducement however for me to let it lie; for, as I have just hinted, I can with truth declare to you that my want of the money is more essential to me, than the interest arising therefrom. I am Sir &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0024", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Noah Webster, 17 April 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Webster, Noah\nSir,\nMount Vernon Aprl 17th 1786\nMr Lee, yesterday evening, gave me the pleasure of receiving your letter of the 31st Ulto, and the book with wch it was accompanied\u2014for both, I pray you to accept my thanks. The author, some time ago, had the goodness to send me two copies of the poem.\nI am equally obliged to you, Sir, for your kind assurance of looking out for an Instructor for the little folks of this family;\nbut believe I have no occasion to trouble you in this business, now. Sometime in the course of last summer, when Gen. Lincoln was here, I made particular enquiry of him on this head; and though he could not, at that time, point out a character which he thought would answer my purposes in all respects, yet he has lately named a Gentlemn of whom he speaks in high terms; and has given the conditions on which he wd come; which being acceded to on my part, and a letter written to that effect, I conceive the matter is closed. If it should be otherwise, I will again give you the trouble of hearing from me on this subject.\nMy best wishes will attend you in your lectures, and in the prosecution of your design of refining the language and improving the system of education, so as to reduce it to perfect regularity. I am, Sir Yr Most Obedt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0025", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Hartshorne, 19 April 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hartshorne, William\nSir,\nMount Vernon 19th April 1786.\nI am sorry that I have been so troublesome & teasing to you on accot of the seeds you were so obliging as to endeavour to procure for me; but as my Boat is sent to Town, I am induced to ask if they are arrived, that they may in that case embrace the present conveyance. If they are not already at hand, I shall be obliged to you for countermanding the order for the Buck wheat, as it is now totally useless for the experimental purposes for which I wanted it. This is nearly the case with respect to the Flax seed; but I will try late sowing, rather than let the season pass over altogether\u2014consequently will wait a few days longer for this, in which time if it does not arrive, I pray it may be countermanded also. I am &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0026", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Brereton, 20 April 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Brereton, Thomas\nSir,\nMt Vernon 20th Apl 1786\nWithin these few days I have received your letter of the 12th, & some time ago, I recollect to have been favored with another letter from you, which in the hurry of business got overlooked.\nIt is now more than two years, since indirectly I obtained a sight of the deceas\u2019d Mrs Savage\u2019s will\u2014I then thought, & still do think it strange that the Executors of this will, should never have made any official communication thereof to the Trustees of that Lady in this country; nor have made any direct enquiry concerning the situation of her affairs here. These may be summed up in a few words; & will be found to be as follows.\nWhen matters came to extremity between Doctr Savage & his wife\u2014& Mr Fairfax & myself were obliged to put the trust Bond in suit to recover her annuity; the Doctor made use of all the chicanery of Law & Lawyers, to procrastinate the Suit; which the tardiness of our Courts (& during one period of the revolution the suspension of justice) but too well enabled him to effect. It was therefore long before a judgment at common Law could be obtained; & this was no sooner done, than he threw the matter into Chancery, where I am told, for I have had no share in the management of this business for the last ten years, (that is since I took the command of the American forces) it has lain ever since. I believe Mr Fairfax has done every thing in his power to bring the matter to issue; & I have heard, I think from himself, that there is now a probability of its happening soon. With great truth I can assure you that not one farthing of Mrs Savage\u2019s annuity was ever paid to the Trustees; whilst we have been obliged to advance money out of our own pockets to carry on the prosecution\u2014& whilst, moreover, from a representation of the distress that Lady was involved in, I gave her a Bill to the amot of \u00a353\u2014on Jas Gildart Esqr. of Liverpool\u2014which is still due to me.\nThis is the best Accot I am able to give you of the Trust, & you are at liberty to communicate the purport of it to Mrs Innis. I am &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0027", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Joseph Eckley, 20 April 1786\nFrom: Eckley, Joseph\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nBoston 20 April 1786\nIt was the desire of the Revd Dr Gordon who, a few days ago, embarked for Europe, that according to his own practice I would weekly send to you the Independent Chronicle printed in this Town. I have the honor of enclosing one of the Papers for your Excellency at this time; requesting you to permit me to assure you that it will afford me very great satisfaction to continue so to do in a regular manner, agreably to the Doctors wish, & my promise to him. With great Respect I am Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obedient & Obliged Humble Servant\nJoseph Eckley", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0028", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Gordon, 20 April 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Gordon, William\nDr Sir,\nM[ount] Vernon 20th Aprl 1786.\nMr Lund Washington having expressed a wish to quit business & live in retirement & ease, I could not oppose his inclination; & his having carried these desires into effect, that kind of business which he usually transacted for me, is now thrown on my shoulders in addition to what they bore before, & has left me less time than ever for my numerous correspondences & other avocations. I mention this by way of apology for not having acknowledged the receipt of your several late favors, at an earlier date.\nAs soon as your subscription papers came to my hands, I offered\none in Alexandria & sent another to Fredericksburgh: from the first, a specific return has been made of the subscribers & is now enclosed; from the other, eleven pounds have been sent me without the paper; the Gentleman (the Hon[orabl]e James Mercer Esqr. one of the Judges of our General Court) having informed me that he would take it with him to Richmond, and endeavor to encrease the number of subscribers there. This sum of eleven pounds added to the amount of the paper inclosed, makes \u00a342 with which I have bought a Bill on Rhode Island. I endeavoured to get one on Boston, but could not without waiting; which I thought might be more inconvenient, than the negotiation at the former place.\nYour Cypher came safely to hand\u2014I have not had leisure to examine it, but presuming no difficulty will arise in the use, I have laid it by \u2019till occasion may call it forth. From the purport of your letters, you must be on the eve of your departure for Europe. My best wishes, in wch Mrs Washington & the family join me, are offered for a prosperous voyage, & the accomplishment of your plans. I am Dr Sir &c.\nG: Washington\nNote\u2014the Bill referred to in the above is drawn by Josiah Watson & Co., on Messrs Cromel & Caleb Child, Merchants, Warren, Rhode Island for \u00a342 at three days sight with or without advice; & is dated the 19th April 1786.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0029", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Benjamin Lincoln, 20 April 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lincoln, Benjamin\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon Aprl 20th 1786\nAs Doctr Gordons departure for England is an event that was to have taken place about this time & may have happened I take the liberty, in that case, of requesting the favor of you to do what shall appear right with the inclosed Subscription Paper & Bill.\nI will make no apology for the trouble this request may give you as I persuade myself your inclination to serve the Doctr will keep pace with mine, and neither can have any other motive in the business than to serve & oblige him. With every sentiment of esteem & regard, I am\u2014Dear Sir Yr most Obedt & Affecte Sert\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0030", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Lee, Jr., 21 April 1786\nFrom: Lee, Henry Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear Genl\nNew York 21st April 86\nYour very polite reply to my two letters reached me a few days past.\nIt is impossible for my mind so thoroughly impressed with testimonials of your friendship, when that friendship operated both to my honor and happiness to ascribe any act of yours in which I am interested to disregard or neglect. My cheif object in my correspondence with you, was to manifest the unabated respect which continues to govern my feelings, when change of situation and circumstances, forbid the derivati[o]n of my attachment from any principles, but those bottomed on the purest and warmest respect. Then my dear Sir, let me hope that you will not consider it as due or expected that you should be regular in your replys, but rather be governed by inclination and leisure, otherwise I shall be forced from the same feelings which induced me to commence a correspondence so truely agreable, to decline the continuance of it. Your communications with respect to the process of our internal navigation has given to me and our countrymen here, the highest satisfaction, for certainly no event comprehends more fully the strength and future consequence of our particular country than the cementing to the interest of Virginia by the strong ties of commerce the western world. This I beleive will take place effectually if the potomac & James river companys succeed in their exertions before the navigation of the Missisippi becomes free to the western emigrants. I have my doubts whether good policy does not dictate forcibly every measure which tends to delay to distant time the free use\nof that river\u2014It is very certain that the Spanish court are in no temper for admitting it at present, in any degree, nor will they ever consent to it as long as they retain in subjection their American colonys\u2014I have taken the liberty to shew in some private circles your observations with respect to the present prospect of our f\u0153deral affairs, and I flatter myself the justice and decision of your remarks will aid the friends to the Union in this city in their exertions to incline the Assembly of this state to adopt the revenue system asked for by Congress, and at this period essential to the existence of the Union.\nThe lower house have passed the impost fettered with conditions which render it inadmissible by Congress. I hope the senate will amend it, and that at length we shall be possessed of some permanent and adequate fund for the discharge of our foreign debt.\nWe have no accounts by the packet of the progress of our negotiators with the barbary powers, nor have we much reason to hope for a tolerable termination of their mission\u2014The british cabinent evidence whenever they can their zeal to destroy our commerce, and they certainly will succeed in their favorite plan, unless the states give adequate powers to Congress to counteract by commercial regulations the injurys imposed on our trade.\nI enclose the late gazzettes a letr from England for you, and the papers you require.\nPlease to present me to your Lady and accept my best wishes for your health and happiness. With the most respectful attachment I am dear General, your ob. sert\nHenry Lee Junr\nI enclose a plan for the government of militia, which does great honor to its author.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0031", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Ringgold Tilghman, 22 April 1786\nFrom: Tilghman, Thomas Ringgold\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nBaltimore 22d April. 1786\nI have the most melancholy Task to perform, that was ever yet imposed upon me; that of making you acquainted with the Death of my poor Brother Tench. Painful however as it is, I thought a duty not to be dispensed with towards one for whom he had so high a Reverence & so warm an Attachment as for yourself. Not above three days before his death every symptom bade fair for a speedy Recovery, when an unexpected Change took place, which in a short time destroyed every hope. He retained his senses perfectly till within a few hours of the time that he expired, which was in the Evening of the 18th, when he went off without the least pain & even without a struggle: As it is our Wish to settle his Affairs as speedily as possible, I enclose your account, the Bale of which \u00a354.10.4 you will be pleased to pay into the hands of Messrs Josiah Watson & Co. of Alexanda which mode of settling it, is agreable to his Intentions. I am, Sir with the highest Respect Yr most obt servt\nThos R. Tilghman", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0032", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Francis Asbury, 24 April 1786\nFrom: Asbury, Francis\nTo: Washington, George\nHonoured Sir\nAlexandria April 24th 1786\nGive me leave to prensent you, with one of our Prayer Books, and another to your Lady. Please to accept the Sermons also to your candid perusal. Receive them as a small token of my great respect and veneration for your Person who am your most obedient friend & Servant\nFrancis Asbury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0033", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Grymes, 24 April 1786\nFrom: Grymes, Benjamin\nTo: Washington, George\nDr Sr\nEagles Nest Apl 24th &Ca\nI received your favour a few days past, and have now the pleasure of sending you the two Does from this place, and a third which I received to day from Chatham, I have pd the Man 18/ for their passage, and think it proper to mention it for he might otherwise charge you for taking of them up. I am very sorry it is not in my power to spare you any peaze. I believe I can get you a few bushels at Pt royal if I can, I will send them to you by the middle of May if not sooner\u2014Our best respects to you and yr Lady I am with the greatt respt yr Most Ob. H. St\nB. Grymes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0035", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Morris, 26 April 1786\nFrom: Morris, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nPhilad[elphi]a April 26th 1786\nI am happy to confirm what Mr Dalby will have informed you off, the Successfull Issue of his Suit respecting his Slave, could any interference on my part have been usefull, your letter would have commanded it, indeed I had done him before what little service I could when his Petition was before the Assembly from a perfect Conviction both of the Injustice and impolicy of the treatment he had met with. The Society which attacked him tread on popular ground, and as their Views are disinterested as to themselves, and sometimes very laudable as to the objects\nof their Compassion, it is not a very pleasant thing to Attack them & this consideration deters Mr Dalby from seeking redress at Law for the Expense & trouble they have occasioned, altho I think he would meet a just determination in our Courts of Law. We are happy to hear that Mrs Washington & you are well, Mrs Morris is at present occupied in carefull attention to our youngest Son in the Small pox which is now out, & very fircely. She joins me in praying Mrs Washington & you to accept our best wishes for the long Continuance of your Health & happiness. Poor Tilghman, you my Dear Sir have lost in him a most faithfull and Valuable Friend, He was to me the same I esteemed him, very, very, much, and I lament the loss of him exceedingly. I am with sincere attachment Dear Sir Your most Obedient humble Servant\nRobt Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0037", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander White, 29 April 1786\nFrom: White, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWoodville 29th April 1786\nI have at length so far settled the affairs of General Lees Estate as to be enabled to pay his American debts. it will give me pleasure to discharge the account due to your Excellency\u2014I am sorry you did not take a Bond to secure the interest, but do not think myself authorised to supply the defect. With Sentiments of the highest respect I am Your Excellencys most Obt Servt\nAlexr White", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0038", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Hopkins, 1 May 1786\nFrom: Hopkins, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nRichmond May 1st 1786.\nEnclosd I have the honor to transmit you the Treasurer\u2019s receipt for the sum of fifteen pounds lodged by you with me, for the purpose of making the first payment on your five shares in the James River Company. I have spoken to Mr Brown respating the expences of recording your deed &c.\u2014but the business not yet being done, he cannot ascertain the amount\u2014As soon, as the Account can be procured, the Money shall be paid, and his rect transmitted to you. With the most perfect respect I am Sir Your most obt & very Humble Servant\nJno. Hopkins", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0040", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Lincoln, 3 May 1786\nFrom: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear General\nBoston [May] 3d 1786\nI was yesterday honored with the receipt of your Excellencys favor of the 16th Ulto.\nIt is probable that Mr Lear will be with you by the first of June I expect him from Portsmouth New Hampshire in about six days he will soon after commence his journey for Virginia I hope & trust your Excellency will find him a Gentleman of an amiable character. With real esteem & affection I have the honor of being Your Excellencys most Obedient Servant\nB: Lincoln", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0042", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Battaile Muse, 6 May 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Muse, Battaile\n   Letter not found: to Battaile Muse, 6 May 1786. On 4 June Muse wrote GW: \u201cYour Favour dated the 6th may Came To hand.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0043", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Battaile Muse, 6 May 1786\nFrom: Muse, Battaile\nTo: Washington, George\nHonourable Sir,\nBelvoir May 6th 1786\nThe waggons that stored my wheat on the roads Last winter I did not Expect would have brought the wheat To your Mill as they had neglected their duty so Long. at Last they have delivered it\u2014which makes more than the Quantity Engaged\u2014I shall be oblige to you To buy it at 5/6 \u214c Bushel or to let it be ground for me I have sold Wheat to Colo Griffin at that price. I am Sir your Very Hble Servant\nBattaile Muse", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0046", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Freeman, 8 May 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Freeman, Thomas\nSir,\nMo[un]t Vernon 8th May 1786\nBeing informed that Mrs Crawford is on the point of having her negroes sold to discharge a Debt due from her late husband, Colo. Crawford, to Mr James Cleveland, for whom you are Agent; I will, rather than such an event shall take place, agree to apply any money of mine, which may be in your hands, towards the discharge of the execution; and desire, in that case, you will receive such security as Mrs Crawford can give for reimbursing me. I am Sir &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0047", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Smith, 8 May 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Smith, Thomas\nSir;\nMount Vernon 8th May 1786.\nVale Crawford died indebted to me\u2014say One hundred pounds Virginia Curry\u2014more or less. Previously thereto, he wrote me the letter dated Jacobs Creek, May 8th 1774 and accompanied it with the Bill of Sale herewith transmitted dated May 8th 1774.\nQu\u00e6re, Is this Bill now valid?\nWill it secure my debt? This is all I want.\nAnd can it be recovered without hazarding a defeat which may add cost without benefit.\nIf these points should be determined in the affirmative, I would wish you to prosecute my claim so far as to secure my debt, but not otherwise. In haste, but with much esteem\u2014I am\u2014Sir Yr Most Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0049", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Joseph Eckley, 10 May 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Eckley, Joseph\nSir,\nMount Vernon 10th May 1786.\nI have had the honor to receive your favor of the 20th ulto and its enclosure. I was indebted to Doctr Gordon before he left the Country, for the Boston Independant Chronicle; and am so since to your goodness for offering to continue them. The Doctr sent these papers unasked, after having read them himself (being a subscriber)\u2014but as their continuation must be attended with expence & trouble, you would oblige me by withholding them. To be candid, my avocations are so numerous that I very rarely find time to look into Gazettes after they come to me. I feel myself, however not less indebted to your politeness, & obliging offer, by the non-acceptance of it. With respect I am Sir Your Most Obt and obliged Servant\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0050", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Adrienne, Marquise de Lafayette, 10 May 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nMadam,\nMount Vernon 10th May 1786.\nOf all the correspondencies with which I am honored, none has given me more pleasure than yours; none which I am more desireous of continuing, or more ambitious to deserve. What then my Dr Madam, must have been my mortification when, instead of receiving the letter you did me the honor to write to me on the 15th of April last year, in due time, it was not \u2019till sometime in the course of last month, that I received it at all, & the parcels with which you were pleased to accompany it. By mistake these parcels lay at Bordeaux a considerable time after they had arrived there, before it was discovered for whom they were intended, & then were sent by a Vessel which took a very circuitous voyage to the Country. I trouble you with this detail of matters by way of apology for what otherwise might appear a want of sensibility in me for your distinguished and valuable favors, than which nothing is, or can be more flattering & pleasing to my vanity.\nThe tokens of regard with which Miss de la Fayette & my name-sake have honored the young folks of this family, will cement\nthe friendship which seems to be rising in their tender breasts; & will encrease those flames of it which they have imbibed from their parents, to which nothing can add strength, but the endearments which flow from personal interviews, & the unreserved exchange of liberal sentiments. Will you not then Madam, afford them this opportunity? May we hope for it soon? If the assurances of the sincerest esteem & affection: if the varieties of uncultivated nature; the novelty of exchanging the gay & delightful scenes of Paris with which you are surrounded, for the rural amusements of a country in its infancy; if the warbling notes of the feathered songsters on our Lawns & Meads, can for a moment make you forget the melody of the Opera, & the pleasures of the Court\u2014these, all invite you to give us this honour, & the opportunity of expressing to you personally, those sentiments of attachment & love with which you have inspired us.\nThe noon-tide of life is now passed with Mrs Washington & myself, and all we have to do is to spend the evening of our days in tranquillity, & glide gently down a stream which no human effort can ascend. We must therefore, however reluctantly it is done, forego the pleasures of such a visit as you kindly invite us to make. But the case with you, is far otherwise\u2014Your days are in their me[r]idian brightness. In the natural order of things you have many years to come, in which you may endulge yourself in all the amusements which variety can afford, and different countries produce; & in receiving those testimonies of respect, which every one in the United States would wish to render you.\nMy Mother will receive the compliments you honor her with, as a flattering mark of your attention; & I shall have great pleasure in delivering them myself. My best wishes & vows are offered for you, & for the fruits of your love, & with every sentiment of respect & attachment I have the honor to be Madam, &c. &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0051", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Lafayette, 10 May 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nMy Dear Marquis,\nMount Vernon 10th May 1786.\nThe Letter which you did me the favor to write to me by Mr Barratt dated the 6th of Feby, together with the parcel & packages which accompanied it, came safely to hand; & for which I pray you to accept my grateful acknowledgments.\nThe account given of your tour thro\u2019 Prussia & other States of Germany, to Vienna & back; & of the Troops which you saw reviewed, in the pay of those Monarchs, at different places, is not less pleasing than it is interesting; & must have been as instructive as entertaining to yourself. Your reception at the Courts of Berlin, Vienna, & elsewhere must have been pleasing to you: to have been received by the King of Prussia, & Prince Henry his brother, (who as soldiers & politicians can yield the palm to none) with such marks of attention & distinction, was as indicative of their discernment, as it is of your merit, & will encrease my opinion of them. It is to be lamented however that great characters are seldom without a blot. That one man should tyranise over millions, will always be a shade in that of the former; whilst it is pleasing to hear that a due regard to the rights of mankind, is characteristic of the latter: I shall revere & love him for this trait of his character. To have viewed the several fields of Battle over which you passed, could not, among other sensations, have failed to excite this thought\u2014here have fallen thousands of gallant spirits to satisfy the ambition of, or to support their sovereigns perhaps in acts of oppression or injustice!\u2014melancholy reflection! For what wise purposes does Providence permit this? Is it as a scourge for mankind, or is it to prevent them from becoming too populous? If the latter, would not the fertile plains of the Western world receive the redundancy of the old.\nFor the several articles of intelligence with which you have been so good as to furnish me, & for your sentimts on European politics, I feel myself very much obliged\u2014on these I can depend. Newspaper Accounts are too sterile, vague & contradictory, on which to form any opinion, or to claim even the smallest attention. The account of, & observations which you have made on the policy & practice of Great Britain at the other Courts of Europe, respecting those States; I was but too well informed &\nconvinced of before. Unhappily for us, tho\u2019 their Accounts are greatly exagerated, yet our conduct has laid the foundation for them. It is one of the evils of democratical governments that the people, not always seeing & frequently mislead, must often feel before they can act right\u2014but then evils of this nature seldom fail to work their own cure. It is to be lamented nevertheless that the remedies are so slow, & that those who may wish to apply them seasonably are not attended to before they suffer in person, in interest & in reputation. I am not without hopes that matters will soon take a favourable turn in the f\u0153deral constitution\u2014the discerning part of the community have long since seen the necessity of giving adequate powers to Congress for national purposes; & the ignorant & designing must yield to it \u2019ere long. Several late Acts of the different Legislatures have a tendency thereto; among these, the Impost which is now acceded to by every State in the Union, (tho\u2019 cloggd a little by that of New York) will enable Congress to support the national credit in pecuniary matters better than it has been; whilst a measure, in which this state has taken the lead at its last session, will it is to be hoped give efficient powers to that Body for all commercial purposes. This is a nomination of some of its first characters to meet other Commissioners from the several States in order to consider of & decide upon such powers as shall be necessary for the sovereign Power of them to act under; which are to be reported to the respective Legislatures at their autumnal sessions for, it is to be hoped, final adoption: thereby avoiding those tedious & futile deliberations which result from recommendations & partial concurrences; at the same time that it places it at once in the power of Congress to meet European Nations upon decisive & equal ground. All the Legislatures which I have heard from have come into the proposition, & have made very judicious appointments. much good is expected from this measure, and it is regretted by many that more objects were not embraced by the Meeting. A General Convention is talked of by many for the purpose of revising & correcting the defects of the f\u0153deral Government, but whilst this is the wish of some, it is the dread of others from an opinion that matters are not yet sufficiently ripe for such an event.\nThe British still occupy our Posts to the Westward, & will, I am\npersuaded, continue to do so under one pretence or another, no matter how shallow, as long as they can: of this, from some circumstances which had occurred, I have been convinced since August 1783 & gave it as my opinion at that time, if not officially to Congress as the sovereign, at least to a number of its members that they might act accordingly. It is indeed evident to me, that they had it in contemplation to do this at the time of the Treaty; the expression of the Article which respects the evacuation of them, as well as the tenor of their conduct since relative to this business, is strongly masked with deception. I have not the smallest doubt but that every secret engine in their power is continually at work to inflame the Indian mind, with a view to keep it at variance with these States for the purpose of retarding our settlements to the Westward, & depriving us of the fur & peltry trade of that Country.\nYour assurances my dear Marquis, respecting the male & female asses, are highly pleasing to me; I shall look for them with much expectation & great satisfaction, as a valuable acquisition, & important service. The Jack which I have already received from Spain, in appearance is fine; but his late royal master, tho\u2019 past his grand climacteric, cannot be less moved by female allurements than he is, or when prompted, can proceed with more deliberation & majestic solemnity to the work of procreation. The other Jack perished at Sea.\nMr Littlepage in his dispute with Mr Jay seems to have forgot his former situation. It is a pity, for he appears to be a young man of abilities\u2014At the next meeting of the Potomac Company (which I believe will not be \u2019till August) I will communicate to them your sentiments respecting the terms on which a good Ing\u00e9nieur des ponts & chauss\u00e9es may be had & take their opinion thereon.\nThe benevolence of your heart my Dr Marqs is so conspicuous upon all occasions, that I never wonder at any fresh proofs of it; but your late purchase of an Estate in the Colony of Cayenne with a view of emancipating the slaves on it, is a generous and noble proof of your humanity. Would to God a like spirit would diffuse itself generally into the minds of the people of this country, but I despair of seeing it\u2014some petitions were presented to the Assembly at its last Session, for the abolition of slavery, but\nthey could scarcely obtain a reading. To set them afloat at once would, I really believe, be productive of much inconvenience & mischief; but by degrees it certainly might, & assuredly ought to be effected & that too by Legislative authority.\nI give you the trouble of a letter to the Marqs de St Simon, in which I have requested to be presented to Mr de Menonville. The favourable terms in which you speak of Mr Jefferson gives me great pleasure: he is a man of whom I early imbibed the highest opinion\u2014I am as much pleased therefore to meet confirmations of my discernment in these matters, as I am mortified when I find myself mistaken.\nI send herewith the copies of your private Letters to me, promised in my last, & which have been since copied by your old aid. As Mrs Washington & myself have both done ourselves the honor of writing to Madame de la Fayette, I shall not give you the trouble at this time of presenting my respects to her; but pray you to accept every good wish which this family can render for your health & every blessing this life can afford you. I cannot conclude without expressing to you the earnest enquiries & ardent wishes of your friends (among whom I claim to stand first) to see you in America, & of giving you repeated assurances of the sincerity of my friendship, & of the Affectionate regard with which I am &c. &c.\nG: W\u2014\u2014n\nP.S. I had like to have forgotten a promise which I made in consequence of the enclos\u2019d application from Colo. Carter\u2014It was, that I would write to you for the wolf hound if to be had conveniently. The inducements, & the services you would render by this Act, will be more evident from the expression of the letter than from any thing I can say.\nThe vocabulary for her imperial Majesty, I will use my best endeavours to have compleated\u2014but she must have a little patience\u2014the Indian tribes on the Ohio are numerous, dispersed & distant from those who are most likely to do the business properly.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0052", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Powel, 10 May 1786\nFrom: Powel, Samuel\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia 10 May 1786\nYou will readily acquit me of any Neglect in performing the Promise made in my last, of sending you the Essay on the Farm Yard which obtained the Praemium from the Society for promoting Agriculture, tho\u2019 I confess that Appearances do not seem in my Favor from the long Delay, when I tell you that it was not returned to the Society till the second of this Month. Some particulars in the Essay, as it was at first presented to the Society, appeared to want Elucidation. To give the Author an opportunity of rendering it as perfect as he was able, induced the returning of it to him, to clear up the obscurer parts, & make the whole plainer to the Capacit\u27e8mutilated\u27e9 Instruction it was principally \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 These alterations & Corrections necessarily took up some Time.\nCol. Morgan, of Princetown, I understand, conducts his Farm, in general, on the Principles which he has here laid down: at least he does so as far as his Circumstances will admit; & he is thought to be one of the best Farmers in America.\nThe Society have thought it expedient to continue their Pr\u00e6mium on this Subject; as they esteem the Object of it, namely the Perfection of the Barn-Yard, to be the Basis of all good Husbandry, & they are desirous to receive every Information that further Experiment, or the probable Theories of ingenious Persons, can suggest. To Col. Morgan they have adjudged their first Praemium, as an Evidence of the Sense they entertain of the Merit of his Essay, but are unwilling to preclude further Improvement, either by discontinuing their Praemium, or by pretending to offer the present Plan to their Countrymen as a perfect one.\nI \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 me Pleasure to be of use to you, as far as lies in my Power. Mrs Powel requests to join her most sincere good\nWishes for Mrs Washington & yourself, to those of Dear Sir your most obedt humble Servt\nSamuel Powel", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0053", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Saint Simon-Montbl\u00e9ru, 10 May 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Saint-Simon-Montbl\u00e9ru, Claude-Anne de Rouvroy, marquis de\nSir,\nMt Vernon 10th May 1786.\nI received with great pleasure (a few days ago in a letter from the Marquis de la Fayette) the news of your being in good health. The recollection of your gallant services & the happy moments I have had the honor to spend with you in this country, will always be dear to me.\nIt appears by the Marquis\u2019s letter that the answer to a letter which you did me the honor to write to me (now more than two years) respecting the order of the Cincinnati, had never come to your hands. I cannot tell how to accot for it, as all the papers are in the hands of the Secretary General. I well remember however, that at the general meeting which was held at Philadelphia in May 1784, that I laid all the letters with which I had been favored on that subject, before the members which constituted it; and that the Secretary was ordered to communicate the determinations which that Meeting had come to, to the gentlemen who had written to the President\u2014one of which was, that the members of the Society in France were to constitute a Meeting of themselves in order, among other things, to investigate the claims of those who conceived they were entitled to the order, & to decide on them accordingly; in as much as the general Meeting in this Country was not intended to be held oftener than triennially; & could not well at those times enter into the detail of a business which with more propriety would be taken up by the several State meetings, & the one it had just authorised to be held in France.\nIf Mr de Menonville should happen to be with you, I pray\nyou to offer him my compliments, & to be assured yourself of the sentiments of esteem & respect with which, I have the honor to be &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0054", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Ringgold Tilghman, 10 May 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Tilghman, Thomas Ringgold\nSir;\nMount Vernon May 10th 1786\nBeing at Richmond when your favor of the 22d Ulto came to this place, is the reason of its having lain so long unacknowledged. I delayed not a moment after my return, to discharge the Ball[anc]e of your deceased Brother\u2019s acct against me, to Mr Watson, according to your request.\nAs there were few men for whom I had a warmer friendship, or greater regard than for your Brother\u2014Colonel Tilghman\u2014when living; so, with much truth I can assure you, that, there a\u27e8re\u27e9 none whose death I could more sincerely have regretted. and I pray you, & his numerous friends to permit me to mingle my sorrows with theirs on this unexpected & melancholy occasion\u2014and that they would accept my compliments of condolence on it, I am\u2014Sir Yr most Obedt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0055", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Dandridge, 12 May 1786\nFrom: Dandridge, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew Kent Court house May\u201412th 1786\nAbout three weeks since, Mr Wm Holt of Williamsburg informed me that there were some Eastern shore beans lodged in my neighbourhood for him, & requested me to take them into my possession, & send you one half; which I now do in the bag connected with this letter\u2014Mr Holt expected this would have\nbeen done long before this, but the Gent. with whom the beans were lodged has been from home until within a few days.\nYou will be so good as to inform my Aunt, that her acquaintances & relations are all well, except my Grandmother who is at present tormented with the rheumatism; & present my Duty & affection\u2014With sincere sentiments of respect & Esteem I am, Sir, yr Sert\nJn Dandridge", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0056", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Battaile Muse, 12 May 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Muse, Battaile\nSir,\nMount Vernon 12th May 1786.\nI have received your letter of the 6th instt but not inclining to take your surplus wheat, on purchase, will order it to be ground & packed, subject to your order\u2014As you did not direct what kind of flour it should be made into\u2014it will be fine only\u2014unless you should in time direct otherwise.\nI lost very considerably by the delay of your wheat\u2014In the first of the Manufactury of it I had a brisk demand for my superfine flour at 40/ & 38/ pr Barrl and for that which has been lately ground I have not had more than 32/ offered\u2014and this price for a small quantity only.\nThe enclosed was brought to me (under cover) by the person whose name is mentioned therein and with whom I have agreed. I am Sir yr Very Hble servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0057", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Purviance, 12 May 1786\nFrom: Purviance, Samuel\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nBaltimore 12th May 1786\nThe Packet inclosed with this came under Cover to me from a Mr Pike of Newbury Port, (a Person utterly unknown to Me) with a Request that I woud forward it to you\u2014Shoud you have occasion to reply, Letters sent to me can be readily forwarded from hence, by Vessels bound to Boston or Newbury Port.\nI received the Letter which you was so obliging as to write me by Mr Neilson, for which I thank you: also your favour by Mr Harris, to whom I gave a Letter to my friend Mr Samuel Hughes, who has had the chief management of the Susquehanna Canal, and who gave him an Introduction to Mr Brindley, which I presume answerd his Expectations, as I learn Mr Brindley has since been down at James River.\nWhen the Commissioners appointed by your Assembly to examine the Navigation of the Kenhawa & James River, have executed that Bussin[es]s; you will greatly oblige me by a Communication of their report, or such part thereof as you may be at liberty to mention\u2014My Son who I informed you had traveled last Fall thro part of that country, on his return from Louisville, tells me it is 68 Miles from where he crossd the Kenhawa or New River, to Crows Ferry on James River, and that the whole of that distance is a better Waggon Road than he has traveled in any of these States, and the Passage across the Mountains in that Quarter very easey for full loaded Waggons: but I presume this is not the nearest Communication between the two Rivers.\nI hope the Peace or treaty lately concluded with the Shawnese, will facilitate & encourage Settlements about the two Kenhaways, which may add to the Value of Land in that Quarter\u2014I woud readily consent either to rent, or sell out on moderate terms, rather than be a means of retarding the Settlements. I am with great Respect Sir Your most Obedt & Very hble Servt\nSaml Purviance", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0058", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Fitzhugh, 15 May 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Fitzhugh, William Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from William Fitzhugh, Jr., of Maryland. On 15 May GW wrote Fitzhugh: \u201cYour favor of the 13th came to me this day.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0059", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Joseph Jones, 14 May 1786\nFrom: Jones, Joseph\nTo: Washington, George\nDr Sr\nRichmond 14th may 1786.\nApprehending from the conversation that passed between us at the Bowling-green you might think as well as others a meeting of the assembly necessary to take into consideration the late proceeding of Congress respecting the System of revenue of the 18th of April 1783\u2014I beg leave to trouble you with a more accurate account of that business than I was then able to give you, tho\u2019 I think I then told you we had complied with the system as to the impost, but had departed from it with respect to the other branch of the revenue\u2014but doubted whether if all the States had granted the impost Congress could execute that part without the other\u2014I think also I said we had no official communication on the subject when I left Richmond, and that I conceived if Congress thought an earlier, than the usual, meeting of our assembly necessary, it shod have been desired. I find our act grants the impost fully, and goes to that subject only, and that the other was taken into the revenue law. after geting to Town and attending the Board on monday the 1st May I found the Govr had received a letter from our Delegates on the subject dated the 16th last month, from which I transcribe the following extract for your information \u201cThe representation of the 15th of Febry last upon the system of revenue of the 18th of april 1783 Has operated very successfully\u2014N. york and Georgia are now the only States whose accession to the impost part of the system we have not received authentic information of, and the accession of the latter we have such information of, as leaves no doubt an authentic act will shortly come to hand\u2014N. york has passed an act effecting a compliance but clogged with conditions and provisions which render it inadmissible\u2014Your Excellency will observe that Virginia having in her act granted only the impost part of the System she stands of course in the representation of the 15th of Febry amongst \u27e8those\u27e9 States who have not fully\ncomplied\u2014We think it not amiss to inform you that most of the States, who have in any degree complied, have left out the supplementary funds. It will be to no usefull purpose for Virga to take the subject under consideration at an earlier period than the fall Session\u2014whenever all the States have so formed their acts as to embrace the impost alone, that part of the System may go into effect, so far the act of Virginia is already competent to its operation, and it is not probable that her accession to the other part will become necessary before the fall.\u201d Add to these observations what, if my memory does not deceive me, is a fact that the act of Pennsylvania cannot operate untill all the States adopt the whole of the system of 83, and you will be satisfied an earlier meeting of the assembly for the purpose of taking into consideration the business, is unnecessary. A \u27e8wish to explain\u27e9 in this matter to you and through you to any other whose observations may lead to the subject, will I hope be to you a sufficient apology for troubling you with this letter\u2014with respectfull compliments to Mrs Washington I am Dr Sr yr aff. hum. sevt\nJos. Jones", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0060", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Fitzhugh, Jr., 15 May 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Fitzhugh, William Jr.\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon 15\u27e8th May 1786\u27e9\nYour favor of the 13th came to me this day. Particular attention shall be paid to the Mares which your Servant brought; and when my Jack is in the humour they shall derive all the benefits of his labours\u2014for labour it appears to be. At present, tho\u2019 young, he follows what one may suppose to be the example of his late royal Master, who cannot, tho\u2019 past his grand climacterick, perform seldomer, or with more Majestic solemnity, than he does. However, I am not without hope, that when he becomes a little better acquainted with republican enjoyments, he will amend his manners, and fall into a better & more expeditious mode of doing business. If the case should be otherwise, I should have no disinclination to present his Catholic Majesty with as good a thing, as he gave me.\nI am very sorry to hear of the accident which befel Colo. Fitzhugh in his late trip to Virginia; but, from the effect of it, I hope he will soon be perfectly recovered. I am happy in having it in my power to furnish the Colo. with a Bushel of the Barley, requested in your letter. A propos, are there any persons in your neighbourhood who raise Lambs for sale? My stock of sheep were so much neglected during my absence, that I would gladly buy one, or two hundred ewe lambs, and allow a good price for them, in order to get it up again. A line from you, when convenient, in answer to \u27e8this query,\u27e9 would be obliging\u2014Mrs Washington \u27e8& the\u27e9 rest of the family join me in every good wish to the Colo. his Lady & yourself. I am\u2014Dr Sir Yr Most Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington\nP.S. Please to present me to Colo. & Mrs Plater when you see them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0061", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Rumney, Jr., 15 May 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Rumney, John Jr.\nSir;\nMount Vernon May 15th 1786\nI am indebted to you for your favor of the 5th of September, and to Messrs Robinson, Sanderson and Rumney for their letter of the 28th of Jany in the present year. The last was accompanied with 1400 Flags, which came with very little breakage; and for your care of, and attention to which, I beg you to accept my sincere thanks.\nOn the 18th of Novr I enclosed you a Bill on Wakelin Welch Esqr. of London for \u00a350 Sterg; and will, before Mr Sanderson leaves the Country, settle with him for the Ballance.\nIt gives me pleasure to hear that we may soon expect to see you in this Country again. With great esteem & regard\u2014I am\u2014Sir Yr most Obedt & Obliged Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0062", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Clement Biddle, 18 May 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Biddle, Clement\nDear Sir\nMount Vernon May 18th 1786\nYour favors of the 19th of Feby & 16th & 19th March, are before me; And would have been acknowledged Sooner, had any thing material, occurred.\nThe Clover Seed, Boots &c. came in Season; but I must take care to be earlier in my application another year, as the Expence of getting heavy articles from Baltimore by land, comes high; I was charged forty odd Shillings for the Transportation of those Seeds, by the Stage, from that Place. I am nevertheless much obliged to you for forwarding of them in that manner; as the delay would have rendered the Seeds useless for Spring Sowing, & altogether defective, perhaps, by the Fall. I am obliged to your Good Father for the Trouble he was at in choosing them, they are very good, & pray you, to Offer my Complts & Thanks, to him therefor, & to Capt. Morris, for his kind present of a\nhunting horn, as I was unable to get One in Virginia, or at Baltimore.\nIf you Should not have purchased Young\u2019s Tour Through Great Britain, before this Reaches you, be pleased to decline doing it, as I have just received a very Polite letter from that Gentleman, informing me of his having dispatched a Compleat Sett of his Works for my acceptance.\nThe Person in whose Name the inclosed certificate has Issued, is owing me a considerable Sum, (indeed half the Flour, & Meal, for which the Certificate was granted belonged to me) & having requested that it may be Sold for what it will fetch, & his part of the Money applied to my Credit, I pray you to do it accordingly; but at the Same time, I must desire, as a Halfe the Property is my own, that if it Shall appear to you, to be for my Interest, that it Should be bought in again on my Accot, that you would do so. In either case, place the Amot to my Credit in your Books, Subject to a future disposition.\nI must be owing Messrs Robt Lewis & Sons (of Phila.) some Trifle on Accot of a Miller which they procured for me, last Year, but have never yet been able to get their Accot. Be so good as to know what the Amot is, & Pay it, the Inclosed Informs them thereof.\nI have Such a number of Gazettes crouded upon me, (many without orders) that they are not only Expensive, but realy useless; as my other avocations, will not afford me time to Read them oftentimes; & when I do attempt it, find them more troublesome, than Profitable. I have therefore to beg if you should get money into your hands, on Accot of the Inclosed Certificate, that you would be so good as to pay what I am owing to Messrs Dunlap & Claypoole;\u2014Mr Oswald\u2014& Mr Humphreys.\nIf they consider me, however, as engaged for the Year, I am content to let the matter run on, to the expiration of it; but as my Expences run high, it would be imprudent in me to encrease them unnecessarily.\nI am in want of Glass (for a Particular purpose) & beg you would Send it to me, by the first opportunity, agreeably to the Inclosed Pattern, & Quantities.\nIs Linnen to be had cheap, at the Vendues in Philadelphia, for ready Money? And at what price, could the best dutch, or Strip\u2019d Blanketts, be bought by the piece, of 15 or 16 in each,\nwhich I think is the usual number? I may want 200 of them. My Compliments in which Mrs Washington Joins, are Offred to Mrs Biddle, & I am. Dear Sir Your Mo. Obedt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0063", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Jay, 18 May 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jay, John\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon 18th May 1786.\nIn due course of Post, I have been honoured with your favours of the 2d & 16th of March; since which I have been a good deal engaged, and pretty much from home.\nFor the inclosure which accompanied the first, I thank you. Mr Littlepage seems to have forgot what had been his situation\u2014What was due to you\u2014and indeed what was necessary for his own character. And his Guardian I think, seems to have forgot every thing.\nI coincide perfectly in sentiment with you, my dear Sir, that there are errors in our National Government which call for correction; loudly I will add; but I shall find my self happily mistaken if the remedies are at hand. We are certainly in a delicate situation, but my fear is that the people are not yet sufficiently\nmisled to retract from error! To be plainer, I think there is more wickedness than ignorance, mixed with our councils. Under this impression, I scarcely know what opinion to entertain of a general Convention. That it is necessary to revise, and amend the articles of Confederation, I entertain no doubt; but what may be the consequences of such an attempt is doubtful. Yet, something must be done, or the fabrick must fall. It certainly is tottering! Ignorance & design, are difficult to combat. Out of these proceed illiberality, improper jealousies, and a train of evils which oftentimes, in republican governments, must be sorely felt before they can be removed. The former, that is ignorance, being a fit soil for the latter to work in, tools are employed which a generous mind would disdain to use; and which nothing but time, and their own puerile or wicked productions, can show the inefficacy and dangerous tendency of. I think often of our situation, and view it with concern. From the high ground on which we stood\u2014from the plain path which invited our footsteps, to be so fallen!\u2014so lost! is really mortifying. But virtue, I fear, has, in a great degree, taken its departure from our Land, and the want of disposition to do justice is the sourse of the national embarrassments; for under whatever guise or colourings are given to them, this, I apprehend, is the origin of the evils we now feel, & probably shall labour for sometime yet. With respectful Complimts to Mrs Jay\u2014and sentiments of sincere friendship\u2014I am\u2014Dear Sir Yr most Obedt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington\nP.S. Will you do me the favor to forward the enclosed, with any dispatches of your own, for England?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0065", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Steel, 18 May 1786\nFrom: Steel, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nBaltimore May 18, 1786\nWith the most perfect respect your Excellency will pardon the Liberty in sending the inclosed praying your Breaking (the seal) on my arrivall from Dublin, I was informed Doctor Sheal of Philidelphia removed to Canetuck, and died there; since the Peace\u2014as his Family may reap some Benafit at Least \u00a360 a year on only writing to settle A Balance for your Excellencys advice I now refer with regard to my answer for Europe; being Obliged by promise to write By the First vessell that sails for Ireland from here, (which is next week) there is another Motive induces me Troubling your Excellency annexed to it Willm Osbrey Esqre Major of the Duke of Liensters regiment of Volunteers informs him my unhappy sittuation on my return to Europe\u2014at the Begining of our Contest with Britton, I was appointed a second\nLieutenant in Coll Spencers Regiment, Captn Weatherbys Company; Mr Brown who I gave him his warrant for first Lieut. on his raising so many men in Cumberland County West Jersey\u2019s and not Fulfilling his Promise, I was Displeased that he shou\u2019d rank over me when I had given the appointment out of my own Hands. Promotion was not then my view what I had pledged my Honour for was then at stake and all my wish, under these circumstances untill after the Battle of Brandewine\u2014a few days after we left Chester I informed Coll Spencer that I cou\u2019d not think of Browns haveing the Command Over me, that raised Captn Weatherbys Company, but if the Captain had enlisted & Brown onely 3 out of (52) my Gold, not Paper, done the rest in Salem & Cumberland Counties\u2014in this sittuation as second Lieutt I remained untill your Excellency crossed Dobbs Ferry, I was then determined on leaving the Regiment, Coll Spencer requested I woud not. I remained purely to Convince him my attatchment to the cause, Coll Charles Stewart Finding I was determined on Leaving the Line a Gentn I shall ever Hold in the most perfect respect, requested I woud goe and take Charge of the Magazine at Trenton where I remained about 11 Months, when I received Colol Stewarts Letter that I must deliver up the Stores to Mr Stephen Lowry and goe Immediately to East Town, to Superintend General Sullivans Army on the Western Expedition (It was Obeyd) to Genl Philemon Dickinson for my Conduct while there, to Coll Spencer while in the Line, General Hand and Coll Stewart I refer the whole of my conduct on the Expedition, on my return Rheumatick pains Obliged me to goe to Cape May, for the Benefitt of my Health, and while there Colol Robt Taylor sent me word of some Gunn boats being at Clam Town, in consequence I sent him word I shou\u2019d meet at Weaden River Bridge and there Consult the best mode of Surprizing them at Break of Day\u2014but was to often the Case they receivd but one Fire when his Militia run and I being wounded made Prisoner was sent on board Captn Roaches Gun Boat, and Plundered of my Hatt, watch, coat, knee Buckles, and even the Broach out of my Shirt & then Handcuffed, in this sittuation I remained during their cruise of Seven weeks, during which time I was unhappy to see Captn Glisson Killed and a number of Genl Smallwoods men that had been sent out in the whale Boats for some private expedition cut almost to attems on their Boarding\nat the Tangier Islands. Their Cruise being out I was Brought to York, tho was happy in getting Captn Roach who was Commidore of the Five Gunn boats Paroling all that Had been taken during the whole of his Cruise, but repeatedly told me it was out His power to parole me that he wished he had Got Taylor along with me, untill he brought him to york) on my arrivall their I was Brought to Admaral Digbeys Qrs where Captn Roach and Him Had some private discourse, He sent for me, and what will amaze your Excellency the Onely question he asked me was what Country man are you Sir, (I informed him) His reply was it is you and your Countrimen that are Carrying on the Warr against your Royal Sovereign, for the Present you must Goe to the Suger House, but Had not been there above 20 Minutes untill a Guard was sent to bring me to Provo (I remained only 17 Days their untill I was ordered on board the Rhinocerous Guard Ship that lay at Governors Island for telling Cunningham that if his Deputy ever attempted striking any of our Men they shou\u2019d serve me as they had done my acquaintance and very particular Friend Captn Joss Haady that they Had taken at the Block House, Toms River; My answer was you deserve the same; in this sittuation from the 17th April 82 I remained untill the Genl Exchange, and being informed of My Fathers death I returned to Europe where I found \u27e81s.\u27e9 on account of my being in the American Service, I sensure him not, he died in (1778) in Europe it was then Thought, that Genl Howe & Burgoine woud sweep our Army before them, and our Confiscating the Property of Loyalists and Toryes alone induced him alterining his Will; Dubious we shou\u2019d be Conquered, and in the Body of His will says to my Eldest son Alexander Steel I leave One Shilling for his being an Officer in the Rebell Army; I therefore most respectfully hope your Excellency: will pardon my presuming to request relative to my Conduct if an application to Congress wou\u2019d serve me; Young I came into this Country with Letters of recommendation from Messrs Latouche; Gladowe & Compy Bankers in Dublin, the latter for whome I done Business for all most Two years, Brought with me \u00a3500 it went the war comeing on so soon\u2014must I lose a Property at home and have no recompence here, it is sufficient to Break the Heart of any man of Feeling, my all gone in Europe and nothing left Here.\n   Your Excellency the Patron of Man as Sir Henry Flood Titles you; alone I refer most Humbly requesting your Answer if I shall apply to Congress for any Kind of redress, Mr Hugh\u2019s Jeweller in Baltimore, Mr Smith Jeweller in Philidelphia, who both left Europe since, Peace can fully testify the Circumstances of my Father Mr William Steel Jeweller Dublin. Your Excellency will Permit me to be your Most Devoted & Obedt Servt\nAlexr Steel\nP.S. shou\u2019d I be Honoured with an answer. I lodge at Mr Grants.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0067", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Marshall, 19 May 1786\nFrom: Marshall, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir.\nFayette County 19th of May 1786\nI have made inquiry concerning your entry which Mr Hite mentioned to you & can find nothing of it\u2014I believe he must have been misstaken\u2014I have seen him and ask\u2019d him concerning it, but he can tell me nothing more about it than that he thought he had seen such a one.\nYour warrant I have put into the hands of Mr John Obannon, formerly a Neighbor of mine, and now one of the Military Surveyors. He has promised to do his best for you & I think he may\nbe depended on. I have made no particular bargain with him otherwise than assuring him that he shall be generously satisfyed for his trouble.\nI will this fall attend to the commission you honord me with respecting the Marquis La Fayette. & send on such of the articles as I can procure. I have the honor to be with the most respectful esteem Dear Sir your most obedient servant\nT. Marshall", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0068", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Sanderson, 19 May 1786\nFrom: Sanderson, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nAlexa[ndria] 19th May 1786\nInclosed I forward your Acct Current as it now stands. My Partners did not mean to make any Charge of Freight &c, which I much approve. Your Letter to Sir Edwd Newenham shall be carefully forwarded. Wishing you and your Lady a Long Continuance of Good Health I am Sir Your much Oblig\u2019d & Very Hble Servt\nRobt Sanderson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0069", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry L. Charton, 20 May 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Charton, Henry L.\nSir\nMount Vernon 20th May 1786\nThe letter which you did me the favor to write to me from Philadelphia, on the 5th instt, came safely to hand; and would have received an early acknowledgmt had not frequent calls from home, and unavoidable business prevented it.\nI do not perceive, upon recurring to the subject, that I can be more explicit in the description of my Lands on the big Kanhawa, and on the Ohio, between the two Kanhawas, than I was when I had the pleasure of seeing you at this place.\nIf I recollect rightly, I then informed you, that from the Accts given me of them by the Surveyor\u2014from what I had seen of them myself (especially the tract on the big Kanhawa)\u2014from every other sourse of information\u2014and from my best knowledge & belief, there can be no finer land in that, or any other Country; or lands more abounding in natural advantages. The whole of them are washed by the rivers I have mentioned\u2014are furnished with land streams fit for water works of various kinds\u2014stored with meadow ground, which may be reclaimed in the cheapest, & most expeditious manner imaginable (by only cutting away trifling banks of earth, which have been formed by the Beaver)\u2014and abound in fish & wild fowl of all kinds; as well as in every other sort of game, with wch the Country is filled. With respect to the quality of the soil, it may be conceived, that none can exceed it from this single circumstance, that it was the first choice of the whole Country thereabouts, after a thorough research of it, by an excellent judge\u2014the late Colo. Crawford. As to the situation of them, none can be more advantageous; for lying about midway between the upper & lower settlements on the Ohio, the trade must pass by the Land, whilst the Occupants of it, equally convenient to both, might embrace the inland navigation of either the Potomack or James River as soon as they are made to communicate with the Western Waters; which no doubt will soon be effected, as both works have commenced. I think too, I should not be mistaken, were I to add, that ere long, a town of some importance will be established in the vicinity of these Lands\u2014to wit\u2014at the confluence of the big Kanhawa and Ohio; which is the point at which the trade to Richmond, & that which is carried to the Northern parts of this State, & to Maryland\n& Pensylvania, must seperate. But to go into a more minute detail in writing, of what has before been the subject of personal conversation, would be more tiresome than interesting; especially as it is by no means my wish that any purchaser whatsoever, should rely upon my acct of this matter, or on those of any others; but judge for himself, or themselves, in all matters.\nWhen you asked me if I was disposed to sell these lands, I answered, and truly, that I had never had it in contemplation; because I well knew they would rise more in value than the purchase money would accumulate by interest, consequently\u2014under these circumstances, it would be difficult, in the present moment, to fix on a price (that would be acceded to) that would be an equivalent for them hereafter. However, as I had no family\u2014wished to live easy\u2014and to spend the remainder of my days with as little trouble as possible, I said, I would part with them if a good price could be obtained. And this price being asked, I further observed, that my ideas of their value might easily be ascertained from the terms on which I had proposed to rent them (which I think you told me you had seen) one of which amounting in fact to an absolute sale, being on a lease for 999 years renewable, was, at Ten pounds this Currency (dollars at 6/) pr hundred acres, came to Forty shillings an acre allowing 5 pr Ct interest for the purchase. but I added, if any one person, or sett of Men, would take the whole, I would abate considerably in the price, & make the payments easy.\nI therefore now inform you, that the lands (the Plats, & Patents of which I shewed you, & the titles to which are incontrovertable, free from those clashing interests and jarring disputes with which much of the property in that Country is replete) are in quantities, and situation, as follow:\n                  Acres on the Ohio River; 3 or 4 Miles below the mouth of the\n                  Acres on the said River, about 16 Miles below the former.\n                  Acres on the same river just above the great bend in it, and\n                  Acres on the big Kanhawa, (West side) beginning within 2 or 3\n                     Miles of its conflux with the Ohio, & extending up the former 17\n                  Acres a little above this, on the East side of the same river\n                  Acres higher up the Kanhawa, West side, in the fork between Cole\n                  Acres opposite thereto on the East side.\n                  Acres on both Rivers.\nFor these lands I would take Thirty thousand English Guineas (of the proper weight) or other specie current in this Country at an equivalent value. Two thousand five hundred of which to be paid at the execution of the Deeds, and the remainder in seven years therefrom, with an interest of five pr Ct pr Annum regularly paid at my Seat, till the principal sum shall be discharged.\nI am not inclined to part with any of these Lands as an inducement to settle the rest. My mind is so much satisfied of the superior value of them, to most others, that there remns no doubt on it, of my obtaining my own terms when the Country populates, & the situation & local advantages of them unfold. These terms have already been promulgated, but I have not a copy of them by me, or I would send it to you. They were inserted in Dunlaps & Claypools Gazette about two years ago\u2014at whose office it is propable a copy (if desired) might be had. One of the considerations was, if my memory serves me, an exemption from the payment of rent three years\u2014whilst the tenements were opening, and improvements making. This I am still inclined to allow. The rents were different, according to the term for which the leases were to be granted. If for twenty one years only, they were to commence, and end, at five pounds pr hundred Acres; for in that case the stipulated improvements being made I know that almost any rent might be had for the tenements thereafter\u2014If on leases renewable every ten years forever, the rents were, in that case, to advance in a certain ratio to keep pace with the increasing value of the Land. And if given in the first instance for 999 years, as has been mentioned before, then the rent was to commence at Ten pounds pr hundred acres, which being in fact an alienation of the Fee, shewed my ideas of its present value, & the purchase money, as already mentioned. These as far as I can recite from memory, were the terms on which I offered to rent; and from which I feel no disposition to relax, unless, as in the case of a purchase, some one\nor more persons, would take the whole of[f] my hands at once, & become responsible for the rent\u2014in which case the same motives might induce me to abate accordingly\u2014as in the other instance.\nI should have great pleasure in giving you such letters as you have asked to the Marquis de la Fayette and Chevalier de la Luzerne, but conceive they could only have an embarrassing operation\u2014It is certainly as consistent with the policy of one Country to discourage depopulation, as it is for another to encourage emigrants. Considering the matter in this point of view I cannot suppose however well disposed either of the above Gentlemen may be to promote the interest of this Country, that they would do it at the expence of, and perhaps hazard of censure from their own. One of these Gentlemen too, being in the diplomatic, or Ministerial line, would, undoubtedly, be very cautious in expressing a sentiment favourable to a business of this kind. My best wishes however will accompany you in it, through all the stages; and with esteem\u2014I am\u2014Sir Yr Most Obedt Hble Ser\u27e8vt\u27e9\nGo: Washington\nP.S. I should be glad to hear whether this letter got to Philadelphia in time.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0071", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Marsden Pintard, 20 May 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Pintard, John Marsden\nSir,\nMount Vernon 20th May 1786.\nYour favors of the 24th of January & 5th of Feby are at hand; but I have heard nothing of the Vine slips mentioned therein, nor do I know where to direct my enquiries for them, as you do not mention the Port or State to which the Industry, Captn Gibson was bound For your good intentions however, I am as much indebted, as if the slips had actually been delivered to me.\nIt is to be hoped & much to be wished that the negotiations of Messrs Barclay & Lamb, at the Court of Morocco, & with the State of Algiers, may terminate favourably for America. Should they not, our trade will be exceedingly incommoded by the piratical states of the Mediterranean.\nAt present, thro\u2019 the early attention of Messrs Jno. Searle & Co., & some others, (formerly my Correspondents in Madeira) together with the purchases I have occasionally made in this Country since the re-establishment of peace, I am more than usually well stocked with Madeira Wine. I am Sir &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0072", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Ridout, 20 May 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Ridout, Thomas\nSir,\nMount Vernon 20th May 1786.\nSince my last dated the 20th of August, I have been favored with your letters of the 31st of Augt, 7th of Septr & 4th of Novembr in the past year.\nThe packages by the Peggy, Capt. Cuningham are safely arrived. I am sorry they should have given you any trouble, & am much obliged by your care of them.\nI have paid Colo. Fitzgerald the full amount of the Wine & other articles wch were sent to me by Captn Smith; & am sorry to add that the quality of the Claret on proof, did not answer my expectation, & was far short of some other of the same cargo, wch I had drank at other places. I ascribe this however to chance; it may be my luck next time to get better, & therefore when your Vessel comes to this river again, I request that a gross of the best may be sent to me.\nExcuse the liberty I take of addressing a packet containing papers of consequence, to your care for the Marqs de la Fayette, & a barrel; to both of wch I ask your particular attention. I am Sir &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0074", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Humphreys, 23 May 1786\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Washington, George\nNew York May 23d 1786.\nMy last letter to you, My dear General, was dated in Febry at London and forwarded by Captain Clagget late of the Maryland line, in that I had the honor of informing you of my intention to return to America in the Spring, in this I have the pleasure to announce my safe arrival from L\u2019Orient after a pleasant passage of 32 days\u2014I am charged with Compliments & messages\nfor your Excellency on the part of many of our friends in France; but have no news of considerable consequence to communicate.\nI propose setting out in three or four days on a visit to Connecticut & perhaps as Boston, this will occupy me for some weeks, after which I hope to have the pleasure of embracing you at Mount Vernon, and of remaining with you at least until the winter. I need not say how much felicity I anticipate on the occasion: nor how many thousands there are who would be envious of my situation. Nor am I little flattered with it. For although I have met with many flattering circumstances in my absence, yet certainly no gratification arising from them could come in competition with the consciousness of possessing no inconsiderable share in your friendship. My horses having been disposed of in my absence, I shall come either in the stages or by water, and will not hesitate to trespass on your goodness, by asking the favor of one of your horses when I may want to take the air on horseback.\nI beg my best respects may be given to Mrs Washington, my Compliments to the rest of your friends, & that you will ever consider in the number of those who are most sincerely attached to you, him who has the honor to be My dear General Your most obedient & Most humble Servant\nD. Humphreys", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0075", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Josiah Parker, 23 May 1786\nFrom: Parker, Josiah\nTo: Washington, George\nDear sir\nCaptn Nicholson has left with me a pair of Gold Fish which would have been sent to you before but feared to remove them dureing the Winter. I have now sent them to Genl Weedons care; to whom I Sent a box from New York last winter for you, with great respect sir your most obedient Servt\nJ: Parker", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0077", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Lafayette, 24 May 1786\nFrom: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear General,\nParis 24 May 1786.\nWhile I Have to lament the distance which separates us, it is an additional, and an Heartfelt Mortification for me, to Hear so seldom from My Beloved and Respected friend\u2014and Among the Many Reasons I Have to wish for a Greater intercourse Between my two Countries, I don\u2019t forget the Hope that More frequent Opportunities will increase the Number of your wellcome letters\u2014this is Going By the packet, and will be either forwarded or delivered By M. duplessis, a Brigadier in the french service and Count d\u2019estaing\u2019s intimate friend who intends settling in the State of Georgia\u2014in case it is His good fortune to Come to Mount Vernon, I Beg leave to present Him to You and Mrs Washington\u2014I Have Recommended Him to general greene and I think that so far as Respects the Contract with the french Navy they may Be Useful to each other.\nBy a letter I Have just Received from Prince Henry, I find the Health of His Brother is declining Very fast\u2014the New King of prussia will then Receive some proposals from the Emperor Respecting Baviera which will Be Rejected\u2014The empress of Russia is More Anxious for the Attak of the ottoman Empire than Her imperial friend\u2014they are to Meet, it is said, By the Next Spring in Krim\u00e9e\u2014the patriotic party prevails in Holland\u2014But are not so United together as were to Be wished\u2014I Have no\nGreat opinion of the pretended Commercial treaty Between france and Great Britain\u2014this last Country is More Rancourous than ever towards America\u2014they are far from adopting proper Regulations of Commerce, and still Less think of Giving Up the forts\u2014there are only two ways to obtain them\u2014Sword in Hand with a wiew to extend farther and then Ready I am. The other to shut up every port Against English Commerce until they Have Complied with the treaty\u2014I don\u2019t think America Has much to fear in a War with england\u2014and in Case she waits for a General one to see Her Claims forward she will not Have that opportunity probably for some years.\nIn my last letter I Have spoken to You of a Committee in which I am a Member, and of Course an Advocate for American Commerce\u2014the Next packet will, I Hope, furnish you with some popular Resolutions\u2014Great deal of time Has Been employed in examining the affair of tobacco\u2014I did vigourously attak the farm Generale, and warmly expostulated for its destruction\u2014But they can\u2019t be cut down, and must fall By the slower Method of Mines\u2014in the Mean While mr Moriss\u2019s Bargain Has engrossed the Whole Consumption of france at such a price that no American Merchant Can find the like Any where\u2014the ministry to palliate the evil Have obliged the farmers general to purchace Annually from twelve to fifteen thousand Hogs Heads of American tobacco, Besides mr Moriss\u2019s envoices, on the same Conditions which He Has obtained\u2014By those Means Moriss\u2019s Contract will not Be Broken, But the Monopoly is in a Measure avoided, and it Has Been Resolved not to make any more Bargain of that kind.\nin a few days, my dear General, I will go to the New Harbour of Cherbourg and from thence, with the Minister of the Navy, to Brest and Rochefort\u2014I will also visit My Country seat in Auvergne\u2014perhaps make a tour through Holland\u2014and Certainly spend the Month of September in Alsace with the french troops there are Under the inspection of My father in law the duke d\u2019ayen\u2014I will also examine the grounds of the last Campaign of Marechal de turenne.\nThe Queen is pregnant and will be laying in About the Month of july\u2014Count de charlus, now Called duke de Castries, is Commander in second of the Gendarmerie which is Commanded by His father.\nAdieu, my dearest and Most Respected general, present my Respects and those of mde delafayette and family to mrs Washington and accept of them Yourself with that warm and paternal friendship with which I Have the Happiness to be Honoured By You\u2014Remember me to Your Respected Mother, to all your Relations and our friends, and think often of your adoptive son who Has the Honour to be Most Respectfully and affectionately Your devoted friend\nLafayette\nMy Best Compliments to George.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0078", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Moultrie, 25 May 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Moultrie, William\nDr Sir,\nMount Vernon 25th May 1786.\nThe Letter which your Excellency did me the honor to write to me, of the 7th ulto came safely to hand; & I should feel very happy if I could render the Company (who are engaged in the laudable & important design of opening a Cut between the rivers Cowper & Santee) any services.\nMr Brindley, nephew to the celebrated person of that name who conducted the work of the Duke of Bridgewater & planned many others in England, possesses, I presume, more practical knowledge of Cuts & Locks for the improvement of inland navigation, than any man among us, as he was an executive officer (he says) many years under his uncle in this particular business: but he is, I know, engaged with the Susquehanna company, who are I believe (for I saw Mr Brindley about six weeks ago) in a critical part of their work. I have notwithstanding, written to a gentleman of my acquaintance who is not only a member of that Company, but one to whom the business is chiefly confided, & near the spot, to know if Mr Brindley\u2019s services can be dispensed with long enough to answer the purposes mentioned in your letter: his answer shall be forwarded as soon as it comes to my hands.\nIt gives me pleasure to find a spirit for inland navigation prevailing so generally. No country is more capable of improvements in this way than our own\u2014none which will be more benefited by them; & to begin well, as you justly observe, is all in all: error in the commencement will not only be productive of unnecessary expence, but, what is still worse, of discouragements. It appears to me therefore, that if the cost of bringing from Europe a professional man of tried & acknowledged abilities, is too heavy for one work; it might be good policy for several Companies to unite in it; contributing in proportion to the estimates & capital sums established by the several Acts. I see no necessity for confining the services of such a person to a single undertaking\u2014one man may plan for twenty to execute; and the distance from Delaware (between which & Chesapeak a cut is in contemplation & Commissioners appointed by the two States to agree on a plan) to the Cowper river is not so great but that one person of activity might design for all between them, & visit the whole three or four times a year.\nThis is only a thought of my own\u2014I have no authority for suggesting it; but for my private satisfaction had written both to England & France, to know on what terms a person of competent skill could be obtained\u2014& have received the following answer from my friend the Marqs de la Fayette; \u201cThere is no doubt but what a good Engineer may be found in this country to conduct the work. France in this point exceeds England; & will have I think every advantage but that of the language, which is something, altho\u2019 it may be supplied by an Interpreter. An application from Mr Jefferson & myself to the Ministry, and more particularly an intimation that you set a value on that measure, will ensure to us the choice of a good Engineer. They are different from the military ones, and are called Ing\u00e8nieurs des ponts & chauss\u00e9es\u2014I think five hundred guineas a year while the business lasts, & an assurance not to loose his rank in France will be sufficient to provide you with the gentleman you want.\u201d\nI have also received an acknowledgmt of the letter I had written to England; but the gentleman there goes no further than to assure me he will make every necessary enquiry, & has no doubt but that a person may be obtained. He says nothing however respecting the terms on which he could be had. Mrs Washington joins me in compliments & every good wish for Mrs\nMoultree & yourself. With great esteem & respect I am Dr Sir, &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0080", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Alexander Steel, 25 May 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Steel, Alexander\nSir,\nMount Vernon 25th May 1786.\nAs I have no information of Doctr Shiell\u2019s death, nor any connexion with his family or affairs; I return the letter which you sent me for him (and which came to hand last night only) unopened. The Doctr married a lady of Newtown in Pennsylvania\u2014a Miss Harris, and had connexions, I believe, in trade with some gentn in the City of Philada, but with whom they were formed, I am unable to inform you.\nAltho\u2019 I have no doubt but that the Account, rendered by you of your services & sufferings, is literally true; yet as they did not happen to fall within my own knowledge, there would be an impropriety in my certifying them. Indeed it has always been a maxim with me, to grant Certificates to no Officers in a subordinate character, who did not apply thro\u2019 the Colonel & genl officer under whom they had served; or from the head of the department in which they had acted if in the staff; the presumption being, tho\u2019 the fact in some instances might be otherwise, that I could only be acquainted with their characters & conduct thro\u2019 one or the other of these channels.\nCongress have not, I believe, made provision for losses of property sustained in the course of the War, instances of which are without number; but for invalids & those who have been disabled they have, I believe, where the regular modes pointed out by their resolves, have been pursued, made allowances\u2014but what, or how to come at them, I am unable to inform you, as this business never went thro\u2019 my hands. I am Sir, &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0082", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Newton, Jr., 26 May 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Newton, Thomas Jr.\nDr Sir,\nMount Vernon 26 May 1786.\nInclosed you have Peter Kerwins receipt for fifty barrels of super fine flour, which I beg you to sell to the best advantage,\nand remit what may be due to me, after deducting what I am owing to you.\nTwenty four of these fifty barrels are inspected; the others, tho\u2019 of equal quality, are not. The reason is, the bearer calling unexpectedly, & being in a hurry, would not allow time to get the Inspectors from Alexandria; I was obliged therefore to send them without, or miss the conveyance\u2014the former I preferred, as I have been some time on the enquiry for a Vessel. The quality of the uninspected, my miller assures me, is at least equal to the inspected, being quite fresh. With esteem & regard I am &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0083", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Tilghman, 26 May 1786\nFrom: Tilghman, James\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nBalt[imor]e May 26th 1786\nIn looking over poor Tench\u2019s Papers I found a bundle containing principally the letters that passed between him and the N. York committee of correspondence in 1776 I have sealed them up and if you chuse to make them a part of your Collection they shall be sent you by some safe hand I am persuaded you Sir have had a share of the Sorrow his death occasioned pretty extensively\u2014To myself the stroke was most severe For it is but justice to his memory to say that no man ever had a more dutiful and affectionate son\u2014He made a great part of my happiness and his death has clouded my prospects exceedingly His Brother Thomas Ringgold Tilghman has taken his place in Mr Morris\u2019s business here And dare say will be ready and happy to supply it as well as he can in executing your commands here\u2014With my respectful compliments to Mrs Washington I am with great respect & regard Yr Most Obt hble sert\nJames Tilghman\nA letter is just come to hand from an American friend of Tenchs in London, in which your name is mentioned and I take the\nLiberty of inclosing you a Copy of the Paragraph If you think it worth your while to say any thing upon the Subject, I will transmit it to the Gentleman who writes the Letter with some degree of Anxiety. I know what pleasure poor Tench would have taken in setting the matter in it\u2019s proper light.\n\u201cI have had it in contemplation to write you for sometime past on Subject in which I find my self more and more interested I have endeavored to Shake it off from my mind, because I am persuaded that Genl Washington is too great in himself to be concerned at any calumny and his character too fair and pure to need any defence of mine I have the honor to be introduc\u2019d to a party of Sages of which my Uncle is one that meet regularly at a Coffee house where they discuss politicks or subjects to communicate useful knowledge They are all of extensive knowledge and very sensible one in particular (a Mr Mauduit) is said to have written two of the best Pamphlets that ever appeared in England, is visited and consulted by the greatest personages. Mr Pitt in particular is fond of him and his opinions This Sett often mention our great & good General and commonly in a proper manner But seem to give Credit to a charge exhibited against him by young Asgyl, of illiberal treatment & cruelty towards himself. He alledges that a Gibbet was erected before his prison Window and often pointed in an insulting manner as good, and proper for him to atone for Huddy\u2019s death And many other insults all of whch he believes were countenanced by General Washington who was well inclined to execute the Sentence on him but was restrained by the French General Rochambeau. I have contended that it was entirely owing to the humane procrastination of our General that Capt. Asgill did not suffer the fate allotted him And that it was most happy to Genl W\u2014\u2014\u2019s good disposition that the French Court interposed so as to enable him to save Asgill and at the same time keep our Army in temper This affair is stated by Young Asgill and canvassed at the British Court as before related Now Sir not for General Washington\u2019s Sake who, as I observed before, is above it but for mine who take Pride in him as I believe every honest American Must, I request the favour that you would inform me fully on this Subject that I may be enabled to parry the only bad thrust made at our Salvator in my presence.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0085", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Grayson, 27 May 1786\nFrom: Grayson, William\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nNew York May 27th 1786.\nI should have done myself the honor of writing to you sooner, if any thing had occurred at this place worth communicating: There has been a great dearth of foreign news, & till within a short time the representation has been so thin as to render it impracticable for Congress to undertake any matter of importance, although there are many which require their serious attention: Of late there has been a tolerably full representation but the time of Congress has been chiefly taken up with an investigation of the Connecticut cession of Western territory.\nThat State some time ago offered to cede all her claim to Western territory within the following limits Beg[innin]g 120 Miles Westwd of the Pennsylvania line at the beginning of the 42nd degree, extendg N. as far as two minutes of the 43rd, West to the Mississippi, the meanders thereof the same breadth; East to the beginning, reserving out of this cession the 120 Ms. between the ceded lands & the Pennsylvany line, with the jurisdiction of the same: this cession was at first much opposed, but Congress have at length agreed to accept it whenever the delegates of that State shall be authorized to make a proper deed; The consequence of which is I apprehend a clear loss of about six millions of acres to the United States & which had been already ceded by Virginia & N. York: for the Assembly of Connecticut now sitting will unquestionably open a land office, & the foederal constitution has not given a Court in this instance: The advocat\u27e8es\u27e9 for this measure, urged, in favor of it\u2019s adoption that the claim of a powerful State although unsupported by right, was under present circumstances a disagreeable thing; & that sacrifices ought to be made for the public tranquility as well as to acquire an undisputable title to the residue; that Connecticut would settle it immediately, with emigrants well disposed to the Union, who would form a barrier not only against the Brittish but the Indian tribes upon the Wabash & lake Michigan; That the thick settlement they would immediately form, would enhance the value of the adjacent country and facilitate emigrations thereto.\nSome alterations have been made lately in the Land Ordnance; the surveyors are now allowed to survey by the magnetic Meridian, & are limited to the territory lying Southward of the\nEast & West line as described in the said ordnance; the navigable waters and the carrying places between them are made common highways & for ever free to the Atlantic States as well as any new States that may be created, witht any tax or impost thereon. An attempt was made to change the system altogether, but negatived; indeed the Eastern States & some others are so much attached to it, that I am satisfied no material alteration can ever be effected; the Geographer & surveyers have directions to proceed without delay to carry the Ordinance into execution, which I presume they will execute provided the Indians will permit them, of which however I have very great doubts.\nMr Adams has informed Congress by letters lately recieved, that he has made a demand of the Posts, and has been refused; the Marquis of Caermarthen has given as a reason for refusal that many of the States in the Union have violated the treaty with respect to the debts; that the King of Gr. B. will comply with his engagements when the States shall shew a disposition to perform their part of the contract respecting this matter; the States not included in the accusation are N. Hamshire, R. Island, Connecticut N. Jersey & Delawar. I beg leave to inform you confidentially that there does not appear at present the most distant prospect of forming a treaty either with Spain or G. Brittain; That the treaty with Portugal is in a proper train; that peace can be procured with Tripoli & Tunis on reasonable terms, i.e. for 33,000 Guineas each, & probably with Morocco & Algiers for double that sum respectively if money can be loaned in Holland for that purpose. The late treaty with Algiers cost Spain one million three hundred thousand dollars. I found in Philada the book respecting Corks, which I committed to the care of Mr Fitzhugh son of the Fitzhugh of Mermian, which I hope you have recd. My complimts to Mrs Washington & remain with the highest respect & esteem Yr Affect Hhble servt\nWilliam Grayson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0086", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Colt MacGregor, 29 May 1786\nFrom: MacGregor, Colt\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nNew York 29th May 1786\nIn absense of Mr Jamieson, who is at present in Halifax, I had the honor to receive your letter to him of 20th inst., and immediately enquired of Mr John Schaw\u2019s Legatee, who is still here, concerning the Books & Papers of Messrs Balfour & Barraud. I find that some years before Mr Schaw\u2019s death they were delivered up to Mr Walter Franklin of this place, who is also since dead; they came then into the hands of his brother Mr Samuel Franklin, who informs me, that he gave up the whole on 28th Novembr last to a Mr John Clapham, lately from England, in consequence of orders from Mr John Lloyd of London. Mr Clapham sett off immediately for Virginia taking the Books &ca with him, in order to effect some settlement of that Concern: I cannot find out what particular place he is now at, but presume you will be enabled to hear of him, thro\u2019 the medium of some friend at Norfolk.\nMr Samuel Franklin says that, Mr Hanbury of London was actually concerned with Balfour & Barraud, but he does not know how far that Connexion went. It is very probable Mr Jamieson can give more certain information on that head; and, as his Business to the Northward may detain him sometime, I shall by the first Conveyance, forward your letter, which I doubt not will be duly Answered. In the meantime; I thought it proper to convey what information I could collect; particularly, as Mr Clapham\u2019s stay in Virginia may be of short duration. I have the\nhonor to be With the greatest respect Sir, Your most obdt hble Servt\nColt MacGregor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0087", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Joseph Brown, 30 May 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Brown, Joseph\nSir,\nMount Vernon 30th May 1786.\nI have been favored with your letter of the 12th of September, & thank you for the prints which accompanied it, by the Ship Potomac which arrived safely. The frames of these pictures are quite equal to my wishes, & you will please to accept my best acknowledgments of it; & assurances that an apology for their being inferior to those sent to Congress, was altogether unnecessary.\nIt gives me concern to learn from yourself, that the late War has been so injurious to your income, and so destructive of your hopes. My best wishes will attend any plan you may adopt for the perfect restoration of both. Of the obliging expressions of your letter, as they respect myself, I have a grateful sense, & am, Sir &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0088", "content": "Title: Articles of Agreement with James Bloxham, 31 May 1786\nFrom: Washington, George,Bloxham, James\nTo: \nArticles of Agreement entered into this 31st day of May in the year 1786 between George Washington Esqr of the County of Fairfax and Commonwealth of Virginia of the one part, and James Bloxham lately from the Shire of Gloucester in the Kingdom of England Farmer of the other part. Witnesseth, That the said James Bloxham for and in consideration of the wages, allowances, and priviledges hereinafter mentioned, doth agree with, and oblige himself to serve, the said George Washington for the space of one year; to commence the first day of the present Month, in the capacity of a Farmer and Manager of such parts of Husbandry, as shall be committed to his charge; and will, to the utmost of his skill and abilities, order & direct the same (with the approbation of the said George Washington) to the best advantage. That he will, at all times, and upon all occasions, suggest such plans for the improvement of the said George Washingtons Farms, and the stocks of Horses, Cattle, Sheep, Hogs &ca which are on them as to him shall appear most conducive to his interest. Will keep regular Accts of the said Stock\u2014and will strictly observe & follow all such orders and directions as he shall from time to time receive from his said employer; for this, and for other purposes. That when thereunto required, he will buy, at the expence of the said Washington, Cattle or Sheep for feeding, or for Store; and will dispose of the same, or any others, to the best advantage; attending particularly to the care & management of the Stock of every kind, both in Winter & Summer\u2014as well those for the use and benefit of the Farms, and for family consumption, as those which may be fatted for Market. That he will use his utmost endeavours to encrease, and properly distribute, the Manure in the farms; and\nalso will improve to the best of his judgment, the implements of husbandry necessary thereto\u2014and will instruct, as occasion may require, and opportunities offer, the labourers therein how to Plow, Sow; Mow, Reap; Thatch; Ditch; Hedge &ca in the best manner. And generally, that he will consider the said Washingtons interest as his own, and use his true endeavour to promote it accordingly. In consideration whereof the said George Washington doth agree to pay the said James Bloxham Fifty Guineas for his years Services, to be compleated on the first day of May 1787; and will allow him the said Bloxham, ten guineas besides, towards defraying the expences of bringing his wife and family to this Country. That when they shall have arrived, he will provide him, & them, a decent and comfortable House to reside in, by themselves; will lend them two Cows for Milk\u2014a Sow to raise Pigs for their own eating (but not to sell)\u2014and give them as much Bran as is sufficient to brew Beer for his familys use. And moreover, will allow them for the part of the year which will remain after the arrival of his family and leaving his present board, at the rate of Six hundred pounds of Porke or Beef, and Eight hundred pounds of middling flour, per annum, and likewise a piece of ground sufficient for a Garden, and firewood. The said George Washington also agrees to provide the said James Bloxham with a horse to ride on for the purpose of superintending the business herein required\u2014or, if the said Bloxham shall find his own horse, to allow pasturage & reasonable feed for him. Lastly, it is agreed between the said George Washington & James Bloxham, that if the said James should not return to England at the expiration of the year for which he now engages, and his conduct shall be such as to merit the approbation of the said George Washington, that then, and in those cases, his wages for the next year shall be Sixty Guineas; and the other allowances and priviledges the same as those of the present year. In testimony of all, and each of these Articles, and for the full and perfect compliance therewith, the parties to these presents hath interchangeably set their hands and Seals, and to the other, doth bind himself in the Sum of One hundred pounds Currt money of Virginia, the day and year first written.\n                  Signed sealed &ca\n                  in the presence of", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0089", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Alexander Spotswood, May 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Spotswood, Alexander\nmy lame horse; and for the lent of the one which Austin rid up. Mr Hunter (of Alexandria) is so obliging as to take him down, to you, and will bring mine up, if he is fit to move. if not, I will wait until you may write me, as I had rather send for him than have him travelled as quick as he must do to accompany the Stage.\nMrs Washington and the family here join me in every good wish for yourself, Mrs Spotswood and the rest of the family. With great estm & regard I am\u2014Dr Sir Yr Most obedt & Affece Se\u27e8rvt\u27e9\nGo: Washington\nP.S. I pray your excuse for detaining your horse so long. to be honest, till I gave your letter a second reading, this day, I thought it was your request to have him sent down when mine came up\u2014Why I should think so as there was no reason for it, and the letter contains no such request, is a little unaccountable\u2014but this is the fact. Yrs &ca G. W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0091", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Richard Sprigg, 1 June 1786\nFrom: Sprigg, Richard\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nStrawberry Hill [Md.] June 1st 1786\nIn consequence of a polite Message I received from You through Col. Tilghman to send any She Asses to Your Jack\u2014I requested Col. Mercer to send two that were at Marlbro\u2014Now send a third to the care of Doctr Bowie at Piscataway from whence You will please send for it.\nI shall be particularly obliged if You will except of the first produce from Her\u2014then have Her covered again by the Jack for Me.\nBy this opportunity You will receive a young bitch Spaniel\u2014it is the second I attempted to send You from the English Bitch You may remember to have seen at my House in Annapolis. The first dyed on the Road.\nMr. Geo Diggs will send You some grass Seed from me.\nMy Family desire their most respectfull Compts to You & Your Lady to whom You will please add those of Yr Most Obt Hume Sert\nRichd Sprigg", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0092", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Mary Bristow, 2 June 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Bristow, Mary Harding\nMadam,\nMount Vernon 2nd June 1786.\nThough small were the Services I rendered you, consequent of your first application to me; yet it behoves me to add, in answer to your favor of the 15th of December last, that it was all I then had, or now have it in my power to offer. For having no share in the Legislative or Executive concerns of the Country, I could do no more than to bring your Petition before the former. This I did by a letter to the Governour inclosing it. What the ultimate determination of the Assembly was, respecting this matter, I am unable with precision, to inform you. Generally, I was given to understand, that however hard the case might appear to be, it was to be ascribed to the nature of the contest in which we had been oppressively involved, and tho\u2019 to be lamented as a Misfortune, was not to be attributed as a fault in the Justice of this Country, since it was difficult, if not impracticable to draw a line between the promoters, and actors, and innocent Victims, of the War, in a national point of view. How far the reasoning is good I shall not take upon me to decide; but with much truth may assure you that I can readily enter into your feelings on this occasion, & sincerely wish that those who were the contrivers and abetters were alone to be the Sufferers by the War. I have the Honor to be, Madam, your most Obdt & very Huml. Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0093", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Battaile Muse, 4 June 1786\nFrom: Muse, Battaile\nTo: Washington, George\nHonorable Sir.\nBerkeley C[ount]y\u2014June 4th 1786\nYour Favour dated the 6th may Came To hand this morning with Colo. Fairfaxes enclosed.\nI did Every thing in my Power to get my wheat down as Quick as Possable and I am sorry that you Loose by the Contract I beleave Every Farmer and Planter In this Country will be disapointed in their Expectations As Produce Sells so Very Lo we in this Country Where Waggonage is so High see the Effects of Such Lo prices as is now going[.] I have now in hand 1000 bushels wheat & 250 barrels Flour. I shall be oblige To you To dispose of the Flour made from the 50 bushels wheat in your mill when you Sell yours and place the amount of the Sale to my acct the brand \u27e8Lee\u27e9 if you do Not Chuos To make use of it\u2014I shall be Very thankfull if your miller would sell it for me this wheat is the Property of Doctr Seldens I shall be much oblige to you To say what you think I can give for it at your mill as some acct must be returnd of it and I mean To allow the Docr a Just price for it so as for me not To be Too great a Looser\u2014my accts with Him will be Closed for the Last years Transactions the first of July next therefore I shall be thankfull to give me your oppinion what the price should be.\nI have not Collected as much money as to sattisfy my acct. as soon as the Weather and roads gets better I expect To receive again Something and what Ever I receive I shall Draw for in your Favour in Alexandria If I can get my Tobacco down I expect To be at Mount Vernon the Last of July Should any thing prevent me going down you shall hear From me by the Last of July & If necessary before. in order To spurr up the Fauquier Tenants I have Obtained Judgments on sundrie Replevey Bonds Last Fauquier Court and have Told them I shall order Executions out in July but as they are Poor and money Scarce I Shall not order Executions unless I Find \u27e8they\u27e9 are about To remove out the County untill \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 Spring only against Rector & Keyes if they do not Pay up well I shall order Executions in July or august next agt those Two for good reasons. it may not be a miss To observe that Some of the Replevey Bonds were Taken for more than is Justly due I have Promised the People\nthat I will settle with them Justly. I am Sir with great regard your Most Obedient Humble Servant\nBattaile Muse", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0097", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Rumney, Jr., 5 June 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Rumney, John Jr.\nSir;\nMount Vernon 5th June 1786.\nSince my last of the 15th of May to Messrs Robertson Sanderson & Rumney, I have been favoured with your letter of the 16th of April by Captn Aitkinson\u2014The cost of the Flags is finally settled, with other articles had from your store in Alexandria\u2014and I again thank you for the trouble you have had in this business\u2014more so\u2014as neither Commission nor freight are charged, nor would be received\u2014although I am very willing, and offered to pay both to Mr Sanderson.\nThe Flags came very reasonably and will answer my purposes very well though the workman did not keep to the sample in two or three respects\u2014particularly on the thickness, and dressing of the Stones\u2014some not being more than \u00be of an inch thick (scarcely that on one side) and none with the same polish of the pattern\u2014enough however may be picked out of the whole to floor my Gallery which is all I wanted. With great esteem & regard\u2014I am Dr Sir Yr Obedt Ser.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0098", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Tilghman, 5 June 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Tilghman, James\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon 5th June 1786.\nI have just had the pleasure to receive your favor of the 26th ulto. Of all the numerous acquaintances of your lately deceased son, & amidst all the sorrowings that are mingled on that melancholy occasion, I may venture to assert that (excepting those of his nearest relatives) none could have felt his death with more regret than I did\u2014No one entertained a higher opinion of his worth, or had imbibed sentiments of greater friendship for him than I had done. That you, Sir, should have felt the keenest anguish for this loss, I can readily conceive, the ties of parental affection united with those of friendship, could not fail to have produced this effect. It is however a dispensation, the wisdom of which is inscrutable; and amidst all your grief, there is this consolation to be drawn, that while living, no man could be more esteemed\u2014and since dead, none more lamented than Colo. Tilghman.\nAs his correspondence with the Com[mitt]ee of New York is not connected with any transactions of mine; so consequently, it is not necessary that the Papers to which you allude shou\u2019d compose part of my public documents; but if they stand single, as they exhibit a trait of his public character, and, like all the rest of his transactions, will, I am persuaded, do honor to his understanding & probity, it may be desirable in this point of view to keep them alive by mixing them with mine; which undoubtedly will claim the attention of the Historian, who, if I mistake not, will upon an inspection of them, discover the illiberal ground on which the charge, mentioned in the extract of the letter you did me the honor to enclose me, is founded. That a calumny of this kind had been reported, I knew: I had laid my account for the calumnies of anonymous scriblers but I never before had conceived that such an one as is related, could have originated with, or met the countenance of Captn Asgill, whose situation often filled me with the keenest anguish. I felt for him on many accounts, & not the least, when viewing him as a man of humor & sentiment how unfortunate it was for him that a wretch who possesses neither, should be the means of causing in him a single pang, or a disagreeable sensation. My favourable opinion of him, however, is forfeited if, being acquainted with these reports, he did not immediately contradict them. That I could not have given countenance to the insults which he says were offered to his person, especially the grovelling one of creating a gibbet before his prison window, will, I expect, readily be believed when I explicitly declare that I never heard of a single attempt to offer an insult, & that I had every reason to be convinced that he was treated by the officers around him with all the tenderness & every civility in their power. I would fain ask Captain Asgill how he could reconcile such belief (if his mind had been seriously impressed with it) to the continual indulgencies & procrastinations he had experienced? He will not, I presume, deny that he was admitted to his parole, within ten or twelve miles of the British lines; if not to a formal parole, to a confidence yet more unlimitted, by being permitted for the benefit of his health & the recreation of his mind, to ride, not only about the cantonment, but into the surrounding country for many miles, with his friend & companion Major Gordon constantly attending him. Would not these indulgencies have pointed a military character to the fountain from which they flow\u2019d? Did he\nconceive that discipline was so lax in the American Army, as that any officer in it would have granted these liberties to a person confined by the express order of the commander in chief, unless authorised to do so by the same authority? And to ascribe them to the interference of Count de Rochambeau, is as void of foundation as his other conjectures; for I do not recollect that a sentence ever passed between that General & me, directly or indirectly on the subject.\nI was not without suspicions after the final liberation and return of Captn Asgill to New York, that his mind had been improperly impressed; or that he was defective in politeness. The treatment he had met with, in my conception, merited an acknowledgment. None however was offered, and I never sought for the cause.\nThis concise account of the treatment of Captn Asgill is given from a hasty recollection of the circumstances. If I had had time, and it was essential, by unpacking my papers & recurring to authentic files, I might have been more pointed, and full. It is in my power at any time to convince the unbiased mind that my conduct through the whole of this transaction was neither influenced by passion\u2014guided by inhumanity\u2014or under the controul of any interference whatsoever. I essayed every thing to save the innocent, and bring the guilty to punishment, with what success the impartial world must and hereafter certainly will (decide). With very great esteem & regard I have the honor to be Dear Sir Yr Most Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0099", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Fitzgerald, 6 June 1786\nFrom: Fitzgerald, John\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nAlexandria 6th June 1786\nSoon after I was honor\u2019d by the receipt of your letter this morning, I had an opportunity of seeing Colo. Gilpin & we have concluded to go up to George Town tomorrow[.] Colo. Deakins promises, in a letter received to day, that he will not part with any of them untill the Company, if they want any, have a choice.\nFrom the mention made of the Blacksmith by Mr Dillon & others, I expect he will be very suitable for the Works, & also one or two of the Stone Masons[.] I think we had better not exceed the Number of 25 at this time, & not near so many unless appearances are very favorable.\nFrom the best accots I have been able to get from the falls, the fresh has not at any one time been higher than it was in the Spring, altho\u2019 both Potomack & Shenandoah were higher than they have been known since the year 1771, but fortunately, Potomack fell before Shenandoah began to rise so that the Violence of both did not Cooperate[.] In this part of the River the Easterly Winds which blew almost incessantly heighten\u2019d the appearance of the fresh by the quantity of tide water which was driven up.\nBy first opportunity after my return I will inform you of what we have done. I am with affectionate Esteem Dear Sir Your Obed. Servant\nJohn Fitzgerald", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0100", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Stuart, 6 June 1786\nFrom: Stuart, David\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir,\nAbingdon 6th June\u2014[17]86\nAs nothing could be transacted in a more favourable manner for the estate; than the way in which your account is settled, it must always be infinitely obliged to you\u2014I assure you I am perfectly satisfyed\u2014with great regard I am, Dr Sir Your Obt Servt\nD:d Stuart", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0103", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Benjamin Lincoln, 7 June 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lincoln, Benjamin\nMy Dr Sir,\nMount Vernon 7th June 1786\nInclosed is a copy of my last to you, soon after writing which I heard of Doctr Gordon\u2019s sailing. Not knowing who his Agent is, I again take the liberty of putting under this cover, the second Bill of exchange for him; & the original subscription paper on which the eleven pounds arose as part of the Bill (just mentioned) for forty two pounds which was the amount of both the Alexandria & Fredericksburgh subscriptions. As I have passed my receipts to the gentlemen who collected the money at the places above named; I wish the Doctors Agent\u2014or Attorney if he has appointed one, would acknowledge the receipt of the Bill to me.\nMr Lear arrived here a few days ago, & appears to be a genteel, well-behaved young man: he delivered me your letter, in consequence of which I applied to, & have received a promise from Charles Lee Esqr. (brother to the Colonel) to furnish him with such Law Books as he may have occasion for. I wish you success in your Passamaquady undertaking, & with sentiments of very great esteem & regard, am My Dr Sir, &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0104", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Charles MacIver, 7 June 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: MacIver, Charles\nSir,\nM[oun]t Vernon 7th June 1786\nI received your letter of the 5th inst. together with the MSS. & other papers sent with it, which I have returned.\nIt gives me pleasure to see any attempts made towards improving literature & science, more especially when they tend to the immediate & particular advantage of this Country, & I should always wish to encourage & promote them: but I cannot with propriety enter into your plan, & offer you the encouragement you desire, as I am not so well acquainted with your character & abilities as many Gentlemen in Alexandria undoubtedly are, who will have an opportunity of attending your lectures, which I shall not; & are capable of giving your plan every encouragement which it deserves. I am Sir &c.\nG: Washington\nP.S. As the patterns & drawings may be useful to you on some other occasion, I return them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0105", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Lafayette, 8 June 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nMy Dr Marqs\nM[oun]t Vernon 8th June 1786.\nYou would be surprised at the old date of the letter herewith sent you, were I not to tell you that the vessel which carries it was to have sailed agreeably to the date, & by information was to do so every day since. Nothing new has occurred since it was written, nor should I have given you the trouble of a second letter by the same ship, had I not forgotten to mention in my last that Mrs Washington had packed & sent for Madame de la Fayette\u2019s acceptance, a barrel of Virginia Hams. I do not know\nthat they are better, or so good as you make in France but as they are of our own manufacture (and you know the Virginia Ladies value themselves on the goodness of their bacon), and we recollect that it is a dish of which you are fond, she prevailed on me to ask your\u2019s & Madame de la Fayette\u2019s acceptance of them.\nI wanted to have accompanyed them with an anchor of old Peach brandy, but could not provide any which I thought of such a quality as would do credit to the distillery of this liquor, & therefore sent none; and after all, both perhaps would have been better furniture for your Canteens on a long wet march, than for your table in Paris. It is unnecessary to repeat the assurances of the affection & regard with which I am &c. &c.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0108", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Fitzgerald, 13 June 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Fitzgerald, John\nLetter not found: to John Fitzgerald, 13 June 1786. Fitzgerald wrote GW on 13 June: \u201cI am honoured with your letter of this date.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0109", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Fitzgerald, 13 June 1786\nFrom: Fitzgerald, John\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nAlexandria June 13th 1786\nI am honoured with your letter of this date & am extremely sorry it is out of my power to meet you & Colo. Senf at the falls tomorrow as Mr Ridout\u2019s Brigg will then be clear for sailing & his dispatches are yet to be made out[.] I have sent your letter to Colo. Gilpin & have no doubt but he will attend & I hope you & he will make any alterations in the Plan which may appear necessary to you without attending to the formality of a regular board. I am Dear sir Your mo. Obedt Servant\nJohn Fitzgerald", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0112", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Fitzhugh, Jr., 15 June 1786\nFrom: Fitzhugh, William Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nMillmont Calvert [County, Md.] 15th June 1786\nI have communicated to Mr Reynolds by Letter your Determination respecting the Ewe Lambs; since which he has not favord me with his Directions as to the Time of removing them\u2014I mentioned to him that unless I received his particular Instructions on the subject\u2014I should recommend it to you to let them remain with their Mothers until the last week in July; I therefore presume it meets his approbation: as there cannot be the least Doubt of his having received my Letter\u2014should you however think the Time late, it rests entirely with yourself, when you will send for them\u2014It is improper to separate them too early from their Mothers; in which Case they frequently pine, and are injured in their growth\u2014I wish I could flatter you with the smallest probability of your encreasing the Number to a Purchase of such as would be worth your Attention\u2014The most eligible route to Mr Edward Reynolds\u2019s is from Mount Vernon to the Cross Roads near Piscataway about ten miles\u2014thence to Lower Marlbro by the brick Church twenty miles, thence to the Bay side nine miles, where he now resides\u2014He will meet with little Dificulty, whoever comes over, as the road is by no means intricate\u2014My Father is much obliged by your Offer of Magnolio\u2019s Services: by choice he could not wish a finer horse to his mare\u2014on a presumption\u2014they will be sufficiently served by the last of this month, we shall about that Time send over for them\u2014It will be unfortunate should the Jack\u2019s present Frigitity prove constitutional tho I am rather inclined to ascribe it to youth and the Change of Climate than any other Cause\u2014for if he continues to grow to the age of twenty (a very general opinion) his early performance cannot be otherwise than highly flattering\u2014My Father and Mother join me in best wishes to you your Lady and Family\u2014with perfect Esteem and regard I have the honor to be yr Excelly mot Obedt Servant\nWm Fitzhugh Junr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0114", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Sarah McCarty Johnston Darrell, 18 June 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Darrell, Sarah McCarty Johnston\nMadam\n[Mount Vernon] 18th June 1786.\nA tract of land which I bought of Captn Johnston (your deceas\u2019d husband) lying on Bullskin in Frederick (now Berkeley) county, is, as well as a great many others, comprehended in the judgment lately obtained in the General Court in favor of the Hites; but may, it is said, be relieved from the consequences if it shall appear that this land was originally purchased from Hite.\nThat the fact is so there can be no doubt, but the difficulty lies in proving it. It would seem by some papers in my hands that Captn Johnston bought the land, wch he sold me from one Lewis Thomas; & that Lewis Thomas bought it of old Jois Hite, father of the present complainants; who passed his Bond for the conveyance; which bond it further appears was assigned to Captn Johnston. Now, if this bond is to be found among the papers of Captn Johnston, for I have it not, it will render null &\nvoid the claim of the Hites; unless it may be for the original purchase money (which was very trifling)\u2014if it cannot be proven that it has been paid.\nBut if this bond is not in being, it is highly probable the Land will be lost.\nThe person to whom I sold the land is now calling upon me\u2014this will oblige me in turn to resort to the representations of Capt. Johnston of whom I purchased, & whose Deeds to me warrant it against the claim of every person whatsoever. But all these difficulties (except as to the original sum, which was to have been paid by Lewis Thomas to Hite) may be avoided if you fortunately should find among Captain Johnston\u2019s papers, the original bond from Hite to Thomas for conveyance of the land. It is for this reason I give you the trouble of the present application.\nI am informed that commissioners are to meet some day this month, to receive such evidence as can be offered in favor of the present possessors of the land, without which the judgment will be final, I therefore pray that diligent search may be made for Hites Bond, which may prevent a heavy loss, as the land, with the improvements thereon, is now become very valuable. I am &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0116", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Peter Dow, 20 June 1786\nFrom: Dow, Peter\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\n[Fairfax County] June 20th 1786\nMr Lund Washington, applied to me yesterday, as also your young Man \u27e8W.\u27e9 Shaw, to day for the Rent I owe you; I sincerely wish it had been in my power to discharge the same; but from an unforseen event, my Family coming in and drawing on me without advice for Some money; togather with my retirement from any kind of Trade to the Country, has rather embarrassed me at this Season till I can collect the growing Crop\u2014If it were any way agreeable to your excellency I wou\u2019d give Bond with\nSecurity & Interest pay[abl]e in Six months. I am Sir your Excellencys Most Obedent & Most hume Servant\nPeter Dow", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0117", "content": "Title: From George Washington to David Humphreys, 20 June 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Humphreys, David\nMy dear Humphreys\nMount Vernon 20th June 1786\nYour letter from New York (as did the preceeding one from London) came duly to hand, & claim my particular acknowledgments. On your return to America I sincerely congratulate you. I shall rejoice to see you at this place, & expecting it soon, shall add little at this time. The only design of this letter is to assure you, that you will have no occasion for Horses, for mine will always be at your service; & very little for a Servant, as your old acquaintance Will (now fit for little else) can whiten your head, & many idlers about the House can blacken your shoes; but in the latter case I entreat you to be governed wholly by your own inclination & convenience.\nNot knowing at what place to direct for you, I send this under cover to Colo. Lee (to whom I have occasion to write)\u2014Mrs Washington & George & his wife join me in every good wish for you & I am ever yr sincere friend and Affe. Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0118", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Andr\u00e9 Michaux, 20 June 1786\nFrom: Michaux, Andr\u00e9\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nAlex[andri]a 20th June 1786\nYou will find herewith, the Seeds, that I Spoke of, to Your Excelly Yesterday. I will accept of the Offer, that you made me, in Sending to your Care, the Collections that I Shall make in the Distant Countries for the use of the King of France.\nI Shall Esteem it a Happiness, If I Can Discover any thing, that can be of any use to Your Excellency. I am very Respectfully Sir Your Very Obedt & Very Humble Servt\nA: MichauxBotanist to his Most Christian Majesty", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0119", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Nicolas Pike, 20 June 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Pike, Nicolas\nSir,\nMount Vernon 20th June 1786\nYour letter of the 25th of March did not come to hand till lately or it should have had an earlier acknowledgement.\nIt gives me the highest satisfaction to find the Arts and Sciences making a progress in any Country; but when I see them advancing in the rising States of America I feel a peculiar pleasure: and in my opinion, every effort of Genius, and all attempts towards improving useful knowledge ought to meet with encouragement in this Country. Your performance is of the most useful and beneficial kind, and, from the opinion of those Gentlemen who have inspected it I have not the least doubt but that it is a very valuable one.\nI feel a grateful sense of the honour which you designed me by wishing to dedicate your Book to me, and would even sacrifice my own ideas of propriety respecting the matter so far as to comply with your request, if I thought that by a non-compliance I should discourage so good a work. But Sir, as there are several Characters in your part of the country who deservedly hold a high rank in the literary world, and whose names would add dignity to such a performance, it would be more proper (if I might presume to offer my opinion upon the matter) to dedicate your Book to them. I must therefore beg leave to decline the honour which you would do me, as I have before done in two or three cases of a similar kind. With the sincerest wishes for the success of your work, and much esteem I am Sir, Your Obdt Hume Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0121", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Joseph Dashiell, 21 June 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Dashiell, Joseph\nSir,\nMount Vernon 21st June 1786.\nI thank you for requesting a skipper from the Eastern shore to call upon, & make me an offer of the posts & rails he had for sale. They were not however of a kind to answer my purposes (being for paling), nor should I incline to buy any unless they are better & are to be had cheaper than those wch might be taken from my own land.\nTo judge of the propriety of this, you wou\u2019d oblige me Sir, by informing me on what terms Cypress posts 7 feet long, 5 inches by 6 at top, & 7 inches by 6 at bottom; (a stack a foot square making 4)\u2014and Cypress plank 12 feet long, 6 wide & 1\u00bc inches thick, could be had delivered at my landing, supposing 500 of the first, & a proportional quantity of the latter for rails. I mention cypress on a supposition that it is a lasting wood for posts; but would be glad to know also, what the difference in price would be, between cypress & Pine, in the rails only. I am &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0122", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thornton Washington, 22 June 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Washington, Thornton\nDr Thornton,\nMount Vernon June 22d 1786.\nMr Throckmorton delivered me your letter of the 6th inst: I am under no apprehension that the title to the land on which you live can be affected by the decision lately had in favor of Messrs Hites & others. Such papers as I can readily find respecting this tract, I send you. The patent from the proprietors office, granted to Captn George Johnston of whom I bought the land, particularly recites that it was granted by Jois: Hite to Lewis Thomas. the deposition of John Smith taken, & admitted in the former trial, & I suppose is of record\u2014with the copy of Lewis Thomas\u2019s bond passed for the payment there of\u2014together with\nthe statement subscribed by Colo. Grayson\u2014places the whole business in my opinion in a very clear & unequivocal point of view. But if the Commissioners (which I can scarcely conceive) should be of a different way of thinking, I should be glad to have time to illucidate matters more fully.\nColo. Grayson you will perceive certifies that what he has signed is a true copy from the proceedings; in these it is expressly admitted by the complainants, that Js Hite did sell 425 acres; which upon a resurvey (possibly by adding a little of the barrens) measured 552 acres. Not having the original bond from Joist Hite to Lewis Thomas in my possession, I sent to the widow Darrell, formerly wife of Captn Johnston, to see if it could be found among his papers; but she was from home & not likely, my messenger was informed, to return soon\u2014and very probably may be found as a deposit in the proprietors, as the Deed is expressly founded upon it. In my judgment it is quite immaterial where it is, as there is, besides the admission of the papers, the most uncontrovertible evidence of the sale to Thomas. By L. Thomas\u2019s bond to Joist Hite, it appears that the money was to have been paid, \u201cat such time, that the said Joist Hite, his Heirs, Executors, Administrators or Assigns can obtain a good Patent from the office.\u201d\nThe only point therefore which can be disputed, according to my conception of the case, is, if the purchase money has never yet been paid, who is liable\u2014the possessors of the land, or the persons to whom it was sold, or their representatives? Whether the decree of the Court goes to this point, or what powers are vested in the Commissioners respecting it I know not, never having seen the judgment, & having had but a very indistinct report of it.\nThe Ship with servants happening to be becalmed opposite to my door, I sent on board to enquire for a Carpenter; only one stood upon the list\u2014& he professing not to understand much of the business, I concluded he understood nothing of it, and therefore did not b[u]y him for you. My best wishes attend you & your wife. I am Affectly yrs\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0123", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Foster, 23 June 1786\nFrom: Foster, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nBridlington Yorks[hir]e [England] 23 June 1786\nIn the Season of Warr when too often the voice of Humanity and the calls of Justice are stifled in the Rage and Tumult of the Contest, \u2019Twas Yours sir in the midst to exhibit that a delicate adherence to the Virtues of the mind may be united in the Breast of the Warrior and the Statesman.\nIn the beginning of the late unhappy dispute I was (not in Arms) taken going to Boston and carryed to your Camp at Cambridge, it was there I was indetted to you for personal Security and speedy Liberation, and it was in the Confidence of your Protection our Confinement was considerably alleviated.\nThe Opportunity of a Relation passing near your door affords me the means of declaring to you how much I feel myself Sir Your obliged and Obedient servt\nWm Foster", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0124", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Fisher, 24 June 1786\nFrom: Fisher, George\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhilad[elphi]a 24 June, 1786\nAgreeably to your orders I waited on Capt. Colfax for the Money which you informed me you had paid to him for me, being Eighty Dollars, but he told me, in direct Opposition to your Excellancy\u2019s words that he had never recd any such money. I also waited on Lt. Howe, and he had nothing for me neither.\nI think, in my humility, it is parculiarly hard that I should be kept out of what is so justly my due, & indeed what your Excellany paid to Men in Affluance to deliver to the poor. However from your Excellancy\u2019s benevolence & Charity I still hope to receive this Sum & leave to your Excellany the mode of recovering it. I continue with Mrs House in my old Station, as Cook, & where I hope I shall have the honor of receiving your Excellency\u2019s further information. I have the honor to be your Excellancy\u2019s most Obedient & Obliged Servant\nGeorge Fisher", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0125", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Clement Biddle, 25 June 1786\nFrom: Biddle, Clement\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nPhila[delphi]a June 25. 1786\nI must appologize for my not acknowledgeing the receipt of your favour of 18 May Covering Certificates for 339 53/90 Dollars but I was daily in expectation of our Opportunity to send the Glass which I did not meet till last week by the Dolphin Captain Stewart by whom I sent it with the receipt enclosed under cover to the care of Colo[ne]l Hooe & since then I have waited for this Conveyance by Major Gibbs.\nI now inclosed the Bill for the Glass also Mr Oswald\u2019s & Messrs Dunlap & Claypooles receipt for the papers which I have stopped them from sending\u2014Mr Humphreys say he has no account against you I have also paid Messrs Lewis\u2019s Acct which is inclosed\u2014Stelles Certificate would sell for 8/ in the pound as it now is that is \u00a350.18.9 specie for the whole or you may draw 84 Dollars Interest in Indent & 6 p. Ct Interest in our paper money and then let it remain a funded Certificate of Pennsylvania.\nI had not purchased the Tour through Great Britain as no New Book have arrived\u2014Linen is not sold very low at our Vendues this season as but few Vessels have arrived from Ireland & will not till about September\u2014Oznabrigs has been a scar[c]e Article & tho\u2019 I am within a few doors of the City Vendue I have\nseen none there for sale of a good quality but what was damaged and there are few striped Duffel Blankets for sale in the stores\u2014nor do I think they can be had reasonable till October.\nIn answering your former Letter I have of course inclosed your favour of 20 Inst. just received.\nMrs Biddle begs to join in respectful Compliments to Mrs Washington with\u2014Dr General yr Obedt & very Hume Servt\nClement Biddle\nI shall keep the Certificate for your further Orders. I forwarded the Letter recd from Mr George Washington to Jamaica immediately.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0126", "content": "Title: From George Washington to George William Fairfax, 25 June 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Fairfax, George William\ndear Sir,\nMount Vernon June 25th 1786\nSince I had the honor of writing to you in November last, I have been favoured with your letters of the 23d of June in the last, and 23d of Jany in the present year. The first was handed to me by Doctr Baynham, and the other by Mr James Bloxham.\nYour conjectures respecting the fate of our letters, are, I am persuaded, too well founded. Such frequent miscarriages would not have resulted from negligence alone\u2014but why after the prying eye of curiosity, or the malignant hope of trapanning an individual, or making useful discoveries were disappointed, the letters should not have been permitted to proceed to their address, is not easy to be conceived. Being well apprized of the delicacy of your situation I have studiously avoided every expression in all my letters which might, if known, have involved you in the smallest difficulty or embarrassment. It is wantonly unfeeling therefore to destroy, as well as to have inspected, such as were founded in friendship and so contained occurrences which related to the parties only, for their bases. In future I will always place my letters to you, under cover to Mr Athawes.\nIn a former letter I informed you, that Mr Pine\u2019s reception in this Country had been favourable; and indicative of a plentiful\nharvest in the line of his profession. Consequent of your good report of this Gentleman, I furnished him with letters to many of the first characters in Philadelphia & Annapolis; & have every reason to believe that his success will not fall short of his expectations if it is not injured by any act of his own\u2014against which his prudence will, no doubt, secure him.\nThough envy is not among the ingredients which compose my constitution, yet the picture you have drawn of your present habitation & mode of living, is enough to create strong desires in me to be a participator of the tranquillity and rural amusements you have described. I am gliding into the latter as fast as I can, being determined to make the remainder of my life easy let the world, or the concerns of it, go as they may; & I am not a little obliged to you, my good Sir, for the assurance of contributing to this by procuring me a Buck & Doe of the best English Deer; but if you have not already encountered this trouble I would now wish to relieve you from it, as Mr Ogle of Maryland has been so obliging as to present me Six fawns from his Park of English Deer at Bell-Air. Of the forest Deer of this Country I have also procured six, two bucks & four Does\u2014with these & tolerable care, I shall soon stock my small Paddock. In this release, I do not mean to acquit my good friend Mrs Fairfax of the offer she has made me. I will receive with great pleasure & gratitude the seeds of any Trees or shrubs which are not natives of this Country but reconcileable with the climate of it, that she may be so obliging as to send me; and while my attentions are bestowed on the nurture of them, it would, if any thing was necessary to do it, remind me of the happy moments I have spent in conversations on this and other subjects with that Lady at Belvoir.\nMy Friend in New England having, since the date of my letters to you, in November, engaged a young Gentlemn for me of decent appearance & respectable family as a tutor for the two little Custis\u2019s (who live with me), I have to pray that the trouble I was about to give you on this occasion may cease, and that the letter which I put under your cover for a Mr Chapman, may be burnt.\nI have now, my dear sir, to beg you to accept my particular thanks for the early attention which you paid to my request respecting a Farmer; and for directing Mr Bloxham to offer himself\nto me before he should engage with any other. The character given of him by Mr Peacy is full & ample, & his appearance and conversation being much in his favour, I have agreed to give him Sixty Guineas pr Ann. for his services, & find him and family in Provisions, a house to live in, a garden to work, and two Cows to furnish them with Milk. In consequence thereof he proposes to write for his wife and children to come to him. With his assistance & advice I shall be able to dispense with a Steward. I have now taken the management of my Farms into my own hands, and shall find employment & amusement if not profit, in conducting the business of them myself.\nThe Postscript to your letter of the 23d of Jany has given me pain, It would seem from the tenor of it as if you conceived I was not well pleased at your giving Mr Thos Corbin a letter of introduction to me; be assured my dear sir, nothing was ever further from me than to express such a sentiment. My intention, however incautiously it was communicated, was only to inform you that his brother Dick had determined to play nothing short of the whole game, & therefore was resolved to be as early with his narrative in this Country as Tom could be. And now, whilst I am upon this subject, let me once for all entreat you not to be so scrupulous, or backward in your introductions, for I can assure you with much truth that every occasion which affords the means of hearing from you & Mrs Fairfax will give pleasure in this family; & no person who shall bear your passport will be an unwelcome guest in it. So many come hither without proper introductions that it is a real satisfaction when I am able to discriminate. This will be the case when Mr Ansly, or any other shall present a letter from you to me\u2014No inconvenience can arise from these things\u2014my manner of living is plain and I do not mean to be put out of it\u2014A glass of wine and a bit of mutton is always ready\u2014such as will be content to partake of it are welcome\u2014those who look for more will be disappointed, but no change will be effected by it.\nIn every wish that can contribute to the happiness and pleasure of yourself & Lady Mrs Washington joins me\u2014and with sincere regard and Affection I am\u2014My dear Sir Yr Most Obedt Hble Sert\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0127", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander McCabe, 26 June 1786\nFrom: McCabe, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nElizabeth Town [N.J.] June the 26th, 1786\nI take the liberty to write to your Excelly about a gentleman that I have some letters for from Ireland, the Revd John Wallace. I am informd by a letter I recd a few days ago, that he is under an appointment of yr Excellency\u2019s as presedent of an academy in Verginea, I shall therefore be much Oblig\u2019d if your Excellency will be so good to inform me what part of Verginea he is in.\nI hope your Excellency will excuse the freedom I take in enclosing a letter of Colonel Persse\u2019s of Roxborrow a gentleman of extensive fortune a particular friend & well wisher of yours, was so the most precarious times in Ireland I could tell yr Excellency many Anecdotes of the Colonels good Sentiments love & Esteem for you. one in particular every day after dinner the first toaste was his Excy George Washington, he has compell\u2019d yr greatest Enemies to do the same. There is no beautifull spot on his Estate but will bare your memory to the latest ages as they have some appellation from every Victorious Engagement your Excellency was in.\nColl Persse begs to know how you are I am convinc\u2019d he would rather receive a line from your Excellency than any honour the first Monarch in the universe could Confer on him I will\nwrite to the Coll when I receive your Excellencys ansr relative to Mr Wallace, will be much oblig\u2019d if your Excellency will enclose back Coll Persse\u2019s letter to me. I am yr Excellency\u2019s most humble & most Obedient se\u27e8rvt\u27e9\nAlexander McCabe\nP.S. Please to direct to the Care of Jacob Cooke Esqr. Lancaster, State of Pennsylvania.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0128", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Brown, 27 June 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Brown, William\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from William Brown, 27 June 1786. On 30 June GW wrote Brown \u201cIn answer to your favor of the 27th.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0130", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas West, 27 June 1786\nFrom: West, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nAlexandria [Va.] 27th June 86\nI am sorry that the papers you mention are not ready for your perusal but you may rest Assured that nothing shall be wanting on my part to bring those matters to a final conclusion. since I spoke to you last on the subject have selected a number of the decd Colo. Colvills Papers many of which are of consequence\nand shou\u2019d have had the whole ready by this day had proper care been taken of them before they came under my care but in the course of two Weeks expect to be prepared in the mean am sir yr most Obedt & very Hble Servt\nThos West", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0131", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Rochambeau, 28 June 1786\nFrom: Rochambeau, Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de\nTo: Washington, George\nCalais June the 28th 1786.\nI come, my Dear General, to read in the public papers your letter to the general assembly of Virginia, by Which you refuse the fifty shares that have been, by it, offered to you. there I have well Known again your character and your Virtues, and I am very glad to see in a corrupted age how they make Still a great account of this rare exemples of generosity. I come, my Dear general to make a turn in holland, this republick and yours are not much alike. in holland they have done, as god, of a heap of dirt the finest World that can be, by Strength of art and industry; your country, on the contrary, has received all the most generous natural gifts, but it remains yet to be done many things by the art to improve it, Which Should not require a long time With arms, and under the direction of my Dear general, if it Would\nfollow them. further more, that republick of the Seven united provinces is at present in a great crisis between the patriot party and that of the Stathouder Which has Still Strength and credit.\nmy neighbours the Englishmen begin to restore themself of their Loss and are governed by a Wise man Who sets their finances in good order\u2014our sovereign is gone to visit the harbour of Cherbourg, he enjoys always in Europe of the consideration that his firm and moderate character inspire with generally. The King of Prussia is at the death, but he Shall have a successor that will continue him. in all, Europe appears to be quiet, and likely will not be disturbed, but after the death of the Elector of Bavaria, and it appears that all the politick prepares itself at that event.\nGive me news of you, my Dear general, and be pursuaded of the tender interest that I take of and of the Eternal and Inviolable attachment With Which I have the honour to be My Dear General Your most obedient and very humble servant\nle cte de Rochambeau", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0133", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Brown, 30 June 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Brown, William\nSir,\nMount Vernon 30th June 1786.\nIn answer to your favor of the 27th written at the request of the Trustees of the Alexandria Academy, I have the honor to inform you that the education of boys for the purposes mentioned in my letter of the 17th of December, was what I had principally, if not wholly in view at that time. But if it shall appear to the Trustees that there are girls who may Fitly share the benefits of the institution, I will readily comprehend them in a ratio not to exceed one girl for four boys. With esteem & regard I am &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0134", "content": "Title: From George Washington to George William Fairfax, 30 June 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Fairfax, George William\nMy dear Sir\nMount Vernon 30th of June 1786\nBetter late than never, is an adage not less true, or less to be respected, because it is old.\nThe letter I am now about to write to you, ought to have been written many a day ago; but however strange it may seem, it is nevertheless true, that I have not had leizure (though more than two years have elapsed since my return to what the world calls retirement) to overhaul papers, & inspect transactions, which preceeded the revolution.\nHaving abundant reason to distrust my memory, I did not incline to write to you fully respecting the trust with which you had invested me, till I could go into a thorough examination of all the papers to which it had given birth; that I might not only satisfy you in the best manner the nature of the case would admit; but myself also with respect to the transactions. How, methinks\nI hear you say, could the inspection of these papers be a work of so much time? It would not, indeed, Sir, if the papers had been properly arranged, and my time had been more at my own disposal; but a house never clear of Company\u2014a continual reference to me of old matters (with which I ought not to have been troubled)\u2014& corrispondencies innumerable, following several hasty removals of my papers from book presses to Trunks, and thence into the Country when the British armed Vessels would make their appearance, had thrown the whole into such disorder & confusion that it was next to impossible to come at any paper that was wanting.\nI have now taken up the business with your letter of the first of Jany 1773, with which it commenced, and having gone through all the papers respecting it, from that date to the present moment, I am exceedingly sorry to find that the greater part of it has been managed so little for your interest, & so repugnant to my wishes. Till my Country called my Services to the field (in which I spent almost nine years,) I acted, in every respect for you as I should have done for myself; but after bidding adieu to my family & home (to which in case of adverse fortune I never expected to return) a general wreck of my affairs, as well as yours, succeeded\u2014Aware of the probability of this, I perceive by the copy of a letter which I wrote to you from Cambridge the 26th of July 1775 (so soon as I had taken the command of the Army) that I informed you in strong terms of the indispensable necessity of appointing another Attorney, as I could not, from my then situation, give any attention to private concerns. A little before that, from Philadelphia, in a letter dated the 31st of May, I inclosed you several Bills which I then mentioned, and ever since have thought, were to the full amount of what I owed you, till the late investigation of the papers hath discovered that I am yet indebted to you in the sums of \u00a3169.12.6 for Goods bought at your Sale the 15th of August 1774, and \u00a391.11.9 for those purchased at the subsequent one on the 5th of december following; which with some other credits, make the balle due to you \u00a3207.13.\nThat I should have informed you in that letter, that the remittances were to the full amount of what I then owed is easily accounted for, and was proper at the time; because the sums just mentioned did not become due (according to the conditions of\nthe sale) till twelve months thereafter; but why it should not have occured to me afterwards, is most difficult to solve; and is of no great importance to do it now; yet, I can assure you with much truth, that till within these few days I thought the accts betwn us were so near a ball[anc]e as to render it of little consequence when they were exhibited. I was led into this belief from two circumstances: first, having omitted to credit you in my Ledger by the amount of my purchases at the sales, I wanted that remembrancer of a fact which a variety of occurrances, & close attention to other matters had entirely obliterated. And 2d by having recurrence to the copies of my last letters to you, written after I had left home and which were always at hand, I was deceived by the information there given that the remittances were competent. The inclosed acct, commencing with the balle of the one transmitted the 6th of April 1775 does, I believe, comprehend every thing between us; for the balle I give you a draft on Wakelin Welch Esqr. of London for \u00a3155.14.9 Sterling. I have drawn this at the legal exchange as settled by Act of Assembly, altho the currt exchange is 40 pr ct, which would have reduced the above sum to \u00a3148.6.5[.] I have allowed no interest on what I am owing you; The reasons I will frankly communicate. If they are not satisfactory, it may be drawn for hereafter. first, even if there had been any person appointed by you to have received the money from me when it became due, I could not have reconciled it with my conscience to have paid the nominal sum in paper bills of credit (which was the only money in circulation) thereby giving the shadow for the substance of a debt. 2d because I am, in a manner, rendered unable to do it by the ungenerous, not to say dishonest practices of most of my debtors, who paid me with a shilling or Sixpence in the pound, by which, & other means, I have sustained a loss of at least ten thousand pounds during my absence, and 3d because my creditors let their claims sleep till the annihilation of paper money and are now receiving, as indeed every person ought to do, specie, or its equivalent, to the full amount.\nA Mode so unequal, has pressed hard upon me under the Deprivation of Crops, & want of a market for the little that were raised.\nThe Bonds that were taken at the Sales beforementioned were put into the hands of Mr Craven Peyton to collect, as appears\nby his receipt to Lund Washington of the 7th of April 1776; copy of which I will send Colo. Geo. Nicholas that he may see how they have been accounted for; as I will also do the receipts from the same person for Colo. Stephen\u2019s bond for \u00a3230, and Majr McDonalds for \u00a356. The other Bonds remain where you informed me they were deposited, subject to the conditions, & directions, pointed to in your letter of the 10th of Jany 1774.\nWith respect to your Book Debts, my letters of the 10th of June, 20th of Augt, & 15th of Novr 1774 will have informed you of the difficulties which then occurred in every attempt that was made to collect the ballan[ce]s & these difficulties encreased as often as they were thereafter renewed; nothing therefore could be done without going into Courts of Justice, which soon, thereafter, were shut; and were not opened before I left home; after which, upon the first intimation of your wish that Robt Carter Nicholas Esqr. or Colo. Fielding Lewis might be empowered to direct your affairs, I addressed both those Gentn on the subject. The latter, on acct of his declining state of health, desired to be excused; from the former I never got an answer. Equally unsuccessful was I in my application to his son, (after I had heard of his entering upon the duties of the trust) when I informed him that papers were in my possession which might be necessary for his government. In April last however, I saw Colo. Nicholas in Richmond, & repeating what I had before written, he assured me that every attempt to recover debts that were not reduced to specialties, were altogether unavailing; but that he would direct your Manager (Mr Muse) to receive the Books, Papers &ca from me. As these were not necessary for any purposes he could have, and no inconvenience would attend their remaining with me (for they are in your own Escroitore) I thought it better, & advised, that they should remain here; which Colo. Nicholas readily consenting to, here they will be, till you may think proper otherwise to dispose of them. No settlement having been made of the Bloomery Accts by Messrs Adam & Campbell before I left home, though the matter was repeatedly pressed upon them as may appear by the letters which have passed, I was restrained by your instructions of the 31st of March 1774 from executing deeds for the Land belonging to that concern, & Colo. Carlyles bond depending upon this Settlement, as you will perceive by the letter before alluded to, remains as it did; for I have heard nothing of this business since my return.\nAmong other papers which I have found in my researches is the inclosed letter from Mr Athawes. as it is of no use here, but may serve to compare with the transactions of that date respecting your estate in England, I send it. The Pictures, for directions concerning which I applied in my letter of the 20th of Augt 1774 were (not having recd any before my departure) left standing at Belvoir; and, unfortunately, perished with the house.\nFor the furniture of your blue room\u2014which had been removed to this place (out of Mr Morton\u2019s way) during my absence\u2014for which I intend to allow whatever you might think it was worth (as we were under the necessity, it seems, of using it)\u2014and of which you have been pleased to request my acceptance, my grateful acknowledgements of thanks are due\u2014but as it was used under full expectation of paying for it I am very willing, & ready to pay for it accordingly.\nThere is, with the papers in my possession, a sealed packet endorsed \u201cA copy of G.W. Fairfax\u2019s last Will and testament, which he begs not be opened untill his death is confirmed, or a subsequent one is produced\u201d It shall remain sealed as desired; & be kept safe, unless you should incline to recall it.\nI might, my dear Sir, have gone more into the detail of this business. I might have given you the corrispondencies between your Steward & your Collectr, & myself; & between me & others, respecting your concerns in this Country; but from the recurrence which I have had to the copies of my letters to you, I perceive it is sufficient to refer to them. The letters of the 25th of Septr 15th of Octr & 30th of Decr 177\u27e83\u27e9\u201415th of May, 10th of June, 20th of Augt & 15th of Novr 1774\u2014and 6th of Apl and 31st of May 1775 previous to my taking command of the Armys of America, contain a full, & accurate acct of every thing that had occurred relative to your business, which had fallen under my notice\u2014They transmitted copies of all the Accts which had been rendered to me by yr Steward & Collectr. They inclosed Bills which had been purchased with your money. And they gave an Acct of all the monies wch had been paid me for your use. And my letter of the 26th of July 1775 informed you of my then situation\u2014the impracticability of my giving further attention to your business\u2014& the indispensable necessity therefore of your employing another Attorney.\nFrom that period, untill my return to Virga in the beginng of the year 1784, I remained in total ignorance of yr business; &\nhad nearly as little knowledge of my own. How much my own suffered in that space, I have already informed you; and I have reason to suspect, from what I have heard, that yours was not under the best management\u2014Willis with his family are removed to the state of Georgia & Peyton is dead\u2014but all these matters you are, doubtlessly, informed of in a more regular & authentic way by Colo. Nicholas. With sentiments of very great regard & friendship, I am, My dear Sir, Yr Most Obedt & Affecte Hble Servant\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0135", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Fairfax, 30 June 1786\nFrom: Fairfax, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nAnnapolis 30th June: 1786\nMr Cary who Came Passenger with me does me the favor of taking charge of four Vols of Annals for you; they were Sent to me at London by Mr Young\u2014inclosed is two Letters from a Lady in London (one of which directed to Mr Lyons, shoud be much obliged to you to put in some good channel of Conveyance) also a Letter for Bloxham the Farmer who my uncle Sent out to you and who I hope to hear is Safely arrived\u2014The Letter is from his wife and I dont doubt will give the poor man great pleasure.\nWe have had a pretty good passage of about Seven weeks\u2014when I parted with my uncle & aunt at bath, which was about the last of march, they were tolerable well and entrusted me with their most affecnt. good wishes to yrself and Mrs W\u2014\u2014n\u2014my uncle is amazingly Broke since he left this Country and I think in a very infirm State of health.\nI Shall defer any further Particulars till I have the pleasure of Seeing you and the interim I remain respectfully Sir, yr obedt humle Sert\nTho: Fairfax", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0139", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Fitzhugh, Sr., 2 July 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Fitzhugh, William Sr.\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon 2d July 1786.\nYour letter without date was handed to me last night by your servant. With one of your mares, he returns\u2014the other I detain: the latter was among the very few which were early favoured by the Spaniard, but is not yet satisfied. The other, which went to Magnolio, my Groom seems confident is with foal, which is the reason of my sending her.\nA female ass which I have obtained lately, has excited desires in the Jack, to which he seemed almost a stranger; making use of her as an excitement, I have been able to get several mares served, which otherwise would have gone uncovered by him this Season: this expedient, unluckily, was hit upon too late for me, as I had put almost the whole of my mares to Magnolio before it was tried; it will be practiced with your mare that is left, & I hope with success.\nI have advised your Servant to try the mares he carries back by some horse in your neighbourhood, & if she should discover an inclination to him, to bring her to Magnolio when he returns for the other. If this should not happen before the latter end of this month when I shall send to Mr Reynolds for the ewe lambs, I will contrive your mare that far, unless you forbid it in the interim.\nI am much obliged to my good friend Perry for the trouble he is about to take by his enquiries for ewe lambs for me; & will give him an answer the moment he advises me of the result, which I shall be enabled to do as soon as I hear from Genl Smallwoods Manager, who sent me word that there were a number of Lambs belonging to the Genls Estate, which he believed were to be disposed of; about which he was desired to enquire & to let me know when the Govr came into Charles Coty which has happened.\nI am much obliged to you for the sample of Barley. Mine that I sowed this Spring is come to nothing; occasioned I believe by the continual rains.\nI am very sorry to hear of your long confinement by the fall you got in this State, but glad to find you are begining to overcome it. With every good wish for Mrs Fitzhugh, yourself & family, I am Dear sir &c.\nGeo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0140", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Lee, Jr., 3 July 1786\nFrom: Lee, Henry Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear Genl\nNew York July 3rd 1786\nI had the honor of your letter four days past, and would have sooner replied but waited in the expectation of learning something about the package you enquire after. The letter from Mr Arthur Young came in the packet, but was not accompanied by any thing else. The british Consul here tells me it is not customary to send packages of any sort by the packets as they sail from Falmouth or Portsmouth 300 miles from London, but that they come in vessels directly from London\u2014perhaps the letter is only meant as a letter of advice & that its copy will arrive in Potomac with the books, tho it is strange how Mr Athaws could think of sending the letter via New York. Unaccountable as the procedure appears I hope no loss may accrue, as Mr Young\u2019 works are the most valuable production of the sort extant. Solicitous to gather all useful knowledge respecting farms & farming I sought this author out, on my arrival here, I could only obtain his tour thro Ireland, which I take the liberty to transmit to you now by favor of Doctr Griffith. Before my return it is very probable you may receive the whole of the authors work, and these two volumes will in the mean time afford you an oppertu\u27e8nity\u27e9 of putting into practice Mr Youngs system of culture.\nIf you should be in want of a new set of china it is in my power to procure a very genteel set, table & tea\u2014what renders this china doubly valuable & handsome is the order of the eagle engraved on it in honor of the Cincinnati\u2014It has upwards of 306 pieces, and is offered at the prime cost, 150 dollars.\nYour reasoning on the navigation of the Missisippi is perfectly conformable to the prevalent doctrine on that subject in Congress. We are very solicitous to form a treaty with Spain for commercial purposes; indeed no nati[o]n in Europe can give us conditions so advantageous to our trade as that kingdom. The carrying business they are like ourselves in, & this common source of difficulty in adjusting commercial treatys between other nations does not apply to America & Spain. But my dear Genl I do not think you go far enough. Rather than defer longer the benefits of a free liberal system of trade with Spain, why not agree to the occlusion of the Mississippi. This occlusion will not, cannot exist longer than the infancy of the western emigrants, therefore to those people what is now done, cannot be important; to the atlantic states it is highly important, for we have no prospects of bringing to conclusion our negotiations with the Court of Madrid, but by yielding the navigation of the Mississipi\u2014their Minister here, is under positive instructions on that point, in all other arrangements the Spanish Monarch will give to the States testimonys of his regard and friendship, & I verily beleive that if the above difficulty could be removed we should soon experience the advantages which would flow from a conn\u27e8ect\u27e9ion with Spain\u2014Mrs Lee returns her most respectful compliments to the ladys of Mount-Vernon and repeats thro me, an offer she before made of executing any command which Mrs Washington may please to favor her with. I beg my return of esteem to Mrs Washington, and am with unalterable attachment and respect your most obt servt\nHenry Lee jur", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0141", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Timothy Dwight, 5 July 1786\nFrom: Dwight, Timothy\nTo: Washington, George\nMay it please your Excellency,\nGreenfield, in Connecticut, July 5 1786\nI have delayed an answer to your Excellency\u2019s letter, which I duly received, from an expectation of having a conveyance by Col. Humphry\u2019s, of whose design to visit Mount Vernon I was early informed after the receipt.\nHad the Conquest of Cannan been published, on the plan of a subscription, I should have taken the earliest opportunity to forward a paper of proposals to your Excellency. But that mode of supporting a publication, after repeated trials, has been found, in New England at least, to answer the purpose in view but indifferently.\nA preposterous but habitual mode of considering the subject, partly derived from failures of publishing, or forwarding, the book proposed, has established a general conviction, thro\u2019out this country, that a publisher is at liberty to purchase, or neglect, the book he has engaged to buy. For this reason, I followed the advice of my Friends, & determined to venture the work upon the Laws, which in most of the United States, secure to the writer a copyright in his productions.\nSince I had the honour of addressing your Excellency, on this subject, the book, so far as I have been able to learn, has met with a friendly reception from the publick; more friendly, I confess, than my own hopes had ventured to presume. The pleasure I had derived from this quarter was not a little heightened by your Excellency\u2019s favourable opinion, & assurances that it is not unfavourably received in the neighborhood of Mount Vernon.\nThe natural carelessness of my character would easily explain, to my particular acquaintance, the omissions of date, & place, in my letter; but if I had been possessed of a character much more attentive, the feelings, with which I wrote, would have explained it to myself. It was written from New York, the last of October; & forwarded by a person, who engaged to convey the letter, &\nbooks, by a very direct progress, to your Excellency. The partial miscarriage of that induced me more especially to wait for the present safe opportunity, by Lieut. Col. Humphrys. With the most respectful sentiments, I beg leave to subscribe myself, your Excellency\u2019s most obedient, & most humble servant,\nTimothy Dwight", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0142", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, 7 July 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Edmund Randolph, 7 July 1786. On 12 July GW wrote Randolph: \u201cYour letter of the 7th is this instant come to hand.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0145", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Johnson, 8 July 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Johnson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nM[oun]t Vernon 8th July, 1786\nIt was not \u2019till our return to the great Falls, that Colo. Gilpin and myself discovered the error of the propos\u2019d meeting of the Directors of the Potomac Company at Alexandria on Monday preceding the first day of August. The general Meeting of the company it seems is, by Law, to be held on the first Monday in that month; & this not happening, in the present year, \u2019till the 7th day of it\u2014we wish that the Meeting of Directors may take place on the Saturday before; of which I pray you to give Mr Lee notice. I am &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0146", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Peregrine Fitzhugh, 10 July 1786\nFrom: Fitzhugh, Peregrine\nTo: Washington, George\nDear General\nEffingham Kent Island [Md.] July 10th 1786\nUpon a Visit to my Father some little time ago I was informed by him you wanted a number of Ewe Lambs and as there was a prospect of my being able to make a considerable collection in my neighbourhood I promised to make enquiry on my return and address you upon the subject\u2014this Letter is to comply with my promise to my Father and to execute a pleasing duty to\nyou\u2014If I had fortunately been acquainted with your desire a fortnight sooner it would have been in my power to have purchased for you an hundred fine lambs at 10s. each, this was done in my Absence by a Butcher from Baltimore who I found upon the Island at my return and who had purchased upwards of an hundred and fifty\u2014This draught from the inhabitants has made my attempts to accomplish your wishes not so successful as I could wish\u2014from 20 to 30 are all I have been able yet to engage, these are very good at 12/6 each, should you not yet have supplied yourself elsewhere and incline to have the above as you have a number at Mr Reynolds\u2019s if you will give me a week or ten days notice previous to your sending for them\u2014I can without the least inconvenience send them across the Bay in my Boat and have them lodged with my Brother in Law Mr Saml Chew of Herring Bay which is only a few Miles from Mr Reynolds\u2019s to be delivered to your order\u2014My Father informed me you proposed sending over the last of the present month\u2014as I can at any time collect the Lambs engaged here in a day so if I have timely notice of your inclination they can be in place by the forementioned period\u2014I will still continue my enquiries and may very probably add to the number\u2014A letter sent from Alexandria to Annapolis by the Post will meet a ready and quick Conveyance. Be pleased to offer Mrs Fitzhugh\u2019s and my respectful Compliments to Mrs Washington and permit me to add that I shall embrace with anxiety and pleasure every opportunity and am happy in this tho\u2019 a trifling one of testifying the very grateful sense I do and shall ever retain of your friendly services to me and the perfect respect with which I have the honor to be Dr General Yr aff. and obedt Servt\nPeregne Fitzhugh", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0147", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Richard Harrison, 10 July 1786\nFrom: Harrison, Richard\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nCork [Ireland] 10 July, 1786.\nPassing through Madrid some time since Mr Carmichael encharged me with two Toledo Blades for your Excelly which I hoped for the pleasure of delivering in person. But the period of my return to America being yet uncertain, I now commit them with this to the care of Capt. Sullivan of the Union, bound to Alexandria. Wishing them safe, I have the honor to remain, with the most perfect respect, Sir, Your most obt & humble Servant\nR. Harrison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0148", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Lee, Jr., 11 July 1786\nFrom: Lee, Henry Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear Genl\nNew york 11h July 1786\nYour friend and servant, the patriot and noble Greene is no more\u2014on the 19th June after 3 days fever he left this world.\nUniversal grief reigns here\u2014how hard the fate of the U. States, to loose such a son in the middle of life\u2014irreparable loss\u2014But he is gone, I am incapable to say more\u2014May health attend you my dear General Yours most affy\nH. Lee junr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0150", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Ogle, 12 July 1786\nFrom: Ogle, Benjamin\nTo: Washington, George\nDr sr\nAnnapolis July 12 1786\nIt was not the least inconvenient to spare six fauns as I am at present fully stocked, & I shall think you lucky if you raise half\u2014It would have been a very difficult matter to have got that number had I not this Spring forced the deer intirely out the Woods & great part of the Park, tending it in Tobacco with a view of laying it down in Grass in the fall it having grown over with Sedge I hope you received the fauns safe. I am Sr with great Esteem Sincerely yrs\nBen. Ogle", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0152", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Gordon, 13 July 1786\nFrom: Gordon, William\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear Sir\nLondon July 13. 1786\nYour favour of Apr. 20th was forwarded from Boston in May, & was received the beginning of this week, upon my returning from Ipswich in Suffolk, where I had the pleasure of hearing that a complete farmer had been forwarded to you, in whom I hope you will have satisfaction, though not capable of filling up Mr Lund Washington\u2019s place. Such a steward as you have described & wish to have, is not easily found; but your friends, who are numerous even in this country, will be looking out for one that will answer. Till you can happen of a person, that is capable of taking off the additional burden from your\nshoulders, it cannot be expected that you can be so frequent in corresponding as otherwise.\nYou have my most sincere thanks for the honour you have done me in subscribing & in promoting subscriptions; & must pray your Excellency to present my compliments to the Honle James Mercer, & make my acknowledgments to him for his paronage. My friend Jonathan Mason Esqr. of Boston or Mr James Jackson of Jamaica Plain, will transact the business of the bill. Doubt not but the gentlemen at Warren are possessed of more honour, than to attempt the payment of it in paper. The step that Rhode Island has taken in issuing paper &c. must be reprobated by all who are both honest & judicious. Such measures instead of lessening will increase difficulties, & are like drinking water in the dropsy. The mention of the dropsy has reminded me of my intention to write about bilious complaints, with which your Lady is troubled. Being in company sometime back with an apothecary of my acquaintance & a clergyman, they were the subject of conversation. The clergyman mentioned the case of a gentlewoman whom he knew, that, after consulting the first physicians in England & trying the waters in different places & obtaining no cure, was effectually cured by taking the yolk of a new laid egg in the morning fasting, for some considerable time. The apothecary turning to me said, \u201cI apprehend many of our disorders arise from the contents in the stomach being of such a nature, that they will not incorporate with each other; & I can easily conceive that the egg may be of service by producing that incorporation, as it mixes both with oil & water, & compounds each with itself in one mass.\u201d The thought pleased me, & the last friday while at Ipswich I made the following experiment. Having the yolk of a new laid egg, I procured the gall of a sheep hot out of the body, poured a quantity of the bile upon the egg, & with the motion of a tea spoon not exceeding the motion in the stomach, soon united the two bodies; upon that a good quantity of oil was added which was soon incorporated thro the like agitation; then followed a large portion of water, which succeeded as well. I then tried what effect salt of wormwood would have upon the mixture; it produced no fermentation whatsoever. The whole was left all night in the bason, & by morning the oil appeared to be much separated & risen to the top; but in the body such a mixture would have been subject to a continual\nmotion & would not have cooled. Should your Lady be induced to try the effects of the yolk, it will afford me the greatest pleasure to hear that she is benefited by it, so as to have her complaints wholly removed.\nAm glad that the key & its appendage are safe. Before I forget it, would observe that as your writing is probably known at the Post Office, & I am very obnoxious to the promoters of the late war, & they have too great influence in the cabinet, it may be best that when you honour me with a letter it should be directed by another hand, that there should be no suspicion of a correspondence, so that should I have occasion to write upon any particular subjects that may possibly turn up, such suspicion may not prevent my letters coming to Mount Vernon. The nation is loaded with taxes & what with these & the dearness of provision the people are hard put to it to procure a livelihood. There are at present fine prospects upon the ground\u2014appearances of great plenty, except the article of apples which have failed in general.\nWe left Boston Apr. 16, but the wind changing we did not reach the grand bank of Newfoundland till the 4th of May. On the 5th we had a fine fair breeze, & from that day we had a most charming run to the channel. On the 26th we landed at Gravesend, took a post chaise & got to London in the \u27e8late\u27e9 evening. It pleased God to grant us upon the whole a good voyage. We were sea sick only the first day; with no storms or tempests; met with no accidents; had plenty of good provision; were well accommodated; & enjoyed good company.\nUpon our arrival found as many of our relations & friends living & in health, as could be reasonably expected after a sixteen years absence. A fortnight back the last tuesday, we paid a visit to Ipswich, where we were first settled & lived thirteen years. We were received with the greatest cordiality & affection; for they were opposed to the war & hearty Americans. The next Saturday I set out for my native place Hitchin in Hertfordshire, to see my sister & a few other relations. I mean to finish all journeys before the month is out, that I may apply myself without interruption to the Work in Hand; but before I go to the press must wait till I have received from Mr Hazard at New York further accounts of subscriptions. The publications of the printers at Boston & elsewhere proved very injurious; but abuse & ingratitude,\nwhen persons are vexed at the disappointments they meet with; are nothing uncommon. I shall guard against being warped by any provocations or favours from exercising faithfulness; & flatter myself that impartial judicious part of mankind will approve the goodness of my intentions & the uprightness of my conduct. I design doing myself the honour of writing shortly to the Marquis La Fayette. I have been almost in one continual hurry since my arrivall; & shall be most heartily rejoiced when it is over. The plants you was so good as to send me I brought over; they are \u27e8still\u27e9 alive shewing out near or at the root. They are at Newington about three miles from the city where we \u27e8live\u27e9 with Mrs Gordons brother; but when you direct let it be at Mr Field\u2019s Apothecary No. 95 Newgate Street London. We are wholly at a loss as to our future settlement but the same kind Providence that has hitherto cared for us I desire to rely upon for comfort during my remaining pilgrimage. Should you think of any way in which I can be the least serviceable to you, pray you to do me the honour of imploying me. Mrs Gordon joins in most affectionate regards to your Excellency, your Lady, your friends at Alexandria, the last married couple (whose fruitfulness I wish to hear of) my young friend, Mr & Mrs Lund Washington, & whoever else of my acquaintance you may occasionally fall in with, particularly Dr Craik. I remain with the sincerest esteem, My dear Sir, Your most obedient & humble servant\nWilliam Gordon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0153", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Macarty de Marteigne, 18 July 1786\nFrom: Macarty de Marteigue (Marteigne), \u2014\u2014\nTo: Washington, George\nMy Lord\nBaltimore 18th July 1786\nAs a Father to this Country, You ought to be One, to those who had the Honour of defending it, I Served under the Command\nof Monsr le Compte, d\u2019estaing, & was afterwards aboard the Ship of Monsr le Marquis de Vaudreuil: My Brother Commanded the Magnifique, which the Pilote unluckily lost in Boston River, he has at the Same time the happiness to be adorned with your Order, whc. I have not had. I now find myself, My Lord, in this Country by the loss of a Ship, whc. I was aboard of, & whc. Going into the Missisipi, without knowing that New Orleans belongs at present to the Spaniards; a person is thought little of in this Country, when in Distress, but that whc. embarrasses me most, is being without Succour in this Country. I have had the Honour of Seeing the French Consul, who has not made me the least offer of Assistance, I hope more, from Addressing myself to you, My lord, & am perswaded that you will make me an Offer of your Assistance, & will not Abandonn a person in Distress, & with these Sentiments, I have the Honour to be your Excellys My lord Very Hble & Obedt servt\nle Chevalier Macarty, Macteigue", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0154", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edward Peyton, 18 July 1786\nFrom: Peyton, Edward\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nSpotsylvania 18th July 1786\nThat your Excellency will be somewhat surprised, at the reception of this epistle is an event, natural to my expectations\u2014That it may be perused, with candor, and not be productive of the least offence is the utmost of my wishes.\nAt the house of Mr Man Pages of Spotsylvania, I understood your excellency was in want of an assistant in yr office\u2014a person had applied but was rejected on account of his assuming and exorbitant demands; in consequence of which I have taken this liberty. and should my writing suit any business, of your excellency\u2019s,\nor if upon trial I have abilities suitable in any other department I shall esteem myself happy in your employ.\nAs to demands I pretend not to any, only require an emolument adequate to the servises I might render.\nFor diligence and sobriety I can procure the testimony of Mr Wm Stanard\u2014a Gentlman of indisputable veracity with whom I have lived near nine months as Tutor to his children and still remain in that capacity: but would prefer an employment wherein there is a greater variety.\nShould your excellency require a further Recommendation, I am sorry to say, it is out my power to furnish you with any: unless being subject to the capricious Necessitudes of Fortune will plead an advocate in my favor. if that would have any influence I can produce a certificate dated ten years back. If your excellency concieves this application merits an answer I shall esteem it an honour in recieving one, directed at the Post Office Fredricksburg. I am With Great Respect Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obedient Humble Servat\nEdw: Peyton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0160", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry L. Charton, 22 July 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Charton, Henry L.\nSir,\nMount Vernon 22d July 1786\nThe rude draughts herewith enclosed will, in some degree, comply with your request; because it will shew the shape of the lands about which you have been treating. The Ship by which they are sent, heaving in sight before I had notice of its coming, I could do no more than send them in the unpolished state in which they are now handed to you.\nThe descriptions & situations of them you already have.\nIt may not be amiss to repeat, that the price set upon these lands, was on the supposition that the whole were to be taken; if part only is wanted (if I consent to separate them at all) the price by the acre, according to its situation & value, will be encreased; for to be relieved of the trouble of seating them was my principal motive & only inducement to offer them at a price which I conceived to be much under their intrinsic value. I have the honor to be &c.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0161", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Battaile Muse, 25 July 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Muse, Battaile\nSir:\u2014\n[Mount Vernon, 25 July 1786]\nI want to change my seed wheat, but do not incline to sow any but of the white kind, I shall be ready to commence my seeding in a few days and if you have of this kind, ready, either of this, or the last year and will receive payment for it out of your collection of my Rents, I should be glad to have sent me from one to\nthree or four hundred Bushels.\u2014I will give the Alexandria price at this time (be it what it may) or the price it may be hereafter, you at the moment, saying you are content with it\u2014The Wheat must be clean & good & as I said before, white, & for the reason assigned I must have it sent to me immediately if at all; Pray let me know by Post what I have to trust to. I am Sir Yr very Hble Servt\nGeo Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0162", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Richard Thomas, 25 July 1786\nFrom: Thomas, Richard\nTo: Washington, George\nHond Sir\nCharleston [S.C.] 25th July 1786\nYour Letters of the 5th December 85 & 25th March 86 in answer to mine of 13th August & 10th December 85, are come safe to hand, & should think myself wanting in gratitude to Your Excellency did I not instantly on the receipt of the last, acknowledge the due sence I have of the generosity & condescension you have been pleas\u2019d to show on this occasion.\nI was so unfortunate as not to get the first till the 5th of March, & should not have repeated my application had it arrived in the time there was the greatest reason to expect it, except in case of miscarriage, or some unavoidable delay.\nI have to inform Your Excellency these Letters have sufficiently convinced me, as well as every other person to whom the affair has been communicated, that you are a stranger to the whole matter; and I cannot think a further examination necessary or justifiable, knowing the immaculate character in which Your Excellency is so eminently held by every Englishman.\nI was actuated by no motive in this pursuit beyond a desire of discharging one of the duty\u2019s of humanity, not having any knowledge of Mr Richards, nor the least information how that premature report respecting the Executor was first brought into existance. As to the Estate I beleive there is some truth in: for by an enquiry among the Virginians here, I have found that Lawyer Haynes is still living, & resident in Meclenburgh County, where I am to suppose the Estate lies; a Letter has been sent, & an answer is daily expected: so if any further information will be\nsatisfactory to Your Excellency, I will transmit it with a boundless pleasure. I have the Honour to be With Gratitude & Respect Hond Sir Your Excellency\u2019s Obedt Humble Servt\nRichd Thomas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0163", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Grayson, 26 July 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Grayson, William\nDear sir,\nMount Vernon 26th July 1786.\nIt is a fact that your favor of the 27th of May was long getting to me; but why it happened so, I am unable to inform you; as I generally send to the Post Office in Alexandria twice in every week.\nIs it not among the most unaccountable things in nature that the representation of a great Country shou\u2019d, generally, be so thin as not to be able to execute the functions of Government? To what is this to be ascribed? Is it the result of political manouvre in some States, or is it owing to supineness, or want of means?\nBe the causes what they may, it is shameful & disgusting. In a word it hurts us; our character as a nation is dwindling; & what it must come to if a change should not soon take place, our enemies have foretold; for in truth we seem either not capable, or not willing to take care of ourselves.\nFor want, I suppose, of competent knowledge of the Connecticut claim to Western territory, the compromise which is made with her, appears to me to be a disadvantageous one for the Union; & if her right is not one of the motives (according to your account) for yielding to it, in my humble opinion, is exceedingly dangerous & bad; for upon such principles, might, not right, must ever prevail, & there will be no surety for anything.\nI wish very sincerely that the Land Ordinance may answer the expectations of Congress. I had, & still have my doubts of the utility of the plan, but pray devoutly, that they may never be realized, as I am desireous of seeing it a productive branch of the revenue. That part which makes the waters & carrying places common highways, & free for all the States, is certainly valuable.\nI thank you for the other articles of information; such as you have disclosed confidentially, you may rest assured will proceed no further, \u2019till it becomes public thro\u2019 other channels; & this shall always be the case with paragraphs which are so marked. The answer to the Memorial of Mr Adams, by Lord Carmarthen, I have seen at large. It was impolitic & unfortunate, if it was not unjust in these States to pass laws, which by fair construction might be considered as infractions of the treaty of peace.\nIt is good policy at all times, to place one\u2019s adversary in the wrong. Had we observed good faith, & the western Posts had then been withheld from us by G: Britain, we might have appealed to god & man for justice, & if there are any guarantees to the treaty, we might have called upon them to see it fulfilled. But now we cannot do this\u2014tho\u2019 clear I am, that the reasons assigned by the British ministry are only ostensible\u2014& that the Posts, under one pretence or another, were intended to have been detained, tho\u2019 no such acts had ever passed: but how different would our situation have been under such circumstances? With very sincere regard & Affection, I am Dr Sir, &ca\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0165", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Brandon, 27 July 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Brandon, Samuel\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Samuel Brandon, 27 July 1786. On 20 Nov. GW wrote Brandon that he had received \u201cyour letter of the 27th of July.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0167", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Moultrie, 30 July 1786\nFrom: Moultrie, William\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nCharleston [S.C.] July 30. 1786\nThe Gentleman who favors me with the delivery of this letter, is the Honle Wm Drayton Esqr. Council for this State, he will be on his return from the Federal Court, called to determine a dispute between this State & Georgia respecting their boundary lines, he wishes to be introduced to your Excellency. I have therefore taken the liberty of giving him this letter of introduction.\nMrs Moultrie begs leave to join me in our best respects to Mrs Washington. I have to honor to be Dr Sir Your Excelly Most Obt hume Servt\nWillm Moultrie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0169", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Lauzun, 31 July 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lauzun, Armand-Louis de Gontaut Biron, duc de\nMonr le Duc,\nMo[un]t Vernon July 31st 1786.\nI have had the honor to receive your letter to me of the 25th of Augt 1785. by the hand of Mr Michau, of whom it was introductory. The scientific object which occasioned the voyage of that gentleman to America, his personal character, & the recommendation of the Duke de Lauzun, conspired to make me extremely happy in forming an acquaintance with him. I should be made still more so by his complete success in his botanical pursuits. Any assistance in my power will be most chearfully accorded\nas a tribute to his merit, & as a demonstration of the attachment & esteem with which I have the honor to be &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0170", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Battaile Muse, 31 July 1786\nFrom: Muse, Battaile\nTo: Washington, George\nHonourable Sir,\nBerkeley C[oun]ty July 31st 1786\nyour Favour dated the 25th of Instant I this moment received\u2014It\u2019s out of my Power To Furnish you with the Seed wheat in Time as the wet seasons will not give me Time To get out wheat for my own Seeding\u2014besides if I had the wheat now out, I could not get it down for the want of waggons unless I give \u00a34 a Tripp the price will not afford that deduction of waggonage\u2014If your own wheat is but midling it\u2019s better To sow it as the wheat in Genl this year is Very Fowl\u2014unless you can get from a neit Farmer\u2014was I To send any it should be good\u2014but it\u2019s out of my Power without Ingureing my Imployers\u2014I expect To be at Alexandria next month if so, I shall call on you\u2014I have not received one shillings since my last Letter wherein I enclosed and order on Colo. Gilpin for \u00a350. I am sir Your Very Humble Servt\nBattaile Muse", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0171", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Rochambeau, 31 July 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Rochambeau, Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de\nMy dear Count,\nMount Vernon July 31st 1786.\nI have been duly honored with the two letters you were pleased to write to me in the months of Jany and March last: I need scarcely tell you that your communications always afford me the sincerest gratification\u2014because they are always replete with the most friendly sentiments\u2014because they insensibly bring to remembrance some circumstances of that pleasing & important period we so happily passed together\u2014and because you frequently have it in your power to give such informations,\nas in my present retirement from the busy & political world cannot fail of being acceptable to me.\nIt must give pleasure to the friends of humanity even in this distant section of the globe to find that the clouds, which threatned to burst in a storm of war in Europe, have dissipated & left a still brighter political horizon. It is also to be hoped, that something will turn up to prevent, even at the death of the Elector of Bavaria or the King of Prussia, the effusion of human blood, for the acquisition of a little territory.\nAs the rage of conquest, which in the times of barbarity, stimulated nations to blood, has in a great degree ceased; as the objects which formerly gave birth to Wars are daily diminishing; and as mankind are becoming more enlightened & humanized, I cannot but flatter myself with the pleasing prospect that more liberal policies & more pacific systems will take place amongst them. To indulge this idea affords a soothing consolation to a philanthropic mind, insomuch that altho\u2019 it should be founded in illusion, one would hardly wish to be divested of an error, so grateful in itself & so innocent in its consequences.\nThe Treaty of Amity which has lately taken place between the King of Prussia & the United States marks a new \u00e6ra in negotiation. It is perfectly original in many of its articles. It is the most liberal Treaty which has ever been entered into between independent Powers; and should its principles be considered hereafter as the basis of connection between nations, it will operate more fully to produce a general pacification than any measure hitherto attempted amongst mankind. Superadded to this, we may safely assert, that there is at present less war in the world than ever has been at any former period.\nThe British continue to hold the Posts ceded by the late Treaty of Peace to the United States. Each of these powers does not hesitate to criminate the other, by alledging some infractions of that Treaty. How the matter will terminate time must disclose. Every thing remains tranquil on this side of the Atlantic, except that the Savages sometimes commit a few trifling ravages on the frontiers.\nGeneral Green lately died at Savanna in Georgia. The Public, as well as his family & friends, has met with a severe loss. He was a great & good man indeed. With sentiments of the purest\nesteem & attachment, I have the honr to be, My dear Count, Yr most Obedt and affecte Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0172", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Antoine-F\u00e9lix Wuibert, 31 July 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Wuibert de M\u00e9zi\u00e8res, Antoine-F\u00e9lix\nSir,\nMount Vernon 31st July 1786.\nI have been favored with the receipt of triplicate copies of your polite letter dated at Cape-fran\u00e7ois the 15th of Novr last.\nWhile you do me the justice to acknowledge the zeal with which I desired & attempted to promote the interest of all the individuals composing the army I had formerly the honor to command; permit me to express my regret that, from peculiar circumstances, I had it not more fully in my power to attain that desirable object.\nIt was doubtless the intention of Congress to establish funds for the punctual payment of the interest as it became due on the public securities given to the officers & Soldiers of the Army for arrearages of pay & commutation: Their designs however have hitherto been unfortunately frustrated by the delinquency of some of the States, which could not be induced to comply with their requisition of 5 \u214c Cent impost. All the States in the Union have at length granted that impost, but there are still some difficulties respecting the collection &c. Whenever these can be removed, it is to be hoped the interest will be regularly paid on your Certificates. In the mean time Congress are taking measures for surveying the Lands ceded to them; out of wch the officers & Soldiers will undoubtedly receive what has been promised.\nHaving, as you know sir, long since retired from all public employment, I have it not in my option to interfere with public measures by making recommendations. Indeed I do not think it probable that any Corps of Engineers will be established at present. But I am very happy in all events to find that you are so agreeably situated with an old acquaintance & friend.\nAs to medals & Diplomas for the Cincinnati, the former I believe are to be purchased in Philada, & the latter to be obtained thro\u2019 the State Society of wch an officer is member. I have none of either at my disposal. With sincere wishes for your health & happiness, I remain Sir, &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0173", "content": "Title: Articles of Agreement with Thomas Mahony, 1 August 1786\nFrom: Washington, George,Mahony, Thomas\nTo: \n[Mount Vernon, 1 August 1786]\nAn Agreement made this first day of August Anno Domini one thousand seven hundred and eighty six between George Washington of the County of Fairfax of the one part, and Thomas Mahony of the other part, Witnesseth; that the said Thomas Mahony, for the wages and priviledges herein after expressed doth agree, and oblige himself to work one year from the date hereof for the said George Washington as a House-Carpenter, Joiner, and (when not employed in either of these) in other jobs which he may be set about; and will, during said term, behave himself quietly, soberly, and orderly in the family, pursuing the business about which he may be employed with diligence and fidelity.\nIn consideration of these things well & truely performed and done on the part of the said Thomas Mahony, the said George Washington doth hereby oblige himself, his heirs, and Executors to pay the said Thomas Mahony Thirty pounds in Specie for his year\u2019s service (or as the same shall come due) estimating dollars at six shillings each and other Gold and Silver in that proportion. And will furnish him the said Thomas Mahony with board, washing, and lodging as he has been usually accustomed to in the family; and will give him the same allowance of spirit with which he had been served, and will do it weekly if the said Thomas shall prefer it. That he will cause to be made four shirts and two pair of Overalls (the linnen and materials to be found by said Thomas) and will cause his shirts, stockings and linnen to be mended as usual. That whilst he has a Taylor and Shoemaker in the family of his own, they shall, without any other cost\nto the said Thomas than his finding the materials, mend and repair his body-cloathes and shoes. And moreover, will pay the publick taxes, and the County and parish levies\u2014to which the said Thomas is exposed, and which will become due and, payable within the year for which he stands engaged. And lastly, will allow the said Thomas Mahony one day each quarter of the year (at such times as can be best spared) to provide himself with necessaries, and execute his own lawful business. In testimony of all these things the parties have hereunto set their hands & seals this day and year first written.\n                  Thomas Mahoney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0174", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 1 August 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon Augt 1st 1786.\nThe letters you did me the favor to write to me on the 4th & 7th of Jany have been duly received.\nIn answer to your obliging enquiries respecting the dress, attitude &ca which I would wish to have given to the Statue in question\u2014I have only to observe that not having a sufficient knowledge in the art of sculpture to oppose my judgment to the taste of Connoisseiurs, I do not desire to dictate in the matter\u2014on the contrary I shall be perfectly satisfied with whatever may be judged decent and proper. I should even scarcely have ventured to suggest that perhaps a servile adherence to the garb of antiquity might not be altogether so expedient as some little deviation in favor of the modern custom, if I had not learnt from Colo. Humphreys that this was a circumstance hinted in conversation by Mr West to Houdon. This taste, which has been introduced\nin painting by West, I understand is received with applause & prevails extensively.\nI have taken some pains to enquire into the facts respecting the medals of the Cincinnati, which Majr L\u2019Enfant purchased in France. It seems that when he went to Europe in 1783 he had money put into his hands to purchase a certain number, and that conceiving it to be consonant with the intentions of the Society, he purchased to a still greater amount\u2014insomuch that a Committee of the Genl Meeting, upon examining his Acct reported a balle due to him of Six hundred & thirty dollars, wch report was accepted. This money is still due, and is all that is due from the Society of the Cincinnati as a Society. General Knox has offered to pay the amount to Majr L\u2019Enfant, but as it has become a matter of some public discussion, the latter wished it might remain until the next Genl Meeting, which will be in May next. In the meantime Genl Knox (who is Secretary Genl) has, or will write fully on the Subject to the Marquis de la Fayette, from whom he has had a letter respecting the business.\nWe have no news of importance And if we had, I should hardly be in the way of learning it; as I divide my time between the superintendence of opening the navigations of our rivers & attention to my private concerns. Indeed I am too much secluded from the world to know with certainty, what sensation the refusal of the British to deliver up the Western posts, has made on the public mind. I fear the edge of its sensibility is somewhat blunted. F\u0153deral measures are not yet universally adopted. New York, wch was as well disposed a State as any in the Union is said to have become in a degree antifoederal. Some other States are, in my opinion, falling into very foolish & wicked plans of emitting paper money. I cannot however give up my hopes & expectations that we shall ere long adopt a more liberal system of policy. What circumstances will lead, or what misfortunes will compel us to it, is more than can be told without the spirit of prophecy.\nIn the meantime the people are industrious, \u0153conomy begins to prevail, and our internal governments are, in general, tolerably well administered.\nYou will probably have heard of the death of Genl Greene before this reaches you, in which case you will, in common with your Countrymen, have regretted the loss of so great and so\nhonest a man. Genl McDougall, who was a brave Soldier & a disinterested patriot, is also dead\u2014he belonged to the Legislature of his State, the last act of his life, was (after being carried on purpose to the Senate) to give his voice against the emission of a paper currency. Colo. Tilghman, who was formerly of my family, died lately & left as fair a reputation as ever belonged to a human character. Thus some of the pillars of the revolution fall. Others are mouldering by insensible degrees. May our Country never want props to support the glorious fabrick! With sentiments of the highest esteem & regard, I have the honor to be Dear Sir Yr Most Obedt & very Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0175", "content": "Title: From George Washington to La Luzerne, 1 August 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: La Luzerne, Anne-C\u00e9sar, chevalier de\nDr Sir,\nMount Vernon 1st Augt 1786\nThe letter you did me the honor to write to me on the 3d of Feby, has come safely to hand. Nothing could be more satisfactory to me than the friendly sentiments contained in it, & the generous manner in which you always interest yourself in the happiness & dignity of the United States.\nI wish I had it in my power to inform you, that the several States had fully complied with all the wise requisitions which Congress has made to them on national subjects. But unfortunately for us, this is not yet the case. Altho\u2019 for my own part I do not cease to expect that this just policy will ultimately take effect. It is not the part of a good Citizen to despair of the republic: nor ought we to have calculated that our young Governments would have acquired, in so short a period, all the consistency & solidity, which it has been the work of ages to give to other nations. All the States however, have at length granted the impost; tho\u2019 unhappily some of them have granted it under such qualifications, as have hitherto prevented its operation. The\ngreater part of the Union seems to be convinced of the necessity of f\u0153deral measures, & of investing Congress with the power of regulating the commerce of the whole. The reasons you offer on this subject are certainly forcible, and I can not but hope will \u2019ere long have their due efficacy.\nIn other respects our internal Governments are daily acquiring strength. The laws have their fullest energy; justice is well administered; robbery, violence or murder is not heard of from N[e]w Hampshire to Georgia. The people at large (as far as I can learn) are more industrious than they were before the war. (\u0152conomy begins, partly from necessity & partly from choice & habit, to prevail. The seeds of population are scattered over an immense tract of Western Country. In the old States wch were the theatres of hostility, it is wonderful to see how soon the ravages of war are repaired. Houses are rebuilt, fields enclosed, stocks of cattle which were destroyed are replaced, and many a desolated territory assumes again the chearful appearance of cultivation. In many places the vestiges of conflagration & ruin are hardly to be traced. The arts of peace, such as clearing of rivers, building of bridges, establishing conveniences for travelling &c. are assiduously promoted. In short the foundation of a great Empire is laid, and I please myself with a persuasion that Providence will not leave its work imperfect.\nI am sensible that the picture of our situation, which has been exhibited in Europe since the Peace, has been of a very different complexion; but it must be remembered that all the unfavorable features have been much heightened by the medium of the English news papers thro\u2019 which they have been represented.\nThe British still continue to hold the Posts on our frontiers, & affect to charge us with some infractions of the Treaty. On the other hand we retort the accusation. What will be the consequences, is more than I can pretend to predict. To me, however, it appears that they are playing the same foolish game in commerce, that they have lately done in War; that their ill-judged impositions will eventually drive our ships from their Ports, wean our attachments to their manufactures & give to France decided advantages for a commercial connexion with us. To strengthen the alliance & promote the interests of France & America will ever be the favorite object of him, who has the\nhonor to subscribe himself, with every sentiment of attachment, &c. &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0176", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Battaile Muse, 1 August 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Muse, Battaile\nSir,\nMount Vernon Augt 1st 1786\nNot till within these two days did your letter of the 11th of last Month get to my hands. I have sent your advertisement to the Printer and as soon as the number of copies are struck they shall be forwarded to you. My former letter containing my sentiments respecting the flour at my mill, I have done nothing in it since rather wishing that you would pursue your own judgment with respect to the sale than to derive any price from me. Neither wheat or flour has started in price that I have heard of as yet.\nYour order for Fifty pounds on Colo. Geo. Gilpin which I hereby acknowledge the receipt of will be presented in a day or two.\nThe Hites can have no claim, I conceive, to the small tract of 183 Acres on which Bailey lives. that was a piece of land which lay waste, after all the surrounding Lands were taken up & Patented and granted without the interference of any one. Nor do I think the determination in favor of the Hites can possibly affect the other Land on Bullskin, because it is in proof that this Land was sold by old Joist Hite to one Lewis Thomas who sold it to Captn George Johnson and is so recited in the Deed from the Proprietors Office\u2014In the former Trial these matters were adduced as evidence; which evidence I suppose is of record; I have in answer to a letter on this head, written to Thornton Washington who lives on part of the Land and who I hope (for I have no idea of attending the Commissioners) will take care of his as well as my interest in this business\u2014if you can assist him in it I shall be obliged to you. I have not had time yet to examine Colo. Fairfax\u2019s Land Papers\u2014nor would I incline to entrust them to any casual conveyance where their can be the remotest danger of delay or miscarriage\u2014If you call here, as intimated, I will\ndeliver them to you without the formallity of an order from Colo. Nicholas\u2014your receipt for them will satisfy me.\nI am very well-satisfied with your settlement with Mr Crane\u2014and I am pleased to hear you had so much better luck with your Clover Seed than I had with that you sent me which was sowed as soon as I got it last fall in a piece of the best ground I had on purpose to raise Seed, not one of wch was up the middle of May when I put the same ground in Timothy\u2014the disappointment I would not have sustained for fifty pounds because fifty pounds will not buy me as much Seed as I expected to raise from the four Acres on which I sowed the bushel of defective Seed which has occasioned me the loss of a Season. I am Sir your Very Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0177", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Marsden Pintard, 2 August 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Pintard, John Marsden\nSir,\nMount Vernon 2d Augt 1786.\nSince my last to you, the Industry Captn Gibson is arrived, but from the length of the voyage most of the articles you had the goodness to send me have perished The Figs were entirely lost, so were all the malmsey grape. Of the Muscat & Ver[delh]a, some showing signs of feeble life, I have with great care & attention recovered two of the cuttings. These have now put forth leaf, & I hope will do well.\nThe wines with which I was furnished by Messrs Searle & Co. are of a very good quality, & came to hand in very good order\u2014& supplied, I dare say, upon as good terms as they could have been had from any other House on the Island; these considerations, added to such as you have mentioned, will, I am persuaded, induce me to give it the preference, especially, as from the purport of your letter, you must be connected therewith.\nThe negotiations which have been set on foot by Congress with the piratical States will, it is to be hoped, put an end to the apprehensions with which the american trade is labouring, from\nthe conduct of those barbarians towards it. I am Sir, Your most Obedt Humble Servant\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0178", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Sullivan, 2 August 1786\nFrom: Sullivan, John\nTo: Washington, George\nAugst 2d 1786\nTo his Excellency General Washington The humble Petition of John Sullivan Humbly Sheweth\u2014That your Excellencys Petitioner is a Native of the County of Kerry in the Kingdom of Ireland that he had a Brother by the Mothers side whose name was Timothy Mahony who was Clerk to Mr Sullivan of Massachusets Bay as appears by the last Account that came from him.\nThat\u2014Your Excellencys Petitioner has receiv\u2019d an Account from Cork which was brought by an American Captain that his Brother Timothy is Dead & that he had left his effects in your Excellencys Care.\nYour Excellencys Petitioner knowing he is the nearest of Kin to the said Timothy Mahony humbly begs pardon for thus intruding on your Excellencys goodness hoping you will be pleas\u2019d to forgive his rudeness & let him know the truth of the Matter & your Petitioner as in Duty bound shall ever pray &c.\nYour Petitioner humbly begs your Excellency will be so Condescending as to let him have an Answer Directd to be left at the Bell Goswell Street London.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0179", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Tilghman, 2 August 1786\nFrom: Tilghman, James\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir,\nChester Town [Md.] Augt 2d 1786\nI am honoured with your letter of the 20th of July[.] When I transmit your Paragraph relating to Capt. Asgill, to Mr Nicols it shall be under the restriction mentioned\u2014I am perfectly satisfyed you will do every thing in your power [to] assist Miss Anderson in the Recovery of Colo. Colville\u2019s Legacy\u2014and shall not trouble you any further on that head\u2014My sorrows multiply[.] I have just heard that my Son Richard died on his passage from India to London and I have too much reason to fear the report is true[.] He was a credit to his family as was poor Tench[.] My Losses I must endeavor to bear[.] Submission is my part which I shall endeavor to act as well as I can. I have the honour to be with very sincere regard Yr Most obt hble Servt\nJames Tilghman", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0180", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Hill, 3 August 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hill, Henry\nDr Sir,\nMount Vernon 3d Augt 1786.\nInclosed is a letter for Messrs Lamar, Hill, Bissett & Co., and a draft for \u00a343.12.4 on Wakelin Welch Esqr. of London, in payment for the Pipe of Madeira wine sent me by that House. If you accept the Bill please to return me the order with your signature. If you prefer the cash, let me know it, & I will get some gentleman in Alexandria who may have commercial connexions in Philada, to pay it. My compliments if you please to Mrs Hill\u2014with great esteem & regard, I am, Dear Sir, &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0181", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Lamar, Hill, Bisset, & Company, 3 August 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lamar, Hill, Bisset, & Company\nGentn\nMount Vernon 3d Augt 1786.\nYour favors of the 6th & 17th of December came duly to hand; & I have also received from Norfolk the pipe of Madeira wine which you addressed to the care of Doctr Taylor of that place for my use. I have not yet tasted it, but presume it is fine: it ought to be so, for the cost of it in the Island, besides the extra charges here, is \u00a37.12.4 pr pipe more than the wines I had from Messrs Searle & Co. in April 1783; than which none, I think, could be better, for it was old, & of an excellent quality.\nI remit to Henry Hill Esqr. of Philada a draft for \u00a343.12.4 on Wakelin Welch Esqr. of London, which is the amot of your order on me in favor of the above gentleman. I am Gentn &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0182", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Wakelin Welch, 4 August 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Welch, Wakelin\nSir,\nMount Vernon 4th Augt 1786.\nThe inclosed is a copy of my last letter to you, since which I have drawn upon you in favor of the honble Geo: Wm Fairfax for \u00a3155.14:9.\u2014of Henry Hill Esqr. for \u00a343.12.4 and of William Hartshorne Esqr. of this date for \u00a347.12.6. which please to pay with my money in the Bank & there by oblige Sir Your Most Obed. &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0183-0001", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Peacey, 5 August 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Peacey, William\nSir,\nMount Vernon, Virginia Augst 5th 1786\nExcuse the liberty I take in putting the inclosed Letters under cover to you. It is to oblige Mr James Bloxham who now lives with me, but who scarcely has sufficient knowledge of his own mind to determine whether to continue more than the present year (for which he is engaged) or not. In a word he seems rather to have expected to have found well organized farms, than that the end and design of my employing him was to make them so. He makes no allowances for the ravages of a nine year\u2019s war from which we are but just begining to emerge, nor does he consider that if our system of Husbandry had been as perfect as it may be found on your Farms, or in some of the best farming Counties in England, there would have been no occasion for his Services.\nWhat the old man has written to you respecting the coming over of his wife\u2014sending over plows, seeds, and so forth, I know not; because at different times he seems to be of different opinions. I can only add therefore, if his family are to come, and by the way of London, that it would be well for some person in their behalf to open a correspondence with Messrs Forrest & Stoddart\u2014Merchan[t]s, of that place, who have Ships that pass by my door in their way to Alexandria, and would render the passage in one of them much more convenient & less expensive than to any other place; tho for a Vessel bound to Norfolk in this State (Virginia) or to Annapolis, Baltimore, or Patuxent in the neighbouring one of Maryland, it would not be very inconvenient. In case of her coming, whatever Impliments, Seeds, &c. may be requested by Mr Bloxham on my Acct had better be paid for by his Wife, and settled for here.\nI am sorry to be thus troublesome, but as Mr Bloxham considers you as his Benefactor, and Friend\u2014has addressed one of his Letters to you\u2014and his Wife, if she finally resolves to come, will stand in need of advise and assistance, it is necessary that the best mode should be suggested. A Ship from Bristol to either of the places above named, may probably, be more convenient than the rout by London, but of this you can judge better than I. I am Sir, Yr Most Obedt Humle Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0183-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: James Bloxham to William Peacey, 23 July 1786\nFrom: Bloxham, James\nTo: Peacey, William\nVurginua July 23 1786\nJames Bloxham Sr this is to Inform you that I arived Safe att the Generls Washingtons the 23 of aprel which was Ester monday I have orderd for 10 Bushels of Sanfine Seed and other Seeds from you which the generel Washington will aplie to you for and I should be glad if you would take the Best Care you Can to send it over good ass you Can for he have been Deseved in soom sanfire Seed from England which I recemend him to you and let me have good that the generel sends for of all sorts if posable and send it along with my Wife ass soon ass posable and I sould bee glad If you Could get a Clever Lille Deasant plow which must go whithout a weeal for the Land is not Level and to be shoor to make him Light and Desant and be Shoor to make him to turn the worke well for they have som most Shoking Plows that Ever was Seen in the world the land is Light and very Esey to plow they go with two horses only and Doble the Same ass our norflk plows But no weel but very light but they have no noshun of making of a plou to turn the work thay are very Stupet in thare ane Conscist but send on that is Light an Deasent and that it will turn the work well I Rot in my other Letter to my Wife to Com over but I thinks it not worth wile for I thinks thatt I Shall Not Stay no Longer then my yeare is up which is the forst of next may for things Are verey Desagreable to Do Bisnes it is in posuble for any man to Do Bisness in any form the Genral have a Bout 25 hundard akers of Clear Land under is own \u27e8illegible\u27e9ing Ther is nothing agreble about the plase which I Can not Do no Bisnss on form nore no Credet but I have you Send the plow And the Seeds which the Genearel will Send for to you and send half a Doson of good Clean made sh(ap)sks for thay have nothing but woodon forks I have got\non[e] or two made but in a very bad maner that I Should be glad to Show them a patrn and if my house is not Disposed of I should be glad if you would not for this Contey is verey pore and there is no Chance for any Body to Do any go[o]d and I Schould Be g[l]ad if you and my Brother Thomas would See if these velins would Com to any terms or I would go to any part of England to Be out of thare way But this Contruy will not Do for me but to be shore what the General have oferd in wages is prete Well he Gives for this year we have a Gred for 50 English ginues per yeare and Bord and washing and Lodging and if I Would Send for my wife and famly he would alow me ten Ginues towards thare Coming to this Contry an if I would Stay and to alow me 8 hundard Waite of flower and 6 hunderd Wait of pork and Bef and to alow me two milchs Cows for the youse of my famly and to alow me a Sow to Bred Som pigs for my on yous but Not to sell and to alow me a Comfortouble house to Liven but it apears to me not Any Inheretance the ar is another thing Which is very Disagreable tese Black Peope I am Rather in Danger of being posind among them which I think I shall Leeve the Contrey ass son Ass I Can But the General and I have agreed and articld for one yeare But my Wife may youse one Will A Bout Comming over But I hope Sr you I Hope Will Be A frend to my poor Deer Children and Wife and I Hope you will Remember my brother Thomas to a Sist them what he Can my hart have yarnd for my famly A Gret maney time and I think I am all most Like a Transpart But I hope that the Sun will Shine unon me wonce more the General hve Some very \u27e8illegible\u27e9 Beut badly manedge and he never well have them no Better for he have a Sett of About him which I nor you would Be trobled with But the General is goot them and he must Keep them But they are a verey Desagreable People and I will Leave the Contry But I Should be glad of answwer Inmedally to Know how afares Stand and then I Sail be abetter Judge of the matter the General have Som very Good Shep which he sold for 40 shilings apes of thar money a English ginua is 28 Shiling of mney and I hope mrs and all the famly is Well and I have Whent there a greatt Dele Since I Laft England.\nAnd Lett me have a nanswer Imeadedly Rember me to all frends and no mor from me yr frend and well wisher\nJames Bloxham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0185", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Arthur Young, 6 August 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Young, Arthur\nSir,\nMount Vernon 6th Augt 1786\nI have had the honor to receive your letter of the 7th of Jany from Bradford-Hall, in Suffolk, and thank you for the favor of opening a correspondence, the advantages of which will be so much in my favor.\nAgriculture has ever been amongst the most favourite amusements of my life, though I never possessed much skill in the art, and nine years total inattention to it, has added nothing to a knowledge which is best understood from practice, but with the means you have been so obliging as to furnish me, I shall return to it (though rather late in the day) with hope & confidence.\nThe system of Agriculture (if the epithet of system can be applied to it) which is in use in this part of the United States, is as unproductive to the practitioners as it is ruinous to the landholders. Yet it is pertinaciously adhered to. To forsake it; to pursue a course of husbandry which is altogether different & new to the gazing multitude, ever averse to novelty in matters of this sort, & much attached to their old customs, requires resolution; and without a good practical guide, may be dangerous, because of the many volumes which have been written on this subject, few of them are founded on experimental knowledge\u2014are verbose, contradictory, & bewildering. Your annals shall be this guide. The plan on which they are published, gives them a reputation which inspires confidence; and for the favor of sending them to me I pray you to accept my very best acknowledgments. To continue them, will add much to the obligation.\nTo evince with what avidity, and with how little reserve I embrace the polite & friendly offer you have made me of supplying me with \u201cMen, Cattle, Tools, seeds, or any thing else that may add to my rural amusement,\u201d I will give you, Sir, the trouble of providing, and sending to the care of Wakelin Welch, Esqr. of London, Mercht the following articles.\nTwo of the simplest, & best constructed Plows for land which is neither very heavy nor Sandy. To be drawn by two horses. To have spare shares & Colters\u2014and a mold on which to form new irons when the old ones are worn out, or will require repairing.\nI shall take the liberty in this place to observe, that some years ago, from a description, or recommendation of what was then called the Rotheram; or Patent Plow, I sent to England for one of them, and till it began to wear, & was ruined by a bungling Country Smith that no plow could have done better work, or appeared to have gone easier with two horses; but for want of a Mold (wch I had neglected to order with the Plow), it became useless after the irons which came in with it were much worn.\nA little of the best kind of Cabbage seeds, for field culture.\n20 lbs. of the best Turnip-Seeds, for Do.\n10 Bushels of Sainfoin Seeds.\n8 Bushls of the Winter Vetches.\n2 Bushls of Rye-grass Seeds.\n50 lbs of Hop clover seeds,\nand\nIf it is decided (for much has been said for and against it), that Burnet, as an early food, is valuable, I should be glad of a bushel of this seed also. Red clover seeds are to be had on easy terms in this Country, but if there are any other kinds of grass-seeds (not included in the above) that you may think valuable, especially for early feeding or cutting, you would oblige me by adding a small quantity of the seeds, to put me in stock. Early grasses, unless a species can be found that will stand a hot Sun, and oftentimes severe droughts in the summer months, without much expence of cultivation, would suit our climate best.\nYou see, Sir, that without ceremony, I avail myself of your kind offer; but if you should find in the course of our correspondence, that I am likely to become troublesome you can easily check me. Inclosed I give you an order on Wakelin Welch, Esqr. for the cost of such things as you may have the goodness to send me. I do not at this time ask for any other implements of Husbandry than the Plows; but when I have read your annals (for they are but just come to hand) I may request more. In the meanwhile, permit me to ask what a good Plowman might be had for, annual wages, to be found (being a single man) in board, washing, & lodging? The writers upon Husbandry estimate the hire of labourers so differently in England, that it is not easy to discover from them whether one of the class I am speaking of would cost Eight, or Eighteen pounds a year. A good Plowman at low wages, would come very opportunely with the Plows here requested.\nBy means of the application I made to my friend Mr Fairfax, of Bath, & through the medium of Mr Rack, a bailiff is sent to me, who, if he is acquainted with the best courses of cropping, will answer my purposes as a director or superintendant of my Farms. He has the appearance of a plain honest Farmer; is industrious; and, from the character given of him by a Mr Peacy (with whom he has lived many years) is understanding in the management of Stock, & of most matters for which he is employed. How far his abilities may be equal to a pretty extensive concern, is questionable. And what is still worse, he has come over with improper ideas; for instead of preparing his mind to meet a ruinous course of Cropping, exhausted Lands, and numberless inconveniencies into which we had been thrown by an eight years War, he seems to have expected that he was coming to well organized Farms, & that he was to have met Plows, Harrows, and all the other impliments of Husbandry in as high taste as the best farming Counties in England could have exhibited them. How far his fortitude will enable him to encounter these disappointments, or his patience & perseverence will carry him towards the work of reform, remains to be decided. With great esteem, I have the Honor to be, Sir, Yr Most Obedt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0186", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Lee, Jr., 7 August 1786\nFrom: Lee, Henry Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear Genl\nnewyork 7h august [17]86\nI had the pleasure of hearing from you last week, and have complied with your wishes respecting the china. No conveyance at present offers for Alexandria, but every day presents one to norfolk, from which place the correspondance up your river is frequent. I intend unless I should meet with a vessel for potomac, to send the box to Col. Parker naval officer at norfolk, and ask his special attention to forwarding it to Alexandria or Mount Vernon. At the same time I will send a small box put into my Care for You by Mr Gardoqui\u2014I have had it some time and waited to know your intention \u27e8as\u27e9 to the china, that the same conveyance might take both. If you have an opportunity to convey my Young, (as the books are useless to you) to Mr R. H. Lee you will oblige me by doing it.\nThe Mississippi business is very important and full of difficulty\u2014In the debilitated condition of the f\u0153deral government, it is unwise to risk the offence of any part of the empire, unless to effect great good. My mind has no doubt of the extensive good consequences that would result to the Union from a commercial connexion with Spain, & I am also clear, that in agreeing to the occlusion of the Navigation of the Mississippi, we give in fact nothing, for the moment our western country become populous & capable, they will seize by force what may have been \u27e8yielded\u27e9 by treaty. Till that period, the river can not be used but by permission of Spain, whose exclusive system of policy, never\nwill grant such permission\u2014Then to be sure, we only give, what we can not use\u2014But the source of all the coils which press these States is the inefficiency of the f\u0153deral government\u2014This can not be altered & remedied but by consent of the states.\nAlready in every state the amplification of the powers of the Union have too many enemys. Should therefore a treaty take place between Congress & Spain occluding for a term the navigation of the Mississippi, in return for advantages very great, but not so great to the whole as to a part, I apprehend it would give such a tent for popular declaimers, that the great object viz. bracing the f\u0153deral government may be thwarted, and thus in pursuing a lesser, we loose a greater good.\nI forwarded by the last post \u27e8some\u27e9 public information some intelligence lately received from Mr Jefferson & I have also sent an extract of a letter from Mr Randall from Algiers\u2014these two papers comprehend all the news here\u2014I transmit the gazette of the day. Bills on \u27e8tender\u27e9 at 60 days sight fluctuate in their value from six to seven per cent pr\u00e6mium\u2014the cost of the china is 150 dollars besides the incidental charge of freight to Norfolk, which can not be much. my best wishes for the health & happiness of Mount Vernon, in which Mrs Lee unites. Most respectfully yours\nH: Lee junr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0187", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Moultrie, 7 August 1786\nFrom: Moultrie, William\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir,\nCharleston South Carolina Aug. 7 1786\nI am honored with your favor of the 14th June last, with Mr Hughes\u2019s letter inclosed.\nI must beg leave to apologize for the trouble I have given you in this business of ours.\nYour Excellency\u2019s obliging offer to forward a letter to Mr Brindley has induced me to give you this further trouble, by inclosing you a letter for him. I have the Honor to be Dear Sir Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obedt Humble Servant\nWillm Moultrie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0188", "content": "Title: Potowmack Company Annual Report, 7 August 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nAlexandria Augst 7. 1786\nThe president and directors of the Potomac Company beg leave to report that they have called for four dividends on the several subscriptions as follows\u2014the 1st of 5 pCt[,] 2\u20142[,] 3\u201410[,] and 4\u201410[,] Amounting in the whole to Twelve thousand four Hundred & thirty Pounds Sterling, of which there has been paid, Five thousand Nine hundred & forty pounds Sterling. The several expenditures will appear by the Treasurers account, who has in hand One thousand Six Hundred Thirty Six pounds 13/7 Virginia Currency equal to One thousand Two hundred Twenty Seven pounds 10/2 Sterling.\nWith respect to the business we beg leave to refer to the Secretary\u2019s Books which contain all our orders relating thereto.\nIn consequence of these orders the Work has been carryed on at the Seneca and Shenandoah Falls while the Waters were low enough to admit of it\u2014after the River rose too high, the hands were removed to the Great Falls, where a considerable progress has been made in cutting a Canal, and the most of the men are still employed on account of the uncommon wett Season.\nWe beg leave to remind the Subscribers that this is the day appointed by Law for electing a President & Directors for the ensuing Year.\nIn behalf of the Directors\nGo: Washington P.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0189", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Smith, 9 August 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Smith, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Thomas Smith, 9 Aug. 1786. GW wrote Smith on 22 Sept. that his letter \u201cto me from Philadelphia the gth Ulto came duly to hand.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0190", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Armand, 10 August 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: La Rou\u00ebrie, Armand-Charles Tuffin, marquis de\nDr Marquis,\nMo[un]t Vernon 10th Augt 1786.\nI am to acknowledge the receipt of the agreeable letter you did me the honor to write to me on the 20th of Jany, & at the same time to congratulate you on the happy event announced in it.\nPermit me to assure you that nothing affords me more satisfaction than to receive good news of my friends; and you must allow me the liberty of considering your marriage to an amiable lady, with a handsome fortune, in that point of light.\nIndeed I was not surprized at this, because I knew the merits of the Marqs de la Rouerie entitled him to such a connexion. But I must confess, I was a little pleased, if not surprised, to find him think quite like an American on the subject of matrimony & domestic felicity. For in my estimation more permanent & genuine happiness is to be found in the sequestered walks of connubial life, than in the giddy rounds of promiscuous pleasure, or\nthe more tumultuous and imposing scenes of successful ambition.\nThis sentiment will account, in a degree, for my not making a visit to Europe: other reasons may conspire to prevent me from enjoying the heart-felt satisfaction I shou\u2019d experience in embracing my friends on that continent. Their kind sollicitude & invitations are, however, entitled to my cordial acknowledgments; & you may be persuaded, it will not be among the least of my regrets on this occasion, that the circumstances preclude me from receiving the welcome, & witnessing the happiness, I should expect to meet with at the Ch\u00e2teau de la rouerie.\nI enter so little into disquisitions of politics, that I could hardly do justice to the subject, should I undertake to dilate upon it. I have understood, in general, that Congress have taken arrangements for the payment of the interest due on Securities given to foreigners who served in their Army. A timely & efficacious application to the States will, I hope, in future produce more punctuality, & supercede the necessity of any interference on my part, which it appears to me would be improper on many accounts.\nMrs Washington desires her compliments may be made acceptable to Madame la Marquise de la rouerie & yourself; with a similar request, I have the honor to remain &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0191", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Matthew Whiting, 10 August 1786\nFrom: Whiting, Matthew\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nSnow Hill 10th Augt 1786\nI recd yours and am very sorry that it did not come ten days sooner as I had parted with all the money that I had by me however the first that comes into my hands will take care to pay you. Should of been glad to of let you had wheat for sowing if I had any that I could recommend. I had parted with all my old wheat and the new I think but very Indifferent. I am with Complements to your good Lady and am Dear Sir Yr mo. Obt Hble Servant\nM. Whiting", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0192", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Ariss, 12 August 1786\nFrom: Ariss, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nBerkeley [County] 12th August 1786\nI am now to inform your Excellency that a Mr John Beale came to my house on the 3th Instant and deliver\u2019d me a Decree of the High Court of Chancery, Hites & others, against the Executors & heirs, of Thos Lord Fairfax Decd, and that on Thursday the 10th the Commissioners With Colo. John Green & Mr Isaac Hite came to my house and Asked me What Improvements was on the Lands Suppos\u2019d to be in dispute and which was Once Surveyed by Colo. Thos Marshall. my Answer was that I had been Informd by James McCormack that Saw the Line Run that Between 2 & 300 Acres was on the Backside of that Line & that their was no Improvement on it but about 200 Acres of Clear\u2019d Land & which was now fenced in. They Further informd me that They were to Meet at Winchester the 4th day of September, in Order for the Different persons to put in their Claims for the Lands in dispute. I thougt it my duty to Inform your Excellency of the Above. I am, Sir Your Excellencys Most Obt Hbe Servt\nJno. Ariss", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0193", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Lee, Jr., 12 August 1786\nFrom: Lee, Henry Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\ndear Genl\nNew York 12h Aug. 1786\nSince writing my last I have an opportunity of sending the small box given to me by Mr Gardoqui for you under care of Mr Wilson of Petersburgh by the stage, to be delivered to Mr C.\nLee. I prefer this conveyance to the one intended, & now enclose the letter which accompanyed the box. It is probable that the China will leave New York for Norfolk next week. I am most respectfully Yours\nHenry Lee Junr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0194", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Francis Mercer, 12 August 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Mercer, John Francis\nDr Sir,\nMount Vernon 12th Augt 1786.\nThe Clerks notes in the Suits ordered by you on the Bonds taken at Colo. Geo: Mercer\u2019s sale, are (many of them) brought against me; some of wch without adverting thereto, I have paid, supposing them to have arisen on distresses made by Mr Muse for my rents. A few days ago a Bill from the Clerk, I believe, of Berkley, was handed to me amounting to near six hundred pounds of Tobacco, which not being convenient for me to pay, was returned. I shall be obliged to you in future when writs are ordered, to direct these notes into some other channel. I am threatened also (as you may see by the enclosed) in another manner on the same Accot.\nI am led from these circumstances to hope that the suits have been, or soon will be productive; for, tho\u2019 painful to reiterate, the fact is that I am really in want of money. The almost total loss of my Corn last year, the scantiness of my Crop of wheat this (in which I am only a common sufferer) & the probable destruction of my Corn by the Chinch-bug, in which I stand almost alone, deprives me of all hope of aid from these sources; which is the more distressing to me as I am at this time involved in more than common expence to finish my house & to make the repairs which were found wanting when it come to be examined. I am Dr Sir Your Obt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0195", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edward Newenham, 12 August 1786\nFrom: Newenham, Edward\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir,\nBell Champe near DublinAugust 12th 1786\n   May I presume to solicit your friendship in obtaining the wish of a whole family; Viz.; to have one of them honoured by the Congress of American Patriots\u2014The idea originated with my Son\u2014he is so good and virtuous a young Man, that I can boldly assert, he never will dishonour any confidence reposed in him\u2014he has been warm in yours and your Countrys cause from the beginning; his future life is fixed at Marsailles, where his fortune is vested; his third Sister is married there\u2014he wants no sallery\u2014it is the honor he solicits for.\nI cannot express how anxious I am to obtain his wish\u2014the mode I have adopted is novel but it occurred to me as the most respectfull; I have acquainted Doctr Franklin and Mr Jay with this affair, and had time been allowed, I am confident that the Marquis De Fayette would write most warmly in our favor, but as this is the only opportunity, of a safe conveyance, that I can\nhave for some time, I could not delay it\u2014the Ship Dublin Packet Captain Alcorn, sails tomorrow, for Philadelphia, and this will be committed to his care.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0196", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Clement Biddle, 13 August 1786\nFrom: Biddle, Clement\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] August 13th 1786.\nI have before me your Esteemed favour of 31st Ulto\u2014at present there is a Suspension of paying the Indents for Interest of Certificates in this State, owing to a misunderstanding between the Controller of our State and the Treasury Board. but it is supposed that it will before long be settled when I will draw the Indents for Interest on the Certificate of 339 53/90 D[ollar]s which you sent me as they will be usefull to you for paying Taxes in Virginia after which I will Loan the Certificate to our State\u2014draw one years Interest in our paper Money and return you the State Certificate\u2014this mode I conceive to be most for your Interest, as the State Certificate will afterwards draw Interest here every Six Months, yet the price of your Certificate of which kind, hundreds are bought here and sold here daily, don\u2019t vary Sixpence in the pound from what I advised you in Case of actual\nSale\u2014But for a Settlement with the person you received it from I have stated an Account of the Specie Value at the time I wrote you the 24th of June last.\nAt present there is by no means a plenty of goods at this Market especially of the kinds you mention\u2014Blankets, Oznabrigs and Linen are realy scarce & will be so till our fall Vessels arrive\u2014Paints may sometimes be had at Vendue Cheap, but only the Close of Sales of that article and those insorted, but Hyson Tea is plenty and very good at or under two Dollars but a Superior kind from 17/6 to 20/ p. lb.\u2014Inclosed is an answer from Arthur Howell who is reckoned an honest Tanner respecting the price of Leather\u2014I delivered your Letter into the hands of Mr Thomas Smith who happened to be in Town and I forward you his answer herewith.\nAs he was going through Lancaster I put your Letter for that place in his Charge\u2014Mrs Biddle joins in respectful Compliments to Mrs Washington\u2014I am\u2014dr General &c.\nC. Biddle", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0198", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Theodorick Bland, 15 August 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Bland, Theodorick\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon 15th Augt 1786.\nBy Colo. Fitzhugh I had the satisfaction to receive the humorous accot you were pleased to give me of your nocturnal journey to Fredericksburg. I recollect very well, the Lady whom you mention to have had for a fellow traveller, & if you should chance to be in her company again, I should be much obliged by your presenting my compliments to her. The even tenor of my life (in which I can expect to meet with few extraordinary adventures) as well as my long seclusion in a great measure, from the exhilirating scenes of mixed society, must be an apology for my not attempting (with such provocatives to gaiety) to say some more sprightly things in reply to the brilliancy of her dialogue; or the vivacity with which you have reported it. I commend you, however, for passing the time in as merry a manner as you possibly could; it is assuredly better to go laughing than crying thro\u2019 the rough journey of life.\nI have mentioned your request to Colo. Humphreys, who is still at Mt Vernon & who has put a copy of his last poem into my hands to be forwarded with his compliments to you. He has farther desired me to inform you, in answer to the civil things you have said of it, that he feels himself singularly happy whenever he finds that his works are honored with the approbation of men of taste & liberallity. He regrets that he cannot send you the copy of a former poem, which after being several times reprinted in Europe, has lately been translated by the Marqs de Chastellux, & received with a great deal of applause at Paris.\nI shall always be happy to give & receive communications on improvements in farming, & the various branches of agriculture. This is in my opinion, an object of infinite importance to the country; I consider it to be the proper source of American wealth & happiness. Whose streams might become more copious & diffusive, if gentlemen of leisure and capacity would turn their attention to it, & bring the result of their experiments together? Nothing but cultivation is wanting\u2014our lot has certainly\ndestined a good Country for our inheritance\u2014we begin already to attract the notice of foreigners of distinction. A French general officer whose name is Du Plessis is now at Mount Vernon on his way to Georgia, with a design to settle there\u2014as a farmer.\nSequestered as I am, from the bustlings & intrigues of the world, in the calm walks of private life; I can hardly flatter myself with being able to give much light or assistance, to those who may be engag\u2019d in passing thro\u2019 the dark & thorny paths of politics. I can only repeat what I have formerly told my countrymen in a very serious manner \u201cthat honesty will be found, on every experiment, the best policy.\u201d How far arguments deduced from this topic, and from the present alarming troubles in Rhode Island, can with pertinancy & force be made use of against any attempts to procure a paper currency in the State, I leave to your judgment to decide. The advantages which are to be derived from Seminaries of learning\u2014from the improvement of our roads\u2014a proper establishment of our militia\u2014the extension of inland navigation &c. must have struck you in too forcible a manner to need a remembrancer.\nMy sentiments respecting f\u0153deral measures, in general, are so well known that it is unnecessary to reiterate them.\nThe two Mrs Washingtons & my nephew join in compliments with me to Mrs Bland & yourself, & I am &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0199", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Jay, 15 August 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jay, John\nDear Sir\nMount Vernon 15th Augt 1786\nI have to thank you very sincerely for your interesting letter of the 27th of June, as well as for the other communications you had the goodness to make at the same time.\nI am sorry to be assured, of what indeed I had little doubt before, that we have been guilty of violating the treaty in some instances. What a misfortune it is the British should have so well grounded a pretext for their palpable infractions?\u2014and what a disgraceful part, out of the choice of difficulties before us, are we to act?\nYour sentiments, that our affairs are drawing rapidly to a crisis, accord with my own. What the event will be is also beyond the reach of my foresight. We have errors to correct. We have probably had too good an opinion of human nature in forming our confederation. Experience has taught us, that men will not adopt & carry into execution, measures the best calculated for their own good without the intervention of a coercive power. I do not conceive we can exist long as a nation, without having lodged somewhere a power which will pervade the whole Union in as energetic a manner, as the authority of the different state governments extends over the several States. To be fearful of vesting Congress, constituted as that body is, with ample authorities for national purposes, appears to me the very climax of popular absurdity and madness. Could Congress exert them for the detriment of the public without injuring themselves in an equal or greater proportion? Are not their interests inseperably connected with those of their constituents? By the rotation of appointment must they not mingle frequently with the mass of citizens? Is it not rather to be apprehended, if they were possessed of the powers before described, that the individual members would be induced to use them, on many occasions, very timidly & inefficatiously for fear of loosing their popularity & future election? We must take human nature as we find it. Perfection falls not to the share of mortals. Many are of opinion that Congress have too frequently made use of the suppliant humble tone of requisition, in applications to the States, when they had a right to assume their imperial dignity and command obedience. Be that as it may, requisitions are a perfect nihility, where\nthirteen sovereign, independent\u27e8,\u27e9 disunited States are in the habit of discussing & refusing compliance with them at their option. Requisitions are actually little better than a jest and a bye word through out the Land. If you tell the Legislatures they have violated the treaty of peace and invaded the prerogatives of the confederacy they will laugh in your face. What then is to be done? Things cannot go on in the same train forever. It is much to be feared, as you observe, that the better kind of people being disgusted with the circumstances will have their minds prepared for any revolution whatever. We are apt to run from one extreme into another. To anticipate & prevent disasterous contingencies would be the part of wisdom & patriotism.\nWhat astonishing changes a few years are capable of producing! I am told that even respectable characters speak of a monarchical form of government without horror. From thinking proceeds speaking, thence to acting is often but a single step. But how irrevocable & tremendous! What a triumph for the advocates of despotism to find that we are incapable of governing ourselves, and that systems founded on the basis of equal liberty are merely ideal & falacious! Would to God that wise measures may be taken in time to avert the consequences we have but too much reason to apprehend.\nRetired as I am from the world, I frankly acknowledge I cannot feel myself an unconcerned spectator. Yet having happily assisted in bringing the ship into port & having been fairly discharged; it is not my business to embark again on a sea of troubles. Nor could it be expected that my sentiments and opinions would have much weight on the minds of my Countrymen\u2014they have been neglected, tho\u2019 given as a last legacy in the most solemn manner. I had then perhaps some claims to public attention. I consider myself as having none at present. With sentiments of sincere esteem & friendship I am, my dear Sir, Yr most Obedt & Affecte Hble Servant\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0200", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Lafayette, 15 August 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nMy Dr Marqs\nMount Vernon 15th Augt 1786.\nI will not conceal that my numerous correspondencies are daily becoming irksome to me; yet I always receive your letters with augmenting satisfaction, and therefore rejoice with you in the measures which are likely to be productive of a more frequent intercourse between our two nations. Thus, motives of a private as well as of a public nature conspire to give me pleasure, in finding that the active policy of France is preparing to take advantage of the supine stupidity of England, with respect to our commerce.\nWhile the latter by its impolitic duties & restrictions is driving our Ships incessantly from its harbours; the former seems by the invitations it is giving to stretch forth the friendly hand to invite them into its Ports. I am happy in a conviction that there may be established between France & the U.S., such a mature intercourse of good offices & reciprocal interests as cannot fail to be attended with the happiest consequences. Nations are not influenced as individuals may be, by disinterested friendships: but when it is their interest to live in amity, we have little reason to apprehend any rupture. This principle of union can hardly exist in a more distingushed manner between two Nations, than it does between France & the United States. There are many articles of manufacture which we stand absolutely in need of & shall continue to have occasion for so long as we remain an agricultural peoples, which will be while lands are so cheap & plenty, that is to say, for ages to come. In the meantime we shall have large quantities of timber, fish, oil, wheat, Tobo, rice, Indigo &c. to dispose of: Money we have not. Now it is obvious that we must have recourse for the Goods & manufactures we may want, to the nation which will enable us to pay for them, by receiving our Produce in return. Our commerce with any of the great manufacturing Kingdoms of Europe will therefore be in proportion to the facility of making remittance, which such manufacturing nation may think proper to afford us. On the other hand, France has occasion for many of our productions & raw materials\u2014let her judge whether it is most expedient to receive them by direct importation & to pay for them in goods; or to obtain them thro\u2019 the circuitous channel of Britain & to pay for them in money as she formerly did.\nI know that Britain arrogantly expects we will sell our produce whereever we can find a Market & bring the money to purchase goods from her; I know that she vainly hopes to retain what share she pleases in our trade, in consequence of our prejudices in favor of her fashions & manufactures; but these are illusions which will vanish & disappoint her, as the dreams of conquest have already done. Experience is constantly teaching us that these predilections were founded in error. We find the quality & price of the French goods we receive in many instances, to be better than the quality & price of the English. Time & a more thorough acquaintance with the business may be necessary to instruct your Merchants in the choice & assortment of Goods necessary for such a country. As to an ability for giving credit, in which the English merchants boast a superiority, I am confident it would be happy for America if the practice could be entirely abolished.\nHowever unimportant America may be considered at present, & however Britain may affect to despise her trade, there will assuredly come a day when this country will have some weight in the scale of Empires. While connected with us as Colonies only, was not Britain the first power in the World? Since the dissolution of that connexion, does not France occupy the same illustrious place? Your successful endeavours my Dr Marqs, to promote the interests of your two Countries (as you justly call them) must give you the most unadulterated satisfaction: be assured the measures which have been lately taken with regard to the two Articles of Oil & Tobacco, have tended very much to endear you to your fellow Citizens on this side of the Atlantic.\nAltho\u2019 I pretend to no peculiar information respecting commercial affairs, nor any foresight into the scenes of futurity; yet as the member of an infant-empire, as a Philanthropist by character, and (if I may be allowed the expression) as a Citizen of the great republic of humanity at large; I cannot help turning my attention sometimes to this subject. I would be understood to mean, I cannot avoid reflecting with pleasure on the probable influence that commerce may here after have on human manners & society in general. On these occasions I consider how mankind may be connected like one great family in fraternal ties\u2014I endulge a fond, perhaps an enthusiastic idea, that as the world is evidently much less barbarous than it has been, its melioration must still be progressive\u2014that nations are becoming\nmore humanized in their policy\u2014that the subjects of ambition & causes for hostility are daily diminishing\u2014and in fine, that the period is not very remote when the benefits of a liberal & free commerce will, pretty generally, succeed to the devastations & horrors of war. Some of the late treaties which have been entered into, & particularly that between the King of Prussia & the U[nite]d States, seem to constitute a new era in negotiation, & to promise the happy consequences I have just now been mentioning.\nBut let me ask you My Dr Marquis, in such an enlightened, in such a liberal age, how is it possible the great maritime powers of Europe should submit to pay an annual tribute to the little piratical States of Barbary. Would to Heaven we had a navy able to reform those enimies to mankind, or crush them into nonexistence.\nI forbear to enter into a discussion of our domestic Politics, because there is little interesting to be said upon them, & perhaps it is best to be silent, since I could not disguise or palliate where I might think them erroneous. The British still hold the frontier Posts, & are determined to do so. The Indians commit some trifling ravages, but there is nothing like a general or even open war. You will have heard what a loss we have met with by the death of poor Genl Green. General McDougal & Colo. Tilghman are also dead.\nIt is a great satisfaction to have it in my power to pay some attention to Monsr Du Plessis, by whom I had the happiness of receiving your last letter: he is now at Mount Vernon on his way to Georgia.\nYou will see by the length to which I have extended this letter, that I can never find myself weary of conversing with you. Adieu, my Dr Marqs\u2014Mrs Washington & the family desire to be most respectfully presented to Mad[am]e de la Fayette\u2014to whom, I pray you also to offer my very best homage; & to believe that I am, My Dr Marqs &c. &c. &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0201", "content": "Title: From George Washington to David Stuart, 15 August 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Stuart, David\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon Augt 15th 1786\nMrs Washington is prevented from dining with you tomorrow by the arrival of a French Gentleman of Rank\u2014Genl Duplessis\u2014who is introduced, and very warmly recommended to me by the Count de Estaing, the Marqs de la Fayette &ca\u2014in consequence I have persuaded Colo. Humphreys to Postpone his visit to Abingdon. Wishing to shew this Gentleman (Genl Duplessis) all the Civilities in my power, I should be glad if you & Mrs Stuart would dine with us tomorrow. other Company are also invited from Alexandria at Dinner, at this time. That Mrs Stuart may be accomodated, George\u2019s Ph\u00e6ton, & a pair of my horses (two others being sent to Fredericksburgh) is carried up by Charles. Yrs affectly\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0203", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Clement Biddle, 18 August 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Biddle, Clement\nDr Sir,\nMount Vernon 18th Augt 1786.\nThis letter serves to acknowledge the receipt of your favor of the 13th & to inform you that I have this day, sent a small box to Alexandria to go from thence by the Packet, or first conveyance to Philada to your address. It contains two window curtains which I pray you to get new dyed of the same color, green, & returned to me as soon as may be.\nI am obliged by your care of my letters; & thank you for the attention paid to the other requests of my former letter. The price of Mr Howells leather is not cheaper than it is sold at in Alexandria, & the freight would make it come higher. I am Dear Sir &c. &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0204", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Chastellux, 18 August 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Chastellux, Fran\u00e7ois-Jean de Beauvoir, marquis de\nMy dear Marquis\nMount Vernon 18th Augt 1786\nI cannot omit to seize the earliest occasion, to acknowledge the receipt of the very affectionate letter you did me the honor of writing to me on the 22d of May; as well as to thank you\nfor the present of your Travels in America and the Translation of Colonel Humphreys\u2019 Poem, all of which came safely to hand by the same conveyance.\nKnowing as I did, the candour liberality & philanthropy of the Marquis de Chastellux, I was prepared to disbelieve any imputations that might militate against those amiable qualities. For characters & habits are not easily taken up, or suddenly laid aside. Nor does that mild species of philosophy, which aims at promoting human happiness, ever belye itself by deviating from the generous & godlike pursuit. Having, notwithstanding, understood that some misrepresentations, of the work in question, had been circulated; I was happy to learn that you had taken the most effectual method to put a stop to their circulation, by publishing a more ample and correct Edition. Colo. Humphreys (who spent some weeks at Mount Vernon) confirmed me in the sentiment, by giving a most flattering account of the whole performance. He has also put into my hands the translation of that part in which you say such, & so many Handsome things of me; that (altho\u2019 no sceptic on ordinary occasions) I may perhaps be allowed to doubt whether your friendship & partiality, have not, in this one instance, acquired an ascendency over your cooler judgement.\nHaving been thus unwarily, and I may be permitted to add, almost unavoidably betrayed into a kind of necessity to speak of myself, and not wishing to resume that subject, I chuse to close it forever by observing; that as, on the one hand, I consider it as an indubitable mark of mean-spiritedness & pitiful vanity to court applause from the pen or tongue of man; so on the other, I believe it to be a proof of false modesty or an unworthy affectation of humility to appear altogether insensible to the commendations of the virtuous & enlightened part of our species. Perhaps nothing can excite more perfect harmony in the soul, than to have this string vibrate in unison with the internal consciousness of rectitude in our intentions, and an humble hope of approbation from the supreme disposer of all things.\nI have communicated to Colo. Humphreys that paragraph in your letter which announces the very favourable reception his Poem has met with in France. Upon the principles I have just laid down he cannot be indifferent to the applauses of so enlightened a nation, nor to the suffrages of the King & Queen\nwho have been pleased to honour it with their royal approbation.\nWe have no news on this side the Atlantic, worth the pains of sending across it\u2014The Country is recovering rapidly from the ravages of War\u2014The seeds of population are Scattered far in the wilderness\u2014Agriculture is prosecuted with industry\u2014The works of peace such as opening rivers, buildg bridges &ca are carried on with spirit\u2014Trade is not so successful as we could wish\u2014Our state govermts are well administered\u2014Some objects in our f\u0153deral system might probably be altered for the better. I rely much on the good sense of my Countrymen & trust that a superintending Providence will disappoint the hopes of our enemies\u2014With sentiments of the sincerest friendship I am, my dear Marqs Yr Obedt and Affecte Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0205", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Josiah Parker, 18 August 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Parker, Josiah\nLetter not found: to Josiah Parker, 18 Aug. 1786. On 9 Sept. Parker wrote GW: \u201cYour favor of the 18th Ultimo reached me a few days since.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0206", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Metcalf Bowler, 19 August 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Bowler, Metcalf\nSir,\nMount Vernon 19th Augt 1786.\nI have received your letter of the 21st of July together with the Treatise on Agriculture & practical Husbandry. I consider the latter as a mark of attention which merits my warmest acknowledgments.\nIt is a subject highly worthy the attention of every gentleman in this country who has leisure, abilities, or opportunity to improve it. It is the only source from which we can at present draw any real or permanent advantage; & in my opinion it must be a great (if not the sole) means of our attaining to that degree of\nrespectability & importance which we ought to hold in the world. I am Sir &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0207", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Newton, Jr., 19 August 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Newton, Thomas Jr.\nDr Sir,\nMo[un]t Vernon 19th Augt 1786.\nInclosed is a duplicate of my letter to you of the 26th of May which was forwarded by Peter Kirwins who received fifty barrels of superfine Flour to be deliver\u2019d to you at Norfolk. It is now almost three months since the flour was sent: as I have not heard from you, and am unacquainted with Mr Kirwin, I do not know whether it has come to your hands or not. If you have received it, & it is sold, I should be glad to know what it sold for; if it is not sold, should wish to know what it will sell for, as, from the short crops of wheat, I think it must now fetch a pretty good price. I am Dr Sir &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0208", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Hunter, Jr., 20 August 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hunter, William Jr.\nMonday Morng [Mount Vernon, 20 August 1786]\nG: Washington presents his Compliments to Mr Hunter and would thank him for recommending the letters herewith sent to the particular care of his Corrispondent at Havre de Grass, to be forwarded by him to Paris.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0209", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Hutchins, 20 August 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hutchins, Thomas\nSir,\nMount Vernon 20th Augt 1786.\nYou will see by the enclosed letter from the Marqs de la Fayette to me, that the Empress of Russia is desirous of obtaining some authentic documents respecting the languages of the natives of this Country, for the purpose of compiling an universal Dictionary. As I have thought no person was more in condition to accomplish that essential service for the republic of letters than yourself, I have taken the liberty of transmitting a specimen of the vocabulary to you, together with a request that you will do me the favor of paying as early & accurate attention to the completion of the matter, as your avocations will admit. Persuaded that a gentleman of your taste for science in general, & particularly of your capacity for acquiring the information in question, will enter upon the task with pleasure, I make no apology for troubling you with it. Nor do I think it necessary to add any thing farther, than that it may be expedient to extend the vocabulary as far as, with the aid of your friends, you conveniently can; & that the greatest possible precision & exactitude will be indispensable in committing the Indian words to paper, by a just orthography. With sentiments of esteem & regard I have the honor to be &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0210", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Jackson, 20 August 1786\nFrom: Jackson, William\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear General,\nPhiladelphia August 20. 1786\nIt was not till last evening I discovered that a packet, which I had done myself the honor to address to you by a private conveyance, had been forgotten by the person to whom it was entrusted. To prevent a similar accident, and to avoid any farther delay, I take the liberty to forward the enclosed pamphlets (which are transmitted at the request of our State Society) by post.\nUnable to decline, though very unequal to fulfil, the task which was assigned me on the fourth of July\u2014I hope it will be unnecessary to bespeak your indulgence of an essay produced at the pressing instance of friends, whose partiality prejudiced their discernment. With every wish for your happiness, which the most respectful esteem and affection can suggest, I am, my dear General Your obliged obedient Servant\nW. Jackson.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0212", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Monroe, 20 August 1786\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: St. Clair, Arthur\n[In the letterpress edition this letter was erroneously identified as being from James Monroe to George Washington.] \nDear General\nNew York Augt 20. 1786\nMay I take the liberty of our former acquaintance to confer with you freely upon the following propositions\u2014You seem\u2019d\nsatisfied with those presented to the view of Congress on friday by Colo. Grayson viz. that exports be admitted down the Missisippi to N. Orleans as an entrepot\u2014to pay there a duty of 2\u00bd pr centm or more if necessary to the crown of Spain ad valorem, to be carried thence in Sp[anis]h, American & french vessels to other countries\u2014that imports be prohibited\u2014in short that any arrangments on this subject be made w[hic]h shall hold up the U.S. to those people, our ultra-montane brethren, as the patrons of their interest, and not give the sanction of Congress to a measure which suspends for a day expressly their just rights\u2014with these objects in view we will go as far as those who are the most anxious to obtain a Spanish treaty & cultivate the good wishes of that branch of the house of Bourbon\u2014the point then upon which I wish particularly to consult you is simply this\u2014the puting the negotiation of this treaty in the hands of Mr Jefferson & Mr Adams, that the former be instructed to repair to Madrid under the mediation of France for that purpose in character of Envoy extraordinary. This I presume may be done without giving offence to the gentn here, either Mr Jay or Gardoqui, since it is in difficulties of this kind the usage of courts to proceed thus & this line of negotiation must be particularly respectful to the court of Spain as it will be the highest evidence of our disposition of it as will form the manner as the terms upon which we are willing to make the treaty. Without this believe me I have the most satisfactory evidence nothing will be done\u2014Mr Jay has within my knowledge since Deer last been negotiating with Congress to repeal his instructions (or rather with particular members) so as to occlude the Missisippi, & not with Spain to open it\u2014I trust you have sufficient knowledge of me to be satisfied I wo\u2019d not make this allegation if I had not the most satisfactory evidence in my own mind of what I say\u2014This evidence you shall possess whenever you please\u2014I therefore calculate with certainty upon losing every thing whilst the business is in his hands\u2014If in this free communication, I deviate from any of those rules of friendship & respect I have always entertain\u2019d for you, & which I mean this as an evidence of, you will attribute it to no motive of that kind since I am not influene\u2019d by it\u2014I am dear Sir with real esteem & regard yr very humble servt\nJas Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0213", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Knox, 21 August 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Knox, Henry\nDr Sir\nMount Vernon 21st Augt 1786\nThe inclosed letter I received a short time since. As I am wholly unacquainted with the writer, & circumstances therein mentioned; I can only say, that if the facts are such as there alledged, I think the sufferer is entitled to some redress; but how far it may be in the power of Congress to comply with petitions of this nature I am not able to say. You undoubtedly know much better than I do, & I am sure your exertions will never be wanting to have justice done to those who have suffered by adhering to the cause of our Country. I am Dr Sir &c. &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0214", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Powel, 21 August 1786\nFrom: Powel, Samuel\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia 21st August 1786\nI have now to acknowlege the Receipt of your Letter, of May 25, in Answer to mine inclosing Col. Morgan\u2019s Essay. I beg you will not imagine that the transcribing it was troublesome to me. The Pleasure arising from a Communication in which you were interested abundantly compensated for the Time employed in making it; &, I hope, I need not add that I shall think myself happy to be of use to you on any Occasion.\nDr Griffith delivered me your Letter of the 5th of April. I should have been pleased to have had it in my Power to have furthered his Views with Convenience to myself; but, to have fallen in with his Plans, I must have withdrawn from the national Bank, what would have [been] requisite to accomplish them. Had my Situation corresponded to his Wishes your Recommendation would have proved an additional Inducement.\nMrs Powel begs Leave to join me in offering our best Thanks to you & Mrs Washington for your obliging Invitation. Be assured that should we ever determine upon visiting Virginia, the pleasure of paying you a Visit will not be the least of the Gratifications we should expect to derive from such a Journey. Our best Wishes attend you both, and I am Dear Sir, Your most obedt humble Servt\nSamuel Powel", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0215", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Vaughan, 22 August 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Vaughan, Samuel\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Samuel Vaughan, 22 Aug. 1786. On 12 Sept. GW wrote Vaughan: \u201cA few days ago I had the honor to receive your favor of the 22d ulto.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0216", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Jonathan Loring Austin, 23 August 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Austin, Jonathan Loring\nSir,\nMo[un]t Vernon 23d Augt 1786.\nI have received your Oration of the 4th of July, which you did me the honor to send me; & am much obliged to you for so polite a mark of attention. I have perused it with a great deal of pleasure, & hope that the anniversary of that day will ever be commemorated in this Country as the era from which we may date our happiness & importance. I am Sir, &c.\nGo. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0218", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Lewis, 25 August 1786\nFrom: Lewis, George\nTo: Washington, George\nDr Sir\nBath 25th of August [17]86\nBy the particular request of Doctor Lemare, I have examin\u2019d your houses at this place, and from the discription which the Doctor sayes you gave him of them he is induced to think you have been impos\u2019d on[.] this supposition prompts him to wish of me an accurate and impartial discription of them, in there present situation. On viewing the houses I find them to be two of logs 19 by 17 each, hew\u2019d inside and out, in hight what they call here, Story and half, cover\u2019d wth long shingles, one of them floor\u2019d above and below with a wall\u2019d Cellar, which the Doctor sayes was intended for a Stable to contain nine horses; I think four might stand in it and no more; the other house has a floor above only, some stone under one end and side. The other logs\nlay on the ground; this house has a Chimney but Slightly built, and from appearances must certainly burn the house whenever there is a warm fire made in the harth. in Short the houses are esteem\u2019d badly built, and of bad timber. The Doctor call\u2019d in a Workman to examine the work, who agreed in opinion that it was badly done.\nI hope to have it in my power to pay you a visit with Mrs Lewis this fall, she is at this place for her health, and has receiv\u2019d considerable benifit from the trip, and flatters herself another season will be the means of establishing her halth, she joins me in Love to my Aunt and yourself. Am Dr Sir with the warmest esteem and Afft. Yr\nG. Lewis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0219", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thornton Washington, 25 August 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Washington, Thornton\nDear Thornton,\nMount Vernon Augt 25th 1786\nI wrote so fully to you at the time I inclosed the Papers which respected the Land on which you live, that I did not intend to have said any thing more on the subject of Hites claim\u2014but the other day one of the Tenants on the same land (living near the head spring of Bullskin) informed me that he had been forewarned\nfrom sowing Winter grain on his place. It will behove you, to make use of all the means I put in your power to oppose their claim. I think they were ample if properly set to view, against every other claim than the original purchase money. If therefore you do not exert yourself in bringing these forward with such other lights as can be thrown upon them, you may not only suffer yourself, but will disappoint me; for relying entirely on you I have taken no step to oppose the late decision of the General Court, or high Court of chancery in which the matter was determined. I understand that Commissioners are appointed who are to examine the legal objections to the judgment, where there are any. It would be well for you therefore not only to appear before these\u2014but to get some able Lawyer to consider the papers I sent you, state the case with all the advantages it admits\u2014and if allowed\u2014appear in support of it. I have applied, as I wrote you in my last that I should do, to the representative of George Johnston (of whom I bought the Land) for the Original Bond of Joist Hite, but it is not to be found among his Papers\u2014and ought in my opinion to be searched after in the Proprietors Office; It being highly probable it was deposited there, as the Deed from thence recites that the Land was purchased from Hite by Thomas of whom Johnston had it.\nI wish to hear from you, and to know precisely what has been, or is likely to be done, in this business. A letter thrown into the line of the Winchester Post will come safe, and is better than private opportunities when the conveyance is not direct to the person. My best wishes attend you & your wife, in which the family here all join. I am affectionately Yrs\nGo: Washington\nP.S. If your Uncle John is in Berkeley, be governed by his advice in the mode of proceeding which may be best for you to adopt in exhibiting your right before the Commissioners.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0220", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jean Le Mayeur, 28 August 1786\nFrom: Le Mayeur, Jean-Pierre\nTo: Washington, George\nsir\nBath August 28. 1786.\ni should have wrote thre weks ago to your Excellancy had not mr Rumsey deceivd me in his departure from this place. probably he suspected my informing you of the situation of your Building\u2014which he has not done well\u2014Colo. jno. Washington and Mr Georges Lewes agree with me in oppinion of mr Rumsey performance.\nshould your Excellancy proper to write to me i shall get it at the post office in Philadelphia as i Expect to be there in ten or twelve days at farthest\u2014and i hope to be at mountvernon by the first days of octobr when i Entend to Give to General a narration of all the civelities i have recived from Generl smallwood but for that i make him fine Gentleman in transplanting front teeth in his head. of which he wrot me he is Extremely satisfay.\ni Shall refers to Mr Randolph ow will set of from here in 5 or 6 days on his way to mountvernon, & for the news at Bath.\ni hope Lady Washington and Major and all Washingtons are well. I have the honour to be with Great Respect and veneration of your Excellancy his most obt and humle serviteur\nj. Le Mayeur", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0221", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Hill, 29 August 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hill, James\nSir,\nMo[un]t Vernon 29th Augt 1786.\nI have been in continual expectation ever since my return to private life (now near three years) of receiving a statement of the accots between us. This not having yet happened, and finding sums which I expected were due to me (especially in the case of Mr Newton of Norfolk from whom I thought a large balance was due to me) charged as having been paid to you, it makes it indispensably necessary for me to be furnished with a precise & compleat accot of all the transactions of my business\nwhich had been committed to your care from the date of the last settlement which I made with you myself, to the present moment. Shewing, if monies have been paid to others on myself, the sums, & by what authority it was done. Without these it is impossible for me to adjust my own accounts, or bring my business to a close with others. I pray you therefore not to delay complying with this request, & it will oblige yrs &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0222", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Gardoqui, 30 August 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Gardoqui, Diego Maria de\nSir,\nMount Vernon 30th Augt 1786.\nThe day before yesterday gave me the honor of your Excellency\u2019s favor, written on the 12th of June, with a postscript thereto of the 22d of July. It was accompanied by the cloth made of the wool of the Vicuna, which indeed is of a softness & richness which I have never seen before, & is truly worthy of being called his Majesty\u2019s true manufactured cloth. For your Excellency\u2019s goodness in presenting me with this specimen of it, I pray you to accept my best acknowledgements. I received it Sir, as a mark\nof your polite attention to me, & shall wear it with much pleasure as a memento thereof. The color is really beautiful, & being natural can never fade.\nI feel myself much indebted to your Excelly for communicating the testimonies of my gratitude to the King, thro\u2019 the medium of His Excelly Count de Florida Blanca, for his royal present of the Jack Asses; one of which arrived very safe, & promises to be a most valuable animal. I am endeavouring to provide a female, that the advantages which are to be derived from this Jack may not end with his life.\nI can omit no occasion of assuring your Excellency of the high sense I entertain of the many marks of polite attention I have received from you; nor of the pleasure I should feel in the honor of expressing it at this seat of my retirement from public life, if you should ever feel an inclination to make an excursion into the middle States. I have the honor to be &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0223", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Battaile Muse, 31 August 1786\nFrom: Muse, Battaile\nTo: Washington, George\nHonourable Sir,\nAlexandria Augt 31st 1786\nTen days Billious Fever and wet weather prevented my arriveing at this place untill yesterday\u2014My weak state\u2014wet weather\u2014and Being obliged To Winchester next Monday prevented My waiting on you at this Time, I expect To be down Some Time in October at which Time I hope I shall be able To waite on you To represent the Sittuation of your Business in my Care\u2014I do not Expect To receive any money untill Late in the fall as the Tenants depend on the Sales of this years crops To raise money\u2014I have been Fortunate in geting \u00a320.6.0 from Mr R. Rutherford\u2014the Ballance of his note He Prayes Indulgence on untill next year\u2014your acct is now Indebted To me about my Commision. I shall be much oblige To you To Contrive Some of the Enclosed Advertisements Towards Port Tobacco\u2014your Ferry and mill\u2014also Please To get Mr Shaw To date them Sept 1st[.] after my return from the Commissioners at Winchester I shall write you about your Lands, the Commissioners and Colo.\nHite was at my House\u2014they were of opinion your Lands are Safe Never the less I shall attend them as well on your acct as Colo. Fairfaxes.\nColo. Charles Washington desired me To Enquire of you whether you Should have Ocation to Call for money soon for the Expences of Colo. S. Washington\u2019s Sons at this place as the Estate is Likely to be distressed for \u00a3800 by a Colo. Alexander\u2014all the money that can be raised Colo. Washington desires To be applyed To Save the Estate unless your Sittuation require money\u2014I am Sir your Obedient Humble Servant.\nBattaile Muse\nI shall be Thankfull If you will Sell my Flour with yours & give me Credit for it\u2014I am as before. B.M.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0224", "content": "Title: From George Washington to George Gilpin and John Fitzgerald, 1 September 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Gilpin, George,Fitzgerald, John\nGentn,\nMount Vernon 1st Septr 1786.\nNothing but sickness would have prevented my attendance at the Seneca Falls on Monday next agreeably to appointment. On sunday last (occasioned by an imprudent act) I was seized by an ague & fever. on Tuesday & yesterday they returned with great violence, with scarce any intermission of the fever. Whether the Doctors efforts will baffle them tomorrow, remains to be determined; but at any rate he thinks it would be improper for me to leave home. The fevers, moreover, have made such havock of my mouth, nose & chin that I am unable to put a razor to my face. Thus circumstanced, I have given up all idea of meeting the Board the 4th instant.\nBesides the business which is the immediate occasion of this meeting, it might be well, as we are every day thrown back in our operations on the bed of the river, to prepare the draft of a Petition which will be necessary to hand to the respective Assemblies\nfor prolongation of the time for that part of the undertaking; and, as there may be difficulties in the way yet unforeseen, I should incline to enlarge it to the greatest extent it is thought we can obtain. I submit for consideration also, the propriety (if the waters should get low enough in the course of the Fall) of a thorough investigation of the river, by a skilful person, from the Shannondoah falls to Fort Cumberland at least; that by having the matter fully before us, we may be enabled to form some precise judgment of the difficulties which lie in the way, & prepare for them accordingly.\nAs I cannot do greater justice to the sentiments of the Company respecting its approbation of the conduct of the Directors, than it conveyed by the Address of the Committee, I have the honor of forwarding a copy of that letter to me, which I beg the favor of you, Gentn, to lay before the Board at the Meeting which is about to take place. With great esteem & regard, I am Gentn &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0225", "content": "Title: From George Washington to David Humphreys, 1 September 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Humphreys, David\nMy dear Humphreys,\nMount Vernon Septr 1st 1786.\nEnclosed are all the documents Mr Lear could find respecting the confinement, & treatment under it, of Captain Asgill. For want of recurrence to them before I wrote to Mr Tilghman, I perceive that a bad memory had run me into an error in my narrative of the latter, in one particular. For it should seem by that, as if the loose and unguarded manner in which Captn Asgill was held, was sanctioned by me; whereas one of my letters to Colo. Dayton condemns this conduct, and orders Asgill to be closely confined. Mr Lear has given all the letters at length. Extracts might have answered. But I judged it better, that the whole tenor of the Correspondence should appear, that no part might seem to be hidden. I well remember Major Gordon\u2019s attending Asgill; and by one of my letters to Dayton it is evident that Gordon had written to me; but my letter-books have registered no reply.\nIn what manner it would be best to bring this matter before the Publik eye I am at a loss, and leave it to you to determine under a consideration of the circumstances which are as fully communicated as the documents in my hands will enable me to do. There is one mystery in the business which I cannot develop, nor is there any papers in my possession which explain it. Hazen\nwas ordered to send an unconditional prisoner. Asgill comes. Hazen or some other must have given information of a Leiutenant Turner. (under the former description) Turner is ordered on, but never came. Why? I am unable to say; nor is there any letter from Hazen (to be found) that accounts for a noncompliance with this order. If I had not too many causes to distrust my memory I should ascribe it to there having been no such Officer\u2014or that he was also under capitulation, for Captn Shaack seems to have been held as a proper victim after this.\nI will write as soon as I am able to Mr Tilghman requesting him to withold my first acct of Asgill\u2019s treatment, from his corrispondent in England, promising an authentic one from original papers. It may however have passed him, in that case, it will be necessary for me to say something to reconcile my own Accts.\nI write to you with a very aching head, and disordered frame, and Mr Lear will copy the letter. Saturday last, by an imprudent act, I brought on an ague and fever on Sunday, which returned with violence Tuesday & Thursday; and if Doctor Craik\u2019s efforts are ineffectual, I shall have them again this day. The family join me in every good wish for you. It is unnecessary to assure you of the friendship & affection with which I am yr\u2019s\nGo: Washington\nP.S. We have found Gordon\u2019s letters. They contain a remonstrance and demand of Asgill as an officer protected by the Capitulation of York-Town. This I suppose is the reason they were never answered.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0226", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Tilghman, 2 September 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Tilghman, James\nDr Sir;\nMount Vernon 2d Septr 1786.\nIf the Account I handed to you respecting the treatment of Captn Asgill (in confinement) has not passed from you, I should\nbe obliged to you for withholding, & suffering no copies to be taken from it; to counteract such an injurious & ill founded calumny which obtains credit as it rolls on.\nI have it in contemplation to inspect my registers, & to give something from authentic documents relative to this matter. The former being drawn up in a hasty manner, & from memory, may contain something inconsistent with the latter, which will be substantiated. With great esteem & regard, I am Dr Sir, &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0228", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Rumsey, 5 September 1786\nFrom: Rumsey, James\nTo: Washington, George\nDr General.\nAlexandria Septr 5th 1786\nI was Verry Sorry to hear that it was Sickness prevented you from Comeing to The meeting at Seneca, Go venor Johnson and\nLee was also Sick and Could not attend therefore Their was no Board. It would Oblige me much if The next meeting was to be at the great falls as their is Several persons whose presence will Be Nescessary that Objects to going Over to the maryland Side an account of the Bad attention to that ferry, and Dearness of it, I am Convinced that the maryland gentlemen would wish to See the works at the great falls, and therefore think that they will have no Objection to meeting their.\nInclosed is an account of the Expence of your Buildings at Bath It amounts to a Considerable Sum higher than I Expected the ac[c]t is Stated in penns. Currencey. The Stone work of the Celler is Extended at an astablished price that I had from Every person that I had work of that kind Done for, when I found Every thing. The underpinning the kitchen and kitchen Chimney I Estamated at ten pounds ten Shillings a particular account of it Being Neglected, But I Beleive it To Be Set Loe, The nails, Glass Locks and hinges are high, But they are at the prices that we was Obliged to give at Bath for them, I am not Quite as To the amount of the money I have Receivd of you But I think it is as follows,\u2014Viz.\n                  paid to Mr Herbert\n                  my first Devidend to potomack Co.\n                  Receivd for Rent of houses\n                  paid me at your house\nI am not Very Clear but the money I got at your house was twenty five pounds but I gave a Receipt for it which will Show the amt\u2014the Boat will be tryed this week on the Oreginal plann you Shall Immediately Hear what Suckcess\u2014I am with Every Sentyment of Regard your most obt Very hbl. Servt\nJames Rumsey", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0229", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Lee, Jr., 8 September 1786\nFrom: Lee, Henry Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear Genl\nNew York Sept. 8th 1786\nBy Col. Humphrey I had the pleasure to receive your letter acknowledging the receipt of the china account paid here by me, and at the same time got one hundred and fifty dollars payment in full for the money advanced. Before this Mr Gardoquis box must have reached you; it was sent to the care of Mr C. Lee in Alexandria and I hope your China has also got to hand\u2014It had left this for Norfolk addressed to Colo. Parker before your letter respecting the mode of conveyance got to me, or I should have obeyed your wishes.\nThe period seems to be fast approaching when the people of these U. States must determine to establish a permanent capable government or submit to the horrors of anarchy and licentiousness\u2014How wise would it be, how happy for us all, if this change could be made in friendship, and conducted by reason. But such is the tardiness of the virtuous and worthy part of society in matters of this importance, and such the conceit & zeal of the vicious, that it is to be apprehended that wickedness and audacity will triumph over honor & honesty\u2014The enclosed proclamation just come to hand will shew you the temper of the eastern people\u2014it is not confined to one state or to one part of a state, but pervades the whole. The decay of their commerce leaves the lower order unemployed, idleness in this body, and the intriguing exe[r]tions of another class whose desperate fortunes are remediable only by the ruin of society produce schemes portending the dissolution of order & good government\u2014\nWeak and feeble governments are not adequate to resist such high handed offences\u2014Is it not then strange that the sober part of mankind will continue to prefer this incertitude & precariousness, because their jealousys are alarmed and their envy encited when they see the officers of the Nation possessing that power which is indispensably necessary to chastise evil and reward virtue. But thus it is, and thus it has been, and from hence it follows that almost every Nation we read off, have drank deep of the miserys which flow from despotism or licentiousness\u2014the happy medium is difficult to practice.\nI am very unhappy to hear by Mr Shaw that your health declines; I must hope he is mistaken and cannot help thinking so, as Col. Humphreys tells me that you look very hearty, and use vigorous exercise\u2014if the potomac navigation succeeds in the manner these gentlemen mention, it is another strong evidence that difficultys vanish as they are approached, and will be a strong argument among the politicians, in favor of the Spanish treaty and the occlusion of the Mississippi\u2014Mrs Lee joins me in most respectful compliments to Mount-Vernon\u2014with unceasing and affectionate attachment I am dear Genl your Most ob. h. ser.\nHenry Lee Junr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0230", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Fitzgerald, 9 September 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Fitzgerald, John\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon Septr 9th 1786.\nHave you heard from Annapolis since Monday? Have the Commercial Commissioners met? Have they proceeded to business?\nHow long is it supposed their Session will last? and is it likely they will do anything effectual?\nIs Colo. Gilpin returned? Was there a meeting of the Board? What was the result of the enquiry into the charges exhibited against Stuart?\nI hope Mrs Fitzgerald & yourself are quite recovered. I am tolerably well again, but obliged to make use of Scissars instead of a Razor, for part of my face, when shaving. I am Dr Sir Yr obedt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0231", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Hill, 9 September 1786\nFrom: Hill, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nPhilad[elphi]a 9th Sepr 1786\nBeing much in the Country with Mrs Hill who is yet almost confin\u2019d by indisposition, my acknowlegements of your favor of the 3d past will come later than could happen through want of Attention\u2014This I am certain will appear on all occasions where my respect can avail you any thing.\nNo payment could be more acceptable than your Bill which I remitted by the last packet on the 6th instt tho\u2019 I had a good mind to convert it into Cash & therewith build part of the walls of my new house in town, that if possible your Claims to the best reception in it might be strengthened, but they appear\u2019d already quite sufficient.\nI must leave my Madeira friends to account for the difference of price in the two wines you imported, and shall only observe that age however essential to the perfection of an original good growth, exposes a mean one, as appeard by some wine we lately tasted here that came by China & shipd I believe for the best by the house you allude to.\nYou will find no small difference in comparing the two qualities or I shall have greatly err\u2019d in my Expectations\u2014& if so I request you will candidly undeceive me. With the most Affectionate respect to you & Mrs Washington I am Sir Your obedt humb. Servt\nHenry Hill", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0233", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Josiah Parker, 9 September 1786\nFrom: Parker, Josiah\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nPortsmouth September 9th 1786\nYour favor of the 18th Ultimo reached me a few days since, and a day or two after the china arrived from New York, which shall be sent by the first safe Conveyance to your seat on potowmack. I lamented much the death of one of the pair of Gold fish, as I am sensible they would have bred had you have provided them an enclosure in a runing pool. I deemed it best to send them to Fredricksburg as the Captain of the Packet promised especial care of them & the conveyance from thence might have been very easy by puting them in a Bucket \u2153rd full of Spring Water, they require no food but the surface of the Water, that should be shifted dayly if they are confined. I have a pair\nwhich I am sure would increase if they were at liberty. Should they, I shall do myself the honor of offering you a share or should one of them die the other will be sent to you. they are beautiful little fish and in this Country a real curiosity.\nI did not expect you would have troubled yourself to have answered my letter of the 23rd May as it was only a companion for the box from New York, and I am very sensible that you can have very little leisure to attend to every little transaction. Its enough for me to be satisfied with your doing me the honor of transacting any little matter for you here which will ever give me pleasure to attend to. I have one wish very much at heart which is that you sometimes cast your Eyes to this part of the Country and further the Canal business as the importance of it to us here & to the Community in general as well as you who have property in the neighbourhood must be particularly conspicuous\u2014a Single Visit from you with an explanation of the advantages attending a canal would give it more credence than any patronage it can expect from this quarter: I am very sensible that if a proper conveyance was made from the head of Pasquotank throug the lake and to empty its waters into the Southern Branch of Elizabeth River that the waters would be fresh enough to kill the Worm\u2014the only Enemy to our harbour. Let me pray you to believe that this long scrawl is not intended to draw you into an Answer, unless you should find a leisure moment, when you can thing of any thing to say, or any thing that I can do for you. May you live long and be happy is the wish of My dear Sir your obliged, humble Servant\nJ: Parker", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0234", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Ridout, 10 September 1786\nFrom: Ridout, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nBordeaux, 10 Septemr 1786\nI had the Honor to receive, the 1st Ulto your Excellency\u2019s letter of the 20 May, together with the Packet & Barrel for the\nMarquis de la Fayette\u2014the former I forwarded him immediately pr post, & I sent the Barrel last week in very good condition. I could not get it sooner from the Custom House & Brokers.\nThe wine you are pleased to order will be sent you by the next opportunity for the Potowmack & I hope it will be such as will please you.\nAs I propose revisiting America very soon my Friends. Mess. W. & N. Johnston of this place will transact my Business during my absence & will with pleasure execute any orders you may have in this place.\nI have the Honor to be with the greatest respect Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obedient Humble Servant\nThos Ridout", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0235", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Leven Powell, 12 September 1786\nFrom: Powell, Leven\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nLoudoun Sepr 12th 1786.\nI should have done myself the Pleasure of Answering your favor of the 20th of July earlier, if I had not then expected it would have been in my power to send you the Timothy seed wrote for in the course of a few weeks; for immediately upon the receipt of your letter I sent to a man in Frederick much to be depended on & from whom I have hitherto been supply\u2019d, who readily engaged your Quantity.\nEight or ten days ago I had information from him that he had secured a sufficiency of Timothy, but the continual rains had prevented his getting the seed out.\nWe have now an appearance of fair weather & I do expect it here in a few days, but as my son informs me it will be more agreeable to you not to take it, I shall endeavour to dispose of it in the mean time, if I cannot do so I shall immediately upon its coming to hand send it down to him.\nHe informs me you wish to know whether I can purchase 100 or 150 Bushels of Buck wheat for you.\nI can readily get you either of those Quantities of the New Crop which will soon be in & which I presume will be in time for your purpose. Be pleased to inform me the exact Quantity & when you will want it & be assured it will give me pleasure to\nserve you in that or any other respect in my power & that I am with due regard Dear Sir yr Obt & Hble Servt\nLeven Powell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0236", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Samuel Vaughan, 12 September 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Vaughan, Samuel\nDr Sir,\nMount Vernon 12th Septr 1786.\nA few days ago I had the honor to receive your favor of the 22d ulto.\nAt the same time that I regret not having had the pleasure of testifying under my own roof the respect & regard I had imbibed for your Lady & family before their departure from this Continent, I beg you to be assured that every wish which I can offer for a short & agreeable passage, & happy meetings with their friends in England, attends them. Although I can now no longer look for the pleasure of the Ladies companies at this seat of my retirement, I will not despair of seeing you at it, when it can be made to comport with your other pursuits. It is unnecessary I persuade myself to repeat the assurances of the pleasure it would give me you, or such of your family as remain in this Country, here, or of the sincere esteem & respect with which I have the honor to be &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0237", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Charles Lee, 13 September 1786\nFrom: Lee, Charles\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nAlexandria Sepr 13. 1786\nThis is accompanied with instruments of writing which I hope you will find agreeable to your intentions.\nMr Lund Washington is said not to have qualified as exr of\nManley in which case he need not be a party to the deed but I conceive it necessary that he should in open court renounce the execution thereof and that his renunciation should be recorded if already this has not been done\u2014After this the deed of Manleys exrs as drawn by me ought to be executed and not before Mr L. Washington\u2019s renunciation\u2014If Mr L. Washington ever did qualify as exr of Manley, he must be a party to the deed.\nMrs Sanford having some time ago qualified as exr it became necessary to make her a party and this occasions her husband to be joined with her in the deed.\nOne of Manleys children having arrived to full age has not altered the trust.\nThe lease to Robertson not having been recorded, it is void in law and equity against purchasers without notice, and in the present case void in law if the assignment accepted from Mrs French shall not make it valid, which I think it will do.\nThe clause in that lease respecting the nonpayment of rent doth not avoid or forfeit the lease, till there be a demand of the rent and an actual reentry for the non payment thereof.\nYou have by Mrs French\u2019s assignment the same power over Robertson that she had. To save trouble I joined in the same deed the assignment of Robertson\u2019s lease and the demise of the residue of Mrs French\u2019s estate in the plantation & slaves. I have the honor to be with every sentiment of esteem and respect your most obed. hble serv.\nCharles Lee\nP.S. A blank is left in Triplett and Sanfords deed for the name of the patentee because the deeds to Manley mention Nicholas Spencer and your letter Spencer and Washington which you will please to fill up as may be right. C. Lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0238", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Comtesse d\u2019Anterroches, 18 September 1786\nFrom: Anterroches, Jeanne-Fran\u00e7oise Teyssier (Tessier) de Chaunay, comtesse d\u2019\nTo: Washington, George\nGeneral,\n18th Septr 1786\nFame has informed me that you are the friend of humanity\u2014that your generous heart delights in doing good. I take the liberty to claim your protection for the Chevalier D\u2019Anterroches my son, who is settled in Elizabeth Town, near New York. Altho\u2019\nI have no right to make a request of this nature, which is altogether an idea of my own; yet whoever dares to accuse me of imprudence, has never experienced, as you have General, the force of sensibility. If, from the feelings of a heart alive to the misfortunes of others, you deign to give my Son access to you, he will himself have the honor to relate his history to you\u2014a history painful & affecting to a Soul so delicate as your\u2019s\u2014You must have the goodness to desire him to come to you, because he is ignorant of my resolution to write to you; & that you may take an interest in him, I dare to assure you General that you will find him an engaging man, a comely man, & a man who can render himself beloved & esteemed; You will be touched with his misfortunes & distresses, and the more, I dare say, as his birth is distinguished in this kingdom, as having descended from a family of military men who have borne high Command\u2014he bears a name well known both in church & State\u2014the D\u2019anterroches have from time immemorial held an elevated rank. For these 12 years my Son has groaned under the weight of Misfortunes, & has thereby given me great pain\u2014the time has appeared long to us both, & we have no prospect of terminating our sufferings unless you lend your aid\u2014It requires an Arm powerful as your\u2019s, General, to succour us\u2014I trust in you who are as good as you are great\u2014all the world admires you, & you have only to say the word to change our Condition; I wait for that with the most lively impatience; I already perceive General that the hours of Affliction glide off more gently\u2014but to pass them as those of prosperity, nature will not permit\u2014Alass! who can feel the sufferings of a Child as poignantly as a Mother\u2014my soul, deeply wounded, knows no repose! Restore it to that tranquility which it has lost, & which I perceive is so necessary for it\u2014you will make it compleatly happy if you comply with my earnest prayers\u2014I will not enter into a detail of what concerns my son, he will do it himself if you will permit him; permit him & give him an opportunity, & you shall be informed of every thing.\nMr Otto Charge des Affaires de France in New-York has passed the highest encomiums upon his good behaviour\u2014he can give you, General, the same favourable account of him; all the people of distinction who have seen him in your country speak of him in the same manner\u2014I beseech you to interest\nyourself so far in him as to give him an existance, whether in America or in France\u2014you can easily do it in either. What would I not do myself to effect what I ask of you\u2014if nothing would procure it but my life I would give that\u2014Altho\u2019 my Husband, Good man, loves his son dearly, yet he is so oppressed by Age that he is incapable of doing as he would\u2014he tells me that he wishes him all happiness, & if he could obtain it he should partake of it with him\u2014You have too much penetration not to see all the uneasiness which so long an absence & at so great a distance must have given his friends\u2014You, General, can do what he would have you\u2014you are powerful in your own Country, & there is nothing at our Court that would be refused you\u2014Your own Genius furnishes resources\u2014your penetrating Eye discovers all\u2014you will not suffer my son & his family to suffer longer in your latitude\u2014being once informed of their situation. By applying to the Court of France you may obtain for him a lucrative employment which will make him & his family easy\u2014he will then be induced to return & you will give a son to his Mother, a Citizen to his Country, & enable a man to give aid & succour to his Parents who have much need of it; all this is worthy of you\u2014Take the trouble of conferring with him\u2014I entreat you to compleat my wishes, (if the time is not yet arrived in which I shall have the sweet satisfaction of seeing my son) by succouring & supporting him\u2014&, when he may come to you, by shewing him this letter which is no equivocal proof of my tender sollicitude for him\u2014& may your benefactions cause the tears of Joy & Gratitude to flow instead of those of sorrow which we have shed for 12 years past. I have the Honor to be with respect, General, Yr very humble & obedient Servt.\nDe chauni Comtisse D\u2019anterroches.\nMy Address is the Comtisse de Chauni D\u2019Anterroches at her house at Puydarnac near\u2014\nIf you do me the honor of Answering this, I request you to address to Mr Van Berchem of Nantes in Brittany\u2014a City of France\u2014he is an eminent Merchant, a man of merit & will take care of it for me.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0239", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Rumsey, 19 September 1786\nFrom: Rumsey, James\nTo: Washington, George\nDr General\nShepherd town Septr 19th 1786\nWhen I wrote you from alexandria on the Sixth Inst I was on my way to the Southward and Did not Return to this place untill Last Evening which was the Reason you Did not hear from me Sooner what Suckcess we had in the Experiment I mentioned to you in that Letter that We Expected to have with the Boat. Mr Barnes got her Readey on Saterday the 9th Inst and put about three tuns of Stone in her and Could not avoid Takeing in nine or ten persons that was waiting To See her Tryed which made near four tuns on Board, when he Set out, the River being a Little up was in his favor as it was not naturally Rapid where tryal was made, he went up about two hundred yards Greatly to the Satisfaction and Admiration of the Spectators, But not so to himself, for the following Reasons, first the machinery Being fixed on But one Boat, Instead of two, as first Intended prevented her from going So Steady as She Ought To have Done, the people on Board Shouting and Running Backward and forward aded much to this Inconvenance, In the next place the poles, or Shovers, was made of Wood w\u2019th Iron Spikes at their Lower End, to Sink them, which Spikes proved too Light, and Caused the poles Very frequently to Slip on the Bottom, But the Greatest Deterrent was, that when a pole got a good holt on One Side and not on the Other, it had a Tendencey to give Her a Heel, which would throw part of the wheel out of water, which weakned the power, and would often Loosen the foot of the pole, so as to make it Slip. These Inconvenanceys Mr Barnes Related to me, they were what I too much Expected from a tryal with one Boat, But not haveing time, nor yet being Able to Build another at the present, was therefore Obliged to Risk the one, It was on wensday on my way Up that I got these accounts from Mr Barnes, we then went on Board for an Other Experiment, But the water had got So Lowe that It Did not move But Little more than Two miles per hour, which by my Calculations I had caused only sufficient to overcome the friction of the Machine, we Moved up Slowly for Sum distance during which time two or three persons (acquaintances) Colected on the Shore and Informed me that many Others would be Down Very Soon I Therefore thought it Best to put to Shore\nand take of[f] Sum of the Macheinery, as the first Impression Received of her going was favourable, the Current then \u27e8too Slack\u27e9 To Impress them again with an Openion that She would make much progress, the Company Came Down and Insisted much on Seeing her go. I Excused myself from it, Altho almost Induced to push up to pains falls which was not far Above us But on Considering the Lightness of our poles and the Strenth of the Current in (that place) I Doubted their Sinking, Besides there is (you know) many Rocks in that place that Lye But Little under water that might Break the wheel, and Spectators Generally give their openion according to what they See, without any alowance for Accidents, which Determined me not to attempt It Publicly, nor have I made any farther Experiment Since. It is Evedant from what has Been Done that She would make a tolarable progress in all Currents that is Strait and Clear of Rocks, and moves three miles per hour, or upwards, But will go But Slow in Currents Under that Velocity. It is also Certain that It will never Answer a Valuable purpos Except when put upon two Boats (as it Cannot be Steady on One) In which Case their is not the Least Doubt But it will answer Every purpos that was Ever Expected from it. I Cannot with propriety Expect you to Come to See her in her present Situation, But if you would wish to See he\u27e8r\u27e9 Before any alteration is made, and will Let me hea\u27e8r\u27e9 It by a Line, I will bring her Down to Sum Conveni\u27e8ent\u27e9 place and will Send you word where to Come to See her. I am Sir with great Regard your most abt and Very hbe Servt\nJames Rumsey", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0242", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Clement Biddle, 23 September 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Biddle, Clement\nDr Sir,\nMount Vernon 23d Septr 1786.\nIt is sometime since my window curtains were sent to you to get dyed; I should be glad to have them back as soon as an opportunity offers of forwarding them to me. Let me beg you to send by Mr Porter, (who will deliver you this letter) if he can bring it, or with the curtains if he cannot\u201416 yards of Stuff of the same kind & colour of the curtains, to cover two dozen chairs, the front of which will require cloth near 2\u00bd feet wide, & the hinder part near two feet: this I fear is wider than that kind of Stuff generally is, but it is to be hoped that the gores which come off the latter, will be sufficient for the former.\nDo the prices of the articles mention\u2019d in my former letter still keep up? I pray you to cause the enclosed Advertisement to be published three weeks in one of your Gazette\u2019s which has the most general circulation. With great esteem, I am Dr Sir &c.\nG: Washington\nP.S. Add if you please 3500 good brass nails for the chairs.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0243", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Tilghman, 23 September 1786\nFrom: Tilghman, James\nTo: Washington, George\nDear & honred Sir\nChester Town [Md.] Sept 23d 1786\nI yesterday received your favour of the 2d of this month which came in time to stop the transmissal of your Paragraph relating to Capt. Asgils confinement I had not met with any opportunity proper for the Conveyance of it And you may relye on its not being known to any person living but myself.\nMiss Anderson furnished me with a letter from Mr John West to Mr Hollyday, which may afford you some insight in this matter of the Legacy by Col. Colvilles will I send you a Copy. I am with much respect yr most obt hble Servt\nJames Tilghman", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0244", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Hill, 24 September 1786\nFrom: Hill, James\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nKing William Sepr 24th 1786\nYour favor of the 29th August came to my hands a few days ago, & in answer thereto, I have long since closed all my Accots respecting such of your Business as had been committed to my Care & delivered up the Books & papers to Mr posey & the late Bartho. Dandridge Esqrs it is now out of my power to comply with your request, The first Book in which I kept the Accounts of Mr Custis\u2019s Estate, as well as yours, I delivered to Mr Posey when he first took Possession & entered on the Management of that Estate, and I then procured another Book for the purpose of keeping your Accounts, but when I was called on early in the year 1779 by Mr Posey to bring my Transactions of your business in Mr Davenports & my care to a close, I directed Mr Davenport to Accot with Mr Posey & I did the same on my part. and having paid such sums of Money that came into my hands of yours to him, that Book with some Vouchers remained in my hands until a Settlement was about to take place Between Mr Dandridge & Mr Posey, when Mr Dandridge wrote to me for this Book & all the papers in my hands which I delivered to him in presence of Mr James Quarles.\nWith respect to Mr Newton I never received a Shilling of him that I recollect on your Accot. it appears by my Pocket Memo. Book that he gave me an Order on one Jacob Williams in Williamsburg for \u00a3180\u2014on your Accot which I received at two paymts the first \u00a350\u2014the 12th day of Augt 1778 which I paid the same day to Mr Lund Washington in Williamsburg, and the Second \u00a3130\u2014the 3rd day July 1779 which I also paid the same day to Mr posey. I am with respect your mo. Obdt Servt\nJames Hill", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0245", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Humphreys, 24 September 1786\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear General,\nHartford [Conn.], Septr 24th 1786\nI had the pleasure, before I left New York, to receive your favor containing the enclosures respecting Asgil\u2019s affair, and am taking measures for their publication\u2014Interested, as I feel myself in your wellfare & happiness, I could not but be extremely affected by the account of your ill-health; and beg you will let me know in what condition your health is, as I shall not find myself at ease until I hear of its re-establishment.\nNot having found in my journey Genl Knox, (who was at the eastward) or any of our particular friends, with whom I might converse unreservedly on the subject of the Cincinnati; I have delayed writing to you until I could have an opportunity of advising with Colo. Trumbull, Colo. Wadsworth & Mr Trumbull of this town\u2014and now I have to inform, that it is their unanimous sentiment, it would not be of any good consequence, or even advisable for you to attend the next General Meeting. Agreeably to your desire in this case, I forward you the draft of a circular letter, of which you will, of course, My dear General, make such use as you shall judge most expedient, either by altering, suppressing, or communicating it. I am sensible the subject is a very delicate one, that it will be discussed by posterity as well as by the present age, and that you have much to lose & nothing to\ngain by it in their estimation\u2014Under this persuasion, caution was the primary point, & it has consequently been the object to avoid as much as possible, every thing that will be obnoxious to censure on the part of the public as well as of the Society. Whatever communication is made, it ought to have the property of a two-edged weapon, & to cut both ways. We have had a State Meeting at New Haven since my return, in which, I found there was no disposition to adopt the Institution as altered and amended\u2014I moved therefore to postpone the discussion until after the next General Meeting, this was unanimously carried, and they appointed Genl Parsons, Col. Wadsworth, Mr Pomeroy, Dr Styles (Presidt of the College) & myself their Delegates. Having learnt it was wished & expected the General Meeting would be holden at New York, I have ventured to propose that place accordingly.\nAs to the subject of politics, they wear so unpleasing an aspect, I hardly dare enter into a disquisition of them. You will have seen by the public papers that every thing is in a state of confusion in the Massachusetts. Our freind Cobb, who is both a General of Militia & a judge of the Court in the County where he resides, is much celebrated for having said, \u201che would die as a General, or sit as a Judge.\u201d This was indeed a patriotic sentiment. His firmness in principles, & example in conduct effected a suppression of the mob\u2014but the Court was adjourned in consequence of the Governor\u2019s order. I have just now seen an account of the tumults in New Hampshire: Genl Sullivan has behaved nobly, & put a period to a very considerable insurrection, without the effusion of blood. Rhode Island continues in a state of phrenzy & division on account of their paper currency. A useful example to such of their neighbours as wish to profit by it. This State, which seems rather more tranquil & better disposed than those before mentioned, has had an election of representatives for the Assembly since my arrival. More gentlemen lately belonging to the Army, have been elected than on any former occasion. Amongst these are Genl Huntington, Colos. Wadsworth, Wyllys, Bradly, myself, & many others who may be personally unknown to you. But what appears most singular & proves some revolution of sentiment, is, that Major Judd, who 3 years ago was driven by an armed Mob out of the town to which he belonged on account of commutation, should now\nhave a seat in the Assembly from the same town.\nThe Assembly will sit at New Haven, through the months of Octr & Novr at which place, I request you will advise me of the receipt of this letter. Colo. Trumbull is in town & desires to be presented most affectionately to yourself, Mrs Washington & the family at Mt Vernon. For myself, having wrote a poem expressive of the satisfaction I experienced in my residence there, & having since been told by some better judges than myself, it is not destitute of merit, I take the liberty of offering a Copy & wish it may be acceptable to my amiable & dear friends under your roof\u2014they are entitled to all my gratitude for their hospitality & freindship\u2014to you, My dear Genl, I need only say that no one is more entirely & sincerely devoted than your faithful friend & hble Servt\nD: Humphreys", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0246", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Lincoln, Jr., 24 September 1786\nFrom: Lincoln, Benjamin Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nBoston Sep. 24 1786\nEnclosed is one of two Bills sent on to my father by your Excellency to be handed to the Agent of Dr Gorden. This was done immediately on the receipt of them and Mr Mason the agent forwarded the first directly to the drawers for acceptance of payment. Being altogether in the paper money system of that State they were willing to discharge the draught in that currency but in no other. Many efforts have been made to perswade them to be honest and honourable but to no purpose. It was with difficulty that a protest could be obtained and it was finally taken by a Justice of the Peace who appears to be quite a stranger to the business. My father being obliged to be much absent left this business to my care. I wish it was in my power to render your Excellency a more agreeable account of it.\nI requested the agent to give me a receipt for the bills. He was unwilling to do this being uncertain as to their payment and in expectation every day of either receiving the monies or the bills protested. He was finally obliged in order to have the matter closed to attend to the business in person. I have the honour to be with the highest respect your Excellencys most obedient servant\nBenj. Lincoln Jun.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0247", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Triplett, 25 September 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Triplett, William\nSir,\nMount Vernon 25th Septr 1786.\nIf Mr Lund Washington has not misconceived the conversation which passed between you & me the day you lay ill in bed; or if you understood the matter in the same light he seems to have done, I find there is another mistake between us respecting Mrs French\u2019s land, which it behooves me to clear up as soon as possible.\nHe thinks you asked me if I meant to take the Land for the term of robinson\u2019s lease; and that I answered yes. If such a question, & such an answer passed, we must some how or other have been at cross purposes; for clear & evident it might be, even to yourself, that I could have no intention of being concerned with the land at all, unless it was for Mrs French\u2019s life. You may well recollect Sir, that I declared this in explicit terms in the conversation I had with you at my own house, & assigned reasons for it to you\u2014namely\u2014that if I got this and Mr Manley\u2019s Land, it was my intention to blend them & my other plantations together, & to form entire new ones out of the whole; that I meant to go into an entire new course of cropping, & would lay off my fields accordingly in a permanent & lasting form by Ditches & Hedges; & that it was for this reason I was desireous of knowing this fall (before I went into such arrangement & expence) whether I had any chance of getting these places or not, because it might be too late afterwards to make any change in my plan. With this object in view, I must have been insane to have taken the plantation for the remainder of Robinson\u2019s lease only; first, because it is uncertain whether I could get possession of the land\nor not, never having exchanged a word with Robinson on the subject, nor never intending to do it unless I had got the place to myself entirely; and, secondly, if I did, because I should not probably be able to compleat the plan of enclosures by the time the Lease would expire. What situation should I be in then? A new bargain under every disadvantage to make, or go back to my former grounds?\nIn the latter case all my labour & expence would have been thrown away & my whole plan defeated. In the former (that is supposing Robinson could not be got off by fair means, and Mr Lee is of opinion, which opinion I had in my pocket at the time I call\u2019d upon you in expectation of meeting Mrs French that without a regular demand of rent & reentry, which might be a tedious & expensive process in Courts, the Lease cannot be set aside)\u2014under these circumstances I say, I should have made myself liable for the payment of Robinson\u2019s rent, without deriving a single advantage. Will any body think this reasonable; or suppose that whilst I retain my senses, I would do it?\nAs I do not recollect that in the course of my life I ever forfeited my word, or broke a promise made to any one, I have been thus particular to evince (if you understand the matter in the same light that Lund Washington did) that I was not attending to, or did not understand the question.\nI am sorry any mistake has happened, & to convince you & Mrs French that through the whole of this business, I meant to act upon fair, open & honorable grounds, I will, as mistakes have taken place, & as there is a difference of opinion respecting the annual value of the Lands & negroes, leave it to any person of her own choosing (Major Little if she pleases) to say, whether the rent after the expiration of Robinson\u2019s lease shall be \u00a3136 or \u00a3150 pr ann: if he thinks one too much & the other too little, any sum between. Mrs French has declared that she neither wanted, nor would take more than the intrinsic worth of the place. I on the word of a man of honor declare that I do not desire it for a farthing less than the value; for to make money by it was never my object; but we differ in our sentiments of this. Is there any mode then so fair, as for an impartial person to see the place, and to hear what Mrs French, or you in her behalf & myself will say on the subject, & then to decide according to his best judgment from the facts? And can there be anything more\nfavourable to her wishes than to have this determined by her friend in whom she places, I presume, implicit confidence? I never exchanged a word directly nor indirectly with Major Little on the subject; but believing him to be a gentleman who will decide according to the dictates of his judgment, I am not afraid to entrust the matter to him, notwithstanding the family connexion between him & Mrs French. In a word, I am so conscious of the rectitude of my intentions in the whole of this business, that it is a matter of the most perfect indifference to me, to whom it is left; and tho\u2019 it may be supposed I have some sinister views in saying it, yet without the gift of prophecy, I will venture to pronounce, that if Mrs French misses me as a Tenant, she will repent, long before Robinson\u2019s Lease expires, for having done so: for I can assure her from an experience of more than twenty five years that there is a very wide difference between getting Tenants & getting rents. She may get a dozen of the first (& I have not the smallest doubt but she may); but if there is one among them who (having no other dependence than the produce of the Plantation) who will pay her the latter without hard working & pinching her negroes, & a great deal of trouble & vexation to her, I shall be more mistaken than I ever was in any thing of the kind in my life.\nThis may not appear so to her at first view; because it is but too common to compare things without attending enough to the circumstances of them. I have no doubt but that Mrs French thinks it very strange that I should receive \u00a3120 a year rent from Mr Dulany, & scruple to give her \u00a3150 for rather more land, and twenty odd negroes: but has she considered that the one is accompanied by no charge except the land tax, & the other with many & heavy ones? And do not every body who have Meadows, & have ever made an estimate of their value, know that an acre of tolerable good grass will pay all the expences of cutting, curing & stacking, & will put at least 40/ in the owner\u2019s pocket annually? What then has Mr Dulany to do more than to keep up his fences to pay the rent? By his Advertisement of pasturage for Horses at 3/ pr week he has  acres. Suppose it  only the Meadow alone without a single hand, will yield him at least  pr ann. Is there a single acre of land on Mrs French\u2019s plantation, from which, (besides cropping, so precarious) this is\nto be expected? Is there a single acre which can be converted into meadow? Is not the Land much worn, greatly exhausted & gullied in many places? None can deny it. But why need I enumerate or dwell on these things? Have I not put the matter upon as fair a footing as a man possibly can do? If Mrs French wants no more than the value, as she has declared, what objection can she have to Majr Little\u2019s saying what that value is? If this proposition is acceded to the sooner it is communicated to me the better. I have never yet opened my mouth to Robinson on the subject of his Lease, nor never intended to do it unless I had got the Plantation for Mrs French\u2019s life. When I sent the papers to Mr Lee to draw the writings, I asked his opinion of the lease which he gave, to the effect already mentioned.\nIt was for my private satisfaction I asked it, for as I told you before & now repeat, I never had an intention to get him off otherwise than by fair means, this year or any other. This year will convince him, or I am mistaken, that his inevitable ruin (if he has any thing to loose) will follow his holding it another year, if it is not the case already. With esteem, I am Sir &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0248", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Bushrod Washington, 27 September 1786\nFrom: Washington, Bushrod\nTo: Washington, George\nBushfield, September 27th [1786]\nWe have lately instituted a society in these lower counties, called the Patriotic Society. As it is something new, and there are a few men both good and sensible who disapprove of it, it will be a high gratification to me to know your sentiments of it, if you will be so kind as to communicate them. The object of the institution is to inquire into the state of public affairs; to consider in what the true happiness of the people consists, and what are the evils which have pursued, and still continue to molest us; the means of attaining the former, and escaping the latter; to inquire into the conduct of those, who represent us, and to give them our sentiments upon those laws, which ought to be or are already made.\nIt will also be a considerable object to instil principles of frugality into the minds of the people, both by precept and example. If any real good should result from such a society, we hope similar ones will be generally instituted through the State; and, if so, they may establish a very formidable check upon evil-disposed men, who, clothed with power, make interested motives, and not public good, the rule of their conduct. These are the general outlines of the institution; and, whether in the event it may be beneficial or not, I think that it has taken its rise in virtuous motives. We have had a considerable meeting of the most sensible and respectable gentlemen in this part of the country, and another is to be held on Tuesday next, previous to the meeting of the Assembly. Our design is to hold another as soon as the Assembly has risen; the first to instruct our delegates what they ought to do, the next to inquire what they have done.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0250", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Leven Powell, 30 September 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Powell, Leven\nDear Sir,\u2014\nMount Vernon, 30th Sept., 1786.\nI have received your favor of the 12th inst. Some mistake must have happened in delivering my message to your agent respecting the Timothy seed, I never wished to decline taking the whole; having saved 14 or 15 Bushels of seed myself more than I expected to do, less than I desired you to procure for me would have sufficed, say half; but I am equally willing & ready to take the whole, if it is provided. Be it more or less, I should be glad to receive it soon, that having it in possession I may use it as occasion presents.\nI will take 100 Bushels of Buckwheat, the new crop I shall prefer, as it is for seed next year. This also I should be glad to have in my own possession for the reason above.\u2014Not being much acquainted with the culture of this crop, you would do me a favor, by informing me of the best time or times for sowing it, for the different uses it is applied, how much seed is usually given to the acre & what cultivation it generally receives.\nIf you will accompany the seed with an acct. of the cost, I will pay the amount to your agent. With much esteem & regard, I am Dr. Sir, Yr. Obedt. & Hble. Servt.\nGo. Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0251", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Bushrod Washington, 30 September 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Washington, Bushrod\nDear Bushrod,\nMount Vernon 30th Sepr 86.\nI was from home when your Servant arrived, found him in a hurry to be gone when I returned, have company in the house, and am on the eve of a journey up the river, to meet the Directors of the Potomack Company. These things combining, will not allow me time to give any explicit answer to the question you have propounded.\nGenerally speaking, I have seen as much evil as good result from such societies as you describe the constitution of yours to be\u2014they are a kind of emperium emperio, and as often clog, as facilitate public measures. I am no friend to instructions, except in local matters which are wholly or in a great measure confined to the County of the Delegate. To me, it appears a much wiser, & more politic conduct, to chuse able & honest representatives, & leave them in all national questions to determine from the evidence of reason, and the facts which shall be adduced, when internal & external information is given to them in a collective sta\u27e8te\u27e9. What certainty is there that societies in a corner, or remote part of a state, can possess all that knowledge which is necessary for them to decide on many important questions which may come before an Assembly? What reason is there to expect that the Society itself may be accordant in opinion on such subjects? May not a few members of this society (more sagacious & designing than the rest) direct the measures of it to private views of their own? May not this embarrass an honest, able Delegate who hears the voice of his Country from all quarters, and thwart public measures?\nThese are first thoughts, but I give no decided opinion. Societies nearly similar to such as you speak of, have lately been formed in Massachusetts-bay. What has been the consequence? Why they have declared the Senate useless\u2014many other parts of the Constution unnecessary. Saleries of public Officers burthensome &ca\u2014To point out the defects of the Constitution in a decent way (if any existed) was proper enough\u2014but they have done more. They first vote the Courts of Justice in the present circumstances of the State oppressive. And next, by violence, stop them. Which has occasioned a very solemn proclamation & appeal from the Governor to the people. You may say that no\nsuch matters are in contemplation by your Society. Granted. A snow ball gathers by rolling. Possibly a line may be drawn between occasional meetings for special purposes, & a standing Society to direct with local views & partial information, the affairs of the nation, which cannot be well understood but by a large & comparative view of circumstances. Where is this so likely to enter as in the general Assembly of the people? What figure then must a delegate make who comes there with his hands tied, & his judgment forestalled? His very instructors perhaps (if they had nothing sinister in view) were they present at all the information & arguments which would come forward, might be the first to change sentiments.\nHurried as this letter is, I am sensible I am writing to you upon a very important subject. I have no time to copy, correct, or even to peruse it; for which reason I could wish to have it, or a copy returned to me. George & his wife set off yesterday for the Races at Fredericksburgh. The rest of the family are well & join in love & good wishes for all at Bushfield with Dear Bushrod Yr Affecte\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0252", "content": "Title: From George Washington to George Augustine Washington, 30 September 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Washington, George Augustine\nDear George,\nMount Vernon 30th Sep. 17[86]\nGiles bringing the enclosed from Alexandria & presuming it was on the business he was sent about, I opened it before I discovered the mistake.\nEndeavor among other things you were to have enquired after, to engage me some Pompion (Pumpkin) seed. and ask if a good kind of sweet Potatoe seed can be had in case I should not be able to get enough in this part of the Country to plant an Acre of ground next Spring\u2014this may properly be introduced into my course of experiments next season. We remain as you left us & join in best wishes for you & Fanny; & Compliments to all friends. I am Yrs Affectionately\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0255", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jeremiah Wadsworth, 1 October 1786\nFrom: Wadsworth, Jeremiah\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nHartford [Conn.] October 1. 1786\nFinding among General Greens letters one to you which has some expressions that are desponding and hearing that reports are circulated that his death was ocasioned by his troubles, I have taken the liberty to write you on the subject. the report which was circulated respecting Mrs Greene which gave so much pain to the Generals, & her friends: I believe never reachd his Ears: if it did he certainly never gave the least credit to it\u2014as imedeately after it was circulated and believed here (that they had parted), they came together to my House and I never saw more unaffected fondness and attachment than existed between\nthem at that time. I soon after spent a Week with them at New Port where thier was the same appearance and as I have been minutely informed of all General Greens other concerns and consulted by him respecting the affairs of Banks and all his other embarrasments\u2014I am persuaded no person on Earth better knew his inmost thoughts than I did I am persuaded he was just before his death, or rather before he fell sick\u2014in better Spirits than he had ever been before, since his arriveing with his family in Georgia\u2014as he had good prospects of geting clear of his troubles with the crediters of Banks & Co. and a Contract with the French Nation for Timber was so nearly compleated as to promise him sufficient funds for all his other purposes. Mr Miller a Young Gentleman who went with him to Georgia & lived on terms of intimacy & confidence with him assures me the General was in good Spirits and that he is persuaded he died of a fever in the Head which might have been removed if the Physicians had understood his disorder he had for some time before had an inflamation in one Eye\u2014which was almost done away, when he was Sezed at table with a Violent pain in his Eye & Head which forced him to retire, a fever ensued the Symptoms increased and a few days put an end to his existance. I am my selfe persuaded that something of the apperplectick kind was the cause of his death as I was informed that the day after one of the important actions to the Southward he was taken suddenly with a disorder in the head which deprived him of sence & motion for some time and those about him best Skilled in the healing art\u2014pronounced it an appoplexy\u2014Col. Humphreys informs me you did not know that the General had received your answer to his letter respecting Capt. Gun[.] I find it among his private letters and am not a little pleased to find your sentiments on that subject corresponding with my own, communicated about the same time, in answer to his letter to me on that subject. Mrs Greene & her Children are at present at New Port\u2014Mrs Greene Mr E. Rutledge & my selfe are his Executors if we get clear of his obligations for Banks & Cos. their will be a competency for her & the Children if not their situation will be very disagreeable as I am on this subject it may be proper to mention to you the cause of the Generals being so involved for those people, as I find he has been calumniated on that account\u2014After his contract with Banks & Co. to feed the troops\nunder his command made with all the precautions possible having first advised with the ruleing powers of the State & knowing that he had been censured before, respecting a bargain made (or said to be made) by his permission\u2014and the Army having been some time fed on this Contract the Contractors were found to be greatly indebted & oblidged to Stop unless the Genl woud secure their Creditors This he consented to do on condition they sent a Man to receive the Monies to be paid to the Contractors for their Supplies at Phila which they agreeing to he became bound with the Contractors for large Sums\u2014Banks the principal contractor & executive Man of the Company had the Address to draw all the Money but a trifle and apply it to other purposes\u2014whereby the General was left liable\u2014by various discoveries since made it appears their was much p[r]emeditated Villany and I am sorry to find among some of the actors or consentors to this sceme of fraud & Villany, some whose obligations were great to Gen. Greene\u2014I am almost persuaded that to be serviceable to mankind has something creminal in it\u2014as I find\u2014no instance of any Mans being greatly serviceable to his Country who is rewarded even with sincere thanks\u2014& few where some punishment is not inflicted, private gratitude may possibly be in existance among the human Race but is rare indeed\u2014I beg pardon for troubling You with this long letter\u2014but I am persuaded you will forgive me as my intentions are to rescue the character of my deceased friend from any unjust reproach. I am dear Sir with sentiments of the greatest Esteem your most obedent & most Humle Servant\nJere. Wadsworth\n\u27e8Inte\u27e9nded to have copied this letter in a fairer hand but want of time forbids I hope your Exey will be able to decypher it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0256", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Augustine Washington, 1 October 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Washington, John Augustine\nDear Brother,\nMount Vernon Octr 1st 1786\nIf you receive this letter at this place before I return home, it is to observe how singular it is that I should always be from home or upon the eve of leaving it, when you come here.\nAn appointment which cannot be dispensed with (and which was made by myself before I had any intimation of your intention of taking this on your way down) obliges me to the Great, & perhaps the little Falls to a meeting of the Board of Directors. That (besides doing matters of smaller moment) we may fix a plan for the Winter operation & labour of our hands\u2014determine the nature & \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 Great Falls \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 four Directors presented. A pointed summons is gone out for the present meeting which cannot be delayed without doing injury to the interest of the Company.\nI wished to see you on many Accts. One, to know what report is made respecting the Hites claim of the Land on which Thornton Washington lives\u2014& thence up to the head spring. I sent Thornton all my papers respecting this business, and have written to him three or four times on the subject; but he has not vouchsafed to give me an answer or even to have acknowledged the receipt of my Papers on which the title depends. Such is the inattention, and remissness of persons unaccustomed to regularity in business. If you can give me any information of what the Hites, or the Commissioner, have done in this case it will enable \u27e8mutilated en\u27e9closed. It relates to some of your Land, or the Lands of Saml or Charles. Of what use it may be to either of you I know not. To me it is of none.\nI do not think it probable that I shall be returned before\nthursday\u2014possibly (according to the business which may come before the Directors) it may be longer. Very affectionately\u2014I remain Yrs\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0257", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Francis Mercer, 4 October 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Mercer, John Francis\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from John Francis Mercer, 4 Oct. 1786. On 6 Nov. GW wrote Mercer about receiving \u201cyour letter of the 4th Ulto.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0258", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Rawleigh Colston, 5 October 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Colston, Rawleigh\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Rawleigh Colston, 5 Oct. 1786. On 10 Nov. Colston wrote GW: \u201cI had the honour of writing your Excellency on the 5th of October last.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0259", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Hickman, 5 October 1786\nFrom: Hickman, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir.\nFrederick County October 5th 1786\nIn consequence of my being Assured by Mr Rawleigh Coulston that the right of a Judgment Obtained against Mr William Ireland Junr in the General Court of Maryland in May last, as my Security in a Bond granted to your Excellency in November 1774 for two Tracts of Land I purchased at the sale of the Estate of George Mercer Esquire; I have sold to that Gentleman, among other property one of those Tracts, known and discribed in the plott by No. 7 I therefore request your Excellency will make a Deed for the same to Mr Coulston which when Executed\nyou will please lodge in the Hands of Mr James Keith or some other Gentleman in Alexandria\u2014with Instructions to hold the same until such time as Mr Coulston may be able to produce satisfactory vouchers to evince his being Intitled to receive the money due on the above Judgment; the Races happening Next week will offer I presume an Opportunity of procuring a Sufficient number of Gentlemen from this & Berkeley County to witness the Deeds, which I believe will be more agreeable to Mr Coulston, as he would wish the Deed Recorded in this County in which the land lay & himself resides: or If a Deed for Land lying in another County can with propriety be Recorded in Fairfax, Your Excellency will please procure such Witnesses as may with most convenience be called upon in that Court for proof: Mr Ireland who has an Assignment of your Bond for conveyance of those Lands will deliver it up, on Your Excellencys makeing the Deed to Mr Coulston for No. 7 & a Deed to me for the Lott called No. 1 which you will be pleased to do in the same manner with respect to the witnesses. I am Sir With the Greatest Respect Your Obedient Hbe Servt\nWilliam Hickman\nSir. Since closeing the foregoing, Mr Ireland has thought it Imprudent to give up the Assignment of your Bond of Conveyance for the Lott No. 1 which was made him for his security in case Judgment should go against him, you will therefore be pleased to Renew your Bond for the Conveyance of that Lott to me, or take such writings from him as will, exonerate you from the Obligation of makeing a Title for the Lott No. 7 & let the old Bond remain as it is (which I think will be mo\u27e8mutilated\u27e9) as by renewal, it would divest me of any right. I am Sorry to give your Excellency so much trouble in this matter, but as my Long Infirmity, Mr Irelands particular & distressed Situation, & the Channel in which the business have been conducted seems to constrain us to intrude on your Excellencys Good nature, I hope you will excuse the freedom of my request. With Due respect William Hickman", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0261", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Lafayette, 8 October 1786\nFrom: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear General.\nParis October the 8th [1786]\nThis Will Be presented By Mr le Coulteux a Relation to the Respectable House of french Merchants By that Name who is Going to Settle in America\u2014I Beg You to Honour Him With Your patronage and Advices.\nNot Knowing when this Will Reach You I only add My Respects Most Affectionate to Mrs Washington\u2014Remember me to George, to the Young ones, to all friends.\nA treaty of Commerce is Signed Between france and England Who are to treat Each other like the Most favoured European Nation\u2014Which Will not interfere With the Views of the United States. With those Sentiments of Respect and love which My dear general Knows to Be So deeply Rooted in my filial Heart I Have the Honour to be Your Most affectionate friend\nLafayette", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0262", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Freeman, 9 October 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Freeman, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Thomas Freeman, 9 Oct. 1786. On 18 Dec. Freeman wrote GW: \u201cI imagine you did not receive mine of the 9th October.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0263", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Catharine Sawbridge Macaulay Graham, 10 October 1786\nFrom: Graham, Catharine Sawbridge Macaulay\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nKnightsbridge near London Octbr 10. [17]86\nBy some of those unlucky incidents which attend the passage cross the Atlantic the letter with which you honored me dated Jan. 10 did not reach me till the latter end of June last.\nThere are few persons in Europe who would not be highly flattered by a correspondence with General Washington but when this gratification which from the consideration of popular eminence must be felt by every vulgar mind is enlarged by a Genuine taste for moral excelence it raises the most lively Sentiments of self complacency and gratitude.\nWhen I returned from Mount Vernon to Philadelphia I had the pleasure of seeing a Portrait which bore the strongest resemblance to the original of any I had seen, if you favor me with another letter you will do me great pleasure if you will inform me whether Mr Pine is much advanced in his grand designs of pourtraying the Capital events of the civil wars and whether he is likely to succeed in his attempt.\nGive me leave Sir to return you our thanks for those obliging and benevolent sentiments with which your letter is replete.\nWe present our best respects to Mrs Washington our best compliments and good wishes to the aimable pair who have united their fortunes since our departure from America and our love to the little people whom we sincerely hope will both in their different characters afford an ample recompense for the benevolent care and culture they have received. I have the honor to be Sir with those sentiments which your virtues and goodness are so well calculated to inspire Your Most Obednt And Most Obliged Humble Servnt\nCath: Macaulay Graham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0265", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Fielding Lewis, Jr., 11 October 1786\nFrom: Lewis, Fielding Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nDeare Uncle\nBloomsbery Fredarick [County]Octbr 11th [17]86\nHaveing made a purchase of a lot in Rectortown Fauquair County, and am desierous of building thareon on as good tirms a possable\u2014made me petition you for a little timber, as your land lyes near the Town and your Tennents are willing I Should have it with your Approbation\u2014your Answer\u2014with Complyance will Grately Oblige your Affectionate Nephiw\nFielding Lewis\nN.B. My Kindest Respects to my Aunt. F.L.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0266", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Manning, 11 October 1786\nFrom: Manning, James\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York 11th Octr 1786\nI beg leave to introduce to your notice the Bearer, Mr Joseph Jenckes of Providence in the State of Rhode Island. He is son of Mr John Jenckes of that Town, of a good family. He was educated under me, and I have ever considered him as a young Gentleman of real worth, as a man of principle. With mercantile views he has removed to the State of Virginia. As a stranger it may be of advantage to him to have his character known to your Excellency, whose known goodness prompts you to serve & encourage real merit. I beg pardon for intruding upon your Excellency, and have the honour to be Sir Your very Humble Servt\nJames Manning", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0267", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Edmund Randolph, 12 October 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\nDr Sir,\n[c.12 October 1786]\nBy Doctr Stuart I return the books you were so obliging as to allow me the reading of: by him also I send you the Travels of the Marqs de Chastellux, for your perusal.\nI felt for your disappointment the day you left this, & hope no accidents intervened afterwards to give further interruption to your journey. Unknowing of the quantity of rain which had fallen in the course of the night, I was never more surprized than in a ride I took to some of my plantations an hour or two after you went away, to find every place deluged.\nI", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0269", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Lee, Jr., 17 October 1786\nFrom: Lee, Henry Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear Genl\nNew York 17th oct. [17]86\nIn my last letter I detailed the eastern commotions and communicated my apprehensions of their objects & issue.\nG. Knox has just returned from thence and his report grounded on his own knowledge is replete with melancholy information\u2014a majority of the people of Massachusetts are in opposition to the government, some of their leaders avow the subversion of it to be their object together with the abolition of debts, the division of property and re-union with G. Britain\u2014In all the eastern states the same temper prevails more or less, and will certainly break forth whenever the opportune moment may arrive\u2014the mal-contents are in close connexion with Vermont\u2014& that district it is beleived is in negotiation with the Governor of Canada\u2014In one word my dear Genl we are all in dire apprehension that a beginning of anarchy with all its calamitys has approached, & have no means to stop the dreadful work. Individuals suggest the propriety of inviting you from Congress to pay us a visit, knowing your unbounded influence & beleiving that your appearance among the seditious might bring them back to peace & reconciliation\u2014This is only a surmise & I take the liberty to mention it to you that should the conjuncture of affairs Induce Congress to make this request you\nmay have some previous time to make up your mind\u2014In great hurry & real distress I am yours affecy\nH: Lee Junr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0270", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Francis Mercer, 21 October 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Mercer, John Francis\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from John Francis Mercer, 21 Oct. 1786. On 6 Nov. GW wrote Mercer of the delivery of \u201cYour letter of 21st Ulto.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0271", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Peters, 21 October 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Peters, Thomas\nLetter not found: to Thomas Peters, 21 Oct. 1786. On 18 Nov. 1786 Peters wrote GW: \u201cI have the pleasure of recieving your favour of the 21 of Oct.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0272", "content": "Title: From George Washington to David Humphreys, 22 October 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Humphreys, David\nMy dear Humphreys\nMount Vernon 22d Octr 1786\nYour favor of the 24th ulto came to my hands about the middle of this month. For the enclosures it containd I pray you to receive my warmest acknowledgements and thanks. The poem, tho\u2019 I profess not to be a connoisseur in these kind of writings, appears pretty in my eye, and has sentiment and elegance which must, I think, render it pleasing to others.\nWith respect to the circular letter, I see not cause for suppressing or altering any part, except as to the place of meeting. Philadelphia, in my opinion, has the advantage of New York on three accts 1st as being more central\u20142d because there are passage boats which ply regularly, and are well fitted between the more Southern States and the former, by which the Delegates, if they chuse that mode of travelling, may be accomodated, and 3d it would seem to me that this body & Congress sitting in the same place, at the same time, will not be very pleasing. \u27e8When you have digested your Thoughts for publication, in the case of Captn Asgill, I would thank you for a copy of them; having arrested the account I had furnished Mr Tilghman, with an assurance of a more authentic one for his friend in England.\u27e9\nI am pleased with the choice of delegates which were made at your State meeting, and wish the representatives of all the State Societies may appear at the General meeting with as good dispositions\nas I persuade myself they will. It gives me pleasure also to hear that so many officers are sent to your Assembly. I am persuaded they will carry with them more liberality of sentiment than is to be found among any other class of citizens.\nThe speech of our friend Cobb was noble, worthy of a patriot, & himself, as was the conduct of Gen. Sullivan. But for Gods sake tell me, what is the cause of all these commotions? Do they proceed from licenciousness, British influence disseminated by the Tories, or real grievances which admit of redress? If the latter, why has the remedy been delayed till the public mind had become so much agitated, & why yet postponed? If the former, why are not the powers of government tried at once? It is as well to be without them, as not to live under their exercise. \u27e8Commotions of this sort, like snow-balls, gather strength as they roll, if there is no opposition in the way to divide & crumble them.\nDo write me fully, I beseech you, on these matters; not only with respect to facts, but as to opinions of their tendency & issues.\u27e9 I am really mortified beyond expression that in the moment of our Acknowledged Independence we should, by our conduct, verify the predictions of our transatlantic foe, & render ourselves ridiculous & contemptible in the eyes of all Europe. \u27e8My health (I thank you for the enquiry) is restored to me; & all under this roof join me in most affectionate regards, & regretting that your letter has held out no idea of visiting it again this winter\u2014as you gave us hope of doing when you left us.\nTo all the gentn of my acquaintance who may happen to be in your circle, I beg to be remembered with sincere regard. To assure you of the sincerity of my friendship for you, would be unnecessary; as you must I think be perfectly satisfied of the high esteem and affection with which, I am &c. &c.\nG: Washington\u27e9", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0274", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 23 October 1786\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear sir.\nNew York 23 October 1786\nI have long intended myself the pleasure of visiting you at Mount Vernon, and although, I have not given up that hope, and shall probably gratify it in the Course of next month, yet I cannot longer delay presenting myself to the remembrance of my truly respected and beloved general, whose friendship I shall ever esteem among the most valuable circumstances of my existence.\nConscious of affection, and beleiving it to be reciprocal in your breast, I have had no apprehensions of my silence being misconstrued. I know the perplexity occasioned by your numerous correspondents and was unwilling to add to it. Besides which, I have lately been once far eastward of Boston, on private business, and was no sooner returned here, than the commotions in Massachusetts hurried me back to Boston on a public account.\nOur political machine constituted of thirteen independent sovereignties, have been constantly operating against each other, and against the federal head, ever since the peace\u2014The powers of Congress are utterly inadequate to preserve the balance between the respective States, and oblige them to do those things which are essential to their own welfare, and for the general good. The human mind in the local legislatures seems to be exerted, to prevent the federal constitution from having any beneficial effects. The machine works inversly to the public good in all its parts. Not only is State, against State, and all against the federal head, but the States within themselves possess the name only without having the essential concomitant of government, the power of preserving the peace; the protection of the liberty and property of the citizens.\nOn the first impression of Faction and licentiousness the fine theoretic government of Massachusetts has given way, and its laws arrested and trampled under foot. Men at a distance, who have admired our systems of government, unfounded in nature, are apt to accuse the rulers, and say that taxes have been assessed too high and collected too rigidly\u2014This is a deception equal to any that has hitherto been entertained. It is indeed a fact, that high taxes are the ostensible cause of the commotions, but that they are the real cause is as far remote from truth as light from darkness. The people who are the insurgents have never paid any, or but very little taxes\u2014But they see the weakness of government; They feel at once their own poverty, compared with the opulent, and their own force, and they are determined to make use of the latter, in order to remedy the former. Their creed is \u201cThat the property of the United States has been protected from the confiscations of Britain by the joint exertions of all, and therefore ought to be the common property of all. And he that attempts opposition to this creed is an enemy to equity and justice, and ought to be swept from off the face of the earth.\u201d In a word they are determined to annihilate all debts public and private and have agrarian Laws which are easily effected by the means of unfunded paper money which shall be a tender in all cases whatever.\nThe numbers of these people may amount in massachusetts to about one fifth part of several populous counties, and to them may be collected, people of similar sentiments, from the States of Rhode Island, Connecticut and New Hampshire so as to constitute a body of 12 or 15000 desperate & unprincipled men\u2014They are cheiffly of the Young and active part of the community, more easily collected than perhaps Kept together afterwards\u2014But they will probably commit overt acts of treason which will compell them to embody for their own safety\u2014once embodied they will be constrained to submit to discipline for the same reason. Having proceeded to this length for which they are now ripe, we shall have a formidable rebellion against reason, the principles of all government, and the very name of liberty. This dreadful situation has alarmed every man of principle and property in New England\u2014They start as from a dream, and ask what has been the Cause of our delusion? What is to afford us security against the violence of lawless men? Our government\nmust be braced, changed, or altered to secure our lives and property. We imagined that the mildness of our government and the virtue of the people were so correspondent, that we were not as other nations requiring brutal force to support the laws\u2014But we find that we are men, actual men, possessing all the turbulent passions belonging to that animal and that we must have a government proper and adequate to him\u2014The people of Massachusetts for instance, are far advanced in this doctrine, and the men of reflection, & principle, are determined to endevor to establish a government which shall have the power to protect them in their lawful pursuits, and which will be efficient in all cases of internal commotions or foreign invasions\u2014They mean that liberty shall be the basis, a liberty resulting from the equal and firm administration of the laws. They wish for a general government of unity as they see the local legislatures, must naturally and necessarily tend to retard and frustrate all general government.\nWe have arrived at that point of time in which we are forced to see our national humiliation, and that a progression in this line, cannot be productive of happiness either public or private\u2014something is wanting and something must be done or we shall be involved in all the horror of faction and civil war without a prospect of its termination\u2014Every tried friend to the liberties of his country is bound to reflect, and to step forward to prevent the dreadful consequences which will result from a government of events\u2014Unless this is done we shall be liable to be ruled by an Arbritary and Capricious armed tyranny, whose word and will must be law.\nThe indians on the frontiers are giving indisputable evidence of their hostile dispositions. Congress anxiously desirous of averting the evils on the frontiers, have unanimously agreed to augment the troops now in service to a legionary Corps of 2040 Men. The additionals are to be raised as follows\n                  Infantry and artilly\n                  Massachusetts\nThis measure is important, and will tend to strengthning the principle of government as well as to defend the frontiers\u2014I mention the idea of strengthning government confidentially but the State of Massachusetts requires the greatest assistance, & Congress are fully impressed with the importance supporting her with great exertions.\nI received your favor respecting Desdevans who has been teizing congress for a number of years\u2014He is now at lake champlain\u2014I never have been convinced of his services for the Union, although he has received considerable emoluments therefrom.\nThe death of our common & invaluable friend genl Greene, has been too melancholy and affecting a theme to write upon.\nMrs Knox has lately presented me with another daughter, who with its mother are in good health\u2014She unites with me in presenting to Mrs Washington and yourself the most affectionate respects. I am my dear Sir with ardent wishes for your permanent and perfect felicity Your sincere friend, and much obliged humble Servant\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0275", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Joseph Mandrillon, 24 October 1786\nFrom: Mandrillon, Joseph\nTo: Washington, George\nGeneral\nAmsterdam [Holland] 24th Octr 1786.\nYour Excellency gave me reason to hope in your last letter, that if the Statutes of the Cincinnati permitted it, you would do me the pleasure, Sir, to propose me in the next Assembly of 1787.\nPermit me to repeat to your Excellency how much I shall feel myself flattered by being connected, by a new bond, to a Count[r]y & to Citizens who have had so much of my devotion & admiration. In consequence, I take the liberty, Mr President, to send you my address to that illustrious Assembly. It will be peculiarly agreeable to me to appear there under Aspices so respectable as those of your Excellency. If I am so happy as to\nobtain this favour, it will be equally agreeable to me to announce it to the Marquis de la Fayette, who will be charmed at my adoption.\nI understand that each member contributes something towards establishing a fund for the releif of the Widows & families of those who perished in the defence of their County. Think, Sir, how happy I shall be in taking a part in that humane & patriotic Contribution!\nI have lately had a visit from Colo. Vernon, who travels with Milady Hamilton & returned to England. We conversed much upon American affairs & particularly about your Excellency whose Virtues he admires as much as myself\u2014What pleasure did I feel in conversing with a person who was so well acquainted with America & her Liberator!\nAccept (with the enclosed Verses) the Assurances of profound respect with which I shall never cease to have the Honor to be Your Excellency\u2019s Most Hble & most Obedt Servt\nMandrillon\nI recommend to your care the list of the Members which I have made mention of in my Memorial. Accept, I beseech you, before hand, of my Gratitude for it. I wait only for that to publish a new Edition of my work.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0276", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Henry, 25 October 1786\nFrom: Henry, John\nTo: Washington, George\nOctobr 25th 1786.\nA submission to intrusion is a tribute which exalted Characters must expect will be exacted from them, and that often founded in Ignorance, or Impudence, yet sometimes from admiration of the Character address\u2019d. to this last, I shall rely on your Excellencys known Philanthropy to attribute the freedom of the person that now presumes to approach you, who flatters himself his mite of Respect, will not be the less welcome because cloathed in the garb of Humility.\nDoctor Stewart, who does me the favour to take charge of this, will deliver to your Excelly in the shape of a Salt Cellar, a peice of antiquity; thought to be so, by the once possessor Oliver Cromwell; a great, but not a good man\u2014happy he who unites both Characters, in the sweetest of all retribution, that which arises from within.\nI request your Excellencys acceptance of it, and trust to your gracious feelings to excuse this intrusion; Reverence and Respect guide the Pen, and your generous heart will let those plead my pardon\u2014I shall have, I hope, the Pride to hand down to my Childrens Children, the Happiness of boasting when they open the Page of History, where this glorious revolution shall be recorded, that the amiable founder of it, amidst the applause of\nsurrounding Millions, condescended to accept a trifle from their Humble Progenitor.\nMay the Almighty bless and preserve you and yours, may you live long and Happy, and when called from hence, may you enjoy an eternal seat in those mansions of the Good where reigns silence and peace for evermore, prays, with the warmest zeal, Your Excellencys devoted Hble Servt\nJohn Henry", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0277", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Hull, 25 October 1786\nFrom: Hull, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNewton [Mass.] 25th October 1786\nAt the Request of a Number of Gentlemen in this State, & many of them Officers in the late American Army, I take the Liberty of addressing your Excellency on a Subject, which they conceive of very great Importance to them\u2014Your Excellency has doubtless seen the Articles of Association formed in this State for the purpose of making a Settlement in the Western Country on the Ohio\u2014A very considerable Number have subscribed to that Association and it is their Intention to carry it into Effect next Summer\u2014As your Excellency has a perfect Knowledge of that Country, and we are persuaded, a Disposition to oblige those who were your Companions during the War, they have\nrequested me to solicit your Advice with respect to the best Mode of effecting their Plan\u2014Any Communications which I shall have the Honor to receive, will be laid before those who intend to be adventurers, at their next meeting, which will soon take place\u2014As there are many Persons possessing considerable Property, whose Intention it is to transfer that Property and remove their Families to that Country, they wish to do it in such a Way as will conduce most to their Interest. Cows particularly will be very necessary, & driving them such a distance will be injurious to them & attended with considerable Expence\u2014They wish to know whether it would not be more eligible to ship them in some part of Connecticutt and land them at Alexandria or some other place at the Southward, & from there drive them by Land\u2014If so they would wish to know the particular place where it would be most convenient to land them, the Distance from that place to Fort-Pitt, the Situation of the Roads, & a variety of other Circumstances which will occur to your Excellency\u2014They likewise wish to know whether there is a Furnace at Fort Pitt, or in that Country, where they can procure Iron Ware, & indeed whether they can purchase such Articles as will be necessary for their comfortable Existance, or whether it will be best for them to carry them from N. England. Any general Hints, which your Excellency will please to give on the Subject will be very gratefully received by those who feel the strongest Affection to your Person, & the sincerest Wishes for your Happiness, & still place Confidence in that Friendship which was so eminently distinguished during the War As an apology for this Letter, perhaps it may not be amiss to mention, that at the last Meeting, they appointed me one of their Committee to conduct the Business\u2014With my sincerest Wishes for the Health & Happiness of Mrs Washington, permit me to rank myself among those who feel the warmest Attachment to your Excellency, & to subscribe myself your most affectionate Friend\nWilliam Hull", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0279", "content": "Title: From George Washington to George Augustine Washington, 25 October 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Washington, George Augustine\nDear George,\nMount Vernon 25th Octor 1786.\nIt is natural for young married people, who are launching into life, to look forward to a permanent establishment. If they are prudent, they will be reasonably sollicitous to provide for those who come after, & have a right to look to them for support.\nIt is also natural for those who have passed the meridian of life, & are descending into the shades of darkness, to make arrangements for the disposal of the property of which they are possessed. The first of these observations will apply to you; & the second to myself. I have no doubt but that you & Fanny are\nas happy & contented in this family as circumstances will admit. Yet, something is still wanting to make that situation more stable & pleasing.\nIt is well known that the expensive manner in which I am as it were involuntarily compelled to live, will admit of no diminution of my income, nor could it be expected if I now had, or ever should have descendants, that I either would, or ought in justice to deprive them of what the laws of nature & the laws of the land, if left to themselves, have declared to be their inheritance. The first however is not the case at present; and the second, not likely to be so hereafter.\nUnder this statement then, I may add that it is my present intention to give you at my death, my landed property in the neck, containing by estimation between two & three thousand acres, by purchases from Wm Clifton and George Brent, and that the reasons why I communicate this matter to you at this time, are that you may, if you chuse it, seat the negroes which Colo. Bassett has promised you upon that part of the cleared land, on which Saml Johnson formerly lived; And under this expectation & prospect, that you may, when it perfectly suits your inclination & convenience, be preparing for, and building thereon by degrees.\nYou may say, or think perhaps, that as there is a contingency tacked to this intimation, the offer is too precarious to hazard the expence of building; but if Mrs Washington should survive me, there is a moral certainty of my dying without issue; & should I be the longest liver, the matter in my opinion, is hardly less certain; for while I retain the faculty of reasoning, I shall never marry a girl; & it is not probable that I should have children by a woman of an age suitable to my own, should I be disposed to enter into a second marriage. However, that there may be no possibility of your sustaining a loss, the matter may rest on the footing of compensation. I do therefore hereby declare it to be, & it is my express meaning, that, if by the event before alluded to, or any other by which you may be deprived of the fee-simple in the lands herein mentioned, (unless a full equivalent is given in lieu thereof) that I will pay the cost of any buildings which you may erect on the premises. The use of the Plantation, it is presumed, will be adequate for the fences with\nwhich it may be enclosed, & for the labour arising from the cultivation\u2014nothing therefore need be said on that head.\nHere then, the prospect of a permanent inheritance is placed in the opposite scale of possible disappointment, & you are to judge for yourself.\nI have been thus particular, because I would be clearly understood; because it is not my wish to deceive, & because I would not raise an expectation not warranted from the premises, by fair deduction.\nJohnson\u2019s plantation, as I believe, yes know, is destitute of fencing, but there is timber at hand. The cleared land, whatever may have been the original quality of it, now is, by use, & more so by abuse, much gullied & in bad condition; but as there is a sufficiency of it for the hands you will get, it may soon by care, good management, & a proper course of cropping, be recovered.\nOne thing more & I will close this letter. Do not infer from my proposing it to you to build, that I meant it as a hint for you to prepare another home\u2014I had no such idea. To point you to a settlement which you might make at leizure, & with convenience was all I had in view. More than once, I have informed you that in proportion as age & its concomitants encrease upon me, I shall stand in need of some person in whose industry & integrity I can confide for assistance. The double ties by which you are connected with this family (to say nothing of the favourable opinion we have of you) by marriage union, have placed you differently from any other of my relations for this purpose; because no other married couple could give, or probably would receive the same satisfaction by living in it that you and Fanny do. But whether you remain in the same house, or at a future day may remove to the place proposed, your services will be convenient & essential to me; because with your aid I shall be able to manage my concerns without having recourse to a Steward, which comports neither with my interest nor inclination to employ. With very affectionate regard I am\u2014Yrs\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0280", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Augustine Washington, 25 October 1786\nFrom: Washington, George Augustine\nTo: Washington, George\nHonor\u2019d Uncle\nMount Vernon Octr 25th 1786\nI find it impossible to give expression to my feelings adequate to the warmth of gratitude which Your favor of this morning has excited. I know however it is not Your wish to receive laboured acknowledgements, and I will endeavour to offer no more (in this way) than will shew my deep sence of a new and extraordinary instance of regrard, in addition to the weighty obligations of being advanced in early life by Your patronage\u2014supported in my circumstances, and placed in the happy situation of improvement from Your example and advice. I shall be sunk to worthless depravity e\u2019er any one of these are blot\u2019ed from my memory, or e\u2019er a day passes that the remembrance of them does not induce fervent prayers for Your happiness and for Your being long spared to me and humanity\u2014Both Fanny and myself are happier in this family than we could be in any other or I am persuaded in a house of our own, yet the prospect of those helpless dependants whom nature and duty teaches us to be solicitous for, renders it prudent to make arrangements for obviating the inconvenience that may arise from an increase to Your family. The Negroes Colo. Bassett will give me, cannot I am persuaded be so advantageously disposed of as in the way You so generously and kindly offer. To know that my services contribute in the smallest degree to Your satisfaction, or ease, is a circumstance highly pleasing, and a strict obedience to Your wishes will ever be a governing principal with Your truely affectionate Nephew\nGeo: A. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0281", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Lafayette, 26 October 1786\nFrom: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear General\nParis October the 26th 1786\nTo one who So tenderly loves You, who So Happily Enjoyed the times We Have past together, and Who Never, on any part of the Globe, Even in His own House, Could feel Himself so Perfectly at Home, as in Your family, it Must Be Confessed that an irregular lengthty Correspondance is far insufficient\u2014I Beseech You in the Name of our friendship, of that Paternal Concern of Yours for My Happiness, Not to Miss Any Opportunity to let me Hear from My dear General.\nI Have Been travelling through Some Garrison towns, in order to preserve the Habit of Seeing troops and their tactics\u2014Now am Mostly at fontainebleau where the Court is Residing for a few weecks\u2014The inclosed letter from the Minister to Mr jefferson will, I Hope, prove Agreable to the United States\u2014our Committees will Go on this Winter, and I will Endeavour to propose Such Measures as May be thought Advantageous\u2014Mr jefferson is a Most able and Respected Representative, and Such a Man as Makes me Happy to Be His Aid de Camp\u2014Congress Have Made a choice Very favourable to their affairs.\nThe treaty of Commerce betwen france and England is Made But not Yet Ratified\u2014they are to treat each other like the Most favoured European Nation\u2014So that America is Safe\u2014Newspapers Will Acquaint You With the dutch Quarrels\u2014it is Strange to See So Many people, So Angry, on So Small a Spot, without Bloodshed\u2014But Parties are At the Same time Supported in their Claims, and Cramped in their Motions By the Neighbouring powers\u2014france Sides with the Patriots\u2014the New King of prussia interest Himself in Behalf of the Stat Holder His Brother in law\u2014and So does England Under Hand\u2014But the Republicans are So Strong, and the State Holder is Such a Block Head, that it will turn out to the Advantage of the former\u2014No Present Appearance of a War in Germany\u2014The Russians and turks are Quarrelling, But will not So Soon Make a War\u2014the Empress is Going to Krim\u00e9e, where it is Said She will Meet the Emperor\u2014She Had Givin Me polite Hints that I Should go to Pete[r]sburg\u2014I Have Answered With a demand of a Permission to Go to Krim\u00e9e Which Has Been Granted\u2014So that, (if the affair of the forts, Which I think Must be taken does not More\nAgreably employ me) I will Set out the last days of february for Krim\u00e9e, and Return by Constantinople and the Archipelago\u2014I will Refer to the Hints Given in a former letter about those forts which, if timely Advertised, Would Carry me Quite a different, and Much More pleasing Course.\nI Have Been So Much Affected, My dear General, and So deeply Mourning for the Heavy loss which the United States, and ourselves particularly Have Had to Support, While Our Great and Good friend Gal Greene Has be Snatched from a Country to Which He Was an Honour; that I feel a Confort in Condoling With one Who Knew So well His Value, and Will of Course So much Have lamented the loss[.] There is Between Mr jefferson and Mr Adams a diversity of Opinion Respecting the Algerines Adams thinks a peace Should Be purchased from them\u2014Mr jefferson finds it as cheap and More Honourable to Cruize Against them\u2014I incline to the later opinion, and think it possible to form an Alliance Betwen the United States, Naples, Rome, Venice, Portugal and Some other powers\u2014Each Giving a Sum of Monney Not Very large\u2014Whereby a Common Armament May distress the Algerines into Any terms\u2014Congress ought to Give Mr jefferson and Adams Ample powers to Stipulate in their Names for Such a Confederacy.\nYou will Be pleased to Hear that I Have Great Hopes to See the affairs of the Protestants in this Kingdom put on a Better footing\u2014not Such by far as it ought to Be\u2014But Much Mended from the Absurd, and Cruel laws of lewis the fourteenth.\nI Hope Your jack Ass, with two females, and a few pheasants and Red partridges have Arrived Safe.\nAdieu, My dear general, My Best and tenderest Respects wait on Mrs Washington\u2014Remember me to the one who was formerly Master tub, and Now Must Be a Big Boy, and also to the Young ladies\u2014Be pleased to Pay My Affectionate Compliments to George and His lady, to doctor and Mrs Stuart, doctor Craig, doctor Griffith, Your Brothers, Mrs Lewis, to Your Venerable Mother, to all our friends, and often think of Your Most devoted friend, Your Adoptive Son who with all the affection and Respect Which You know are so deeply Rooted in His Heart Has the Honour to Be My dear General, Yours\nLafayette\nA New instance of the Goodness of the State of Virginia Has Been Given me, by the placing of My Bust at the H\u00f4tel de ville of this City\u2014the Situation of the other Bust will Be the More pleasing to Me as While it places me within the Capitol of the State, I will Be eternally By the Side of, and paying an Everlasting Homage to the Statue of My Beloved General.\nI Have Received the Hams, and am much obliged to that kind attention of Mrs Washington\u2014the first was introduced three days ago at a dinner Composed of Americans, Where our friend Chattelux Had Been invited\u2014They Arrived in the Best order\u2014Mde delafayette and the little family Beg their Best Respects to Mrs Washington and Yourself.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0283", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Leigh, 30 October 1786\nFrom: Leigh, John\nTo: Washington, George\nNorfolk Octr 30th 1786\nI trust that your Excellency will pardon the liberty which I have taken with your Name, when the Circumstances are made known to you which induc\u2019d me thus to conduct myself.\nWhile I was engag\u2019d in the Study of Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, the Professors offer\u2019d a premium to any Student there, who shou\u2019d write the best Dissertation on Opium; I enter\u2019d immediately the List of Competitors, and was so fortunate as to gain the premium\u2014Having effected this, my Friends advisd me to publish my Work, as the Subject was new, and containd many Experiments never before made. Sensible of the great benefits which every infant Production must experience by having a Protector, whose Name is sufficient to claim for it the Attention and favour of the World, and sensible also that there was no One on the Continent so well calculated to effect this as your Excellency\u2014I was led to take the liberty of Dedicating my Work to you, a Copy of which will now accompany this Letter, begging for your Excellency\u2019s Patronage and support. I have the Honor to subscribe myself, Your Excellency\u2019s most Obd. and very Hble Servt\nJ. Leigh", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0284", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George McCarmick, 30 October 1786\nFrom: McCarmick, George\nTo: Washington, George\n[c.30 October 1786]\nI take Pleasure to wright to your Exallecy that you have Gaind all your land on millers Run\u2014the persons who lives on the land are Determined to Go off amadetely. and will not lye\u2014it wood be well a nuff not to Destress them any more\u2014I do not think the land Can be Sold yet. money is So Scares here\u2014Charles\nMorgan is to meet me On the land Next friday to Runrou[n]d it and mark the lines plane\u2014if the men Should move off, it wood be Nessery to Git Sombody to live on the lands to keep the fence and plantations in Good order. and to Rent them, till the[y] Can be Sold. I think the best way to Sell them, wood be to Sell them in 2 [,] 3 or 4 hundred Acres lotts\u2014the[y] wood Sell better and for more\u2014how Ever I leve that to your own good Judgment I have Shown them your Advertisement before the tryall which the[y] laft at but have Cryed Sence\u2014the Sooner the land Could be taken Care off it would be the better, to appoint Som body to take Care for you\u2014I Expect a Number of men this winter from the Jarseys to by lands\u2014here I have Sold my land to Sum Jarsey men nere your lands at 16/3 d. pr acre one half Down and the other to be paid in Six months, but the land is not as Good as yours I Dont think you Can Get more than twenty Shillings pr acre\u2014to Get Good pay\u2014I will do any thing I can to oblidge you in the land\u2014I can do nothing in Mr Lund Washington Land before Next fall; there is no dought but he will Get his land then, the people who lives on his land will not Give up\u2014which I wish you to inform him\u2014the Judges paid the Strictest Regards to our Virginia Rights\u2014and any persons who has any Just Clame under Virginia wright there is not the lest Dought but he will have his lands Secured to him. this Judgments of the Judges has fritened all the Cohees from Steelling of Lands.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0285", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Society of the Cincinnati, 31 October 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Society of the Cincinnati\nSir,\nMount Vernon in Virginia 31st Octo. 1786\nI take this early opportunity, in my character of President of the Cincinnati, of announcing to you, that the triennial General Meeting of the Society is to be convened at the City of Philadelphia on the first Monday of May in the year 1787.\nAs it will not be in my power (for reasons which I shall have the honor of immediately communicating) to attend the next General Meeting; and as it may become more and more inconvenient for me to be absent from my Farms, or to receive appointments which will divert me from my private affairs; I think it proper also to acquaint you, for the information of your Delegates to the General Meeting, that it is my desire not to be reelected to the Presidency, since I should find myself under the necessity of declining the acceptance of it.\nThe numerous applications for information, advice, or assistance which are made to me in consequence of my military command; the multiplicity of my correspondencies in this Country as well as in many parts of Europe; the variety & perplexity of my own private concerns, which, having been much deranged by my absence through the war, demand my entire & unremitting attention; the arduousness of the task, in which I have been as it were unavoidably engaged, of superintending the opening the navigation of the great rivers in this State; the natural desire of tranquility and relaxation from business, which almost every one experiences at my time of life, particularly after having acted (during a considerable period) as no idle spectator in uncommonly busy & important scenes; and the present imbecility of my health, occasioned by a violent attack of the fever & ague, succeeded by rheumatick pains (to which till of late I have been an entire stranger); will, I doubt not, be considered as reasons of sufficient validity to justify my conduct in the present instance.\nAlthough the whole of these reasons could not have before operated; yet, in conformity to my determination of passing the remainder of my days in a state of retirement, I should certainly have refused to accept the office of President with which I was honored in 1784, but from an apprehension that my refusal, at that time, might have been misrepresented as a kind of dereliction\nof the Society on my part, or imputed to a disapprobation of the principles on which it was then established. To convince the opposers of the Institution, should any such remain, that this was not the fact; and to give no colourable pretext for unreasonable attacks; I prevailed upon myself to accept the appointment with a view of holding it only until the next election:before which time I expected the jealousy that had been excited, would subside\u2014and this, I am happy to be informed, has universally taken place.\nHighly approving as I do, the principles on which the Society is now constituted; and pleased to find, so far as I have been able to learn from reiterated enquiries, that is is acceptable to the good people of the United States in general; it only remains for me to express the sense I entertain of the honor conferred by the last General Meeting in electing me their President, and to implore in future the benediction of Heaven on the virtuous Associates in this illustrious Institution.\nDuring the residue of my continuance in Office, I shall be constantly ready to sign such Diplomas as may be requisite for the members of your State Society, being sincerely desirous of giving every possible proof of attachment, esteem, & affection for them; as well as of demonstrating the sentiments of perfect consideration & respect with which I have the honor to be Sir Yr most Obedt and most Hble Servt\nGo: Washington\nP.S. I have thought it expedient to forward a transcript of this circular address to Majr Genl Gates, Vice President of the Society: In order that the General Meeting may suffer no embarrassment for want of an official character to preside at the opening of it. G.W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0286", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Lee, Jr., 31 October 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lee, Henry Jr.\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon 31st October 1786.\nI am indebted to you for your several favors of the 1st 11th & 17th instt, and shall reply to them in the order of their dates:But first let me thank you for the interesting communications imparted in them.\nThe picture which you have drawn, & the accts which are published, of the commotions & temper of numerous bodies in the Eastern States, are equally to be lamented and deprecated. They exhibit a melancholy proof of what our trans atlantic foe have predicted; and of another thing perhaps, which is still more to be regretted, and is yet more unaccountable; that mankind left to themselves are unfit for their own government. I am mortified beyond expression whenever I view the clouds which have spread over the brightest morn that ever dawned upon any Country. In a word, I am lost in amazement, when I behold what intriegueing; the interested views of desperate characters; Jealousy; & ignorance of the Minor part, are capable of effecting as a scurge on the major part of our fellow citizens of the Union:for it is hardly to be imagined that the great body of the people tho\u2019 they will not act can be so enveloped in darkness, or short sighted as not to see the rays of a distant sun through all this mist of intoxication & folly.\nYou talk, my good Sir, of employing influence to appease the tumults in Massachusetts\u2014I know not where that influence is to be found; and if attainable, that it would be a proper remedy for the disorders. Influence is no government. Let us have one by which our lives, liberties, and properties will be secured, or let us know the worst at once. Under these impressions, my humble opinion is, that there is a call for decision. Know precisely what the Insurgents aim at. If they have real grievances, redress them, if possible, or acknowledge the justice of their complaints and your inability of doing it, in the present moment. If they have not, employ the force of government against them at once. If this is inadequate, all will be convinced that the superstructure is bad, or wants support. To be more exposed in the eyes of the world & more contemptible than we already are, is hardly possible. To delay one of the other of these, is to exasperate in one case, and to give confidence in the other; and will add to their numbers; for like Snow-balls, such bodies encrease by every movement, unless there is something in the way to obstruct, & crumble them before the weight is too great & irrisistable.\nThese are my sentiments. Precedents are dangerous things. Let the reins of government then be braced in time & held with a steady hand; & every violation of the constitution be reprehended. If defective, let it be amended, but not suffered to be trampled on whilst it has an existence.\nWith respect to the navigation of the Mississipi, you already know my sentiments thereon. They have been uniformly the same, and as I have observed to you in a former letter, are controverted by one consideration only of weight; and that is the operation the occlusion of it may have on the minds of the Western Settlers; who will not consider the subject in a relative point of view, or on a comprehensive scale; and may be influenced by the demagagues of the Country to acts of extravagence & desperation, under a popular declamation that their interests are sacraficed. Colonel Mason is at present in a fit of the Gout, what his sentiments on the subject are, I know not, nor whether he will be able to attend the Assembly during the present Session. For some reasons (unnecessary to mention) I am inclined to believe he will advocate the navigation of that river. But in all matters of great national moment the only true line of conduct\u2014\nin my opinion\u2014is dispassionately to compare the advantages & disadvantages of the measure proposed, and decide from the ponderancy. The lesser evil (where there is a choice of them) should always yield to the greater. What benefits (more than we now enjoy) are to be derived from such a Treaty as you have delineated with Spain, I am not enough of a Commercial man to give any opinion on.\nThe China came to hand without much damage; and I thank you for your attention in procuring & forwarding of it to me. Mrs Washington joins me in best wishes for Mrs Lee and yourself and I am very affectionately Dear Sir Yr most Obedt & Obliged Hble Servant\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0287", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George McCarmick, 31 October 1786\nFrom: McCarmick, George\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nOctbr 31th 1786\nI here inform you of the two Expedition against the Indians. the Seventeenth of Sept. Genl Clark Crossed the ohio River at the falls, to Go up the wawbash River, with aleven hundred and Eighty men and artilrey. the artilarey went up the wawbash and the men and Cattle and baggage went by land\u2014Colo. lowgan Crossed the ohio, the first Day of Octobr with Eight hundred and Seventy men at the Mought of limestone, to Go to the Shawneys towns. brice Virgan was present when the Started\u2014there\nis no accounts arived here yit what Sucksess the have had\u2014my Son John McCarmick, on his way from Detroyet ther Come with Simon Gurty and Colo. Brant to the upper Sunduskey on there way to the Grat Shawney town to a Grat Counsell, which was to be the fifteenth of Octbr he parted with them the tenth, which we all Expect that Colo. Lowgan, will take them in there Counsell; there is but \u27e8a majr\u27e9 and Sixty men of the british, at Detroyet\u2014my Son went there with a Drove of Cattle and was there about two weeks\u2014I ashoure you that these accounts Can be Relyed on And beg leve to Subscribe my Self your freend and Most hum. Sart\nGo: McCarmick\nN.B. I hope you will Excuse me for feeing of Mr Ross for you he is the first Loyer in this part of the world, and was the Most Ablest Loyer at your tryall\u2014and laid Down Sulch points of law that Could no be Got Over. G.M.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0288", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Moultrie, 31 October 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Moultrie, William\nDr Sir,\nMount Vernon 31st Octor 1786.\nAs soon as your Excellency\u2019s favor of the 7th of Augt, came to my hands, I forwarded the enclosure therein, to Mr Brindley, under cover to Saml Hughes Esqr. Herewith you will receive their answers.\nPresuming that your Excelly is President of the Society of the\nCincinnati in the State of South Carolina, I have the honor of addressing the enclosed circular letter to you. If I am mistaken, I pray you to forward it to the right person. Mrs Washington joins me in every good wish for Mrs Moultree & yourself, & with sentiments of great regard & respect, I have the honor to be &c.\nG: Washington\nP.S. Permit me to request the favor of you to direct the blank cover herewith sent, to the President of the Georgia Society of the Cincinnati, & cause it to be forwarded by the first safe conveyance that may offer. G: W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0289", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Bushrod Washington, 31 October 1786\nFrom: Washington, Bushrod\nTo: Washington, George\n[31 October 1786]\nThe motives which gave birth to the Society, were these. We conceived, that in a government where the voice and sentiments of the people are delivered by representation, the few who are elected to speak these sentiments are the servants of the electors; that in grand points of national concern, the people are the best judges of their wants, their own interests, and can more sensibly feel those evils, which they wish to be corrected; that upon these two principles they have a right to instruct their delegates; and that silence at a time when they had reason to apprehend a conduct in these servants contrary to their wishes would be highly criminal. We thought that an appearance of corruption was discoverable in the mass of the people, or, what is as bad, a total insensibility to their public interest. Persuaded of this, and equally convinced that this inattention proceeded more from the want of information than from want of real virtue, a number of the principal gentlemen in these four counties determined to assemble, for the purpose of inquiring and deliberating upon such subjects as were of the most interesting consequence, and to communicate their sentiments to the people in the form of instructions; which, if approved by them, are signed and sent to their delegates; if otherwise, they continue only the opinion of a few, and can have no weight.\nThe people\u2019s attention being thus awakened to their public concerns, they are led to investigate the causes of those evils which oppress them, and to endeavor by some method to relieve them. The most uninquiring mind must, when put in action, perceive that the defect is either in the manners of the people, or in the misconduct of those, who, being intrusted to form salutary laws, have adopted the most destructive measures. The evil when seen may easily be removed; and unless the majority of the people are vitiated, which can hardly be the case, they would certainly be led to apply the only two possible remedies; the one, to exert more zeal in making a judicious choice of delegates; the other, to reform their manners. I am fully convinced that nothing could be more effective of the prosperity of this country, than the method you have pointed out of electing honest and able representatives. To recommend this to the attention of the people is a principal object with this Society.\nThus you will perceive, that this institution assumes no other power, than that of recommending to the people an attention to their own interests, and of furnishing them with the sentiments and opinions of a few, which they may either reject or adopt. It is true, that a few designing men might creep into these societies; but I should hope that a majority will be virtuous. If this should be the case, their recommendation may have happy consequences; if the majority should unhappily be vicious, they are but the opinions of a few expressed collectively. In this, however, I am resolved, that as soon as I perceive that other motives than those of the public good influence their conduct, I will quit them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0290", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Brown, 1 November 1786\nFrom: Brown, John\nTo: Washington, George\nMy Dear Sir\nProvidence [R.I.] 1st Novemr 1786\nTho\u2019 its a long time since I have had the pleasure of seeing or hearing from you, my continued esteem for your Person &\nCharacter prompts me to address you in favour of a Mr Joseph Jenckes a young Gentleman of about 22 years of age who went from this place to Alexandria in September last with Intention to set down in Business there in the mercantile Line under the Firm of Jenckes Winsor & Co. provided he liked the Country and found due encouragement, his Father being one of the first Families in this State wishes his Son might be indulged with your smiles, and I do assure you from the small acquaintance I have had with the young Gentleman I can with propriety & do recommend him as a substantial and deserving young Gentleman, any little notice you may make it convenient to show him will be gratefully acknowleged by him, his Friends & your Obt Humble Servt\nJohn Brown\nP.S. Dr Sr As I have ever had sanguine expections of your success in the promotion & utility of the canal you have so laudably undertaken I shall be exceedingly obliged, if not too much Trouble, you\u2019ll please to advise me how far you have succeeded, what number of men are employed on the work &c. &c. &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0292", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Madison, 1 November 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nRichmond Novr 1. 1786\nI have been here too short a time as yet to have collected fully the politics of the Session. In general appearances are favorable. On the question for a paper emission the measure was this day rejected in emphatical terms by a majority of 84 vs 17. The affair of the Missisippi is but imperfectly known. I find that its influence on the federal spirit will not be less than was apprehended. The Western members will not be long silent on the subject. I inculcate a hope that the views of Congress may yet be changed, and that it would be rash to suffer the alarm to interfere with the policy of amending the Confederacy. The sense of the House has not yet been tried on the latter point. The Report from the Deputies to Annapolis lies on the Table, and I hope will be called for before the business of the Mississippi begins to ferment. Mr Henry has signified his wish not to be reelected, but will not be in the Assembly. The Attorney & R. H. Lee are in nomination for his successor. The former will probably be appointed, in which case the contest for that vacancy will lie between Col. Innis & Mr Marshal. The nominations for Cong[res]s are as usual numerous. There being no Senate yet it is uncertain when any of these appointments will take place. With the sincerest affection & the highest esteem I am Dear Sir Yr Obedt & humble Servt\nJs Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0293", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Benjamin Franklin, 3 November 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Franklin, Benjamin\nDr Sir\nMount Vernon 3d Novr 1786\nThe letter, of which I have the honor to enclose your Excellency an extract, & the Addresses, came to my hands a few days since. Whether the latter are originals or copies, & whether any steps have been taken in compliance with Sir Edwd Newenham\u2019s wishes, you can better decide than I. Also, if there has not, what is best to be done with the application.\nIf I mistake not, this case militates with a resolve of Congress, which declares that none but Citizens of these United States shall hold Consular appointments under it; but how far the singularity of the application, from such a character, & under such an enumeration of circumstances; may occasion a departure therefrom (if my belief is founded) is not for me to determine.\nThis letter to you, My good Sir, is the first move I have made in this business; & I will await your sentiments before I make another. I am, as I hope you will always believe me to be, with the greatest respect & regard, Dr Sir, &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0294", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Theodorick Bland, 4 November 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Bland, Theodorick\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Theodorick Bland, 4 Nov. 1786. On 18 Nov. GW wrote Bland of \u201cthe receipt of your obliging favors of the 4th & 9th inst.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0295", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Lamar, Hill, Bisset, & Company, 4 November 1786\nFrom: Lamar, Hill, Bisset, & Company\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nMadeira 4 Novr 1786\nWe have been favoured with your\u2019s of the 3d of last August, and have to return you our best thanks for your polite attention to our sundry letters. Mr Hill acknowledges to us the receipt of your bill upon Wakelin Welch Esqre for \u00a343.12.4 stg.\nWe observe with infinite concern what you have mentioned in regard to the high cost of your pipe of wine, and as to an old correspondent, are desirous of giving you every satisfaction in this respect in our power.\nYou will permit us therefore to remark Sir, that the shipping prices of the different denominations of wine are annually fixed upon at a meeting of the Consul and factory, at a season of the year, namely the last day of December, when the new wines are already clear, and a competent judgement can be formed of their quality and quantity; upon which two circumstances the shipping prices are principally dependent.\nTo these prices every member of the British factory subscribes, and from these they cannot deviate without a manifest breach of promise. It has been moreover the long established custom of all the houses here to charge twenty shillings sterling per annum for every year\u2019s additional age a pipe of wine acquires in our lodges\u2014a charge infinitely inadequate to the expence incurred by leakage and frequent racking of the wine.\nDuring the years 1782, 3, & 4 the shipping price of particular wine was \u00a331 stlg per pipe of 110 gallons, which is the Common gauge of a Madeira pipe. In December, 84, the vintage having proved extremely short, and the quality of the wines not very generally good, it was deemed necessary by the Factory to raise the price of our first quality from the above price to \u00a334 stlg: at which it still continues. The pipe we had the pleasure of shipping you last December, was of the age of 3 years, and of the large or Barbadoes gauge, that is instead of holding 110 gallons, contained 120; the difference of which measure is always calculated at 10 per cent\u2014These charges, together with the insurance thereon, and the additional cost of the case, were all specifically mentioned in the letter we had on that occasion the honour of addressing to you, and to which \u27e8we\u27e9 take the liberty of referring you. The difference between the shipping price in\nthe year 83, and 85, is too obvious to be insisted on\u2014We shall be sincerely happy Sir if this statement of the case will clear us from having acted with impropriety in the above respect, in the opinion of a person whose correspondence we have every reason to esteem\u2014We have the honour to be Sir\u2014your obt servants\nLamar Hill Bisset & Co.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0296", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Clement Biddle, 5 November 1786\nFrom: Biddle, Clement\nTo: Washington, George\nNovemr 5th 1786\nI have your Esteemed favour of 28th ulto. It is scarcely possible to get the Clover seed by the bushel from the farmers or Graziers who bring it to Market\u2014those who are Accustomed to gathering it for sale having a Constant Market with the Retailers will give them a preference & in getting it from them you are sure of the best seed\u2014it is just now coming in & the Retailers tell me they can shortly Supply a quantity @ 14d. or 15d. the pound, they sell by the dozen or twenty pounds at 18d. The present year has not been very favourable for Barley but the Brewers will chuse the best they have for seed\u2014but expect a profusion in the produce they giving the Highest price & they Charge no more for it than they pay the Farmers which is this year 6/ and about a penny \u214c Bushel Cuttage\u2014Reuben Haines one of our first Brewers has promised that I shall have one hundred Bushels of the Right Spring Barley & I have informed him I should make no engagement that you would send the Produce of it here, but if you did it should be offered to him he giving the highest price\u2014No such Coarse Goods as you mention have been in any quantity for Sale at Vendue. Yrs &ca\nClement Biddle", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0297", "content": "Title: From George Washington to George Clinton, 5 November 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Clinton, George\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon Novr 5th 1786\nNot having heard, or not recollecting who the President of the Society of the Cincinnati in the State of New York is, I take the liberty of giving you the trouble of the enclosed.\nI am endeavouring by the sale of Land, to raise money to pay for my Moiety of the purchase on the Mohawk River\u2014So soon as this is effected I will write your Excellency more fully. In the meantime, with every good wish for Mrs Clinton and the rest of your family, in which Mrs Washington cordially unites I am Dear Sir Yr Most Obedt and Affecte Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0299", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Madison, 5 November 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir,\nMount Vernon 5th Novr 1786.\nI thank you for the communications in your letter of the first instt. The decision of the House on the question respecting a paper emission, is portentous I hope, of an auspicious Session. It may certainly be classed among the important questions of the present day; and merited the serious consideration of the Assembly. Fain would I hope, that the great, & most important of all objects\u2014the f\u0153deral governmt\u2014may be considered with that calm & deliberate attention which the magnitude of it so loudly calls for at this critical moment.\nLet prejudices, unreasonable jealousies, and local interest yield to reason and liberality. Let us look to our National character, and to things beyond the present period. No Morn ever dawned more favourable than ours did\u2014and no day was ever more clouded than the present! Wisdom, & good examples are necessary at this time to rescue the political machine from the impending storm. Virginia has now an opportunity to set the latter, and has enough of the former, I hope, to take the lead in promoting this great & arduous work. Without some alteration in our political creed, the superstructure we have been seven years raising at the expence of much blood and treasure, must fall. We are fast verging to anarchy & confusion! A letter which I have just received from Genl Knox, who had just returned from Massachusetts (whither he had been sent by congress consequent of the commotion in that State) is replete with melancholy information of the temper & designs of a considerable part of that people. among other things he says, \u201cthere creed is, that the property of the United States, has been protected from confiscation of Britain by the joint exertions of all, and therefore ought to be the common property of all. And he that attempts opposition to this creed is an enemy to equity & justice, & ought to be swept from off the face of the Earth.\u201d again \u201cThey are\ndetermined to anihilate all debts public & private, and have Agrarian Laws, which are easily effected by the means of unfunded paper money which shall be a tender in all cases whatever.\u201d He adds. \u201cThe numbers of these people amount in Massachusetts to about one fifth part of several populous Counties, and to them may be collected, people of similar sentiments from the States of Rhode Island, Connecticut, & New Hampsh\u27e8ire\u27e9 so as to constitute a body of twelve or fifteen thousand desperate, and unprincipled men. They are chiefly of the young & active part of the Commun\u27e8ity\u27e9.\nHow melancholy is the reflection that in so short a space, we should have made such large strides towards fulfill\u27e8ing\u27e9 the prediction of our transatlantic foes!\u2014\u201cleave them to themselves, and their government will soon dissolve.\u201d Will not the wise & good strive hard to avert this evil? Or will their supineness suffer ignorance, and the arts of selfinterested designing disaffected & desperate characters, to involve this rising empire in wretchedness & contempt? What stronger evidence can be given of the want of energy in our governments than these disorders? If there exists not a power to check them, what security has a man of life, liberty, or property? To you, I am sure I need not add aught on this subject, the consequences of a lax, or inefficient government, are too obvious to be dwelt on. Thirteen Sovereignties pulling against each other, and all tugging at the f\u0153deral head, will soon bring ruin on the whole; whereas a liberal, and energetic Constitution, well guarded & closely watched, to prevent incroachments, might restore us to that degree of respectability & consequence, to which we had a fair claim, & the brightest prospect of attaining\u2014With sentiments of the sincerest esteem & regard I am\u2014Dear Sir Yr Most Obedt & Affecte Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0300", "content": "Title: From George Washington to David Stuart, 5 November 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Stuart, David\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon 5th Novr 1786\nEnclosed is a petition from the Directors of the Potomack Company to our Assembly which they request you to present; and to use your endeavors to obtain the prolongation which is therein prayed for. The Assembly need be under no apprehension of unnecessary delay. Interest and inclination will equally prompt the Company to dispatch. To shorten the time required may occasion a contrariety in the Acts of the different Assemblies, & would create confusion, trouble & delay in the business. We hope therefore no attempt will be made to do this.\nAs the petition recites the causes which have given rise to the application, and the facts enumerated are notorious, I shall add nothing in support of it.\nI also give you the trouble of a small matter which concerns myself only. It is, if you shall see no impropriety from the lapse of time (which is injurious only to myself) to offer the enclosed certificates when you shall find a fit opportunity, for payment.\nThe circumstances are these. In the year 1774 I bought a number of Servants, hired many freemen, and sent Negroes to the Ohio for the purpose of saving, and improving my Military Lands, agreeably to the Laws then existing. The Indian disturbances wch obliged Lord Dunmore to embody and March the Militia into that Country, checked my operations; and the seizure of part of my goods (as will appear by these Certificates) compelled me the year following to encounter the same expence, trouble & difficulty I had done the preceeding one. And no Assembly happening that could take cognizance of such Claims before my departure from this State (in May 1775) the Certificates during my absence, and the frequent removal of my papers (to keep them from the hands of the enemy) got so intermixed as not to be found till very lately. If these circumstances which are truely related, are insufficient to obtain compensation for them without subjecting the application to much disputation, I had rather undergo the loss, than the mortification of an opposition to a measure that is merely personal.\nAs we are to be made rich by the Magity Bay-Pea, might it not be well for you to enquire how and in what manner this great good is to be effected. Particularly when they are to be sowed\u2014\nthe quantity required for an Acre\u2014Preparation of the ground & nature of the Soil best adapted for them. Whether they are to be plowed in as a manure, and in what stage of their growth; or whether the leaf alone when fallen, is sufficient to answer this purpose. The best method of saving the Seed, and the quantity to be had from an Acre, &ca &ca\u2014Mr Savage, or some of the Gentlemen from the Eastern shore can, no doubt, give full information on all these heads.\nWill you be so good as to enquire if spring Barley can be had\u2014in what quantity, at what price, and how it could be got here. The family all join me in best wishes for you\u2014Mrs Stuart who is here, and will put a letter under cover with this, will tell you, I presume, that she and the Children are all well. I am\u2014Dear Sir Yr Most Obedt & Affecte Servt\nGo: Washington\nP.S. If you could inform me what Sum, and at what time I may depend upon the Estate of Mr Custis for it, you would oblige me. My want of money presses. I must sell something if I cannot receive part of what is due to me.\nG: W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0301", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Elias Dayton, 6 November 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Dayton, Elias\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon Novr 6th 1786\nPresuming you are Presidt of the Society of the Cincinnati in the State of New Jersey, I give you the trouble of the enclosed address. If I am mistaken, you will be so good as to hand it to the right person.\nMonths ago, I received a number of blank Diplomas for my Signature, which was affixed & held in readiness for Mr Peck or his order. No call has yet been for them. If a good conveyance\nshould offer, I will forward them; but I am not much in the way of meeting this. With great esteem and regard I am Dr Sir Yr Most Obedt Hble Ser.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0302", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Francis Mercer, 6 November 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Mercer, John Francis\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon 6th Novr 1786\nIt was not till after you had left this place that I received your letter of the 4th Ulto. Altho\u2019 I have great repugnance to encreasing my Slaves by purchase, yet as it seems so inconvenient to you to make payment by other modes than those you have proposed, and so injurious as not to be accomplished at a less loss than 50 or more prCt; I will take Six or more Negroes of you, if you can spare such as will answer my purposes, upon the terms offered in your former letter. The Negroes I want are males. Three or four young fellows for Ditchers; and the like number of well grown lads for artificers. It is with you to determine, whether you can supply me with such Negroes. If you agree to do it, and will appoint a time, I would send for them; relying on your word that the whole are healthy, and none of them addicted to running away. The latter I abominate\u2014and unhealthy negroes\u2014women, or Children, would not suit my purposes on any terms.\nIf you accede to this proposition I will extend it. I will take all the good, & merchantable Wheat, & Indian Corn you may have for sale, at a reasonable price (the first immedly\u2014the latter at a proper time)\u2014and Military certificates of this State, for the Balle of my claim; at the difference that really exists between them and specie; altho I never intended to possess one of them on any terms whatever in a depreciated State. If these proposals are agreeable to you in all their parts, I should be glad to receive a decided and speedy answer; because in that case I will no longer look to you for the means of discharging those debts I have enumerated to you, and to do which I am exceedingly anxious,\nbut will endeavor without more delay, to sell Land to enable me to pay them.\nI had written thus far when Colo. Simm called on his way from Chas County Court to obtain some information respecting your suit against Combs. I was naturally led by the interest I thought I had in this business, to enquire into the state of it, & was told if Mr Ellzey\u2019s absence did not impede the sitting of Loudoun Court, he expected next week to obtain judgments for more than a thousand pounds; but guess Sir what my surprize must have been, when he added, that every shilling of this money was assigned to a Mr Colston, and authority given to receive it as fast as it could be recovered! I had flattered myself that my forbearance for near fifteen years, and the disposition I have discovered since the negotiation of the business seems to have got into your hands (to accomodate my wants as much as I possibly could to your convenience) merited more candid treatment. You cannot I think have forgotten the repeated assurances you have given me, that the moneis arising from this fund shd be sacredly appropriated to the discharge of my claim, whilst any of it remained. If this were possible, your letters in my possession would explicitly remind you of them. A conduct so extremely unfair, ungenerous, & disingenuous, I could not suffer to pass unnoticed.\nI send herewith the remainder of the blank Deeds which were formerly put into my hands by your Brother, James Mercer Esq., as also the survey, & partition of the Shanondoah tract (into the Lotts by which the Land was sold) that you may fill them up as occasion may require. If it is absolutely necessary for me to sign the Deeds for \u27e8conveyance of these\u27e9 Lotts, \u27e8now\u27e9 the business by a decree of the high Court of Chancery is taken out of my hands and put into yours, I will do it; otherwise, having stronger reasons than ever against resuming any agency in this business I would wish to decline it. I am\u2014Sir Yr Most Obedt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington\nYour letter of the 21st Ulto requesting me to execute a Deed to Mr Rawleigh Colston, for the lott no. 7, has been delivered to me. You now will receive the only Deeds in my possession, and the Survey of the Shanondoah tract; and can do with them as\ncircumstance may require. If it is indispensably necessary for me to convey the title & you shall accompany the return of the Deed with authority for me to do so I will go to Alexaa & execute it before evidences who will prove it in Fredk Ct.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0303", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas West, 6 November 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: West, Thomas\nSir,\nMt Vernon 6th Novr 1786.\nFrom the last application which was made to you, I expected the papers so long promised, a fortnight ago. If you have any objection to my receiving them in order to effect a final settlement of the Admn of Colo. Thos Colvill\u2019s Estate, I beg you will have candour enough to declare it; that I may know what further steps are necessary for me to take to bring this business to a close.\nI think I have been ungenteely treated, to be put off seven months in obtaining what was promised in three weeks, & reiterated several times since. I have had repeated applications made to me, as well from the Debtors to, as the Creditors of\nthat Estate, for settlements, & could do no more than assure the applicants that the moment I was furnished with the necessary documents, I shou\u2019d be ready to proceed to the business. I am anxious to do this on many accots; one of which is, that unfavorable suspicions will result from these delays. My wish is to avoid them. I am &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0304", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Benjamin Lincoln, 7 November 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lincoln, Benjamin\nMy Dr Sir,\nMount Vernon 7th Novr 1786.\nI have, I think, seen your name mentioned as President of the Society of the Cincinnati in the State of Massachusetts. For this reason I give you the trouble of the enclosed address.\nI hope your wishes were fully accomplished in your Eastern trip. Are your people getting mad? are we to have the goodly fabrick that eight years were spent in rearing, pulled over our heads? What is the cause of all these commotions? When & how is it to end? I need not tell you how much I am My dear Sir Yr most obedt & affect Hble Servant\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0305", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Smith, 7 November 1786\nFrom: Smith, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nBedford [Pa.] 7th November 1786\nAs the Bearer is going immediately to Alexandria & keeps the Post Office there I lay hold of the opportunity to inform you that on the 24th 25th & 26th Days of October, the Ejectments which I had the honour of bringing for You against James Scott & 12 others for Lands on Miller\u2019s Run, were tried at Washington at Nisi Prius, & I have the very great pleasure to inform you that Verdicts have been given in your favour in every one\nof them\u2014your satisfaction upon this occasion may be equal to, but cannot exceed mine\u2014I never was more agitated, between hopes & fears, in any cause in which I have been engaged: I had, during the War, been repeatedly chosen into almost every honourable office which my fellow Citizens could bestow; to which my merit gave me no pretensions, & which must therefore have been the more flattering to my vanity; but believe me Sir when I assure you that I am more proud of having it said that General Washington selected me as his Counsel in an affair of this importance, than of all the distinguished stations in which I had been so often placed.\nI had good information that James Scott Junr had the most plausible claim, & that he was the ringleader or director of the rest; I therefore resolved to take the Bull by the Horns, & removed the Ejectments into the Supreme Court in such order, as to have it in my power to try the Ejectment against him before the rest, reserving the Rule; so that had any unforeseen point turned up against me, I could try the rest or not as I pleased.\nThat Trial therefore was ordered on, on the 24th after Dinner & lasted that afternoon\u2014the next Day, & till 11 o\u2019Clock in the forenoon of the 26th when the Jury gave a Verdict for the Plaintiff; I thought the other Defendants would have confessed Judgments, & would not have been so mad as to have risqued weaker causes before the same jury; but I was mistaken, every one of them insisted on having a trial nay. each would have demanded a separate trial; but as I had consolidated the Ejectments against these Defendants, they were obliged to try them all together, & the trial did not last long. I take it for granted that many of the Jury wished it had been in their power to have given Verdicts for the Defendants; I knew that we had very strong prejudices, artfully fomented, to encounter\u2014I had applied to the Court to name the jury at a Time when the Bench was filled with such of the Justices as I believed would make out the most impartial list, which it was possible to obtain; The Defendants pretended that I had taken an advantage of them, & refused to strike the Jury (as it is called)\u2014I can truly say that I only wished to have an impartial & dispassionate jury, which I believed I could not otherwise obtain, & therefore I gave them notice to attend me a certain Day at the Prothonotary\u2019s Office in Philadelphia to strike\u2014they thereupon agreed that it should\nbe done on the spot\u2014I took down the Jury list to Philadelphia myself (having other business there)\u2014brought up the proper Process\u2014informed myself of what witnesses might eventually be necessary, and even served the Subp\u0153nas on as many as attended the preceeding County Court.\nI was assisted by Mr Ross in a very masterly manner\u2014we had consulted together before I had the honour of receiving your Letter, by Col. Sims, & it gave us satisfaction that we had agreed to conduct the trial upon the Plan pointed out in that Letter, & that I had transcribed & brought up the cases from the Books, which were not to be had at Washington, to support the points on which you directed us to rely.\nIn the Letter last alluded to, you desired me to inform you with what sum you can equal my expectations, & that you will lodge it for me in Philadelphia\u2014I have had motives in conducting this business, far more forcible than pecuniary considerations\u2014& therefore I trust you will pardon me if I decline naming any sum\u2014Mr Washington, who was at Fayette County with you, or Col. Sims, will readily point out what is usual on such occasions, & Mr Ross (to whom I have promised to divide with him what I receive) & I will be perfectly satisfied\u2014I hardly know how to express myself\u2014let me assure you that I do not wish to receive a large fee.\nI will take your Papers to Carlisle & will send them from thence to such place, either in Philadelphia, or Baltimore, as you will please to point out.\nI believe that the Defendants in the Ejectments will be with you soon \u27e8to\u27e9 endeavuour to do what they ought to have done when you made them the Offer\u2014I verily believe that it was more their misfortune than their fault that they then rejected it. You have now thirteen Plantations\u2014some of them well improved\u2014I take it for granted that the improvements increase the value of the Land much more than all the expences of the Ejectments\u2014those who mad[e] them are now reduced to indigence\u2014they have put in Crops this season, which are now in the ground\u2014they wish to be permitted to take the grain away\u2014to give this hint may be improper in me\u2014to say more would be presumptuous.\nOrders for obtaining Possession cannot be Issued till the Supreme Court sits in January, it will be necessary that you appoint\nan agent in that Country to take Possession & to Lease the Lands for you\u2014otherwise the fences & even the buildings will probably be burn\u2019d or otherwise destroyed.\nMajor Freeman put into my hands several small Bonds due to you to put in suit. I have recovered most of the Money & paid it over to him\u2014he says he has some others, which when the Money shall be recovered I will pay in like manner\u2014he seems to be as attentive to your interest as to his own.\nI Pray you to excuse the Length of this Letter\u2014it is written during the hurry of the Court here, & therefore I had not time to make it shorter, nor to write so fully as I wished. I have the honour to be with the utmost respect Sir your very humble & most obedient Servant\nThomas Smith\nP.S. Nothing can excuse me for writing to you in this desultory & hasty manner but my belief that you wish to have the earliest information respecting the event: There was a gentleman who left Washington-Town after I knew that the Jury had agreed in the first Verdict, & was going down into Virginia near to mount Vernon\u2014Col. Nevill, at my desire, requested him to stay \u2019till they should give in their Verdict in Court; but he would not, his business requiring him to be at a certain place by a certain hour.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0306", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Tilton, 7 November 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Tilton, James\nLetter not found: to James Tilton, 7 Nov. 1786. On 15 Feb. 1787 Tilton wrote GW that he had received \u201cyour circular letter of the 31 Octr 1786 together with your private favour dated the 7th Novr following.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0308", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Madison, 8 November 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nRichm[on]d Novr 8th 1786\nI am just honoured with your favor of the 5th inst: The intelligence from Genl Knox is gloomy indeed, but is less so than the colours in which I had it thro\u2019 another channel. If the lessons which it inculcates should not work the proper impressions on the American Public, it will be a proof that our case is desperate. Judging from the present temper and apparent views of our Assembly, I have some ground for leaning to the side of Hope. The vote against Paper money has been followed by two others of great importance. By one of them sundry petitions for applying a scale of depreciation to the Military Certificates was unanimously rejected. By the other the expediency of complying with the Recomm[end]ation from Annapolis in favor of a general revision of the federal system was unanimously agreed to. A\nbill for the purpose is now depending and in a form which attests the most federal spirit. As no opposition has been yet made and it is ready for the third reading, I expect it will soon be before the public. It has been thought advisable to give this subject a very solemn dress, and all the weight which could be derived from a single State. This idea will also be pursued in the selection of characters to represent Virga in the federal Convention. You will infer our earnestness on this point from the liberty which will be used of placing your name at the head of them. How far this liberty may correspond with the ideas by which you ought to be governed will be best decided where it must ultimately be decided. In every event it will assist powerfully in marking the zeal of our Legislature, and its opinion of the magnitude of the occasion. Mr Randolph has been elected successor to Mr Henry. He had 73 votes. Col. Bland had 28 & R. H. Lee 22. The Delegation to Congress drops Col. H. Lee, a circumstance which gives much pain to those who attend to the mortification in which it must involve a man of sensibility. I am even yet to learn the ground of the extensive disapprobation which has shewn itself. I am Dear Sir most respectfully & Affecty Yr Obedt & hble servt\nJ. Madison Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0309", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Stuart, 8 November 1786\nFrom: Stuart, David\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir,\nRichmond 8th Novr [17]86\nIt gives me much pleasure to inform you, of the very auspicious manner, in which the serious entrance on business this Session, has been marked\u2014Tho\u2019 it is not much short of a month now, since our meeting, no business of importance was introduced \u2019till the last week\u2014You will learn the issue of this, from the inclosed vote\u2014The strong language in which this off spring of iniquity is condemned, will it is hoped have some operation on future Legislatures, and by banishing the idea of it from among the people, be the means of encouraging industry and \u0153conomy, the true sources of public happiness\u2014From a conception that the vote on this subject might have some effect on the policy of other States, where the measure is not yet adopted; the Printer was ordered to publish it, with a request to the Printers throughout the Continent to do the same.\nAs a further proof of the high regard, which seems at present to prevail for the preservation of national faith, I have to inform you, that an attempt to reduce the Certificates by a scale, has been unanimously rejected. The ease with which these two bugbears have been removed, gives me a hope, that a similar propriety will characterise all the proceedings of the present Assembly.\nYou have no doubt heard, that the Attorney was a Candidate for the chief Magistracy\u2014As there has never been a Senate before yesterday, the election for this place, and Delegates to Congress was made\u2014The Attorney was chosen by a great majority\u2014the other Candidates were R. H: Lee, and Coll Bland\u2014The Delegates to Congress are Messrs Maddison, Gresham, Carrington, R: H: Lee, and Jos: Jones\u2014Coll Lee you observe is left out\u2014It appears that this proceeded from an opinion generally prevailing, of his very embarrassed circumstances; to which, his election to Congress, served as an Asylum\u2014Tho\u2019 sorry therefore for his ill-luck, yet the principle from whence it proceeded, cannot be reprobated.\nMany claims for impressed property have been laid before us and admitted, and the act for giving further time to bring in such claims has been revived\u2014It cannot therefore be doubted, but the claims which you have would be good\u2014But it is time, if you wish anything to be done with them that they should be sent\ndown\u2014I have lost all hope of the assistance of my Collegue\u2014the certain repeal of the Port-Bill, will be the consequence of his arrival, as it appears to have numerous foes, that need an able leader\u2014From the progress made to-day in two acts, one for immediately empowering Commissioners to meet, for the purpose of fixing on similar taxes, on imported articles, with the States of Maryd & Pennsylvania; and the other, agreeable to the recommendation of the Commissioners at Annapolis, there can be little doubt of their ultimately passing\u2014The subject of the latter Commission, the amending the articles of the Confederation, is important and delicate, but absolutely necessary\u2014From some conversation with Mr Maddison on this business, I have reason to think you will be requested to act on it\u2014I beg leave to remind you of the petition from the Potomac Company, which was thought necessary\u2014the time for such business will soon expire.\nIf not disappointed by Messrs Page & Baylor, I hope to be able to pay you a pretty considerable part of the sum due you by Christmass\u2014they have made me a faithful promise of paying a considerable sum at that time\u2014I have not heard yet from Mr Savage on the Eastern Shore\u2014but hope, he will have the annual rent for that estate also ready.\nI inclose to you, a view of the taxes recieved at the treasury\u2014Having nothing further at present to communicate, I must conclude with an offer of my respects to Mrs Washington and the family at Mt Vernon. I am Dr Sir with great regard Your Obt Servt\nDd Stuart", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0310", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Peter Trenor, 8 November 1786\nFrom: Trenor, Peter\nTo: Washington, George\nPetersburgh 8th Novr 1786\nThe inclosed Memorial I received from Mrs Ann Ennis of the City of Dublin which I expected to have had the Honour of handing your Excellency on my Way to Baltimore where I purposed going on my leaving Ireland\u2014but calling here & meeting a market for my Goods prevents my having that Honour.\nYour Excellency will perceive by said Memorial that the Will of the Late Doctor Willm Savage, with many other Papers relative thereto were in the hands of a Captain Brereton of Baltimore which I presume he informed your Excellency of\u2014if your Excellency will be so obliging as to inform me by Post (at Messrs Gordon & Keans Portsmouth Virginia,) whether or not you have any Effects in your hands to discharge Mrs Ennis\u2019s demand\u2014and what sum she may expect\u2014at same time if your Excellency will be so good, as to send me an order either on Philadelpha, New York, Baltimore or Portsmouth\u2014for what you think proper to remit her\u2014shall send you a receipt for same\u2014& if required shall give your Excellency such Security for delivering of same as you may require.\nIn expectation of having the Honour of hearing from your Excellency before my return to Dublin (which expect will be in the Course of three Weeks.[)] I am your Excellency\u2019s most Obed. Servt\nPeter Trenor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0311", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Theodorick Bland, 9 November 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Bland, Theodorick\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Theodorick Bland, 9 Nov. 1786. On 18 Nov. GW wrote Bland of \u201cthe receipt of your obliging favors of the 4th & 9th inst.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0312", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Deakins, Jr., 9 November 1786\nFrom: Deakins, William Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nSir.\nGeo[rge] Town [Md.] Novr 9th 1786\nYou will find by the Inclosed I had procured you 10 Bushels Spelts but the Waggoner on his Way down from F. Town lossed one of the Baggs Containing 3\u00bd Bushels. the other two Baggs Containing 6\u00bd Bushels I have sent to the Care of Mr Wm Hartshorn in Alexandria to be delivered to your Order. I am Very Respectfully Sir Your Obt Servt\nWill Deakins Junr\nP.S. I have engaged a part of the Poland Oats & will take care to get the whole you Want\u2014W.D.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0313", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Humphreys, 9 November 1786\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear General.\nNew Haven [Conn.] Novr 9th 1786\nI have this moment been honored with your letter of the 22nd of Octr & am thereby relieved from some anxiety for fear mine of the 24th of Septr had miscarried. For the reasons you mention, I think it will be best that the General Meeting of the Cincinnati should be holden at Philadelphia. I am happy that the enclosures have met with your approbation.\nA few days ago, I addressed a letter to you by Messrs Morse & Austin. the latter has since concluded not to go to the Southward\u2014by the former I expect still to have an opportunity of forwarding this. Having been pressed in time, & not having kept any copy I can hardly recollect distinctly what I have written in the letter before referred to. I only remember that I had been much mortified by the ignorance & perverseness of some of the leading members, or Demagogues, in our Assembly; and that I gave no very favorable picture of our situation or prospects.\nAs to your question, my dear General, respecting the cause & origin of those commotions; I hardly find myself in condition to give a certain answer. If, from all the informations I have been able to obtain, I might be authorised to hazard an opinion, I should attribute them to all the three causes which you have suggested. In Massachusetts, particularly, I believe there are a few real greivances: and also some wicked agents, or emissaries, who have been busy in magnifying the positive evils, & fomenting causeless jealousies & disturbances\u2014but it rather appears to me, that there is a licencious spirit prevailing among many of the people; a levelling principle; a desire of change; & a wish to annihilate all debts public & private. The Assembly of that State are occupied in removing all the real subjects of hardship & complaint. They have likewise passed a new Riot Act, & given some indications of spirit in support of Government. But still the preparations & systematic arrangements on the part of the Mob do not cease. You will have seen by the Speech of Mr King before that Legislature that Congress consider themselves as the Guarantor of each State Government, & bound to interfere in its support under certain circumstances.\nI refer you to Mr Morse, the bearer of this, for particulars concerning this State\u2014I will send by the next Post the Papers respecting Asgill. Tho\u2019 I shall not see Mt Vernon this winter, my affections are centered there, being in sincerity your most zealous friend & Humble Servant\nD. Humphreys", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0314", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Benjamin Lincoln, Jr., 9 November 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lincoln, Benjamin Jr.\nSir,\nMount Vernon 9th Novr 1786.\nI have received your letter of the 24th of Septr, together with the bill enclosed.\nYou will receive with this, the first of another sett of Bills, which Mr Watson the Drawer not only very readily gave, but likewise allowed interest upon the protested Bill, altho\u2019 it is not customary to do so here, upon inland Bills of exchange. I shall forward the others next week, & you will be so good as to have them handed to Doctr Gordon\u2019s agent as soon as may be.\nI am sorry that the Doctrs commission has given his friends so much trouble; tho\u2019 it can not be imputed to him, but must be considered as one of the lightest evils resulting from a paper currency. I am &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0315", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Ezra Stiles, 9 November 1786\nFrom: Stiles, Ezra\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nYale College [Conn.] Nov. 9. 1786.\nPermit me to ask your Acceptance of an Election Sermon, which the Reverend Mr Morse a Tutor in this College will have the Honor to present to you. I know you must feel sollicitous for the Tumults in Massachusetts. They are doubtless magnified at a Distance. I confide in it that there is Wisdom in the Legislature of that State sufficient to rectify the public Disorders and\nrecover the public Peace and Tranquillity. Perhaps all Things are cooperating & conspiring to effect the public Conviction of the Expediency & Necessity of a Cession of further Powers to Congress, adequate to the political Administration of a new and great Republic, to whose Origination your great Services have so highly contributed. I have the Honor to be, Sir, Your most obedt Very hble servt\nEzra Stiles", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0318", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Lee, Jr., 11 November 1786\nFrom: Lee, Henry Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear General\nNovr 11th [17]86 N-york\nI have your letter of the 31st octr besides the pleasure we all feel in knowing the health of Mount Vernon I am delighted and edified by your sentiments\u2014This moment Genl Knox & Mr King left me having perused the part of your letr which respects the Insurgents\u2014They expressed the highest satisfaction in finding that your retirement had not abated your affectionate zeal for the prosperity of every part of the empire.\nEvery day brings new information of the designs & preparations of the Malcontents\u2014they are training their people, have officered some considerable bodys & are forming connexions with their neighboring states and the Vermontese\u2014A convention has assembled to devise ways & Means of supporting their military arrangements, & of doing such other things as may be necessary for the prosecution of their intentions\u2014We have authentic information that they contemplate a re-union with G. Britain, & it is not improbable but that the convention now sitting will formally make propositions of this nature to Lord Dorchester (Sir Guy Carleton) who is arrived at Quebec with plenipotentiary powers as Governor General of British america\u2014they also declare their willingness to establish an imperial government in the U-States and I beleive could they be indulged with their favorite wish abolition of debts they would chearfully enter into the plan of a f\u0153deral government assimilating the British government. In some matters these people certainly think right, altho they act wrong\u2014A continuance of our present feeble political form is pregnant with daily evils & must drive us at last to a change\u2014then it would be wise that this necessary alterati[o]n should be effected in peace & governed by reason, not left to passion & accident. If the insurgents would submit to government, & by constitutional exertions induce their state to commence this change, they woud benefit themselves their country & the Union\u2014Good management might perhaps produce this wholesome conduct, but it is too probable that desperate & intriguing men may pursue private objects only.\nI enclose you a piece signed Belisarius\u2014He is said to be Baron Steuben\u2014this encites universal wonder.\nI hope to see you & your lady next month. Our united love &\nrespects to Mount Vernon\u2014Adieu with most affectionate regard your h. s.\nH: Lee junr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0319", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James McHenry, 11 November 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: McHenry, James\nMy dear Sir,\nMount Verno\u27e8n, 11th Novr 1786\u27e9\nI met your favor of the 5th, in Alexandria yesterday. Today I dispatch one of my Overseers and two Servants for the Jack & Mules which are arrived at Baltimore. The Pheasants & Partridges, I pray you to procure a passage for them by Water, in the Packet. To bring them by Land would be troublesome, & might perhaps be dangerous for them.\nBe so good as to let me know the expence of these importations, and the cost of their detention in Baltimore. It shall be immediately paid, with many thanks to you, for your obliging attention to the business.\nIf you have any particular information from my good friend the Marquis de la Fayette respecting the above things, I shall be obliged to \u27e8you\u27e9 for it; his letter to me takes \u27e8no not\u27e9ice of them, altho\u2019 I had for some time been expecting one Jack and two she Asses through his medium\u2014but by no means as a present.\nOne of the Servants who accompany\u2019s my Overseer, belongs to the Honble William Drayton of Charleston So. Ca. This Gentn spent a day or two here on his return from New York, and at Dumfries (proceeding on) the above fellow run away from him & came here. He goes to Baltimore under the impression of assisting in bringing the Jack & Mules home, but the real design of sending him there is to have him shipped for Charleston, if the Packet (which I am informed is regularly established betwn that place & Baltimore,) or any other vessel is on the point of sailing for the former. Mr Drayton will readily pay the Captn for his passage, and the other incidental expences, having intimated this in a letter to my Nephew; but if any doubt is entertained of it, I will see it done.\nUnder this rela\u27e8tion of\u27e9 Circumstances attending \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 way, I would beg of you, \u27e8my good\u27e9 Sir, (if an opportunity presents) to have him shipped, & previously secured. The fellow pretends a willingness to return to his master, but I think it would be unsafe to trust to this, especially as he has discovered an inclination to get back to Philadelphia (with a view he says of taking a passage from thence).\nWhy will you not make a small excursion to see an old ac\u27e8quain\u27e9tance. It is unnecessary I \u27e8should\u27e9 assure you of the pleasure it \u27e8would\u27e9 give Yr Obedt & affecte Hble Ser\u27e8vt\u27e9\nGo: Washington\nP.S. Engage the Master of the Packet Boat to drop the Birds at this place as he passes by\u2014otherwise I shall have to send to Alexandria for them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0320", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Johnson, 12 November 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Johnson, Thomas\nDr Sir,\nMount Vernon 12th Novr 1786.\nOn a supposition that you are now at Annapolis, the Petition of the Directors of the Potomac Company, is enclosed to your care. A Duplicate has been forwarded to the Assembly of this State. The fate of it I have not heard, but entertain no doubt of its favorable reception, as there are many auspicious proofs of liberality & justice already exhibited in the proceedings of it this Session.\nI hope the same spirit will mark the proceedings of yours. The want of energy in the f\u0153deral government; the pulling of\none State, & parts of States against another; and the commotions among the Eastern People, have sunk our national character much below par; & have brought our politics and credit to the brink of a precipice. A step or two more must plunge us into inextricable ruin. Liberality, justice & unanimity in these States, wch do not appear to have drank so deep of the cup of folly, may yet retrieve our affairs; but no time is to be lost in essaying the reparation of them.\nI have written to no gentlemen in your Assembly respecting the Potomac business but yourself\u2014the justice of the case & your management of it, will ensure success. With great regard & respect, I am Dr Sir &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0321", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James McHenry, 13 November 1786\nFrom: McHenry, James\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear General\nBaltimore 13 Nov. 1786\nI received your letter by Mr Fairfax yesterday noon. The Marquiss who does nothing by halves has paid every expence incurred by his present till its arrival at this place as well as the wages and passage of their conductor, one Campion. While here the asses have been carefully attended by my own servants in my own stable, not caring to trust them to the hostler of a tavern, or from under my own eye. I expect to be able to send the birds by Mortimers packet; and shall engage a fit person to take charge of them to your own door, provided it should appear necessary upon examining the vessel and character of the\nseamen.\nCampion will deliver you a letter from the Marquiss. What do you conjecture from his appointment to the Indies?\nIt would give me infinite pleasure to spend a few days at Mount Vernon, and to pay my respects to you and Mrs Washington in your place of peace and hospitality; which I shall certainly do unless the growing demands of a family should lay in a more urgent claim to my time. I want much to talk to you about a memoir of things and transactions in which you have been particularly concerned and which I think ought to be prepared for publication. I would have it to comprehend your whole past life. A general history of the revolution does not admit of what I mean. It would suspend the narration of the history if inserted entire; or it would lose its own peculiar effect, if interwoven with the revolution. The pieces of a diamond may be disposed to advantage, but it is most valuable when entire and its lustre most penetrating. This diamond ought not to be lost nor divided tho\u2019 to ornament a crown. I am my dear Genl yours most affy\nJames McHenry", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0322", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edward Newenham, 13 November 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Newenham, Edward\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Edward Newenham, 13 Nov. 1786. On 20 April 1787 GW wrote Newenham that he had been \u201chonoured with your favours of the 13th and 25th of November last.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0323", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Stuart, 13 November 1786\nFrom: Stuart, David\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir,\nRich[mon]d Novr 13th 1786\nI am informed by Mr Pendelton one of the Auditors, that it is unnecessary to lay your claims before the legislature\u2014that by the law lately revived, they will be paid in Certificates, when\npassed by the Court of Fairfax. I therefore send them up to you, that you may have this done at the next Court\u2014After which, you will be pleased to forward them on, again to me\u2014You will see Pendletons advise noticed, at the bottom of the largest claim.\nInformation is just recieved here, that the Indians have met with a considerable defeat from Logan, one of Clarke\u2019s officers. The treaty reported to be made with Spain, respecting the navigation of the Mississippi, gives much displeasure here\u2014Governor Henry in particular, is much incensed at it. If it is possible to defeat it, it will be done; and our members in Congress, will be instructed to that effect.\nI informed you in my last, what were my expectations of getting money\u2014if not disappointed in these, I shall certainly be able to pay you, the greater part of the sum due you. If I should be able to dispose of the corn, made on the estates of New Kent & King William; I shall be able to pay you at the same time, your annuity\u2014There is some probability that Mr Newton of Norfolk will buy it immediately\u2014I shall attend to the enquiries you have suggested, and also to the one from Mrs Washington. I am Dr Sir with great regard your Obt Serv:\nDd Stuart", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0324", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Alexander, 14 November 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Alexander, Robert\nSir,\nMount Vernon 14th Novr 1786\nFifteen months ago I informed you in as explicit language as I was master of, of my want of the money you are indebted to me. I have waited (considering the urgency of my call) with patience to see if you would comply with the demand: But no disposition having yet appeared in you to do this; I find myself under the disagreeable necessity of informing you, that unless you name a time not far distant for payment, & secure the same to me without delay, that I shall (tho\u2019 very reluctantly, as I think you have abundant reason to conclude from my long forbearance) have recourse to the most effectual mode the Law will give me to obtain justice.\nIt will avail nothing Sir, for you to repeat to me the claim you have upon Mr Custis\u2019s Estate. This, independent of the Law suit, is, I am told, very trifling; but were it otherwise, his affairs & mine now are, & have long been as distinct as yours & mine. If justice is denied you there, seek it; but let it be no plea for withholding my money which ought to have been refunded to me twelve or fifteen years ago, before your dealings with Mr Custis came into existence. I am &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0327", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Anne Ennis, 15 November 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Ennis, Anne\nMadam,\nMount Vernon 15th Novr 1786.\nYour letter, or memorial dated the 12th of July in Dublin, came to my hands yesterday under cover of a letter from Mr Peter Trenor of the 8th inst.\nThe Memorial mis-states several facts\u2014one of them materially; for I have not, nor never had one shilling of the late Mrs Savage\u2019s property in my hands: on the contrary, merely to relieve that Lady from the distress she represented herself to be in, I sent her in the year  a Bill for \u00a3 which sum is yet due to me. The circumstances attending that unfortunate Lady & her Estate are these. Her first husband, the Revd Chas Green, left all his property real & personal to her, estimated at about \u00a35000 current money of this State: not in trust, as you set forth, but at her absolute disposal. When she was about to enter into her second marriage, with Doctr Savage, she previously thereto made this Estate over to him, securing an annuity of \u00a3100 currency, for the term of her life, if it should be demanded: and it was this sum, which was secured to her by a trust-bond to Bryan Fairfax Esqr. & myself. The unhappy differences which soon arose, & occasioned a separation between the Doctor & her, obliged Mr Fairfax & myself, in order to obtain support for Mrs Savage, to put the Bond in suit. The Doctor (who I believe might very properly be classed among the worst of men) made use of every subterfuge, & practiced all the chicanery of the Law to postpone the payment; which he was well enabled to do, as there was a suspension of our Courts of justice consequent of the dispute with Great Britain. However, when no longer able to stave off judgment at Common Law, he threw the matter into the high Court of Chancery of this State, where it now is. We are encouraged by our Lawyers to expect a final issue of the business in a term or two more; but what reliance is to be placed on these assurances, is not for me to decide.\nAs soon as the money is finally recovered, & in the hands of Mr Fairfax & myself, we have neither the power nor inclination to withhold it one moment from the Executors of the deceased Mrs Savage; but it will readily occur to you Madam, that for our security, there must be an attested Copy of the Will, under the Seal of the Corporation where it is recorded, annexed to a regular power of attorney (to be proved in this Country) from the Executors to some person here, to receive the money from us. It is the business of the Executors\u2014not the Trustees, to settle the accounts & pay the legacies of the Testator.\nI have never seen any authentic copy of the Will. In the one which was shewn to me by a Mr Moore of Baltimore I was not\nnamed as an Executor; If I had, it would not have been agreeable to me to have acted. I am, Madam &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0328", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Bushrod Washington, 15 November 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Washington, Bushrod\nDear Bushrod,\nMount Vernon Novr 15th 1786.\nYour letter of the 31st of Octr in reply to mine of the 30th of Septr came safe to hand.\nIt was not the intention of my former letter either to condemn, or give my voice in favor of the Patriotic Society of which you are a member. I offered observations, under the information you gave of it, the weight of which were to be considered. As first thoughts they were undigested, and might be very erroneous.\nThat representatives ought to be the mouth of their constituents, I do not deny; nor do I mean to call in question the right of the latter to instruct them. It is to the embarrassment into which they may be thrown by these instructions in National matters that my objection lyes. In speaking of National matters I look to the F\u0153deral government which in my opinion it is the interest of every state to support, & to do it as there are a variety of interests in the Union there must be a yielding of the parts to coalesce the whole. Now a county, a district\u2014or even a state might decide on a measure though apparently for the benefit of it in its seperate & unconnected state which may be repugnant to the interest of the nation, and eventually so the state itself: as a part of the Confederation. If then members go instructed to the Assembly from the different districts all the requisitions of Congress repugnant to the sense of them\u2014and all the lights which they may receive from the Communications of that body to the Legislature must be unavailing altho. the nature and necessity of them when the reasons therefor are expounded are as\nself evident as our existance. In local matters, which concern the district\u2014or in things which respect the internal police of the state, there may be no impropriety in instructions. In National matters also, the sense (under the view they have of them) but not the Law of the district may be given leaving the Delegates to judge from the nature of the case and the evidence before them which can only be received from Congress to the Executive & will be brought before them in their assembled capacity.\nThe instructions of your Society as far as they have gone accord with my sentiments, except in the article of Commutables. Here if I understand the meaning and design of the clause I disagree to it most clearly\u2014for if the intention of it is to leave it optional in the person taxed to pay any staple commodity (Tobacco would be least exceptionable) in lieu of specie, the people will be burthened\u2014a few speculators enriched\u2014and the public not benefited. Have we not had a recent, and glaring instance of this in the course of the war, in the provision tax? Did not the people pay this in some way or other\u2014perhaps badly\u2014and was the Army, for whose benefit it was laid the better for it? Can any instance be given where the public has sold Tobacco, Hemp, Flour, or any other commodity upon as good terms as individuals have done? Who is this to serve? Is there a man to be found who, having any of the staple commodities to sell that will say he cannot get a reasonable price for them? Must there not be places of deposit for these commutables? Collectors, storekeepers, &ca, &ca employed? Rely on it, these will sink one half the tax and a parcel of speculators will possess themselves of the other half, to the injury of the people, & deception of the public. It is to similar measures of this, we owe the present depravity of morals, and abound in so many designing characters.\nAmong the great objects which you took into consideration at your meeting in Richmond, how came it to pass that you never turned your eyes towards the inefficiency of the F\u0153deral government, so as to instruct your Delegates to accede to the propositions of the Commissioners lately convened at Annapolis\u2014or to devise some other mode to give it that energy which is necessary to support a national character? Every man who considers the present Constitution of it, and sees to what it is verging, trembles and deprecates the event. The fabrick which took nine\nyears (at the expence of much blood and treasure) to erect, now totters to the foundation, and without support must soon fall.\nThe determination of your Society to promote frugality & industry by example\u2014to encourage manufactures\u2014& to discountenance dissipation is highly praiseworthy. These and premiums for the most useful discoveries in Agriculture within your district\u2014The most profitable course of cropping\u2014and the best method of fencing to save timber &ca would soon make you a rich & happy people. With every good wish for you and yours in which your Aunt joins me I am\u2014Dear Bushrod Yr Affecte\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0329", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Wakelin Welch, 15 November 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Welch, Wakelin\nSir,\nM[oun]t Vernon 15th Novr 1786\nI take the liberty of giving you the trouble of forwarding the enclosed letters to their addresses. I have again requested the favor of Mr Young to send me a few Seeds: the cost may be about Ten pounds, more or less; for the amount of which, & other small matters, (should he think proper to add them) I pray you to honor his Draft.\nYou would do me a singular favor by engaging the Captain who has charge of the Vessel by which they may be sent, to put them in the Cabbin or steerage. If they go into the hold of the vessel, the destruction of the seeds will be followed by a disappointment which would be of infinitely more importance to me than the cost of them.\nMessrs Forrest & Stoddard have ships which pass by my door: so have Messrs Drusina Ridder & Clark. I persuade myself the masters of any of these would so far oblige me as to be attentive to your recommendation of them: Captn Johns of the Potomac Planter I am sure would.\nI have a Farmer who was sent to me from Gloucestershire in England by a friend of mine at Bath. He has now written for his wife to come to him, with her children, & to bring with her some\nseeds, implements of Husbandry &ca, to this Country. Bristol is their nearest Port, but opportunities from thence to this river rarely happening, I have recommended it to their friend & patron Mr Peacy, to open a correspondence with you, or the House of Messrs Forrest & Stoddard of London, that she may be advised of the sailing of a vessel from that place to this river as a more speedy & certain mode of conveyance; your compliance therein would be very pleasing to me, & very serviceable to an honest, old English farmer. I am &c. &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0335", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Weedon, 17 November 1786\nFrom: Weedon, George\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nRichmond November 17th 1786\nYour circular Letter of the 31t of October having been communicated to the annual Meeting of the Virginia Cincinnati,\nthey have directed me to assure you, that while they regret the loss the Society sustains by your relinquishing the Presidency, they are fully sensible of the justness of those motives which have determined your Retreat. They lament however, that to the causes which might have operated to produce this resolution before, is added a more afflicting one, the ill state of your health. They can never sufficiently express their gratitude for the patronage you afforded the Society in its insecure and infant state; and they trust that they shall never deviate from those principles of their constitution, which, as they procured your approbation, must dispel every idea of jelousy from the minds of the good People of these United States. They receive with pleasure the information of your being ready to sign Diplomas during your continuance in Office; as they apprehend those Papers might lose much of their value, in the opinion of the members, if marked with any other signature\u2014This circumstance induces them to wish that you could be prevailed upon, to sacrifice so much of your valuable time to the interests of the Institution, as might be necessary for this purpose, without subjecting yourself to any other duty of the Presidency; supposing that the other labours of the Office, might without inconveniency be transferr\u2019d to the Vice President of the Society\u2014I have the honor to be with much esteem Your obt Servt\nG. Weedon Prest", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0336", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Theodorick Bland, 18 November 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Bland, Theodorick\nDr Sir,\nMount Vernon 18th Novr 1786.\nSeveral matters in which I have been pretty closely engaged, having prevented my sending to the Post office with my usual regularity, is the cause of my not having got, & of course acknowledged, the receipt of your obliging favors of the 4th & 9th inst: earlier than I now do. By ascribing this delay to the true cause, I shall stand acquitted of all seeming inattention.\nPermit me now, Sir, to thank you for the interesting communications in your letters, & to express to you the sincere pleasure with which I am filled at hearing that the acts of the present Session are marked with wisdom, justice & liberality. The critical\nsituation of our affairs calls for the most vigorous display of these virtues, & it is much to be wished that so good an example from so respectable a State will be attended with the most salutary consequences to the Union.\nNo man entertains a higher sense of the necessity of revising the f\u0153deral System, & supporting its government, than I do; nor would any man more readily depart from a prescribed line of conduct to effect this, than myself, in any matters I am competent to. With these sentiments & under such impressions, notwithstanding my having bid adieu to the public walks of life in a public manner, I should, if the partiality of my Country had called me to the service you allude to in your letter of the 9th, have yielded assent, not from an opinion that I could have answered their purposes better, or with equability to many that might have been named, but to evince my gratitude for the numberless instances of the confidence they have placed in me, & my obedience to their call.\nBut a recent act of mine has put it out of my power, if this honor is intended me, to accept it consistently.\nYou know Sir, I was first appointed, & have since been rechosen, President of the Society of the Cincinnati; the last time much against my inclination. The triennial Genl Meeting of this Body is to be held in Philadelphia the first Monday in May next. The peculiar situation of my private concerns\u2014the necessity of paying some attention to them; love of retirement, & a wish to enjoy a mind at ease; rheumatic pains which I begin to feel very sensibly, with some other considerations, induced me to address a circular Letter, dated the latter end of October, to the several State societies, informing them of my intention not to be at the next Genl Meeting, & desiring not to be rechosen. The Vice President is also informed of these matters, that the business may not be impeded on account of my absence. Under these circumstances you will readily perceive the impropriety there would be in my informing so worthy & respectable a part of the community as the late Officers of the American army, of the reasons which militate against my attendance at this Meeting, & to appear there at the same moment on another occasion.\nI thank you for the Cutting-box. The Drill-plough I promised to have made for you has been ready some time, & wou\u2019d have been sent to the care of Mr Newton ere this; but the hourly\nexpectation of receiving the Timothy seed I promised to obtain for you, induced me to keep it (as I did not imagine you would apply it to any use \u2019till the Spring) \u2019till both should go together. My best respects to Mrs Bland. I am Dr Sir, &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0337", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Gardoqui, 18 November 1786\nFrom: Gardoqui, Diego Maria de\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew york 18th Novr 1786.\nI received in course the honor of your Excellency\u2019s favor under 30th Augt to which I did not reply puntualy for want of subjectt, but haveing now that of the enclos\u2019d letter which was sent to me by the Count of Floridablanca for your Excellency I gladly embrace the oportunity, haveing taken the liberty to add in it a translation in English for fear of your Excellency\u2019s being at a loss to understand it being in Spanish.\nIt gave me the utmost pleasure to find that the Vicu\u00f1a Cloth meritted your aprobation & that your Excellency wou\u2019d wear it: As a memento of my regard & great consideration for your Excellency\u2019s great qualities, is what I wish you wou\u2019d do it, & I further beg your Excellency wou\u2019d make free & command me as a sincere well wisher to the great monument you have erected in the States & as an attach\u2019d freind to them & your Excellency. I am glad to hear that your Excellency is so much pleas\u2019d with the Jack Ass, & that he promises so valuable. I don\u2019t dare to affirm that I shall be able to provide your Excellency with the female you want for him, but I can assure you that I have already taken such measures as may probably produce what you want, & I will further promise your Excellency that I shall \u214c first Packett write my freind General Galvez to send me such female if to be had in the Dominions he governs, so that upon the whole I hope to help your Excellency in your wishes.\nAccept my most gratefull thanks for your Excellency\u2019s repeated invitation to Mount Vernon I shall certainly embrace it if my business shou\u2019d permitt me, but I have lately understood that it was probable your Excellency wou\u2019d favor Philadelphia\nwith a visitt next spring. I sincerely wish it may prove so as I shou\u2019d not loosse a day in setting out for the honor of waiting on your Excellency. I wou\u2019d at the same time communicate you my earnest wishes to join the States & my country in a firm & permanent good freindship, but I am truly concern\u2019d that some of your worthy Gentn will not understand their own Interest. I repeatt their own Interest because my noble Master repays generously any good step, whereas the reverse, is the only way to deprive themselves of that fruitt which they hope to reap by the negative.\nExcuse my noble General if I have got into an improper subjects but I have been, am & will be a true freind to your United States, & am certain that what I hint will be to the advantage of those immidiately concern\u2019d in the western lands & that any contrary effectt will putt an everlasting impediment to all manner of intercourse. Pardon me & beleive me to be with the highest consideration & respectt Your Excellency\u2019s most Obedt humble Servt\nJames Gardoqui", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0339", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Madison, 18 November 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Madison, James\nMy Dr Sir,\nMount Vernon 18th Novr 1786.\nNot having sent to the Post Office with my usual regularity, your favor of the 8th did not reach me in time for an earlier acknowledgment than of this date.\nIt gives me the most sensible pleasure to hear that the Acts of the present Session, are marked with wisdom, justice & liberality. They are the palladium of good policy, & the only paths that lead to national happiness. Would to God every State would let these be the leading features of their constituent characters: those threatening clouds which seem ready to burst on the Confederacy, would soon dispel. The unanimity with which the Bill was received, for appointing Commissioners agreeably to the recommendation of the Convention at Annapolis; and the uninterrupted progress it has met with since, are indications of a favourable issue. It is a measure of equal necessity & magnitude; & may be the spring of reanimation.\nAltho\u2019 I have bid a public adieu to the public walks of life, & had resolved never more to tread that theatre; yet, if upon an occasion so interesting to the well-being of the Confederacy it should have been the wish of the Assembly that I should have been an associate in the business of revising the f\u0153deral System; I should, from a sense of the obligation I am under for repeated proofs of confidence in me, more than from any opinion I should have entertained of my usefulness, have obeyed its call; but it is now out of my power to do this with any degree of consistency\u2014the cause I will mention.\nI presume you heard Sir, that I was first appointed & have since been rechosen President of the Society of the Cincinnati; & you may have understood also that the triennial Genl Meeting of this body is to be held in Philada the first monday in May next. Some particular reasons combining with the peculiar situation of my private concerns; the necessity of paying attention to them; a wish for retirement & relaxation from public cares, and rheumatic pains which I begin to feel very sensibly, induced me on the 31st ulto to address a circular letter to each State society informing them of my intention not to be at the next Meeting, & of my desire not to be rechosen President. The Vice\nPresident is also informed of this, that the business of the Society may not be impeded by my absence. Under these circumstances it will readily be perceived that I could not appear at the same time & place on any other occasion, with out giving offence to a very respectable & deserving part of the Community\u2014the late officers of the American Army.\nI feel as you do for our acquaintance Colo. Lee; better never have delegated, than left him out; unless some glaring impropriety of conduct has been ascribed to him. I hear with pleasure that you are in the new choice. With sentiments of the highest esteem & affectn I am &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0340", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Peters, 18 November 1786\nFrom: Peters, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nBaltim[or]e Novr 18th 1786\nI have the pleasure of recieving your favour of the 21 of Oct. you mention you are desireous of having procurd 50 bushls of Spring Barley. I have none by me at present, but if it can be procurd which I have no doubt of you may depend on its being sent you in time for sowing in the Spring. I should suppose 50 Bushls will be but a very small quantity if you have no Objection I will send you 100 Bushls and engage to take the produce of it. I believe that kind will answer this Climate, I procurd last Spring for Col. Lloyd Mr Bordley & some others some of the same but they have kept the whole produce, for sowing in the Spring.\nWe should be willing to engage with you for 5000 Bushls Yearly at 5s. per Bushl this Currency if you find it will Answer your purpose, which I am confident it will from what I heard of the Fertility of your Land, I think they will turn out at least 35 bushls per Acre upon an average, which I think is more than any other Crop from the same Lands will produce; the Farmers here are troubled much in Cleaning the Barley for want of method. I will send you a small machine which will not Cost more than Ten shilling which will \u27e8illegible\u27e9 & Clean in the hands of one man more than five could without such; should there be any Barley in your neighbourhood I shall be very glad to purchase\nit. Permit me to present my respectfull Compliments to Mrs Washington & \u27e8subscribe\u27e9 myself with esteem & regard Your very humble Servant\nThos Peters", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0341", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Samuel Vaughan, 18 November 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Vaughan, Samuel\nMy Dr Sir,\nMount Vernon 18th Novr 1786.\nThe obligations you are continually laying me under, are so great that I am quite overwhelmed & perfectly ashamed of myself for receiving them, notwithstanding your politeness leaves me without a choice. The picture of a battle in Germany, & the Jarrs came very safe. The first is fine: the latter is also fine and exceedingly handsome\u2014they shall occupy the place you have named for them.\nMay I hope Sir, that you have heard of the safe arrival of your Lady & family in England. Every occasion which informs me of your health and happiness, is pleasing to me; but none would equal that of testifying under my own roof the sentiments of perfect esteem & regard, with which I have the honor &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0342", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Lafayette, 19 November 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nMy Dr Marqs\nMount Vernon 19th Novr 1786.\nOn thursday last I received in very good order, from Baltimore, under the care of Monsr Compoint, the most valuable things you could have sent me, a Jack & two she Asses, all of which are very fine. The Pheasants & Partridges are coming round by water; for these also I pray you to accept my thanks. Words, my dear Marquis, will not do justice to my feelings, when I acknowledge the obligation I am under for the trouble & pains you have taken to procure, & forward these valuable Animals to me.\nMonsr Compoint having brought no letter from you to me; having no instructions or orders to produce\u2014and having lost with his pocket book a letter from your old aid Mr McHenry to me, which might have contained some information; I am left entirely in the dark with respect to the cost of the Asses in Malta, & the expences attending them since. I therefore pray you My Dr Marquis, to furnish me with an Accot of them as soon as possible, that I may delay no time in remitting you the amount.\nAs this letter is only intended to give you the earliest advice of the safe arrival of Monr Compoint & his charges, I shall, as the Vessel by which it goes is now passing my door, add no more than those assurances, which you will ever believe me sincere in, of being with the most affectionate regard, yrs &c. &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0346", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Samuel Brandon, 20 November 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Brandon, Samuel\nSir,\nMount Vernon 20th Novr 1786.\nI have received by Captn Bartlet, your letter of the 27th of July. The Ass arrived safe, & the other Articles agreably to the\nBill of lading. I am much obliged to you Sir, for your attention in executing my comm[issio]n, & the polite manner in which you offer me your future services. The Ass is undoubtedly one of the best kind that could be procured at Surinam; but I do not find it charged in your accot\u2014If you will be so good as to let me know the price of it by the first opportunity, the money shall be remitted to you. I am &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0347", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Drayton, 20 November 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Drayton, William\nSir,\nMount Vernon 20th Novr 1786.\nI wish it was in my power to give you a more favourable acct of your Servant Jack than what follows.\nAfter his absenting himself from you at Dumfries (as I believe my Nephew has already informed you) he came here, & remained quietly till the 12th; when being informed by some Gentlemen from Baltimore that a Packet from that place was on the point of Sailing for Charleston, I sent him under the care of a trusty Overseer to be shipped to you\u2014requesting a friend of mine in the Town to engage a passage, & provide every thing necessary for him on ship board. When they arrived at Baltimore, unfortunately, the Vessel was hove down; it became necessary therefore to commit him to Goal for security, but before this could be effected (there being some demur on the part of the Goaler to receive him without the order of a Majestrate, which occasioned delay, & gave an opportunity to escape) he embraced a moment favourable thereto, to accomplish it. Diligent, but ineffectual search was instantly made, & it is supposed to arrive at Philadelphia, is his object.\nThe Gentleman to whose care I sent him, has promised every endeavor in his power to apprehend him, but it is not easy to do this where there are numbers that had rather facilitate the escape of slaves, than apprehend them when runaways. I hope your journey was not much incommoded by this untoward step\nof your Waiter. With Sentiments of great esteem I am\u2014Sir Yr Most Obedt Hble Serv\u27e8t\u27e9\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0348", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Hansbrough, 20 November 1786\nFrom: Hansbrough, William\nTo: Washington, George\nTo his Excellency General Washington\nNovm. the 20th 1786\nI have to inform your Excellency that I ly under the unhapiness of being distresd at this time by Mr Mause for the rents that I am in debt to you for the non payment of the rents I owe for the teniment of land I now live on If your Excellency will be kind enough to take a likely Negro Woman twenty eight years of agee it will much relieve me at this time I hope your Excellency will not destroy one tenant for the misconduct of others I have but the one Negroe Woman and if she is sold by public sale she will Not sell for the rents by reason of the scarcity of money therefore I hope your Excellency will have Compassion on me at this time or Else I am Entirely ruind Its please god to afflict my family with reumatism that I have no assistance but that Negroe Woman but I freely will give her up Mr Rector and my self have made up and pd fourty too pounds I have sold 22 bushels of small grain on the place I live on and if your Excellency thinks proper Ill give up the place as it is in good repair or I freely give up the Negroe therefore I hope your Excellency Will have Compassion as you see Cause my affects will be sold the 23d instant without some relief at your hands\u2014This from your destresd tenant\nW. Hansbrough", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0349", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Richard Harrison, 20 November 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Harrison, Richard\nSir,\nMount Vernon 20th Novr 1786.\nI have received your Letter of the 10th of July together with the two Toledo Blades sent by Captn Sullivan.\nI am much obliged to Mr Carmichael for this polite mark of attention to me; but hope I shall have no occasion to use them. I should have been happy Sir, to have received them from you in person; but as your business will not yet permit you to return to your native Country, I must postpone the pleasure of seeing you to a future day, tho\u2019 I hope not a very distant one. I am Sir &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0351", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jabez Bowen, 23 November 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Bowen, Jabez\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Jabez Bowen, 23 Nov. 1786. On 9 Jan. 1787 GW wrote Bowen: \u201cI have received your letter of the 23d of Novr.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0352", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Tupper, 23 November 1786\nFrom: Tupper, Benjamin\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nMingo Bottom\u2014Ohio county Novr 23rd 1786\nI did myself the honor at the close of the Season last year to give your Excellency a hint, with respect to our ill success we have been in some measure more fortunate the last season and\nhave completed four ranges of Townships\u2014four more are begun, some of which were not far proceded on, by reason of certain information reciev\u2019d, of the hostile disposition of the Indians in particular with respect to the Surveyors\u2014but by a kind hand of providence thier schemes have been frustrated & no special accident has happend\u2019d to either of the Surveyors\u2014we are now on our return to visit our Wives and Sweat-hearts. I still entertain my former enthusiastic notions with respect to this Country, & firmly beleive that the beneficent, divine being, hath reserved this country as an Asylum for the neglected & persecuted soldiers of the late American Army, in particular those of the eastern states\u2014I am returning home with as full a determination, to encourage a speedy settlement here, as though nothing had between us & the Indians\u2014I hope I may not be instrumental of leading my friends to special danger or destruction.\nAs I have but a few minutes to write, I beg leave to refer your Excellency to the bearer, William McMahen Esquire a Member of the Assembly of your state for the County of Ohio, who is thoroughly acquainted with the affairs of this country and has been exceedingly serviceable to the surveyors.\nColonels Sproat & Sherman present thier most respectful compliments to your Excellency. My son Anselm who was my Adjutant, wishes to present his most profound respects. I wish to be remberd to Mrs Washington in such terms as will express the greatest respect\u2014Colonel Humphries & all my acquaintance in that part, I remember with singular pleasure\u2014I have the honor to be Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obedient Most Humble servant\nBenjn Tupper", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0356", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edward Newenham, 25 November 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Newenham, Edward\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Edward Newenham, 25 Nov. 1786. On 20 April 1787 GW wrote Newenham that he had \u201cbeen honoured with your favours of the 13th and 25th of November last.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0357", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Battaile Muse, 26 November 1786\nFrom: Muse, Battaile\nTo: Washington, George\nHonourable Sir,\nBerkeley C[oun]ty Novr 26th 1786\nThe Flour in your mill I wish To be sold if you are In want of money at what Ever price it will Fetch\u2014I Paid Doctr Selden for the 50 bushels of wheat 5/6 \u214c bushel amounting To \u00a313.15.0 in Augt Last in order To Close Our accts at that Time\u2014as Colo. Gilpin gave that price For the remainder of the Crop I allow\u2019d it To the Doctr I had reather be Considerable Looser than you should not be paid the Sum of \u00a313.15.0 as I owe it and It stands Charged in your acct[.] when you Sell Flour From your mill I wish it To be Sold at any rate.\nI heard From the Sheriff of Fauquier County Yesterday\u2014the Execution in His hands against Rector the Money Cannot be made yet\u2014For want of buyers at His Sales\u2014I shall go down my Self the week after Next To See into all your affairs in that County and If that Execution Can be Settled I will Contrive the money To you Immediately after it Falls into my hands about \u00a390. This is the only Prospect I have For money untill next spring\u2014one Charles Rector that Took the place Let to Enock Ashby run away while I was below \u00a383.2.0 in Debt\u2014He has moved To Frederick County. John Thompson that Left His place Last Spring owes \u00a340 & odd pounds. He lives in Fauquier Cty at this time\u2014but Proposes To Leave the County. these People were Too Poor to Bear distress For such sums\u2014as no one would buy their Little & Security they Could not give To Replevey their goods. those People Aught To be Corrected, To be made Examples off\u2014If you approve I will bring Suits against them and on their Confessing Judgemts For Cost & one For the Sum 20\u00a3 & the other For \u00a310 its Likely they may be able To Pay those Sums\u2014I wish them To be made Pay Some thing, as they\nhave behaved Very Ill\u2014Colo. Kennaday will not Pay\u2014am I To Sue Him or return your acct  Please write To me your desire on acct of those three Persons. You have good Proof For your Claims as they all have Frequently assumed the Payments To me\u2014as To Colo. Kennaday Debt\u2014I am not anxious About; but the other Two, I wish To be Punnished a Little For their Wickedness, and deter other Tenants From behaving with Such Ingratitude\u2014their is now three Widows on your Tract of Land\u2014Ashbys bend\u2014Lemart Deermant & Keys; these three Widows will be and Incumbrance on your Interest\u2014I shall act Humainly with them and will Spurr them on To Industry and waite For your Particular directions respecting them. unless I am of opinion they do not act Providently in the Interim.\nIf I Continue to have my heath I Expect To have your accts in my hands Properly Known by Next May. I am Sir your Very Humble Servant\u2014\nBattaile Muse", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0359", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Townsend Hooe, 27 November 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hooe, Robert Townsend\nDr Sir,\nMount Vernon 27th Novr 1786.\nThe plank I want is to floor a room 24 by 32 feet. It must be 24 feet long & 1\u00bd inches thick\u2014all of a colour, and entirely free from Knots & sap. More than the nett quantity is requisite, for allowances. If it were seasoned, so much the better; but this is hardly to be expected in plank of this particular kind.\nIf Mr Swift can supply me, it will be better than to send to the Eastern shore; if he can not, I then beg the favor of you to engage Messrs Peterson & Taylor (I think the names are) to furnish me agreeably to the above Memo[randu]m\u2014as soon as possible\u2014With much esteem, I am &ca\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0360", "content": "Title: From George Washington to George McCarmick, 27 November 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: McCarmick, George\nSir,\nMount Vernon 27th Novr 1786.\nI have received your letter of the 31st of October, & thank you for the information contained therein. Since which I have obtained a full account of the decisions in my favor against the settlers of my Land on Miller\u2019s run, from Mr Smith.\nAltho\u2019 those people have little right to look to me for favor or indulgences, & were told, if they run me to the expence of a Law suit, that they were not to expect any; yet as they are now in my power, it is not my wish or intention to distress them more than the recovery of my property obliges me. They may therefore continue on their respective places either as Tenants at an equitable rent which shall be deemed reasonable between man & man, or as pur-chasers, if the terms can be agreed on between us; but they, nor no others will ever get it for 20/ \u214c acre: this is five shillings less \u214c acre, than these people would have given whilst the matter was in dispute, could we have agreed on the security & times of payment. It will be a matter of indifference to me whether I sell the Land altogether, or in parcels of 2, 3, 4 or 500 acres, provided in the latter cases the price is proportioned to the quality of the Land & the improvements thereon; & provided also that it is laid off in regular form & in such a manner as not to injure the rest. Nor should I be very sollicitous about the payments, if the principal is well secured & the interest regularly paid at my house without giving me any trouble in the collection of it. For if this should be the case, I would immediately put the Bond or Bonds in suit. A part of the purchase money I should require down, or at a short period\u2014perhaps one fourth. On these terms also I would dispose of my land in Fayette county, near Yohoghaney.\nIf I had known that you had removed from your former place of abode near my Land, to Cat-fish, I should not have taken the liberty of referring those who might wish to become purchasers of it, to you to shew them the land, as it was too inconvenient for you to do it; but would have requested this favor of Colo. Cannon, who lives more convenient. The same cause prevents my requesting you to have an eye to it now. It could only suit a person who lives near, & can know almost every day, what is doing on the places, to take charge of them if the present occupants\nare determined to remove. But if your Jersey friends or others should want to become pur-chasers, you might oblige them & me too by letting them know that my lands are for sale.\nIf it was really necessary to have the out lines of the Tract run, in order to ascertain the boundaries of it, I am very willing to pay the expence; but the course by which this was done ought to have been taken from the Patent as the final act.\nI am much obliged to you for the information respecting the expeditions of Genl Clarke &c., & for the account from Detroit. I wish, most sincerely, that the first may answer the purpose of giving peace to the Western Settlements.\nMr Lear, a young Gentleman who lives with me, & who is the bearer of this letter, will probably deliver it. If he should stand in need of your advice or assistance, I pray you to give it to him. I am Sir &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0361", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Philip Marsteller, 27 November 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Marsteller, Philip\nSir,\nMo[un]t Vernon 27th Novr 1786.\nI send my Barge for the German family with which I agreed on Saturday last, & for their necessaraies if they have any to bring. As I have no body about me who can converse with them in their own language, I pray you to inform them that it will be necessary they should exert themselves to learn English; that their residences in the room into which they will be first introduced may be temporary, as they probably will be removed from it as soon as I can conveniently provide another place (on this Estate) for them to live in; that they will have provisions given to them to dress in the manner they like best; that they may obtain vegetables, out of my Garden by applying to the Gardener, to eat with their meat\u2014and lastly, that I wish to impress upon them in\nstrong terms the propriety of diligent attention to their duty, as I shall expect this of them, & shall myself be hurt if their idle conduct obliges me to remind them of a breach of their contract.\nAs there is no hurry in the case, I will take a more leisure moment to write to you on the matter hinted to you already. I am Sir, &c.\nG: Washington\nP.S. Pray ask, & let me know if the man understands thatching houses with straw.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0362", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Philip Marsteller, 27 November 1786\nFrom: Marsteller, Philip\nTo: Washington, George\nSr\nAlexa[ndria] Novr 27th 1786\nI recd your favor of this date and agreeable to Request have fully explain\u2019d to them the Contents thereof, and hartily wish their behavior may merit your Attention.\nI enclose the Indentures Signed on the part of the Servants, your part Sr after being Signed will belong to them. Col. Hooe informs me that the Laws of the State do not require the like Transactions to be done before a Majestrate therefore have not applied to any. The Man does not understand Thatching, that being a Trade in the old Country\u2014but the Woman Says she understands making Cheese according to the Custom of her Country, which comes very near to the mode of making English Cheese, by what I could learn from her \u2014Your further Commands shall always be attended to Sir By Your Very Humle Servt\nP. Marsteller", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0363", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Presley Nevill, 27 November 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Nevill, Presley\nDr Sir,\nMount Vernon 27th Novr 1786.\nAccept my thanks for the information given me in your letter of the 25th ulto from the Court House of Washington, respecting the decision of one of my Ejectments. I have, since, been informed by Mr Smith, of the favorable issue of the whole, and of the necessity there is of my paying immediate attention to the Tenements to prevent the waste & damage which otherwise will follow.\nConsequent of this advice I send Mr Lear, a young gentleman who lives with me, into that Country to take such measures for the preservation of my property as the exigency of the case, when investigated, may require. As it is more than probable he will see you, your friendly information of matters respecting this business, & advice to him would highly oblige me; as also your civilities to him.\nAltho\u2019 the present occupants have little right to look to me for indulgences, & were told not to expect them; yet, as they are now in my power, it is neither my wish nor intention to distress them further than the recovery of my property from their usurpation, must unavoidably involve them in. They may therefore become Tenants upon terms equitable between man & man, or purchasers\u2014it being my intention to dispose of the Land, from a conviction that property at the distance that is from the proprietor of it, never can be converted to uses so beneficial as the money arising from the sales; because those in whose fidelity & care we can depend, are too independent, & generally have too much business of their own to attend to smaller matters; & others who are less qualified, & more ready to accept trusts of this sort, are too apt to abuse them: this I have found to my cost.\nAs Pittsburgh is a point to which emigrants from the northern & Eastern States, & foreigners almost universally, direct their first steps, you would do me a favor to let those who may enquire for cultivated places in your presence, know that that\ntract, as well as the other (commonly called Washington\u2019s bottom) in Fayette county, are for sale. I would sell them altogether, or in parcels; but not, by the latter mode, in such a manner as to injure the sale of the rest. I would also give credit for the whole or greatest part of the purchase money, provided the principal is well secured, & the interest arising therefrom regularly paid at my own house without trouble or delay. You would oblige me too, my good Sir, by giving me your candid opinion of the value, or in other words, what these Lands ought to sell for upon the terms here mentioned.\nIf your Father is in that country now, I beg to be remembered to him & to Mrs Nevill. With esteem and regard, I am Dear Sir &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0364", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Canon, 28 November 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Canon (Cannon), John\nSir,\nMount Vernon 28th Novr 1786.\nI have just been advised by Mr Smith, my Counsel, of the favorable issue of the Ejectments I was compelled to bring for the recovery of my land in your neighbourhood; and of the necessity there is for me to appoint an agent to take care of my interest therein.\nAs I am not acquainted with any one, who lives near the land, in whom I could place such entire confidence as yourself, permit me to ask if you could make it convenient to take charge of this Tract, so far as to see that each tenement, for the preservation of it, has some person living thereon, upon the best terms you can get them. And that you may not conceive, Sir, that I mean to give you trouble without compensation, I beg leave to inform you, that whatever you may think adequate to the former, I will readily allow.\nAltho\u2019 the present occupants of it have little reason to expect favor or indulgences at my hands, yet as they are now in my\npower, I do not wish to distress them further than the repossession of my Land, & common justice to myself naturally tends to. I am willing therefore that they should remain on their respective places at such a rent as shall appear reasonable & just between man & man; & this I am perfectly willing you should fix, without considering, or in any degree attending to the loss I have sustained by being kept out of my property for more than twelve years. If you should incline to undertake this trust in my behalf, I shall be well satisfied with these or any other Tenants, for the ensuing year; a longer term, I do not at present incline to let the Tenements for, as it is my intention to sell the land if I can obtain what I conceive it is worth, & would not encumber it with Leases.\nFrom the present scarcity of money I know it would sell low for ready cash, or on short credit; but permit me to ask your candid opinion of its real worth\u2014& what you think it would sell for if credit was given for three fourths of the purchase money, three, four, or five years, with interest to be regularly & punctually paid at my own house during that term; & whether you conceive it would be most advantageous for me to sell it by the tract, or in parcels of one, two, three, four, or five hundred acres, as may be most convenient to the purchasers?\nMr Lear who lives with me, and who I expect will deliver this letter to you, will, if it is necessary, explain any matter that I may be deficient in.\nI beg leave to recommend him to your civilities, & friendly advice what steps he had best take in this business, if you should be disinclined to engage in it yourself. With esteem, I am Sir, Your mo: Obt Servt\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0365", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Freeman, 28 November 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Freeman, Thomas\nSir,\nMo[un]t Vernon 28th Novr 1786.\nMr Smith having advised me of the decisions in my favor at the Nisi prius Court held for the county of Washington; & of the necessity there is for my sending, or appointing some person on the spot to attend to my interest in the recovered lands; I have, as you appeared fixed on a removal to Kentuckey in the Spring, & with difficulty could be induced to continue the management of my business in your neighbourhood \u2019till now, sent Mr Lear, who lives with me, to examine into the situation of the Tenements\u2014views of the present occupants, & on the spot to make such arrangements in my behalf, as the exigency of the case may require. He will call upon you in his way out, or in; & by him I should be glad to know what has been done with my Negroes: if sold\u2014to whom, on what credit & for what sum. I wish also to know whether you have received any more of my money; & in that case, how it has been applied: if any is coming to me Mr Lear will afford a safe conveyance for it. I want also to know, in what situation, under whose occupation, & what the expectations are from my land near you\u2014especially the place lately occupied by Simpson; and in what condition the Mill is. I would not wish to have any of the places not already under Leases, engaged for more than one year, because, as I am determined to sell the land if I can obtain a price adequate to what I conceive to be the worth of it, it might be considered as an incumbrance. To keep the buildings & fences in good repair may be essential, even if I gain nothing by the rents.\nConsidering the present scarcity of money, I am sensible it would not answer to sell for ready Cash; but what do you suppose the track near you would fetch if three, four, or five years credit (paying interest) should be given for three fourths of the purchase money? And what difference do you think there would be in the amount of the sales, between selling the tract entire, or by the Lotts as now laid off\u2014or in three, four, or five hundred-acre parcels? If any person should apply to you for information respecting this Land & the terms, I would accommodate them in this manner; & with respect to price, I want no more pr acre than such kind of land, with such credit sells at in the same part of the country. I am &c.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0367", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James McHenry, 29 November 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: McHenry, James\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon 29th Novr 1786\nYour letters of the 18th by the Packet, & 19th by the Post, are both at hand\u2014The Birds were landed yesterday. A Patridge died on the passage.\nIf Monsr Campion\u2019s information is to be depended on, he had no letter from the Marquis de la Fayette or any other character\nin France, for me; nothing confidential therefore could have been disclosed by the loss of his pocket book, unless it was deposited in your letter. His acct is, that he was ordered to repair to L\u2019Orient with the Asses & Birds, from whence he & they were to be shipped by the Messrs Barauds. That the Marquis told him, letters should follow, and he supposes they will arrive in the French Packet.\nBy Monsr Campion I send the guinea you paid for his board; if there are any charges yet behind, I wish to be informed of them that they may be immediately paid. My sincere thanks are due to you, my dear Sir, for your kind attention to this business. Having received no intimation at, or previous to the arrival of Monsr Campion respecting the light in which he ought to be viewed, I thought it best to err on the safe side, and therefore took him to my table, where he has conducted himself with modesty & propriety.\nUnder full conviction that the Asses were never intended as a present, and that the Chinese Pheasants (instead of costing 16 Gu[inea]s a pair as the Baltimore paragraphist has anounced to the public) came from the Kings Aviary as a present to the Marquis for me (for so says Monsr Campion) I am concerned that such information should have been exhibited in a public gazette as appeared in the B. Pap. for it may be viewed as a contrivance to bespeak, what I should industriously have endeavoured to avoid, had I supposed it was so meant;\u2014a present. Was this publication confined to Maryland, or even the United States there would not be so much in it; but as these paragraphs for want of other matter to fill a Paper, are handed from one to another, and ultimately get into the British & French Gazettes; the Marquis will entertain a queer idea of it, if nothing more is meant than what was promised, & expected\u2014that is\u2014to be the instrument through the medium of Adml de Suffran (Govr of the Island of Malta, or head of the Order) of procuring & forwarding them from that place to me. That he should have paid all the expences which attended the getting, and shipping them is beyond a doubt\u2014It could not well be otherwise, as their procuration was a doubtful essay. As I have not however received a single line respecting these animals, I do not undertake to contradict the report, but think the evidence of it\u2014the cost\u2014&ca appears to have been too slight to hand it in\nsuch a dress to the public. With sincere esteem & regard I am\u2014Dear Sir Yr most Obedt & affecte Servant\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0368", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Tobias Lear, 30 November 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nMount Vernon Novr 30th 1786\nInstructions for Mr Lear   \nYou will proceed to Pittsburgh by the following rout\u2014Leesburgh, Keys\u2019 Ferry, Bath, Old Town and Fort Cumberland. From the latter pursue the new road by the Turkey foot to Colo. John Stephenson (commonly called Stinson) wch is on the road to Pittsburgh.\nWhen you are at Bath enquire the way to a piece of Land I have on the river about 14 Miles above the town on the way to Old Town and see if it is in the occupation of any one, and on what terms it is held. A Colo. Bruin in Bath, or a Mr McCraken near the Land will I expect be able to give you information on this head.\nWhen you arrive at Colo. Stephenson\u2019s you will deliver the letter which is addressed to him & receive what money he may be in circumstances or inclination to pay you on my acct.\nAt Pittsburgh I expect you will find General Butler to whom you have a letter and from whom it is probable you may receive an answer. If he is not there leave the letter for him in the care of his brother (who lives at that place) or some other.\nColo. Nevill lives at a place called Shirtees six miles below\nPittsburgh and I believe not much out of the road to my Land on Millers run (lately recovered) or to Colo. Cannons in the vicinity of it.\nYou will converse fully and freely with Colo. Nevill on the points touched on in my letter\u2014hear his sentiments on them\u2014and find out if you can how far and with what cordiallity he is disposed to serve me in providing Tenants and securing the Rents of the newly recovered Lands\u2014You will be able to learn from him also whether Colo. Cannon is at home or at the Assembly in Philadelphia\u2014probably Colo. Nevill will ride there with you in the former case, or to the land in the latter one\u2014The condition the last is in you will examine and inform the residents thereon of the person I have named as my Agent\u2014and though they have little right to expect favor from me, yet I have no inclination to distress them more than can be avoided.\nAs Colo. Canon lives near my land & is esteemed a worthy and respectable character it would be more convenient and perhaps better\u2014every thing considered\u2014that he should superintend my tenants than any other person\u2014but if he declines it and Colo. Nevill discovers an inclination to serve me in this business he would be my next choice\u2014and Major McCarmick the third\u2014In case either of the first (in the order they are named) should incline to accept this trust there will be no necessity for you to deliver the letter to the latter in person if he should not fall in your way.\nThe name of the person accepting the trust must be inserted in the blank power herewith given you.\nYou will endeavor to discover from those to whom I have written as also from others what probably is the highest price that can be obtained for the two tracts I wish to dispose of\u2014viz.\u2014that on Millers run in Washington County containing about 3000 Acres\u2014and that on Yohiogany (commonly called Washingtons bottom) in Fayette County of 1650 Acres giving the credits & receiving the payments in the manner mentioned in my letters\u2014& if you should find that none are of opinion that the first will exceed 30/ pr Acre and the other 40/ both Pensyla Curry you may give it out that although I have not named the prices of these tracts in my letters yet you have good reason to believe and indeed to know that if these prices could be averaged (in case the Lands are sold in parcels) that I would be content\ntherewith and assurances might be given of my disposing of them on these terms.\nAfter having finished the business which takes you to Washington County, return home by the way of my other Land in Fayette County the condition of which I wish you to examine over and above the Acct you will receive from Major Freeman  & then return in by Braddock Road at the Great Meadows lying on which I have a small tract which sometimes has and at other times has not a tenant (though no rent has ever yet been paid me for it) See in what state & Condition this tenement is in.\nYour road from hence will cross the No. Branch of Potomack above Fort Cumberland and pass through Rumney and thence to Winchester where you will deliver my letter to Mr White and receive the money due from Genl Lees Estate to me if he inclines to pay it.\nIn this trip you will have an opportunity of satisfying yourself fully with respect to Colo. Hulls enquiries which I wish you to do\u2014and also what the legal fees of my Lawyers are in the ejectments lately decided in my favor that I may know better what to add to them.\nIf Major Freeman can give any Acct of the suit (an ejectment I believe it is) brought by my Brother Colo. Jno. Washington in Fayette Court I should be glad if you would obtain it that I communicate the same to him. Wishing you good health and as pleasant a journey as can be expected from the Season I am your sincere friend\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0369", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Gardoqui, 1 December 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Gardoqui, Diego Maria de\nSir,\nMount Vernon 1st Decr 1786.\nI have had the honor to receive the letter which your Excellency did me the favor of writing to me on the 18th ulto together with the enclosure from the Prime minister of Spain, for which, and the translation, I pray you to accept my grateful thanks.\nBesides the pleasure I feel in making these acknowledgements, one object that prompts me to them at this early period, is, to beg that your Excely will not take the trouble of being instrumental in procuring for me a She Ass (by means of which I might preserve the breed of the valuable Jack I received as a present from his Catholic Majesty). At all times & under any circumstances, I shou\u2019d have been perfectly ashamed if an unguarded expression of mine should have been the cause of giving you trouble, but more so in the present. When I had the honor of addressing you last, I had actually sent to Surinam, where I was informed very good, though not of the first race of these animals, were to be had, for a she one; & besides, thro\u2019 the medium of my good friend the Marqs de la Fayette, I had assurances & the further prospect of obtaining one or two from\nthe Island of Malta. I am quite unhappy therefore lest the information in my former letter, that \u201cI am endeavouring to provide a female that the advantages which are to be derived from this Jack may not end with his life,\u201d should have been construed an expression of a wish that your Excely would employ your influence to effect this purpose, & it is the inducement which has hastened me to an explanation & correction of the indigested manner in which information was communicated.\nRheumatic pains, with which of late I have been a good deal afflicted, and some other causes, will render it inconvenient for me to be in Philada in May next as seems to be expected, & where one of my first pleasures would have been to have paid my respects to your Excellency.\nIt will be to be regretted if a contrariety of sentiments respecting the navigation of the Mississippi should impede that harmony & mutual intercourse of interests so essential between nations whose territories border on each other. I would fain hope therefore that the true & reciprocal benefits of Spain & the United States, in this case, as well as in all others which may arise between them, will be cooly & dispassionately considered before the ultimatum on either side is fixed. There is no ground on which treaties can be formed that will be found permanent or satisfactory, unless they have these for their basis: but however necessary it may be to inculcate this doctrine upon others, your Excellency I am sure is too much of a politician to need the remark, & too much of a friend to these States to insist upon any measure, which the essential interests of your Nation, or the orders of your Court, may not have dictated; incompatible therewith. With very great consideration & respect I have the honor to be &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0372", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Rawleigh Colston, 4 December 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Colston, Rawleigh\nSir,\nMo[un]t Vernon 4th Decr 1786.\nYour favor of the 10th of Novembr, (which did not reach me \u2019till within these three days) as well as the former by Mr Ireland, came safe to hand.\nMr Wright, whom I saw at Alexandria, will have informed you, that as the business respecting the affairs of the deceased Colo. George Mercer was transferred by a decree of the high Court of Chancery, from me to Colo. John Mercer; & the Bonds & other papers assigned over to the latter, that it lay with\nhim to settle the accounts & to decide on the propriety of making conveyances. The Deeds were only with-held \u2019till payment of the consideration money should be made, or satisfactory security should be given for the doing of it\u2014and that (if it was necessary for me to do it at all) I could make no conveyance without his express direction; this being necessary, for my justification. And this I also repeated to Mr Ireland in emphatic terms.\nSince these conversations I have received a line from Colo. John Mercer requesting me to execute a Deed to you for one of the Lotts sold Mr Hickman; but as the Deeds for conveyance of these lands are much out of the usual form, (there being many parties to them) & all the papers respecting the business now out of my possession, I have, in answer to this request, desired him if it is indispensably necessary for me as the seller to convey, to have the deed (for there were some blank ones left) filled up & sent to me with authority for me to sign, & no delay should be found on my part. Having thus explained my sentiments of, & agency in this business, you will readily perceive to what quarter your future applications are to be directed. Considering the light in which Mr Ireland stood, I gave him a statement of the case in writing, that Mr Stone might act in it agreeably to the dictates of his own judgment, or the orders of Colo. Mercer, with respect to the execution. I am Sir &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0373", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Fielding Lewis, Jr., 4 December 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lewis, Fielding Jr.\nSir,\nM[oun]t Vernon 4th Decr 1786.\nYour letter of the 11 th of Octor never came to my hands \u2019till yesterday. Altho\u2019 your disrespectful conduct towards me, in coming into this country & spending weeks therein without ever coming near me, entitles you to very little notice or favor from me; yet I consent that you may get timber from off my Land in\nFauquier County to build a house on your Lott in Recter town. Having granted this, now let me ask you what your views were in purchasing a Lott in a place which, I presume, originated with, & will end in two or three Gin Shops, which probably will exist no longer than they serve to ruin the proprietors, & those who make the most frequent applications to them. I am &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0374-0002", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Lincoln\nFrom: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTo: Washington, George\n      My dear General,\n      Hingham [Mass.]Decr 4th 1786[\u20134 Mar. 1787]\n      I was honored by the reciept of your favour of the 7th Ulto, and your circular address by one of the last Posts.\n      I wish your Excellency had not in so decided a manner expressed your determination to retire from the head of the order of Cincinnati. I shall communicate your address to our delegates at the next general meeting, and to our State society.\n      I have made three trips into the eastern country this year, partly on public and partly on private business. I have one son now there and another will probably go there next spring. I\n      think it a good country and that young men may sit down in it with flattering prospects. Since the last Spring we have erected two saw mills on a large scale, and have established a number of settlers. We have frequent applications for lots and shall soon obtain the number of families we are obliged to settle, (viz. sixty in six years). From the situation of the two Townships which were bought by Mr Russel, Mr Lowell and myself, the settlement of them will be easy for the lands are so indented by rivers and bays that we lie about seventy miles on navigable waters; and there are not one hundred acres in the fifty thousand which will be five miles from such waters. Our people who have been bred near the sea are fond of settling as near to it as possible. It is a Country which abounds with fish of almost every kind, and the waters are covered with fowls. The lands will be friendly to the growth of wheat rye, barley, oats, hemp and flax, but not much so to indian corn. Indeed I am so pleased with the country that I frequently wish myself there where I might be free from the present noise and tumults. but I cannot leave this part of the state at present, for notwithstanding the resolutions I had formed ever to decline entering again into public life, I was persuaded by my friends to take the command of the first division of militia in this state. I am now busily employed in organizing it &c. This business, which would at all times be a duty, is especially so now, when the State is convulsed, and the bands of government, in some parts of it, are cast off.\n      I cannot therefore be surprized to hear your Excellency enquire \u201care your people getting mad? are we to have the goodly fabric, that eight years were spent in raising, pulled over our heads? what is the cause of all these commotions? when and how will they end\u201d Altho\u2019 I cannot pretend to give a full and compleat answer to them, yet I will make some observations which shall involve in them the best answers to the several questions in my power to give.\n      \u201cAre your people getting mad?\u201d Many of them appear to be absolutely so, if an attempt to annihilate our present constitution and dissolve the present government can be considered as evidences of insanity.\n      \u201cAre we to have the goodly fabric, that eight years were spent in rearing, pulled over our heads?\u201d There is great danger that it will be so, I think; unless the tottering system shall be supported\n      by arms, and even then a government which has no other basis than the point of the bayonet, should one be suspended thereon, is so totally different from the one established, at least in idea, by the different States that if we must have recourse to the sad experiment of arms it can hardly be said that we have supported \u201cthe goodly fabric.\u201d In this view of the matter it may be \u201cpulled over our heads.\u201d This probably will be the case, for there doth not appear to be virtue enough among the people to preserve a perfect republican government.\n      \u201cWhat is the cause of all these commotions?\u201d The causes are too many and too various for me to pretend to trace and point them out. I shall therefore only mention some of those which appear to be the principle ones. Among those I may rank the ease with which property was acquired, with which credit was obtained, and debts were discharged in the time of the War. Hence people were diverted from their usual industry and \u0153conomy. A luxuriant mode of living crept into vogue, and soon that income, by which the expences of all should as much as possible be limited, was no longer considered as having any thing to do with the question at what expence families ought to live, or rather which they ought not to have exceeded. The moment the day arrived when all discovered that things were fast returning back into their original channels, that the industrious were to reap the fruits of their industry, and that the indolent and improvident would soon experience the evils of their idleness and sloth. Very many startled at the idea, and instead of attempting to subject themselves to such a line of conduct, which duty to the public, and a regard to their own happiness evidently pointed out, they contemplated how they should evade the necessity of reforming their system and of changing their present mode of life, they first complained of Commutation, of the weight of public taxes, of the insupportable debt of the union, of the scarcity of money, and of the cruelty of suffering the private creditors to call for their just dues. This catalogue of complaints was listened to by many. County conventions were formed, and the cry for Paper Money, subject to depreciation, as was declared by some of their public resolves, was the clamour of the day. But notwithstanding instructions to members of the General Court and petitions from different quarters, the majority of that body were opposed to the measures. Failing of their\n      point, the disaffected in the first place, attempted, and in many instances succeeded, to stop the courts of Law and to suspend the operations of government. This they hoped to do untill they could by force sap the foundations of our constitution, and bring into the Legislature creatures of their own by which they could mould a government at pleasure, and make it subservient to all their purposes, and when an end should thereby be put to public and private debts, the Agrarian law might follow with ease. In short the want of industry, \u0153conomy, and common honesty seem to be the causes of the present commotions.\n      It is impossible for me to determine \u201cwhen and how they will end,\u201d as I see little probability that they will be brought to a period, and the dignity of government supported without bloodshed. When a single drop is drawn, the most prophetic spirit will not, in my opinion, be able to determine when it will cease flowing. The proportion of debtors run high in this State. Too many of them are against the government. The men of property, and the holders of the public securities are generally supporters of our present constitution. Few of these have been in the field, and it remains quite problematical whether they will in time so fully discover their own interests as they shall be induced thereby to lend for a season part of their property for the security of the remainder. If these classes of men should not turn out on the broad scale with spirit, and the insurgents should take the field and keep it, our Constitution will be overturned, and the f\u0153deral government broken in upon by lopping off one branch essential to the well being of the whole. This cannot be submitted to by the United States with impunity. They must send force to our aid: when this shall be collected they will be equal to all purposes.\n      The insurgents have now every advantage. If we move in force against them, we move under the direction of the civil authority, and we cannot act but by the direction of it. After the riot-act has been read and one hour elapsed they may disperse if they think proper; and the next day assemble again in another place. So they may conduct themselves in perfect security from day to day untill a favorable moment shall offer, after the well affected to government are worn out, for them to commence the attack. Had the last General Court declared the disaffected counties in a state of Rebellion, they would have placed the contest\n      upon a different footing, and the Rebels might have been soon crushed. They did not do it. What they will do at their next session, which will be in February next, is quite uncertain, and must remain, \u201cwith the time when and the manner how these commotions are to end,\u201d concealed from me in the unturned pages of futurity.\n      Feby 22 1787\u2003\u2003Thus far I had written as early as December, and should have forwarded the letter at that time, but had some hopes that the Governour and Council would take some measures for crushing the Insurgents. This however hung in suspence untill the beginning of January. It was then agreed to raise two thousand men in the Counties of Suffolk, Essex, and Middlesex, and four companies of Artillery; twelve hundred men in the County of Hampshire; and twelve hundred men in the County of Worcester. The command of the troops was to be given to me being the first Major General in the State. At this moment, when every part of the system was digested, and nothing remained but the offering the order to raise the men, and carry it into execution, information was received from the Commissary General that the necessary supplies could not be obtained without a considerable sum in cash, which was not within the power of the Treasurer to borrow. On my hearing this from the Governour, I went immediately to a club of the first characters in Boston who met that night, and layed before them a full state of matters, and suggested to them the importance of their becoming loaners of part of their property if they wished to secure the remainder. A Subscription was set on foot in the morning, headed by the Governour. Before night the cloud which twenty four hours before hung over us disappeared as we had an assurance of obtaining the sum we wanted.\n      Orders were then issued for raising the men. They were directed to rendezvous at different places on the 18th and 19th of January. The objects to [be] embraced by the force called into the field, your Excellency will learn from the following Instructions from the Governor.\n      Boston January 19th 1787\u2014\n      You will take the command of the Militia detached in obedience to my Orders of the fourth instant. The great objects to be effected are to protect the Judicial Courts, particularly those next to be holden in\n      the County of Worcester, if the Justices of said Courts should request your aid; to assist the civil Magistrates in executing the Laws, and in repelling or apprehending all and every such person and persons as shall in a hostile manner attempt or enterprize, the destruction detriment or annoyance of this Commonwealth: and also to aid them in apprehending the disturbers of the public peace, as well as all such persons as may be named in the State Warrants, that have been, or shall be committed to any civil Officer or Officers, or to any other person to execute.\n      If to these important ends the Militia already ordered out should in your opinion be incompetent, you will call on the Major Generals for further and effectual aid. If you can rely on their attachment to Government, you will in the first instance call on the Militia in the neighbourhood of your Camp.\n      I cannot minutely point out to you the particular line you shall pursue in executing these Orders: but would observe in general, that if to answer the aforesaid valuable purposes you shall judge it necessary to march a respectable force through the Western Counties, you will in that case do it. This would give confidence to the well affected; would aid and protect the civil Officers in executing their duty, and would convince the misguided of the abilities of Government, and its determination to pursue every legal and constitutional measure for restoring peace and order to the Commonwealth.\n      You are to consider yourself in all your military offensive operations constantly as under the direction of the civil Officer, saving where any armed force shall appear and oppose your marching to execute these Orders.\n      That I may be fully acquainted with all the proceedings of the armed force under your command, and with all matters that respect the great objects to be effected, you will please to give me regular information by every post; and for immediate and necessary intelligence, you will order the Quarter Master General to provide the necessary expences.\n      On these attempts to restore system and order, I wish the smiles of Heaven; and that you may have an agreeable command, the most perfect success, and a speedy and safe return; and am with much esteem, Sir, Your most obedient Servant James Bowdoin.\n      We commenced our march in the morning of the 20th for Worcester, where the Court of Common Pleas, and Court of the general Session of the peace were to set on the 23d, which Courts we were ordered to protect. They opened and compleated their business Thursday morning.\n      Shays did not point his force to any object untill the 24th.\n      Then he took a post from which he could suddenly strike the Public Magazine which seemed to be his object. He covered his men at Wilbraham six miles south of it, while Day remained with his at West Springfield. They were jointly to have made an attack on the Magazine at 4 oClock P.M. January 25th, one of the Letters from Day to Shays was intercepted which would have delayed Shays\u2019s movements. He came on in open column, was repeatedly warned of his danger by General Shepard, and finally if he progressed in any degree farther he would fire upon him. He moved, and the General fired over him, hoping to deter him from proceeding, but to no effect. He then fired two pieces into his column which he attempted to display. By these shots three men were killed, and a number wounded. His people were thrown into the utmost confusion, and dispersed for a time but soon collected as they were not followed by General Shepard, who could have destroyed a great proportion of them had he been disposed to do it.\n      Shays\u2019 dispersion led me to make a very rapid march for the relief of Shepard, who was apprehensive for the safety of the stores, and for the Inhabitants, and for the town of Springfield. I threw one regiment and some Horse into his camp in the night of the 26th. Shays having filed off about six miles to right, I arrived with the main body of the troops at noon the 27th. The men were immediately quartered, and took some refreshment. In this time: I had an opportunity of learning the situation of the Insurgents. Part of them were on the East and part on the West side of Connecticut River: those on the East were commanded by Shays, and those on the West by Day, who had placed his guard on the West bank of the River, and another at Agawaam River. Shays had placed his guards on the East bank of the River so that they had cut off all communication to the town of Springfield from the North and the West in the common routs. It was with the greatest difficulty that new ones could be formed as the snow was very deep. Hereby many of our supplies fell into their hands. In this situation I could not think of remaining one night. I ordered the troops under arms at 3 oClock, tho\u2019 many of them had been so from one in the morning. Part of them with the light Horse, I moved up the River on the ice with an intention to prevent the junction of Shays and Day; and if that was not attempted, to cut off Day\u2019s retreat. With\n      the other part of the troops I moved across the river in front of his guard. They soon turned out and retreated to his main body. They retreated before us about half a mile, then made some disposition to attack, but soon left that post and retreated to a high peace of ground in their rear where they were met by the light Horse. Thence they fled in every direction, but most of them the same evening reached Northampton. This left Shays\u2019 right uncovered and induced him to move the same night to Amherst about 20 miles North of Springfield. At 3 oClock of the morning of the 29th we moved towards Amherst, where Shays had been joined by Day. On our arrival in the borders of the town the rear of Shays\u2019 force left it; some few fell into our hands. He then took post at Pelham East from Amherst: We filed off to the left, and took post in Hadley and Hatfield, on the River. He had now taken a very strong position. The ground he was well acquainted with, being the town in which he lived. On the morning of the 30th I sent him the following address.\n      Head quarters Hadley Jan 30th 1787\n      Whether you are convinced or not, of your error in flying to arms, I am fully persuaded, that before this hour, you have the fullest conviction on your own mind that you are not able to execute your original purposes.\n      Your resources are few, your force is inconsiderable, and hourly decreasing from the disaffection of your men. You are in a post where you have neither cover nor supplies, and in a situation in which you can neither give aid to your friends, nor discomfort to the supporters of good order and government. Under these circumstances, you cannot hesitate a moment, to disband your deluded followers. If you should not, I must approach and apprehend the most influential characters among you. Should you attempt to fire upon the troops of government, the consequences might be fatal to many of your men the least guilty. To prevent bloodshed, you will communicate to your privates that if they will instantly lay down their arms, surrender themselves to government, and take and subscribe the oath of allegiance to this Commonwealth, they shall be recommended to the General Court for mercy. If you should either withhold this information from them, or suffer your people to fire upon our approach, you must be answerable for all the ills, which may exist in consequence thereof.\n      To Capt. Shays & the other Officers commanding the men in arms against the Government of this Commonwealth.\n      This was delivered by General Putnam and two other Gentlemen, all of whom were of my family; and brought the same day the following answer.\n      Pelham Jany 30th 1787\u2014\n      To General Lincoln Commanding the Government Troops at Hadley\n      The people Assembled in Arms from the Counties of Middlesex, Worcester, Hampshire & Berkshire taking into serious Consideration the purport of the Flag just Received\u2014\n      Return for Answer, that however unjustifiable the measure may be, which the people have adopted, in having recourse to Arms, Various Circumstances have induced them thereto, we are Sensible of the Embarrasments the people are under, but that Virtue which truly Charaterises the Citizens of a Republican Government hath hitherto marked our paths with a Degree of Innocence, & we wish & trust it will still be the Case, at the same time the people are willing to lay down their Arms on the Condition of a General Pardon, and Return to their respective homes as they are unwilling to Stain the Land which we in the late war purchased at so dear a rate with the Blood of our Brethren and Neighbours, therefore we pray that Hostilities may Cease on your part untill our united Prayers may be presented to the General Court, & we receive an Answer, as a person is gone for that purpose, if this Request may be complied with, Government shall meet with no interruption from the people, but let each Army Occupy the posts where they now are. Daniel Shays Capt.\n      The following is an extract from a Letter I wrote the 30th to the Governour.\n      Dear Sir,\n      I have had many applications from towns pretty much in the language of those made to your Excellency and Council. I have given them all the same answer, that I cannot suspend our operations, and if they wish to prevent the shedding of blood, they must apply to Shays to disband his troops. He is recieving daily supplies of provisions, and some few recruits. It will be difficult, if not impossible to put an end to such disorders, unless a Rebellion is declared to exist. Shays and his abettors must be treated as open enemies; the sooner it is done, the better: for if we drive him from one strong post, he flies to another; In these movements he could not be supported, if he was not comforted by the many disaffected in the Counties.\n      I hope the General Court will not hesitate, but come to the point at\n      once; and act with that decision and firmness, which in my opinion a regard to the well being of the State so manifestly demands.\n      I had constant applications from Committees, and Selectmen of the several towns in the Counties of Worcester and Hampshire, praying that the effusion of blood may be avoided; while the real design, as was supposed, of these applications was to stay our operations untill a new Court should be elected. They had no doubt if they could keep up their influence untill another choice of the Legislature and the Executive that matters might be moulded in General Court to their wishes. This to avoid was the duty of Government. As all these applications breathed the same spirit, the same answer was given to them. The following is a copy.\n      Gentlemen, I have felt too sensibly for the distresses of those unhappy men who have been deluded to rise in arms against their Country, in violation of every principle of duty, not to have most seriously contemplated, how they might be reclaimed without bloodshed. Hitherto our men have been restrained from firing. Shays has been notified of his danger, and of the consequences which must ensue should he fire upon the troops of Government. His men have been invited to return to their homes, and lay down their arms. I hope they will attend to the advice.\n      I think those Towns which sincerely wish to put an end to this rebellion, might render essential services in effecting so desirable an object. They should by their advice recall their men now in arms, they should aid in apprehending all abettors of them, and all who are yeilding them any comfort and supplies. This would reduce them to submission, and prevent the horrors so much feared.\n      On the 31st I received the following application from Shays and others.\n      The Honorable General Lincoln. Sir, as the officers of the People now Convened in Defence of their rights and Priveleges, have sent a Petition to the General Court for the sole Purpose of accomodation of our Present unhappy affairs, we justly expect, that the Hostilities May cease on both sides untill we have a return from our Legislature.\n      Your Honnor therefore will Please to Give us an answer.\n                        Frans Stone, Chairman\n                        Pr order of the Committee for Reconciliation\n                        Daniel Shays, Captain\n                        Adam Wheeler, Captain\n      I returned the following answer.\n      Gentlemen, Your request is totally inadmissible, as no powers are delegated to me which would justify a delay of my operations. Hostilities I have not commenced.\n      I have again to warn the people in arms against Government, immediately to disband, as they would avoid the ill consequences which may ensue, should they be inattentive to this caution.\n      In this position I remained refreshing the troops who had suffered very severe fatigue. This also gave time for the several Towns to use their influence with their own people to return, if they thought proper to use it: and to circulate among Shays\u2019 men that they would be recommended for a pardon if they would come in, and lay down their arms. The 2d of Febuary I was induced to reconnoitre Shays\u2019 post on his right, left, and rear. I had recieved information by General Putnam before, that we could not approach him in front. I intended to have approached him on the 3d inst. This reconnoitreing gave him an alarm. At 3 oClock in the morning of the 3d, I recieved an application from Wheeler, that he wished to confer with General Putnam. His request was granted. He seemed to have no object but his personal safety. No encouragement being given him in this head, he returned a little after noon. In the evening of the same day, I was informed that Shays had left his ground, and had pointed his rout toward Petersham in the County of Worcester, where he intended to make a stand as a number of Towns in the vicinity had engaged to support him. Our troops were put in motion at 8 o Clock. The first part of the night was pleasant, and the weather clement; but between two and three o Clock in the morning, the wind shifting to the Westward, it became very cold and squally, with considerable snow. The wind immediately arose very high, and with the light snow which fell the day before and was falling, the paths were soon filled up, the men became fatigued, and they were in a part of the country where they could not be covered in the distance of eight miles, and the cold was so increased, that they could not halt in the road to refresh themselves. Under these circumstances they were obliged to continue their march. We reached Petersham about 9 o Clock in the morning exceedingly fatigued with a march of\n      thirty miles, part of it in a deep snow and in a most violent storm; when this abated, the cold increased and a great proportion of our men were frozen in some part or other, but none dangerously. We approached nearly the centre of the Town where Shays had covered his men; and had we not been prevented from the steepness of a large hill at our entrance, and the depth of the snow from throwing our men rapidly into it we should have arrested very probably one half this force; for they were so surprized as it was that they had not time to call in their out-parties, or even their guards. About 150 fell into our hands, and none escaped but by the most precipitate flight in different directions.\n      Thus that body of men who were a few days before offering the grossest insults to the best Citizens of this Commonwealth and were menacing even Government itself, were now nearly dispersed, without the shedding of blood but in an instance or two where the Insurgents rushed on their own destruction. That so little has been shed is owing in a measure to the patience and obedience, the zeal and the fortitude in our troops, which would have done honour to veterans. A different line of conduct which Shays flattered his troops would have been followed, would have given them support, and led them to acts of violence, whilst it must have buoyed up the hopes of their abettors, and stimulated them to greater exertions.\n      At this time I recieved the proceedings of the General Court. They have acted with a degree of decision and firmness which do them honour. I think your Excellency will be pleased to have their doings added.\n      Having distressed the main body of the insurgents, our next attention was so to disseminate our force thro\u2019 the disaffected Counties, as to break the little knots of those in arms which were collected in various parts of the Counties, and were taking up, confining, and plundering all who fell into their hands who in their opinion were \u201cfreinds to government,\u201d as they called them. A body of troops were retained in the County of Worcester; a regiment left in the County of Hampshire, besides a guard to the public Magazine at Springfield. With three regiments I came on to this place. I found the people in general had been in arms,\n      or had been abettors of those who were, and that their obstinacy was not exceeded by anything but by their ignorance of their own situation. I at once threw detachments into different parts of the County, for the purpose of protecting the freinds to Government and apprehending those who had been in arms against it. This business is pretty fully accomplished, and there are no Insurgents together in arms in the State.\n      There are many parties in the neighbouring States lurking near the borders of this. They are poisoning the minds of a class among them. It is now time for those States to exert themselves in apprehending such characters, for they fan the coals, and will kindle the flame of rebellion whereever they go.\n      The time for which the Militia engaged to serve expires with this day. We are raising two regiments to remain in service for four months in obedience to the following resolves.\n      That your Excellency may have a knowledge of the doings of our Legislature which I think will some day or other make a rich page in History, I have subjoined the following Acts.\n      Although I revere the doings of our General Court, yet I think in one instance or two they have gone too far. The following observations on one of their laws, I have submitted to the consideration of a private Friend in Boston, and they are added to this letter, by which nothing more is intended, than as the reading it may serve as an hour of amusement to your Excellency.\n      When a State whose Constitution is like ours, has been convulsed by intestine broils; when the bands of Government have in any part of it been thrown off, and Rebellion has for a time stalked unmolested: when the most affectionate neighbours become in consequence hereof, divided in sentiment on the question in dispute, and warmly espouse the opinions they hold; when even the Father arms against the Son, and the son against the Father, the powers of Government may be exerted; and crush the Rebellion, but to reclaim its citizens, to bring them back fully to a sense of their duty, and to establish anew those principles, which lead them to embrace the Government with affection, must require the wisdom, the patience & the address of the Legislature.\n      Love and Fear are the bonds of civil Society. Love is the noblest incentive to obedience; a Government supported hereon is certainly the most desireable, and ensures the first degrees of happiness which can be derived from civil compact. Such a Government as this is always wounded, when any thing shall exist which makes it necessary to apply to the fears of the governed. This never will be done by a wise administration, unless the General Good renders it indespensible, and it will be removed the first moment it can be, consistently with the common safety.\n      The spirit of Rebellion is now nearly crushed in this State, and the opposition to Government is hourly decreasing. This therefore is the most critical moment yet seen. Punishment must be such, and be so far extended as thereby others shall be detered from repeating such acts of outrage in future, and care must be taken that they do not extend beyond a certain degree the necessity of which must be acknowledged by all. In her right hand Government must hold out such terms of mercy in the hour of success, with such evident marks of a disposition to forgive as shall apply to the feelings of the delinquents, beget in them such sentiments of gratitude and love by which they will be led to embrace with the highest cordiality that Government which they have attempted to trample under foot. This example in Government will have its influence upon Individuals, and be productive of the best Effects among contending Neighbours & divided Families.\n      These are sentiments which I suppose have their foundation in truth; and in the belief of them, I have been led to examine with some attention the late Act of the General Court, by which certain Characters are for a time disfranchised. Although I think the conduct of the Legislature will make a rich page in History, yet I cannot but suppose, that if the number of the disfranchised had been less, the public peace would have been equally safe, and the general good promoted.\n      The Act includes so great a description of persons that in its operation many Towns will be disfranchised. This will injure the whole, for multiplied disorders must be experienced under such circumstances.\n      The people who have been in Arms against Government and their Abettors, have complained, and do now complain that grievances do exist, and that they ought to have redress. We\n      have invariably said to them, you are wrong in flying to Arms; you should seek redress in a Constitutional way, & wait the decision of the Legislature. These observations were undoubtedly just, but will they not now complain, and say, that we have cut them off from all hope of redress, from that quarter, for we have denied them a representation in that Legislative body, by whose Laws they must be governed.\n      While they are in this situation, they never will be reconciled to Government, nor will they submit to the terms of it, from any other Motive than fear excited by a constant military armed force extended over them. While these distinctions are made, the subjects of them will remain invidious, and their will be no affection existing among Inhabitants of the same Neighbourhood, or Families, where they have thought and acted differently. Those who have been opposers to Government will view with a jealous eye, those who have been supporters of it, and consider them as the cause which produced the disqualifying act, and who are now keeping it alive. Many never will submit to it, they will rather leave the State than do it. If we could reconcile ourselves to this loss, and on this account make no objection, yet these people will leave behind them near and dear connections who will feel themselves wounded through their Friends.\n      The influence of these people is so fully checked that we have nothing to apprehend from them now, but their Individual Votes. When this is the case, to express fears from that quarter is impolitic. Admit that some of these very people should obtain a seat in the Assembly the next year, we have nothing to fear from the measure: so far from that I think it would produce the most salutary Effects.\n      For my own part I wish, that those Insurgents who should secure a pardon, were at liberty to exercise all the rights of good Citizens; for I believe it to be the only way which can be adopted to make them good Members of Society, and to reconcile them to that Government under which we wish them to live. If we are now afraid of their weight and they are for a given time deprived of certain privileges, they will come forth hereafter with redoubled vigour. I think we have much more to fear from a certain supiness which has seized on a great proportion of our Citizens, who have been totally inattentive to the exercise of those rights conveyed to them by the Constitution of this Commonwealth.\n      If the good people of the State will not exert themselves in the appointment of proper Characters for the Executive and Legislative branches of Government, no disfranchising acts will ever make us a happy & a well governed people.\n      I cannot therefore on the whole but think, that if the opposers to Government, had been disqualified, on a pardon from serving as jurors on the trial of those who had been in sentiment with them, that we should have been perfectly safe. For as I observed before these people have now no influence as a body, and their individual votes are not to be dreaded, for we certainly shall not admit the idea, that the Majority is with them in their political sentiments; if thus, how, upon republican principles, can we justly exclude them from the right of Governing.\n      March 4th\n      The parties I mentioned to your Excellency which were lurking on the borders of this State; remained inactive for some time with a hope and expectation as their leaders taught them to believe, that they should be reinforced from different quarters, and they were credulous enough to expect aid from Canada. Thus matters remained untill the Morning of the 27th Ulto when there appeared about 120 of them in Stockbridge who were in a very defenseless state, besides they were compleatly surprized. The Insurgents took a number of the leading Characters, in that Town, plundered many of the Inhabitants, & stole a number of Horses; They then, flushed with success proceeded on to Barrington; on their approach the well affected Militia retired before them towards Sheffield, and were met by the Militia of that Town commanded by Colo. Ashley. The halt the Insurgents made in Barrington gave time for the Lenox & Stockbridge Militia to collect and follow them. Colo. Ashley having collected about Eighty Men, came to a resolution to march in pursuit of the rebels, & to attack them where he should find them; he very soon fell in with them. They were marching in files, had their prisoners in the centre. Their front division formed a line on one side of the road, that left our prisoners in the front of the rear. It is said they did not form; that the whole were routed before they had time to do it; two or three Men on a side were killed & a number wounded; among them one Hamlen, Commander of the party; his wounds are dangerous; as\n      they retreated they fell into the hands of the Militia from Stockbridge & Lenox which were pursuing. About seventy of them have been taken: some are coming in and surrendering themselves.\n      This Action has had very happy Effects upon the people of this County; it has given them great spirits, and they begin to discover that state of mind which they enjoyed before the Rebellion existed, by which the Friends of government in this part of the County have been exceedingly born down.\n      The parties, which a few days since, were lurking on the borders of this State, in Connecticut & New York, are very much dispersed, from causes not certainly known by us here. It is said they have been dispersed by the Authority of those governments. The Rebels are retiring to Vermont, & are making their way Northerly, Shays and Wiley were by the last accounts at Otter Creek, and Parsons on his rout to that place. The leaders having left those deluded people, many of them will, I think, return, while others will endeavour to gain settlements in Vermont.\n      The State has much yet to do. The Supreme Judicial Court will meet in this County on the third Tuesday of this Month for the trial of these offenders. To preserve a line, which shall give security to the Citizens & dignity to the State, without incurring the censure of the World for being too cruel, may be difficult to draw. Where they hold out terms of pardon it should be done with a good grace, they should at the same time manifest a disposition, to embrace cordially all who are truely penitent & give unequivocal proofs of reformation.\n      A proper address and attention will soon restore these Counties not only to Government and Order, but to that love and friendship, without which none can be long happy in civil Society.\n      The regiments I mentioned before, are nearly full, one of them will be here in a few days; as soon as they are compleated and the necessary arrangements are made, I shall return home to the prosecution of the subject which engaged my attention the last year, that in the Eastern Country; my Friends tell me that I have just enthusiasm enough for such a project; what they call the Effects of enthusiasm to me appears the result of my best judgment.\n      I know this long letter may trespass upon your Excellency\u2019s time, did I not feel a responsibility to your Excellency when ever I enter on a military enterprize, and an Obligation to report as a duty I owe to your Excellency & to myself, I should have been silent, as I know your Excellencys time is constantly engrossed in pursuits which have for their object, the best interest & happiness of Mankind. I have the honor of being My dear general with perfect esteem your Excellencys most obedient & most humble servant\u2014\n      B. Lincoln", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0375", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Battaile Muse, 4 December 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Muse, Battaile\nSir,\nMount Vernon 4th Decr 1786\nAs the fifty Bushels of Wheat stands as an article of charge at 5/6 in your account against me, it may remain so as a final settlement of the matter\u2014Although I have no flour at present for\nsale and have made no enquiry into the price of this article, I do not suppose I shall either loose or gain much in so small a quantity by fixing the Wheat at this price.\nWith respect to the persons named in your letter of the 26th Ulto (which is just come to hand) I can only repeat what I have often done before, in substance\u2014and that is that it is my wish to obtain justice to myself but not to act with that rigor in effecting it as to bring ruin or even considerable distress upon poor families\u2014rather than do this I would relinquish my claim; but in all cases of this kind I would endeavor to draw a line between inablility & dishonesty; where the former appears with good dispositions to the latter and to industry I would wish lenient measures may be used[;] where the intention appears fraudulent, no indulgence should be given. These being my sentiments you can apply them to the cases of Rector &c. Thompson as your own judgment under the circumstances as related, shall dictate; keeping the old proverb in view not to\u2014\u201cSue a beggar and catch a Louse.\u201d This adage may apply also to Colo. Kennedy\u2014otherwise if he will not give you security for paying the ballance of my account\u2014in six months or even twelve months (as long as he has assumed the payment, for without this, he might have plead the Act) I would Sue him without further delay.\nAll these difficulties & losses have arisen from Rents lying over unpaid from year to year; for which reason I am determined that my Rents in future shall be punctually discharged unless there is some interposition of Providence which calls for forbearance. The best Landlord, I am perfectly convinced is he who never suffers two Rents to become due on the same tenement.\nIn the enclosed (which I request You to forward) I have consented to Fielding Lewis getting timber (if the Tenants having Leases are willing) to build him a house in Rector Town, but what use he means to put it to afterwards will, I dare say, puzzle him to tell. I am Sir Your Obt Servt\nG. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0376", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Peters, 4 December 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Peters, Thomas\nSir,\nMount Vernon 4th Decr 1786\nYour letter of the 18th Ulto came duly to hand. From the number of fruitless enquiries I had made for spring Barley before I applied to you, and the intervention between the date of my letter and your answer being pretty considerable I despaired of obtaining any of this grain, and therefore seeded the ground which was at first designated for this Crop with Wheat & Rye. I have also since heard that many Gentlemen who have tried it (especially some on West River where I know the Lands are very fine and such as I conceived were well adapted for this grain) do not find it answerable to their expectations\u2014Nevertheless as I wish to divide my seedtime and am desirous of sowing Clover and other grasses with Barley in preference to other grain I would gladly take fifty bushels of it and will depend absolutely upon you for this quantity which I pray may be sent me as soon as it can be procured, by the Packet. With respect to the latter I am anxious because having the seed in my possession I can lay out & prepare accordingly & not postpone my Oat season in expectation of a Barley one and be disappointed at last of the latter as was the case last year.\nIf I find this essay likely to answer my expectations I shall be better able to talk with you on a Contract. The Barley may be accompanied by the Machine you spoke of as eligable for cleaning it; and I shall thank you for sending one accordingly. Let me know decidedly if you please whether I may depend upon the above quantity of Barley in the manner mentioned\u2014I have it now in my power (for it is offered to me) to get what I want from a Brewer in Philadelphia but I may even fail here if my engagement with him is delayed long for your answer.\nCan good Clover seed (not imported seed for that rarely is so) be bought at Baltimore? In what quantity and at what price? There is not, I believe a bushel of Barley of any kind in this neighbourhood for sale\u2014A Mr Wales who Brews in Alexandria procures all of this he can. I am Sir Yr most Obedt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0377", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Francisco Rendon, 4 December 1786\nFrom: Rendon, Francisco\nTo: Washington, George\nDear General\nPhiladelphia 4th december 1786.\nHaving received orders from my Sovereign to repair immediately to Court to give an account of my stewardship & receive his Royal orders, I cannot quit this Country without taking the most affectionate leave of your Excellency, and expressing my gratitude for the friendship with which you have repaid the high Veneration and sincere attachment which I have always entertained for your person & character. I would have wished it had been in my power to take your commands before my departure, but it is so sudden that I have not time to alow myself the satisfaction. It will be to me a heartfull pleasure in giving an account to his Majesty of the distinguished Character of America, to expatiate particularly on the private Virtues of Genl Washington, and to delineate to the best of Kings the picture of the best of Citizens, I am sure that this is the light in which you will please him best; others have already taught him to admire your talents, and publick Virtues, it will be my business to teach him to love your Person. I leave this Country with a heart full of affection for its inhabitants & full of gratitude for the affection & friendship they have shewn me, with this disposition you may judge, whether I shall let an opportunity escape of being useful to America; alow me to repeat my wishes that you may all your life enjoy that happiness which you have insured to thousands. With the most perfect Respect and Esteem I have the honor to be sir your most humble & most obedt servt &ca\nFrancisco Rendon\nP.S. If I could be of any use to you in Spain, I shall be happy to receive your orders which you may direct to me under cover of Mr Carmichael, I cannot yet give up the hope of seing this Country again, and I think it very probable that I shall once more revisit my old friends of America. Present my best respects to your Lady and my good friend Majr Whashington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0378", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Tilghman, 4 December 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Tilghman, James\nDr Sir,\nMount Vernon 4th Decr 1786\nYour favor of the 14th ulto is but just come to hand, or an earlier reply shou\u2019d have been made to it.\nThe inscription intended for the Tomb of my deceased friend meets my entire approbation; for I can assure you Sir, with much truth, that after I had opportunities of becoming well acquainted with his worth, no man enjoyed a greater share of my esteem, affection & confidence than Colo. Tilghman.\nI now transmit you, for the satisfaction of the friend of your deceas\u2019d son, a statement of the conduct which was observed towards Capt: Asgill during his confinement, by which his illiberality & want of candour will fully appear. These extracts are taken from authentic records, & contain every sentence wherein the name of that officer is mentioned according to my best knowledge & belief.\nAt length, with much difficulty, I have got all the papers which are to be found, respecting the affairs of the deceased Colo. Thos Colvill, from the son of the principal acting Executor of the Will of that Gentleman. I have put them into the hands of a skilful lawyer to make, if possible, a proper statement of them for final settlement; and as soon as I can speak to any good purpose you shall again hear from me respecting the claim of Miss Anderson. With great esteem, I am &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0379", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Clement Biddle, 5 December 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Biddle, Clement\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon 5th Decr 1786.\nYour letters of the 15th of Octr and 5th of Novr are both before me, and I shall reply to them in their order.\nFor your trouble in negotiating my Certificate I thank you.\nIf it is necessary (in order) that you may receive the half yearly interest thereon I would wish you to keep it. If you can draw this without it may be sent to me. In the meantime inform me if you please if this certificate can be converted into cash, and upon what terms? that if I should have occasion to make any purchases in Philadelphia I may know the amount of this fund. The Indents to the amount of 84 53/90 Dollars I have recd and note the credit you have given me for the year & halfs interest.\nThe Curtains, stuff, & Nails are safe at hand and will answer very well.\nThe uncertainty of getting good spring Barley (for I had made many fruitless enquiries in this State & the parts of Maryland bordering on it before I wrote to you) induced me to put the ground which I had first allotted for this grain into Wheat & rye but if you could procure & send to me by one of the the first vessels bound from your port to Alexandria fifty bushels I will yet find as much ground as will receive this quantity of Seed or if you have engaged one hundred bushls of this grain from Mr Haines as the expression of your letter seems to impart I will readily take it, but would not chuse to be under any promise to supply him with the produce of it\u20141st because being uncertain of the yield and inclining to go pretty largely upon it if I find it likely to answer my purpose I shall want a good deal for seed another year\u2014and 2d because the frieght around it is to be feared would sink too deep into the sales to render me any profit upon a small quantity.\nThe Clover seed (as I conceived this had been a productive year of it) is high\u2014yet I would beg you to send me 300 weight\u2014as soon as I know the precise cost of this and the Barley the money shall be remitted\u2014or if you have any dealings in Alexandria & an order on me would answer your purposes equally well it shall be immediately paid. If it is the same thing to Mr Haines whether I take 50 or 100 Bushls of Barley I should under the circumstances already mentioned prefer the \u27e8former\u27e9 quantity. It is so essential to every Farmer to have his seeds by him that I would urge in the strongest terms that these now required be sent me by the first good Water conveyance. The uncertainties & disappointments I met with last spring will always make me anxious to obtain all my seeds long before the season for sowing\nthem shall have arrived\u2014At any rate let me know by Post what I have to expect. Best wishes attend Mrs Biddle & your family. I am\u2014Dr Sir Yr most Obedt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0380", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Francis Mercer, 5 December 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Mercer, John Francis\nSir,\nMount Vernon 5th Decr 1786.\nAs I have not yet received a reply to my last letter, but, since the date of it, have made some enquiry into the prices of negroes at the ready money sales of them, I take the liberty of informing you, previously to your writing, or my receiving an answer to the above letter, that as it is not likely we shall agree on a price, (in case you should be disposed to spare such negroes as would have answered my purposes) it is my wish to save you the trouble of adding any thing more on the subject of them. Such as I pointed at might have been useful to me; but as I have no desire of adding to my present number by purchase, to accommodate you was the object I had principally in view, but I cannot think of allowing more to effect this, than the same kind of negroes would command at a sale of ready money, because in fact it is a discount of ready money, & for that species of property which I have no inclination to possess. I mention the matter now lest the intimation of such sentiments after an acquiescence with my proposal, should you have been thereto disposed, might be construed a disposition to take advantage of circumstances to reduce the price; rather than a thought of this kind should be entertained, my choice is to await the money in any manner you shall please to offer it.\nIt was Mr Hunter not Colo. Hooe, that gave the information respecting the price of Corn, as mentioned in my last\u2014I correct the mistake therefore then made, that there may be no representation suspected in the accot.\nAs I assured you in my last that I had bid adieu to the altercation respecting the appropriation of the money arising from the\nBonds in suit\u2014so I can assure you I have no other motive for enclosing Mr Colston\u2019s letter, which only came to my hands the day before yesterday than to let you see his sollicitude to obtain a Deed for the land for which he has paid the consideration money\u2014and to repeat the assurances of my last, that if it is essential for me to execute the Deed, I am ready to do it when it is presented, & I am properly authorised by you so to do. I am Sir, &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0381", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Bourdon, 6 December 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Bourdon de Vatry, Marc-Antoine\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Bourdon de Vatry, 6 Dec. 1786. On 8 Jan. 1788 GW wrote Bourdon: \u201cI have recd your letter of the 6th of Decr 1786.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0382", "content": "Title: To George Washington from L\u2019Enfant, 6 December 1786\nFrom: L\u2019Enfant, Pierre Charles\nTo: Washington, George\nsir\nnew york december 6th 1786.\nthe inclosed memorial which my actual circumstances has mad necessary, rendering it usless I should enter here into any of the particular of its content I confine myself with requesting your Excellency will Excuse the length of it. unable to be concise in an explanation where in it is essential to me to give account of the differents sensations which actuated me I have need of much Indulgence\u2014and the good testimony of your Excellency being alone to persuad of my real principles in such an extraordinary a conjuncture I calim its suport with the more Confidence that I promise myself from your goodness as well as from the details which I take the liberty to submit to you that if in juging me after the event I am found culpable it will at any rate be only of too much Confidence and liberality and convinced I did not bring my self into so unfortunate a situation but through a wish to give a truly brotherly proof of my affection to the interest of the Cincinnati\u2014your Excellency being placed to apprise the valu of the sacrifices which I have made will do me the justice to belive that if I have not done honor to the Engagements which I have been induced to contract in france for the Cincinnati\nit has not been from a want of my own good will neither through fear that the incapacity of the fund, of the society to reimburse would Expose me to remain the dupe of my advances\u2014had my fortune allowed me to make an immediate sacrifice or could the present State of my personal resources enable me to borrow a sum such as would be necessary to do honor to the principal to gether with the interest of the sum of the advances that have been made to me in france for the society and also to reimburs the loans to which I have been forced to have recourse here I would not hesitate one moment to pay both the one and the other. a regard to my self as well as for the society which it is my wish not to bring in to the question acting conjunctly would surely led me to that measure, but it is with regret I see that with personal means in view\u2014the actual derangement of my affair how ever Cross my inclination so \u27e8far\u27e9 has to oblige me to intrud upon your Excellency by a relation of facts which nothing but the necessity of exculpating myself from charges which seem authorised by my failure to discharge those Engagements which by accident are become personal could only make me resolve to bring to light.\ndoubtless I ought to have begun this address by an apology for my apparant negligence in not having taken some opportunity during my residence here to have paid my respect to your Excellency agreable to the permission which you so complaisantly gave me\u2014but full of the subject on which I have the honor to address you, it appeared most proper to explain my motives\u2014and then Confiding in your Excellency sensibility of the cause which have taken from me the power of undertaking a journey to virginie I flater myself your Excellency will remain persuaded that this dissappointment has not little added to the bittereness of many other unhappiness. with the most profound respect I have the honor to be sir your Excellency most humble & obedient servant\nP. ch. L\u2019Enfant\nP.S. a picture directed to your Excellency and which has been left to me, in the cours of last summer, by mr Snelf Col. in the service of the so. Carolina\u2014has not been forwarded to your Excellency for want of a direct opportunity by watter which had appeared to us to be the much proper way of conveyance I had\nproposed to my self being the bearer of it but circumstances not permitting I should if your Excellency will give me directions which way I may send it I will comply.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0383", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, 6 December 1786\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nRichmond December 6th 1786\nBy the inclosed Act you will readily discover, that the Assembly are alarmed at the Storms, which threaten the United States. What our enemies have foretold, seems to be hastening to its accomplishment; and cannot be frustrated but by an instantaneous zealous & steady Union among the friends of the f\u0153deral Government: To you I need not press our present dangers. The inefficiency of Congress you have often felt in your Official Character: the increasing langour of our associated republics you hourly see: and a dissolution would be I know to you a source of the deepest mortification.\nI freely then intreat you to accept the Unanimous appointment of the General Assembly, to the Convention at Philadelphia. For the gloomy prospect still admits one ray of hope, that those, who began, carried on & consummated the revolution, can yet rescue America from the impending ruin. I have the honor Sir to be with the sincerest Esteem & respect Your most obedt Servant\nEdm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0384", "content": "Title: From George Washington to David Stuart, 6 December 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Stuart, David\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon 6th Decr 1786\nIf Mr Newton of Norfolk should offer you money on my acct, I wd thank you for bringing it.\nI have a tenant\u2014one Edward Williams\u2014who I want to punish, because I believe him to be a bad man. I pray you therefore to send me a General Court Writ for him. The case I shall relate\u2014and leave the nature of the writ, & quantum of damages to be filled up by better judges than myself\u2014to frighten\u2014not really to hurt him, is my object.\nThe case is. He pulls down my fences which are good, and adjoining to him, to let his stock, into my Inclosures for the benefit of better pastures than his own. The consequence is, that besides the injury I sustain by having my pastures a common; my stock go out and get into his fields, which have not lawful fences, and are there maimed and killed\u2014One Hog of near 200 weight his people were caught in the act of killing; several others of equal size are missing, & no doubt is entertained of their having shared this fate\u2014My wish therefore is to lay the damages high to scare him. I pray you to pay Mr Hopkins ten or 15/ wch I owe him for some service rendered me in the payment of a fee for recording a Deed in the General Ct. What are you about below?\u2014we hear nothing from you now! The Maryld session will be warm. Paper money the cause! The disturbances in Massachusetts have not subsided, on the contrary are growing more systematic\u2014They are alarming, & the evils, if possible, should be averted. To suppose, if they are suffered to go on, they can be kept at the distance they now are, from us, is idle. Fire, where there is inflamable matter, very rarely stops; and nothing is more certain than that, it is better to prevent misfortunes, than to apply remedies when they have happened. I am sincerely & Affecty Yrs\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0385", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Johnson, 7 December 1786\nFrom: Johnson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nsir.\nAnnapolis 7 Dec. 1786.\nI am now able to inclose you a Copy of the Potomack Bill passed both Houses of our Assembly without any Opposition\u2014if there should have any Deviation been made by the Virginia Assembly from the Application we made I beleive I can readily obtain a correspondent Alteration here if it should be necessary.\nIt has occurred to me that Mr Smith on being furnished with a little pine plank and a Joiner might in a few Days have a Model made of the Locks for the Great Falls so as to exhibit the actual Effect in Miniature I profess it would give me Satisfaction as well perhaps as some degree of pleasure to the other Gent. and might possibly render even Smiths Ideas more correct on the Subject by shewing in Time a defect, if there is any, in his plan\u2014The Winter is so unpromising that I expect we shall be very still till the Spring but if agreeable to the Gent. of Virga, it is so to Mr Lee I wish Brindley to assist and advise on the Survey and Tract at the Little Falls from what Colo. Gilpin said I think we may expect Brindley is disposed to assist us and what would be liberal for his Trouble may be very usefully laid out.\nThe necessary Demands of Congress our own poverty and want of Spirit\u2014the Distractions to the Eastward and our Rage for paper Money make my Time pass away here heavily enough\u2014I am afraid I shall learn in the latter part of my Life that Americans are not so good as I thought them\u2014a Lesson much against my Will. I am my dear sir With great Truth & Affection Your most obedt Servt\nTh: Johnson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0386", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Madison, 7 December 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nRichmond Decr 7th 1786\nNotwithstanding the communications in your favor of the 18th Ult: which has remained till now to be acknowledged, it was the opinion of every judicious friend whom I consulted that your name could not be spared from the Deputation to the Meeting in May in Philada. It was supposed that in the first place, the peculiarity of the mission and its acknowledged preeminence over every other public object, may possibly reconcile your undertaking it, with the respect which is justly due & which you wish to pay to the late officers of the army; and in the second place that although you should find that or any other consideration an obstacle to your attendance on the service, the advantage of having your name in the front of the appointment as a mark of the earnestness of Virginia, and an invitation to the most select characters from every part of the Confederacy, ought at all events to be made use of. In these sentiments I own I fully concurred, and flatter myself that they will at least apologize for my departure from those held out in your letter. I even flatter myself that they will merit a serious consideration with yourself, whether the difficulties which you enumerate ought not to give way to them.\nThe Affair of the Mississippi which was brought before the Assembly in a long Memorial from the Western Members & some of the Officers, has undergone a full consideration of both houses. The Resolutions printed in the papers, were agreed to unanimously in the H. of Delegates. In the Senate I am told the language was objected to by some members as too pointed. They certainly express in substance the decided Sence of this Country at this time on the subject, and were offered in the place of some which went much farther and which were in other respects exceptionable. I am entirely convinced from what I observe here, that unless the project of Congs can be reversed, the hopes of carrying this State into a proper federal system will be demolished. Many of our most federal leading men are extremely soured with what has already passed. Mr Henry, who has been hitherto the Champion of the federal cause, has become a cold advocate, and in the event of an actual sacrifice of the Misspi by Congress, will unquestionably go over to the opposite side. I\nhave a letter from Col. Grayson of late date which tells me that nothing further has been done in Congs and one from Mr Clarke of N. Jersey, which informs me that he expected every hour, instructions from his Legislature for reversing the vote given by the Delegates of that State in favor of the Project.\nThe temper of the Assembly at the beginning of the Session augured an escape of every measure this year, not consonant to the proper principles of Legislation. I fear now that the conclusion will contradict the promising outset. In admitting Tobo for a commutable, we perhaps swerved a little from the line in which we set out. I acquiesed in the measure myself, as a prudential compliance with the clamours within doors & without, and as a probable means of obviating more hurtful experiments. I find however now that it either had no such tendency, or that schemes were in embrio which I was not aware of. A bill for establishing district Courts has been clogged with a plan for installing all debts now due, so as to make them payable in three annual portions. What the fate of the experiment will be I know not. It seems pretty certain that if it fails the bill will fail with it. It is urged in support of this measure that it will be favorable to debtors & creditors both, and that without it, the bill for accelerating Justice would ruin the former, and endanger the public repose. The objections are so numerous and of such a nature, that I shall myself give up the bill rather than pay such a price for it. With unfeigned affection & the higst respt, I am Dr Sr Yr Obedt hble servt\nJs Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0388", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Francis Mercer, 10 December 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Mercer, John Francis\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from John Francis Mercer, 10 Dec. 1786. On 19 Dec. GW wrote Mercer: \u201cI received your favor of the 10th.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0389", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Seddon & Co., 10 December 1786 [letter not found]\nFrom: Thomas Seddon & Company\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Thomas Seddon & Co., 10 Dec. 1786. GW wrote Seddon & Co. on 9 Jan. 1787: \u201cI have received your letter of the 10th of Decemr.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0391", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Edmund Randolph, 12 December 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\nDr Sir,\nMount Vernon 12th Decr 1786\nThe Gentleman who does me the honor of delivering this letter to you is Mr Anstey. He is introduced to me in a very favorable point of view by our old acquaintance & friend Colol Fairfax of Bath, & by Mr Jay of New York.\nMr Anstey being on a tour to Charleston, & purposeing to take richmond in the route, I use the liberty of introducing him to your civilities\u2014and to assure you of the great regard & respect with which, I have the honor to be &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0392", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Charles Little, 15 December 1786\nFrom: Little, Charles\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nClish Decr 15th 1786\nI would have complyed with my promise: given your Execellencey; before this time, but have been from home for several days. I have now colected all the papers; and accounts which relate to Colo. Thos Colvile\u2019s; affairs[.] them with a Bond of Sidney Georges, which I found amongst John Colvils, papers, I have Inclosed you. I have The Honour to be with due respect your Excellency\u2019s Very Humble Servt\nCharles Little", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0394", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Josiah Watson, 15 December 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Watson, Josiah\nSir,\nMount Vernon 15th Decr 1786.\nI am exceedingly anxious, to bring the Administration of Colo. Colvill\u2019s Estate to a close. To do this, & to discharge some claims on it, (one of which is very pressing) it is become indispensably necessary that the Bond in which you are joined with the late Major Moody, should be paid off. I persuade myself there will be no further delay in doing it when the indulgencies which have already been given, & when the circumstances attending this transaction are, moreover, recurred to. Tho\u2019 Majr Moody stands foremost in the Bond, he was not at the time it\nwas taken, nor has he at any period since been considered as the principal. It will be remembered, I am certain, that I was assured on that occasion, (tho\u2019 a credit of twelve months was given) the Bond should not remain unpaid so long: five years have since elapsed. More than a year ago when application, thro\u2019 Mr Lund Washington, was made for this money, he was referred, as he informed me, to the heir or Executor of the deceased Mr Moody; but under the circumstances of this case, I beg leave to add that I must look to you for payment. I would have waited yet longer in expectation of having this money tendered to me, but for the reasons above; & which I pray you to receive as the apology for my being so urgent & so explicit now. With esteem, I am Sir &c.\nG: Washington\nP.S. If it is convenient to you, the price of the redemptioners, & the cost of the Osnabrigs may go in payment; if it is not, I will send you the money. In  last the son of Mr Moody paid me \u00a3.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0396", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 17 December 1786\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear Sir\nNew York 17 December 1786\nI did myself the pleasure of writing to you last month, and stated generally that certain disturbances existed in Massachusetts. Since that period the legislature have been sitting, and endevoring to conciliate the minds of the disafected, and perhaps in some instances by unjust means. There are people however who hold that if a measure be right in itself, one Should not be very delicate respecting the means by which it is to be accomplished. I beleive this doctrine may without much hesitation be pronound infamous. But such as it is, there have been people in all ages practising upon it.\nThe insurgents of Massachusetts are generally supposed by the people of the other states to be a class of people who are in a considerable degree oppressed by that government. It is true that the legislature have stretched the powers of direct taxation far, perhaps too much so and that they have expressed their detestation of paper money.\nBut the Source of the evil is in the nature of the government, which is not constituted for the purposes of man possessing boisterous passions, and improper views. This is apparent from the events which have happened.\nIn some of the counties, one fifth part of the people of little or no property are dissatisfied, more with their pecuniary than their political circumstances, and appeal to arms. Their first acts are to annihilate their courts of Justice, that is private debts\u2014The Second, to abolish the public debt and the third is to have a division of property by means of the darling object of most of the States paper money. A Government without any existing means of coercion, are at a loss how to combat, or avert a danger so new & so pressing.\nThe legislature is convened\u2014They differ in sentiment\u2014They pass temporizing expedients\u2014The insurgents despise their impotency and proceed in the execution of their designs\u2014At last the goverment begin to think that nothing but force is adequate to meet usage so blind and so unjust\u2014In this moment they are beginning to see their true situation.\nThe County courts of common pleas which meet four times in a year, and in which, all actions for debt originate, are the\ngreat greviance of the insurgents\u2014They have therefore in the western counties of Berkshire, Hampshire and Worcester, prevented these courts from proceeding to business for a term or two past. In Bristol the effect has been nearly the same. In middlesex this court was prevented from doing business in Septr last by the insurgents. On the 29h ultimo the same court was by rule to meet at Cambridge\u2014The insurgents determined to prevent, and the government to protect it. The severity of the weather, and the excessive deep snows however prevented the insurgents from meeting at their rendevouz in such numbers As to make the attempt, & the court proceeded to business without molestation.\nA Body of horse, which was collected from Boston and its vicinity made a forced march to the extremity of Middlesex and seized three of the principal insurgents of that County, and conveyed them to Boston Goal by virtue of the suspension of the habeus Corpus act.\nOn the 5th instant the commonpleas were to have met at Worcester, but were prevented by a large body of armed insurgents\u2014These amounted on the 8th instant to about 1500 men, and it is said their object was the liberation of their Associates confined in Boston goal, and that they had for this purpose sent a Messenger to the Governor, and informed him that if he would release the prisoners, they would disband otherwise they would proceed to Boston. This is the last advice the mail not having arrived to day according to custom. I imagine the insurgents will disband without obtaining the release of the prisoners but it is probable they may seize some friends of government as a security of the prisoners in Boston. Things will rankle and fester untill next spring when it is likely they will assume a decided aspect.\nHow far these commotions may be extended it is not easy to say, because they depend a good deal on the habits of the States, and their compliance with paper money and other measures tending to avert taxation and industry It is probable that about one fifth part of the people of New-England whose habits and manners are similar are liable to be infected by the principles of the Insurgents, and of consequence to act in the same manner.\nWere these to be combined into one body they would form a large Army but this is not probable. It is however my opinion\nthat unless matters should be compromised during the Winter, that it is possible that 12, or 15000, men may be embodied next spring or summer, whose veiws may be directed to any object whatever even the establishment of a tyranny, or a return to great Britain.\nYou are well acquainted with the subtelity of the characters of Sir Guy Carleton now Lord Dorchester, and Mr Wm Smith formerly of New York but now Chief Justice of Canada who have lately arrived at Quebec\u2014At the conclusion of the war, the latter held it up as a maxim, that peace was the only medium of a reunion of America with great Britain\u2014He still persists in that idea.\nMy apprehension respecting the insurgents are nearly the same as they were respecting a mutiny of the Army\u2014That they must throw themselves into the arms of the british\u2014A rebellion of 10,000 men against our governments would indisputably secure encouragement from Canada\u2014Not as a government but in such secret modes, as never could be traced\u2014In the present temper and dispositions of the New England Insurgents 200,000 pounds sterling would I am persuaded, induce 10,000 men to embody next year, and would with what they could obtain by their own exertions support them for a campaign\u2014If my conjectures be founded the next year will be an important one indeed.\nMrs Knox joins in presenting our affectionate respects to you and Mrs Washington. I am my dear Sir Your sincere and very humble Servant\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0397", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Freeman, 18 December 1786\nFrom: Freeman, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nMay it Please your Excellency\nRedstone [Pa.]Decr the 18th 1786\nI had the favour of yours by Mr Lear, and by that I imagine you did not receive mine of the 9th October, in which I gave you an Acct of the Sale of the Negroes &c. therefore I have Inclosed a Copy of the same herewith to you. I have likewise sent the Money in my hands & taken Mr Lears Receipt for the same the sum is Thirty six pounds Fifteen shillings & Sixpence I have not sent any Acct by him as most of the Debt are still unpaid and the Wheat not yet in the Mill, you will see that the Sale of Corn Hay &c. are so verry low that I Determined to keep the wheat in the Mills taking the Millers Receipts untill there may be a Market at present there is none[.] I have Sold only One Hundred Bushell since I came home \u27e8asid\u27e9 that I gave one Years Credit unto Capt. Uriah Springer it being the wheat Paid by Huston & Pounds for your part of the Rattion I sold it at four shillings \u214c Bushl and shall give the Bond into Mr Smiths hand with the rest I have obtained and take his Receipt, I shall endeavour if possible to come down before I set of to Kentucky & make a final settlement with you, that is if any money of Consequence comes into my hands for at present there is a Call for money almost as fast I can Collect it there is a Demand now for somewhere about Fifty Shillings for a Road Tax, Should it prove so that I cannot come down I shall render a true State of all Affairs under my care to Mr Smith who will I make no doubt take care of them, and Deliver them safe to you.\nIn the Sale of the Negroes there is one Named Dorcas that you Receivd of Mr Simpson as a Slave proves to be free at the Age of Twenty Eight Years the Records from Westmoreland we had & I took the Supreme Judge McKeans Opinion on the matter & he declares her free, so that you must have recourse to Mr Simpson as you Settled with him at the rate of Thirty Pounds and now after keeping her Two Years she Sold at Thirteen Pounds fifteen shillings as \u214c acct.\nI should not have Sold the Negroes but they would not be Prevailed with to come down from any Argument I could use.\nThe Money Paid on Acct of Coll John A. Washington I have sent down the receipts as it may be you will see the Coll before I come down & you can settle with him as you see cause.\nThe place wher Mr Simpson lived is without any Tenant the Situation &c. Mr Lear will Inform you\u2014as also of all the Tenements in this Quarter, I have had some Applicants in regard to the Sale of the Bottome but I could not tell what might be the price none would come down to you for fear they should not agree and the Journey being long, and now I have Received your farther Instructions I cannot realy say how they will Sell but Imagine from your giving such Credit there may be some Expectation it will Sell and If any Person or a Number of Persons together would Buy the whole I think it is the likeliest way as it may then be Sold at a Moderate Price and in Selling of Lotts or Parcells it must go high as the best will be first Chosen Small Tracts of about the same Value have been Sold in this Settlement lately at forty Shillings \u214c Acre, tho\u2019 Lands as well as other Property at this time is but a Dull Market.\nI mentioned before I had not sent down the Accts Nevertheless you may be desirous of knowing Who has paid me since I came from you I have underneath Mentioned the different Names & Sums Received.\nThe within Memorandum will shew what is & from whom the Sums are Received. I shall Endeavour to State the same Regularly at Settlement till then I hope this will be Satisfactory. I am your Excellencys most Hble Servant\nThomas Freeman", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0398", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Francis Mercer, 19 December 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Mercer, John Francis\nSir,\nMount Vernon 19th Decr 1786.\nI received your favor of the 10th, last night. The letter I addressed to you about fourteen days ago I was in hopes would have reached you before your reply to my former, would have been dispatched, & thereby have saved you the trouble of again touching on the subject of negroes.\nI can have no idea of giving eighty or ninety pounds a head for slaves when I am well informed that for ready money the best common labouring negroes in this State, may be bought for less than sixty & others in proportion. For this species of property I have no predilection nor any urgent call, being already over stocked with some kind of it; consequently can have no inducement to give 50 pr Ct more than the like property is offered for & doth actually sell at. A payment in negroes, if this was to take place, can be considered in no other light by either of us, than as ready money; it stops the payment of it, & is I presume a convenience. But to supercede the necessity of enforcing these observations, & to remove every suspicion which might have arisen in your mind, of a desire in me to beat you down in the price of your slaves, was the cause of my last address to you.\nAs the design however has not been accomplished; & it is necessary both for your information, & for my satisfaction & government that something decisive should be resolved on, I will, in one word, fix my ultimatum with respect to the negroes proposed for sale. Which is to allow you three hundred pounds for young Bob (or an other fellow of his age & appearance), Tom the baker\u2014Massey, David, James & Valentine; but this I do on the proviso that they answer your description in their ages, sizes & qualities; for unless the two last named boys are of sufficient size to be put to trades, they would not answer my purpose; because the persons with whom I should place them are Servants in this family whose terms will expire in less than three years. In making you this offer I have exceeded by at least 25 pr Ct the ready money prices which have been reported to me. That you may have given more I by no means question, but possibly your purchases were on credit, or probably the prices have since fallen. My information of the present selling prices is from very well informed characters.\nWith respect to the corn, it is perfectly agreeable to me, that you should sell it to any person you please, & instead of ten, I wish you may be able to get fifteen shillings pr barl for it. But as Mr Petit is a gentleman with whom I have no acquaintance, I shall not look to him for the purchase money; I do not wish however to deprive you of the price he offers, by making it a ready money sale to him, altho\u2019 it would have been so to me. I am also perfectly willing to allow whatever is due on my Bond (with interest thereon) which passed to Messrs Blair & McCoul, provided that Bond is got in; but you would not I am persuaded request me to allow this sum on one accot, & be exposed to the claim of it from another quarter.\nWhen I agreed to take two thousand pounds of Certificates, it was my intention, & still is that it shall comprehend every which relates to this species of property. And you may be assured, Sir, that in whatever light this matter from first to last may have appeared to you, I distress myself exceedingly by these accommodations; because nothing but the money, & that in a lump, would have answered any valuable purposes of mine, for by receiving this debt in driblets, I am actually sinking one sum, without discharging those debts of my own which press upon me & which are accumulating by a heavier interest than I receive. I\ndo not mean however to go over this ground again. I am willing to abide by the propositions now made, & wish to be explicitly resolved on them, because if they are acceded to, I shall endeavour to raise money by the sale of some part of my property, for the purposes alluded to, & do not expect I shall have less difficulty, or sustain less loss in the accomplishment of it than others.\nI will enquire of Mr Lund Washington about the Bond you speak of, & am &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0399", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Stuart, 19 December 1786\nFrom: Stuart, David\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir,\nThe daily expectation I have been in of meeting with some one bound for Alexa. who could take charge of the nutmegs you requested me to purchase, has been the occasion of my not writing for some time past\u2014To have trusted them to the Stage unprotected, would from my experience have been unsafe. As I have not been so lucky as to meet with such an opportunity, notwithstanding frequent enquiries at the office; I have now concluded it would be best (as I expect the Assembly will rise in a short time) to take them up myself. Inclosed is the almanack for Mrs Washington which would have been sent sooner but for the above reason.\nI send you also the warrants for your impressed property\u2014An application to the Clerk for a general Court writ against Williams, he gave me the inclosed proceeding against Cresap\u2014I beg leave to observe on the writ against Williams, that if you should think it necessary to do more than intimidate him, it would be best to sue him in the County Court\u2014If he does not already know it, he soon will, tho. from the number of suits at present in the General Ct the suit against him will not be tried, for at least ten years. In the County Court, judgement would be obtained in the course of the next Summer\u2014The prospect\ntherefore of such speedy justice would probably have a better effect, even towards intimadating.\nFrom the best information I can get, the disappointment in crops of corn is great, and general\u2014the present price of this article in this place, is fifteen shillings. On York river, I am however informed, that large quantities may be purchased for twelve, and even ten shillings\u2014It is generally thought, that it cannot be less than fifteen, at any time in the Spring\u2014Wheat sells currently at a dollar, and flour at six dollars the hundred\u2014Mr Newton informed me, I think, when he was here, that your flour had sustained such damage, as to make it necessary to sell it at vendue\u2014if he comes here again, I shall apply to him for the purpose you mention.\nPosey has not run off as you have heard; nor do I believe him to be in such desperate circumstances as are represented\u2014As a proof of it, he is engaged in an expensive repair of his mill. But still it would appear, as if nothing could be got from him: his property being all mortgaged to Coll Clayton: I am well assured, that it is much more than sufficient to satisfy Clayton, and am about bringing suit against Clayton, to campell him to foreclose the mortgage\u2014The issue of this, will disclose the true state of his affairs.\nThe disturbances to the North-ward give us much uneasiness here, and are truly alarming\u2014The friends to a republican form of government, must feel themselves deeply wounded in the triumph which such disturbances (the sure proof of a want of virtue) afford to the admirers of monarchy.\nA report has just arrived here, (too true I fear) that the Governor and principal men in N: Carolina, have been detected in a considerable forgery of some kind of Certificates. This must produce much confusion, and is perhaps the most fatal stab which has been yet given to the dignity of such governments\u2014It is much to be feared, that we shall furnish the same melancholly proofs of unfitness for this species of government which the old world has already done, and that we are preparing apace, for some of those changes, which are there established\u2014The inclosed report will give you some information of the State of our finances\u2014I need not I suppose, inform you, of your being appointed to the Convention to be held at Philadelphia\u2014It appeared to be so much the wish of the House that Mr Maddison\nconcieved, it might probably frustrate the whole scheme, if it was not done\u2014As it was however intimated, that from many circumstances in your situation it might be impossible for you to attend, you will have a fair opening for an excuse, if at the time, you should still think it inconvenient, or incompatible with what has happened, respecting the Society of the Cincinnati\u2014The original imperfection of the f\u0153deral union, and it\u2019s present tottering state, may perhaps at that time, present themselves in such a point of view, as to supersede every objection.\nThe attempt to repeal the Port-bill has failed. It appears from the accounts of the Naval officer from Norfolk, that more revenue has been already collected, from that single port, than what was recieved formerly from the whole State, in the space of a year\u2014It only began to operate in June\u2014Coll Logan who defeated lately the Shawnee Indians and burnt their towns, is here\u2014he seems to think, there can be no lasting peace with those unfortunate people\u2014The report concerning the surrender of the navigation of the Missisppi, gave birth to the instructions you have seen, to the Delegates in Congress from this State\u2014In the consideration of this very serious business, it appeared to me, that the inevitable consequence of such a surrender would be, such a hatred of those people towards us, as might induce them to throw themselves into the arms of the English nation, already perhaps too formidable there for our wellfare\u2014Union and harmony among ourselves are more desireable than any thing else, and of more importance to our existence as a nation.\nOn Saturday our Session will certainly end. You will therefore if you have commands here, be pleased to inform me of them. I am Dr Sir with great respect Your Affecte Hble Servt\nDd Stuart\nP:S: I applied to Mrs Randolph on my first arrival in this place, at Mrs Washington\u2019s request\u2014She told me \u2019twas such a trifle she had advanced, as to merit no notice\u2014I shall wait on her again before my departure. D:S:", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0400", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 21 December 1786\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear Sir\nNew York 21st December 1786\nThe insurgents who were assembled at Worcester in Massachusetts have disbanded. The people at Boston seem to be glad at this event and say it was the effect of fear. But the fact is that the insurgents effected their object, which was to prevent the Court of Common Pleas from proceeding to business. It is probable that the seizing some of the insurgents at Middlesex occasioned a greater number of them to assemble at Worcester than otherwise would have assembled merely on Account of preventing the common Pleas.\nBy Private Letters of the 13th from Boston it appears that government were determined to try its strength by bringing the insurgents to action but were prevented by the uncommon deep snows, which are four and five feet on a level.\nThe commotions of Massachusetts have wrought prodigious changes in the minds of men in that State respecting the Powers of Government every body says they must be strengthned, and that unless this shall be effected there is no Security for liberty or Property.\nSuch is the State of things in the east, that much trouble is to be apprehended in the course of the ensuing year.\nI hope you will see Colo. Wadsworth in Philadelphia in a few days. I expect he will be here on Saturday next. I am my dear Sir &.\nH.K.\nN.B. the last Boston paper.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0401", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Leven Powell, 21 December 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Powell, Leven\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon Decr 21st [17]86\nYour favor of the 18th came to hand last night\u2014I by no means wish you to put your self to the smallest inconvenience in hastening the Buck Wheat down\u2014If you have it secured, so as that I may rely upon it, in due season, it is all I want. The disappointments I sustained last year, in Seeds that were expected, made me anxious to obtain, long before Seed time, all I should want; because having them in hand I hazarded nothing.\nI will thank you for the information promised, respecting this Grain when the other load is sent\u2014which I again desire may not be till it suits your convenience. With great esteem & regard\u2014I am Dear Sir Yr Obedt Hble Ser \u27e8vt\u27e9\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0402", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Edmund Randolph, 21 December 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\nSir,\n[21 December 1786]\nI had not the honor of receiving your Excellency\u2019s favor of the 6th, with its enclosures, till last night.\nSensible as I am of the honor conferred on me by the General Assembly, in appointing me one of the Deputies to a Convention proposed to be held in the City of Philadelphia in May next, for the purpose of revising the F\u0153deral Constitution; and desirous\nas I am on all occasions, of testifying a ready obedience to the calls of my Country\u2014yet, Sir, there exists at this moment, circumstances, which I am persuaded will render my acceptance of this fresh mark of confidence incompatible with other measures which I had previously adopted; and from which, seeing little prospect of disengaging myself, it would be disengenuous not to express a wish that some other character, on whom greater reliance can be had, may be substituted in my place; the probability of my non-attendance being too great to continue my appointment.\nAs no mind can be more deeply impressed than mine is with the awful situation of our Affairs\u2014resulting in a great measure from the want of efficient powers in the f\u0153deral head, and due respect to its Ordinances\u2014so, consequently, those who do engage in the important business of removing these defects, will carry with them every good wish of mine, which the best dispositions towards the attainment, can bestow. I have the honr to be with very grt respect\u2014Your Excellys Most Obedt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0403", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Gilles de Lavall\u00e9e, 23 December 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lavall\u00e9e, Gilles de\nSir,\nMo[un]t Vernon 23d Decr 1786.\nYour letter, Plan & Estimate for establishing a manufacture of Cotton &ca did not reach me \u2019till within these few days. As the Assembly of this Commonwealth is now sitting, & your proposition would come better before a public body than a private individual, for encouragement, I have transmitted it to the Governor to be laid, if he shall judge it proper, before the assembly. So soon as his answer is received it shall be communicated to you. In the meantime, I am Sir &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0404", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Roberts, 23 December 1786\nFrom: Roberts, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNorwick-Mills December 23d\u20141786\nThis is to Inform Your Excellency that There has Been Two Millers at My house at Colo. John Pleasents Mills Four Mile Crick Seking Imploy. tha Told me tha Came thru Alaxandria And had Some Talk with Mr Thorn Conserning your Mills & Miller Mr Thorns Answer Was that you had Told Him Youd Better a Givven Me a Hundred & 2o\u00a3 A Year then the Man you have 6o\u00a3.\u2014if this Report be True I Shold be Glad to Know the Sertainty of it by a Letter Sent to the Stage offis in Richmond As I Liv but 12 Miles From Richmond on James River 4 mile Crick\nif this Report Shold be Groundless Am Sorry To Giv you the Troble of Reding Purhaps What Mite be Desogreeable to you.\nHowever if youd Git a Nother Pare of Burrs And Giv Me My old Lay & Preveleges I woud Drive them On in the Best Maner tha Cold Porsabbly be Drove the Winter Season Which Woud Inable you to Keep up My Wages\u2014And Not Feel it\u2014this year I have but 8o\u00a3 My Year will be up the 10th of April next the Company Wants Me to Ingage to Lern thare Printeses the Besoness & To Imploy Me a Term of years at 100\u00a3 \u214c year & to pay me what Shold be thought Resoneble for Instructing tham in the Besonesss.\nI Shold be Vary Happy to Come in to your Imploy Again if it Was Agreable. And am Well Asured youd have No Reson to Complain As My Wife And I have Got to Living in Peic & Quietness Which I hoop May Continue To the Eand of Our Days. From Sir your Most Obedt And Humble Servt\n   W:M. Roberts", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0406", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Stuart, 25 December 1786\nFrom: Stuart, David\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir,\nRichmond 25th Decr\u201486\nI acknowledge my omission in not informing you, in my first letters of the passing of an act in conformity to the petition from the Potomac directors. I informed Col. Fitzgerald of it immediately, and supposed I had done the same in my letters to you\u2014It was among the first things done\u2014Since my last, nothing material has happened here, except that the bill establishing district Courts is lost\u2014As the prompt administration of justice, is perhaps the best sumptuary law which can be established in any\nCountry, and the best means of securing prosperity to the people, I lament much that it could not take place\u2014I am sorry to say, that Mr G[eorg]e Nicholas who appears to be aiming at popularity in all his measures, was the cause of it\u2019s miscarriage\u2014I have no doubt but Mr Maddison\u2019s virtues and abilities make it necessary that he should be in Congress; but from what I already foresee, I shall dread the consequences of another Assembly without him\u2014I flattered myself some time ago, with great advantages to our part of the world, from the appointment of Commissioners to meet similar officers from Maryland, for the purpose of assimilating the duties between the two States\u2014But, from the present disposition in imposing duties, I don\u2019t concieve it will answer any purpose at all; as I fear no clause will be agreed to, of their taking place conditionally\u2014Indeed the interests of the Potomac, seem to be perfectly disregarded in every instance. The compact law of Coll Masons\u2019s, is perhaps the most fatal stab that was ever given to them. I had never before occasion to consider it\u2014But, as it is a direct violation of one of the articles of confederation, it cannot long subsist\u2014I must now beg my compts to Mrs Washington and to \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 at Mt Vernon I am Dr Sir Your affece Hble Servt\nDd Stuart", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0408", "content": "Title: From George Washington to David Humphreys, 26 December 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Humphreys, David\nMy dear Humphreys\nMount Vernon Decr 26th 1786\nI am much indebted to you for your several favors of the 1st 9th & 16th of November. The last came first. Mr Morse keeping\nin Mind the old proverb, was determined not to make more haste than good speed in prosecuting his journey to Georgia\u2014so I got the two first but lately.\nFor your publication respecting the confinement of Captn Asgill, I am exceedingly obliged to you. The manner of making it was as good as could be devised; and the matter, will prove the injustice, as well as illiberality of the reports which have been circulated on that occasion, and which are fathered on that Officer, as the author.\nIt is with the deepest, and most heart felt concern, I perceive by some late paragraphs extracted from the Boston Gazettes, that the Insurgents of Massachusetts\u2014far from being satisfied with the redress offered by their General Court\u2014are still acting in open violation of Law & Government; & have obliged the Chief Magistrate in a decided tone, to call upon the militia of the State to support the Constitution. What, gracious God, is man! that there should be such inconsistency & perfidiousness in his conduct? It is but the other day we were shedding our blood to obtain the Constitutions under which we now live\u2014Constitutions of our own choice and framing\u2014and now we are unsheathing the Sword to overturn them! The thing is so unaccountable, that I hardly know how to realize it, or to persuade my self that I am not under the vision of a dream.\nMy mind previous to the receipt of your letter of the first Ulto had often been agitated by thoughts similar to those you have expressed, respecting an old fird of yours; but heaven forbid that a crisis should arrive when he shall be driven to the necessity of making choice of either of the alternatives therementioned. Let me entreat you, my dear Sir, to keep me advised of the situation of Affairs in your quarter. I can depend upon your Accts. Newspaper paragraphs unsupported by other testimony, are often contradictory & bewildering. At one time these insurgents are represented as a mere Mob\u2014At other times as systematic in all their proceedings. If the first, I would fain hope that like other Mobs, it will, however formidable, be of short duration. If the latter, there surely are men of consequence and abilities behind the Curtain, who move the puppits. The designs of whom may be deep & dangerous. They may be instigated by British Councils\u2014actuated by ambitious motives\u2014or being influenced by dishonest principles, had rather see the Country plunged in civil discord than do what Justice would dictate to an honest mind.\nPrivate and Confidential\nI had hardly dispatched my circular letters to the several State Societies of the Cincinnati, when I received Letters from some of the principal members of our Assembly, expressing a wish that they might be permitted to name me as one of the Deputies to the Convention proposed to be held at Philadelphia, the first of May next. I immediately wrote to my particular friend Madison (& similarly to the rest) the answer contained in the extract N0.1\u2014In reply I got No.2\u2014This obliged me to be more explicit & confidential with him, on points which a recurrence to the conversations we have had on this Subject will bring to your mind without my hazarding the recital of them in a letter\u2014Since this interchange, I have received from the Governor the letter N0.4 to whom I returned the answer N0.5. If this business should be further prest (which I hope it will not, as I have no inclination to go) what had I best do? You, as an indifferent person\u2014& one who is much better acquainted with the Sentiments, & views of the Cincinnati than I am (for in this State, where the recommendations of the General meeting have been acceded to, hardly any thing is said about it) as also with the temper of the people, and the state of Politics at large, can determine upon fuller evidence, & better ground than myself\u2014especially as you will know in what light the States to the Eastward consider the Convention & the measures they are pursuing to contravene, or give efficacy to it. On the last occasion, only five States were represented\u2014none East of New York. Why the New England Governments did not appear I am yet to learn; for of all others the distractions & turbulent temper of their people would, I should have thought, have afforded the strongest evidence of the necessity of competent powers somewhere. That the f\u0153deral Government is nearly, if not quite at a stand none will deny: The question then is, can it be propt\u2014or shall it be anihilated? If the former, the proposed Convention is an object of the first magnitude, and should be supported by all the friends of the present Constitution. In the other case, if on a full and dispassionate revision thereof, the continuances shall be adjudged impracticable, or unwise, would it not be better for such a meeting to suggest some other to avoid, if possible, civil discord, or other impending evils. Candour however obliges me to confess that as we could not remain quiet more than three or four years (in time of peace) under the constitutions of our own choice,\nwhich it was believed, in many instances, were formed with deliberation & wisdom, I see little prospect either of our agreeing upon any other, or that we should remain long satisfied under it if we could\u2014Yet I would wish to see any thing and every thing essayed to prevent the effusion of blood, and to avert the humiliating, & contemptible figure we are about to make, in the Annals of Mankind.\nIf this second attempt to convene the States for the purposes proposed in the report of the partial representation at Annapolis in September last, should also prove abortive it may be considered as an unequivocal proof that the States are not likely to agree in any general measure which is to pervade the Union, & consequently, that there is an end put to F\u0153deral Government. The States therefore who make this last dying essay to avoid the misfortune of a dissolution would be mortified at the issue: and their deputies would return home chagreened at their ill success & disappointment. This would be a disagreeable predicament for any of them to be in, but more particularly so for a person in my situation. If no further application is made to me, of course I do not attend. If there is, I am under no obligation to do it; but as I have had so many proofs of your friendship\u2014know your abilities to judge\u2014and your opportunities of learning the politicks of the day, on the points I have enumerated, you would oblige me by a full & confidential communication of your sentiments thereon.\nPeace & tranquility prevail in this State. The Assembly by a very great Majority, and in very emp[h]atical terms have rejected an application for paper money; and spurned the idea of fixing the value of Military certificates by a scale of depreciation. In some other respects too, the proceedings of the present Session have been marked with Justice, and a strong desire of supporting the f\u0153deral system.\nAlthough I lament the effect, I am pleased at the cause which has deprived us of your aid in the Attack of Christmas Pyes. We had one yesterday on which all the company (and pretty numerous it was) were hardly able to make an impression. Mrs Washington, George & his wife (Mr Lear I had occasion to send into the Western Country) join in affectionate regard for you\u2014& with sentiments of the warmest friendship I am\u2014sincerely Yours\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0409", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Knox, 26 December 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Knox, Henry\nMy dear Sir,\nMount Vernon 26th Decr 1786\nNothing but the pleasing hope of seeing you under this roof in the course of last month, and wch I was disposed to extend even to the present moment, has kept me till this time from acknowleging the receipt of your obliging favor of the 23d of October. Despairing now of that pleasure, I shall thank you for the above letter, and the subsequent one of the 17th instt, which came to hand yesterday evening.\nLamentable as the conduct of the Insurgents of Massachusetts is, I am exceedingly obliged to you for the advices respecting them; & pray you, most ardently, to continue the acct of their proceedings; because I can depend upon them from you without having my mind bewildered with those vague & contradictory reports which are handed to us in Newspapers; and which please one hour, only to make the moments of the next more bitter.\nI feel, my dear Genl Knox, infinitely more than I can express to you, for the disorders which have arisen in these states. Good God! who besides a tory could have foreseen, or a Briton predicted them! were these people wiser than others, or did they judge of us from the corruption, and depravity of their own hearts? The latter I am persuaded was the case, and that notwithstanding the boasted virtue of America, we are far gone in every thing ignoble & bad. I do assure you, that even at this moment, when I reflect on the present posture of our affairs, it seems to me to be like the vision of a dream. My mind does not know how to realize it, as a thing in actual existence, so strange\u2014so wonderful does it appear to me! In this, as in most other matter[s], we are too slow. When this spirit first dawned, probably it migh[t] easily have been checked; but it is scarcely\nwithin the reach of human ken, at this moment, to say when\u2014where\u2014or how it will end. There are combustibles in every State, which a spark may set fire to. In this state, a perfect calm prevails at present, and a prompt disposition to support, and give energy to the f\u0153deral system is discovered, if the unlucky stirring of the dispute respecting the navigation of the Mississipi does not become a leaven that will ferment & sour the mind of it.\nThe resolutions of the pres[en]t session respecting a paper emission, military certificates\u2014&ca\u2014have stamped justice & liberality on the proceedings of the Assembly, & By a late act, it seems very desirous of a General Convention to revise and amend the federal Constitution\u2014apropos, what prevented the Eastern states from attending the September meeting at Annapolis? Of all the states in the Union it should have seemed to me, that a measure of this sort (distracted as they were with internal commotions, and experiencing the want of energy in government) would have been most pleasing to them. What are the prevailing sentiments of the one now proposed to be held at Philadelphia, in May next? & how will it be attended? You are at the fountain of intelligence, and where the wisdom of the Nation, it is to be presumed, has concentered; consequently better able (as I have had abundant experience of your intelligence, confidence, & candour) to solve these questions. The Maryland Assembly has been violently agitated by the question for a paper emission. It has been carried in the House of Delegates, but what has, or will be done with the Bill in the Senate I have not yet heard. The partisans in favor of the measure in the lower House, threaten, it is said, a secession if it is rejected by that Branch of the Legislature\u2014Thus are we advancing.\nIn regretting, which I have often done with the deepest sorrow, the death of our much lamented frd General Greene, I have accompanied it of late with a quaere; whether he would not have preferred such an exit to the scenes which it is more than probable many of his compatriots may live to bemoan.\nIn both your letters you intimate, that the men of reflection, principle & property in New England feeling the inefficacy of their present government, are contemplating a change; but you are not explicit with respect to the nature of it. It has been supposed, that, the Constitution of the State of Massachusetts was amongst the most energetic in the Union\u2014may not these disorders\nthen be ascribed to an endulgent exercise of the powers of Administration? If your laws authorized, and your powers were adequate to the suppression of these tumults, in the first appearance of them, delay & temporizing expedients were, in my opinion improper, these are rarely well applied, & the same causes would produce similar effects in any form of government, if the powers of it are not enforced. I ask this question for information, I know nothing of the facts.\nThat G.B. will be an unconcerned spectator of the present insurrections (if they continue) is not to be expected. That she is at this moment sowing the Seeds of jealousy & discontent among the various tribes of Indians on our frontier admits of no doubt, in my mind. And that she will improve every opportunity to foment the spirit of turbulence within the bowels of the United States, with a view of distracting our governments, & promoting divisions, is, with me, not less certain. Her first Man\u0153uvres will, no doubt, be covert, and may remain so till the period shall arrive when a decided line of conduct may avail her. Charges of violating the treaty, & other pretexts, will not then be wanting to colour overt acts, tending to effect the grt objects of which she has long been in labour. A Man is now at the head of their American Affairs well calculated to conduct measures of this kind, & more than probably was selected for the purpose. We ought not therefore to sleep nor to slumber\u2014vigilence in the watching, & vigour in acting, is, in my opinion, become indispensably necessary. If the powers are inadequate amend or alter them, but do not let us sink into the lowest state of humiliation & contempt, & become a byword in all the earth\u2014I think with you that the Spring will unfold important & distressing Scenes, unless much wisdom & good management is displayed in the interim. Adieu\u2014be assured no man has a higher esteem & regard for you than I have\u2014none more sincerely Your friend, and More Affectly yr Hble Servt\nGo: Washington\nP.S. Mrs Washington joins me in every good wish for you & Mrs Knox, and in congratulatory Compts on the late addition to your family. Will you be so obliging as to give the enclosed a safe conveyance\u2014I have recd one or two very obliging letters from Genl Tupper whilst he was in the Western Country and wish to\nthank him for them\u2014but know not in what part of Massachusetts he lives.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0410", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Theodorick Bland, 28 December 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Bland, Theodorick\nDr Sir,\nMount Vernon 28th Decr 1786.\nI am now about to fulfill my promise with respect to the Drill plough and Timothy seed\u2014both accompany this letter to Norfolk, to the care of Mr Newton. The latter I presume is good, as I had it from a Gentleman (Colo. Levin Powell) on whom I can depend. The former, it is scarcely necessary to inform you, will not work to good effect in Land that is very full either of stumps, stones or large clods; but where the ground is tolerably free from these & in good tilth\u2014& particularly in light land, I am certain you will find it equal to your most sanguine expectation for Indian Corn, wheat, Barley, Pease or any other tolerably round grain that you may wish to sow, or plant in this manner. I have sowed Oats very well with it, which is among the most inconvenient & unfit grains for this machine.\nTo give you a just idea of the use & management of it, I must observe, that the barrel at present has only one set of holes, & these adapted for the planting of Indian Corn only eight inches apart in the row: but by corking these, the same barrel may receive others of a size fitted for any other grain. To make the holes, observe this rule\u2014begin small & encrease the size \u2019till they emit the number of grains, or thereabouts, you would chuse to deposit in a place. They should be burnt\u2014done by a gage, (that all may be of a size) and made widest on the out side to prevent the seeds choking them.\nYou may, in a degree, emit more or less through the same holes, by encreasing or lessening the quantity of seed in the barrel. The less there is in it, the faster it issues. The compressure is encreased by the quantity & the discharge is retarded thereby. The use of the band is to prevent the seeds issuing out of more holes than one at a time. It may be slackened or braced according to the influence the atmosphere has on the leather: the\ntighter it is, provided the wheels revolve easily, the better. By decreasing or multiplying the holes in the barrel, you may plant at any distance you please. The circumference of the wheels being six feet or 72 inches, divide the latter by the number of inches you intend your plants shall be asunder, & it gives the number of holes required in the barrel.\nThe sparse situation of the teeth in the harrow, is designed that the ground may be raked without the harrow being clogged, if the ground should be clody or grassy. The string, when this happens to be the case, will raise & clear it with great ease, & is of service in turning at the ends of rows; at which time the wheels, by means of the handles, are raised off the ground as well as the harrow to prevent the waste of seed. A small bag, containing about a peck of the seed you are sowing, is hung to the nails on the right handle, & with a small tin cup the barrel is replenished with convenience whenever it is necessary without loss of time, or waiting to come up with the seed bag at the end of the row. I had almost forgot to tell you, that if the hole in the leather band (thro\u2019 which the seed is to pass when it comes in contact with the hole in the barrel) should incline to gape, or the lips of it turn out, so as to admit the seed between the band & barrel, it is easily, & must be remedied by rivetting a piece of sheet tin, copper, or brass the width of the band, & about four inches long with a hole through it the size of the one in the leather\u2014I found this effectual. Mrs Washington joins me in presenting the compliments of the season to Mrs Bland & yourself, & with great esteem, I am Dear Sir &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0411", "content": "Title: From George Washington to George Digges, 28 December 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Digges, George\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon Decr 28th 1786\nWill you permit me, to give you the trouble of enquiring among your friends of the Eastern Shore, now in Annapolis, if I could be furnished with one thousand feet of the best pine plank; precisely 24 feet long (when dressed)\u2014To be without sap, or knots. It is for the floor of my new room.\nMany years since, I provided for this, & thought myself secure\nof that which was perfectly seasoned. It had been dressed & laid by; but when I was about to make use of it, behold! half of it was stolen, and the other half will match no plank I can now get.\nI do not expect to get seasoned plank agreeably to this description; but on whom I might depend for the length & quality, I would wish to know; for if I cannot rely with certainty, I shall immediately write to Norfolk\u2014I would thank you for an answer by the Post. I am\u2014Dear Sir Yr Most Obedt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0412", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Johnson, 28 December 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Johnson, Thomas\nDr Sir,\nMount Vernon 28th Decr 1786.\nIt gave me pleasure to find by your letter of the 7th that the Petition of the Directors of the Potomac Company had met so ready & favorable a reception in the assembly of Maryland. I am informed that an act similar to the one you sent me has passed the Legislature of this State, but I have received no official advice of it.\nPermit me, my good Sir, to ask if there would be a probability of your Assembly\u2019s (if the matter should be laid before it) doing anything to good effect in the case stated in the enclosed letter from Mr Wilson to me. I am one of the Executors, indeed the only surviving one, of Colo. Thomas Colvill; & am exceedingly anxious to have the administration of that Estate closed. I know nothing of the facts mentioned in Mr Wilson\u2019s letter respecting the confiscations, sales, & the motives which led to them, in the instance alluded to, but would be thankful for your opinion & advice thereon.\nMr Brindley promised me by letter in Octor that he would call upon me in his way to So. Carolina, but I have not seen or\nheard from him since the date of his letter. We ought undoubtedly to avail ourselves of all the aids we can derive from experimental knowledge in our reach\u2014I concur readily therefore in sentiment with you & Mr Lee, that it would be proper to see what lights Mr Brindley can afford us in conducting the navigation thro\u2019 the little Falls\u2014and the idea of a model for the Locks at the great Falls, I think good for the reasons you offer\u2014the expence will be trifling & the saving may be great.\nThe lesson you seem fearful of learning will most assuredly be taught us. The strides we have already taken, & are now making, to corruption are inconceivably great; and I shall be exceedingly, but very agreeably disappointed if next Spring does not display scenes which will astonish the world. Nothing, I am certain, but the wisest councils & the most vigorous exertions can avert them. With sentiments of very great esteem & regard I am Dr Sir &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0413", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Armistead, 29 December 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Armistead, John\nSir,\nMount Vernon 29th Decr 1786.\nMany months having elapsed since I informed you in explicit terms of my want of the money which is due to me from the Estate of your deceased Father, without having received any acknowledgement of the letter, I presume it has miscarried. To avoid the like accident, I have taken the liberty of putting this letter under cover to Mr Holmes, at the Bowling-green, who I persuade myself, will do me the favor of seeing that it goes safe to your hands.\nIt will serve to assure you, Sir, that I was disposed to hope,\nconsidering the long standing & nature of the debt, that you would not have laid me under the necessity of so often reminding you of it, & at length to inform you that however disagreeable it will be to me, I must have recourse to a Court of Justice if the money is not paid me without more delay; for you may believe me when I assure you I am really in want of it. I am &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0414", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Hull, 29 December 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hull, William\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon 29th Decr 1786.\nI informed you in my last, that my own knowledge of the Western Country was rather general than otherwise, but promised to lose no opportunity of collecting every information which I thought might facilitate your intended settlement. Since which time I have had occasion to send Mr Lear out as far as Pittsburg to transact some business for me in that quarter; I directed him to make such enquiries & to gain such information respecting the points touched upon in your letter as would enable me to answer it with more precision than my own knowledge would permit me to do. He has just returned, & I take the earliest opportunity of conveying to you such information as I hope will be satisfactory.\nCattle of every kind may be purchased in the neighbourhood of Pittsburg very reasonably & in any numbers. Iron castings, bar iron &c. may be bought there, & perhaps cheaper than they can be carried out by families that are removing. The prices of the following articles at & near Pittsburgh, will enable you to determine whether it wou\u2019d be best to carry them out or purchase them there.\n                  The Cows are not so large nor so good as those in Nw\n                  \u2003Dry goods 40 \u214c Ct from their cost at\nThere is no furnace in the Western Country\u2014the nearest to those parts is on the Potomac, sixty miles below Fort Cumberland. Salt may be purchased at Kentucky cheaper than at Pittsburgh, as they have salt Springs in that Country from which they can supply themselves with that article.\nYou desired my advice respecting the best mode of effecting your plan; but as you did not point out to me the part of the Country where the settlement is intended to be made; I can only give you my opinion as to the best plan of getting over the Alleghany mountains to the western waters.\nI should think it would be well (if the settlers intend going out in large bodies) to send some person into that Country to make proper arrangements previous to their going; such as to procure Cattle & provisions, provide boats to go down the river &c. The families could come to Alexandria by water: from thence to Fort Cumberland which is 150 miles there is a good waggon road. From the latter place it would be best to pursue Braddocks road (which is well settled & has good accomodations upon it) to Red Stone 75 miles from Cumberland, where boats are built for the purpose of going down the Ohio, & which is the general rendezvous for people going into the Western Country. These Boats are flat, very large & capable of carrying forty or fifty Tons: they cost from twenty to thirty pounds Pennsylvania currency,\naccording to their size. They generally stop at Pittsburgh in their way down, to procure any Articles they may have occasion for: or boats may be procured at that place which is 50 miles from Red Stone old Fort, & the people can embark there. I am &c.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-04-02-0416", "content": "Title: From George Washington to George Weedon, 29 December 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Weedon, George\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon 29th Decr 1786.\nI have been favored with your official letter of the  ulto in answer to my circular one of the 31st October; but will you permit me, in a private & friendly manner, to ask if my letter or\na copy of it has been sent to the Vice President, General Gates? You would have perceived that that letter was intended to have met him in the double capacity of President of the State Society, & Vice President of the Genl Meeting. In the former case, as he did not attend the State meeting in Richmond, it was unnecessary that he should be furnished with a copy of it; but as Vice President he ought to be made acquainted with my intention of not attending the latter\u2014the reason therefore of this enquiry is, that if it has not been by the State Society; I may do it from hence.\nI should be glad to know the names of the Delegates from this State to the general meeting to be held in May next at Philada.\nI shall be ready at all times between this and the appointment of my Successor, to sign any Diplomas which may be presented to me; but it will readily occur to you that after this event takes place my powers wou\u2019d cease, & the signature would be invalid. With great esteem &c. I am\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-06-02-0476", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Heth, 6 April 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Heth, William\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon Aprl 6th 178\u27e86\u27e9\nAn honest confession of the truth, is the best apology I can make for my not acknowledging the receipt of your favor of the 24th of Decr before this. The fact is, the letter was mislaid, and entirely forgot, till chance recovered it. I now send you Colo. De Corny\u2019s third Bill of Exchange on Colo. Wadsworth. his second I have never (I believe) seen, the first you have. With esteem I am\u2014Dear Sir Yr Most Obedt Sert\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/04-06-02-0477", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Leven Powell, 18 December 1786\nFrom: Powell, Leven\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir,\nLoudoun Decr 18h 1786.\nSupposing the Buck Wheat was intended only for Sowing & having pretty full employment for our Waggons Occassion\u2019d me not to send Any down to you sooner than I did; When that Waggon was loaded I was so engaged in business that I had not time to write. The residue of the Buck Wheat I have now by me, but again our Waggons are much engaged in getting down a Quantity of Tobacco for a vessel that is now waiting for it & it will be very convenient to me if you can wait for the Buck Wheat \u2019till a more Leisure time. If you cannot conveniently do so be pleased to inform my son At Alexandria & it shall be immediately sent to you. When this load is sent down I shall do myself the pleasure of writing you with respect to the usefulness of this Grain & how it is to be managed. With much respect I am Dr Sir Yr Obt Hble Servt\nLeven Powell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/07-01-02-0007", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Patrick Henry, 11 March 1786\nFrom: Henry, Patrick\nTo: Washington, George\n                    Three Gentlemen, two of them from France, the other from Geneva, have taken up a large Body of Land, on the Waters of Ohio near to some of yours\u2014They propose to settle it by white people, chiefly from Europe\u2014whither one or more of them is going soon, for the purpose of getting Settlers\u2014This very interesting Business I have long wished to see going on, as there seems to be nothing which can more essentially promote the public good. Mr Savary & Mr Gallatin, two of these Gentlemen I have been acquainted with for twelve months & more, during which they have been labouring at this Scheme, but the Indian Depredations have retarded its Execution\u2014Now, when there is a prospect of these ceasing, it will be resumed by them with Spirit I believe\u2014Mr Charton who will probably have the Honor to deliver you this, is the other partner, I\u2019ve known him but a short Time, but I concieve well of him, & cannot but wish him well, on Account of his Undertaking.\n                    I have taken the Liberty to introduce him to you judging that it would be agreable to you to be acquainted with a Subject of this Nature\u2014If any thing was said concerning the Climate, Soil, or Situation of these Lands, or if any of their natural Advantages were explained, it would no Doubt have Weight with Foreigners inclined to come over. Mr Gallatine, of whose Merit I have a high opinion, & who has often described these Lands to me with his Hopes of settling them, has explored them thoughroughly & is pretty sanguine of succeeding in his Veiws\u2014I beg pardon for giving you the Trouble of this, & wish the highest Estem & Regard I am dear Sir your most obedient Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-08-02-0244", "content": "Title: Notes on Charters of Incorporation, [January?] 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \nEditorial Note\nNeither the time, place, nor exact topic of these notes can be fixed with certainty. JM apparently jotted down the main ideas of two acquaintances, possibly Edmund Randolph and John Marshall, and in all likelihood at the time when a repeal of the act incorporating the Protestant Episcopal church was under consideration by the House of Delegates. If JM made these notes after hearing an informal discussion of the legal points involved, he may have wanted to keep a record of the main points brought forth by two respected lawyers concerning the alleged favoritism of the General Assembly toward the Protestant Episcopal church. John Marshall was not a delegate to the General Assembly at either the 1785 or 1786 sessions, but it seems reasonable to assume that JM valued his ideas on the subject, which arose in January 1786 when an effort was made in the legislature to amend the incorporation act passed at the October 1784 session. JM might have taken the notes for his own reference for the matter was sure to come up again, and did at the next session when the earlier act was repealed (JHDVJournal of the House of Delegates of the\n          Commonwealth of Virginia; Begun and Held at the Capitol, in the City of Williamsburg.\n        Beginning in 1780, the portion after the semicolon reads, Begun and\n          Held in the Town of Richmond. In the County of Henrico. The journal for each session\n        has its own title page and is individually paginated. The edition used is the one in which\n        the journals for 1777\u20131786 are brought together in two volumes, with each journal published\n        in Richmond in either 1827 or 1828 and often called the \u201cThomas W. White reprint.\u201d, Oct. 1785, pp. 141, 143; Hening, StatutesWilliam Waller Hening, ed., The Statutes at\n          Large; Being a Collection of All the Laws of Virginia, from the First Session of the\n          Legislature, in the Year 1619 (13 vols.; Richmond and Philadelphia, 1819\u201323)., XII, 266\u201367).\n[January 1786?]\nMr R\nOriginal policy of corporations\nnecessity in large Cities from 1. [licen]tiousness of Crowded people 2. Commercial Cities where [many?] of different nations\nRepeal of Charter never conl \u2003 1: collective Charter\nrights same as individual patent right\n\u20072. example of Maryld. & Pen[nsylvania]\n\u20073. difference between giving & receiving\n\u20074. Recognition of Chart: by Constn.\n\u20075. comparison of case to Right of Suff[rage]\n\u20076. Tyranical acts of G. B. & Ch [\u2026]\n\u20077. suspension of Charter of N. Y. & Mas[s.] by Parliamt.\n\u20078. disfranchisement of [\u2026] & [\u2026] Gr[\u2026] not precedents because all rig[hts] perhaps then in dissolution\n\u20079. power of parlt. on this head referd. by Blackstone its omnipotence\n10. Bank of England Chart: not perpetu[al] lest Parlt. be precluded\n11. Cases of River Companies\n12. Case of W & M. \u2014 as respectg their lan[ds]\n13. Assembly may abridg Salary of Judge, but not take away of\n14. Bill dissolves corporation. Consequences: 1. Property reverts 2. dbt cannot be paid. 3. Renewal not of itself adequate\nMr Marshall\nHas Assembly the power?\n\u20071. Nature of Charter that gives property either in visible things or in Righ[ts] or privileges valuable.\n\u20072. action may be brot vs. & by Corporation\n\u20073. attempt vs individl of Corporation wd be same & wd. alarm\n\u20074. vested Right of any sort cannot be touched.\n\u20075. Laws of incorpn. distinct from general laws & not like them repealable: being compacts between two parties.\n\u20076. examples. 1. case of freehold granted to individual 2. Citizenship granted to Mr. Fa[y]ette 3 Charter to Rumsey\n\u20077. Irrevocable [\u2026] for party [interested in?] corporation\n\u20078. 1. Art. of bill [of] Rights. There are certain rights not alienable. note. people of Norfolk the to[ries?] by [\u2026] vs. Corporation [\u2026]\n\u20079. Marq. Becca. laws are to be general, & not to affect\u2014to In[di]vidual only such power not being given in[formation?] of power\u2014\n10. If sense of people, Legislature may interpose\u2014sense not yet expressed by majority.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-08-02-0245", "content": "Title: Resolution for Printing and Distributing Session Laws, [18 January] 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n[18 January 1786]\nResolved, That so soon as the copies of the laws allotted to the several counties, other than the counties in Kentucky, shall be printed, the same be distributed under the order of the Executive, by expresses, who shall be paid out of the contingent fund.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-08-02-0246", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Ambrose Madison, 21 January 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Madison, Ambrose\nDr. Brother\nRichmond Jany. 21. 1786\nThe Assembly will rise this evening. Have my horses sent if you please as early as you can. If any fresh butter has been procured or should be on hand & Anthony can bring it, I shall be glad of it, not immediately on my own acct. but as it will enable me to return Civilities which can not be so well discharged any other way. Yr. letter by Col. Burnley never came to hand, nor have I rec\u2019d. any acct. from you since early in the Session. The price of Tobo. continues at abt. 24/. I have a late letter from Philada. which informs me it remains there much as it has done for a considerable time past. There can not possibly be risk in taking it here at the current price, or at its rise within a reasonable period. FitzPatrick is to carry to my fathers 2 Trunks of books lately recd. from Havre de Grace and a box with a few others and some of my Cloathes. I purpose to make up his load with salt. If there sd. be any appearance of wet on the box or Trunks it will be proper to open them. Yrs.\nJ. Madison Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-08-02-0247", "content": "Title: Resolution Authorizing a Commission to Examine Trade Regulations, 21 January 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \nEditorial Note\nThis resolution which paved the way for the Annapolis convention of 1786 was not written by JM even though circumstantial evidence and speculating historians have given him the credit. The summary of evidence on authorship of the resolution in Boyd, Papers of JeffersonJulian P. Boyd et al., eds., The Papers of\n          Thomas Jefferson (18 vols. to date; Princeton, N. J., 1950\u2014\u2014)., IX, 206\u20138, presents a logical case. Despite JM\u2019s claim, made in 1804, that he introduced the resolution, Boyd\u2019s argument concludes that John Tyler wrote it after an effort to transfer some of the state regulatory powers over commerce to Congress had stagnated in the House of Delegates (JM to Noah Webster, 12 Oct. 1804 [DLC]). JM himself attributed the resolution of 21 January, introduced and passed on the last day of the session, to Tyler, when the fact was not then twenty-four hours old (JM to Jefferson, 22 Jan. 1786). Indeed, JM was not convinced the plan to convene the several states for a commercial conference was a good one, and he suspected it was being patronized by half-hearted localists. He thought it would \u201cprobably miscarry\u201d but considered it \u201cbetter than nothing.\u201d Still, the resolution had the effect of informing the country that lassitude had not overcome its political machinery. News of the convention call was printed in the Pa. Packet on 7 Feb. 1786 and spread by other newspapers. The reaction in most state legislatures proved more favorable than JM had supposed possible. Thus by the next summer, he became more optimistic when eight states had appointed deputies as a result of Governor Henry\u2019s circular invitation. Clearly by this time JM realized that the stakes were higher than mere achievement of interstate harmony. \u201cGentlemen both within & without Congs. wish to make this Meeting subservient to a plenipotentiary Convention for amending the Confederation,\u201d he wrote Jefferson (12 Aug. 1786 [DLC]).\nIn the House of Delegates. January 21st 1786\nResolved that Edmund Randolph, James Madison jr., Walter Jones, St George Tucker, Meriwether Smith \u27e8David Ross, William Ronald & George Mason\u27e9 Esqrs be appointed Commissioners, who, or any three \u27e8five\u27e9 of whom shall meet such Commissioners as may be appointed by the other States in the Union at a time and place to be agreed on, to take into Consideration the Trade of the United States to examine the relative situations and trade of the said States, to consider how far an uniform System in their Commercial regulations may be necessary to their common Interest and their permanent Harmony, and to report to the several States such an act relative to this great Object as, when unanimously ratified by them will enable the United States in Congress assembled effectually to provide for the same. That the said Commissioners shall immediately transmit to the several states Copies of the preceeding resolution with a circular Letter requesting their Concurrence therein, and proposing a time and place for the meeting aforesaid.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-08-02-0248", "content": "Title: From James Madison to John Francis Mercer, ca. 21 January 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Mercer, John Francis\nca. 21 January 1786. Acknowledged by Mercer in his letter to JM, 28 March 1786. It apparently contained a commentary on the October 1785 session of the House of Delegates.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-08-02-0251", "content": "Title: Pay Voucher as Delegate to the General Assembly, [28 January] 1786\nFrom: Commonwealth of Virginia\nTo: Madison, James\n[28 January 1786]\nComwlth of Virga. to Js. Madison Jr. Orange\nNovr. Session.\nTo Attendance as Delegate to 21. Jany. 21. 1786. inclusive 89 days\nTo travelling to & from Richmond 150 Miles\nEntered\nJ Beckley C. h. d.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-08-02-0252", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Samuel House, ca. 1\u20138 February 1786\nFrom: House, Samuel\nTo: Madison, James\n   Letter not found.\nca. 1\u20138 February 1786. Mentioned in JM to Eliza Trist, 14 March 1786, and probably contained a dismal report by House on his sister\u2019s health.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-08-02-0253", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 4 February 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\n   Letter not found.\n4 February 1786. Recorded in \u201cLetters from J. M. [to] Mr. Monroe\u201d (DLC) as \u201cunimportant.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-08-02-0254", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 8 February 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nParis Feb. 8. 1786.\nMy last letters have been of the 1st. & 20th. of Sep. and the 28th. of Oct. yours unacknoleged, are of Aug. 20. Oct. 3. & Nov. 15. I take this the first safe opportunity of inclosing you the bills of lading for your books, & two others for your name sake of Williamsburgh & for the attorney which I will pray you to forward. I thank you for the communication of the remonstrance against the assessment. Mazzei who is now in Holland promised me to have it published in the Leyden gazette. It will do us great honour. I wish it may be as much approved by our assembly as by the wisest part of Europe. I have heard with great pleasure that our assembly have come to the resolution of giving the regulation of their commerce to the federal head. I will venture to assert that there is not one of it\u2019s opposers who, placed on this ground, would not see the wisdom of this measure. The politics of Europe render it indispensably necessary that with respect to every thing external we be one nation only, firmly hooped together. Interior government is what each state should keep to itself. If it could be seen in Europe that all our states could be brought to concur in what the Virginia assembly has done, it would produce a total revolution in their opinion of us, and respect for us, and it should ever be held in mind that insult & war are the consequences of a want of respectability in the national character. As long as the states exercise separately those acts of power which respect foreign nations, so long will there continue to be irregularities committing by some one or other of them which will constantly keep us on an ill footing with foreign nations.\nI thank you for your information as to my Notes. The copies I have remaining shall be sent over to be given to some of my friends and to select subjects in the college. I have been unfortunate here with this trifle. I gave out a few copies only, & to confidential persons, writing in every copy a restraint against it\u2019s publication. Among others I gave a copy to mr Williamos. He died. I immediately took every precaution I could to recover this copy. But by some means or other a book seller had got hold of it. He had employed a hireling translator and was about publishing it in the most injurious form possible. An Abb\u00e9 Morellet, a man of letters here to whom I had given a copy, got notice of this. He had translated some passages for a particular purpose: and he compounded with the bookseller to translate & give him the whole, on his declining the first publication. I found it necessary to confirm this, and it will be published in French, still mutilated however in it\u2019s freest parts. I am now at a loss what to do as to England. Every thing, good or bad, is thought worth publishing there; and I apprehend a translation back from the French and publication there. I rather believe it will be most eligible to let the original come out in that country, but am not yet decided.\nI have purchased little for you in the book way since I sent the catalogue of my former purchases. I wish first to have your answer to that, and your information what parts of those purchases went out of your plan. You can easily say buy more of this kind, less of that &c. My wish is to conform myself to yours. I can get for you the original Paris edition in folio of the Encyclopedie for 620 livres, 35. vols; a good edn. in 39. vols. 4to. for 380 lt and a good one in 39. vols 8vo. for 280 lt. The new one will be superior in far the greater number of articles, but not in all, and the possession of the ancient one has more over the advantage of supplying present use. I have bought one for myself, but wait your orders as to you. I remember your purchase of a watch in Philadelphia. If she should not have proved good, you can probably sell her. In that case I can get for you here, one made as perfect as human art can make it for about 24. louis. I have had such a one made by the best & most faithful hand in Paris. She has a second hand, but no repeating, no day of the month, nor other useless thing to impede and injure the movements which are necessary. For 12. louis more you can have in the same cover, but on the backside, & absolutely unconnected with the movements of the watch, a pedometer which shall render you an exact account of the distances you walk. Your pleasure hereon shall be awaited.\nHoudon is returned. He called on me the other day to remonstrate against the inscription proposed for genl. W\u2019s statue. He says it is too long to be put on the pedestal. I told him I was not at liberty to permit any alteration, but I would represent his objection to a friend who could judge of it\u2019s validity, and whether a change could be authorized. This has been the subject of conversations here, and various devices & inscriptions have been suggested. The one which has appeared best to me may be translated as follows. \u2018Behold, Reader, the form of George Washington. For his worth, ask History: that will tell it, when this stone shall have yeilded to the decays of time. His country erects this monument: Houdon makes it.\u2019 This for one side. on the 2d. represent the evacuation of Boston with the motto \u2018hostibus primum fugatis.\u2019 On the 3d. the capture of the Hessians with \u2018hostibus iterum devictis.\u2019 On the 4th. the surrender of York, with \u2018hostibus ultimum debellatis.\u2019 This is seising the three most brilliant actions of his military life. By giving out here a wish of receiving mottos for this statue, we might have thousands offered, of which still better might be chosen. The artist made the same objection of length to the inscription for the bust of the M. de la fayette. An alteration of that might come in time still, if an alteration was wished. However I am not certain that it is desireable in either case. The state of Georgia has given 20,000 acres of land to the Count d\u2019Estaing. This gift is considered here as very honourable to him, and it has gratified him much.\nI am persuaded that a gift of lands by the state of Virginia to the Marquis de la fayette would give a good opinion here of our character, and would reflect honour on the Marquis. Nor am I sure that the day will not come when it might be an useful asylum to him. The time of life at which he visited America was too well adapted to receive good & lasting impressions to permit him ever to accomodate himself to the principles of monarchical government; and it will need all his own prudence & that of his friends to make this country a safe residence for him. How glorious, how comfortable in reflection will it be to have prepared a refuge for him in case of a reverse. In the mean time he could settle it with tenants from the freest part of this country, Bretagny. I have never suggested the smallest idea of this kind to him: because the execution of it should convey the first notice. If the state has not a right to give him lands with their own officers, they could buy up at cheap prices the shares of others. I am not certain however whether in the public or private opinion, a similar gift to Count Rochambeau could be dispensed with. If the state could give to both, it would be better: but in any event I think they should to the Marquis. C. Rochambeau too has really deserved more attention than he has received. Why not set up his bust, that of Gates, Greene, Franklin in your new Capitol? \u00c0 propos of the Capitol, do my dear friend exert yourself to get the plan begun on set aside, & that adopted which was drawn here. It was taken from a model which has been the admiration of 16 centuries, which has been the object of as many pilgrimages as the tomb of Mahomet; which will give unrivalled honour to our State, and furnish a model whereon to form the taste of our young men. It will cost much less too than the one begun, because it does not cover one half the Area. Ask if you please, a sight of my letter of Jan. 26. to messrs Buchanan & Hay, which will spare me the repeating it\u2019s substance here.\nEvery thing is quiet in Europe. I recollect but one new invention in the arts which is worth mentioning. It is a mixture of the arts of engraving & printing, rendering both cheaper. Write or draw any thing on a plate of brass with the ink of the inventor, and in half an hour he gives you engraved copies of it so perfectly like the original that they could not be suspected to be copies. His types for printing a whole page are all in one solid peice. An author therefore only prints a few copies of his work from time to time as they are called for, this saves the loss of printing more copies than may possibly be sold, and prevents an edition from being over exhausted. I am with a lively esteem Dear Sir your sincere friend & servant\nTh: Jefferson\nP. S. Could you procure and send me an hundred or two nuts of the Paccan? They would enable me to oblige some characters here whom I should be much gratified to oblige. They should come packed in sand. The seeds of the sugar maple too would be a great present.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-08-02-0255", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 9 February 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nParis Feb. 9. 1786\nIn my letter of yesterday I forgot to inclose one I have received on the subject of a debt due to mr Paradise, and I wish the present letter may reach the bearer of that in time to go by the same conveiance. The inclosed from Doctor Bancroft will explain itself. I add my solicitations to his, not to ask any thing to be done for mr Paradise inconsistent with the justice due to others, but that every thing may be done for him which justice will permit. Your assistance in this either by yourself or by interesting such other person in it as may be more in the way to forward it will oblige Dear Sir Your friend & servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-08-02-0256", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 9 February 1786\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nNew York Feby. 9. 1786.\nI have recd. yours of the day subsequent to the adjournment of the assembly. Since my last the subject of the impost has been taken up; a report made on it some time last year was recommitted & a report being brought in to the following effect viz: that it be earnestly recommended to the States of New York & Georgia, the only States who have fail\u2019d in some degree or other to comply with the recommendation of the 18th. of April 1783., to take it into their immediate Consideration, especially that part wh. respects the impost, & to comply with the same\u2014stating Further that the plans authoriz\u2019d by the confideration have fail\u2019d or are highly inexpedient, viz: requisitions, loans, or emissions of paper bills of credit. It implies a relinquishment of the supplementary funds, and admits the necessity of a further reference to the States & especially R I. to extend their powers upon that subject so as to come up to the recommendation\u2014being taken up it was delay\u2019d & protracted by its advocates, particularly Mr. Pinckney & ultimately (there being but 7. States present for it) postpon\u2019d to take up a motion of his own, to the same effect, but in different language; this is now under consideration & will probably pass to day. This subject hath imploy[ed] Congress for several days, so that nothing else hath been before them since the arrival of Mr. Lee.\nI have confer\u2019d with Mr. Scott upon the subject of his lands upon the Mohawk river. I enclose you a draft of a patent in wh. he owns an undivided right to about 8000 acres. He wishes to sell \u2014 his terms are, in short payments, by wh. he means abt. one third immediately & the other two thirds in annual payments 20/. New York currency. I have heard that similar land may be obtain\u2019d still cheaper, even of the same tract but of this I am not yet ascertain\u2019d. I believe it will make no difference as to the quantity in the price. He has he says given orders to his agents to dispose of none untill I hear from you. If you are inclin\u2019d to purchase & can spare the time I think you had better come here since perhaps you wod. be able to make a better bargain than any of yr. friends; he says he will have the land divided & sell if you prefer tracts ascertain\u2019d; but I understand this wod. in case you had yr. election, raise a few shillings the price. If you shod. decli[ne] coming I need not inform you that you may command to any purpose you may please any service I can render you. In this instance you had better associate with me Colo. Grayson who will probably be here in a few days. Yr. affey.\nJas. Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-08-02-0257", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Eliza House Trist, 9 February 1786\nFrom: Trist, Eliza House\nTo: Madison, James\n   Letter not found.\n9 February 1786. Contained news of Mrs. Trist\u2019s state of health and her proposed trip through various states. Mentioned in JM\u2019s response of 14 March 1786.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-08-02-0259", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Edmund Randolph, ca. 14 February 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\n   Letter not found.\nca. 14 February 1786. Mentioned in JM to Jefferson, 18 March 1786, where JM noted the arrival of a letter written by the Attorney General \u201cdated prior to his receipt of mine.\u201d Apparently JM wrote Randolph some time in the middle of February concerning Jefferson\u2019s plea that work on the state capitol should be suspended until his set of plans could be completed and sent to Virginia (Jefferson to JM, 20 Sept. 1785).", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-08-02-0260", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Henry Lee, 16 February 1786\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir\nNew York 16h. Feby. [1786]\nBy way of introduction of a correspondence, with a character I love & respect so sincerely, I enclose a report passed yesterday by Congress, the only material business done lately & which proves the dreadful situation of our f\u0153deral government. The report speaks so fully on the subject that I withhold remarks which might [my?] solicitude for the public gives birth to.\nWe have received some advices from our agent in Madeira which afford some ground to hope success will attend our negotiations with the Barbary powers tho when you consider the enmity which certainly prevails in the British cabinet towards us, their influence with those pirates and our scanty purse, I profess my fears preponderate. Indian affairs do not wear a promising countenance\u2014an additional evil to our many evils, if the spring should open with a war with the savages.\nOnly eight states are represented. Grayson joined us two days ago, & Monroe becomes Benedict this evening. My best wishes attend you, farewel my friend. Yours truely,\nH. Lee Junr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-08-02-0261", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 16 February 1786\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\n   Letter not found.\n16 February 1786. In this letter, mentioned in JM\u2019s letter of 19 March 1786 to Monroe, Monroe proposed a joint purchase of land in the Mohawk Valley from one Taylor. In the letter he also discussed the possibilities of reforming the Confederation and the inadequate powers of the Virginia commissioners if a convention were to undertake such a reform.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-08-02-0262", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 24 February 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir\nOrange Feby. 24th. 1786\nYour favor of the 9th. Feby. is just handed to me. Having but a moment to answer it I confine myself to the Paragraph relating to Mr. Scotts proposition. I thank you most sincerely for the attention you have given to my request on that matter. My opinion is not changed with regard to the policy of some such speculation, and I shall revolve well your communications. The difficulty however of commanding money at present even under prospects which in other situations might have been confided in, and the possibility of more eligible dispositions of any resources I may have, are lessons of caution which I must not disregard. It is incumbent on me therefore, whatever latent views I may retain, not to authorize in Mr. Scott any reliance on me which may retard or prevent other negociatiations [sic]. Of this you will be kind enough to apprize him, that he may untie the hands of his Agents if he thinks proper. I shall write again by the first opportunity, which I hope will urge brevity less than the present, remaining in the meantime Yr. affect. friend\nJ. Madison Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-08-02-0264", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Daniel Carroll, 13 March 1786\nFrom: Carroll, Daniel\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nAnnapolis March 13th. 1786\nOur General Assembly adjournd this day after a Session of 4 Months. The proposition from yr. Assembly, for a meeting of Commissioners, from all the States, to adjust a general commercial System, reach\u2019d us not long before the conclusion of the Session. Our House of Delegates propos\u2019d Commissioners for that purpose. The measure appear\u2019d to the Senate, tho\u2019 undoubtedly adopted by yr. Assembly with the best intentions, to have a tendency to weaken the authority of Congress, on which the Union, & consequently the Liberty, & Safety of all the States depend. We had just receiv\u2019d the Act of Congress of the 15 of Feby last, by which it appears that Body relyes solely on the States complying with their Act of the 10th of Apl. 1783. I am afraid the Idea of Commsrs. meeting from all the States, on the regulation of Trade, will retard the Act of Congress from being carry\u2019d into execution, if not entirely distroy it. The reluctant States are very willing to lay hold of anything which will procrastinate that measure. There are many other considerations, which I need not suggest to you. I shall only observe, that sound policy, if not the Spirit of the Confederation dictates, that all matters of a general tendency, shou\u2019d be in the representative Body of the whole, or under its authority.\nOur Assembly have granted the 5 P Cent compleatly, on 12 States complying including Maryland\u2014& have granted 10/ on every \u00a3100 property for 25 years for their proportion of the internal fund riquir\u2019d.\nIt gave me pleasure to hear from Col. Mercer that you enjoy\u2019d yr. health & I request you will believe me to be Dear Sr. with great esteem, Yr affte & Obt Servt\nDanl. Carroll\nPS If you shoud favour me with a few lines direct to me at George Town by post.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-08-02-0265", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 14 March 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir\nOrange March 14th. 1786.\nI acknowledged some time since your favor of the 9th. of Feby. inclosing the plot and proposition from young Mr. Scott. I have only now to repeat on that subject that I wish him to place no expectation on one that may divert him from other negociations. If I find that my resources will make it worth while to renew the matter on my part, I will trouble you to obtain further explanations, unless I should determine to make a trip myself. Indeed I should not think of closing any bargain in such a case without either examining the land myself, or making use of the examination of others. My private opinion is that the vacant land in that part of America opens the surest field of speculation of any in the U.S. Its quality is excellent, its communication with the Sea is almost, and in time will be altogether, by water alone. This channel too, as running thro\u2019 our own jurisdiction, is free from the uncertainties incident to the Western navigation, and what removes every doubt of the value of land in that quarter is that land in the same situation and of the same soil, bears now & has long borne a high price. You I suppose have no view of turning any part of your speculations that way. If you had even so far as to meditate a visit to that region, it would have great weight with me. It wd. have decisive weight as to a trip myself. How do you propose to dispose of yourself during the Summer? I have just recd. a few lines from the attorney which inform me that it has been agreed by the meeting of the deputies for a Continental Convention, to propose Annapolis as the place & the first monday in Sepr. for the time of its assembling, and that a circular letter has been dispatched to that effect. What is thought of this measure where you are and what probability is there that it will be generally acceded to by the States? I am far from entertaining sanguine expectations from it, and am sensible that it may be viewed in one objectionable light. Yet on the whole I cannot disapprove of the experiment. Something it is agreed is necessary to be done, towards the commerce at least of the U.S., and if anything can be done, it seem[s] as likely to result from the proposed Convention, and more likely to result f[rom] the present crisis, than from any other mode or time. If nothing can be done we may at least expect a full discovery as to that matter from the experiment, and such a peice of knowledge will be worth the trouble and expence of obtaining it. I have a letter from Mr. Jefferson of the 20th. of Sepr. but he says nothing to me which you have not probably recd. more fully either from your private or public communication with him. I am Dr Sir very sincerely Yr. Affe. friend,\nJs. Madison Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-08-02-0268", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 18 March 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nVirga. Orange March 18th. 1786\nYour two favours of the 1 & 20 Sepr. under the same cover by Mr. Fitzhugh did not come to hand till the 24th ult: and of course till it was too late for any Legislative interposition with regard to the Capitol. I have written to the Attorney on the subject. A letter which I have from him dated prior to his receipt of mine takes notice of the plan you had promised and makes no doubt that it will arrive in time for the purpose of the Commissioners. I do not gather from his expressions however that he was aware of the change which will become necessary in the foundation already laid; a change which will not be submitted to without reluctance for two reasons. 1. the appearance of caprice to which it may expose the Commissioners. 2 which is the material one, the danger of retarding the work till the next Session of Assembly can interpose a vote for its suspension, and possibly for a removal to Williamsburg. This danger is not altogether imaginary. Not a Session had passed since I became a member without one or other or both of these attempts. At the late Session, a suspension was moved by the Williamsburg Interest, which was within a few votes of being agreed to. It is a great object therefore with the Richmond Interest to get the building so far advanced before the fall as to put an end to such experiments. The circumstances which will weigh in the other scale, and which it is to be hoped will preponderate, are, the fear of being reproached with sacrificing public considerations to a local policy, and a hope that the substitution of a more \u0153conomical plan, may better reconcile the Assembly to a prosecution of the Undertaking.\nSince I have been at home I have had leisure to review the literary cargo for which I am so much indebted to your friendship. The collection is perfectly to my mind. I must trouble you only to get two little mistakes rectified. The number of Vol. in the Encyclopedie correspondends with your list, but a duplicate has been packed up of Tom. 1. 1ere. partie of Histoire Naturelle Quadrupedes, premiere livraison, and there is left out the 2d. part of the same Tom. which as appears by the Avis to the 1st. livraison makes the 1st. Tome of Histoire des Oiseaux, as well as by the Histoire des oiseaux sent, which begins with Tom. II. 1re partie, and with the letter F. From the Avis to the sixth livraison I infer that the vol. omitted made part of the 5me. livraison. The duplicate vol. seems to have been a good deal handled, and possibly belongs to your own Sett. Shall I keep it in my hands or send it back? The other mistake is an omission of the 4th. vol. of D\u2019Albon sur l\u2019inter\u00eat de plusierrs nations &c. The binding of the three vols. which are come is distinguished from that of most of the other books by the circumstance of the figure on the back numbering the vols. being on a black instead of a red ground. The authors name above is on a red ground. I mention these circumstances that the binder may supply the omitted vol. in proper uniform. I annex a State of our account balanced. I had an opportunity a few days after your letters were recd. of remitting the balance to the hands of Mrs. Carr with a request that it might be made use of as you direct to prevent a loss of time to her sons from occasional disappointments in the stated funds. I have not yet heard from the Mr. Fitzhughs on the subject of your advance to them. The advance to Le Maire had been made a considerable time before I received your countermanding instructions. I have no copying press, but must postpone that conveniency to other wants which will absorb my little resources. I am fully apprized of the value of this machine and mean to get one when I can better afford it, and may have more use for it. I am led to think it wd. be a very \u0153conomical acquisition to all our public offices which are obliged to furnish copies of papers belonging to them.\nA Quorum of the deputies appointed by the Assembly for a Commercial Convention had a meeting at Richmond shortly after I left it, and the Attorney tells me, it has been agreed to propose Annapolis for the place, and the first monday in Sepr. for the time of holding the Convention. It was thought prudent to avoid the neighbourhood of Congress, and the large Commercial towns, in order to disarm the adversaries to the object, of insinuations of influence from either of these quarters. I have not heard what opinion is entertained of this project at New York, nor what reception it has found in any of the States. If it should come to nothing, it will I fear confirm G. B. and all the world in the belief that we are not to be respected, nor apprehended as a nation in matters of Commerce. The States are every day giving proofs that separate regulations are more likely to set them by the ears, than to attain the common object. When Massts. set on foot a retaliation of the policy of G. B. Connecticut declared her ports free. N. Jersey served N. York in the same way. And Delaware I am told has lately followed the example in opposition to the commercial plans of Penna. A miscarriage of this attempt to unite the States in some effectual plan, will have another effect of a serious nature. It will dissipate every prospect of drawing a steady revenue from our imposts either directly into the federal treasury, or indirectly thro\u2019 the treasuries of the Commercial States; and of consequence the former must depend for supplies solely on annual requisitions, and the latter on direct Taxes drawn from the property of the Country. That these dependencies are in an alarming degree fallacious is put by experience out of all question. The payments from the States under the calls of Congress have in no year borne any proportion to the public wants. During the last year, that is from Novr. 1784 to Novr 1785, the aggregate payments, as stated to the late Assembly fell short of 400,000 dollrs. a sum neither equal to the interest due on the foreign debts, nor even to the current expences of the federal Government. The greatest part of this sum too went from Virga. which will not supply a single shilling the present year. Another unhappy effect of a continuance of the present anarchy of our commerce, will be a continuance of the unfavorable balance on it, which by draining us of our metals furnishes pretexts for the pernicious substitution of paper money, for indulgences to debtors, for postponements of taxes. In fact most of our political evils may be traced up to our commercial ones, as most of our moral may to our political. The lessons which the mercantile interest of Europe have received from late experience will probably check their propensity to credit us beyond our resources, and so far the evil of an unfavorable balance will correct itself. But the Merchants of G. B. if no others will continue to credit us at least as far as our remittances can be strained, and that is far enough to perpetuate our difficulties unless the luxurious propensity of our own people can be otherwise checked. This view of our situation presents the proposed Convention as a remedial experiment which ought to command every assent; but if it be a just view it is one which assuredly will not be taken by all even of those whose intentions are good. I consider the event therefore as extremely uncertain, or rather, considering that the States must first agree to the proposition for sending deputies\u2014that these must agree in a plan to be sent back to the States, and that these again must agree unanimously in a ratification of it. I almost despair of success. It is necessary however that something should be tried & if this be not the best possible expedient, it is the best that could possibly be carried thro\u2019 the Legislature here. And if the present crisis cannot effect unanimity, from what future concurrences of circurrences [circumstances?] is it to be expected? Two considerations particularly remonstrate against delay. One is the danger of having the same game played on our confederacy by which Philip [man]aged that of the Grecian state. I saw during the late assembly of the influence of the desperate circumstances of indi[vi]du[al]s on their public conduct to admonish me of the possibility of finding in the council of some one of the states fit instru[ments] of foreign machinations. The other consideration is the probability of an early increase of the confederated states which more than proportion[ally] impede measures which require unanimity as the new members may bring sentiment[s] and interests les[s] congenial with those of the Atlantic states than those of the latter are one with another.\nThe price of our Staple is down at 22/ at Richmond. One argument for putting off the taxes was that as it would relieve the planters from the necessity of selling & would enable them to make a better bargain with the purchasers. The price has notwithstanding been falling ever since. How far the event may have proceeded from a change in the Market of Europe I know not. That it has in part proceeded from the practice of remitting and postponing the taxes may I think be fairly deduced. The scarcity of money must of necessity sink the price of every article. And the relaxation in collecting the taxes, increases this scarcity by diverting the money from the public Treasury to the shops of merchandize. In the former case it would return into circulation. In the latter it goes out of the Country to balance the increased consumption. A vigorous and steady collection of taxes would make the money necessary here and would therefore be a mean[s] of keeping it here. In our situation it would have the salutary operation of a sumptuary law. The price of Indian Corn in this part of the Country which produced the best crops, is not higher than 2 dollrs. per barrl. It would have been much higher but for the peculiar mildness of the winter, December and Jany. scarcely reminded us that it was winter. February, though temperate was less unseasonable. Our deepest snow, (about 7 inches) was in the present month. I observe the tops of the blue ridge still marked with its remains. My last was dated Jan. 22. and contained a narrative of the proceedings of the Assembly. I shall write you again as soon as a subject & opportunity occur, remaining in the mean time Yr. Affecte. friend,\nDr. to T. J.\nlivrs.\nSols\n1785 Sepr. 1 To amt. of books &c\nCredt.\ndrs.\nlivrs.\nsols\nBy balance stated by T. J. 77-2/3\nBy advance to lemaire 10 Gu[i]n[ea]s\ndrs.\nBy do. for 6 Copies of Revisal at 2 1/2\n   \u00a325 I discover exceeds the sum extended a few livres which may be carried into the next acct. if it be thought worth while.\nBy \u00a325 Va. Cy. remitted to Mrs. C", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-08-02-0269", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 19 March 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir\nOrange 19th. March 1786\nI am just favored with yours of the 11 & 16. of Feby. A newspaper since the date of the latter has verified to me your inauguration into the mysteries of Wedlock, of which you dropped a previous hint in the former. You will accept my sincerest congratulations on this event, with every wish for the happiness it promises. I join you cheerfully in the purchase from Taylor, as preferable to taking it wholly to myself. The only circumstance I regret is that the first payment will rest with you alone if the conveyance should be accelerated. A few months will elapse inevitably before I shall be able to place on the spot my half of the sum, but the day shall be shortened as much as possible. I accede also fully to your idea of extending the purchase in that quarter. Perhaps we may be able to go beyond the thousand acres you have taken into view. But ought we not to explore the ground before we venture too far? Proximity of situation is but presumptive evidence of the quality of soil. The value of land depends on a variety of little circumstances which can only be judged of from inspection, and a knowledge of which gives a seller an undue advantage over an uninformed buyer. Can we not about the last of May or June take a turn into that district. I am in a manner determined on it myself. It will separate you but for a moment from New York, and may give us lights of great consequence. I have a project in my head, which if it hits your idea and can be effectuated may render such an excursion of decisive value to us. I reserve it for oral communication.\n\u201cThe Question of policy\u201d you say \u201cis whether it will be better to correct the vices of the Confederation, by recommendation gradually as it moves along, or by a Convention. If the latter should be determined on, the powers of the Virga. Commssrs are inadequate.\u201d If all on whom the correction of these vices depends were well informed and well disposed, the mode would be of little moment. But as we have both ignorance and iniquity to control, we must defeat the designs of the latter by humouring the prejudices of the former. The efforts for bringing about a correction thro\u2019 the medium of Congress have miscarried. Let a Convention then be tried. If it succeeds in the first instance, it can be repeated as other defects force themselves on the public attention, and as the public mind becomes prepared for further remedies. The Assembly here would refer nothing to Congress. They would have revolted equally against a plenipotentiary commission to their deputies for the Convention. The option therefore lay between doing what was done and doing nothing. Whether a right choice was made time only can prove. I am not in general an advocate for temporizing or partial remedies. But a rigor in this respect, if pushed too far may hazard every thing. If the present paroxism of our affairs be totally neglected our case may become desperate. If any thing comes of the Convention it will probably be of a permanent not a temporary nature, which I think will be a great point. The mind feels a peculiar complacency, in seeing a good thing done when it is not subject to the trouble & uncertainty of doing it over again. The Commission is to be sure not filled to every man\u2019s mind. The History of it may be a subject for some future t\u00eate at\u00eate. You will be kind enough to forward the letter for Mr. Jefferson and to be assured that I am with the sincerest affection Yr friend & Servt.\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-08-02-0270", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 19 March 1786\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nNew York March 19th. 1786.\nI enclose you a copy of Mr. Jay\u2019s publication of the correspondence between him & Mr. Littlepage revis\u2019d and corrected. It may furnish some matter of entertainment. Jersey having taken into consideration the late requisition, the house of delegates resolv\u2019d that having enter\u2019d into the confederation upon terms highly disadvantageous to that State from the necessity of publick affrs. at the time, & a confidence that those points in which they were aggriev\u2019d wod. be remedied & finding this was not the case & a compact founded in such unequal principles likely, by this acquiescence to be fetter\u2019d on them, they wod. not therefore comply with the same untill their grievances were redress\u2019d; in the course of their reasoning they mention the failure of some States to comply with the impost & seem to rest themselves on that ground in such a manner as to intimate that if they shod. comply their objections wod. be nearly remov\u2019d. This resolution being brought before Congress gave great uneasiness. It is to be observ\u2019d that here is no express act of the Legislature but merely the negative of a proposition to comply with the requisition in the branch with whom it shod. originate. They therefor[e] are in a less direct opposition to the confederation than if it were the act of the legislature\u2014but being in a high degree reprehensible Congress resolv\u2019d that a committee be appointed to attend the legislature & endeavor to prevail on them to rescind the resolution & acce[de] to the measure. The Committee were, Pinckney, G[or]ham & Grayson; they left us immediately & have n[ot] since return\u2019d. We have in the papers an act st[ated] to be of R. I. passing the impost in the full latitud[e] recommended by Congress. It is believ\u2019d to be the case\u2014in that event this State (New York) will most probably p[ass] it also. It is also sd. that Georgia hath p[assed] it. A report urging in very pointed terms a com[pli]ance with the recommendation for changing a[s] therein propos\u2019d the 8th. of the articles of confeder[a]tion is before Congress. It will most probably pass altho\u2019 some gentn. in the Eastern States wod. willing[ly] throw it aside. The better dispos\u2019d & better inform\u2019d are aware of the impolicy of an opposition to it even if injurious to those States (wh. is not admitted) while they seek a more important alteration in the extension of the powers of Congress in the regula[ti]on of trade. You will before this have heard that I have it in my power to make you acquainted with a Lady of this State adopted of Virga. I am sincerely yr. friend & servt.\nJas. Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-08-02-0271", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Grayson, 22 March 1786\nFrom: Grayson, William\nTo: Madison, James\nDr Sir.\nNew York March 22nd. 1786.\nI should have done myself the pleasure of writing to you sooner, but really nothing occurr\u2019d here of sufficient consequence to communicate. Congress from the small number of States that have come forward have remained in a kind of political torpor. They have of course taken no active steps, till lately that they have addressed the States on the subject of commerce. They were not long since a good deal alarmed at the conduct of sister Jersey. The House of delegates of that State in a moody fit declared that they would not only not comply with the requisition of 1785, but with no other requisition, until the 5 \u214c Ct. Impost was adopted. The State by this Act having declared Independance, Congress thought it was a matter that merited some attention. They therefore ordered a Comme. to go to Trenton & expostulate with the House on the impropriety of their conduct. The Comme. was heard, and the House were so complaisant as to rescind the resolution but they have passed no legislative act in affirmance of the requisition, & I very much doubt whether they will. It may however have this effect, that other States will not be deterred (by her conduct in an absolute refusal) from passing the requisition. There is at present a greater prospect of the Impost than has been ever known; Georgia & Rhode Island have come into the measure, & it remains only with N. York to give her consent to make it productive. The Legislature is now sitting and deliberating on this subject but I doubt extremely whether the result will be favorable.\nOur foreign affairs are very little altered one way or other since I had the pleasure of seeing you. Mr. Adams has done nothing with the Brittish Ministry; & Mr. Jay has done very little more with Mr. Gardoqui. The Commrs. in Europe have dispatched Mr. Barclay, Mr. Franks, Mr. Lamb & Mr. Randal[l] to negotiate with the Barbary powers & We understand that Mr. Barclay has actually arrived at the Court of the Emperor of Morocco. I am very apprehensive that no good will come of all this. These potentates are the most greedy & rapacious in the whole world, & yet we offer nothing worth their acceptance. In addition to this it is shrewdly to be suspected that the Maritime powers will underhandedly counteract all our measures. They cannot but be pleased to see American vessels (in addition to the dearness of labor) tottering under the accumulated pressure of Corsair insurance. Some people are seriously of opinion that we should turn Algerines ourselves; they must surely be out of their senses. However not more so, than some others who thought it for the interest of the U. S. to keep constantly at war with them. This latter sentimt. which proceeds from our Secy. of foreign affairs comes fully up to the idea of fighting for nothing & finding ourselves.\nThere has been a great contest in Jersey for the Argent papier; but though it went triumphantly through the lower house, it was lost in the Council, 8 to 5. Some of the Members who were adverse to it, have been burn\u2019t in effigy, in particular Colo. Ogden at, or near, Elizabeth town. The old Governor was drawn up to the stake but pardoned, on account of his having been the first magistrate. This same Jersey bill was one of the most iniquitous things I ever saw in my life; the money was a tender; if it was refused, the debt was suspended for 12. years, in the mean time the act of limitation ran of course, which in effect destroyed it. Jersey has not been singular in her attempts at cheating. In this place a bill is depending, of the same purport as that of Jersey, & which it is probable will pass, although it is violently opposed by the upright & respectable part of the Commy. The Antients were surely men of more candor than We are. They contended openly for an abolition of debts in so many words, while we strive as hard for the same thing under the decent & specious pretense of a circulating medium. Montesquieu was not wrong when he said the democratical might be as tyrannical as the despotic; for where is there a greater act of despotism than that of issuing paper to depreciate for the purpose of paying debts on easy terms. If Lord Effingham is right that an act agt. the Constitution is void, surely paper money with a tender annexed to it is void, for it is not an attack upon property, the security of which is made a fundamental in every State in the Union. There has been some serious thoughts in the minds of some of the Members of Congress to recommend to the States the meeting of a general Convention, to consider of an alteration of the Conf\u0153deration, & there is a motion to this effect now under consideration. It is contended that the present Confederation is utterly inefficient, and that if it remains much longer in its\u2019 present State of imbecillity we shall be one of the most contemptible Nations on the face of the Earth: for my own part I have not yet made up my mind on the subject. I am doubtful whether it is not better to bear those ills we have than fly to others that we know not of. I am however in no doubt about the weakness of the f\u0153deral Government; if it was weaker notwithstanding, it would answer if the States had power as in the United Netherlands the f\u0153deral Governmt. is weak but the Individual States are strong. It is no wonder our Government should not work well, being formed on the Dutch model where circumstances are so materially different. Your friend Colo. Monro has taken to himself a Wife out of the house of Kortright. Mr. King is to be married in a few days to Miss Alsop. Mr. Gerry is already Married to Miss Thomson. Mr. Houston is to be married to Miss Mary Bayard. Many more maneuvres are going forwd. among the members of Congress which seems to portend a conjunction copulative. In short I think we have got into Calypso\u2019s Island. I heartily wish you were here: as I have a great desire to see you figure in the character of a married man.\nI tryed to get you the book respecting canals, but all were sold but one, which at Genl. Washingtons desire I sent to him. All I could do was to imploy the book seller to import some this will be done with all convenient speed. Out of the importation I have engaged 5. Copies: two for you, two for myself & one for the Potowmack people. I remain with the greatest friendship Yr. Most Obed Serv\nWillm. Grayson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-08-02-0272", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Francis Mercer, 28 March 1786\nFrom: Mercer, John Francis\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nMarlbro. Mar 28, 1786\nI return\u2019d yesterday on my way to the General Court from Maryland where I had the pleasure of receiving your favor from Richmond. The sequel of proceedings which you enumerated by no means coincided with my opinions, but that does not make them less right. I have enclosed you a statement of my political doctrines, which from what I recollect will hardly meet with your approbation. I have dispersed them throughout the County I represented, in order to make them acquainted with my Sentiments, & to give them an opportunity of expressing their concurrence or disaprobation the next Election. I have not yet determined with myself whether I shall serve any longer perhaps my County will determine for me\u2014whether they reject me or not will not occasion one moments concern. I shall have left a record of my Opinions with them, that will at least present them in as fair a veiw as they merit I would not wish to be calumniated\u2014but my Ambition becomes every day more limited\u2014it is now only to be thought a Good Man, or only to think so myself. A man cannot be well contracted to a narrower Circle. I really wish well to America & in general & to this State particularly\u2014few circumstances coud give me more pleasure than to see these Governments answer the ends that were expected\u2014but my doubts go far beyond my hopes. The conf\u0153deral Government was always an object of derision rather than anything else with me\u2014its like a Mans attempting to walk with both legs cut off. All our Executives are one water mixed with water\u2014wishy washy Stuff. A british Gentleman travelling with 3,000 a year or any rich Citizen among ourselves will command more respect than the whole Muster of Governmental fry put together. Can such Men have confidence enough to carry the laws into Execution agt. a powerful Citizen or a Combination of them. In Maryland it was try\u2019d the other day & it exactly cost \u00a32000 their Currency to be acquitted of a very black murder, committed by a very vicious man too, but who happened to have powerful Connexions. If the whole Governments coud be amalgamated & made into a tolerabl[y] good one, I confess it woud be very satisfactory to me. Coud I see a chance of this I shoud not begrudge spend[ing] a year or two more in a very thankless mode of life. I shall be over into this part of the World with my family in the Month of Ma[y.] I shall be really happy to see you here before you go to Maryland & it woud not be out of your way in many respects. Adeiu & believe me to be a very sincere friend & Sert.\nJohn F Mercer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0001", "content": "Title: Notes on Ancient and Modern Confederacies, [April\u2013June?] 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \nEditorial Note\nAs a member of Congress JM had worked tirelessly to strengthen the federal authority, a goal which he had continued to pursue in the Virginia legislature. The appointment of JM in January 1786 as a delegate to the proposed commercial convention at Annapolis the following September offered him a new opportunity to work for reform of the Confederation.\nDuring the mid-1780s JM\u2019s political exertions to revise the Articles of Confederation were paralleled by his scholarly research in his Montpelier library. As early as 1784 JM had set about obtaining every treatise available on past and present confederacies, observing that \u201cthe operations of our own must render all such lights of consequence.\u201d To Jefferson, who served as his agent in Europe, JM gave an unlimited commission to purchase the relevant works, and by January 1786 he had received two trunks of books from abroad. Following the adjournment of the Assembly, JM began a systematic perusal of this \u201cliterary cargo\u201d (JM to Jefferson, 16 Mar. 1784, 27 Apr. 1785, 22 Jan. and 18 Mar. 1786, Papers of MadisonWilliam T. Hutchinson et al., eds., The\n          Papers of James Madison (9 vols. to date; Chicago, 1962\u2014\u2014)., VIII, 11, 266, 472, 501). The results of his research are contained in the notes printed below.\nJM documented his work, as befitted a thorough scholar, with a heavy preponderance of his citations from the recently acquired thirteen-volume edition of Felice\u2019s Code de l\u2019humanit\u00e9. Heavy reliance also was placed on William Temple, Observations upon the United Provinces of the Netherlands (8th ed.; Edinburgh, 1747) and the copies of Charles Joseph Panckoucke et al., eds., Encyclop\u00e9die m\u00e9thodique, which Jefferson had sent from Paris. Some eighteen other works, in various editions, are cited in the annotations below and several are found in JM\u2019s \u201cReport on Books for Congress\u201d (Papers of MadisonWilliam T. Hutchinson et al., eds., The\n          Papers of James Madison (9 vols. to date; Chicago, 1962\u2014\u2014)., VI, 65\u2013115).\nAlthough JM may have prepared the memorandum with the Annapolis convention in mind, its early adjournment for lack of attendance deprived him of the opportunity to make use of it at that meeting. Over the next twenty-one months, however, he would often turn to the notes in his speeches at the Philadelphia convention, the Virginia ratifying convention, and most notably in preparing several of his essays for The Federalist.\nThe compilation of these notes and the use to which JM put them reflected an Enlightenment faith in the utility of history, as expressed by the French philosophe Charles Pinot Duclos: \u201cWe see on the theater of the world a certain number of scenes which succeed each other in endless repetition: where we see the same faults followed regularly by the same misfortunes, we may reasonably think that if we could have known the first we might have avoided the others. The past should enlighten us on the future: knowledge of history is no more than an anticipated experience\u201d (quoted in Carl L. Becker, The Heavenly City of the Eighteenth-Century Philosophers [New Haven, 1932], p. 95).\nThe fundamental lesson that JM drew from his study was that confederacies were fragile creations, continually tending toward dissolution or impotency. JM saw the same fate in store for the American confederation unless drastic corrective surgery were applied. The most common vice of confederacies, the one that \u201cseems to have been mortal to the antient Confederacies, and to be the disease of the modern,\u201d he observed, was the absence of a controlling central authority. JM thought he had found the solution to this problem in proposing that a negative, or veto power, over local legislation be placed in the hands of the general government. He was keenly disappointed when this device was rejected by his colleagues at Philadelphia and was fearful that the plan adopted there would be short-lived (JM to Jefferson, 24 Oct. 1787, Papers of Jefferson, XII, 274). Though his worst expectations were never borne out, JM throughout his life remained constantly aware of the precarious nature of the American experiment in federal republicanism.\n[April\u2013June? 1786]\nAncient & Modern Confederacies\nLycian Confederacy\nIn this confederacy the number of votes allotted to each member was proportioned to its pecuniary contributions. The Judges and Town magistrates were elected by the general authority in like proportion.\n See Montesquieu who prefers this mode.\nThe name of a federal republic may be refused to Lycia which Montesquieu cites as an example in which the importance of the members determined the proportion of their votes in the general Councils. The Gryson League is a juster example. Code de l\u2019Hum.-Confederation\nLyciorum quoque \u03b5\u1f50\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03bd celebrat Strabo: de qu\u00e2 pauca libet heic subjungere. Fu\u00eare eorum urbes XXIII, distinctae in classes tres pro modo virium. In prim\u00e2 classe censebantur maximae sex, in alter\u00e2 mediae, numbero nobis incerto, in terti\u00e2 reliquae omnes, quarum fortuna minima. Et singulae quidem urbes hae domi res suas curabant, magistratus suos, ordinemque civilem suum habebant: universae tamen in unum co\u00ebuntes unam communem rempublicam constituebant, concilioque utebantur uno, velut, senatu majore. In eo de bello, de pace, de foederibus, denique de rerum Lyciacarum summ\u00e2 deliberabant & statuebant. Coibant vero in concilium hoc ex singulis urbibus missi cum potestate ferendi suffragii: utebanturque e\u00e2 in re jure aequissimo. Nam quaelibet urbs primae classis habebat jus suffragiorum trium, secundae duorum, tertiae unius. Eademque proportione tributa quoque conferebant, et munia alia obibant. Quemadmodum enim ratio ipsa dictat, et poscit aequitas, ut plura qui possident, et caeteris ditiores sunt, plura etiam in usus communes, et reipublicae subsidia conferant, sic quoque eadem aequitatis regula postulat, ut in statuendo de re communi iidem illi plus aliis possint: praesertim cum eorundem magis intersit rempublicam esse salvam qu\u00e0m tenuiorum. Locum concilii hujus non habebant fixum & certum, sed, ex omnibus urbem deligebant, quae videbatur pro tempore commodissima. Concilio coacto primum designabant Lyciarcham principem totius Reipublicae, dein magistratus alios creabant, partes reipublicae administraturos, demum judicia publica constituebant. Atque haec omnia faciebant servat\u00e2 proportione eadem, ut nulla omnin\u00f2 urbs praeteriretur munerumve aut honorum horum non fieret particeps. Et hoc jus illibatum mansit Lyciis ad id usque tempus, quo Romani assumpto Asiae imperio magn\u00e2 ex parte sui arbitrii id fecerunt. Ubbo Emmius de Republica Lyciorum in Asia.\nAmphyctionic Confederacy\ninstituted by Amphyction son of Deucalion King of Athens 1522 years Ant: Christ: Code De l\u2019Humanit\u00e8\nSeated first at Thermopylae, then at Delphos, afterwards at these places alternately. It met half yearly to wit in the Spring & Fall, besides extraordinary occasions. Id. In the latter meetings, all such of the Greeks as happened to be at Delphos on a religious errand were admitted to deliberate, but not to vote. Encyclopedie.\nThe number and names of the confederated Cities differently reported. The Union seems to have consisted originally of the Delphians and their neighbours only, and by degrees to have comprehended all Greece. 10, 11, 12 are the different numbers of original members mentioned by different Authors. Code de l\u2019Humanit\u00e8.\nEach City sent two deputies one to attend particularly to Religious matters\u2014the other to civil and criminal matters affecting individuals\u2014both to decide on matters of a general nature. Id. Sometimes more than two were sent, but they had two votes only. Encyclop.\nThe Amphyctions took an oath mutually to defend and protect the United Cities\u2014to inflict vengeance on those who should sacrilegiously despoil the temple of Delphos\u2014to punish the violators of this oath\u2014and never to divert the water courses of any of the Amphyctionic Cities either in peace or in war. Code de l\u2019Hum.\nAeschines orat: vs Ctesiph.\nThe Amphyctionic Council was instituted by way of defence and terror agst. the Barbarians. Dictre. de Trevoux.\nFoederal authority\u2014\nThe Amphyctions had full power to propose and resolve whatever they judged useful to Greece. Encyclop. Pol. Oecono.\n1. They judged in the last resort all differences between the Amphyctionic Cities. Code de l\u2019Hum.\n2. mulcted the aggressors. Id\n3. employed whole force of Greece agst. such as refused to execute its decrees. Id. & Plutarch, Cimon\n4. guarded the immense Riches of the Temple at Delphos, and decided controversies between the inhabitants and those who came to consult the oracle. Encyclop.\n5. superintended the pythian games. Code de l\u2019Hum.\n6. exercised\nright of admitting new members.\nsee Decree admitting Philip, in Demosthenes on Crown.\n7. Appointed General of the federal troops with full powers to carry their decrees into execution. Ibid.\n8. declared & carried on war. Code de l\u2019Human.\nStrabo says that the Council of Amphyctions was dissolved in the time of Augustus: but Pausanias, who lived in the time of Antoninus Pius says it remained entire then, and that the number of Amphyctions was thirty. Potter\u2019s Gre. Ant: Vol. 1. p. 90.\nThe institution declined on the admission of Phil and in the time of the Roman Emperors, the functions of the Council were reduced to the administration & police of the Temple. This limited authority expired only with the Pagan Religion. Code de l\u2019Human.\nVices of the Constitution.\nIt happened but too often that the Deputies of the strongest Cities awed and corrupted those of the weaker, and that Judgment went in favor of the most powerful party. Id. see also Plutarch\u2019s Themistocles.\nGreece was the victim of Philip. If her confederation had been stricter, & been persevered in, she would never have yielded to Macedon, and might have proved a Barrier to the vast projects of Rome. Code de l\u2019Hum \u2003\u2003 Philip had two votes in the Council. Rawleigh Hist: World. lib 4. c. 1. Sec. 7\nThe Execution of the Amphyctionic powers was very different from the Theory. Id.\u2014It did not restrain the parties from warring agst. each other. Athens & Sparta were members during their conflicts. Quer. whether Thucidides or Xenophon in their Histories ever allude to the Amphyctionic authority which ought to have kept the peace?\u2014See Gillies Hist: Greece\u2014particularly Vol. II. p. 345\nAchaean Confederacy\nIn 124 olympd. the Patrians & Dymaeans joined first in this league. Polyb. lib. 2. c. 3\nThis League consisted at first of three small Cities. Aratus added Sicyon, and drew in many other Cities of Achaeia & Peloponnesus. Of these he formed a Republic of a peculiar sort. Code de l\u2019Human.\nIt consisted of twelve Cities, and was produced by the necessity of such a defence agst. the Etolians. Encyclo. Pol Oe. & Polyb. lib. 2.\nThe members enjoyed a perfect equality, each of them sending the [same] number of deputies to the Senate. Id.\nThe Senate assembled in the Spring & Fall, and was also convened on extraordinary occasions by two Pretors charged with the administration during the recess, but who could execute nothing witht. the consent of ten Inspectors. Id.\nFoederal authority\n1. The Senate composed of the deputies made war & peace. D\u2019Albon. I page 270\n2. Appointed a Captain General annually. Co. d\u2019Hum\n3. Transferred the power of deciding to ten Citizens taken from the deputies, the rest retaining a right of Consultation only. Id.\n4. Sent and received Ambassadors. D\u2019Albon. Ibid.\n5. appointed a prime Minister. D\u2019Albon. Ibid.\n6. contracted foreign Alliances. Code de l\u2019Hum.\n7. Confederated Cities in a manner forced to receive the same laws & Customs weights & measures; Id. & Polyb. lib. 2 cap. 3 \u2003\u2003 yet considered as having each their independent police & magistrates. Encyclop. Pol. Oecon.\n8. Penes hoc concilium erat summum rerum arbitrium, ex cujus decreto bella suscipiebantur, & finiebantur, pax conveniebat, foedera feriebantur & solvebantur, leges fiebant ratae aut irritae. Hujus etiam erat Magistratus toti Societati communes eligere, legationes decernere &c. Regebant concilium praetor praecipue, si praesens esset, et Magistratus\n   Hi numero X erant suffragiis legitimi concilii, quod verno tempore habebatur, electi ex universa societate prudenti\u00e2 praecipui, quorum concilio [consilio] potissimum praetor ex lege utebatur. Horum potestas & dignitas maxima erat post ipsum Praetorem, quos idcirco Livius, Polybium sequens, summum Achaeorum magistratum, appellabat. Cum his igitur de negociis gravioribus in concilio agitandis Praetor praeconsultabat, nec de iis, nisi in id pars major consentiret, licebat ad Consilium [concilium] referre. Id.\n   Ista vero imprimis memorabilis lex est, vinculum societatis Achaicae maxim\u00e8 stringens, et concordiam muniens, qu\u00e2 interdictum fuit, ne cui civitati Societatis hujus participi fas esset, seorsim ad exteros ullos mittere legatos, non ad Romanos, non ad alios. Et haec expressim inserta fuit pactis conventis Achaeorum cum populo Romano.\u2026 Omnium autem laudatissima lex apud eos viguit &c. qu\u00e2 vetitum, ne quis omnino, sive privatae conditionis, seu magistratum gerens, ullam ob causam quaecunque etiam sit, dona a rege aliquo caperet. Id.\n alii, quos Achaei \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 nuncupabant. Ubbo. Emmius\nVices of the Constitution.\nThe defect of subjection in the members to the general authority ruined the whole Body. The Romans seduced the members from the League by representing that it violated their sovereignty. Code de l\u2019Human.\nAfter the death of Alexander, this Union was dissolved by various dissensions raised cheifly thro\u2019 the arts of the Kings of Macedon. Every City was now engaged in a separate interest & no longer acted in concert. Polyb. lib. 2 cap. 3. After in 124 Olympd. they saw their error & began to think of returning to former State. This was the time that Pyrhus invaded Italy. Ibid.\nHelvetic Confederacy\nCommenced in 1308 by the temporary, and in 1315 by the perpetual Union, of Uri, Switz & Underwald, for the defence of their liberties agst. the invasions of the House of Austria. In 1315 the Confederacy included 8 Cantons; and 1513 the number of 13 was compleated by the accession of appenzel. Code de l\u2019Hum.\nThe General Diet representing the United Cantons is composed of two deputies from each. Some of their allies as the Abb\u00e8 St. Gall &c. are allowed by long usage to attend by their deputies. Id\nAll general Diets are held at such time & place as Zurich which is first in rank & the depositery of the common archives shall name in a circular summons. But the occasion of annual conferences for the administration of their dependent bailages has fixed the same time, to wit the feast of St. John, for the General Diet. And the City of Frawenweld in Turgovia is now the place of Meeting. Formerly it was the City of Baden. Id\nThe Diet is opened by a Complimentary Address of the first Deputy of each Canton by turns, called the Helvetic Salutation. It consists in a congratulatory review of circumstances & events favorable to their common interest\u2014and exhortations to Union and patriotism.\nThe deputies of the first Canton Zurich propose the matters to be discussed. Questions are decided by plurality of voices. In case of division, the Bailiff of Turgovia has the casting one. The Session of the Diet continues about a Month. Id\nAfter the objects of universal concern are despatched, such of the deputies whose Constituents have no share in the dependent bailages, withdraw, and the Diet then becomes a representation of the Cantons to whom these bailages belong, and proceeds to the consideration of the buisness [sic] relating thereto. Id\nExtraordinary Diets for incidental business or giving audience to foreign Ministers may be called at any time by any one of the Cantons, or by any foreign Minister who will defray the expence of meeting. Seldom a year without an extraordinary Diet. Stanyan\u2019s Switzerland\nThere is an annual Diet of 12 Cantons by 1 Deputy from each for the affairs of the Ultramontane bailages. Code de l\u2019Human.\nParticular Cantons also have their diets for their particular affairs, the time & place for whose meeting are settled by their particular Treaties.\nAll public affairs are now treated not in Genl. Diet but in the particular Assemblies of Protestant & Catholic Cantons. D\u2019Albon.\nFoederal Authority\nThe title of Republic and Sovereign State improperly given to this Confederacy, which has no concentered authority the Diets being only a Congress of Delegates from some or all of the Cantons, and having no fixt objects that are national. Dictionaire de Suisse\nThe 13 Cantons do not make one Commonwealth like the United Provinces, but are so many independent Commonwealths in strict alliance. There is not so much as any common instrument by which they are all reciprocally bound together; The 3 Primitive Cantons alone being each directly allied to the other twelve. The others in many instances are connected *indirectly only, as allies of Allies. In this mode any one Canton may draw in all the others to make a common cause in its defence. Stanyan By the Convention of Stantz, any member attacked has a *direct claim on the succour of the whole Confederacy. Coxe p: 343\nThe Confederacy has no common Treasury\u2014no common troops\u2014no common Coin\u2014no common Judicatory nor any other common mark of Sovereignty. Id.\nThe General Diet cannot terminate any interesting affair without special instructions, & powers, & the deputies accordingly take most matters proposed ad referendum. Code de l\u2019Hum.\nThe Cantons individually exercise the right of sending & receiving ambassadors\u2014making Treaties\u2014coining money\u2014proscribing the money of one another\u2014prohibing the importation and exportation of merchandize\u2014furnishing troops to foreign States, and doing every thing else which does not wound the liberty of any other Canton. Excepting a few cases spe[c]ified in the Alliances and which directly concern the Object of the league, no Canton is subject to the Resolutions of the plurality. Id.\nThe only establishment truly national is that of a federal army, as regulated in 1668, and which is no more than an eventual plan of defence adopted among so many allied States. Id\n1. The League consists in a perpetual defensive engagement agst. external attacks, and internal troubles. It may be regarded as an Axiom in the Public Law of the Confederacy, that the federal engagements are precedent to all other political engagements of the Cantons. Id\n2. Another axiom is that there are no particular or common possessions of the Cantons, for the defence of which the others are not bound as Guarantees or auxiliaries of Guarantees. Id\n3. All disputes are to be submitted to Neutral Cantons who may employ force if necessary in execution of their decrees. Id. Each party to choose 2 Judges who may in case of disagreement chuse umpire, and these under oath of impartiality to pronounce definitive sentence, which all Cantons to enforce. D\u2019Albon, & Stan.\n4. No Canton ought to form new alliances without the consent of the others. [This was stipulated in consequence of an improper alliance in 1442 by Zurich with the House of Austria.] Id.\n5. It is an essential Object of the League to preserve interior tranquility by the reciprocal protection of the form of Governmt. established in each Canton, so that each is armed with the force of the whole Corps for the suppression of rebellions & Revolts, and the History of Switzerland affords frequent instances of mutual succors for these purposes. Dictre: de Suisse.\n6. The Cantons are bound not to give shelter to fugitives from Justice, in consequence of which each Canton can at this day banish malefactors from all the territories of the League. Id.\n7. Tho\u2019 each Canton may prohibit the exportation & importation of Merchandize, it must allow it to pass thro\u2019 from one neighboring Canton to another without any augmentation of the tolls. Code de l\u2019Hum.\n8 In claiming succours agst. foreign powers, the 8 Elder Cantons have a more extensive right than the 5 Junior ones. The former may demand them of one another without explaining the motives of the quarrel. The latter cannot intermeddle but as mediators or auxiliaries; nor can they commence hostilities without the sanction of the Confederates: and if cited by their adversaries cannot refuse to accept the other Cantons for Arbiters or Judges. Dictre. de Suisse.\n9. In general each Canton is to pay its own forces without compensation from the whole or the succoured party. But in case a seige is to be formed for the benefit of a particular Canton, this is to defray the expence of it, and if for the common benefit, each is to pay its just proportion. D Albon. On no pretext is a Canton to be forced to march its troops out of the limits of Switzerland. Stanyan\n10. Foreign Ministers from different Nations reside in different Cantons. Such of them as have letters of Credence for the whole Confederacy address them to Zurich the chief Canton. The Ambassador of France who has most to do with the Confederacy is complimented at his Quarters by deputies from the whole body.\nVices of the Constitution\n1. disparity in size of Cantons\n2. different principles of Governmt. in difft. Cantons\n3. intolerance in Religion\n4. weakness of the Union. The Common bailages wch. served as a Cement, sometimes become occasions of quarrels. Dictre. de Suisse.\nIn a treaty in 1683, with Victor Amadaeus of Savoy, it is stipulated, that he shall interpose as Mediator in disputes between the Cantons, and if necessary use force agst. the party refusing to submit to the sentence. Dictre. de Suisse\u2014a striking proof of the want of authority in the whole over its parts.\nBelgic Confederacy\nestablished in 1679 by the Treaty called the Union of Utrecht. Code de l\u2019Humanit\u00e8\nThe provinces came into this Union slowly. Guelderland the smallest of them made many difficulties. Even some of the Cities & towns pretended to annex conditions to their acceding. Id.\nWhen the Union was originally established a Committee composed of deputies from each province was appointed to regulate affairs, and to convoke the provinces according to art: XIX of the Treaty. Out of this Committee grew the States General Id.\u2014who strictly speaking are only the Representatives of the States General Who amount to 800 members. Temple p. 112.\nThe number of Deputies to the States General from each province not limitted, but have only a Single voice. They amount commonly all together to 40 or 50. They hold their seats, some for life\u2014some for 6, 3 & 1 years, & those of Groninguen & Overijssel during pleasure. They are paid, but very moderately, by their respective Constituents, and are amenable to their Tribunals only. Code de l\u2019Hum. No military man is deputable to the States Genl. Id. Ambassrs. of Republic have session & deliberation but no suffrage in States Genl. Id. The grand Pensioner of Holland as ordinary deputy from Holland, attends always in the States Genl. & makes the propositions of that Province to States Gl. Id.\nThey sit constantly at the Hague since 1593, and every day in the week except Saturday & sunday. The States of Holland in granting this residence, reserve by way of protestation, the rights, the honors & prerogatives belonging to them as Sovereigns of the Province; yielding the States Genl. only a rank in certain public ceremonies. Id.\nThe eldest deputy from each province presides for a week by turns. The president receives letters &c. from the Ministers of the Republic at foreign Courts, and of foreign Ministers residing at the Hague, as well as of all petitions presented to the Assembly; all which he causes to be read by the Secretary. Id.\nThe Secretary besides correcting & recording the Resolutions prepares & despatches instructions to Ministers abroad\u2014& letters to foreign powers. He assists also at conferences held with foreign Ministers & there gives his voice. He has a deputy when there is not a second Secretary. The Agent of the States Genl. is charged with the Archives and is also employed on occasions of receiving foreign Ministers or sending Messages to them. Id.\nFederal Authority.\nThe avowed objects of the Treaty of Union. 1. to fortify the Union\u20142 to repel the Common enemy. Id\nThe Union is to be perpetual in the same manner as if the Confederates formed one province only, without prejudice however to the privileges & rights of each province & City. Id\nDifferences between provinces & between Cities are to be settled by the ordinary Judges\u2014by arbitration\u2014by amicable agreement, without the interference of other provinces otherwise than by way of accomodation. The Stadtholder is to decide such differences in the last resort. Id.\nNo change to be made in the articles of Union, without unanimous consent of the parties & every thing done contrary to them to be null & void. Id\nStates General,\n1. execute, without consulting their Constituents, treaties & alliances already formed. Id.\n2. take oaths from Generals & Governrs and appoint Field Deputies\n3. The collection of duties on imports & exports and the expedition of Safe Conducts are in their name & by their officers. Id.\n4. They superintend & examine accounts of the E. India Company. Id\n5. inspect the Mint\u2014appoint les Maitres de la monnoye\u2014fix la taille & la valeur of the Coin, having always regard to the regular rights of the provinces within their own Territories. Id.\n6. Appoint a Treasurer General & Receiver General of the Quotas furnished by the Provinces. Id.\n7. elect out of a double nomination, the fiscal & other officers within the departments of the Admiralties, except that the High officers of the fleet are appointed by the Admiral General, to whom the maritime provinces have ceded this right. Id. The Navy supported by duties on foreign trade, appropriated thereto by the maritime provinces, for the benefit of whole Republic. Id.\n8. They govern as Sovereigns, the dependent territories, according to the several capitulations. Id.\n9. They form Committees of their own body of a Member from each deputation, for foreign affairs\u2014finances marine\u2014& other matters. At all these conferences the Grand Pensioner of Holland & the Secretary of the States Genl. attend & have a deciding voice. Id.\n10. appt. & receive Ambassrs\u2014negociate wth. foreign powers\u2014deliberate on war\u2014peace\u2014alliances\u2014the raising forces\u2014care of fortifications\u2014military affairs to a certain degree\u2014the equipment of fleets\u2014building of Ships\u2014direction concerning money. Id. But they can neither make peace\u2014nor war\u2014nor truces\u2014nor treaties\u2014nor raise troops\u2014nor impose taxes, nor do other acts requiring unanimity without consulting & obtaining the sanction of the Provinces. Id. Coining money also requires unanimity & express sanction of provinces. Temple. repealing an old law on same footing. Burrish. Batav: illustrata. In points not enumerated in this article plurality of voices decides. Cod. de l\u2019Hum.\n11. Composition & publication of edicts & proclamations relative both to the objects expressed in the Articles of Union and to the measures taken for the common good, are in the name of the States, and altho\u2019 they are addressed to the States of the Provinces who announce them with their sanction, still it is in the name of the States Genl. that obedience is required of all the inhabitants of the provinces. Cod. de l\u2019hum.\nThe Provinces have reserved to themselves\n1. their sovereignty within their own limits in general. Cod. de l\u2019H.\n2. the right of coining money as essential to Sovereignty: but agreed at the same time that the money which sd. be current throughout the Republic sd. have the sam[e] intrinsic value: To give effect to which regulation a min[t] is established at the Hague under a chamber which has the inspection of all money struck either in name of States Genl. or particular provinces, as also of foreign coin. Id.\u2014Coining money not in provinces or Cities, but in the generality of Union by common agreement. Temple.\n3. Every province raises what money & by what means it pleases, & sends its quota to Receiver General. Temple. The quotas were not settled without great difficulty. Id.\n4. the naming to Govermts. of Towns within themselves\u2014keeping keys & giving word to Magistrates\u2014a power over troops in all things not military\u2014conferring Cols. Commissions & inferior posts in such Regiments as are paid by the Provinces respectively\u2014taking oath of fidelity\u2014Concerning a revocation of all which the States Genl. are not permitted to deliberate. Id.\nThe Provinces are restricted\n1. from entering into any foreign Treaties without consent of the rest. Cod. d\u2019Hum.\n2. from establishing imposts prejudicial to others without general consent. Id.\n3. from charging their neibours with higher duties than their own subjects. Id.\nCouncil of State.\u2014composed of deputies from the provinces in different proportions. 3 of them are for life: the rest generally for 3 years: they vote per capita. Temple\nThey are subordinate to the States General, who frequently however consult with them. In matters of war which require secresy they act of themselves. Military & fiscal matters are the object of their administration. They vote\nThey execute the Resolutions of the States Genl. propose requisitions of men & money & superintend the fortifications &c. & the affairs revenues & Govts. of the conquered possessions. Temple.\nChamber of Accounts. was erected for the ease of the Council of State. It is subordinate to the States Genl. is composed of two deputies from each province who are changed triennially. They examine & state all accts. of the several Receivers\u2014controul and register orders of Council of State disposing of the finances. Id.\nCollege of Admiralty established by States Genl. 1597\u2014is subdivided into five of whc. three are in Holland\u2014one in Zealand\u2014one in Friezland, each composed of 7 deputies, 4 appd. by the province where the Admiralty resides & 3 by the other provinces. The vice-Admiral presides in all of them when he is present. Temple.\nThey take final conuzance of all crimes & prizes at sea\n\u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014of all frauds in customs\nprovide quota of fleets resolved on by States Genl.\nappt. Capts. & superior officers of each squadron\ntake final cognizance also of Civil matters within 600 florins\u2014an appeal lying to States Genl. for matters beyond that sum. Code de l\u2019Hum. & Temple\nThe authority of States Genl. in Admiralty Departmt. is much limited by the influence & privileges of maritime provinces, & the jurisdiction herein is full of confusion & contradiction. Code de l\u2019humanit\u00e8\nStadtholder who is now hereditary in his political capacity is authorized\n1. to settle differences between provinces, provisionally till other methods can be agreed on, which havg never been[,] this prerogative may be deemed a permanent one. Code de l\u2019Hum.\n2. assists at deliberations of States Genl. & their particular conferences, recommends & influences appointmt. of Ambassadors. Id.\n3. has seat & suffrage in Council of State. Id.\n4. presiding in the Provincial Courts of Justice where his name is prefixed to all public Acts. Id.\n5. supreme Curator of most of the Universities. Id.\n6. As Stadtholder of the provinces has considerable rights partaking of the Sovereignty, as appointing town Magistrates on presentation made to him of a certain number[,] Executing provincial decrees &c. Id. & Mably. Etud. de l\u2019hist.\n7. gives audiences to Ambassadors & may have Agents with their Sovereigns for his private Affairs. Mab. Ibid\n8. exercises power of Pardon. Temple.\nin his military capacity as Capt: Genl.\n1. commands forces\u2014directs marches\u2014provides for garrisons\u2014& in general regulates military affairs. Code de l\u2019Hum.\n2. disposes of all appointmts. from Ensigns to Cols. The Council of State havg. surrendered to him the appointmts. within their disposal. Id. & the States Genl. appt. the higher grades on his recommendation. Id\n3. disposes of the Govts. &c. of the fortified towns tho\u2019 the Commissions issue from the States Genl. Id.\nin his Marine capacity, as Admiral General\n1. superintends & directs every thing relative to naval forces & other affairs within Admiralty. Id\n2. presides in the Admiralties in person or by proxy. Id\n3. Appoints Lieutts. Admirals & Officers under them. Id.\n4. establishes Councils of war, whose sentences are in the name of the States Genl. & his Highness and are not executed till he approves. Id. The Stadtholder has a general & secret influence on the great machine which can not be defined. Id.\nHis Revenue from appointmts. amount to 300,000 florins, to which is to be added his extensive patrimonies. Id.\nThe standing army of the Republic 40,000 men.\nVices of the Constitution\nThe Union of Utrecht imports an authority in the States Genl. seemingly sufficient to secure harmony; but the Jealousy in each province of its Sovereignty renders the practice very different from the Theory. Code de l\u2019Hum\nIt is clear that the delay occasioned by recurring to seven independent provinces including about 52 voting Cities &c. is a vice in the Belgic Republic which exposes it to the most fatal inconveniences. Accordingly the fathers of their Country have endeavored to remedy it in the extraordinary Assemblies of the States Genl. in [1584] 1651, 1716, 1717, but unhappily without effect. This vice is notwithstanding deplorable. Id.\u2014Among other evils it gives foreign ministers the means of arresting the most important deliberations by gaining a single province or City. This was done by France in 1726, when the Treaty of Hanover was delayed a whole year. In 1688. the States concluded a Treaty of themselves but at the risk of their heads. Id. It is the practice also in matters of contribution or subsidy to pass over this article of the Union, for where delay wd. be dangerous the consenting provinces furnish their quotas without waiting for the others, but by such means the Union is weakened and if often repeated must be dissolved. Id.\nForeign Ministers elude matters taken ad referendum by tampering with the provinces & Cities. Temple p. 116\nTreaty of Union obliges each province to levy certain contributions. But this article never could & probably never will be executed because the inland provinces who have little commerce cannot pay an equal Quota. Burrish. Bat: illustrat:\nDeputations from agreeing to disagreeing provinces frequent. Temple.\nIt is certain that so many independent Corps & interests could not be kept together without such a center of Union as the Stadtholdership, as has been allowed & repeated in so many solemn Acts. Code d\u2019Hum\nIn the intermission of the Stadtholdership Holland by her Riches & Authority which drew the others into a sort of dependence, supplied the place. Temple.\nWith such a Governmt. the Union never cd. have subsisted, if in effect the provinces had not within themselves a spring capable of quicken[in]g their tardiness, and impelling them to the same way of thinking. This Spring is the Stadtholder. His prerogatives are immense. 1 &c. &c.\u2014A strange effect of human contradictions. Men too jealous to confide their liberty to their representatives who are their equals, abandoned it to a Prince who might the more easily abuse it as the affairs of the Republic were important & had not them fixed themselves. Mably. Etude d\u2019Hist. 205/6.\nGrotius has sd. that the hatred of his Countrymen agst. the H. of Austria kept them from being destroyed by the vices of their Constitution. Ibid.\nThe difficulty of procuring unanimity has produced a breach of fundamentals in several instances\u2014Treaty of Westphalia was concluded without consent of Zealand &c. D\u2019Albon & Temple\u2014These tend to alter the constitution. D\u2019Albon.\nIt appears by several articles of the Union that the Confederates had formed the design of establishing a Genl. tax [Imp\u00f4t] to be administered by the States Genl. But this design so proper for bracing this happy Union has not been executed. Code de l\u2019Hum.\nGermanic Confederacy.\u2014\ntook its present form in the year,  Code de l\u2019Hum\nThe Diet is to be convoked by the Emperor, or on his failure, by the Archbishop of Mentz with consent of Electors once in ten years at least from the last adjournment, and six months before the time of meeting. Ratisbon is the seat of the Diet since 1663.\nThe members amount to 285, and compose three Colleges, to wit, that of the Electors\u2014of Princes\u2014of Imperial Cities. The voices amount to 159, of which 153 are individual, & 6 collective. The latter are particular to the College of princes and are formed out of 39 prelates &c, and 93 Counts &c. The individual voices are common to the three Colleges, and are given by 9 Electors\u201494 princes, 33 of the ecclesiastical & 61 of the Secular Bench.\u2014& 50 Imperial Cities. 13 of the Rhenish, & 37 of Suabian Bench.\u2014The K. of Prussia has nine voices in as many differt. capacities. Id\nThe three Colleges assemble in the same House but in different apartments. Id\nThe Emperor as head of the Germanic body is presidt. of the Diet. He & others are represented by proxies at present. Id\nThe deliberations are groundd. on propositions from Emperor & commence in the College of Electors, from whence they pass to that of the Princes, & thence to that of the Imperial Cities. They are not resolutions till they have been passed in each. When the Electors & Princes cannot agree, they confer; but do not confer with the Imperial Cities. Plurality of voices decide in each College, except in matters of Religion & a few reserved cases, in which according to the Treaty of Westphalia, and the Imperial Capitulations the Empire is divided into the Catholic & Evangelic Corps. Id.\nAfter the Resolutions have passed the three Colleges, they are presented to the Representative of the Emperor, without whose ratification they are null. Id They are called placita after passing the three colleges\u2014conclusa after ratification by Emperor. Id.\nThe Collection of Acts of one Diet is called the Recess which cannot be made up & have the force of law, till the Close of the Diet. The subsisting diet has not been closed for more than a hundred years. Of course it has furnished no effective Resolution though a great number of Interesting ones have passed. This delay proceeds from the Imperial Court who refuse to grant a Recess, notwithstanding the frequent & pressing applications made for one. Id\nFoederal authority.\nThe powers as well as the organization of the Diet have varied at different times. Antiently it elected as a Corps, the Emperors, and judged of their Conduct. The Golden Bull gives this right to the Electors alone. Antiently it regulated tolls. At present the Electors alone do this. Id\nThe Treaty of Westphalia & the Capitulations of the Emperors from Charles V downwards, define the present powers of the Diet. These concern\u20141. Legislation of the Empire\u20142. war & peace & alliances\u20143. raising troops\u20144. Contributions\u20145 construction of fortresses\u20146 Money\u20147. Ban of the Empire 8 admission of New Princes\u20149. the supreme tribunals 10. disposition of Grand feifs & grand Charges\u2014In all these points the Emperor & Diet must Concur. Id\nThe Ban of the Empire is a sort of proscription by which the disturbers of the Public peace are punished. The offenders life & goods are at the Mercy of every one. Formerly the Emperors themselves pronounced the ban agst. those who offended them. It has been since regulated that no one shall be exposed to the Ban without the examination & consent of the Diet. Encyclop.\nBy the Ban the party is outlawed\u2014degraded from all his federal rights\u2014his subjects absolved from their allegiance\u2014and his possessions forfeited. Code de l\u2019Hum.\nThe Ban is incurred when the Emperor or one of the Supreme Tribunals address an order to any one, on pain in case of disobedience, of being proscribed ipso facto. Id.\nThe Circles formerly were in number 6 only. There are now ten. They were instituted for the more effectual preservation of the Public peace, and the execution of decrees of Diet & supreme Tribunals against contumacious members, for which purposes they have their particular diets, with the Cheif prince of the Circle at their head, have particular officers for commanding the forces of the Circle, levy contributions, see that Justice is duly administred\u2014that the Coin is not debased\u2014that the customs are not unduly raised. Savage vol. 2 p. 35.\nIf a Circle fail to send its due succours, it is to pay damages suffered therefrom to its neighbours. If a member of the circle refuse, the Col. of the Circle is to admonish, & if this be insufficient, the delinquent party is to be compelled under a sentence from the Imperial Chamber. Id.\n(2) Aulic Council\u2014[established by Diet in 1512. Encyclop.] composed of members appointed by the Emperor. Code. de l\u2019Hum.\nIts cognizance is restrained to matters above 2000 Crowns, is concurrent with the jurisdiction of the Imperial Chamber in controversies between the States\u2014also in those of subjects of the Empire by way of appeal from subaltern Tribunals of the Empire, and from sovereign Tribunals of princes. Id.\u2014Arms are to be used for carrying its decrees into execution, as was done 1718 by the troops of the Circle of Upper Rhine in a Controversy between Landgrave of Hesse Cassel & Prince of Hesse of Rhinfitz. Id.\n(1) Imperial Chamber, established in 1495. by the Diet as a means of public peace, by deciding controversies between members of the Empire. Code de l\u2019Hum.\nThis is the first Tribunal of the Empire. It has an appellate jurisdiction in all Civil, and fiscal causes or where the public peace may be concerned. It has a concurrent jurisdiction with the Aulic Council; and causes cannot be removed from one to the other. Id.\nThe Judges of this Tribunal are appointed partly by the Emperor\u2014partly by the Electors\u2014partly by Circles, are supported by all the States of the Empire, excepting the Emperor. They are badly paid, though great salaries are annexed to their offices. Id.\nIn every action real or personal\u2014the Diet\u2014Imperial-Chamber and Aulic Council are so many supreme Courts to which none of the States can demur. The jurisprudence, by which they govern themselves, are according to the subject matter\u20141. the Provincial laws of Germany 2. the Scripture\u20143 the law of nature\u20144 law of Nations 5 the Roman law\u20146 the Canon law\u20147 the foedal law of the Lombards. Id.\nMembers of diet as such are subject in all public affairs to be judged by Emperor & Diet.\u2014as individuals in private capacity are subject to Aulic Council & Imperial Chamber. Id.\nThe Members have reserved to themselves the right\n1. to enter into war & peace with foreign powers 2 to enter into alliances with foreign powers and with one another, Not prejudicial to their engagements to the Empire Code d\u2019Hum\u20143 to make laws, levy taxes, raise troops, to determine on life & death. Savage. 4. Coin money. Id. 5. exert territorial Sovereignty within their limits in their own name. Code de l\u2019Hum 6. to grant Pardons. Savage. p. 44. 7. to furnish their quotas of troops, equipped mounted & armed & to provide for sustenance of them, as if they served at home. Cod. d\u2019Hum\nMembers of Empire restricted\n1. from entering into confederacies prejudicial to the Empire\n2. from laying tolls or Customs upon bridges, rivers, or passages to which strangers are subject, without consent of the Emperor in full Diet.\n3. cannot give any other value to Money, nor make any other kind of money that [than] what is allowed by the Empire. Savage Vol. 2. p. 4.\n4. (by edict of 1548 particularly) from taking arms one agst. another, from doing themselves injustice\u2014from affording retreat, much more, assistance to infractors of the Public peace; the ban of the Empire being denounced agst. the transgressors of these prohibitions, besides a fine of 2000 marks of gold & loss of regalities. Cod. d\u2019Hum.\nEmperor.\u2014has the prerogative 1. of exclusively making propositions to the Diet\u20142 presiding in all Assemblies & Tribunals of the Empire when he chuses\u20143 of giving suffrage in all affairs treated in the diet\u20144 of negativing their resolutions\u20145 of issuing them in his own name\u20146. of watching over the safety of the Empire\u20147 of naming Ambassadors to negociate within the Empire as well as at foreign Courts\u2014affairs concerning the Germanic Corps. 8. of re-establishing in good fame, persons, dishonored by Council of war & civil Tribunal Cod. d\u2019Hum.\u20149 of giving investiture of the principal immediate fiefs of the Empire, wch. is not indeed of much consequence\u201410. of conferring vacant electorates\u201411 of preventing subjects from being withdrawn from the jurisdiction of their proper Judge\u201412 of conferring charges of the Empire\u201413 of conferring dignities & titles, as of Kings &c.\u201414 of instituting military orders\u201415. of granting the dernier resort\u201416. of judging differences & controversies touching tolls\u201417. of deciding contests between Catholic & Protestant States touching precedence &c. Id.\u201418. of founding Universities within the lands of the States, so far as to make the person endowed with Academic honors therein be regarded as such throughout Germany.\u201419 of granting all sorts of privileges not injurious to the States of the Empire\u201420 of establishing great fairs. 21 of receiving the droit des Postes generales\u201422 of striking money, but without augmenting or diminishing its value. 23 of permitting Strangers to enlist soldiers, conformably to Recess of 1654. Id. 24. of receiving & applying Revenues of Empire. Savage, p. \nHe cannot make war or peace, nor laws\u2014nor levy taxes nor alter the denomination of money\u2014nor weights or measures. Savage v. 2. p. 35.\nThe Emperor as such does not properly possess any territory within the Empire, nor derives any Revenue for his support Cod. d\u2019Hum.\nVices of the Constitution.\n1. The Quotas are complained of & supplied very irregularly & defectively. Cod. d\u2019Hum. Provision is made by decree of diet for enforcing them, but it is a delicate matter to execute it agst. the powerful members. Id.\n2. The establishmt. of the Imperial Chamber has not been found an efficacious remedy agst. Civil wars. It has committed faults. The Resortissans have not always been docile. Id.\n3. Altho\u2019 the establishmt. of Imperial Chamber &c give a more regular form to the police of the feifs, it is not to be supposed they are capable of giving a certain force to the laws and maintaining the peace of the Empire if the House of Austria had not acquired power eno\u2019 to maintain itself on the imperial Throne, to make itself respected, & to give orders which it might be imprudent to despise, as the laws were theretofore despised. Mabley. Etude d\u2019hist. p. 180\n[Jealousy of the Imperial authority seems to have been a great cement of the confederacy.]\nGryson Confederacy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0002", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 9 April 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir\nOrange April 9th. 1786.\nI am favoured with yours of the 18th. of March. My last answered your preceding one relating to your territorial speculation. I hope it has been reced. I forgot to intimate to you, though I presume it would have been superfluous, that it will be well in every purchase to ascertain by information as far as possible, the proportion of land which lies on the river and comes within the description of low grounds. The value of every tract depends much on this proportion. The contiguous upland is I believe generally of a good Soil, but there must be both degrees & exceptions to its quality. The low grounds are in a manner uniformly & universally good. The step taken by N. Jersey was certainly a rash one, and will furnish fresh pretexts to unwilling States for witholdg their contributions. In one point of view however it furnished a salutary lesson. Is it possible with such an example before our eyes of impotency in the federal system, to remain sceptical with regard to the necessity of infusing more energy into it? A Government cannot long stand which is obliged in the ordinary course of its administration to court a compliance with its constitutional acts, from a member not of the most powerful order, situate[d within] the immediate verge of authority, and apprized of every circumstance which [should remonstrate] against disobedience. The question whether it be possible and worth [while to preserve] the Union of the States must be speedily decided some way or other. Those who [are indiff]erent to its preservation would do well to look forwards to the consequences of its extinction. The prospect to my eye is a gloomy one indeed. I am glad to hear that the opposition to the impost is likely to be overcome. It is an encouragement to persevere in good measures. I am afraid at the same time that like other auxiliary resources it will be overrated by the States, and slacken the regular efforts of taxation. It is also materially short of the power which Congress ought to have with regard to Trade. It leaves the door unshut agst. a commercial warfare among the States, our trade exposed to foreign Machinations, and [the distresses] of an unfavorable balance very little checked. The experience of European [Merchants] who have speculated in our trade will probably check in a great measure our opportunities of consuming beyond our resources; but they will continue to credit us as far as our coin in addition to our productions will extend, and our experience here teaches us that our people will extend their consumption as far as credit can be obtained. I am Dr. Sir Yr. affecte. friend\nJs Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0003", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 25 April 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nLondon Apr. 25. 1786.\nSome of the objects of the joint commissions with which we were honoured by Congress called me to this place about six weeks ago. Tomorrow I set out on my return to Paris. With this nation nothing is done; and it is now decided that they intend to do nothing with us. The king is against a change of measures; his ministers are against it, some from principle, others from attachment to their places, and the merchants & people are against it. They sufficiently value our commerce: but they are quite persuaded they shall enjoy it on their own terms. This political speculation fosters the warmest feeling of the king\u2019s heart, that is, his hatred to us. If ever he should be forced to make any terms with us, it will be by events which he does not foresee. He takes no pains at present to hide his aversion. Our commission expiring in a fortnight there is an end of all further attempts on our part to arrange matters between the two countries. The treaty of peace being yet unexecuted it remains that each party conduct themselves as the combined consideration of justice & of caution require. We have had conversations on the subject of our debts with the chairman of the committee of American merchants here. He was anxious for arrangements. He was sensible that it was for the interest of the creditor as well as debtor to allow time for the paiment of the debts due to this country; and did not seem to think the time taken by Virginia was more than enough. But we could not help agreeing with him that the courts should be open to them immediately, judgments recoverable, the executions to be divided into so many equal & annual parts as will admit the whole to be paid by the year 1790. and that the paiments should be in money and not in any thing else. If our law is not already on this footing, I wish extremely it were put on it. When we proceeded to discuss the sum which should be paid, we concurred in thinking that the principal and interest preceding & subsequent to the war should be paid. As to interest during the war, the chairman thought it justly demandeable; we thought otherwise. I need not re[c]apitulate to you the topics of argument on each side. He said the renunciation of this interest was a bitter pill which they could not swallow. Perhaps he would have agreed to say nothing about it, not expecting to receive it in most cases, yet willing to take the chance of it where debtors or juries should happen to be favorably disposed. We should have insisted on an express declaration that this interest should not be demandeable. These conferences were intended as preparatory to authoritative propositions: but the minister not condescending to meet us at all on the subject, they ended in nothing. I think the merchants here do not expect to recover interest during the war in general; tho\u2019 they are of opinion they are entitled to it.\nI wrote you in a former letter on the subject of a mr Paradise who owns an estate in Virginia, in right of his wife; and who has a considerable sum due to him in our loan office. Since I came here I have had opportunities of knowing his extreme personal worth, and his losses by the late war. He is from principle a pure republican, while his father was as warm a tory. His attachment to the American cause, and his candid warmth brought him sometimes into altercations on the subject with his father, and some persons interested in their variance artfully brought up this subject of conversation whenever they met. It produced a neglect in the father. He had already settled on him a sum of money in the funds: but would do no more, & probably would have undone that if he could. When remittances from Virginia were forbidden, the profits of the Virginia estate were carried into our loan office. Paradise was then obliged to begin to eat his capital in England. From that to part with conveniencies and to run in debt. His situation is now distressing; and would be completely relieved could he receive what is due to him from our state. He is coming over to settle there. His wife and family will follow him. I never ask unjust preferences for any body. But if by any just means he can be helped to his money, I own I should be much gratified. The goodness of his heart, his kindness to Americans before, during & since the war the purity of his political & moral character, interest me in the events impending over him, and which will infallibly be ruinous if he fails to receive his money. I ask of you on his behalf that in pursuing the path of right you will be come active for him, instead of being merely quiescent were his merit and his misfortunes unknown to you.\nI have put into the hands of mr Fulwar Skipwith for you a packet containing some catalogues, which he will forward. I am with very sincere esteem Dr. Sir Your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0004", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 28 April 1786\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\n28 April 1786. Mentioned in JM\u2019s letter to Monroe, 13 May 1786, and Monroe\u2019s letter to JM, 18 May 1786. Related to the speculation in which Monroe purchased land in the Mohawk Valley for JM and himself. Monroe expressed an interest in taking a journey with JM to see the lands, and discussed odd appearance of two conventions sitting simultaneously with similar powers to suggest alterations in the Articles of Confederation. Monroe gave his reasons for opposing an augmentation of the powers of the forthcoming conference at Annapolis.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0005", "content": "Title: Notes on Buffon\u2019s Histoire naturelle, [completed ca. May 1786]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \nEditorial Note\nRural St. Thomas\u2019s parish in Orange County, Virginia, was not totally isolated from the world of science in the 1780s; by 1784 JM began to acquire Comte de Buffon\u2019s monumental Histoire naturelle, a work that in time reached ninety volumes and spanned fifty-three years of publishing. At Montpelier in 1785 JM prized the first edition of Buffon\u2019s work, and during Jefferson\u2019s \u201cfive charmed years abroad\u201d his friend in Paris would forward the supplements as they came from the press (JM to Jefferson, 27 Apr. 1785, Papers of MadisonWilliam T. Hutchinson et al., eds., The\n          Papers of James Madison (9 vols. to date; Chicago, 1962\u2014\u2014)., VIII, 266). As Adrienne Koch observed, the American minister sent his fellow Virginian a flow of books from the Parisian stalls that \u201csurely made Madison the most cosmopolitan statesman never to have quit American shores\u201d (Jefferson and Madison: The Great Collaboration [New York, 1950], p. 19).\nUndoubtedly JM accepted Buffon as \u201cthe best informed of any naturalist who has ever written,\u201d but he and Jefferson had discussed Buffon\u2019s theories while serving in Congress together in 1783, and JM shared Jefferson\u2019s pique over Buffon\u2019s assertion that American mammals were physically inferior to their counterparts in Europe, Africa, and Asia. Earlier, the two Virginians had shared calculations that proved Buffon\u2019s theories were untenable (Papers of MadisonWilliam T. Hutchinson et al., eds., The\n          Papers of James Madison (9 vols. to date; Chicago, 1962\u2014\u2014)., VII, 411\u201312, 419, 420 n. 10, 422). Jefferson had taken pains to show in his Notes on Virginia that Buffon\u2019s ideas on \u201cthe impotence of nature in America\u201d were unsupportable, and both men were interested in the fossilized remains of the mastodon or mammoth which had been found in the Ohio Valley and seemed irrefutable proof of Buffon\u2019s miscalculations (Notes on Virginia [Peden ed.], pp. 43\u201347). Such evidence seemed important to men of Jefferson\u2019s and JM\u2019s bent, for if American political institutions and ideas were to serve as beacons projecting rays of enlightenment from the New World to the Old, it was necessary to show scientifically that American flora and fauna stood on an equal footing with European species.\nBy March 1786 JM was checking his newly arrived volumes of Buffon\u2019s Histoire des oiseaux to make certain his set was complete (JM to Jefferson, 18 Mar. 1786, Papers of MadisonWilliam T. Hutchinson et al., eds., The\n          Papers of James Madison (9 vols. to date; Chicago, 1962\u2014\u2014)., VIII, 501). With the coming of spring and leisure from political duties, JM appears to have pored over Buffon\u2019s volumes on quadrupeds so that he could compare the American species with Buffon\u2019s descriptions. By mid-May he was full of information and eager to share it with Jefferson (JM to Jefferson, 12 May 1786). About the same time, JM may have also written to his friend in Orange County, Jeremiah Smith, for aid in collecting the skin, bones, and teeth of a wild cat and fox, pecans, \u201csugar tree,\u201d and other seeds of \u201cnew or curious plants or trees.\u201d\nIn making his notes on Buffon, JM extensively copied and translated the Frenchman\u2019s work, but Buffon\u2019s speculation that some two hundred distinct species of quadrupeds existed (mostly in the \u201cold world\u201d) provoked JM to challenge Buffon\u2019s ideas on northern climate and the impossibility of a land link between the old and new continents. Undoubtedly JM shared Jefferson\u2019s conviction that Buffon had unfairly denigrated animal life in the Americas and his labors were meant to serve both the interest of science and American pride. Whether JM intended to aid Jefferson in prodding Buffon into a revised edition or simply wished to collect information out of intellectual curiosity is uncertain (Boyd, Papers of JeffersonJulian P. Boyd et al., eds., The Papers of\n          Thomas Jefferson (19 vols. to date; Princeton, N. J., 1950\u2014\u2014)., VIII, 502\u20133). Apparently JM was as anxious as Jefferson to prove that despite Buffon\u2019s claims the American species had not shrunk in size or variety \u201cunder a niggardly sky and an unprolific land, thinly peopled with wandering savages\u201d (Edwin Thomas Martin, Thomas Jefferson: Scientist [New York, 1952], p. 157; Ruth Henline, \u201cA Study of Notes on the State of Virginia as an Evidence of Jefferson\u2019s Reaction against the Theories of the French Naturalists,\u201d VMHBVirginia Magazine of History and Biography., LV [1947], 242\u201343; Daniel J. Boorstin, The Lost World of Thomas Jefferson [New York, 1948], pp. 101\u20133).\nLate in life, JM remembered his excursion into science some forty-seven years earlier with evident satisfaction. In an autobiographical sketch, JM wrote of himself in the third person and recalled that \u201che availed himself of the means occasionally falling into his hands, of making minute comparisons of sundry of our quadrupeds, with those bearing the name or having the resemblance of them in Europe. Among his papers are notes of the details which might save in a small degree the labour of more scientific and systematic observers\u201d (Adair, ed., \u201cJames Madison\u2019s Autobiography,\u201d WMQWilliam and Mary Quarterly., 3d ser., II [1945], 200\u2013201).\n[completed ca. May 1786]\nBuffon Wild Animals\nVol X[I]\np. 76.\u2003\u200277As in the temperate climate the human race is most civilized, so it abounds less with ferocious wild beasts, than the torrid & frigid Zones. the wolf, the fiercest of the former, being less fierce than the lion, the tigre, the panther &c. and the white bear, the lynx &c. which live in the latter Zones. The same species varies too in ferocity according to the climate. In America where under the line the climate is milder than in Africa, the tyger, the lyon & panther, are compar[a]tively much less fierce. A like observation as to plants, perfumes & poisons & other strong [illegible] plants being found in the intemperate climates.\n79The size of the Animals of the intemperate Zones also much greater than of the temperate: as the Elephant Rhinonceros Whales &c &c.\n80Wild animals vary less than domestic, because they change their climate & manner of life less than those subject to the will of man.\n83The less a country is frequented by man, the less wild are the animals\n84The terror & dispersion produced by man among them; destructive of all the improvements which might result from their tranquility & Society. Hence the multiplication & improvement of man tend to the decrease & degeneracy of wild animals.\nLe Cerf la biche\u2014Red deer\n104They go with young 8 months & some days.\n106They continue growing for 8 years, & begin to rut at 18 Mo[n]th[s]\n107.Animals which rut at fixed seasons as Deer &c begin much younger than other animals. The general rule is that animals begin when they have attained their full groth.\n109If a deer be cut with his horns on they never fall.\n110.If off they never return hence it is inferred that both parts proceed from same causes. to wit surplus of organic particles and hence,\n114.Stags eat less than bucks.\n122.Horns of deer partake more of the nature of wood than real horn, bone or &c. Aristotle & Pliny say that ivy has been found growing on them. This affinity to wood proceeds from the principal food of deer, as the scales on the tales of beaver from the fish on which they feed.\n126.Deer live 35 or 40 years.\n129.Horns of deer in rich & moist lands, large and tender. in different lands, different, owing to the plenty & scarcity of food.\n130.The Cerf de corse is only half as high as the red-deer and is of a brown colour\u2014that of the Cerf or red deer is fauve tho\u2019 of some brown & other red. There are instances of\n131Some being white. Aristotle & Pliny speak of white ones also.\n134.The deer do not drink scarcely in the winter or the Spring. When in the Summer droughts prevent dew, they drink of brooks &c. and in rutting time, a great deal and bathe also.\n135.They prefer rye to all other grain.\n140.Their interior & exterior conformation strongly resemble that of the Boeuf.\nThey have no gall bladder.\n153.A doe of the red deer weighed 265. lbs. french. Another\n155.weighed still more.\nLe Daim, la daine. Fallow deer\nVol. 12\np. 35.The fallow & red deer avoid each other\u2014will not propagate; and rarely are found unless brought in the same places. The former are less robust than the latter, abound most in England, where they are kept half domesticated in park[s].\n36They appear to belong to temperate climates. Some of them are in the neighbourhood of Paris & in the provinces. [illegible] are also in Spain & Germany & some of them in America, whither they may have been carried from Europe. There are none in Russia, and are rarely met with in the forests of Sweeden and other Northern Countries.\n37The red deer are spread over all Europe except Lapland. Over Asia & particularly Tartary & the Northern provinces of China\u2014and in America: for those of Canada differ only by the\n38largeness & straitness of their horns. They are not found in Southern Climates, the animals called by their name in those,\n39being different Species.\nThe fallow deer are subject to greater varieties\u2014of different color\n40.Les daims de Virginia\u2014\nThey are more easily tamed\u2014are good for the table at almost all Seasons of the year. They go with young &c. &c\u2014as the red deer. The principal difference is in the length of life, the fallow not living more than about 20 years.\n53.Weight of a fallow deer 154 French pounds.\nV. 12.Le Chevreuil, la Chevrette\u2014Rohe-Deer.\np. 75.delights in underwoods\u2014weaker & smaller than red deer, but more sprightly & bold, elegant & souple. more cunning in eluding pursuit\n77.The male & female with their young live in constancy apart from others.\nHave commonly 2 fawns 1 male & 1 female, which seldom quit each other.\nRut once a year only from end of Ocr. to middle Novr.\n78.Go with young 5\u00bd months.\nform no intermediate race with other deer.\n*resemble more the goat, than deer, & may be regarded as ch\u00e8vre sauvage qui ne vivant que de bois, porte du bois au lieu de cornes\n81.prevail in France, common in Scotland, none in England, few in Sweeden\n82Shed their horns in autumn & repair them during the winter\n88live 12 or 15 years at most.\nnot easily domesticated, and very delicate in constitution\n90.flesh excellent of wild one\u2014of those in parks very indiffert.\nTho rare in many parts of Europe, they abound in America, particularly in Louisiana\u2014two sorts only in Europe the red, & the brown, are larger in Amer: than in France, & in Louisiana bear horns like the red deer.\n95.The Rohe deer are smaller than the red but resemble them more than any other animal. *Daubenton. see Buffon p. 81.\n98.[illegible] of 52 lb. french weight\nVol. 13.Le Lievre la hase. The Hare\np. 2abound in all climates of the earth\n10engender at all times and after the first year\ngo with young 30 days\nbring 3 or 4 at once, & receive male immediately as well as when with young and subject by peculiar conformation of genetal parts to frequent subfetations.\n12.feed in the night\n13on herbs roots fruits &. bark all trees in winter except the Elm & linden-tree\nSleep in day & agreed deal, with eyes open\ndo not chew the cud as some authors have supposed.\n14.have no eyelids & see badly\nfine hearing\nextremely swift & as hind feet longer than forefeet\nfly when they can up hill\n15.live 7 or 8 years at most.\n16.easily tamed but never completely domesticated\nhave been taught to beat drum & gesticulate to cadence\n17.very sagacious in eluding pursuit of dogs.\n20.Those in Mountainous places are larger than in plains and of a browner color with more white under the neck.\nThe latter are almost red.\nIn high mountains of the North become white in winter\u2014all become [more] or less so as grow old.\nsmallest in warm Countries.\nequally spread in all countries of Europe, Sweeden Denmark,\n21Poland Russia as well as France Italy Spain Barbary &c &c.\nIn Lapland white 10 months of the year.\n22.Fewer in the East than in Europe.\nFew or none in America, except some in Virga., Canada Hudson\u2019s bay & Magellan straights, tho there may be different species, being sd. to be much smaller & flesh different.\n33.1 feet, 9 inches 6 lines long\u2014(36\u2014one of 1 feet seven inches weighed 7 lbs [)]\nle Lapin. la Lapine\u2014Rabbit, Cony.\n78.do not mix with hares, become hostile when kept together instead coupling.\nextremely prolific & libidinous\nwild rabbits all gris\ntame white, grey black\n82.white & black, rarely produce two of their own colour, & often grey\u2014the grey in a manner always produce grey\n83.propagate at age of 5 or 6 Months. go 30 or 31 days with young & bring 4, 5 or 6 & sometimes 7. at once.\nThe male attaches himself to a single female which receives him at all times.\nHave a double matr[i]x like the hare, & subject to Superfetations tho\u2019 less frequently.\n87.live 8 or 9 years.\nare natives of hot climates. The Greeks according to Aristotle were acquainted with them. Greece & Spain seem to be the only countries of Europe where they were antiently. Thence they have been transported into temperate climates of Italy, Germany & france where they are naturalized. In cold Countries as Sweeden they can be raised only in houses. They love hot countries & are found in those of Asia & Africa & in the American Isles whither they have been conveyed & thrive very well.\n89.As great likeness in the conformation of the Hare & the Rabbit as the horse & ass, notwithstanding the antipathy & variance in their nature & manners.\n92.The wild rabbit much smaller than the hare\u2014weighed three\n93.pound one & half ounces\nTame ones larger than wild\u2014one 15 inches 9 lines long weighed 4 lbs 1 oz.\nVol: 14.Les Animaux Carnassiers\npage48Animals which have but one stomach & short intestines like man, require animal food. The relative volume of the intestinal canal in carnivorous & herbivorous will in all cases correspond with this remark.\n49.It does not follow however that herbivorous animals are reduced by a physical necessity to herbal nutriment alone: as carnivorous are to flesh. If Nature furnished them with arms for prey, we say not but they wd. Soon accustom themselves to flesh & blood, since we see Sheep, calves, goats & horses eat greedily eggs & milk which are animal aliments & that without the aid of custom they refuse not victuals hashed & Seasoned with Salt.\n56Le Loup la louve. Wolf.\n57.lik[e]ness to the dog merely in bodily conformation, being enemies by instinct will feed on dead wolves, and follow by the blood & combine to destroy & devour one which is badly wounded.\ndelight in Solitude & never herd but to attack a strong Animal or to rid themselves of some formidable mastiff.\nvery little Society between male & female. It happens once a yea[r] only & that in winter, & for 10 or 12 days.\n58The old are proud about the end of Decr. the younger ones in Feby. & beginning of March\ngo with young 3\u00bd months, whereas dogs only 60 days [illegible]\nbear once a year only, but have 5 or 6 sometimes 7 or 8 at a litter\nIn copulation are lioned\n64.Are 2 or 3 year[s] in attaining their growth & live 15 or 20. drink often, & with plenty of water can bear hunger 4 or 5 days\n69.the colour & hair change in different places. In Northern Countries are found black & white the same the largest. Are found almost every where in Asia Africa & Amer[i]ca as well as Europe. Those of Senegal resemble those of France but somewhat larger & much fiercer\u2014those of Egypt, smaller than those of Greece\n70.In the East Persia particularly, they are shewn as a Spectacle to the people & are taught to dance.\n71.I kept a she wolf three years shut up from its infancy with a dog of the same age in a spacious inclosure. During the whole time She wd. neither be familiar with him nor suffer him to be with her when proud. Tho\u2019 the weaker of the 2 she was always the aggressor, till at length the dog killed her.\n74 & seq:The most exact conformity with the dog in its exteriour & interior construction & particularly the organs of generation\nVol 14Le Renard\u2014Fox\np 106.resemble much the dog, especially in his interior parts, very different in his exterior form: but most so in his character\u2014Slowly & never perfectly domesticated\ndoes not couple with dog\u2014kept 3 years with one for that purpose without effect\u2014\nbring fewer young\u2014& that once a year only, from 3 never less to 6 which rarely exceed.\nare proud in winter\u2014young born blind like wolves & dogs\n108.are 18 months or 2 years growing & live 13 or 14 years. much influenced by Climate, particularly in the colour, in North black, blue, white, grey &c. & some heads and other parts of different colors.\n113Those of The common colour most generally diffused. are found in Europe, Asia, Northern & temperate & in America. but very rare in Africa & countries near Equator.\nOur foxes natives of Cold climates are naturalized to temperate Climes, but do not extend farther South than Spain & Japan\nare found in the most extreme cold low[lan]ds. N & S. poles.\n116.The fox resembles perfectly the wolf & dog in the conformation of its internal parts\u2014Daubenton\u2014weight 12 lb about\u2014\nVol 14.Le Blaireau. The Badger\n141.In greater plenty formerly than now\n142.Eat every thing flesh eggs cheese butter bread fish fruits roots but prefer raw flesh.\n143.Male rarely found in company of female\nfemale goes with young\u2014\nhas 3 or 4 at once.\nbetween the anus & root of tale, a gland pretty large & abt. 1 Inch deep, whence oozes an unctuous liquor very fetid wch. they are fond of sucking\n145It is uncertain whether found in America, unless a certain animal in N York be the Same.\nNot in Africa\u2014nor Asia, nor known to Greeks\u2014confd. to Spain, France, Italy, Germany, England & Poland & Sweeden & every where very rare.\nAlmost white above & black under belly. the reverse of other Animals\nfeet \u2003\u2002 i\u2003\u2003 l\n148has 5 toes on each foot\u2014length from snout to anus 2\u20143\u20146 height 11 inches\nVol. 15.Rat. p 112. no rats in America till carried from Europe. None North of Sweeden.\n148mice sd. also not to be natives of America\nVol: 16.Animals which are dormant in Winter, as the dormouse Hedge hog bat &[c]. are rendered such by the coldness of their blood. When the thermometer is 10 degrees above the freezing\n207/8point, their internal heat is the same. The Senseless state is produced by the failure of exterior warmth to supply the internal want.\nVol 17. p 60/14 sorts of bears\u20141. White Sea bear\u20142 do. land bear 3. brown bear. 4 black bear\u2014the latter not carnivorous. du Pratz & la Houlen cited to prove those of America not so.\n66.found in all woody Countries\u2014none in France nor England they couple in Autumn\n69.Aristotle says they go with young but thirty days, in which\n   Mr. Cowherd says they certainly couple in Augst. & bring forth in December\u2014& that the young are disproportionately small\n   Lord Bacon in his Hist. of life & death p. 8 says the bear \u201chath this sign of a short life, that his bearing in the womb is but short, scarce full forty days[\u201d]\n he has never been contradicted. Buffon doubts the facts\nlive 20 or 25 years.\n178.Rackoon\u2014peculiar to America, the warm parts of it cheilf\u2014particularly Jamaica\u2014Not in Canada\nVol. 18. p 27.In all quadrapeds & in man there are in the neck 7 vertebrae\nVol. 18. p 77 & seq: Quadrapeds peculiar to the Old Continent in the order of their size.\n1.Elephant. largest in Asia, smallest Africa. in great numbers.\n2.Rhinoceros. only in deserts of Afric[a] & South of Asia, far less in no. than Elep.\n3.Hippopotamus, on the banks of large rivers of India & Africa, stil[l] less in no.\nle Chameau & dromedary, in Arabia & all East parts of O. Cont.\n6.la giraffe, or camelo-pardalis. Africa, cheifly Aetheopia\n7.Lion\nAfrica & Asia\n8.Tyger.\n9.Leopard\n10.Panther\n11.Ownce\n12.Horse\n13Ass.\n14.Zebra\n15.black cattle\u2014unless the same species with Buffalo.\n16.Sheep\n17.Goats.\n18.Hog.\n19.Guinea hog\n20.dog\n21.hyaene. In Arabia & South of Asia only\n22.Chacal. Jackal. In Armenia, Turkey & other province[s] of Asia & Africa\n23.la genette. South of Europe & Asia\n24.la Civette. Africa & E. Indies\n25.Cat\n26.Hare\n27.Rabbit\n28.les gazelles. Antelope. Arabia, E. India & Africa\n29.Chamois. Alps, Pyrenees &c.\n30.Lynx\n31.Marmotte\n32.Bouquetin\n33.Italian buffalo\n34.Musk animal. China & Tartary\n35.Chevrotain. particular parts of Africa & E. Indies.\n36.Ferret. Bro\u2019t from Africa to Europe.\n37.Rat\n38.Mice\n39.dormouse loirs\u2014lerot\n40.Mangoustes.\n41.Badgers\n42.Zibelines\n43.Hermines\n44.Gerboise\n45.Makis & other specie of Singes\nVol. 18. p. 117. Animals peculiar to America\n1. le pacos\nPeru\u2014Chili & N. Spain a kind of cattle to Peruviansin place of dog to do.\n2. le lama\n3. Alco\nLarger\n1. tapir. S. Am. the largest of South Amer. abt. size of small Mule\n2. lama. smaller\n3. pacos\u2014still smaller\n4. Cabiai. next in size to Tapir\n5. la Tajacou. smaller than Cabiai (live on pismires alone[)]\n6. tamandua-guacu ou ouariri\u2014fourmiliers\u2014no teeth\n7. Sloth\n8. Cariacou de la Guiane\n9. little Cariacou\n10. bison\n11. Puma\n12. le Jaguar\n13. le Couguar\n14. le jaguarete\n15. le Chat-pard\n16. le cuandus\u2014le porc-epic d\u2019Amer. Brisson\n17. Agouti\np. 121.Abt. 200 distinct species of Quadrupeds in the [whole?] [admitting les singes to 40\u2013 p. 170] Linnaeus reckons 67 only\u2014Brisson 260\u2014abt \u2154 of the 200 belong to the Old \u2153 to new World\u2014abt. 40 peculiar to A[merica]\n18. Coati\n19. les pacas\n20. les philandres\u2014Opossum Jean de La\u00ebt\n21 les cochons d\u2019Inde\n22. les Aperea\n23. les tatous\n24. petits singes a longue queue, Sapajous, les Sagouins les tamarins &c\u2014\n135.Ainsi l\u2019on doit cesser d\u2019\u00eatre etonne de ce fait general qui d\u2019abord paroit tres singulier, & que personne avant nous n\u2019avoit m\u00eame Soup\u00e7onn\u00e9, Savoir qu\u2019aucun des animaux de la Zone torride dans l\u2019un des continens, ne S\u2019est trouv\u00e9 dans l\u2019autre. The causes assigned are that they cd. not pass directly from the Old to the new Contint.\u2014nor bear the climate in which the Conet. approximate. How does this accord with the hypothesis that originally the Northern climates were warm or with the fact that Elephants\u2019 Bones, as Buffon calls them are found in America.\n136.Animals common to the two Continents.\n1. Bear\n2. Cerf of Canada, which only differs by inferior size greater horns, more Antlers & longer tail\n3. Roe deer in Canada & Louisana, also smaller than in Europe\n4. Orignan qui est le m\u00eame que elan mais plus petit\u2014\n5. Karabou, same with Rein deer of Lapland\n5. Hare\ndifficult to say whether diffret. species or varieties of same species\u2014\n6. Squirrel\n7. Hedge hog\n8. Muskrat\n9. otter\n10. Marmotte\n11. rat\n12. musaraigne\n13. bat\n14. moles\n15 Beaver\u2014all Smaller in America, as well natives as those transported\n16 wolf\n17 fox\n18. Weasel belette\nvery rare in America\n19. l\u2019Hermine\n20. Marten\n21. vison of Canada like fouine mink of Europe\n22. putois\u2014polecat of N. A. a variety of same Species in Europe\n23. Lynx or loup-cervier\n24. Phoca or Sea calf\n141Voila all the animals very nearly common to 2 Conts. of which perhaps \u2153 ought to [be] struck out, as different species tho\u2019 appearing to be varieties of same only\n142.All of those animals inhabit or frequent Northern climates: as none of warm or temperate climates are common to the two Contints.\n144.All animals carried to Amer. have degenerated in size as horse, ass, cattle sheep\u2014goats hogs, dogs\u2014\n148Altho\u2019 Nature has belittled quadrupeds in N. World, she has maintained reptiles\u2014& aggrandized insects\n185.Tyger\u2014South of E. Indies Malabar Bengal &c\nhave been seen 10 feet long\u2014utterly incapable of being tamed or softened.\nVol. 19 p 2.The Jaguar\u2014the most like a Tyger & the feircest animal of the New World\u2014of Brasil\u2014Mexico & other Southern parts of Amer.\n21Couguar.\nS. America\u2014perhaps the same as Canada Tyger or Virga. Panther\u20143 feet\u20146 Inch. long\u2014weighed 50 lb. & upward\u2014\nVol. 20. p. 1.Ondatra or Canada Musk-rat\u2014\nabt. size of small rabbit\u2014in form like the water rat tail long & covered with little scales as other rats\u2014flat from the middle towards the end\u2014& roundish towards the root\u2014the flat sides being perpendicular not horizontal\u2014have a singular power of contracting & expanding its size. As the Beaver is the only quadruped in which les urines et les excrements, aboutissent egalement a un receptacle commun; so les femelles de rats et Singes are perhaps the only ones which have le conduit des urines & l\u2019orifice par ou elles s\u2019ecoulent, absolument separes des parties du la generation. In the males this Singularity does not exist\u2014its parts of generation are large in the time of rutting & in a manner disappear at other seasons\u2014live in Society, and prepare huts somewhat like the beavers.\nproduce on[c]e a year\u2014& 5 or six at once\nnearer of the color of the Beaver than the water rats\n1 foot long\u20143\u00bd inches high behind 4\u00bd before\u2014\nVol. 20.Peccari or Tajacu\np. 26 &c.Of South A. very numerous resembles the hog. but found by sundry trials not to mix with them. Differs from them\u20141. in inferior size & shorter legs\u20142 conformation of Stomach & intestines\u20143 no tail\u20144 stiffer bristles\u20145 has on back a gland issuing offensive odour\u2014in which it is entirely singular\u2014might be easily tamed\nsame food as common hog\u2014not bad to eat\u2014in troops of 3 or 400.\n127.Polatouche\u2014flying Squirel\u2014\nIn Northern provinces of Europe\u2014but more common in N.\nAmerica. resembled by no other animal\u2014Still in the day\u2014stirrs about in the evening\u2014is more like\n133.a rat than a Squirrel in his exterior form & his hair and more like Squirrel in the internal construction than any other animal\u2014also in its skeleton\nSwims without spreading his flying membranes\u2014\nabout 5 Inches long from the end of nose to anus\u2014\nweight abt. 2 oz\u2014\n151.Little grey Squirrel, or Virga. Squirrel\nFound in Northn. parts of both Contnts\u2014\ndiffers from the Common Squirel in France, in greater size\u2014& being grey instead of reddish brown\u2014\n158.L\u2019Ecureuil noir, & gris fonc\u00e8 tous deux de l\u2019Amerique pourroient bien n\u2019\u00eatre que des variet\u00e8s de l\u2019espece du Petit gris.\n189.Le Tamanoir, le Tamandua, le Fourmilier, Ant-eaters\u2014are 3 Species of animals of S. A. which live on pismires.\nhave no teeth\nlarge round tongues which they put into receptacles of pismires.\nVol 21. p. 2.Les Tatous. S. America\n4 or 6 Species\u2014covered with a boney Crust\u2014They go under the name of the Armadillo. borough in the ground\u2014live on roots &c\u2014harmless\u2014\n121.Le Paca. S. America. lives on ground like rabbit\nof the size of a pig\u2014very good to eat\n135.Le Sarigue. Opossum.\n140distingd. from all other animals by 1. false belly. 2 the first finger of hind feet without nail, & separated like the human thumb\u2014\n142.found in Brasil, New Spain, Virginia,* Antilles &c. & no where except in America, tho sd. by some writers to be found in East Indies.\n158One female had 5, another 7. teats.\n159*S. A. its native & only climate\n5 toes before & hind\nEars without hair & very fine membrane like bats\u2019 wing\nAsh grey mixt with some little blackish & whitish hoops on the back & sides\u2014browner on belly & still more so on legs.\nThe aperture on the belly is 2 or 3 inches long. less hairy within than without the false belly. It is opened & shut at will by several muscles & 2 bones peculiar to this Animal:\n167these bones are placed before os Pubis to wch. they are fastened by the base, are abt. 2 inches long & diminish to the extremity. They support the Muscle.\nHave matrix tho\u2019 somewhat different from that of other animals in which young are conceived & carried till the moment of\n169birth\u2014peculiar in the construction of parts of generation.\n*belong to Southern Countries of N. World\u2014but found in Va. & other temperate Countries of it\u2014\nproduces often & in great no. 4 or 5\u20136 or 7 at once\n173.The young of the Marmose also adhere to the Teat tho\u2019 it has no pouch.\nSome Authors (as Beverley in Hist. of Va.) say they adhere to Teat several weeks others month\u2014\n192.le fente du vulve transversale\u2014le gland du Clitoris\u2014double\u2014du male fo[u]rchu\n212.La Marmose\u2014akin to opossum, but much smaller\u2014same no. of teeth\u2014same as to toes no pouch\u2014of same climate & Continet. has two longitudinal folds near thighs, between which the young place themselves to attach themselves to the teat\u2014Male\n215& female organs of generation resemble in form & position those of Opossum. Young born prematurely & adhere to teat like Opossum\u2014bring more at once\u2014\n216like Opossum in manners, food &c.\n5 or 7 Inches long only\u2014\n231.Le Cayopollin\u2014akin to Opossum more than Marmose. these 3 Animals much alike in exteriour & interior conformation\u2014supernumary bones\u2014feet\u2014premature birth\u2014adherence to teats\u2014habits of nature\u2014all of same Climate & Cont.\u2014le Cayopollin in Mountains of S. America\u2014abt. size of Marmose\u2014has 48 teeth\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0009", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Bolling Stark, 15 May 1786\nFrom: Stark, Bolling\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nRichmond May 15. 1786.\nBy virtue of an Act of the last Assembly, the Executive on th[e] 1st Ulto. assigned me such a part of the business in the Auditors Office as must inevitably, in a few months, occasion my being discharged therefrom for ever. This determination of Council, against me, I am impelled, from various considerations, to think extremely hard, more especially when I reflect upon the anxiety & fatigue I underwent in the year 1781, conveying the books & papers of our Office, several different times, out of the Enemy\u2019s power (for that care & trouble constantly devolved upon me alone) always leaving my own little property exposed to their depredations, whereby I suffered considerably; notwithstanding this, if the two Gentlemen, my colleagues, who have met with the preference, were superior in point of integrity, assiduity or abilities, my feelings would not have been so much hurt; and one of them coming into the Office several years after me, is a circumstance that renders my degradation doubly mortifying.\nI have almost unavoidably run into expressions of discontent respecting a matter, which is unalterable, tho\u2019 my only object in addressing you at this time, was to solicit your influence, & friendly exertions in the next Assembly, to obtain for me some other respectable Office, under Government, as I really feel a predelection for the public service, and of course a reluctance to quit it altogether. The Collectorship of duties, at Norfolk, would I imagine yield a comfortable support, and as several of my children reside there, living among them & enjoying the emoluments of that Office, might, probably, be the means of making me a happy man again. Your Patronage upon that or any other occasion which may offer, as I know it wou\u2019d have very great weight in the House of Delegates, will lay me under everlasting obligations, and, I trust, not be any disadvantage to the Commonwealth.\nThe only thing I shall take the liberty of urging in my own favour is, having devoted the prime of life to the discharge of public duties, in various departments, to the very great detriment of my private affairs; and consequently shall be reduced to a most disagreeable situation as soon as my present employment in the Auditors Office ceases, unless my Country will be graciously pleased to indulge me with some other genteel appointment. If, worthy Sir, the plea just above mentioned shou\u2019d be thought not sufficient for granting my request, and no reason more cogent & satisfactory occurs to yourself, let the rescuing of an old public servant from real & complicated distress induce you to comply therewith. I am very respectfully Dr Sir, Your obedt. humble servant,\nB. Stark", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0010", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 18 May 1786\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nNew York May 18. 1786.\nI have not heard from you lately but hope it hath not arisen from ill-health. Two days since we recd. dispatches from Mr. Adams in which he informs us of his demand of the surrender of the posts, & remonstrance agnst the violation of the treaty also in the instance of the negroes, with the answer of the minister to his memorial. In this answer it is stated that the King admits a violation in those points on his part, but on the other hand states the instances of violation on our part with respect to the debts in particular enumerating the acts of all the States contravening it, finally giving assurance that it is the Kings desire to carry the treaty fully into effect on his part provided the U S. will do the same on theirs. This I think is the amt. of the communication recd. & from which the injunction of secrecy is remov\u2019d. It appears as if his expectation was that we shod. take the first steps in this business.\nIn my last I suggested the probability of my being able to accompany you in a trip up th[e Mohawk,] but of this at present I have doub[ts. There are] present 11. States & the business [of last May is] before Congress, so that I fear I cod. [not reconcile] it to my duty to be absent upon th[e present] occasion. I have pd. Taylor the [money for] the first payment so that that difficulty is at an end. I am Dr. Sir yr. friend & servt\nJas. Monroe.\nWe shall be happy to see you here & indeed calcul[ate] on a visit.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0011", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Mercer, 19 May 1786\nFrom: Mercer, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDr. Sir\u2014\nFredericksburg. May 19th. 1786.\nI am sure I need not appollogize to you, for solliciting your Patronage, to the Infant beginning of the Fredericksburg Accademy. I have but lately been added to the Trustees, much time has been lost since the General Assembly gave birth to this laudable Institution. But I flatter myself experience has so strongly marked the Error of former neglect, that more diligence will be used in future.\nIt will be very usefull to the deliberations of the Trustees at their next meeting (the 5th of June) to know yr. success & yr. Opinion of the contributions that may probably be expected from Orange. I am convinced that money alone, is all that can prevent an accademy at this Place from being one of the first in the United States. If a Town is a proper place? and, it really seems to be so, as the only place where knowledge, such as can not be trained within the walls of an accademy, can be obtained; this place is the most fit, being most healthy, the cheapest for maintainance\u2014and the Inhabitants being of the midle Rank, a Class the best fitted for a \u201cVoyage through Life\u201d\u2014Williamsburg is already too gay, Prince Edward too rustic\u2014and having no Competitors are both the worse for want of the Spur of Competition. I see Richmond is only solicitous for instructing the heels & fingers, where then are we to look for that change You & all good men wish for? If not at Fredericksbg! yet I hope it may at least serve as a guide to a new & hapier Road, to Knowledge. With most esteem I am Dr Sr. Yr. most obed.\nJs. Mercer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0012", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Grayson, 28 May 1786\nFrom: Grayson, William\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nNew York May 28th. 1786.\nYour letter has come safely to hand; & I should have wrote to you sooner but could not find any thing to communicate worth your acceptance: till lately Congress have been perfectly inactive: for about a fortnight past we have had a tolerably full representation; however Delawar has grown uneasy & left us, and Connecticut having prevailed on Congress to accept her cession moves off tomorrow. It is a practice with many States in the Union to come forward & be very assiduous till they have carried some State jobb & then decamp with precip[it]ation leaving the public business to shift for itself.\nThe delegation of our State was very much embarrassed with the Connecticut business, as it was said it was but neighbours fare that Connecticut should be treated, as we had been before with respect to our cession; & that cessions of claims conveyed no right by implication to the territory not ceded. We however after some consideration took a hostile position towards her & voted against the acceptance in every stage of it: it appeared to the delegation that the only proper claim was already vested in Congress by the cession of our State: & that their cession was nothing but a state juggle contrived by old Roger Sherman to get a side wind confirmation to a thing they had no right to. Some of the States particularly Pensylvany voted for them on the same principle that the powers of Europe give money to the Algerines. The advocates for the acceptance have however some plausible reasons for their opinion such as The tranquillity, of the Union: The procuring a clear title to the residue of the Continental lands: the forming a barrier agt. the Brittish as well as the Indians: the appreciating the value of the adjacent territory & facilitating the settlement thereof. The Assembly of Connecticut now sitting mean immedy. to open a land Office for the 120 Ms. Westwd. of the Pensylvany line which they have reserved: & I don\u2019t see what is to prevent them from keeping it always, as the foederal constitution does not give a Court in this instance, & a war with them would cost more than the six million of acres is worth.\nMr. Adams has just informed Congress that he has made a demand of the Posts & has been refused; the M. of Caermarthen states in substance as a reason for the refusal, that several of the States in the Union have violated the treaty with respect to the debts. That whenever the States shew a disposition to fulfill the treaty on their part, the King will perform his engagements according to good faith. The States which are not included in the accusation are R. Island, Connecticut, N. Hamshire, N. Jersey & Delawar.\nThe charge agt. Massachusetz is only this that she has passed a law preventing executions from issuing for interest untill the judgment of Congress should be had thereon. The only charge agt. Maryland that I recollect, is her having recieved large sums of money (the property of Brittish subjects) during the war, from their debtors. The charges agt. N. York are heavy & numerous. With respect to Virginia I think she may at least be speciously justified for what has past; the proclamation of Governor Harrisson is not imputable to her as it was not Done by any authority from the legislature, & if I am rightly informed it was dissaproved of as soon [as] they met. As to the installment act it never did pass into a law, & the Brittish Commee. of merchants had no right to mention it in their report; but the State of Virginia has not repealed her prohibitory laws on that subject. To this it may be answered that no such repeal was necessary for that the definitive treaty as soon as it was ratified by the contracting parties became the law of the land in every State: if it became the law of the land it of course (by repealing anterior obstructions) opened the Courts of Justice to all those creditors who came within it\u2019s description. This principle no doubt will subject the debtor who has paid into the public treasury; but where is the hardship of this if the public are liable to the debtor for such payment: from this it must result that the Brittish have no right to complain, untill the Courts of Justice refuse to take cognizance of their claims on the principle of prohibitory laws. Should the legislature view this business in as serious a light as I do, & wish to preserve the honor of the State with as much decency as the nature of the case will admit of, I submit it to your consideration whether it would not be proper for them to enact,\n[\u201c]that the late treaty of peace now is & ever has been since it\u2019s ratification by the contracting parties the law of the land in each State & of course has repealed all lawful impediments to the recovery of any Brittish debts therein described, any law custom or usage to the contrary notwithstanding.[\u201d] I am not certain I am right in my positions on the ground of the law of nations as applying to foederal governments of separate sovereignties; though I have understood this was the opinion of Count de Vergennes, as it respected the treaty with France: at all events if it is doubtfull ground it is plausible ground; & I know of no other principle that will save the honor of the State: if it is said the Brittish have first violated the treaty with respect to the negroes, they acknowledge the fact & agree to make satisfaction. What more can be desired? As to the Interest it is a subject of negotiation; if the point is gained, it will conduce to the benefit of Virga. as well as every other State; & in the Mean time where is the danger of submitting the point to a Jury, composed of American citizens. There is no doubt one great difficulty in the matter: if the State of Virginia adopts this or some other system confirmatory of the treaty, she then complies on her part; while at the same time if the other States adhere to their refusal, the leaves Great Brittain at liberty to act as she pleases with respect to the negroes & the Posts: perhaps a proper attention to this difficulty may lead to the striking impropriety of the interference of States as to the construction of a treaty in any case whatever. Your sentimts. on this matter will greatly oblige me\u2014the treaty wth. the King of Prussia has been confirmed in Congress: it is in my opinion as far as it respects commercial objects, of no great importance. Mr. Monro I know has informed you that a day is assigned for Congress to go into a Commee. of the whole on the State of the Nation; also for what purposes this is intended. I am apprehensive this will produce nothing & that Congress will never be able to agree on the proper amendments even among themselves; the Eastern People mean nothing more than to carry the Commercial point. I here they intend to stop & would not agree if it rested with them that Congress should have the power of preventing the States from cheating one another as well as their own citizens by means of paper money.\nMr. Pinkney who brought forward the motion, will be astounded when he meets with a proposition to prevent the States from importing any more of the seed of Cain; N. York & Pensylvany will feel themselves indisposed when they hear it proposed that it shall become a national compact that the sessions shall always be held in the centre of the Empire; how will Delawar R. Island Jersey & some others like to vote (with respect to any new powers granted to Congress) according to their real & not their supposed importance in the Union? I am of opinion our affairs are not arrived at such a crisis as to insure success to a reformation on proper principles; a partial reformation will be fatal; things had better remain as they are than not to probe them to the bottom. If particular States gain their own particular objects, it will place other grievances perhaps of equal importance at a greater distance: if all are brought forward at the same time one object will facilitate the passage of another, & by a general compromise perhaps a good government may be procured. Under these impressions I cannot say I think it will be for the advantage of the Union that the Convention at Annapolis produce any thing decisive: as in this event nothing more is to be expected from Massachusetz &C. &C. &C. The State of Virginia having gone thus far, it is matter of great doubt with me whether she had not better go farther & propose to the other States to augment the powers of the delegates so as to comprehend all the grievances of the Union, & to combine the commercial arrangements with them, & make them dependant on each other; in this case her own objects ought not to be pretermitted; among which a proper and liberal mode of settling the public accounts ought not to be forgotten.\nSome alterations have lately been made in the land Ordinance; the Surveyors are liberated from all kind of connection with the stars, and are now allowed to survey by the magnetic Meridian, & are limited to the territory lying Southward of the East & West line as described in the said Ordinance. The navigable waters & the carrying places between them are made common highways for ever & free to the citizens of the Atlantic States as well as those of the new States without any tax or impost whatever. An attempt was made to change the system altogether and was negatived; indeed the Eastern & some other States are so much attached to it, that I am satisfied no material alteration can be effected; the Geographer and surveyors will set out it is supposed immediately to carry the Ordinance into execution, provided the Indians will permit them, of which however I have very great doubts. I beg leave to inform you confidentially, that there does not appear at present the most distant prospect of forming treaties with Spain or G. Brittain: That the treaty with Portugal now carrying on in London is in an apparently proper train; that peace can certainly be obtained from Tripoli & Tunis for 33,000 Guineas each, & probably from Morocco & Algiers for double that sum respectively, provided money can be loaned in Holland for that purpose, & (which being the only resource) will be attempted: That Mr. Jefferson has lately informed Congress that he has applied to the Court of France to destroy the Monopoly of the farmers general respecting Tobo.\nHis reasoning & calculations on this subject does him the highest honor: he has proved incontestably that it is the undoubted interest of both nations that this injurious monopoly should be destroyed.\nI shall not make any observations on this Subject, as I am satisfied you must have long since fully considered it, in all its relations. I only beg leave to submit to you the propriety of the State of Virginia & Maryland through Congress representing to the Court of France in strong but affectionate language the fatal consequences of an adherence to this measure.\nThis representation when added to the Commercial Interests of France & joined by the natural enemies of the Farmers general, will possibly shake this ruinous system.\nThe delegation have lately recieved a letter from the Governor stating the depredations and murders of the Wabash Indians on the Kentucki Settlements; these Indians refused to come to the treaty last year i e, they gave no answer and are now at war with the Citizens of the United States; they have therefore left no alternative to them but hostilities; the delegation intend to move tomorrow that Colo. Harman with 400. Continental troops and such a number of Kentucki Militia as may be necessary, march to their towns & destroy them if they do not make concessions & deliver hostages as security for their good behav[i]our in future. They will also press for the arrangement of a standing Indian department. In all this however they expect opposition, from the circumscribed States who being themselves in no danger, will reluctantly yield assistance to those who are exposed.\nI have with pleasure understood from Colo. Munro, that you intend paying this place a visit in the course of the summer. I hope you will do it in such a seasonable manner as to preclude the necessity of an immediate return, as was the case last year. I remain with great sincerity Yr. Affect. frd. & Most Obet Servt.\nWillm. Grayson.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0013", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joseph Jones, 30 May 1786\nFrom: Jones, Joseph\nTo: Madison, James\nDr. Sir.\nRichmond 30th. May 1786.\nBefore the receipt of your favor by Majr. Moore I had procured from Mr. Beckley copies of the bills you wanted and you will receive them inclosed. Something is indispe[n]sably necessary to be done respecting the Courts of Justice or they will soon become grievances instead of giving relief or administering Justice. Each of them is already overcharged with business\u2014the general Court much behind\u2014the Court of appeals only trying one Cause in a week and the Chancery breaking up in a week after convening, owing it is said to the Lawyers being worn down with labourious attendance on the preceeding Courts and unable to prosecute the Business. The Attorney and Mr. Baker however found it convenient to set out the monday after the Court rose for Williamsburg to defend some Clients in the Court of Admiralty where I suppose the fees were more tempting than in the Chancery Court. The Attorney was indeed in bad health before the Court broke up being scarsely able to speak loud enough to be heard and was compelled for want of voice wch. a severe cold deprived him of to relinquish the business in Wmsburg. before it was finished and since his return has been very ill. He is now better [,] took the air in his Chariot yesterday, but In such a state of health as to require much caution to steer clear of danger. He has had several blisters on him and at this time can speak only in whispers. I think this attack will make him more cautious in future and not so freely venture health for the sake of money. Mr. Nicholas I am told is for district Courts on a plan different from any hitherto proposed. I am more and more disposed to concur in the business of districts upon some such plan as White and myself in conversation with you one evening concurred in and for which purpose he was to prepare an amendment to the bill before the house but I never heard further of it.\nI sincerely wish you an agreeable Journey to the north when you undertake it and as sincerely wish you success in any speculation you may make on the Mohawk but confess to you, tho\u2019 I am a stranger to the land and its conveniences, the remoteness from navigation, the long Winters and the present uncertain issue of what course the back commerce may take leave the advantages of holding Lands there doubtfull to an inhabitant of N. York, much more so to a Citizen of Virginia. However nothing can so well clear up these difficulties as a visit to the Country and obtaining the best information the present state of things will afford. One caution I will recommend and that is not to purchase land from any person withot. first examining it or having it examined by those you can rely on for true information. I take it for granted those of the Country know the value of property there as well perhaps better than others and generally speaking there are always men to be found ready to obtain what we may call bargains and that N. York have such men in it, able also to buy, I must suppose and should therefore be backward in buying what others seem not much to desire. I offer these hints with freedom not wishing to prevent your speculations there but to interpose necessary caution in whatever you may do. I shall see King George County next week & perhaps visit Alexandria before my return. We are about to look into the State of the several Naval offices and the mode of conducting the business in them, which we think and I hope will have its use. I am D Sr. yr. friend\nJos: Jones\nThe British Minister we hear has informed Mr. Adams in answer to his demand of the Posts that America must first pay the Debts.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0014", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 31 May 1786\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nNew York May 31. 1786.\nSince my last a letter has been recd. from Mr. Jay to the following effect \u201cthat difficulties had taken place in his negotiation with Gardoqui & requesting that a Committee be appointed with power to direct & controul the sd. negotiation.\u201d It was immediately perciev\u2019d that the object was to relieve him from the instruction respecting Missisipi & to get a committee to cover the measure. That this wod. be thus brought forward I was appriz\u2019d upon my first arrival here in the winter, & have been acquainted with all the previous arrangements, those in favr. of it found necessary to make, to prepare for its reception\u2014his plan is, from evidence conclusive on my own mind; not to be simply quiet as to that object but to enter into engagments, at least for a certain term, for its occlusion & further to enter into a reciprocal guaranty of their respective possessions in America; in consideration for which we are to be admitted reciprocally, they into our ports here & we into theirs in Europe, upon an equal footing with our citizens & subjects respectively. What we are to gain on our part then simply is, the aid of this power in favor of the posts & this commercial stipulation. When the letter was presented Mr. King who is associated in this business in a long speech in which he took a view of the insidious designs of France in the late treaty especially, & of the little dependence to be put on her in future, made a tryal of the pulse of the house on the subject. The letter was committed, Pettit, King & myself are of the committee\u2014as yet the Committee have not met, to morrow they will. Jay will attend it. From the best investigation that I have been able to give the subject I am of opinion that it will be for the benefit of the U S. that the river shod. be opend that although we may not be in a situation, nor even think of it for the present, to contest it, yet if we enter\u2019d into engagements to the contrary, we seperate those people I mean all those westward of the mountains from the federal government & perhaps throw them into the hands eventually of a foreign power. That under the direction of Congress the produce of that country will be in trade the source of great national wealth & strength to the U S. That a reciprocal guaranty stipulates an important consideration to them without a return. That whether it may not tend to weaken the connection between us & France is doubtful. That the commercl. engagment will operate upon its own merits only to the disadvantage of the U S. I remember upon a former occasion, unconnected with objects & considerations of this kind to have remarked to you\u2014after the publick debt is pd. (& if the western land is properly dispos\u2019d of, great part of it will be pd. shortly) the situation of these States will be such as to make it unnecessary for them to lay such duties on the trade of their citizens as the expensive civil & military establishments of the European countries will require. The duties of our citizens & their subjects in our respective ports will of course be unequal, ours depress\u2019d with the weight of their govt. & theirs entitled to all the benefits which arise from our ease & happy situation. If we knew precisely the duties impos\u2019d on our trade by our citizens in their ports, we might put their subjects on equal footing here. The indulgence then given to our people in our ports arising from the ease of our circumstances, superior to that wh. the subjects of other countries can possibly obtain, wod. be a manifest advantage which might enable them to improve their circumstances. Tobo I am also inform\u2019d is to be excluded from the benefit (if it can be term\u2019d such) of this treaty. I am clearly of opinion that Spain is of all the powers of Europe the most in our hands. That for a guaranty we might obtain not only the points in contest but whatever else we wish\u2019d. But such is the folly of our councils & the vice of those who govern them in many instances, that the real blessings of our situation in those few cases which exist, cannot be turn\u2019d to any publick advantage. Petit who is always here & the influencial man from Pennsylvania is a speculator in certificates. He came forward under the patronage of Reid with impressions entirely Eastern and the opposition given the requisition last year by the delegation of Virginia has given him an opinion that she wishes to defraud the publick creditors. The evidence of her payments, of passing the requisition upon terms unfavorable to her, of her honest & federal attachments, are no proof to him. He always acts under this impression & the utmost prudence, good temper (personally), and assurance on the part of the delegation cannot remove it. His State therefore can generally be calculated on in favor of all the measures of Massachusets, who is always zealous upon all subjects of old emission money, publick securities &ca. She always hath some influence with Delaware & Jersey; King hath married a woman of fortune in New York so that if he secures a market for fish and turns the commerce of the western country down this river he obtains his object.\nWe have not as yet brought on the claims of the State, we shall do it in a few days. I am thoroughly satisfied they will be rejected\u2014all the expences of Ld. Dunmore\u2019s expedition although precisely on the same footing with the first campaign at Boston will be thrown on the State. Yet Mass: hath (& did in the close of that campaign) draw money to defray its expences. It appears to me as if the State debt wod. never be settled and if it is, upon terms highly disadvantageous to us. That the certificate debt will be press\u2019d only untill by the operation of the facility system most of the securities are mov\u2019d southwd., after which it will be given up. We shall however bring the subject on shortly, and upon the fairest principles for the State, in the event of a decision agnst her, put her pretensions on the journals. Many of these questions you will observe are as important as they are intricate. That to a wise decision as to the expedience, the greatest industry & ability in their managment will be necessary. I must confess I have little hope that they will take a direction agreeably to my own impressions of propriety. One great advantage is, that the delegation are in genl. in sentiment, & act together\u2014but there are such powerful combinations agnst us, supported by & founded in considerations of private interest, that I almost despair. What effect these measures may have, especially in the instances of the tobo & our accts., upon the State I cannot determine. Whether they may extend their influence to other objects than those they particularly affect, is incertain; fully persuaded however I am that they will give arguments to those oppos\u2019d to an extension of foederal powers of greater weight than any they have had before. I most sincerely wish you may come up and that if you shall not be able you will give me yr. sentiments fully on these subjects. I am yr. friend & servant\nJas. Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0017", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 19 June 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nOrange June 19th. 1786\nSince my last which was of the 18th. of May I have recd. your very agreeable favor of the 28th. of Octobr. I began to fear it had miscarried. Your reflections on the idle poor of Europe, form a valuable lesson to the Legislators of every Country, and particularly of a new one. I hope you will enable yourself before you return to America to compare with this description of people in France the Condition of the indigent part of other communities in Europe where the like causes of wretchedness exist in a less degree. I have no doubt that the misery of the lower classes will be found to abate wherever the Government assumes a freer aspect, & the laws favor a subdivision of property. Yet I suspect that the difference will not fully account for the comparative comfort of the Mass of people in the United States. Our limited population has probably as large a share in producing this effect as the political advantages which distinguish us. A certain degree of misery seems inseparable from a high degree of populousness. If the lands in Europe which are now dedicated to the amusement of the idle rich, were parcelled out among the idle poor, I readily conceive the happy revolution which would be experienced by a certain proportion of the latter. But still would there not remain a great proportion unrelieved? No problem in political Oeconomy has appeared to me more puzzling than that which relates to the most proper distribution of the inhabitants of a Country fully peopled. Let the lands be shared among them ever so wisely, & let them be supplied with labourers ever so plentifully; as there must be a great surplus of subsistence, there will also remain a great surplus of inhabitants, a greater by far than will be employed in cloathing both themselves & those who feed them, and in administering to both, every other necessary & even comfort of life. What is to be done with this surplus? Hitherto we have seen them distributed into Manufacturers of superfluities, idle proprietors of productive funds, domestics, soldiers, merchants, mariners, and a few other less numerous classes. All these classes notwithstanding have been found insufficient to absorb the redundant members of a populous society; and yet a reduction of most of those classes enters into the very reform which appears so necessary & desireable. From a more equal partition of property, must result a greater simplicity of manners, consequently a less consumption of manufactured superfluities, and a less proportion of idle proprietors & domestics. From a juster Government must result less need of soldiers either for defence agst. dangers from without or disturbances from within. The number of merchants must be inconsiderable under any modification of Society; and that of Mariners will depend more on geographical position, than on the plan of legislation. But I forget that I am writing a letter not a dissertation.\nThings have undergone little change here since my last. The scarcity of money the low price of Tobo. & the high price of bread continue to be the topics of complaint. The last evil is likely to be much increased by a sudden vicisitude in the prospects of wheat. At the date of my last we were praying for rain. Shortly after we had a deluge of it. From the 19th. of May to the 4th. of June, we scarcely saw the sun, had almost incessant rains, and sometimes showers, or rather torrents that threatened to sweep away every thing. The planters pretty generally availed themselves of the Season for getting their Tobacco into the hills. But the farmers have nearly lost their crops of Wheat. A great proportion of the heads in this part of the country are blasted, and in many parts it is said the fields will not be worth cutting. Our crops of apples also which in common with all other fruits seemed to be abundant, appear to have suffered much from the wet. We are now again suffering from the opposite extreme. We have had no rain since the cessation of the long spell, that is since the 3d. instant, and the earth is as dry and as hard as a brick.\nIn an answer from the Attorney to a late letter, he says \u201cthat after great anxiety we have recd. the plan of a Capitol from Mr. J. and with some difficulty the directors have assented to conform the bricks already laid to that model.\u201d\nI have a little itch to gain a smattering in Chymistry. Will you be kind eno\u2019 to pick up some good elementary treatise for me, with a good dictionary of moderate size, unless the Chymical volume in the Encyclopedie should be judged a competent provision. Morveau\u2019s Elements I observe are quoted with great respect by Buffon. I wish also to get his two Boxes, called Le Necessaire chemique. They are described in the Bibliotheque Physico-Economique for 1784. p. 134. where the Maker in Paris is also referred to. I project this last indulgence on the supposition that the whole apparatus, including the contents of the Bottles will not cost more than a couple of Louis.\nI observe that in your analysis of the Revisal p. 251. of your notes, a Bill is mentioned for con[s]igning our roads to Undertakers, instead of the present vicious plan of repairing them. No such provision is comprized in the Road bill reported & printed. If it be any where in existence, I wish you could put me on the means of getting a sight of it. I conceive such a reform to be essential & that the Legislature would adopt it, if presented in a well digested form.\nI lately sent you some particulars relating to our Mole.\n   In enumerating the distinctions between our Mole & the common one of Europe, I find I omitted the difference of Colour. You know the colour of ours, which is pretty remote from black, tho\u2019 somewhat darkish.\n For want of something better to fill the remainder of my paper I will now add the result of my examination two days ago of another of our minor quadrupeds. I mean, a Weasel. It was a female & came to my hands dead. Its colour corresponded with the description given by D\u2019Aubenton of the Belette & Roselet or Hermine when in its summer dress, excepting only that the belly &c. which in the European Animal was white, was in ours of a lightish yellow, save only the part under the lower Jaws which was white for about \u00bd an inch back from the under lip. The little brown spots near the corners of the mouth mentioned by D\u2019Aubenton, were peninsular. The tail was of the color of the back &c. all but the end which was black. The ears were extremely thin, had a fold or duplication on the lower part of the Conque about 2 lines deep, and at the margin all around were covered with a very fine short hair or fur of the colour nearly of the back. The rest of the ear was in a manner naked, and of a lightish color. The forefeet were tipped & spotted with white. The hind feet were also tipped with white, and one of them a little spotted. It had five toes on each foot, the fifth on each being very short and at some distance from the end of the foot. Its smell was a sort of rankish musk, but not so strong as to be very offensive. It had no visible teats. Its weight dimensions &c. compared with those of Buffon\u2019s Belette & Hermine were as follows,\nWeasel\nBelette\nHermine\nWeight\noz\npwt.\ngm.\noz.\noz.\npwt.\n   The belette of this weight was but 6 in. 5 lines in length.\n   The weight & measure of the Weasel are English, those of the Belette & Roselet, french.\nInch\nlines\nInch\nlines\nInch\nlines\nLength from muzzle to root of tail\nof the trunk of the tail\nHeight before\nbehind\ndistance from muzzle to lower corner of the eye\nfrom upper corner of eye to the ear\nfrom one corner to the other of the eye\nlength of the ear perpendicularly\nwidth of the ear horizontally\ndistance between the ears at bottom\nLength of the neck\ncircumference of neck\nof body behind forelegs\nbefore hindlegs\nof head between eyes & ears\nLength of foreleg from knee to heel\nfrom heel to the nails\nof hind leg from knee to heel\nWidth of forefoot\nof hindfoot\nLength of nails of forefoot\nof hindfoot\nof hair of the body\nat end of tail\nshort\ndistance between anus & vulva\nSpleen, length of\nwidth of in middle\nKidneys, long\nwide\nthick\nHeart, long\nround\nTongue, long from end to the fil\u00eat\nwide\nnumber\nno.\nno.\nTeeth\nRibbs\nVertebrae of tail\nPalate, furrows of\nThe Gall bladder was empty, the membrane of the Bladder very thin, and the two last furrows of the palate broken in the middle, in the Weasel as noted in the Belette, and the contrary not noted in the Hermine.\nThe spleen was of the same color on both sides in the weasel. In the Hermine it was of a reddish brown as in the weasel, on one side, and of a very pale hue on the other. Nothing is said as to this circumstance in the description of the Belette.\nThe right Kidney in the weasel was advanced a little only before the left, as in the Belette, and not its whole length as in the Hermine.\nThe attempt to examine whether the number of false ribbs in the weasel was 4 as in the Belette or 3 as in the Hermine was frustrated.\nOn a review of the differential characters of the Belette and the Hermine, and a comparison of the weasel with both, it appears 1. that the weasel stands between the two in point of size, but much less removed from the former than the latter, unless the individual here examined was much under the ordinary size. Its having no visible teats seems to be an indication that it was young. Another probable indication was the smallness of the hindmost teeth both in the upper & lower Jaws, those in the lower being not bigger than the head of a small pin; & those in the upper disproportionate to the contiguous tooth. 2. that it resembles the Hermine in the length of the trunk of the tail, and in the blackness of its end, but the Belette in the number of vertebrae in the Trunk, and in the shortness of the hair at the end of the tail. 3 That it resembles the Hermine in the colour of its feet, and the Belette in that of the margin of the ears. 4. that it resembles the Belette & not the Hermine in the Relative position of the Kidneys. 5. that it differs from the Hermine in being an inhabitant of warm climates. Whether it resembles the Belette in not being an inhabitant of cold climates remains for enquiry. 6 that it differs from both, in never becoming white during the Winter, if this change be well founded with regard to the Belette. Buffon asserts that there are instances of it, [illegible] but it may be questioned whether they were not mere albinos of the species.\nThe figure of the head of the Weasel when reduced to the naked bone resembled rather that of the Belette than that of the Hermine in the Skeletons represented by Buffon. In its entire state it resembled most the head in the cut of the Hermine given by Buffon. Indeed the entire cut of the Hermine was a much stronger likeness of the weasel, than the Cut of the Belette.\nThe result of the comparison seems to be that notwithstanding the blackness of the end of the tail & whiteness of the feet, which are regarded as characteristics of the Hermine contradistinguishing it from the belette, our weasel cannot be of the former species, and is nothing more than a variety of the latter. This conclusion is the stronger, as the manners of our weasel correspond more nearly with those of the Belette, than with those of the Hermine. And if it be a just conclusion, it may possibly make one exception to Buffons position that no animal is common to the two Continents that cannot bear the climate where they join; as it certainly contradicts his assertion that, of the animals common to the two continents, those of the new are in every instance smaller than those of the old. But he seems to have given up this point himself. Supplemt. tom. 8. p. 329. \u201cL\u2019imperfection de nature qu\u2019il [M. P. l\u2019auteur des recherches sur les americains] reproche gratuitement a l\u2019amerique en general ne doit porter que sur les animaux de la partie meridionale de ce continent lesquels &c.\u201d\nMy next will probably be dated in Philada. or rather in N. York to which I am called by some business of a private nature in which I am concerned jointly with Col. Monroe. In the mean time I remain Yrs. very affectionately\nJs. Madison Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0018", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 21 June 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir\nOrange June 21th. [st] 1786.\nYour favor of the 31th. ult. did not come to hand till two days ago. As I expect to see you in a short time, I will suspend the full communication of my ideas on the subject of it till I have that pleasure. I cannot however forbear in the mean time expressing my amazement that a thought should be entertained of surrendering the Missisipi and of guarantying the possessions of Spain in America. In the first place has not Virga., have not Congress themselves, and the Ministers of Congs. by their orders, asserted the right of those who live on the waters of the Missisipi to use it as the high road given by nature to the sea. This being the case, have Congress any more authority to say that the western citizens of Virginia shall not pass thro the capes of Missisipi than to say that her eastern citizens shall not pass thro the capes Henry and Charles. It should be remembered that the United States are not now extricating themselves from war a crisis which often knows no law but that of necessity. The measure in question would be a voluntary barter in time of profound peace of the rights of one part of the empire to the interests of another part. What would Massachusets say to a proposition for ceding to Britain her right of fishery as the price of some stipulations in favor of tobacco.\nAgain can there be a more shortsighted or dishonorable policy than to concur with Spain in frustrating the benevolent views of nature\u2014to sell the affections of our ultramontane brethren to depreciate the richest fund we possess to distrust an ally whom we know to be able to befriend us and to have an interest in doing it against the only nation whose enmity we can dread, and at the same time to court by the most precious sacrifices the alliance of a nation whose impotency is notorious, who has given no proof of regard for us and the genius of whose government religion & manners unfit them, of all the nations in Christendom for a coalition with this country. Can any thing too, as you well observe, be more unequal than a stipulation which is to open all our ports to her and some only and those the least valuable of hers to us; and which places the commercial freedom of our ports against the fettered regulations of those in Spain. I always thought the stipulations with France and Holland of the privileges of the most favoured nation as unequal and only to be justified by the influence which the treaties could not fail to have on the event of the war. A stipulation putting Spanish subjects on the same footing with our own citizens is carrying the evil still farther without the same pretext for it; and is the more to be dreaded, as by making her the most favoured nation it would let in the other nations with whom we are now connected to the same privileges, whenever they may find it their interest to make the same compensation for them whilst we have not a reciprocal right to force them into such an arrangement in case our interest should dictate it. A guaranty is if possible still more objectionable. If it be insidious we plunge ourselves into infamy. If sincere, into obligations the extent of which cannot easily be determined. In either case we get farther into the labyrinth of European politics from which we ought religiously to keep ourselves as free as possible. And what is to be gained by such a rash step? Will any man in his senses pretend that our territory needs such a safeguard, or that if it were in danger, it is the arm of Spain that is to save it. Viewing the matter in this light I cannot but flatter myself, that if the attempt you apprehend should be made, it will be rejected with becoming indignation. I am less sanguine as to the issue of the other matter contained in your letter. I know the mutual prejudices which impede every overture towards a just & final settlement of claims & accts. I persist in the opinion that a proper & speedy adjustment is unattainable from any Assembly constituted as Congs. is, and acting under the impulse which they must. I need not repeat to you the plan which has always appeared to me most likely to answer the purpose. In the mean time, it is mortifying to see the other States or rather their Representatives, pursuing a course which will make the case more & more difficult, & putting arms into the hands of Enemies to every amendment of our federal System. God knows that they are formidable enough in this State, without such an advantage. With it their triumph will be certain & easy. But I have been led much farther already than I proposed, and will only add that I am with the sincerest affection Yr. friend & servt.\nJs. M.\nThe inclosed Tickets belong to a very worthy friend who knows not how to obtain a small prize which they have drawn without giving you the trouble of applying for it. He is apprehensive that the door may be already shut agst. the demand. If it should not you will kind eno\u2019 to call on the proper office, and get the proper certificate. There are but 2 of the Tickets I believe which are entitled to prizes, but as they cannot be distinguished here, it must be done by the Register in the Office.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0019", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Francis Taylor, 25 June 1786\nFrom: Taylor, Francis\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nI request you to sell the two Certificates I handed you Last thursday, if you can get Twenty five dollars for them including the interest due: tho\u2019 hope they will sell for somewhat more. If you cannot sell them altogether perhaps the interest may be drawn seperately.\nI have taken the liberty to inclose a memorial which was intended to have been presented to Virga Assembly\u2014and request, if you should have it in your power without much trouble, to enquire if my claim for half pay would be allowed by Congress.\nI have also inclosed the buttons which I desire to exchange for a round pair without a Cypher the brims somewhat thicker.\nI wish you an agreeable journey, and am sincerely Your affecte. servant\nFra Taylor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0020", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Maury, 10 July 1786\nFrom: Maury, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDr Sir,\nFredericksburg 10 July 1786\nI expect to depart in the morning in order to Embark for Liverpoole the day following. Business out of the question, I shall really be happy to have it in my power to render you any acceptable Service. In a Capital I should be more in your Line\u2014yet even there something may occur now & then which may be worth corresponding about. If it does I shall surely do myself that pleasure.\nIn the Interim; after thanking you much for your very great Kindness to me in regard to my pretensions to the Consulate, you will be so good in the Course of Correspondence from Time to Time just to intimate to your friends in Congress that I stil[l] wish to be considered a Candidate. London would be my first Choice Whether as Consul or vice Consul. Nor indeed, would I have an Objection to any of the ports on the Continent provided the Salaries or perquisites would be competent to a Support & not debar me from Trade. But if no thing better can be had, As I propose settling at Liverpool even this post might be worth having. These Things you will keep to yrself. I am with uncommon Esteem Yr most obt Svt\nJ. Maury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0021", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 11 July 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir\nPhilada. July 11. 1786.\nI reached this yesterday afternoon, not without sensible effects of the extreme heat of the four last days of my journey. A little repose will I hope soon refit both me & my horses for prosecuting it towards N. York. Before I set out however I wish to know from you, for I have forgotten, the precise sum which you have paid to Taylor, with the residue of the debt & the time at which it is to be paid. I wish this because some arrangements here will depend on it. When I left Virga. I expected that some little funds, which I had been preparing here, would by this time have been productive, and have enabled me to replace immediately & without further trouble, the advances you have made on my behalf, as well as to have deposited with you my share of the remaining debt. I am so far disappointed in this expectation, that I find it will be 30 or 40 days from this date before I can command the money. If any claims of Taylor however or your own situation, should require an earlier remittance, it will perhaps be in my power to effect an anticipation. Let me know also whether it will be out of your power as your last letter intimated, to make a trip up the North River, and whether you have recd. any further lig[hts] relative to things in that quarter. I have not changed either my opinions or my inclination with regard to an extension of our plans there. The only circumstance which creates difficulty with me is the precariousness at this moment of converting other property into the means of realizing my wishes on the Mohawk. I should think the little interest I have on the Western waters of Virga. in particular well disposed of in an exchange for one on the Eastern waters of N. Y. But I find a difficulty much greater than I expected in accomplishing the first step towards such a conversion, not such however as to make me think it a superfluous step to explore the new situation in case it should have your sanction. I shall wait an answer from you before I leave this. The delay would not be inconvenient if myself & horses were both fresh, as I have business here of my own & [still] of other people, sufficient to employ me for a still longer space. I remain Dr Sir Yr. affecte. friend\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0023", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Ambrose Madison, 7 August 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Madison, Ambrose\nDear Brother,\nNew York Aug. 7th, 1786.\nThe business depending before Congress not permitting Jas. Monroe to make a trip up the North River and a solitary trip being very disagreeable to me as well as likely to be less satisfactory in the result, I have declined for the present going further Northward than this City. I have however concerted some arrangements with Col. M: which have for their object, the extension of our speculations on the Mohawk. The purchase we have already made is so well ascertained to be a judicious one that I am confirmed in my wishes to add to it if possible. The crisis also is unquestionably favorable. Nothing can bear a worse aspect than our federal affairs as viewed from this position. No money comes into the public treasury, trade is on a wretched footing, and the States are running mad after paper money, which among other evils disables them from all contributions of specie for paying the public debts, particularly the foreign one. In Rhode Island a large sum has been struck and made a tender, and a severe penalty imposed on any attempt to discriminate between it and coin. The consequence is that provisions are witheld from the Market, the Shops shut up\u2014a general distress and tumultuous meetings. The prices of produce seem to be lower here than in Philada. Tobo. is no exception to this remark.\nThe country suffers much from a want of rain. I understand by some persons just arrived here from Virga. that you have latterly been seasonable, or at least that the lower Country has been so. My next will be from Philada. Adieu\nJ. M. Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0026", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 12 August 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhilada. Aug: 12th. 1786\nMy last of the 19th. of June intimated that my next would be from N. York or this place. I expected it would rather have been from the former which I left a few days ago, but my time was so taken up there with my friends and some business that I thought it best to postpone it till my return here. My ride through Virga. Maryd. & Pena. was in the midst of harvest. I found the crops of wheat in the upper parts of the two former considerably injured by the wet weather which my last described as so destructive in the lower parts of those States. The computed loss where I passed was about one third. The loss in the Rye was much greater: It was admitted however that the crops of both would have been unusually large but for this casualty. Throughout Pena. the wheat was unhurt, and the Rye very little affected. As I came by the way of Winchester & crossed the Potowmac at Harpers Ferry I had an opportunity of viewing the magnificent scene which nature here presents. I viewed it however under great disadvantages. The air was so thick that distant objects were not visible at all, and near ones not distinctly so. We ascended the mountain also at a wrong place, fatigued ourselves much in traversing it before we gained the right position, were threatened during the whole time with a thunder storm, and finally overtaken by it. Had the weather been favorable the prospect would have appeared to peculiar advantage, being enriched with the harvest in its full maturity, which filled every vale as far as the eye could reach. I had the additional pleasure here of seeing the progress of the works on the Potowmac. About 50 hands were employed at these falls or rather rapids, who seemed to have overcome the greatest difficulties. Their plan is to slope the fall by opening the bed of the river, in such a manner as to render a lock unnecessary, and by means of ropes fastened to the rocks, to pull up & ease down the boats where the current is most rapid. At the principal falls 150 hands I was told were at work, and that the length of the canal will be reduced to less than a mile, and carried through a vale which does not require it to be deep. Locks will here be unavoidable. The Undertakers are very sanguine. Some of them who are most so talk of having the entire work finished in three years. I can give no particular account of the progress on James River, but am told it is very flattering. I am still less informed of what is doing with North Carolina towards a Canal between her & our waters. The undertaking on the Susquehannah is said to be in such forwardness as to leave no doubt of its success. A negociation is set on foot between Pena. Maryd. & Delaware for a canal from the head of Chesapeak to the Delaware. Maryd. as I understand heretofore opposed the undertaking, and Pena. means now to make her consent to it a condition on which the opening of the Susquehannah within the limits of Pena. will depend. Unless this is permitted the opening undertaken within the limits of Maryland will be of little account. It is lucky that both parties are so dependent on each other as to be thus mutually forced into measures of general Utility. I am told that Pena. has complied with the joint request of Virga. and Maryland for a Road between the head of Potowmac and the waters of the Ohio and the secure & free use of the latter through her jurisdiction. These fruits of the Revolution do great honour to it. I wish all our proceedings merited the same character. Unhappily there are but too many belonging to the opposite side of the acct. At the head of these is to be put the general rage for paper money. Pena. & N. Carolina took the lead in this folly. In the former the sum emitted was not considerable, the funds for sinking it were good, and it was not made a legal tender. It issued into circulation partly by way of loan to individuals on landed security, partly by way of payment to the public Creditors. Its present depreciation is about 10 or 12 Per Ct. In N. Carolina the sums issued at different times has been of greater amount, and it has constantly been a tender. It issued partly in payments to military creditors, and latterly in purchases of Tobo. on public account. The Agent I am informed was authorized to give nearly the double of the current price, and as the paper was a tender, debtors ran to him with their Tobo. and the Creditors paid the expence of the farce. The depreciation is said to be 25 or 30 Per Ct. in that State. S. Carolina was the next in order. Her emission was in the way of loans to individuals, and is not a legal tender. But land is there made a tender in case of suits, which shuts the Courts of Justice, and is perhaps as great an evil. The friends of the emission say that it has not yet depreciated, but they admit that the price of commodities has risen, which is evidently the form in which depreciation will first shew itself. New Jersey has just issued \u00a330,000 (dollar at 7/6), in loans to her Citizens. It is a legal tender. An addition of \u00a3100,000 is shortly to follow on the same principles. The terror of popular associations stifles as yet an overt discrimination between it & specie; but as this does not operate in Philada. & N. York where all the trade of N. J. is carried on, its depreciation has already commenced in those places & must soon communicate itself to N. J. New York is striking \u00a3200,000 (dollr. at 8/-) on the plan of loans to her Citizens. It is made a legal tender in case of suits only. As it is but just issuing from the press, its depreciation exists only in the foresight of those who reason without prejudice on the subject. In Rhode Island \u00a3100,000 (dolr. at 6/.) has lately been issued in loans to individuals. It is not only made a tender, but severe penalties annexed to the least attempt direct or indirect to give a preference to specie. Precautions dictated by distrust in the rulers, soon produced it in the people. Supplies were witheld from the Market, the Shops were shut, popular meetings ensued, and the State remains in a sort of Convulsion. The Legislature of Massts. at their last Session rejected a paper emission by a large majority. Connecticut & N. Hampshire also have as yet foreborne, but symptoms of the danger it is said begin to appear in the latter. The Senate of Maryd. has hitherto been a bar to paper in that State. The clamor for it is now universal, and as the periodical election of the Senate happens at this crisis, and the whole body is unluckily by their constitution to be chosen at once, it is probable that a paper emission will be the result. If in spite of the zeal exerted agst. the old Senate a majority of them should be reelected, it will require all their firmness to withstand the popular torrent. Of the affairs of Georga. I know as little as of those of Kamskatska. Whether Virga. is to remain exempt from the epidemic malady will depend on the ensuing Assembly. My hopes rest chiefly on the exertions of Col. Mason and the failure of the experiments elsewhere. That these must fail is morally certain; for besides the proofs of it already visible in some States, and the intrinsic defect of the paper in all, this fictitious money will rather feed than cure the spirit of extravagance which sends away the coin to pay the unfavorable balance, and will therefore soon be carried to market to buy up coin for that purpose. From that moment depreciation is inevitable. The value of money consists in the uses it will serve. Specie will serve all the uses of paper. Paper will not serve one of the essential uses of specie. The paper therefore will be less valuable than specie. Among the numerous ills with which this practice is pregnant, one I find is that it is producing the same warfare & retaliation among the States as were produced by the State regulations of commerce. Massts. & Connecticut have passed laws enabling their Citizens who are debtors to Citizens of States having paper money, to pay their debts in the same manner as their Citizens who are Creditors to Citizens of the latter States are liable to be paid their debts.\nThe States which have appointed deputies to Annapolis are N. Hampshire, Massts. R. Island, N. Y. N. J. Pena. Delaware & Virga. Connecticut declined not from a dislike to the object, but to the idea of a Convention, which it seems has been rendered obnoxious by some internal Conventions which embarrassed the Legislative Authority. Maryd. or rather her Senate negatived an appointment because they supposed the measure might interfere with the plans or prerogatives of Congs. N. Carolina has had no Legislative meeting since the proposition was communicated. S. Carolina supposed she had sufficiently signified her concurrence in a general regulation of trade by vesting the power in Congs. for 15 years. Georgia \u2014\u2014 Many Gentlemen both within & without Congs. wish to make this Meeting subservient to a Plenipotentiary Convention for amending the Confederation. Tho\u2019 my wishes are in favor of such an event, yet I despair so much of its accomplishment at the present crisis that I do not extend my views beyond a Commercial Reform. To speak the truth I almost despair even of this. You will find the cause in a measure now before Congress of which you will receive the details from Colo. Monroe. I content myself with hinting that it is a proposed treaty with Spain one article of which shuts the Mississipi for twenty five or thirty years. Passing by the other southern states figure to yourself the effect of such a stipulation on the assembly of Virginia already jealous of northern policy and which will be composed of about thirty members from the western waters; of a majority of others attached to the western country from interests of their own[,] of their friends or their constituents and of many others who though indifferent to the Mississipi will zealously play off the disgust of its friends against federal measures. Figure to yourself its effect on the people at large on the western waters who are impatiently waiting for a favorable result to the negociation with Guardoqui: & who will consider themselves as sold by their Atlantic brethren. Will it be an unnatural consequence if they consider themselves as absolved from every federal tie and court some protection for their betrayed rights? This protection will appear more attainable from the maritime power of Britain than from any other quarter and Britain will be more ready than any other nation to seize an opportunity of embroiling our affairs. What may be the motive with Spain to satisfy herself with a temporary occlusion of the Mississipi at the same time that she holds forth our claim to it as absolutely inadmissible is matter of conjecture only. The patrons of the measure in Congress contend that the minister who at present governs the Spanish councils means only to disembarass himself at the expence of his successors. I should rather suppose he means to work a total separation of interest and affection between the western and eastern settlements and to foment the jealousy between the eastern & southern States. By the former the population of the western country it may be expected, will be checked and the Mississipi so far secured and by both the general security of Spanish America be promoted. As far as I can learn the assent of nine states in Congress will not at this time be got to the proposed treaty but an unsuccessful attempt by six or seven will favor the views of Spain and be fatal I fear to an augmentation of the federal authority, if not to the little now existing. My personal situation is rendered by this business particularly mortifying. Ever since I have been out of Congress I have been inculcating on our assembly a confidence in the equal attention of Congress to the rights and interests of every part of the republic and on the western members in particular, the necessity of making the Union respectable by new powers to Congress if they wished Congress to negociate with effect for the Mississipi. I leave to Col. Monroe the giving you a particular account of the Impost. The Acts of Penna. Delaware & N. York must be revised & amended in material points before it can be put in force, and even then the fetters put on the collection by some other States will make it a very awkward business. Your favor of 25th. of April from London found me here. My letter from Richmd. at the close of the Assembly will have informed you of the situation in which British debts stand in Virga. Unless Congs. say something on the subject I do not think any thing will be done by the next Session. The expectations of the British Merchants coincide with the information I had recd.; as your opinion of the steps proper to be taken by the Assembly, do with those for which I have ineffectually contended. The merits of Mr. P. will ensure every attention from me to his claim as far as general principles will admit. I am afraid that these will insuperably bar his wishes. The Catalogues sent by Mr. Skipwith I do not expect to receive till I get back to Virga. If you meet with \u201cGraecorum Respublicae ab Ubbone Emmio descriptae,\u201d Lugd. Batavorum, 1632, pray get it for me.\nMy trip to N. Y. was occasioned chiefly by a plan concerted between Col. Monroe & myself for a purchase of land on the Mohawk. Both of us have visited that district, and were equally charmed with it. The soil is perhaps scarcely inferior to that of Kentucky, it lies within the body of the Atlantic States, & at a safe distance from every frontier. It is contiguous to a branch of Hudson\u2019s River which is navigable with trifling portages which will be temporary, to tide-water, and is not more than ten, 15 or 20 miles from populous settlements where land sells at \u00a38 & \u00a310 per Acre. In talking of this Country sometime ago with General Washington he considered it in the same light with Monroe and myself, intimating that if he had money to spare and was disposed to deal in land, this is the very spot which his fancy had selected out of all the U. S. We have made a small purchase, and nothing but the difficulty of raising a sufficient sum restrained us from making a large one. In searching for the means of overcoming this difficulty, one has occurred which we have agreed that I should mention to you and which if you should think as we do is recomended by the prospect of advantage to your self as well as to us. We mention it freely because we trust that if it does not meet your sanction you will as freely tell us so. It is that the aid of your credit in your private capacity be used for borrowing say, four or five thousand louis more or less, on the obligation of Monro and myself, with your suretyship to be laid out by Monro and myself for our triple emolument: an interest not exceeding six per cent to be paid annually and the principal within a term not less than eight or ten years. To guard agst. accidents a private instrument might be executed among ourselves specifying all necessary covenants. We have not taken the resolution of submitting this plan without well examining the expediency of your becoming a party to it as well as the prospect of its succeeding. There can certainly be no impropriety in your taking just means of bettering your fortune nor can we discover any in your doing this on the Mohawk more than on James River. For the prospect of gain by the rise of the land beyond the interest of the money we calculate on the present difference of price between the settled and vacant land far beyond any possible difference in the real value. The former as has been noted sells for eight or ten pounds per acre. The latter distinguished only by its being a little higher up the river & its being uninhabited was bought by us for one dollar and a half and there is little doubt that by taking a larger quantity, still better bargains may be got. This comparative cheapness proceeds from causes which are accidental & temporary. The lands in question are chiefly in the hands of men who hold large quantities, and who are either in debt or live in the city at an expence for which they have no other resource or are engaged in transactions that require money. The scarcity of specie which enters much into the cheapness is probably but temporary also. As it is the child of extravagance it will become the parent of economy which will regain us our due share of the universal medium. The same vicicitude which can only be retarded by our short lived substitutes of paper will be attended also by such a fall in the rate of exchange that money drawn by bills from Europe now and repaid a few years hence will probably save one years interest at least & I will only add that scarce an instance has happened in which purchases of new lands of good quality and in good situations have not well rewarded the adventurers. With these remarks which determine our judgments we submit to your better one the project to which they relate. Wishing you every possible happiness I remain Dr Sir your affectionate friend & Servt.\nJs. Madison Jr.\nMrs. House & Mrs. Trist desire to be particularly remembered to yourself & Miss Patsy. I left with Col. Monroe let[t]ers for you both from Mrs. T. which will probably go by the same packet with this.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0030", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 17 August 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\nDr Sir\nPhilada. Aug: 17. 1786\nI have your favor of the 14th. inst. The expedient of which you ask my opinion has recd. as it deserved all the consideration which the time & other circumstances would allow me to give. I think that in the present State of things, such an arrangement would be beneficial & even pleasing to those most concerned in it; and yet I doubt extremely the policy of your proposing it to Congs. The objections which occur to me are\u20141. that if the temper & views of Congs. be such as you apprehend, it is morally certain they wd. not enter into the accomodation. Nothing therefore wd. be gained & you wd. have to combat under the disadvantage of having forsaken your first ground\u20142. If Congs. shd. adopt your expedient as a ground of negociation with G. & the views of S. be such as they must be apprehended to be, it is still more certain that it wod: be rejected on that side, especially under the flattering hopes which the Spirit of Concession in Congs. must have raised. In this event the patrons of the measure now before Congs. wd. return to it with greater eagerness, and with fresh argumts. drawn from the impossibility of making better terms, & from the relaxation into which their opponents will have been betrayed. It is even possible that a foresight of this event might induce a politic concurrence in the experimt. Your knowledge of all circumstances will make you a better judge of the solidity or falacy of these reflections than I can be. I do not extend them because it wd. be superfluous, as well as because it might lead to details which could not prudently be committed to the Mail without the guard of a Cypher. Not foreseeing that any confidential communications on paper wd. happen between us during my absence from Virga. I did not bring mine with me.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0031", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Martha Jefferson Carr, 21 August 1786\nFrom: Carr, Martha Jefferson\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nYour kind attention to my Sons, excites in me an Anxciety to acquaint you with every change in their situations. They have both been placed agreeable to your appointments but by a letter which I have just receiv\u2019d from my Eldest son I find he now only boards with Mr Maury, and at the particular request of Mr Wythe is going through a course of reading with him, laid down by his Uncle Jefferson. From the exalted Character of that Gentleman I think my Son highly honoured by his notice, but your approbation of every step of this kind that he takes, is necessary to my happyness. I must therefore Sir trouble you with a request that should you see any Impropriety in this change you will be so Obliging as to point it out, & rest assured that any plan you shall think proper to propose shall be punctually Observed. Should you favour me with a line in the month of September be pleased to direct to Monticello. The forwarding the Inclosed will Infinitely Oblige Sir Your very Humbe Servt\nM Carr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0033", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, ca. 31 August 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\nca. 31 August 1786, Philadelphia. JM expressed his anxiety at being unable to repay Monroe the money he had advanced on their purchase of Mohawk lands. Mentioned in Monroe to JM, 12 and 25 September 1786.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0038", "content": "Title: Lodging Account from George Mann, 4\u201315 September 1786\nFrom: Mann, George\nTo: \n[4\u201315 September 1786]\nColonel Madison\u2019s Bill\u20141786\nSeptr.\nLodging & Breakfast 3/9 Dinner 3/9\nwine 3/9 Punch 2/6 Porter 2/6\nPunch 1/ Servt. Board 12/\nLodging & Breakfast 3/9 wine 2/6\nPorter 2/6 Dinner 3/9. Servt. Grog 1/\nBoard for Servt. 6/\nLodging and Breakfast 3/9 Tea 1/10\nServt. Board 6/\nLodging and Breakfast 3/9 Servt. Board 6/\nLodging and Breakfast 3/9 Punch 1/3\nDinner and Club 8/9 Tea 1/10 Servt. Board 6/\nLodging and Breakfast 3/9 Tea 1/10\nServt. board 6/\nLodging & Breakfast 3/9 Dinner 3/9 Club 5/\nTea l/10 Servt. Board 6/\nLodging & Breakfast 3/9 Dinner & Club 8/9\nTea 1/10 Servt. Board 6/\nLodging & Breakfast 3/9 Servt. Board 6/\nStabling & hay 45/\nOats 56 Gallons @ 10 d. pr. 46/8\nOmited the 4th. Punch 2/6 Supper 3/\nServt. do. 2/\nHay and Oats 6/8\nLodging & Breakfast 3/9 Dinner & Club 10/9\nServts Board 6/ Hay & Oats 11..8\nLodging 1/Servt. /6\nContents Received in full\nGeo. Mann.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0039", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Ambrose Madison, 8 September 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Madison, Ambrose\nDr. brotr.\nAnnapolis Sepr. 8th. 1786\nI came to this place a day or two ago, where I found two Commsrs only. A few more have since come in, but the prospect of a sufficient no. to make the Meeting respectable is not flattering. I was sorry to find in Philada. that the unpunctuality of some of the purchasers of the Tobo. had put it out of the power of Mr. H. to supply me with all the money become due under the contracts. This unpunctuality, owing partly to causes which are felt every where, partly to the abolition of the bank, has extended itself to men who have scarcely before afforded room for complaint. The disappointment reduced me to the dilemma of either not executing the commissions for the family & failing in some of my engagements particularly in N. Y. or of leaving you still longer to parry your creditors. Disagreeable as the latter option was I could not but consider it as the lesser inconvenience. Mr. H. has promised to spare no efforts to get in the remaining payments as fast as possible, & to send or even bring them to Anapolis in case the Session here should be prolonged till a sum worth while shall be collected. If the Session should be so far shortened as to leave me time I propose to ride back to Philada. & be the bearer of it from thence myself. I shall probably write again to you from this place. I do not write now to my father because I have nothing worth the postage. You will let him know that most of the articles on his lists will probably soon be at Fredg. perhaps sooner than this reaches you. The West Inda. articles were dear & for that reason some of them are abridged in quantity. The other articles were cheap in general, which led me to add several beyond my commission, being well assured that if not wanted they may be either disposed of or exchanged with advantage. Immediately on the rect. of this write to me, mentioning the prices of Tobo. at Richd. & Fredg. & of W. Inda. articles: also the prospect of crops & of swine in particular: Address your letter still to Phila. from whence it will be sent here if the Meeting sd. not be adjourned. If it sd. it will probably find me there and [at] any rate taken care of. Yrs. affy.\nJs. M Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0041", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 12 September 1786\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nPhila. Sepr. 12. 1786.\nI arriv\u2019d here a few days since to press on the legislature of this State a seperation of the impost from the supplel: funds. I have the most satisfactory evidence they will reject the proposition. We proceed therefore further merely to discharge our duty. Both parties are united in opposition to it. To morrow we shall be recd. by the legislature. I am sorry I came on the business.\nBefore this you have recd. my letters informing of the subsequent progress & final close of the business which lately engagd us in Congress; or rather so far as it depended on their direction. By agreement nothing was to be done in it untill our return. I expect to sit out back in a day or two. It will depend much on the opinion of Jersey & Pena. as to the mov\u2019ments of Jay, and that of Jersey much on that of Mr. Clark now with you at Annapolis. He put Hornblower in Congress & may turn him out agn., for he has no positive weight of his own. Clark has always been anxious for taking the western lands from us. I shod. suppose him inclin\u2019d to turn it to the best acct. I conclude therefore that if he knows the delegation[,] especially his part of it[,] pursue a system of policy so contrary to his own, & to what is in effect the interest of his country, he wod. dismiss Mr. Hornblower. Perhaps you may be able to hint to Mr. Clark that Jersey except Symes was with the eastern States upon this occasion.\nMr. Henry of the Maryld. delegation has referr\u2019d Mr. Stone to you for information upon this subject by my request. Mr. Stone is my friend and a very upright sensible man. You will shew him what part of my letters you find necessary.\nThe ablest men here believe & act on it, in the rejection of the proposition, that the refusal to seperate the 2. parts of the system endangers the govt., and that it will most probably induce a change of some kind or other. It is well for the southern States to act with great circumspection & to be prepard for every possible event\u2014to stand well with the middle states especially. I sincerely wish you to suffer no anxiety and to put yourself to no inconvenience upon our private affair. I have no occasion for the money untill abt. the 5. or 10th. of Oct. to help to remove me to Virga., and even then it will be in my power to do without it, with tolerable convenience, if you shod. find it inconvenient to command it. Believe me it will put me to no inconvenience. My engagments are but few & those within my controul. Let me hear from you as often as possible. Remember me to Colo. Tucker & his lady, to the rest of yr. Colleagues & to Mr Stone & believe me sincerely yr. friend & servant\nJas. Monroe.\nColo. Grayson came with me in the interval to relax from business & meet his lady here. She is with him, but unfortunately he is afflicted with an extry. disease. The phisicians differ in the name. He is often delirious, is afflicted with st[r]ange fancies & apprehensions. In the morning he is better, than in the latter end of the day & night, at wh. time his infirmity rages. It is suppos\u2019d by some to be the floating gout. Shippen calls it a bilious affection of the nerves. The very close attention he hath lately paid to business with the laborious exercise of the mind & want of that of the body I fear hath given birth to it. To day he hath been better than heretofore.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0043", "content": "Title: Hamilton\u2019s Report on the Annapolis Convention, 14 September 1786 (Abstract)\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nAbstract\n14 September 1786, Annapolis. Drafted by Alexander Hamilton, with JM the chief witness as to authorship (JM to Noah Webster, 12 Oct. 1804, Madison, Writings [Hunt ed.]Gaillard Hunt, ed., The Writings of James\n          Madison (9 vols.; New York, 1900\u20131910)., VII, 165). The full address is in Syrett and Cooke, Papers of HamiltonHarold C. Syrett and Jacob E. Cooke, eds., The Papers of Alexander Hamilton (19 vols. to date; New York, 1961\u2014\u2014)., III, 686\u201390, where an editorial note indicates that any alterations were most likely made in deference to Edmund Randolph\u2019s objections.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0044", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Charles Thomson, 15 September 1786\nFrom: Thomson, Charles\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nOffice of Secretary of Congress\nI have the honor to transmit to You herewith enclosed a copy of the proceeding of Congress in the appointment of a court for hearing and determining a matter in question between the States of South-Carolina and Georgia, by which You will be duly informed and notified that You are a Member of the court, and that it is summoned to meet at the city of New York on the third Monday in June next. As this court is constituted in the manner pointed out in the 9th. of the Articles of Confederation by nominating, striking out & by lot, and as the said Article declares that, \u201cthe persons whose names shall be drawn, or any five of them shall be Commissioners or Judges to hear and finally determine the Controversy, so always as a major part of the Judges, who shall hear the cause, shall agree in the determination\u201d Congress rely on Your acceptance and attendance of which You will be pleased to transmit notice to this Office as soon as convenient. I have the honor to be Sir Your most Obedient & most humble servt.\nCha Thomson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0045", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Mary Bristow, 19 September 1786\nFrom: Bristow, Mary\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nSpring Gardens.\nLondon 19th. Septr: 1786\nTho\u2019 I have not the honor of personaly knowing You, the benevolence of Your Character emboldens me to trouble You with a few lines to solicit Your power, and Influence with the Assembly of the States, in behalf of my Infant Son, whoes case is so truely hard! I will not trouble You with a long detail: but refer You to the Petition and Memorial presented by me, and the Two Gentlemen who are Guardians to my Children: and which (Through the humanity and goodness of General Washington) was laid before the Assembly of the States in 1784. From the tender Age of My Son, it was impossible for him to do Any act inimical to the Country, and surely the property of an Infant shou\u2019d always be held sacred! and strongly protected by the Laws, and all good people. My Son has likewise an additional Claim (if any other cou\u2019d be wanting) by being descended from a Native of Virginia, as his Great Grandfather was actualy born there. I am sure it will be quite unnecessary for me to say any more to a person of Your feelings, to induce You to support our just Claims, and to pleade my excuse for troubling You with this Letter. I have the honor to be Sir Your most obedient Humble Servant\nMary Bristow", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0046", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Robert Johnson, 23 September 1786\nFrom: Johnson, Robert\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sr.\nFayette County Sepr. 23d. 1786\nI take the liberty to inform you By letter that we have at present an Expedition Gone against the wabach Indins to the amt. of abt. 1200 Men and another to march in two Days against the Shawnees, who have Broke the articles of the treaty by stealing and Killing proved by Substantial witnesses, thus much for Indian affairs and our convention is To sit in a few Days and it is Expected we Shall Diturmine upon a Separation and of course Have another Eli[c]tion to Diturmine on what Laws Shall Gover[n] us after the separation and to Do the Great business of forming a Constitution and we think we are one fourth of the District in number and Seven counties now and I Expect Several petitions for a Division of Counties, and unless we obtain a Divison of our county we Shall have a very unequal Representation in forming a constitution. We Have a petition which is oblige[d] to wait untill our next court as it may be advertised according To Law after which time we Shall send as Quik as possible, and there is a petition prepared To take a small part of the county and part of Madison which I Expect will be offered before ours and I wish it to be Laid over untill the other is presented, for the Division of Fayett and the west End under the name of Versailles. I hope You wil be a frien[d] to our petition and if you would take the trouble by letter to Give me or some others in this Country your advice in forming a constitution with Some observations and objections which You probably May have against the Virginia Constitution. I am with Respect your M[o]st. obt.\nRobt. Johnson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0048", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Charles Thomson, 25 September 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Thomson, Charles\nSir\nPhiladelphia Sepr. 25th. 1786\nI have been honoured with your favour of the 15th. instant inclosing a copy of the proceeding of Congress relative to a Controversy between the States of South Carolina and Georgia, and notifying my appointment as a member of the Court which is to hear and determine it. As I foresee nothing which will render my attendance on the duties of this appointment impracticable, you will please Sir, to communicate to Congress my respectful acceptance of it. I have the honour to be, Sir, with great respect Your Obedient & humble Servant\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0050", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 29 September 1786\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nNew York Sepr. 29. 1786\nSince my last it has been propos\u2019d that each delegation be at liberty to communicate to the legislature of the State to wh. they belong the project of Mr. Jay & the proceedings of Congress thereon & negativ\u2019d. The Journal has been handed to Mr. Jay. As yet he has said nothing nor have we information what course he means to take except from those here in his party, who affirm he will proceed. I wrote some weeks since to Colo. Mason upon this subject, at the time I wrote Govr. Henry, but have recd. no answer from him; from wh. circumstance as well as that of R. H. Lee\u2019s being in the opposite sentiment, there is room to conjecture he is not with us. R. H. L. I conclude has been influenc\u2019d by Arthur who has been intrigng. on the other side to serve his own purposes, & leaving the business of the treasury bd. to Billy Duer. Bland is also in the assembly so that possibly the party in favor of this project may have advocates with us. I hope Colo. Grayson hath recover\u2019d. Be so kind as make my best respects to himself & lady & believe me yr. friend & servt\nJas. Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0051", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Caleb Wallace, 30 September 1786\nFrom: Wallace, Caleb\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nMercer County. Sept. 30. 1786.\nI embrace the Opportunity by a Neighbour bound for Richmond, where I expect this will meet you, to thank you for your Favour of the 15 of March and for the printed Memorial and Remonst[r]ance accompanying it, in which the Opinions I have long since espoused are well arranged and supported. The unanimity of Sentiments that prevailed here a year ago in favour of a Seperation has since been interrupted by the Influence of some misguided Men amongst us who endeavoured to perswade the people that the Assembly of Virginia would never enforce the Revenue Law without procuring a Vent for their Commodities, at the same Time insinuating that if it should be the Case it will be more easy to evade the Burthens of the old Government than those of the New which will increase its Vigour as well as weight by a nearer approach. Sinnester Views have also been alledged against the Advocates for a Seperation\u2014Injustice against the Terms prescribed by the Assembly\u2014And a variety of such Suggestions. But Ideas more just and Rational again begin to prevail. You will find from a Petition forwarded to the Assembly that the Expeditions we are now carrying on against the Indians prevented a Convention at the Time directed, which induced the Members who convened to pray for a Prolongation of the Time in which Congress are to decide on the Question. We also concieve that as the State of Virginia have only ceeded to Congress the Lands on the N. W. side of the Ohio and not the River itself, The States which may be established on that Side cannot claim a Concurrent Jurisdiction thereon with us, and that Liberality on our Part only requires that the Citizens of the United States be permitted to enjoy the free Navigation thereof; whereas to allow them more would only lay the Foundation for Confusion and Discord. Therefore we Wish that the last Clause of the 7th. Article of the Act of Seperation may be repealed or so explained as to prevent the Consequences I have mentioned. Afterwards I do not expect the Convention will make any Objections to the Conditions proposed. The Expediency of the Seperation will then remain to be discussed which I hope will be done with due Candor and deliberation. The Incursions of the Savages to which the District will probably be subjected for some Years seems to forbid the Event we have in View, as it will weaken the Inhabitants of the District and prevent the Numerous Emigrations hither which might otherwise be expected. I can only say on the Reverse, that this was one of the Motives that induced me to accord with the Application for a Seperation and I am confirmed in my Opinion by the Exertions we are now constrained to make in the Military Way, that without an Executive Authority near at Hand great irregularity and Oppression must attend any attemps for defence, without the prospect of much execution being done. At all Events I am anxious for a Decission Pro or Con before the Existence of the Convention expires to relieve us from that State of Suspence which in the Mean Time will prevent us from doing much for ourselves or for the State or Union to which we belong. Therefore I am alarmed with the Apprehension that some of the Members elected to serve in the Convention, from a coolness to the Seperation, will not punctually attend the repeated Meetings that may be necessary on the Occasion, and that others will be prevented by the Urgency of Business abroad or that of self preservation at home, And beg leave to submit to your consideration the propriety of moving the Assembly for an additional Clause to the Act of Seperation to the following effect\u2014That due Notice being given of the Time affixed for holding a Convention, if two thirds of the Members should not attend within three Days thereafter, then a Majority shall and may proceed to choose a President &c, and to determine on the Expediency of the proposed Seperation provided 18 at least of those present concur in Opinion. This would have composed part of the Petition before alluded to, but perhaps some of the absent Members might have thought it presuming. If however the Assembly should judge it proper they will not be liable to the same Imputation. I hope your friendly Attention to the Matters I have mentioned will not be wanting, And a Line in answer to this will be gratefuly received by, Dear Sir your sincere Friend & most obt. Servt.\nCaleb Wallace", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0052", "content": "Title: Survey of Mohawk Lands, [October?] 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n[October? 1786]\nExtending the 2 longest lines each to 160 chs makes\n953 acres\nextending lines 116 to 160 leaving the other 106\ntaking one at 116 the other 106\nmaking theClosing line36 & parallelizing the two longest (160)\ndo.\ndo.\ndo. & sedating this parallelism\ntaking 2 long\nlines\nthe closing is\n49 Chs.\ndo.\ndo.\nat 160 each\ndo.\n& nearly paral[l]el to back line\ndo.\ndo.\ndo.\ndo.\nthe quantity 875 acres\nLand on Mohawk (Courses & distances)\nchains\nN.\nE.\nN.\nE.\nS.\nE.\n31\u201370 links\nS.\nW.\nS.\nW.\nLine to the Beginning\n36 chs.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0053", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 2 October 1786\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nNew Yk. Octr. 2. 1786\nI have lately seen Taylor\u2014he has a right to 4,000 acres of land in an undivided tract of 40.000 which he wishes to sell & will take six shillings pr. acre, \u00bd at the time of concluding the bargn. & the balance 12. months afterwards. The tract is distinguish\u2019d in the maps by the name of Funda\u2019s patent. It lies near fort Stanwix, adjoins the river above it & runs within two miles of the Mohawk down some miles below it. If I recollect the good lands abt. the fort, above & 20. miles below it extend further from the bank of the river than elsewhere or lower down. I do suppose the paymt. of the first sum might be put off untill Feby next. The lands of the Baron lie further I believe from the river & are for sale at 8./. pr. acre. I have it in contemplation to move to day that the report from Annapolis be referr\u2019d to a Committee. I am persuaded the Eastern States will not grant an unlimited commission, but wod. accede to it if its objects were defind, or rather this is the language of those whom they have here. We mov\u2019d that the injunction of secrecy be taken off & that each delegation be at liberty to communicate the proceedings on a certain subject to their legislature, which was negativ\u2019d. The States in opposition were fearful of giving a dangerous wound by referring a subject to wh. they were competent in any degree to the view of their constituents, to the Confeder[a]tion. To prevent a ratification, to wh. poin[t] I apprehend they will bring it, will be a difficult thing. Mr Ramsay has recanted & join\u2019d. Mr Kean applauds the project & is with them & our worthy colleague altho\u2019 he votes generally with us at length speaks agnst us, & give[s] every opposition in his power. Sincerely yr. frien[d] & servant\nJas Monroe\nI shod. write Colo. Grayson but hope he is by this on his way here; if the contrary shod. be the case make my best respects to himself & family.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0054", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 5 October 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir\nPhilada. Octr. 5th. 1786.\nI recd. yesterday your favour of the 2d. inst: which makes the 3d. for which my acknowledgments are due. The progression which a certain measure seems to be making is an alarming proof of the predominance of temporary and partial interests over those just & extended maxims of policy which have been so much boasted of among us and which alone can effectuate the durable prosperity of the Union. Should the measure triumph under the patronage of 9 States or even of the whole thirteen, I shall never be convinced that it is expedient, because I cannot conceive it to be just. There is no maxim in my opinion which is more liable to be misapplied, and which therefore more needs elucidation than the current one that the interest of the majority is the political standard of right and wrong. Taking the word \u201cinterest\u201d as synonomous with \u201cUltimate happiness,\u201d in which sense it is qualified with every necessary moral ingredient, the proposition is no doubt true. But taking it in the popular sense, as referring to immediate augmentation of property and wealth, nothing can be more false. In the latter sense it would be the interest of the majority in every community to despoil & enslave the minority of individuals; and in a federal community to make a similar sacrifice of the minority of the component States. In fact it is only reestablishing under another name and a more spe[c]ious form, force as the measure of right; and in this light the Western settlements will infallibly view it.\nI have considered with attention the paragraph in your last which relates to the further offer of Taylor. It seems to be an inviting one & probably would turn out a good one, yet there are strong objections agst. purchasing in the dark or on a vague knowledge of the situation. There would be hazard in the experiment if both parties were on a level, but there would perhaps be rashness in it where one of them proceeds on full information. Circumspection seems also more necessary in proportion to the indulgences proposed in the payments, as they suggest other motives for selling than mere pecuniary difficulties. These objections may indeed be lessened by taking information at second hand, and by supposing the partial payment in hand as the ruling motive of the Seller. But still they have considerable weight; and when added to two others are decisive with me agst. an immediate contract. I draw the first of these from the numerous disappointments to which I find pecuniary matters in the present state of things are liable, and the mortifications which they involve. The second I draw from a reflection that if we should at the date of future payments have in our hands the means of discharging them, they will as ready money then command as good bargains as can now be made on credit. These remarks you will observe only lye agst. further speculations at present. The expediency of them under favorable circumstances I view in as strong a light as ever I did, and am happy to find your attention kept up to the subject, and that you are gathering information relative to it.\nI fear I shall be obliged to accept of your very friendly procrastination of the repayment which ought long ago to have been made. The disappointments which have prevented it, contribute to my delay here at this time, and will together with a vicarious business which I have undertaken for a particular friend, probably spin it out a few days longer. If any thing occurs before I set out or on the road I shall not fail to write. Col. Grayson is still here. For a week he has been nearly well. His symtoms of yesterday prove that he has remains of his disorder which require his attention. Martin did not make his report from Milligan as to the lottery tickets. Pray send me the information in your next. Complts. to yr. family. Adieu\nJs. Madison Jr\nSeal & present the inclosed if you please.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0056", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Henry Lee, 19 October 1786\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear sir:\nNew York 19th. Ocr. 86\nIn our letter of this date to the Assembly you will know our sentiments on the interesting subject of finance. I am persuaded if the suggestions meet the approbation of the Legislature and any plans calculated on the principles of our letter, should be properly executed much good will accrue to the state.\nWe omitted one subject which involves the respectability of our country viz that of a well disciplined & well appointed militia. This matter having been under consideration very often & meeting with different issues, we have declined renewing it now, presuming that the difficultys which did obstruct the formation of a proper system are still alive, & will continue to operate with similar effect. But really when we look around us here, & observe the exertions in these countrys to acquire this national defence, we lament the indifference which pervades our country on this important subject. I transmit for the perusal of those who wish information on military arrangements the report of the secretary of war relative to the organization of Militia. This performance does honor to the genius of the secretary, but its utility depends entirely on the execution, which in the situation of American affairs we apprehend will be subject to much difficulty. The eastern commotions are becoming very serious, Massachusetts contains 75,000 men from 16 to 60, the five seditious countys possess 40,000 of this number, upon a fair calculation I beleive we may reckon that state divided for & against Government.\nThe legislature is now in session but have taken no measures yet to reconcile or to subdue.\nIndeed their difficultys are so numerous and pressing and their ways & means so disproportionate that I imagine they know not what to do, & will be obliged to trust too much to the chapter of accidents, for the U. S. who ought to be able to aid the governments of particular states in distresses like these are scar[c]ely able to maintain themselves. The insurgents are taking all the necessary arrangements to prepare for the last appeal. Their ostensible object is the revision of the constitution but they certainly mean the abolition of debts public & private, a division of property & a new government founded on principles of fraud & inequity, or re-connexion with G. B. Congress have received authentic information touching these points and are now in consultation how to ward off the blow. The enclosed papers will inform of many particulars relative to this unhappy affair. You continued a long time in Philada. we hear, this unexpected movement gives eye to various suggestions all tending to prove that you are in full gallop to the blessed yoke. In all your intentions you possess the best wishes of your friend for their accomplishmts.\nH: Lee Jnr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0057", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Henry Lee, 25 October 1786\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nNew York 25th Ocr. 1786\nYou now have the report from the secretary of war mentioned in my last letter & omitted.\nThe opinions I conveyed then relative to the eastern commotions are daily supported by additional intelligence. The eastern gentlemen here are confirmed in sentiments on this matter and beleive that the discontents will never be settled but by the sword. Perhaps their apprehensions may have some operation in their judgement: but, whether so or not is immat[e]r[i]al, for it is unquestionably true that present appearances portend extensive national calamity. The contagion will spread and may reach Virginia.\nThe objects of the malcontents are alluring to the vulgar and the impotency of government is rather an encouragement to, than a restraint on, the licentious. Carrington left us a few days past to visit Col. Grayson, whose situation demanded this attention. This leaves me alone, tomorrow I expect his return, when I hope Grayson and his family will arrive.\nHis misfortune is truely lamentable but will soon yield I trust to relaxation from business and the company of his friends. Yours affec:\nH: Lee Jnr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0058", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Madison, Sr., ca. 26 October 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Madison, James, Sr.\nca. 26 October 1786, Fredericksburg. Concerning family affairs and articles to be sent from Philadelphia to Orange. Mentioned in JM\u2019s letter of 1 November 1786 to his father.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0061", "content": "Title: Resolution Providing for Election of the Governor, 30 October 1786 (Abstract)\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \nAbstract\n30 October 1786. JM moved that the House, on 2 November, elect with the Senate a governor of Virginia for the ensuing year, beginning 13 November. JM carried the approved resolution to the Senate (JHDVJournal of the House of Delegates of the\n          Commonwealth of Virginia; Begun and Held at the Capitol, in the City of Williamsburg.\n        Beginning in 1780, the portion after the semicolon reads, Begun and\n          Held in the Town of Richmond, In the County of Henrico. The journal for each session\n        has its own title page and is individually paginated. The edition used is the one in which\n        the journals for 1777\u20131786 are brought together in two volumes, with each journal published\n        in Richmond in either 1827 or 1828 and often called the \u201cThomas W. White reprint.\u201d, Oct. 1786, p. 12).", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0062", "content": "Title: Notes for Debate on Commercial Regulations by Congress, [ante 31 October] 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n[ante 31 October 1786]\n\u27e8J. M. In Virga. Legislature previous to Convention of 1787\u27e9\nGenl. [Regns. neces]sary, whether the object be to\n1. Counteract fore[ign?] [p]lans\n2. encourage Ships & seamen\n3.  manufactures\n4. Revenue\n5. frugality\u2014[articles of luxury most easily run from State to State]\n6. Embargo\u2019s in war\u2014Case of Delaware in late war\u2014\nnecessary to prevent contention amg States\n1. Case of French provinces, Neckar says 23,000 patrols employd. agst. internal contraband\n2. Case of Massts. & Cont.\n3. Case of N. Y. & N. J.\n4. Pa. & Delaware\n5. Va. & Maryd. late regulation\n6. Irish propositions\nNecessary to\u2014Justice & true Policy\n1. Cont. & N. Hamps:\n4. Western Country.\nNecessary\u2014as a system convenient & intelligible to foreigners trading to U. S.\nNecessary as within reason of federal constitution, the regulation of trade being as imprable by States as\u2014peace, war, Ambrs.\u2014&c.\nTreaties of Commerce ineffectual without it\nSafe with regd. to the liberties of the States.\n1. Congs. may be trusted with trade as well as war &c.\n2. power of Treaties involve the danger if any\u2014\n3. Controul of States over Congs.\n4. example of Amphyctionic league. Achean do. Switzerld. Holland, Germany\u2014\n5. peculiar situation of U. S. increase the repellent power of the States\nEssential to preserve fedl. Constitution\n1. declension of fedl. Govt.\n2. inadequacy to end, must lead States to substitute, some other policy. no institution remaining long when it ceases to be useful, &c.\n3. policy of G. B. to weaken Union\nConsequences of dissolution of Confederacy. 1. appeal to Sword in every petty squabble\u20142. Standing armies beginning with weak & jealous States. 3. perpetual taxes\u20144 sport of foreign politics\u20145. blast glory of Revolution.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0064", "content": "Title: From James Madison to George Washington, 1 November 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nRichmond Novr. 1. 1786\nI have been here too short a time as yet to have collected fully the politics of the Session. In general appearances are favorable. On the question for a paper emission the measure was this day rejected in emphatical terms by a majority of 84 vs 17. The affair of the Missisippi is but imperfectly known. I find that its influence on the federal spirit will not be less than was apprehended. The Western members will not be long silent on the subject. I inculcate a hope that the views of Congress may yet be changed, and that it would be rash to suffer the alarm to interfere with the policy of amending the Confederacy. The sense of the House has not yet been tried on the latter point. The Report from the Deputies to Annapolis lies on the Table, and I hope will be called for before the business of the Mississippi begins to ferment. Mr. Henry has signified his wish not to be reelected, but will not be in the Assembly. The Attorney & R. H. Lee are in nomination for his successor. The former will probably be appointed, in which case the contest for that vacancy will lie between Col. Innes & Mr. Marshal. The nominations for Congs. are as usual numerous. There being no Senate yet it is uncertain when any of these appointments will take place. With the sincerest affection & the highest esteem I am Dear Sir Yr. Obedt. & humble Servt.\nJs. Madison Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0065", "content": "Title: Outline for Speech Opposing Paper Money, [ca. 1 November 1786]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \nEditorial Note\nJM had long anticipated that an emission of paper currency would be attempted in the October 1786 session of the Virginia legislature (JM to Monroe, 4 June 1786). He made two sets of notes opposing paper money, one an expanded version of the other. Since the dating and order of preparation are matters of conjecture, the briefer of the two texts has been placed first and the date on which the pro-paper-money petitions from Brunswick and Campbell counties were rejected has been assigned to both documents.\n[ca. 1 November 1786]\nPaper emission\nUnequal to specie. Bank notes. Stock. navy bills.\nobjectn.tallies. Spanish paper. use less.\nUnjust either to Credts. or dbtrs\n1. alloy\n2. weights & measures\n3. brass made for silver by Romns.\n4. Case of dbtrs to other States\nunconstitutional.\n1 property seed. by bill of Rights\n2. trial by Jury.\nAntifedl.\nUnnecessary.\n1. produce will bring specie\n2. paper in Tobo. notes Warrts. &c\nHurtful.\n1. by luxury increase, not cure the evil of scarcity of specie\n2. destroy confidence public & private\n3. source of dissention between States see Confedn. as to regulation of coin\n4. enrich collectors, speculators &\u2014\n5. vitiate morals\n6. reverse the end of Govt. by punishing good Citizens & rewarding bad\n7. discourage foreign commerce &c\n8. dishonor our Repub[lic] [in?] the eyes of mankind.\nExamples of other States & during war\nObjectn.Paper good formerly\nanswer.1 not true in N. E. Va. Maryd. 12 to 20 P[er] C[t.]\n2. confidence then\n3. principles of money not then understood Such wd. not then nor now do in Europe\nadvantages from rejectg paper\n1. Distinguish the State & its credit\n2. draw commerce & specie\n3. Set honorable example to other States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0067", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Ambrose Madison, Ca. 1 November 1786\nFrom: Madison, Ambrose\nTo: Madison, James\nca. 1 November 1786. Mentioned in JM\u2019s letter of 8 November 1786 to Ambrose. Concerned family financial affairs and transactions with Mr. Anderson. Alluded to the advertisement of the Reverend Balmain\u2019s marriage.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0069", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Nicholas Lewis, 4 November 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Lewis, Nicholas\n4 November 1786. Mentioned in Nicholas Lewis\u2019s letter of 26 November 1786 to JM. Included Walker Maury\u2019s account against Jefferson for the tuition and board of Peter Carr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0070", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Washington, 5 November 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir,\nMount Vernon 5th. Novr. 1786.\nI thank you for the communications in your letter of the first inst. The decision of the House on the question respecting a paper emission, is portentous I hope, of an auspicious Session. It may certainly be classed among the important questions of the present day; and merited the serious consideration of the Assembly. Fain would I hope, that the great, & most important of all objects\u2014the foederal governmt.\u2014may be considered with that calm & deliberate attention which the magnitude of it so loudly calls for at this critical moment: Let prejudices, unreasonable jealousies, and local interest yield to reason and liberality. Let us look to our National character, and to things beyond the present period. No morn ever dawned more favourable than ours did\u2014and no day was ever more clouded than the present! Wisdom, & good examples are necessary at this time to rescue the political machine from the impending storm. Virginia has now an opportunity to set the latter, and has enough of the former, I hope, to take the lead in promoting this great & arduous work. Without some alteration in our political creed, the superstructure we have been seven years raising at the expence of much blood and treasure, must fall. We are fast verging to anarchy & confusion! A letter which I have just received from Genl Knox, who had just returned from Massachusetts (whither he had been sent by Congress consequent of the Commotion in that State) is replete with melancholy information of the temper & designs of a considerable part of that people. Among other things he says, \u201cthere creed is, that the property of the United States, has been protected from confiscation of Britain by the joint exertions of all, and therefore ought to be the common property of all. And he that attempts opposition to this creed is an enemy to equity & justice, & ought to be swept from off the face of the Earth.\u201d Again \u201cThey are determined to anihilate all debts public & private, and have Agrarian Laws, which are easily effected by the means of unfunded paper Money which shall be a tender in all cases whatever.\u201d He adds, \u201cThe numbers of these people amount in Massachusetts to about one fifth part of several populous Counties, and to these may be collected, people of similar sentiments from the States of Rhode Island, Connecticut, & New Hampshire so as to constitute a body of twelve or fifteen thousand desperate, and unprincipled men. They are chiefly of the young & active part of the Community.\u201d\nHow melancholy is the Reflection, that in so short a space, we should have made such large strides towards fulfilling the prediction of our transatlantic foe! \u201cLeave them to themselves, and their government will soon dissolve.\u201d Will not the wise & good strive hard to avert this evil? Or will their supineness suffer ignorance and the arts of self interested designing disaffected & desperate characters, to involve this rising empire in wretchedness & contempt? What stronger evidence can be given of the want of energy in our governments than these disorders? If there exists not a power to check them, what security has a man of life, liberty, or property? To you, I am sure I need not add aught on this subject, the consequences of a lax, or inefficient government, are too obvious to be dwelt on. Thirteen sovereignties pulling against each other, and all tugging at the foederal head will soon bring ruin on the whole; whereas a liberal, and energetic Constitution, well guarded, & closely watched, to prevent incroachments, might restore us to that degree of respectability & consequence, to which we had a fair claim, & the brightest prospect of attaining. With sentiments of the sincerest esteem & regard I am Dear Sir Yr. most Obedt. & affect Hble servt.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0071", "content": "Title: Bill Providing for Delegates to the Convention of 1787, [6 November]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n[6 November 1786]\nWhereas the Commissrs. who assembled at Annapolis on the 14th. day of Sepr. last for the purpose of devising and reporting the means of enabling Congress to provide effectually for the commercial interests of the U. States, have represented the necessity of extending the revision of the federal System to all its defects, and have recommended that deputies for that purpose be appointed by the several Legislatures to meet in Convention in the city of Philada. on the 2d. day of May next; a provision which seems preferable to a discussion of the subject in Congress, where it might be too much interrupted by the ordinary business before them, and where it would besides be deprived of the valuable counsels of sundry individuals who are disqualified by the Constitutions or Laws of particular States, or restrained by peculiar circumstances from a seat in that Assembly: And Whereas the General Assembly of this Commonwealth taking into view the actual situation of the Confederacy, as well as reflecting on the Alarming representations made from time to time by the U. S. in Congress, particularly in their Act of the [fifteenth] day of Feby. last, can no longer doubt that the crisis is arrived at which the good people of America are to decide the solemn question, whether they will by wise and magnanimous efforts reap the just fruits of that Independence which they have so gloriously acquired, and of that Union which they have cemented with so much of their common blood; or whether by giving way to unmanly jealousies and prejudices, or to partial and transitory interests they will renounce the auspicious blessings prepared for them by the Revolution, and furnish to its enemies an eventual triumph over those by whose virtue & valour it has been accomplished: And Whereas the same noble and extended policy, and the same fraternal & affectionate sentiments which originally determined the Citizens of this Commonwealth to unite with their brethren of the other States in establishing a federal Government, cannot but be felt with equal force now as motives to lay aside every inferior consideration, and to concur in such farther concessions and provisions as may be necessary to secure the great objects for which that Government was instituted, and to render the U. States as happy in peace as they have been glorious in war. Be it therefore enacted by the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Virginia, and it is enacted by the authority of the same that \u27e8[seven] commissioners be appointed by joint ballot of both Houses of Assembly, who or any\u27e9 [three] \u27e8of them\u27e9 be and they \u27e8are hereby\u27e9 appointed and authorized as deputies from this Commonwealth to meet such deputies as may be appointed and authorized by other States, to assemble in Convention at Philada. as above recommended: and to join with them in devising and discussing all such alterations and further provisions as may be necessary to render the federal Constitution adequate to the exigences of the Union, and in reporting such an act for that purpose to the U. S. in Congress, as when agreed to by them, and duly confirmed by the several States, will effectually provide for the same. And the Governor is requested to transmit forthwith a copy of this Act to the U. S. in Congs. and to the Executives of each of the States in the Union.\nAnd Be it further enacted that in case of the death of any of the sd. deputies, or of their declining their appts. the Executive are hereby authorised to supply such vacancies.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0072", "content": "Title: From James Madison to William Grayson, ca. 7 November 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Grayson, William\nca. 7 November 1786. Mentioned in Grayson\u2019s letter of 22 November to JM. Referred to the election of the Virginia delegates to Congress and inquired after Grayson\u2019s health.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0073", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Ambrose Madison, 8 November 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Madison, Ambrose\nDr Brother\nI have yours by Mr. Parker. I can by the time you mention pay the money to the Treasr. or settle it with him, but I do not chuse to treat with him about the matter before hand, farther than to tell him that I will be answerable by that time. To ask a favor wd. be improper. I shall have a demand on the Treasy. independt. of my wages on the 2d of Decr. If on these grounds The Sheriff be willing to let you have the money, you may take it & give me notice. Can\u2019t Father spare you the \u00a380 for immediate purposes? 200 Drs. will certainly be in my hands at the time I mentioned if the Treasy. be not totally destitute. And I have some hope of a previous supply of a sum at least equal to that. I can\u2019t answer by Mr. P. what relates to Anderson. Mr. Balmain\u2019s advertisemt. will be sent to the Printer, but he will be pd. for it. I beg you to throw no little matters of business into my hands that can possibly be avoided, havg. no time to attend to them. Yrs\nJs. M Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0074", "content": "Title: From James Madison to George Washington, 8 November 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nRichmd. Novr. 8th. 1786\nI am just honoured with your favor of the 5th. inst. The intelligence from Genl. Knox is gloomy indeed, but is less so than the colours in which I had it thro\u2019 another channel. If the lessons which it inculcates should not work the proper impressions on the American Public, it will be a proof that our case is desperate. Judging from the present temper and apparent views of our Assembly, I have some ground for leaning to the side of Hope. The vote against Paper money has been followed by two others of great importance. By one of them sundry petitions for applying a scale of depreciation to the Military Certificates was unanimously rejected. By the other the expediency of complying with the Recomm[end]ation from Annapolis in favor of a general revision of the federal System was unanimously agreed to. A bill for the purpose is now depending and in a form which attests the most federal spirit. As no opposition has been yet made and it is ready for the third reading, I expect it will soon be before the public. It has been thought advisable to give this subject a very solemn dress, and all the weight which could be derived from a single State. This idea will also be pursued in the selection of characters to represent Virga. in the federal Convention. You will infer our earnestness on this point from the liberty which will be used of placing your name at the head of them. How far this liberty may correspond with the ideas by which you ought to be governed will be best decided where it must ultimately be decided. In every event it will assist powerfully in marking the zeal of our Legislature, and its opinion of the magnitude of the occasion. Mr. Randolph has been elected successor to Mr. Henry. He had 79 votes. Col. Bland had 28. & R. H. Lee 22. The Delegation to Congress drops Col. H. Lee, a circumstance which gives much pain to those who attend to the mortification in which it must involve a man of sensibility. I am even yet to learn the ground of the extensive disapprobation which has shewn itself. I am Dear Sir most respectfully & Affecty Yr. Obedt & hble. Servt.\nJs. Madison Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0075", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Henry Lee, 9 November 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Lee, Henry\nDear Sir\nRichmond Nov. 9th 1786\u2014\nThe last mail went out at a time when I was so engaged that I could not drop a line to you. The task of first conveying to you the result of the elections for Congress has therefore probably been performed by some of your other friends. The Superiority which your reflection and firmness will maintain over the vicissitudes incident to public life, forbids any suggestions which may be calculated to abate a sensibility with regard to them. I will only assure you that the indelicacy of the Situation in which your country has placed you is Severely felt by those whose esteem you would most value.\nThe enclosed paper contains all the Legislative information worth giving you. Present my respectful compliments to Mrs. Lee, and assure yourself of my sincerest wishes for your happiness. Yrs affey\u2014\nJs. Madison Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0077", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Ambrose Madison, 16 November 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Madison, Ambrose\nDr brothr.\nRichmd. Novr. 16. 1786\nI have yours by Majr. White. You need not take the Tobo. of Mr Cowherd on the terms he requires. I do not think them unreasonable but I presume the Tobo. is not of the Mountain quality. If it shd. be of the first quality and can be got down in time to go to Philada this fall I would agree to take it in case my own added to it & a few Hhds from yourself & my father making in the whole about a dozen could be got down in time. I would pay for the latter the same as to Mr Cowherd, or replace it with other Tobo. as may be most convenient to you or my father. I wd prefer waggoning the Tobo. if possible. If Mr. Lawson has not procured the books I wish him not to do it now at all. I shall not need them immediately and am put in a train by Mr Jefferson of getting books from London on the best terms possible. I have nothing to add as to the 200 Hhds. Whether any thing will be done on it will not be decided probably before I go thro Philada. I shall take Orange on my way thither. I will speak to Col Campbel on the subject of the land, & write you by the first oppy. as I will also as to money in case I receive any. I have expectation of receiving some in a day or two. The loss of Col Taylors buttons is a perfect mystery. I put them myself in the bag containing the gold wrapt up in a bit a paper. Examine the bag again. The payment of the specie tax is to be commuted for Tobo. if a bill depending should pass. There is some uncertainty however in the case. The indents will still be receivable and should be provided by those who have them not. Yrs. &c\nJs. M. Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0079", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Washington, 18 November 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Madison, James\nMy Dr. Sir,\nMount Vernon 18th. Novr. 1786.\nNot having sent to the Post Office with my usual regularity, your favor of the 8th. did not reach me in time for an earlier acknowledgment than of this date.\nIt gives me the most sensible pleasure to hear that the Acts of the present Session, are marked with wisdom, justice & liberality. They are the palladium of good policy, & the only paths that lead to national happiness. Would to God every State would let these be the leading features of their constituents characters: those threatening clouds which seem ready to burst on the Confederacy, would soon dispel. The unanimity with which the Bill was received, for appointing commissioners agreeably to the recommendation of the Convention at Annapolis; and the uninterrupted progress it has met with since, are indications of a favourable issue. It is a measure of equal necessity & magnitude; & may be the spring of reanimation.\nAltho\u2019 I have bid a public adieu to the public walks of life, & had resolved never more to tread that theatre; yet, if upon an occasion so interesting to the well-being of the confederacy it should have been the wish of the assembly that I should have been an associate in the business of revising the foederal System; I should, from a sense of the obligation I am under for repeated proofs of confidence in me, more than from any opinion I should have entertained of my usefulness, have obeyed its call; but it is now out of my power to do this with any degree of consistency\u2014the cause I will mention.\nI presume you heard Sir, that I was first appointed, & have since been rechosen President of the Society of the Cincinnati; & you may have understood also that the triennial Genl. Meeting of this body is to be held in Philada. the first monday in May next. Some particular reasons combining with the peculiar situation of my private concerns; the necessity of paying attention to them; a wish for retirement & relaxation from public cares, and rheumatic pains which I begin to feel very sensibly, induced me on the 31st. ulto. to address a circular letter to each State society informing them of my intention not to be at the next Meeting, & of my desire not to be re-chosen President. The Vice President is also informed of this, that the business of the Society may not be impeded by my absence. Under these circumstances it will readily be perceived that I could not appear at the same time & place on any other occasion, without giving offence to a very respectable & deserving part of the community\u2014the late officers of the American Army.\nI feel as you do for our acquaintance Colo. Lee; better never have delegated, than left him out; unless some glaring impropriety of conduct had been ascribed to him. I hear with pleasure that you are in the new choice. With sentiments of the highest esteem & affectn. I am &c.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0081", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Caleb Wallace, 20 November 1786\nFrom: Wallace, Caleb\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nDanville. Novr. 20. 1786.\nThe Hurry of our Supreme Court forbids my now writing to you as fully as I wish to do. At present I only take the Liberty of observing, that alarmed with the multiplied Depredations committed by the Indians in this Quarter, our Militia embraced the Encouragement given by the Executive to carry on two Expeditions as the only likely Measure to disconcert the Combinations that a Number of the Savage Tribes were entering into against the Western Frontiers. Of Course Impressments became indispensable, which through the Ignorance or Zeal of some of the Officers were not made strictly agreeable to the Rules of Law and Propriety in every Instance. Therefore a Number of the most judicious of my Acquaintances are anxious to obtain an Act of Indemnity so far as they were made for Articles really necessary for the Troops and applied to their Use:  and in this Way to prevent any Advantages that might otherwise be taken at Law, and which would certainly damp that Valour that it is highly probable may again be necessary for the Preservation of our Frontiers. At the same Time we wish the Militia Law could be made more explicit and more adequate to our defence which would either prevent such irregularities in future or render them less excuseable. I shall only add that if you coincide with us in Sentiment your favourable Attention to this Matter will be gratefully acknowledged by, Dr Sir Your most obt. Servt.\nCaleb Wallace\nP. S. It is said that Quantities of Spiritous Liquors were impressed and other Acts of Compulsion exercised which were not indispensably necessary. These must be considered as Wanton outrages which we do not wish to have excused where they can be certainly distinguished and excepted.\nC. W", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0082", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Madison, Sr., ca. 20 November 1786\nFrom: Madison, James, Sr.\nTo: Madison, James\nca. 20 November 1786. Mentioned in JM\u2019s letter of 7 December 1786 to his father. Made business inquiries of JM as to who was to receive the tobacco for Anderson\u2019s brother; the discount rate of indents in Richmond; and whether these loan office certificates for his tax payments were obtainable.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0085", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Abraham Clark, 23 November 1786\nFrom: Clark, Abraham\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nNew York Novr. 23d. 1786\nYou desired me to inform you of the sentiments of the Legislature of New Jersey respecting the Western Country: this I have waited some time to do with Certainty but am not able to do it fully. I am not in the Legislature and much a Stranger to their present System of Politicks, but as yet believe they are generally of the same Sentiments with my self, which you are fully Acquainted with so far as relates to the Mississipi. I every day expect Instructions which I am told will be to my Wishes on that head.\nAfter seeing you in Philada. I had an interview with some of the principal members of the Assembly of Pennsa. who appeared no ways friendly to the late Resolution of Congress and purposed at the meeting of the present Assembly to attempt Obtaining instructions, to their Delegates on that head; there are two members just Arrived from Philada. Messrs. Meredith & Bingham; the present members in their delegation are the same as last year except Mr. Bingham in the place of Colo. Bayard whose time of service had expired, this looks as if their Conduct the last year met with Approbation.\nWith great Sattisfaction I saw your name in the Delegation from Virginia, and till within a few minutes expected to see you here in a short time, till Colo. Grayson informed me he thought you would not come soon.\nThere are now Seven States in Town tho\u2019 Six only can attend, as Mr. Nash from N. Carolina is confined by Sickness. I am, Sir Your Obedt. Hume. Servt.\nAbra: Clark\nP. S. Mr. Schurman is here with me.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0086", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Madison, Sr., 24 November 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Madison, James, Sr.\nHond. Sir\nThe H. of D. have just past a bill makg. Tobo. recievable in the tax at the market price at the several Warehouses to be fixt by the Executive. There is a proviso that the highest price shall not exceed 28/. An equality of price throughout was contended for which I disapproved 1. because I think it wd. have been unjust. 2 because the bill could not have been carried in that form. I was not a[n]xious for its success in any form, but acqueisced in it as it stands as the people may consider it in the light of an easement and as it may prevent some worse project in the Assembly. I have in my hands about 300 dollrs. in indents the property of a friend in Philada. which may be applied to your taxes at the market value if you chuse to take them. A call of the House stops me.\nJs. M. Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0088", "content": "Title: From James Madison to John Blair Smith, ca. 25 November 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Smith, John Blair\nca. 25 November 1786. Mentioned in John Blair Smith\u2019s letter of ca. 10 December 1786 to JM. Related information concerning the political condition of the United States, probably news of Shays\u2019s Rebellion. Inquired after the progress of Dabney Carr at Hampden-Sydney Academy.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0090", "content": "Title: Resolutions Reaffirming American Rights to Navigate the Mississippi, 29 December [November] 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \nEditorial Note\nThe issue of the free navigation of the Mississippi had long occupied JM\u2019s mind, and his concern had been aroused in the summer of 1786 when Monroe had kept him informed of the proceedings in Congress on the Jay-Gardoqui negotiations in an almost continuous stream of letters. By August JM was deeply disturbed at what the consequences would be of Jay\u2019s negotiating away the Confederacy\u2019s rights to the river in return for limited trading rights and of Congress\u2019s sanctioning such an agreement with Spain. In expressing his apprehensions to Jefferson, JM anticipated the reaction in the Virginia assembly. He feared that the proposed treaty with Spain would rekindle Virginians\u2019 jealousy of the northern states, foster antagonism toward federal measures, and alienate altogether the people on the western waters from the federal government. Worst of all, even an unsuccessful attempt by the northern states in Congress to ratify the treaty might be \u201cfatal \u2026 to an augmentation of the federal authority, if not to the little now existing. My personal situation is rendered by this business particularly mortifying. Ever since I have been out of Congress I have been inculcating on our assembly a confidence in the equal attention of Congress to the rights and interests of every part of the republic and on the western members in particular, the necessity of making the Union respectable by new powers to Congress if they wished Congress to negociate with effect for the Mississipi\u201d (12 Aug. 1786 [partly in code]).\nOnce in the October 1786 General Assembly session, JM\u2019s major concern was to forward the proposals made by the Annapolis convention for a thorough reform of the Articles. Despite the antifederal sentiment caused by the Mississippi issue, the House implemented the Annapolis recommendations early in November, before the western issue arose. When the Mississippi question was introduced by a petition of the Kentucky delegates in the House, the widely shared grievance found expression in a series of four resolutions, which were reported out of a Committee of the Whole and carried to the Senate by Thomas Mathews (JHDVJournal of the House of Delegates of the\n          Commonwealth of Virginia; Begun and Held at the Capitol, in the City of Williamsburg.\n        Beginning in 1780, the portion after the semicolon reads, Begun and\n          Held in the Town of Richmond, In the County of Henrico. The journal for each session\n        has its own title page and is individually paginated. The edition used is the one in which\n        the journals for 1777\u20131786 are brought together in two volumes, with each journal published\n        in Richmond in either 1827 or 1828 and often called the \u201cThomas W. White reprint.\u201d, Oct. 1786, pp. 66\u201367).\nBoth Rives and Brant assert that JM was the author of these resolutions (Life of Madison, II, 138\u201342; Madison, II, 399). The evidence is circumstantial, but the attribution seems justified by JM\u2019s long concern in the matter. Moreover, the style of the resolutions supports the contention that JM at least in part was the author. In a proprietorial tone JM informed Washington that although the resolutions were considered too pointed by some members of the Senate, \u201cthey certainly express in substance the decided sense of this Country at this time on the subject, and were offered in the place of some which went much farther and which were in other respects exceptionable\u201d (7 Dec. 1786). By proposing resolutions less extreme and provocative in their language than those first presented, JM perhaps served as a moderating influence in the Committee of the Whole on 29 November.\nThe resulting resolutions embodied JM\u2019s thoughts not only on the Mississippi, but also on the American confederacy. In unequivocal terms they asserted the right of the United States to \u201cthe free and common use of the River Missisippi\u201d and the equal rights among the various parts of the confederacy. Further, the revision of the federal government and even the survival of the Union itself were staked upon the outcome of the negotiations with Spain. These instructions, to be forwarded to the Virginia delegates in Congress, were an emphatic statement against Jay\u2019s treaty proposals and a call for equity and unity among all sections of the country.\nIn the House of Delegates,\nWednesday, the 29th. of December [November] 1786.\nResolved, that the common right of navigating the River Missisippi, and of communicating with other Nations through that Channel ought to be considered as the bountiful Gift of Nature to the United States as Proprietors of the Territory watered by the said River and its eastern Branches; and as moreover, secured to them by the event of the late Revolution;\nResolved, that the Confederacy having been formed on the broad basis of equal rights in every part thereof, to the protection and guardianship of the whole, a sacrafice of the rights of any one part, to the supposed or real interests of another part, would be a flagrant violation of Justice, a direct contravention of the end for which the foederal Government was instituted, and an alarming innovation of the System of the Union.\nResolved, that the Delegates, representing this State in Congress, be instructed in the most decided terms, to oppose any Attempt that may be made in Congress to barter or surrender to any Nation whatever the right of the United States to the free and common use of the River Missisippi; and to protest against the same as a dishonorable departure from that comprehensive and benevolent policy which constitutes the vital principle of the Confederacy; as provoking the just resentments and reproaches of our Western Brethren, whose essential rights and interests would be thereby sacraficed and sold; as destroying that confidence in the Wisdom, Justice and liberality of the foederal Councils which is so necessary at this Crisis, to a proper enlargement of their authority; and finally, as tending to undermine our repose, our prosperity, and our Union itself; and that the said Delegates be further instructed to urge the proper Negotiations with Spain, for obtaining her concurrence in such regulations touching the natural and common use of the said, as may secure the permanent harmony and affection of the two nations, and such as the wise and generous policy of his Catholic Majesty will perceive to be no less due to the interests of his own Subjects, than to the just and friendly views of the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0092", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Edmund Pendleton, 30 November 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Pendleton, Edmund\nDear Sir\nRichmond. Novr 30th. 1786.\nYour favor of the 19th. inclosing a bill for amending a defective law gave me particular pleasure as it involved a proof of more health than report had allowed you. I anxiously wish that a blessing the smallest degree of which in your hands is always producing good to your Country may in the fullest manner be re-established. You are not wrong in supposing apprehensions in many of danger from accelerating a dispensation of Justice. Having always myself been of Opinion that this was the only proper remedy for our diseases, & that delay would only render them less susceptible of any remedy, I have ventured once more to contend for a reform in our general system of Justice, and have obtained leave to introduce a bill for that purpose. I have thought it necessary however to depart in some measure from the Assize plan which was my own choice, and to accede to the views of those who prefer a more compleat jurisdiction in the new tribunals. Should this bill meet with a better fate than its predecessors, an amendment of the County Court Law will be of less urgency. In a contrary event, the draught which you have been so good as to prepare will be peculiarly valuable.\nThe Senate have sent down the Bill making Tobo. a commutable with some material amendments. The disposition of the H. of D. in favor of the Measure is however too strong to suffer an abortion of it; and it is said besides that the Senate will not be inflexible in case of inflexibility in the other House. Our Revenue business according to usage lies back. The additional experience of every Session convinces me that it will not be extricated from its present confusion, unless the task shall be undertaken by one or a few heads in the recess of the Assembly. The Revised Code has been resumed, and a considerable proportion of bills left at the last Session, has been got through. The Criminal bill on which we were wrecked formerly has been shunned till yesterday. It will receive its doom tomorrow, in a form somewhat different from that in which it stands in the Code. Some of the alterations, are I think for the better, some evidently for the worse. Our near approach to the end of the Code makes it necessary to ponder well the manner in which it ought to be wound up. The conclusion which I have come to is that the changes which have taken place in some of the bills passed, the changes which will be requisite in those which have, as difficulties from subsequent circumstances have occurred, been skipped over for the time, and the incoherence of the whole, with the laws of posterior date to the digest, render it indispensable that a supplemental revision & adjustment should precede the Ultimate fiat to the system. Under this Conviction I have it in view to propose the appointment of a Committee on the model of that of whose labours, we are availing ourselves. What most embarrasses me is the difficulty of finding proper successors, & the cruelty of throwing the residuary burden on any of the Original labourers.\nThe inclosed Act marks the present temper of the Assembly towards our Continental system. The deputies are not yet appointed under it. It is proposed to select such as will give dignity to the experiment & at the same time be most likely to gain a ratification of the result from those to whom it will be reported. Genl. Washington\u2019s name will probably be placed in the front of the appointment.\nYou have probably had some intimation of the project before Congs. for bartering the navigation of the Missippi to Spain. Our Western Representatives having been apprized of it called the attention of the Assembly to the danger in a very emphatical Memorial; in consequence of which a pretty pointed remonstrance was yesterday agreed to unanimously by the H. of Delegates. To say nothing of the merits of the project, the season at which it has been brought forward in Congs. was of all possible ones the most ill chosen. With my sincerest wishes for your happiness I remain Dear Sir Yr. Affect Servt.\nJs. Madison Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0093", "content": "Title: Resolution to Select Commissioners for a Federal Convention, 30 November 1786\nFrom: Virginia House of Delegates,Madison, James\nTo: \nIn the House of Delegates. Thursday November 30th 1786\nResolved that this house will on Monday next proceed by joint Ballot with the Senate, to the Choice of seven Commissioners, to meet such Commissioners as may be appointed by the other States in the Union, at a Convention to be held in the City of Philadelphia in May next, for the Purpose of revising the foederal Constitution.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0094", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Martha Jefferson Carr, December? 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Carr, Martha Jefferson\nDecember? 1786. Mentioned in Mrs. Carr\u2019s letter to her brother, Thomas Jefferson, written 2 January 1787 (Boyd, Papers of JeffersonJulian P. Boyd et al., eds., The Papers of\n          Thomas Jefferson (19 vols. to date; Princeton, N. J., 1950\u2014\u2014)., XV, 632). JM informed Mrs. Carr that her letter to Jefferson, which JM had agreed to forward to Paris, although written \u201cthe first of May has not yet left Virginia.\u201d In this missing letter JM informed Mrs. Carr that her son Peter was \u201cgoing on well\u201d in his school work. \u201cHe adds too that Mr. Smiths Account of Dabney is favourable.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0095", "content": "Title: Notes on the Pennsylvania Road Act of 1772, [December? 1786] (Abstract)\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \nAbstract\n[December 1786?]. From JM\u2019s letter to Jefferson of 19 June 1786 it is apparent that he was dissatisfied with the \u201cpresent vicious plan of repairing\u201d roads and was seeking a more efficacious way to keep public highways in better condition. JM\u2019s abstract of the Pennsylvania 1772 act \u201cfor opening and keeping in repair public roads\u201d in his hand probably was made during the October 1786 session of the General Assembly (Mitchell and Flanders, Pa. Statutes at Large, VIII, 185\u201394). He appears to have used the Pennsylvania statute books in preparing other legislation at this time (Bill concerning the Collection of Duties, 8 Jan. 1787). Francis Corbin, who served on several committees with JM, reported to Richard Henry Lee on 20 January 1787 that legislation on roads \u201chas been left untouched\u2014not owing to my inattention \u2026 but to Mr. Madison\u2019s having undertaken to bring in a Bill upon that Subject\u2014which however he had not time to complete\u201d (ViU: Lee Family Papers). Hunt printed this document as a 1772 item, misinterpreting JM\u2019s heading (Madison, Writings [Hunt ed.]Gaillard Hunt, ed., The Writings of James\n          Madison (9 vols.; New York, 1900\u20131910)., I, 13\u201315) which gave the date and title of the Pennsylvania law. Conceivably, JM might have used these notes when he started writing a Resolution for Opening Roads to Market Towns, ca. 30 December 1784, but this is only conjecture (Papers of MadisonWilliam T. Hutchinson et al., eds., The\n          Papers of James Madison (9 vols. to date; Chicago, 1962\u2014\u2014)., VIII, 207\u20138).", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0096", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 4 December 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRichmd. Decr. 4. 1786.\nYour last favor which was of the 25th of April, has already been acknowledged. My last inclosing a letter from Mrs. Carr, was dated a few days ago only. It was put into the hands of Mosr. Chevalier who has gone on to N. York, whither I shall forward this to his care. It is to embark in the packet which will sail on the 15th. inst.\nThe recommendation from the Meeting at Annapolis of a plenipotentiary Convention in Philada. in May next has been well recd. by the Assembly here. Indeed the evidence of dangerous defects in the Confederation has at length proselyted the most obstinate adversaries to a reform. The unanimous sanction given by the Assembly to the inclosed compliance with the Recommendation marks sufficiently the revolution of sentiment which the experience of one year has affected in this Country. The deputies are not yet appointed. It is expected that Genl. Washington, the present Govr. E. Randolph Esqr. & the late one Mr. Henry will be of the number.\nThe project for bartering the Missipi to Spain was brought before the Assembly after the preceding measure had been adopted. The report of it having reached the ears of the Western Representatives, as many of them as were on the spot, backed by a number of the late officers, presented a Memorial, full of consternation & complaint; in consequence of which some very pointed resolutions by way of instruction to the Delegates in Congs. were unanimously entered into by the House of Delegates. They are now before the Senate who will no doubt be also unanimous in their Concurrence.\nThe question of paper money was among the first with which the Session opened. It was introduced by petitions from two Counties. The discussion was faintly supported by a few obscure patrons of the measure, and on the votes it was thrown out by 85. vs 17. A petition for paying off the public securities according to a scale of their current prices, was unanimously rejected.\nThe Consideration of the Revised Code has been resumed & prosecuted pretty far towards its conclusion. I find however that it will be impossible as well as unsafe to give an ultimate fiat to the System at this Session. The expedient I have in view is to provide for a supplemental revision by a Comtee who shall accomodate the bills skipped over, and the subsequent laws, to such part of the Code as has been adopted, suspending the operation of the latter for one year longer. Such a work is rendered indispensible by the al[te]rations made in some of the bills in their passage, by the change of circumstances which call for corresponding changes in sundry bills which have been laid by, and by the incoherence between the whole code & the laws in force of posterior date to the code. This business has consumed a great deal of the time of two Sessions, and has given infinite trouble to some of us. We have never been without opponents who contest at least every innovation inch by inch. The bill proportioning crimes & punishments on which we were wrecked last year, has after undergoing a number of alterations, got thro\u2019 a Committee of the Whole; but it has not yet been reported to the House, where it will meet with the most vigorous attack. I think the chance is rather against its final passage in that branch of the Assembly, and if it should not miscarry there, it will have another guantlet to run through the Senate. The bill on the subject of Education which could not safely be brought into discussion at all last year, has undergone a pretty indulgent consideration this. In order to obviate the objection from the inability of the Country to bear the expence, it was proposed that it should be passed into a law, but its operation suspended for three or four years. Even in this form however there would be hazard in pushing it to a final question, and I begin to think it will be best to let it lie over for the supplemental Revisors, who may perhaps be able to put it into some shape that will lessen the objection of expence. I should have no hesitation at this policy if I saw a chance of getting a Committee equal to the work of compleating the Revision. Mr. Pendleton is too far gone to take any part in it. Mr. Wythe I suppose will not decline any duty which may be imposed on him, but it seems almost cruel to tax his patriotic zeal any farther. Mr. Blair is the only remaining character in which full confidence could be placed.\nThe delay in the administration of Justice from the accumulation of business in the Genl Court and despair of obtaining a reform according to the Assize plan, have led me to give up this plan in favor of district Courts; which differ from the former in being cloathed with all the powers of the Genl. Court within their respective districts. The bill on the latter plan will be reported in a few days and will probably tho\u2019 not certainly be adopted.\nThe fruits of the impolitic measures taken at the last Session with regard to taxes are bitterly tasted now. Our Treasury is empty, no supplies have gone to the federal treasury, and our internal embarrassments torment us exceedingly. The present Assembly have good dispositions on the subject, but some time will elapse before any of their arrangements can be productive. In one instance only the general principles of finance have been departed from. The Specie part of the tax under collection is made payable in Tobo. This indulgence to the people as it is called & considered, was so warmly wished for out of doors, and so strenuously pressed within that it could not be rejected, without danger of exciting some worse project of a popular cast. As Tobo. alone is made commutable, there is reason to hope the public treasury will suffer little if at all. It may possibly gain.\nThe Repeal of the port bill has not yet been attempted. Col. Mason has been waited for as the hero of the attack. As it is become uncertain whether he will be down at all, the question will probably be brought forward in a few days. The repeal were he present would be morally certain. Under the disadvantage of his absence it is more than probable. The question of British debts has also awaited his patronage. I am unable to say what the present temper is on that subject, nothing having passed that could make trial of it. The repeated disappointments I have sustained in efforts in favor of the Treaty make me extremely averse to take the lead in the business again.\nThe public appointmts. have been disposed of as follows: The contest for the Chair lay between Col. Bland & Mr. Prentis. The latter prevailed by a majority of near 20 votes. Mr. Harrison the late Speaker lost his election in Surry which he represented last year; and since has been equally unsuccessful in his pristine County Charles City where he made a second experiment. In the choice of a Governor Mr. E. Randolph had a considerable majority of the whole in the first ballot. His competitors were Col. Bland & R. H. Lee, each of whom had between 20 & 30 votes. The delegation to Congs. contained under the first choice Grayson, Carrington. R. H. Lee. Mr. Jones & myself. Col. H. Lee of the last delegation was dropt. The causes were different I believe & not very accurately known to me. One of them is said to have been his supposed heterodoxy touching the Mississpi. Mr. Jones has since declined his appointmt. &. Col Lee has been re-instated by an almost unanimous vote. A vacancy in the Council produced by the Resignation of Mr. Roane is filled by Mr. Bolling Starke. Cyrus Griffin was a candidate but was left considerably in the rear. The Attorney Generalship has been conferred on Col. Innis. Mr. Marshal had a handsome vote.\nOur summer & fall have been wet, beyond all imagination in some places, and much so every where. The crops of corn are in general plentiful. The price up. The Country will not exceed 8/ or 10/. In this district it is scarcest & dearest, being already as high as 12/ or 15/. The Crop of Tobo will fall short considerably it is calculated of the last years. The highest & lowest prices in the Country of the new Crop are 25/ & 20/. A rise is confidently expected. My next will be from N. Y. whither I shall set out as soon as the principal business of the Session is over. Till my arrival there I postpone communications relative to our national affairs, which I shall then be able to make on better grounds, as well as some circumstances relative to the Affairs of this State, which the hurry of the present opportunity restrains me from entering into. Adieu.\nJs. M. Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0097", "content": "Title: To James Madison from B. Johnston, 4 December 1786\nFrom: Johnston, B.\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nRichmd. 4th. Decr. 1786\nPermit me Sir through this mean\u2019s (to save a long information by Personal interview) to inform you of a Peice of conduct, which at a Nother day may prove injuriou\u2019s to the State of Virginia. \u201cSome time ago the state of Virga. appointed a Mr. Parker Surveyor for the Commonwealth, to Assist in Surveying the Land ceeded to Congress, for that purpose Capt. Hutchings was to Superintend, that business.\u201d The Gentlemen (or Most of them) Met in the year 1785. & in the Winter declined. They have Met again and are Now surveying, there being No Capt Parker, or any other for the state of Virginia, Capt Hutchings \u2018Agreeable to a Resolution of Congress\u2019 has Appointed a Deputy for the state of Virginia Who Probably may not be an Inhabitant of Virga. And as at Another day Virginia may Want a Categorical Account of the proceedings to the Westward, I thought it my duty to inform you, or some other knowing hand, that you may the More Maturely consider thereof. Excuse the Liberty I\u2019ve taken and believe me to be Sir Yr. Mo. Obdt Hble Servt.\nB. Johnston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0098", "content": "Title: Bill for Completing the Revision of the Laws, [ca. 4 December] 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n[ca. 4 December 1786]\nFor compleating the Revision of the laws Be it enacted by the General Assembly that a Committee to consist of three persons shall be appointed by joint ballot of both Houses (two of whom to be a quorum) who shall take into consideration such of the bills contained in the Revisal of the laws prepared & reported by the Committee appointed for that purpose in the year 1776. as have not been enacted into laws; shall examine what alterations therein may be rendered necessary by a change of circumstances or otherwise, and shall make such report thereupon to the next meeting of the General Assembly as the said Committee shall judge proper.\nAnd be it enacted that the said Committee shall also take into Consideration all acts of Assembly passed since the Revisal aforesaid was prepared; and shall have full power and authority to revise, alter, amend, repeal, or introduce all or any of the said laws, to form the same into bills, and report them to the General Assembly.\nAnd to prevent any delay which may happen in the proceedings of the said Committee, by the death or disability of any member thereof, Be it enacted that if either of the said members should die, refuse to act, or be disabled by sickness from proceeding in the said work, it shall be lawful for the remaining members to appoint some other person in his stead, which person so appointed is hereby declared a member of the said Committee, in like manner as if he had originally been appointed by joint ballot of both Houses.\nAnd Be it enacted that the said Committee shall have power to meet at such times and places as they shall think proper for the purposes aforesaid, to appoint a Clerk for their ease and assistance, and to send for any copies of records to the Clerk in whose custody they are, which such Clerk is hereby directed forthwith to transmit to them.\nProvided that such bills [so] to be prepared and reported by the Committee to be appointed as aforesaid, shall be of no force or authority untill they shall have gone through their several readings in both Houses of Assembly, and been passed by them in such manner and form, as if the same had been originally introduced without the direction of this Act.\n[And to the end that the laws passed as well at the present as at the last Session of General Assembly in consequence of the Revisal reported as aforesaid, may be duly promulged, and may commence in their operation at one and the same time: Be it enacted that the operation of the several Acts passed at the last Session of the General Assembly, of the following titles, to wit, \u201cAn Act concerning election of Members of the General Assembly\u2014An Act concerning the public Treasurer\u2014An Act concerning seamen\u2014An Act directing the course of descents\u2014An Act concerning Wills; the distribution of intestates estates; and the duty of Executors and administrators\u2014An Act for regulating conveyances\u2014An Act to prevent frauds and perjuries\u2014An Act concerning the dower and Jointures of Widows\u2014An Act for the preservation of the estates of Ideots and Lunatics\u2014An Act providing that wrongful alienations of lands shall be void so far as they be wrongful\u2014An Act to prevent the circulation of private Bank Notes\u2014An Act to prevent losses by pirates, enemies, and others, on the high seas\u2014An Act concerning Estrays\u2014An Act for the restitution of stolen goods\u2014An Act for preventing infection of horned Cattle\u2014An Act for improving the breed of horses\u2014An Act for licensing and regulating Taverns\u2014An Act concerning public Roads\u2014An Act concerning slaves\u2014An Act declaring what persons shall be deemed Mulattoes\u2014An Act concerning Aliens\u2014An Act directing what prisoners shall be let to bail\u2014An Act declaring that none shall be condemned without trial, and that Justice shall not be sold or deferred\u2014An Act concerning Mill dams, and other obstructions of water Courses\u2014An Act concerning Servants\u2014An Act for apprehending and securing Runaways\u2014An Act to enable Guardians and Committees, to perform certain Acts for the benefit of those who are under their care\u2014An Act concerning Guardians, Infants, Masters, and Apprentices\u2014and, an Act for the restraint, maintenance and cure of Persons not sound in mind[\u201d]\u2014shall not commence on the first day of January 1787. as directed by the said Acts respectively; but the operation of each and all of the said Acts shall be and the same is hereby suspended untill the  day of ]\nAnd that the operation of each and all of the Acts passed at the present General Assembly of the following titles, to wit, \u27e8\u201cAn act forbidding and punishing affrays: An act for licensing Counsel Attornies at Law & proctors: An act against Conspirators: An act concerning Partitions and joint rights & Obligations: An act for recovering demands of a small Value in a summary way: An act providing that an infant may sue by his next friend; An act for speedy recovery of money due from certain persons to the public\u2014An act providing that actions popular prosecuted by Collusion shall be no bar to those which be pursued with good faith; An act for preventing vexatious and malicious prosecutions and moderating amercements: An act concerning treasons felonies & other offences committed out of the jurisdiction of this Commonwealth: An act for punishing disturbers of religious worship & Sabbath Breakers: An act prescribing the punishment of those who sell unwholesome meat or drink\u2014An act to encourage the apprehending of horse stealers\u2014An act declaring when the death of persons absenting themselves shall be presumed\u2014An act for reforming the method of proceeding in writs of right An act directing the method of trying slaves charged with Treason or felony: An act for the Suppression & punishment of riots routs and unlawful Assemblies An act providing a mean to help and speed poor persons in their Suits An act against usury. An act directing the method of proceeding against & trying free persons charged with certain Crimes[\u201d]\u27e9 shall [in like manner] be suspended untill the [said]  day of \nAnd be it enacted that the Act passed at the last Session of General Assembly entitled \u201can Act concerning Escheators,\u201d being rendered superfluous by the subsequent passage of an Act entitled \u201cAn Act to extend the operation of an Act entitled \u2018an Act concerning Escheators\u2019 to the several counties in the Northern Neck,[\u201d] shall be & the same is hereby repealed.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0100", "content": "Title: Warrant for Service in House of Delegates, [5 December] 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n[5 December 1786]\nThe Commonwealth to James Madison (Orange) Dr\nTo 41 Days attendance to the 5th Decr inclusive\nTravelling 150 Miles coming & returning", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0102", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Madison, Sr., 7 December 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Madison, James, Sr.\nHond Sir\nRichmd. Decr. 7th. 1786\nYours by Mr. Porter has been handed to me. I have not had an oppy. of enquirg. of Mr. Anderson concerning the person who is to recieve Tobo. for his brother. I mentioned before that the rate of indents here was about a dollar in the pound. Whether I can get the certificates for your taxes I can not say, nor do I know the rate at which they pass. Mr Jones has returned hither & declines his appt. to Congs. Fresh butter will be very acceptable the supply formerly sent being already out. No other article of provision is wanted, as we dine at a Tavern. I prepare to go from Fredg. to N. York in the Stage, & shall consequently take no horses with me. When I shall set out I can not now decide, but expect to leave this before Christmas sometime. The representation of the State in Congs. during the Winter will be so precarious that I shall be able to stay a day or two only in Orange. I have other reasons also of a public nature for wishing to hasten my journey, and a private one arising from the probable increase of the cold in case of delay. Tell my brother Ambrose, I wish him to sound Mr. Cowherd as to the possibility of his making a payment before the first of Jany. instead of the time fixed. I will abate a reasonable interest, and be obliged to him into the bargain. My affections to the family. Yr. dutiful Son\nJs. Madison Jr.\nI wish my cloaths so far as they may require little amendmts. to be put in order before I get [to] Orange, that I may not be detained on that score.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0103", "content": "Title: From James Madison to George Washington, 7 December 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nRichmond Decr. 7th. 1786\nNotwithstanding the communications in your favor of the 18th. Ult: which has remained till now to be acknowledged, it was the opinion of every judicious friend whom I consulted that your name could not be spared from the Deputation to the Meeting in May in Philada. It was supposed that in the first place, the peculiarity of the mission and its acknowledged pre-eminence over every other public object, may possibly reconcile your undertaking it, with the respect which is justly due & which you wish to pay to the late officers of the army; and in the second place that although you should find that or any other consideration an obstacle to your attendance on the service, the advantage of having your name in the front of the appointment as a mark of the earnestness of Virginia, and an invitation to the most select characters from every part of the Confederacy, ought at all events to be made use of. In these sentiments I own I fully concurred, and flatter myself that they will at least apologize for my departure from those held out in your letter. I even flatter myself that they will merit a serious consideration with yourself, whether the difficulties which you enumerate ought not to give way to them.\nThe affair of the Mississippi which was brought before the Assembly in a long Memorial from the Western Members & some of the Officers, has undergone a full consideration of both houses. The Resolutions printed in the papers, were agreed to unanimously in the H. of Delegates. In the Senate I am told the language was objected to by some members as too pointed. They certainly express in substance the decided sense of this Country at this time on the subject, and were offered in the place of some which went much farther and which were in other respects exceptionable. I am entirely convinced from what I observe here, that unless the project of Congs. can be reversed, the hopes of carrying this State into a proper federal Sytem will be demolished. Many of our most federal leading men are extremely soured with what has already passed. Mr. Henry, who has been hitherto the Champion of the federal cause, has become a cold advocate, and in the event of an actual sacrifice of the Misspi. by Congress, will unquestionably go over to the opposite side. I have a letter from Col. Grayson of late date which tells me that nothing further has been done in Congs. and one from Mr. Clarke of N. Jersey, which informs me that he expected every hour, instructions from his Legislature for reversing the vote given by the Delegates of that State in favor of the Project.\nThe temper of the Assembly at the beginning of the Session augured an escape of every measure this year, not consonant to the proper principles of Legislation. I fear now that the conclusion will contradict the promising outset. In admitting Tobo. for a commutable, we perhaps swerved a little from the line in which we set out. I acquiesced in the measure myself, as a prudential compliance with the clamours within doors & without, and as a probable means of obviating more hurtful experiments. I find however now that it either had no such tendency, or that schemes were in embrio which I was not aware of. A bill for establishing district Courts has been clogged with a plan for installing all debts now due, so as to make them payable in three annual portions. What the fate of the experiment will be I know not. It seems pretty certain that if it fails the bill will fail with it. It is urged in support of this measure that it will be favorable to d[e]btors & creditors both, and that without it, the bill for accelerating Justice would ruin the former, and endanger the public repose. The objections are so numerous and of such a nature, that I shall myself give up the bill rather than pay such a price for it. With unfeigned affection & the higst. respt. I am Dr. Sir Yr. Obedt. & hble servt.\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0104", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edmund Pendleton, 9 December 1786\nFrom: Pendleton, Edmund\nTo: Madison, James\nMy Dr. Sir\nEdmundsbury Decr: 9th. 1786.\nI thank you For yr. Favr. of the 30th. past and For your kind concern about my health, which has been better than usual For about three Weeks past, but in truth rises and falls like the flame of an expiring Candle in the Socket, & seem[s] to forbid all hopes of so radical a cure, as I am sure yr. Plan For accelerating the Admon of Justice, if carried into effect would prove to the present distresses of the Countrey, in producing Industry & Oeconomy, and From thence resources adequate to every Public & private purpose. Much contemplation on the Subject, as well as the long experience of the Countrey we were Formerly connected with, Fixed me [in] Opinion of a preference in the Assize scheme to any other I have heard or th[ought] of, on Accoun[t of] the regular Subordination and uniformity of Judgments whi[ch are] preserved. [How]ever it is exceeding difficult to have it well understood by L[aymen] not conversant in law proceedings, who have confused Ideas of different Courts which are but branches of the same Court; and in this, as in all other Political cases, if we can\u2019t get the very best, we must take the best we can get, provided it be preferable to the thing to be changed, which in this Case must happen, or the proposed remedy be bad indeed.\nAllowing the payment of tobo. For the taxes will at any rate be a great relief to the people, and indeed without it I beleive there would have been a very great deficiency in the Collection; but you\u2019l pardon me in saying I think the mode exceptionable, not only as it consigns legislative powers to the Executive, but as it holds out an Idea of discrimination in the price, wch. to me appears unjust. Our lands are taxed as high as on James River; we make tobacco with more difficulty, & at a much greater expence, compared wth. the Crop; & it seems to be a bad reason For Our paying more tobacco than they, that they will have after payment, a larger Surplus & can sell it higher. A Possible loss to the revenue on Our tobo. seems no answer to this Objection, when it is considered that in truth a proportion of every man\u2019s clear income, if it could be come at, would be the just mode of taxation.\nThe Revenue, nor indeed any important System cannot be properly digested during the hurry & multifarious business of a Session. If a proper Member were Selected to perform that work in the recess and report his state to each Session, with a handsome appointment For his trouble, it would be money well laid out.\nI congratulate you on the near approach to the end of the Revised Code; since I am perswad[ed] that nothing but yr. persevering Assiduity would have ever accomplished that work at all, Much less in so short a time. I can easily judge of yr. Fatigue in it, and had I as much power here as the Prussian Monarch has (wch. pardon me I do not wish) I would order you a suitable reward. As it is you have my thanks as an Individual Citizen. By the manner in which the business is to be wound up, I judge you allude to th[e] General repealing Act, which I think you can\u2019t venture to pass, at least \u2019til a very Critical & collective view is taken of all the new laws as a System, and I doubt whether a new Revisal, except for that purpose only, would justify it. A Revisal is a work of time with its Authors, & the examination of their labours of still greater time with the Assembly, who will Act in the Intervening Period & introduce laws which the Revisors have not in contemplation & yet may be valuable\u2014so that after all a perfect Systematic code of laws may perhaps be attainable only by a Despot, who can by an Edict give it Force & Supersede all others, the moment he wills it, & is the sole judge of Future alterations, & not in a Republic. I have looked at the Bill, & can\u2019t please my self with any alterations to Accomodate it; & submit it whether any great inconvenience can arise in Suspending it\u2014the second Class of repeal, is effected by a Former Act and the others, must be so in all cases provided For in the new Code.\nI thank you For the Act appg. a Comme to revise the Confederation & am glad to hear since of the respectable choise made of Delegates. I think Congress want additional Powers, but can\u2019t suppress my fears of giving that of regulating Commerce. The subject, at all times delicate, is rendered more so by the heterogenious & diversified emploiments of the United States. To pass over all trivial matters, the tobacco States are distinguished From all the others, in having a Valuable Staple to export & few Manufacturers to furnish them with the implements of husbandry, & necessarys For their Families which they must purchase From others. It is therefore evidently their Interest to open their Ports to all the world, to derive from Rivalship, the best price For their Crops, and necessaries at the lowest rates\u2014whereas in manufactoring states, an high price For necessaries must be their Interest, and suggest the Policy of excluding the trade of all, but such as [want those]. And what must at least awak[en] caution, is the tobacco States are so few, as to admit on a Union of the others, of the number authorized to Pass any Act. I am led into these Suspicions by the Eastern Publications, where the avowed purpose of excluding the British trade is to prevent their underselling their Manufacturers; a thing wch. may not suit them, and their own legislature may provide agt. it, but wch. I am sure would not displease a Virginian. Let it not be said, as I know some do say, that these States may & ought to Manufacture, and perhaps Congress may say so, & ruin Us. All experience proves this political Maxim, that Manufactoring never is adopted to advantage in any Countrey which hath land For husbandry & a market For their Crops, From which may be fairly infer\u2019d, that tillage is the more Proffitable emploiment & will be pursued For that reason \u2019til the lands are filled. All attempts therefore to drive us into the other, will in my Opinion be as ruinous if Successful, as it is vain to expect th[em].\nThe project For Bartering away the Navigation of the Missisippi, receiving so much Countenance From that August body, as even a moments consideration, is not calculated to remove the above Fears, and the House of Delegates have acted properly upon the Occasion.\nWhilst I am on this subject permit me to submit it whether the Foedral Civil List is not enormously expencive? Why a Board of Treasury? How is 168 M Dollars ann[u]ally expended in the War department, in time of peace? We ought to preserve our rank amongst Nations, but should it not be by the virtues of Justice & Oeconomy, suited to our infantine States, and not by Aping the vices of Opulent Nations, realize the Fable of the Frog, swelling to attain the size of the Ox at one effort & produce distruction. I shall not be surprized to read in some Estimate, provision For a Yeoman of the Presidents Mouth. A Geographer & his Surveyors, to throw new & unexplored States into Townships and Forms which the Inhabitants may not like, appears to me calculated to consume the price of the lands, Faster than it will come in, where money For those lands, being the great Foedral Object, would have been readily produced by a Sale of Warrants, & left it to the purchasers to find their own land & settle themselves, as their own choice directed them, securing only their Attachmt. to the Union. Why are we to be perplexed with a new fangled money of Account, who have been always used to pounds, shillings & pence, and that being used by Britain[ers] For universal commerce hath produced tables shewing the Comparative value of the Coin of all Foreign Nations in that kind of money, wch. must overballance the Affectation of Novelty. Then they say there shall be an Assay Master & Master of the Coin &c. Pray do they mean to have a Foedral mint only & rest[r]ain the states from Coining? If so, the risque and expence of Bullion From the remote states to the seat of Congress & of the money back again, would be a Serious Objection. I may be mistaken, but I always understood that by their power to regulate Coin, nothing more was intended than that they should fix the Proportion of Alloy & the uniform Standard Value by the Ounce at which gold & Silver should pass through all the states, leaving it to each to Coin any Bullion they might Fortunately meet with at home & in such peices as their Convenience should direct, whether in Eagles or Sparrows, so they conformed to the Rules prescribed.\nBut where am I running? Whilst I congratulate your near escape From one Fatigue, I am exhausting your Patience with abundance of crude indigested thoughts upon Subjects you understand so much better than I. So at once adiue but not \u2019til I assure you once more of my being, wth. great esteem & regard Dr. Sir Yr. very Affecte.\nEdmd Pendleton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0106", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Madison, Sr., 12 December 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Madison, James, Sr.\nHond Sir\nRichmd. Decr. 12th. 1786\nThe inclosed paper will give you a knowledge of the mode and terms on which Tobo. is made a commutable. It also contains some Resolutions of importance relative to the navigation of the Mississippi. The Senate have concurred in them, though not unanimously. Some of the members of that branch objected to the pointedness of the language. Others doubted the propriety of taking up a subject of so delicate a nature, without official information from the delegation in Congress. The repeal of the port bill was yesterday a subject of discussion, and rejected by 70 agst. 36. so that the law is likely to become permanent. Amendments however are necessary and will probably take place. We have a bill depending for establishing District Courts, differing from the Assize in this respect, that the former will be vested with as compleat jurisdiction within the District as the General Court exercises over the whole State. Unhappily it is clogged with a clause installing all debts among ourselves, so as to make them payable in three annual portions. Such an interposition of the law in private contracts is not to be vindicated on any legislative principle within my knowledge and seems obnoxious to the strongest objections which prevailed against paper money. How it will be relished I can not say, the matter not havg yet been taken into discussion. I think it probable that it will miscarry, and that it will involve the District bill in its fate. No thorough revision of the taxes has yet taken place. The inclosed report of a Committee will present some ideas which are to be discussed. In general the biass of the House seems to be strongly towards taxes which are to operate indirectly and on articles of luxury. The lawyers & County Court Clerks are also likely to be squeezed. One tenth of the fees of the former, and one third of those of the latter were voted today to be a proper share for the public. Riding Carriages were also voted to be proper objects of additional taxation. Coaches are to pay 6 dollars per Wheel, Phaetons 4 drs. & Chairs &c 2 drs. per wheel. Whether these extravagant ideas will be persisted in is uncertain. I can scarcely suppose they will in their full extent. We have no foreign news, the Northern mail for several weeks past having failed to arrive.\nIt is uncertain when I shall be able to leave this. I wish to do it before Christmas at farthest, and that horses may be kept in readiness to be sent as soon as I send notice for them. My stay in Orange will be reduced to a few days only. I mentioned to my brother A. that I had \u00a350 in hand for him. The 200 drs. due on the 2d. inst: are also ready. My last was sent by Mr. Jos: Thomas, and has I hope been received. With my regards to the family I remain your dutiful son\nJs. Madison Jr.\nThe Convention in Kentucky was prevented by the Expeditions into the Indian Country. It is proposed that another Convention shall be authorized to decide the question of their Independence.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0107", "content": "Title: Bill Providing for Kentucky Statehood, [15 December] 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n[15 December 1786]\nWhereas it appears that the Representatives elected in pursuance of the Act, entitled \u201cAn act concerning the erection of the District of Kentucky into an independent State,\u201d have been hindered by unforeseen events from meeting at the time proposed, and determining the question referred to them; and it is considered that no such determination can now take place within the time necessary for its receiving the assent of Congress prior to the first day of June next, as required by the Act under which the said Representatives were elected: And Whereas it continues to be the purpose of the General assembly that the said District shall become an independent State, on the terms and Conditions specified in the Act aforesaid, whenever the good people thereof shall so determine, and the U. S. in Congress shall thereof approve: Be it enacted by the General Assembly that in the Month of August next, and on the respective days and places of holding Courts in the several Counties within the said district, five representatives for each County, to continue in appointment for one year, and to compose a Convention with the powers and for the purposes hereinafter mentioned, shall be elected by the free male inhabitants of the County. The elections shall be conducted in like manner, with the like promulgation of this Act to the electors, and with the like penalties for neglect of duty in the officers, as were prescribed for the elections held under the act above recited.\nThe Convention shall be held at Danville on the [4th:] \u27e8third\u27e9 monday in September ensuing, or whenever thereafter, a sufficient number shall be assembled; \u27e8Five\u27e9 members assembled shall be a sufficient number to adjourn from day to day, and to issue writs for supplying vacancies which may happen from deaths, resignations or refusals to act. A majority of the whole shall be a sufficient number to chuse a president and other proper officers, to settle the proper rules of proceeding, to authorize any number of members to summon a Convention, during a recess, and to act in all other instances; where a greater number is not expressly required. Two thirds of the whole shall be a sufficient number to determine whether it be expedient for, and be the will of the good people of the said District that the same be erected into an independent State, on the terms & conditions specified in the act above recited: provided that no vote shall be considered as deciding this question either in the Affirmative or negative, unless a majority of the whole number to be elected shall concur therein: [unless two thirds of the whole shall not have assembled within  days after the day appointed for the meeting of the Convention, in which a decision in which a majority of the whole shall concur, shall be valid, although the number present be less than two thirds.\nAnd Be it further enacted that in case the said Convention shall approve] And provided that in case two thirds of the whole shall not assemble within \u27e8fifteen\u27e9 days after the day appointed for the meeting; a decision in which a majority of the whole shall concur, shall be valid although the number present [may] be less than two thirds of the whole.\nAnd be it further enacted that in case the said Convention shall approve of an erection of the said District into an independent State on the terms and Conditions above referred to, they shall & may proceed to fix a day not later than the \u27e8first\u27e9 day of \u27e8January one thousand seven hundred and eighty nine,\u27e9 on which the authority of this Commonwealth and of its laws, under the exceptions specified in the Act above recited, shall cease & determine for ever over the said District; and the articles specified in the said Act shall become a solemn compact, mutually binding on the parties, and unalterable by either without the consent of the other: Provided however that prior to the \u27e8fourth\u27e9 day of \u27e8July one thousand seven hundred and eighty eight,\u27e9 the U. S. in Congress shall assent to the erection of the said district into an independent State, shall release this Commonwealth from all its federal obligations arising from the said district, as being part thereof, and shall agree that the proposed State shall immediately after the day [to be] fixed as aforesaid, or at some convenient time future thereto, be admitted into the federal Union. And to the end that no interval of anarchy may happen to the good people of the proposed State; It is to be understood that the said Convention shall have authority to take the necessary provisional measures for the election & meeting of a Convention at some time prior to the day fixed for the determination of the authority of this Commonwealth & of its laws and subsequent to the notified assent of Congress to the proposed erection of the said district into an independent State, with full power & authority to frame and establish a fundamental Constitution of Government for the proposed State, and to declare what laws shall be in force therein; untill the same shall be abrogated or altered by the Legislative authority acting under such Constitution.\nThis Act shall be transmitted by the Executive to the Delegates representing this State in Congress, who are hereby instructed to use their endeavors to obtain from Congress a speedy concurrence in the measure proposed by this Act, and the Act heretofore passed, entitled \u201cAn Act Concerning the erection of the District of Kentucky into an Independent State.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0109", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 16 December 1786\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nSpring Hill. 16 Decr. 1786\nIt wod. have always suited me for you to pay the sum I am in advance for you in New York the last of this or the first or middle of next month as well as by any other disposition I cod. have made of it. Indeed I vision\u2019d it to discharge some small engagments of mine wh. became due there abt. that time. My engagmt. for majr. Pinckney by wh. I am to pay 200 dolrs. here, wh. he will replace in N. Yk., makes it convenient but by no means necessary, to admit the proposal of paying that sum before that time, wh. if perfectly convenient to yrself you will make to Mr Jones. But as I flatter myself I shall otherwise be able to provide for these engagments I must beg of you to subject yrself to no inconvenience respecting them. Of these circumstances I intended advising you on yr. way to the northward upon wh. occasion we hop\u2019d you wod. take us in yr. rout. We have been in ill health since my return, but have nearly recoverd. Mrs. Monroe is as well as usual & I have for some days been reliev\u2019d from the pain in the face & fever that accompanied it. When do you sit out for N. Yk. Have you heard any thing from the other States? Do they take correspondent measures with our Legislature upon federal subjects? I am sincerely yr. fnd. & servt.\nJas. Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0110", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Washington, 16 December 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir.\nMount Vernon Decr. 16th. 1786.\nYour favor of the 7th. came to hand the evening before last. The resolutions which you say are inserted in the Papers, I have not yet seen. The latter come irregularly, tho\u2019 I am a subscriber to Hays Gazette.\nBesides the reasons which are assigned in my circular letter to the several State Societies of the Cincinnati, for my non-attendance at the next General meeting to be holden in Philadelphia the first Monday of May, there exists one of a political nature, which operates more forceably on my mind than all the others; and which, in confidence, I will now communicate to you.\nWhen this Society was first formed, I am persuaded not a member of it conceived that it would give birth to those Jealousies, or be chargeable with those dangers (real or imaginary) with which the minds of many, & some of respectable characters, were filled. The motives which induced the Officers to enter into it were, I am confident, truly & frankly recited in the Institution: one of which, indeed the principal; was to establish a charitable fund for the Relief of such of their compatriots\u2014the Widows\u2014and dependants of them\u2014as were fit subjects for their support; & for whom no public provision had been made. But the trumpet being sounded, the alarm was spreading far & wide; I readily perceived therefore that unless a modification of the plan could be effected (\u2014to anihilate the Society altogether was impracticable, on acct. of the foreign Officers who had been admitted)\u2014that irritations wd. arise which would soon draw a line betn. the Society, & their fellow Citizens. To prevent this\u2014To conciliate the affections\u2014And to convince the World of the purity of the plan\u2014I exerted myself, and with much difficulty, effected the changes which appeared in the Recommendation from the General Meeting to those of the States; the accomplishment of which was not easy; & I have since heard, that whilst some States acceded to the recommendation, others are not disposed thereto, alledging that, unreasonable prejudices and ill founded jealousies ought not to influence a measure laudable in its institution, & salutary in its objects & operation. Under these circumstances, there will be no difficulty in conceiving, that the part I should have had to have acted, would have been delicate. On the one hand, I might be charged with dereliction to the Officers, who had nobly supported, and had treated me with uncommon marks of attention and attachment. On the other, with supporting a measure incompatible (some say) with republican principles. I thought it best therefore without assigning this (the principal reason) to decline the Presidency, and to excuse my attendance at the meeting on the ground, which is firm & just; the necessity of paying attention to my private concerns; to conformity to my determination of passing the remainder of my days in a state of retirement\u2014and to indisposition; occasioned by Rheumatick complaints with which, at times, I am a good deal afflicted. Professing at the same time my entire approbation of the institution as altered, and the pleasure I feel at the subsidence of those Jealousies which yielded to the change. Presuming, on the general adoption of them.\nI have been thus particular to shew, that under circumstances like these, I should feel myself in an awkward situation to be in Philadelphia on another public occasion during the sitting of this Society. That the prest. aera is pregnant of great, & strange events, none who will cast their eyes around them, can deny. What may be brought forth between this and the first of May to remove the difficulties which at present labour in my Mind, against the acceptance of the honor which has lately been conferred on me by the Assembly, is not for me to predict; but I should think it incompatible with that candour which ought to characterize an honest mind, not to declare that under my present view of the matter, I should be too much embarrassed by the meetings of these two bodies in the same place, in the same moment (after what I have written) to be easy in the situation; and consequently, that it wd. be improper to let my appointment stand in the way of any other.\nOf this, you who have had the whole matter fully before you, will judge; for having received no other than private intimation of my election, and unacquainted with the formalities which are, or ought to be used on these occasions, silence may be deceptious, or considered as disrespectful. The imputation of both, or either, I would wish to avoid. This is the cause of the present disclosure, immediately on the receipt of your letter, which has been locked up by Ice; for I have had no communication with Alexandria for many days, till the day before yesterday.\nMy sentiments are decidedly against Commutables; for sure I am it will be found a tax without a Revenue. That the people will be burthened\u2014The public expectation deceived\u2014And a few speculators only, enriched. Thus the matter will end, after the morals of some, are more corrupted than they now are\u2014and the Minds of all, filled with more leaven, by finding themselves taxed, and the public demands in full force. Tobacco, on acct. of the public places of deposit, and from the accustomed mode of negotiating the article, is certainly better fitted for a commutable than any other production of this Country; but if I understand the matter rightly (I have it from report only) will any man pay five pound in specie for five taxables, when the same sum (supposing Tobo. not to exceed 20/: pr Ct.) will purchase 500 lbs of Tobo. & this, if at 28/. will discharge the tax on Seven? And will not the man who neither makes, nor can easily procure this commodity, complain of the inequality of such a mode, especially when he finds that the Revenue is diminished by the difference, be it what it may, between the real & nominal price and that he is again to be taxed to make this good? These, & such like things, in my humble opinion, are extremely hurtful, and are among the principal causes of the present depravity & corruption without accomplishing the object in view for it is not the shadow, but the substance with which Taxes must be paid, if we mean to be honest. With sentiments of sincere esteem & regard. I am. Dear Sir Yr. Most Obedt. & Afft Ser\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0111", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edward Carrington, 18 December 1786\nFrom: Carrington, Edward\nTo: Madison, James\nDr. Sir,\nNew York Decr. 18. 1786\nYour favor of the 4th. Instant was received by the last post. It was fortunate that the same causes of the delay of the Mail, operated also to prevent the sailing of the Packet. With very little trouble I placed your letter in the hands of Mr. Chavalier. The re-election of Colo Lee has afforded me the highest pleasure, as it undoubtedly relieves his feelings, but I am at the same time deeply affected by the loss of Mr. Jones from the delegation.\nI cannot learn that Mr. Jay is proceeding in the business of the Mississippi. He probably will waite to see the Countenance of the new Congress. If he can assure himself of the cover of a bare majority, I believe he will make the treaty, and rely upon the timidity of some of the dissenting States for the ratification. It is probable the Eastern column will be broken in Jersey and Pensylvania, and, it is equally so, that there will be a change in some of the Southern States.\nThe business of a convention is well brought forward by Virginia, and I hope their act will be generally adopted. The dereliction of Massachusetts is, however, to be apprehended. The delegation of that State prevented the recommendation of the measure from Congress, as suggested by the deputations at Annapolis, and advised its non adoption in their Legislature. The effect of this advice, I have not been informed of, but the natural supposition is, that nothing was done in the late Session, and there will not be another, before the time proposed for the convention of the deputies. The reasons given by these Gentlemen for their opposition are, that the mode of amending the confederation is provided by the Act itself. Amendments, are to, originate with Congress, and, be agreed to by the States, and that it would derogate from the dignity and Weight of that body, to take a secondary position in the business. This is an elevated idea, and, in an efficient Sovereignty, would be a wise one. The truth is, we have not a government to Weild and Correct, but must pursue the most certain means for obtaining one. We have only four States now on the floor. I am dr Sir Your Sincere friend & St.\nEd. Carrington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0112", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Henry Lee, 20 December 1786\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear sir\nAlexa. 20th. Decr. 86\nAfter the notification of my disgrace which reached me about the 20th. Novr. I hastened from N York & pressed forward to my home. Every difficulty of weather and roads opposed my progress and retarded us effectually, for it took us three weeks to reach this place which I had reckoned on accomplishing in twelve days. At Length we arrived on the banks of potomac, and thro our avidity to embrace our friends, were on the point of destruction for four hou[r]s, by rashly adventuring to cross in the night, thro bodys of floating ice. But providence, kinder to me than my beloved country reserved my family & myself, with some detriment of purse but no injury to my reputation. Striking difference to be sure, and a theme for unceasing admiration of the supreme benevolence on my part. This subject always disturbs me & excites my resentment. But cruel & ungrateful as I estimate the treatment I have received from the assembly, I am frank to declare to you that the opinion I had formed of your deriliction of the friendship which existed between us rendered my affliction doubly severe. In all nations precedents are to be found demonstrative of the caprice & indelicacy of public bodys, therefore being not alone I could have procured repose to my feelings, by beleiving that all who knew me, would attribute my dismission to the proper cause.\nYour abandonment of a man who loved your character to excess & who esteemed your friendship among the first blessings of his life connected with the circumstance of your election to the office from which he was dismissed, togather with many other considerations which are unnecessary to repeat wounded me deeply, & has given me many melancholy hours. Your letter of the 11th. affords me some relief, & as it explains your intentions which before were subject to construction, strengthens my hope that you regard me as I have ever esteemed you, & that no difference in political sentiments ever has or ever can cool the affection which commenced in our youth, and till very lately has existed in full vigor. It is my wish that we may ever be united, & I beleive you cannot question my sincerity, especially, when it relates to you.\nMy present intentions will carry me to Richmond unless the assembly may soon rise, when I shall have the happiness of conversing with you. Yours truely\nH: Lee Jnr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0113", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 21 December 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir\nRichmd. Decr. 21. 1786.\nYour favor of the 16th. inst: came to hand too late the evening before last to be then answered. The payment of the 100 drs. here was perfectly convenient, and I have put that sum into the hands of Mr. Jones to be applied to the use which you have directed. This payment added to the 100 drs. paid in Philada. leaves still a balance of 137\u00bd according to my memorandm. which is subject to your further orders. We hear nothing from any of the other States on the subject of the federal Convention. The ice seems to have intercepted totally the Northern communication for a considerable time past. The Assembly have been much occupied of late with the bill for district Courts. On the final question there was a majority of one agst. it in fact, though on the Count a mistake made the division equal & it fell to the Chair to decide who passed the bill. The real majority however were sensible of the mistake & refused to agree to the title, threatening a secession at the same time. The result was a compromise that the question sd. be decided anew the next morning, when the bill was lost in a full house by a single voice. It is now proposed to extend the Sessions of the Genl. Court so as to accelerate the business depending there. We hear that Maryland is much agitated on the score of paper money the H. of Delegates having decided in favor of an emission. Adieu Yrs Affy.\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0114", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Francis Mercer, 23 December 1786\nFrom: Mercer, John Francis\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nAnnapolis Decr. 23. 1786\nI committed some hasty thoughts to paper in an illegible hand, which I sent you by Doctr. Griffin, relative to a clause in the British debt bill that you told me, pass\u2019d the House of delegates by an almost unanimous assent, directing those who had paid British Debts into the public Treasury, to pay them over again. From the little consideration I had given this question myself. & from the unadvised & inconsiderate determ[ina]tion of the H. of D. I am persuaded, that if [it] did not pass without observation, yet that it never recd. the lights which just di[s]cussion woud have given it. The solemn determination of the Legislature of Virginia will be great impression on the question as far [as] it may affect other States\u2014tho\u2019 God knows & those who know how questions are generally caused the[re]in can bear evidence of what little authority their opinion ought to be any where. It cannot be the wish of any American Whig\u2014& I am sure it is not yours that the Legislature of any state shoud wrest a question of such high legal impression from the judicial department, in order too to decide against our own Citizens in favor of Great Britain. Our Citizens have suffered enough from depreciation & if they can now put a share of the burthen legally on those who were the unjust authors of our Calamities, ill [bef]all the Man or sett of Men who woud prevent them. In all applications for justice it is an universal maxim & the Law of Nations & the natural inference of reason that the applicants must submit themselves to the tribunals of the Country where they apply. In applications to our Courts, the British can never complain as one common law governs both nations. What is law & justice in Westminster Hall, will be found law & justice in the American forum. But in every veiw we know that there is no peculiar tribunal, who take cognizance of questions arising under Treaties or the Law of nations. Those are admitted on all hands, to enter into the [ju]risprudence of every Country & to be as binding on all invested with the dispensation of judicial powers as the Municipal law of the land. The Question will come before them regularly, & they must decide on the force of the Treaty. One veiw will be whether it is to be considered as a repeali[ng] Law\u2014regularly retrospective law is invalid\u2014& when a thing is done by law, which might be done by Law, all contraventions act in the nature of a repeal. If the Treaty operates in this manner, in every legal principal of construction, the paymts. are good, admitted by writers in the Jus publicum equal with those on the municipal law\u2014see Rutherford Int. If it is to be considered wholly by itself & to receive no relative interpretation, the question will then be\u2014What is meant by the term Debts, & then the reasoning in my note by Doctr. Griffin applies, & these were unquestionably not debts at the time of the Treaty. The Question with respect to Interest rests best upon this ground. Whatever is suspended & these debts were at least suspended, must ex vi termini be reviv\u2019d in the same state they were previous to their suspension. [As] by the law of England, A Sequestration out of the Court of Chancery, (which as I before observ\u2019d is but a subordinate & suppletory legislation) will always destroy interest. With respect to the main question\u2014Alien Enemy by the Law of England & consequently our law\u2014is a plea in Base & not in Abatement which shews that the Debt is destroy\u2019d by War, indeed this is pointedly held by all the old lawyers & to the best of my recollection there are Cases in point in Coke. The best writers of a later date & all the former writers I beleive hold thi[s] to be the operation of War. In the Treaty of Munster which closed a War precisely similar to ours, a similar stipulation took place with respect to a general recovery of Debts. That & the 4th. Article of the American Treaty lead to the conclusion that otherwise the Debts were indiscriminately forfeited. So that the stipulation has its object & operation without being extended to these debts discharg\u2019d according to the existing Laws of the Country\u2014Vattel. The Party to a Treaty claiming the benefit of a stipulation in the Treaty, shall claim no constructive benefit for [illegible] the Author\u2014it was their fault that they did not clearly describe the extent of the advantage they wish\u2019d. If the British Nation shoud be dissatisfeid with the decision of our Tribunals in case they determine in favr. of these paymts. it will then probably become the object of national discussion & shoud the Americans be induced from either conviction or terror to give up the point, it perhaps may then become proper for the legislature to determine that the individuals shall make up the depreciation. I shall be glad to hear from our Virginia. I had like to [have] said from our Assembly\u2014but our assembly, I have to inform you, as far as H of [D] have voted paper money. The Senate will refuse. They say (the D.) that they will appeal to the People & break up. I beleive they\u2019ll all go to the [Devil?]. The wiser part approve strongly of the Convention in May. My last hopes have taken refuge there. They will I beleive give almost unlimited powers. A party in the H. of Del. rejected Mr. D. C. our old freind in the election to Congress by one vote to the great regret of every person out of-doors. Adeiu Good Christmass to you.\nJ F Mercer.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0115", "content": "Title: From James Madison to George Washington, 24 December 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nRichmond Decr. 24. 1786.\nYour favour of the 16th. inst: came to hand too late on thursday evening to be answered by the last mail. I have considered well the circumstances which it confidentially discloses, as well as those contained in your preceding favor. The difficulties which they oppose to an acceptance of the appointment in which you are included can as little be denied, as they can fail to be regretted. But I still am inclined to think that the posture of our affairs, if it should continue, would prevent every criticism on the situation which the cotemporary meetings would place you in; and wish that at least a door could be kept open for your acceptance hereafter, in case the gathering clouds should become so dark and menacing as to supercede every consideration, but that of our national existence or safety. A suspence of your ultimate determination would be no wise inconvenient in a public view, as the Executive are authorized to fill vacancies and can fill them at any time, and in any event three out of seven deputies are authorized to represent the State. How far it may be admissible in another view, will depend perhaps in some measure on the chance of your finally undertaking the service; but principally on the correspondence which is now passing on the subject between yourself and the Governour.\nYour observations on Tobo. as a commutable in the taxes are certainly just and unanswerable. My acquiescence in the measure was agst. every general principle which I have embraced, and was extorted by a fear that some greater evil under the name of relief to the People would be substituted. I am far from being sure however that I did right. The other evils contended for have indeed been as yet parried, but it is very questionable, whether the concession in the Affair of the Tobo. had much hand in it. The original object was paper money. Petitions for graduating certificates succeeded. Next came instalments; and lastly a project for making property a tender for debts at 4/5 of its value. All these have been happily got rid of by very large majorities. But the positive efforts in favor of Justice have been less successful. A plan for reforming the administration in this essential branch, accomodated more to the general opinion than the Assize plan, got as far as the third reading, and was then lost by a single vote. The Senate would have passed it readily and would have even added amendments of the right complexion. I fear it will be some time before this necessary Reform will again have so fair a chance. Besides some other grounds of apprehension, it may well be supposed that the Bill which is to be printed for consideration of the public will instead of calling forth the sanction of the wise & virtuous, be a signal to interested men to redouble their efforts to get into the Legislature. The Revenue business is still unfinished. The present rage seems to be to draw all our income from trade. From the sample given of the temper of the House of Delegates on this subject, it is much to be feared that the duties will be augmented with so daring a hand that we shall drive away our trade instead of making it tributary to our treasury. The only hope that can be indulged is that of moderating the fury. The Port bill was defended against a repeal by about 70 votes agst. about 40. The Revised Code is not quite finished, and must receive the last hand from a succeeding Assembly. Several bills of consequence being rendered unfit to be passed in their present form by a change of circumstances since they were prepared, necessarily require revision. Others as the Education bill &c. are thought to be adapted only to a further degree of wealth and population. Others, as the Execution bill which subjects lands to debts, do not yet find an adequate patronage. Several bills also and particularly the bill relating to crimes & punishments, have been rejected and require reconsideration from another Assembly. This last bill after being purged of its objectionable peculiarities was thrown out on the third reading by a single vote. It will little elevate your idea of our Senate to be told that they negatived the bill defining the privileges of Ambassadours, on the principle as I am told that an Alien ought not to be put on better ground than a Citizen. British debts have not yet been mentioned, and probably will not unless Congs. say something on the matter before the Adjournment. With every sentiment of esteem & affection, I am Dear Sir, Your Obedt. servt.\nJs. Madison Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0116", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edward Carrington, 27 December 1786\nFrom: Carrington, Edward\nTo: Madison, James\nDr Sir,\nNew York Decr. 27. 1786\nMy going to Virginia this winter is indispensible. It is probable, from the state in which events has placed the delegation, that I shall not have an opportunity of going after the session commences without leaving the state unrepresented. Upon these considerations I have determined to seize the present moment and shall set out early in the next week. In the mean time I think it proper to give you notice of the circumstance, that you not rely upon my being present. I shall leave Colo Grayson here, who will be well enough to form with yourself a representation, but he is far from being recovered. My absence will not exceed six or eight weeks. We have as yet no Congress nor do I see a near prospect of one, but it will be well for you to get on the floor as early as you can. Inclosed is a paper containing a letter from Mr. Calonne Comptroller General of the Finances of France to Mr. Jefferson which is truly interesting to the U. S. I am dr Sir Yrs. Sincerely\nEd. Carrington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-09-02-0117", "content": "Title: Addition to the Revised Port Bill, [ca. 27 December] 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n[ca. 27 December 1786]\n\u27e8That from and after the first day of April next, the following places shall be, and the same are hereby established as ports of entrance and clearance \u2026\u27e9 For all vessels coming from or going to sea, any part of Chesapeak Bay, or any part of the Maryland Shore below point lookout, at the port of Yeocomico: For all vessels coming from or going to any part of the Maryland Shore above the said point Lookout, at the said port of Yeocomico, or at the Port of Alexandria: provided that in all cases of entrance \u27e8or clearance at Alexandria, the same shall and may be made with the deputy appointed by the naval officer of the said district\u27e9.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-17-02-0347", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edmund Pendleton, 19 November 1786\nFrom: Pendleton, Edmund\nTo: Madison, James\nDr. Sir\nCaroline Novr. 19th. 1786.\nA severe Paroxism of my old disorder having deprived me of the pleasure of seeing you this Session, I take the liberty of submitting to your consideration a Bill I drew some time ago to amend the Act for reforming the County Courts, as it Occur\u2019d to me that considerable delays might happen in the quarterly returns of process instead of Monthly, especially where the first process was not executed. As some Gentn. may think the System already too speedy, and stirring the Subject might indanger the former law, from wch. as it stands, very beneficial effects have arisen, you are the best judg[e] Whether it is best or worth while to mention it. I know not whether to congratulate my Countrey on yr. reappointment to Congress, since we shall much miss you here, however I will do so, as my Maxim is, \u201cAll happens for the best.\u201d I write by Candle light & in a hurry, & wish you may read it. I am Dr. Sir Yr. Affe. & Obt. Servt.\nEdmd Pendleton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-17-02-0348", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Ambrose Madison, [ca. December 1786]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Madison, Ambrose\nDr. bror.\n[ca. December 1786]\nI send you by Mr. Winslow \u00a363\u201316. in gold, a payment advanced by Mr. Broadhead. I have at command also the 200 dollrs. which I mentioned as to be paid the 2d. of this month, & which you may draw on me for. I refer to my letter to my father & to Mr. Winslow for news. Yrs affy.\nJs. Mad\u27e8ison\u27e9 Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-17-02-0349", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Marshall, [ca. December 1786]\nFrom: Marshall, James\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\n[ca. December 1786]\nFrom some late proceedings of the Spaniards in Louisiania, I suspect it cannot be long before serious acts of hostility will commence between them and our western Citizins.\nI will state a few facts several of which have been within my own knowledge & if you find leisure will thank you for your advice, how it will be proper for the people of Kentucky to proceed on the occasion.\nAbout eighteen months since a Colo. Pere went down to New Orleans with two boats loaded with flower, he did not communicate the manner of his reception. But his proceeds were thought to be considerable, from his anxiety last spring to carry down a much larger cargo of the same article. Encouraged by his success a Mr. Parker a Mr. Tardiveau & several others purchas\u2019d to the amount of 150000 weight of flower for the same purpose, they went by the way of St. Louis in order to obtain a passport for New Orleans. They were receiv\u2019d by the Governor of St. L. in a friendly manner. He however refus\u2019d them passports, but gave as a reason, that he was then oblig\u2019d to give twelve & fourteen Dollars pr. barrell for indian corn meal for the subsistance of the Kings troops, & he should be much blam\u2019d, & perhaps punish\u2019d, if under those circumstances he was to permit flower to be carried from his garrison. A Mr. Cere a merchant at St. L. who is suppos\u2019d to be in partnership with the Govr. afterwards purchas\u2019d a part of the flower, & endeavor\u2019d to buy the rest at a low rate, but could not succeed. Since I have left Kentucky the Govr. of St. L. has confiscated the property of those among the Americans who had any within the teritory of Louisiana & among the rest a cargo belonging to Genl. Wilkinson which had been receiv\u2019d by Mr. Cere on consignment.\nI consider this sir as an unjustifiable act particularly after the encouragement which [was] given to those who carried flower to the different Spanish settlements & who from their reception had a right to expect their property would be secur\u2019d to them. I am pretty well convinc\u2019d retaliation will be made, the Spanish trade up the Missisippa is totally in our power & has produc\u2019d them fur\u2019s to the value of \u00a3350,000 pr. anm. These fur\u2019s are caried down the river in open unarm\u2019d boats that are frequently oblig\u2019d by the current to row immediately under our shore. As they do not permit us to set foot within their territory can they complain if we are equally strict? Should one of the persons injur\u2019d sieze on a boat when on our side of the river, do you think he would be consider\u2019d as a criminal? Do you think it would not have a tendancy towards bringing the present tedious negotiation concerning the Missisipa to a close perhaps more favorable than we now have (from our indecision) a right to expect. If you should think the measure politic I can have it put in execution. You will have the goodness to excuse this freedom from a stranger, when you know that upon your opinion depends the attempt I have mention\u2019d. I am with the most perfect respect Yours\nJames Marshall", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/02-08-02-0567", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Joseph Chew, 5 August 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Chew, Joseph\nDear Sir\nNew York Aug: 5th. 1786\nSome private business brought me to this City a few days ago. I have been absent from Orange about a month where I left our friends generally well. The principal change among them which I recollect is the death of your mother, of which as well as of other family circumstances, the inclosed letter from your Sister will probably acquaint you. We have been long anxious to get some information with respect to yourself, but our enquiries have been without effect. I hope the silence of your friends, particularly of my father & myself has not contributed to yours. When I returned to Virga. in the fall of 1783, it was my intention as it had been my promise, to write to you to London on the subject & under the Address you requested. My father was in the same determination to write. Unluckily the Winter set in & continued so severe that the communication between the interior Country & the sea ports was totally stopped, & the execution of our wishes rendered impossible till we supposed it probable our letters would not get to England till you would have left it, & that it would be best to wait till we should be apprized of your next destination. Let me add too that as I found the state of our laws on the subject which interrested you extremely hostile to your views & expectations, I was the less anxious to be an instrument of the unpleasing communication, especially as the public channels of information could not fail to render it unnecessary. I shall send this to N. London without knowing whether it will find you there or not. If it finds you at all I beg you will consider it, (and my father instructed me to make a like request in his behalf) as expressing the sincerest wishes for your welfare, and for the satisfaction of having a line from you. Letters addressed to Fredericksbg. Va. to the care of Mr. Maury at that place, will be sure of getting to hand. With great esteem & affaction I remain Dear Sir Yr Obedt. friend & Servt.\nJs. Madison Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0130", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Borgnis Desbordes, Fr\u00e8res, 2 January 1786\nFrom: Borgnis Desbordes, Fr\u00e8res\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSon Excellence\nBrest Le 2. Janvier 1786.\nNous avons L\u2019honneur de vous informer que nous Venons de recevoir La copie de La Signiffication de L\u2019acte d\u2019appel de La part de ces malheureux Prisonniers \u00e0 L\u2019Entreposeur de tabac \u00e0 Landivisiau, et que Le peu de retard qu\u2019ils \u00e9prouveraient pour L\u2019obtension de L\u2019addoucissement de Leur Sort mettrait Le comble \u00e0 Leur Malheur; Nous vous Supplions en cons\u00e9quence de concert avec Eux de vouloir bien voir \u00e0 cet Effet Le Directeur-G\u00e9n\u00e9ral des fermes et Le Ministre. Ces infortun\u00e9s Se reposent enti\u00e8rement Sur Vos Bont\u00e9s et esp\u00e9rent en votre Sollicitation un Soulagement de Leurs peines qui Les mettra \u00e0 m\u00eame de vous t\u00e9moigner Leur reconnaissance.\nNous avons L\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre avec un profond respect Son Excellence Vos tr\u00e9s humbles et obeissants Serviteurs,\nBorgnis Desbordes freres", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0131", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, with Report on Conversations with Vergennes, 2 January 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jay, John\nSir\nParis January 2. 1786.\nSeveral Conferences and Letters having passed between the Count de Vergennes and myself on the Subject of the Commerce of this Country with the U.S. I think them sufficiently interesting to be communicated to Congress. They are stated in the Form of a Report and are herein inclosed. The Length of this Despatch perhaps needs Apology. Yet I have not been able to abridge it without omitting Circumstances which I thought Congress would rather chuse to know. Some of the Objects of these Conferences present but small Hopes for the present, but they seem to admit a Possibility of Success at some future Moment.\nThe inclosed Letter from the Baron Thulemeyer will inform you of the Ratification by the King of Prussia, of the Treaty concluded with him. My Answer accompanies it. I have no Doubt but you have long ago recieved Notice of this from Mr. Adams whose Opportunities of conveying Letters are so much more frequent than mine, especially since the French Packets have been nearly  discontinued. Mr. Crevecoeur is labouring to re-establish them, and under some Hopes of Success.\nFrom Mr. Adams you have doubtless been also notified of the Overtures from Portugal to treat with us at London. We are probably indebted for this new Spur towards us to the commercial Arrangements which are on the Tapis between France and England, and I think it fortunate that they have chosen to commit the Negociation to their Minister in London rather than to their Ambassador here, whose torpid Character would probably have spun it to a great Length.\nI communicated to the Count de Vergennes according to your Commands the Report of Capt. Shaw\u2019s Voiage to China, making at the same time those Acknolegements which were due for these new Proofs of the Friendship of the French Nation towards us. I inclose you my Letter and his Answer, whereby you will see that he thought it a proper Occasion to express the Dissatisfaction of this Court with the Acts of some of the American Legislatures on the Subject of foreign Commerce, and to hint that their Continuance would render Measures necessary here to countervail the Inequalities they supposed us to be establishing. I also inclose my Reply, and have now the Honor to submit those Transactions to the Consideration of Congress, who are best able to calculate the Result of such a commercial Contest, should it arise, and who will be so good as to instruct me as to their Pleasure herein, as an Answer will be expected by this Court, within such Time as they think reasonable. I have been long in conveying this Correspondence to you. But I have never since it was closed, had a confidential Opportunity of transmitting it, and am now obliged to trust it with the other Despatches enclosed, to a Gentleman going to London who promises to seek a safe Conveiance from thence to New York. I send you at the same Time the Arrets of Aug. 30. 1784. Sept. 18. and 25. 1785. which were spoken of in my Letter.\nHaving observed by the Journals of Congress that the Establishment of a Mint has been under their Consideration, I send a late Declaration of the King by which will be seen the Proportion between the Value of Gold and Silver as newly established here.\nMy former Letters will have notified to you Mr. Lambe\u2019s Departure for Algiers. I have recieved no Letter from him since he left this Place. We know only that he was at Madrid on the 10th. of December.\nWhen Mr. Barclay was on the point of setting out for Morocco,  Mr. Beaumarchais (who had hitherto declined settling with him) tendered him a Settlement of his Accounts. The immense Amount of these Accounts, with the Hope that they would not occupy much Time, and a Persuasion that no Man on Earth could so well settle them as Mr. Barclay, who is intimately acquainted with many of the Transactions on which they are founded, induced me to think the Interests of the U.S. would not suffer so much by a short Delay of the Journey to Morocco, from whence nothing disagreeable was to be immediately apprehended, as they would suffer by leaving such Accounts as these to be settled by Persons less competent; I advised Mr. Barclay to proceed to the Settlement. I wrote to Mr. Adams asking his Opinion thereon, and to Mr. Carmichael praying him to find Means of making known to the Emperor of Morocco that a Negociator was actually commissioned and would soon proceed to his Court. Mr. Adams concurred with me in Opinion, and those Accounts are now in such Forwardness that Mr. Barclay assures me he shall be able to set out the ensuing Week. I inclose two Letters from Capt. Stevens one of our Captives at Algiers to Mr. Harrison of Cadiz, which were forwarded to me by Mr. Carmichael.\nI have taken Opportunities of speaking with the Chevr. de la Luzerne on the Subject of his Return to America, and to press it by all those Inducements which Assurances of the Esteem entertained for him there were likely to excite. He told me there was no Place he would prefer to America for the Exercise of his Functions, but he said with great Candor, that as in the diplomatic Line there are different Grades of Emploiment, and that an Advancement from one to the other of these was usual, he wished if possible to avail himself of present Circumstances to obtain a Promotion. I suppose in Fact that if he can be sent to London in the Room of the Count d\u2019Adhemar, or to Holland in the Room of the Marquis de Verac, who wishes to be translated to London, as these are Embassies, he will not in either of those Cases return to America. In the mean Time the Emoluments of his Office are, as I suspect, rendered necessary to him by the Expences he incurred in America.\nFrom your Favor of Nov. 2. by Mr. Houdon, which I recieved three Days ago, it would seem that an Estimate is expected from him of the Cost of the equestrian Statue of Genl. Washington. But as this would depend altogether on the Dimensions of the  Statue, he will be unable to make an Estimate till these Dimensions be decided.\nThe Gazettes of France and Leyden from the 25th. of October to this Date are forwarded herewith.\nI had the Honour of writing to you by the Way of London on the 24th. of the last Month, and have now that of assuring you of those Sentiments of Esteem & Respect with which I am Sir, your most obedient & most humble Servant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0134", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from La Rochefoucauld, 4 January 1786\nFrom: La Rochefoucauld\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nParis. 4. Jer. 1786.\nD\u2019apr\u00e8s la permission que vous m\u2019en aves donn\u00e9e, Monsieur, M. Demeunier s\u2019empresse d\u2019avoir l\u2019honneur de vous voir. Il est Auteur des deux Articles Caroline dans la Nouvelle Encyclop\u00e9die, et Se propose de publier successivement les autres Articles des Etats Unis; personne ne peut lui donner de meilleurs conseils que vous, et personne n\u2019en fera un meilleur usage que M. Demeunier, Auteur de plusieurs Traductions et de plusieurs Ouvrages estim\u00e9s.\nJe saisis avec plaisir l\u2019occasion qu\u2019il me procure de vous renouveller par \u00e9crit les assurances sinceres de l\u2019inviolable attachement avec lequel j\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre, Monsieur, Votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s obeissant Serviteur,\nLe Duc de la Rochefoucauld", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0135", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 4 January 178[6]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nI have been honoured with your letter of Sep. 26. which was delivered me by Mr. Houdon, who is safely returned. He has brought with him the mould of the face only, having left the other parts of his work, with his workmen to come by some other conveiance. Doctor Franklin, who was joined with me in the superintendance of this just monument, having left us before what is called the costume of the statue was decided on, I cannot so well satisfy myself, and I am persuaded I should not so well satisfy the world, as by consulting your own wish or inclination as to this article. Permit me therefore to ask you whether there is any particular dress, or any particular attitude which you would rather wish to be adopted. I shall take a singular pleasure in having your own idea executed if you will be so good as to make it known to me. I thank you for the trouble you have taken in answering my enquiries on the subject of Bushnel\u2019s machine. Colo. Humphreys could only give me a general idea of it from the effects proposed, rather than the means contrived to produce them.\nI sincerely rejoice that three such works as the opening the Patowmac, James river, and a canal from the Dismal are like to be carried through. There is still a fourth however, which I  had the honour I beleive of mentioning to you in a letter of Mar. 15. 1784. from Annapolis. It is the cutting a canal which shall unite the heads of Cayahoga and Beaver creek. The utility of this, and even the necessity of it, if we mean to aim at the trade of the lakes will be palpable to you. The only question is it\u2019s practicability. The best information I could get as to this was from General Hand, who described the country as champain, and these waters as heading in lagoons which would be easily united. Maryland and Pennsylvania are both interested to concur with us in this work.\nThe institutions you propose to establish by the shares in the Patowmac and James river companies given you by the assembly, and the particular objects of those institutions are most worthy. It occurs to me however that if the bill \u2018for the more general diffusion of knowlege\u2019 which is in the revisal, should be passed, it would supersede the use, and obscure the existence of the charity schools you have thought of. I suppose in fact that that bill, or some other like it, will be passed. I never saw one received with more enthusiasm than that was by the house of delegates in the year 1778. and ordered to be printed, and it seemed afterwards that nothing but the extreme distress of our resources prevented it\u2019s being carried into execution even during the war. It is an axiom in my mind that our liberty can never be safe but in the hands of the people themselves, and that too of the people with a certain degree of instruction. This it is the business of the state to effect, and on a general plan. Should you see a probability of this however, you can never be at a loss for worthy objects of this donation. Even the remitting that proportion of the toll on all articles transported would present itself under many favorable considerations, and it would in effect be to make the state do in a certain proportion what they ought to have done wholly; for I think they should clear all the rivers and lay them open and free to all. However you are infinitely the best judge how the most good may be effected with these shares.\nAll is quiet here. There are indeed two specks in the horizon, the exchange of Bavaria, and the demarcation between the Emperor and Turks. We may add as a third the interference by the king of Prussia in the domestic disputes of the Dutch. Great Britain, it is said, begins to look towards us with a little more good humour. But how true this may be I cannot say with certainty. We are trying to render her commerce as little necessary to us  as possible by finding other markets for our produce. A most favourable reduction of duties on whale oil has taken place here, which will give us a vent for that article paying a duty of a guinea and a half a ton only.\nI have the honor to be with the highest esteem & respect Dear Sir Your most obedient and most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0137", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Paul Jones, 5 January 178[6]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jones, John Paul\nSir\nI take the liberty of inclosing to you a letter with which I am honoured from his Excellency the Marechal de Castries and a Memorial accompanying it, by which it appears that a certain Fran\u00e7oise Rippert claims to be paid 675\u20b6 out of the portions of prize-money due to one Robinson, garde-marine and John Francfort pilot of the squadron which was under your command which sum she says they are indebted to her. I must ask the favor of you  to examine whether you have such persons on your roll, and what is due to them. I am sensible how difficult it will be for us to undertake to decide whether such debts ever existed and whether they have not been paid, and to decide this too without hearing the other party. However if she has an authentic written power to receive their portions I would not hesitate to do her justice. I will thank you for what information you can give me on the subject of these people and have the honour to be with much respect & esteem Sir Your most obedient humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0138", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Philip Mazzei, [5 January 1786]\nFrom: Mazzei, Philip\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Leiden? 5 Jan. 1786] Encloses souvenirs which may serve to recall things TJ has forgotten or be useful in comparing the present with the past. His trunk having arrived, will leave the next day, spend a few days at The Hague, and proceed to Amsterdam where he will execute any orders given him with the Van Staphorsts; asks advice about proceeding to have the Van Staphorsts join him in giving Edmund Randolph and Mr. Blair power to change his trustee because of the equivocal conduct of Foster Webb.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0139", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Francis Coffyn, 6 January 1786\nFrom: Coffyn, Francis\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDunkerque, 6 Jan. 1786. Received TJ\u2019s invitation to dine just before he left Paris and sent a note by a servant explaining that he could not postpone his departure because his mother-in-law was ill; arrived home the day before her death. Had called on TJ, with Mr. Barclay, to express his gratitude for the civilities shown him; will strive to merit TJ\u2019s protection by his zeal in attending to all matters concerning the welfare of the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0140", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jean Nicolas D\u00e9meunier, 6 January 1786\nFrom: DeMeunier, Jean Nicolas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nrue de La Sourdi\u00e8re No. 15 Le 6 Janvier 1786\nJe d\u00e9sirois avoir L\u2019honneur de vous consulter sur L\u2019article g\u00e9n\u00e9ral etats-unis et sur quelques articles particuliers de vos diff\u00e9rentes provinces, que j\u2019ins\u00e9rerai dans L\u2019Economie politique et La diplomatique, partie de L\u2019Encyclopedie Methodique dont je suis charg\u00e9: vous vous \u00eates pr\u00eat\u00e9, \u00e0 cette grace que vous a demand\u00e9 pour moi, M. Le Duc de La Rochefoucauld, et je vous prie, Monsieur, de m\u2019indiquer Les momens que vous aur\u00e9s La bont\u00e9 de me donner. Je voudrois que vos affaires vous permissent de m\u2019accorder un entretien un peu Long: J\u2019ai beaucoup de choses \u00e0 soumettre \u00e0 votre examen; et vous \u00eates si \u00e9clair\u00e9, Monsieur, que je profiterai de vos Lumi\u00e8res avec beaucoup d\u2019empressement.\nJ\u2019ai L\u2019honneur de vous envoyer, Monsieur, Le premier volume de L\u2019ouvrage qui doit contenir L\u2019article etats unis. Il sera peut\u00eatre utile au Congr\u00e8s et je suis bien aise de Le d\u00e9poser dans Sa biblioth\u00e9que ou dans La v\u00f4tre. Je vous demande La permission, Monsieur, de vous adresser Les volumes qui suivront. Les articles Caroline Septentrionale, Caroline Meridionale et Connecticut se trouvent dans ce premier volume; il a fallu Les composer sans autres m\u00e9moires que Les Constitutions de ces 3 provinces; et emprunter quelques details d\u00e9j\u00e0 connus: aussi sont ils bien foibles: Je ne craindrai pas de vous avertir, Monsieur, que vous ser\u00e9s plus content des autres. Mon z\u00e8le pour La gloire et La prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9 de vos nouvelles r\u00e9publiques est tr\u00e8s vif, et si Je ne puis y Contribuer qu\u2019en Les faisant bien Conno\u00eetre, Je Leur donnerai du moins Cette preuve d\u2019attachement.\nDaign\u00e9s recevoir ici, Monsieur, Les hommages qu\u2019on doit \u00e0 un homme qui a d\u00e9fendu La cause d\u2019amerique avec tant de Succ\u00e8s, et qui pour faire des ouvrages excellens n\u2019a besoin que de jetter quelques notes sur Le papier.\nAgr\u00e9es aussi Le respect avec Lequel J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre Monsieur Votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s obeissant serviteur,\nD\u00e9meuneir", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0141", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from La Lande, 6 January 1786\nFrom: Lalande, Joseph J\u00e9r\u00f4me Le Fran\u00e7ais de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nUn officier francois qui a servi votre patrie, et qui a des revenus a toucher m\u2019adresse pour cela a M. grand, banquier des etats unis, rue neuve Sainte caterine. Il m\u2019a \u00e9t\u00e9 impossible de le trouver; j\u2019ose vous supplier de me dire si c\u2019est une meprise ou pour le nom ou pour l\u2019adresse; pardonn\u00e9s cette libert\u00e9 a un ami de votre illustre predecesseur M. franklin, qui est avec respect Monsieur Votre tres humble et tres obeissant Serviteur,\nDe La Lande de l\u2019academie des Sciences au College royal", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0142", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Paul Jones, 6 [January] 1786\nFrom: Jones, John Paul\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nParis Decr. [i.e. Jan.] 6th. 1786.\nI have received the Letter you did me the honor to write me yesterday, enclosing a Letter to you from his Excellency the Marechal de Castries, with a Memorial of a certain Fran\u00e7ois Rippert; who claims to be paid 675\u20b6 out of the portions of Prize-money due to one Robinson Garde-marine and John Frankfort Pilot of the Squadron that was under my Command. In compliance with your request I have examined the Rolls in my hands, and find that there is no such person as John Frankfort Pilot mentioned therein. I find a John Frankfort, Seaman, on the Roll of the Bon-Homme-Richard, and there appears due to him 115\u20b6-1s.-11d.; but this cannot, I am persuaded, be the person designed in the Memorial you sent me. I rather think it was a person of the same Name who, having been mate of one of the Prizes, had remained with me, as he desired to return to his native Country America; but, as I had a sufficient number of Officers in the Alliance, his Name is not mentioned in the Roll. Arthur Robinson was a Midshipman in the Alliance; but the division of the Prize-money due to that Frigate does not depend on me, nor have I with me the Rules necessary for that purpose. Congress has directed the division,  and the payment to each individual to be made in the Treasury of the United-States; and I have given Bonds for 200,000 Spanish Dollars to pay the whole Sum received into the continental Treasury.\nWhen I went from hence to L\u2019Orient to settle the Prize-money in July last, Mr. le Jeune, Commissaire des Classes, made a public Proclamation for all persons having claims against the individuals who served under my orders to bring in their Accounts to his office and there receive payment. This was only a repeatition of a former publication that Mr. le Jeune had made; and, as I was after this detained two Months at L\u2019orient, it will not now be said that sufficient time was not given. Mr. le Jeune, in my hearing, refused to receive various claims, because they had not been made in proper Season. And Mr. Thevenard, the Commandant, in my presence, dismissed and threatened to imprison some persons, who brought, for his approbation, accounts of sundry articles of Cloathing furnished to individuals belonging to the Royal Navy without his Orders. If those two examples were to be taken as a Rule for our conduct, what would become of the Memorial of Francois Rippert? She can shew no authority from me for her demand, and I have great reason to complain of her and others like her, who seduced my Sailors from their duty on Board their Ships; where they had plenty of as good Provision as that with which she pretends to have supplyed them.\nBut, there is yet one way, and I know no other, to obtain payment, to the amount of the Prize-money, for any Sums that may be claimed by the Subjects of France, from the Subjects of the United-States who have Prize-money due for their Service under my Orders. I mean, If either the Governement or individuals will send over their Accounts and Vouchers to the Charg\u00e8 des Affaires of France in America, before the division and distribution of the Prize-money takes place in the national Treasury. I need only add that I am ready to do on this occasion whatever you may think fit to direct; but if you admit the present claim I apprehend that others will follow, for which you will not perhaps choose to be accountable.\nI am, Sir, with much respect and esteem, Your most obedient and most humble Servant,\nJ Paul Jones", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0143", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Archibald Cary, 7 January 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cary, Archibald\nDear Sir\nParis Jan. 7. 1786.\nIt will be a misfortune to the few of my countrymen (and very very few they are indeed) who happen to be punctual. Of this I shall give you a proof by the present application, which I should not make to you if I did not know you to be superior to the torpidity of our climate. In my conversations with the Count de Buffon on the subjects of Natural history, I find him absolutely unacquainted with our Elk and our deer. He has hitherto beleived that our deer never had horns more than a foot long; and has therefore classed them with the roe-buck, which I am sure you know them to be different from. I have examined some of the red deer of this country at the distance of about 60. yards, and I find no other difference between them and ours, but a shade or two in the colour. Will you take the trouble to procure for me the largest pair of bucks horns you can, and a large skin of each colour, that is to say a red and a blue? If it were possible to take these from a buck just killed, to leave all the bones of the head in the skin, with the horns on, to leave the bones and hoofs of the legs and feet in the skin, so that having only made an incision all along the belly and neck, to take the animal out at, we could by sewing up that incision and stuffing the skin, present the true size and form of the animal, it would be a most precious present. Our deer have been often sent to England and Scotland. Do you know (with certainty) whether they have ever bred with the red deer of those countries? With respect to the Elk, I despair of your being able to get for me any thing but the horns of it. David Ross I know has a pair; perhaps he would give them to us. It is useless to ask for the skin and skeleton, because I think it not in your power to get them, otherwise they would be most desirable. A gentleman, fellow passenger with me from Boston to England, promised to send to you in my name some hares, rabbets, pheasants and partridges, by the return of the ship which was to go to Virginia, and the captain promised great care of them. My friend procured the animals, and, the ship changing her destination, he kept them in hopes of finding some other conveyance, till they all perished. I do not despair however of finding some opportunity still of sending a colony of useful animals. I am making a collection of vines for wine and for the table, some trees also, such as the Cork oak, &c. &c.\nEvery thing is absolutely quiet in Europe. There is not therefore a word of news to communicate. I pray you to present me affectionately to your family and that of Tuckahoe. Whatever expence is necessary for procuring me the articles abovementioned I will instantly replace either in cash or in any thing you may wish from hence. I am with very sincere esteem Dear Sir your most obedient humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0144", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Francis Eppes, 7 January 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Eppes, Francis\nDear Sir\nParis Jan. 7. 1786.\nI wrote you last on the 11th. of December, by the way of London. That conveiance being incertain, I write the present chiefly to repeat a prayer I urged in that, that you would confide my daughter only to a French or English vessel having a Mediterranean pass. This attention, tho\u2019 of little consequence in matters of merchandize, is of weight in the mind of a parent which sees even possibilities of capture beyond the reach of any estimate. If a peace be concluded with the Algerines, in the mean time, you shall be among the first to hear it from myself. I pray you to believe it from nobody else, so far as respects the conveiance of my daughter to me.\nEvery thing is quiet here, and nothing at present visible in the political horizon likely to disturb that quiet during the next year. Patsy, Mr. Short and myself are well. I must pray you to remember me most affectionately to Mrs. Eppes and the little ones, and to Mr. and Mrs. Skipwith and family. I would ask a recollection of the seeds formerly written for if I had not already too often troubled you with it. I am with sincere esteem Dear Sir Your friend and Servt.,\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. I will mention the letters I have received from you since I have been in Europe, that you may see if any have miscarried, to wit, 1784. Sep. 16 and Oct. 14 from yourself and 1784. Oct. 13. from Mrs. Eppes. A letter from Doctor Currie informs me my daughter was well as late as the 5th. of Aug. 1785.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0145", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Sullivan, 7 January 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Sullivan, John\nDear Sir\nParis Jan. 7. 1786.\nThe readiness with which you undertook to endeavour to get for me the skin, the skeleton, and the horns of the Moose, the Caribou, and the Orignal or Elk, emboldens me to renew my application to you for those objects, which would be an acquisition here, more precious than you can imagine. Could I chuse the manner of preparing them, it should be to leave the hoof on, to leave the bones of the legs and of the thighs if possible in the skin, and to leave also the bones of the head in the skin with the horns on, so that by sewing up the neck and belly of the skin we should have the true form and size of the animal. However I know they are too rare to be obtained so perfect; therefore I will pray you to send me the skin, skeleton and horns just as you can get them, but most especially those of the moose. Address them to me, to the care of the American Consul of the port in France to which they come. Perhaps the new call for American whale oil in this country may induce vessels to come to Havre which is the best port for things destined for Paris. Whatever expence you incur in procuring or sending these things, I will immediately repay either here or in Boston as you please.\nAll is quiet in Europe. The reduction of the duty on American whale oil brought to this country, to about a guinea and a half a ton, is the only interesting intelligence I have to communicate. I am with great esteem Dear Sir your most obedient humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0146", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 7 January 178[6]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nA conversation with the Count de Rochambeau yesterday obliges me to write a supplementary letter to that of the 4th. instant. He informs me that he has had applications for paiment from the person who furnished the badges for the Cincinnati, as well the Americans as French, that this person informed him they were not paid for, that he had furnished them indeed on the application of Major L\u2019Enfant, but that he did not do it in reliance on his credit, for that he should not have trusted so much to Major l\u2019Enfant of  whose means of paiment he knew nothing, but that he considered himself as working for a society who had delivered their orders thro\u2019 Major l\u2019Enfant, and always expected the Society would see him paid. Count Rochambeau has written to Major l\u2019Enfant, and the answer is that he has never received the whole, nor expects to be able to collect it, and that being without resources he is obliged, as fast as he collects it, to apply it to his own sustenance. Count Rochambeau told the workman he would pay for the badges delivered him for the French officers (I think he said about 40. in number) but that for the others he must apply to the Marquis de la fayette and Count d\u2019Estaing. As L\u2019Enfant\u2019s letter gives room to suppose a misapplication of these monies, and in the mean time the honour of the American officers stands committed, and in danger of being spoken of publicly, I thought it my duty to apprise you of this, that you might take such measures herein as you think best. I have the honour to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem Dear Sir Your most obedient and most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0147", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Whipple, 7 January 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Whipple, William\nDear Sir\nParis Jan. 7. 1786.\nI am emboldened to renew my application to you on the subject of the Moose, the Caribou and the Orignal or elk, from the readiness with which you were so kind as to undertake to assist me with them while in America. The skin, the skeleton and the horns of each, would be an acquisition here more precious than you could conceive. Could I chuse the manner in which I would wish them to be preserved, it should be to leave the bones of the legs and the hoofs in the skin, and the bones of the head also, with the horns on; so that by sowing up the incision made along the belly and neck, and stuffing the animal, we should have it\u2019s true form and size. However I know that these animals are too rare to be obtained so perfect; therefore I will pray you to send me the skin, the bones and the horns just as you can get them, addressed to the American Consul at the port of France to which the ship shall come but particularly I would press for those of the Moose. The new channel opened for whale oil to this country will perhaps give you  conveiances to Havre, which is much the best port for things destined for Paris. Whatever expence you incur in procuring or sending these objects shall be immediately repaid you in Boston, or here, as you please.\nAll is quiet in Europe, so that there is not a word of news to communicate, except the reduction of the duties in this country, on American whale oil, to about a guinea and a half a ton. I am with very great esteem Dear Sir your most obedient humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0149", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Castries, 9 January 178[6]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Castries, Charles Eug\u00e8ne de La Croix, Marquis de\nSir\nOn receiving the honor of your Excellency\u2019s letter of December 30 on the subject of the debts due by Robinson and Francfort to Fran\u00e7oise Rippert, I asked of Captain Jones those informations which his office had put him in possession of. I now trouble you with a copy of his letter on the subject. Your Excellency will find  by that that Robinson having belonged to the Alliance, and the portions of the individuals of that vessel being unsettled, and to be settled in America, it is impracticable to pay it till it shall have been fixed. If Fran\u00e7oise Rippert has an authentic appointment from him to receive his dividend, on transmitting it to any person in America private or public, on whom she can rely, she will be able to receive the money there.\nWith respect to John Frankfort, Your Excellency will see there were two of that name, the one a sailor, the other a prisoner taken from the English in one of the prizes which is the subject of this division. The first could not be indebted to the petitioner for lodging and board, as Captain Jones supposes, because being a common sailor he could not have been absent from the ship without rendering himself criminal, and those who covered him. It seems probable that it was the prisoner of that name who boarded and lodged with the petitioner. But he can have no claim on the prize of which he was himself a part.\nThe particular grounds on which these two claims stand, furnish particular reasons against my interfering in them. But the future applications of the same nature, with which your Excellency may possibly be troubled, might render it necessary for me to rely on a general reason, and that I should mention it at this time. Your Excellency will be sensible how difficult it would be for me to enter into investigations of the debts contracted by American sailors in the ports where they may happen to have been; how erroneous might be the result of that investigation where but one party is heard, and how foreign to the regular authorities given me. Should a desire of doing justice induce me, however unauthorised, to constitute myself judge in these demands, I should be answerable for any injury I might do by a mistaken determination. I shall with great pleasure render every aid I can, either here or in America, to those who have claims against the American sailors, and will go as far to obtain justice for them as my powers will permit. An additional motive to this will be the desire of conforming myself at all times to the inclinations of your Excellency, and of assuring you of the sentiments of profound respect and esteem with which I have the honour to be your Excellency\u2019s most obedient and most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0150", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Cambray, 10 January 1786\nFrom: Cambray (Cambrai), Comte de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nAu Chateau de Villers aux Erables par Mondidier ce 10 Janvr. 1786\nPermett\u00e9s moi, Monsieur, de Vous troubler un instant pour Vous prier de me faire l\u2019honneur de m\u2019informer du Succ\u00e8s d\u2019un objet auquel je prends quelque int\u00e9r\u00eat.\nIl y a environ dix huit mois que Suivant les desirs de Mr. Morris j\u2019eus l\u2019honneur de remettre \u00e0 Mr. Franklin deux Certificats de l\u2019Ancien Treasury office, et du Board of War pour \u00eatre \u00e9chang\u00e9s contre un Certificat de Nouvelle forme; Comme je Suppose que Vous auri\u00e9s pu le recevoir Je me flatte que Vous aures la bont\u00e9 de m\u2019eclaircir la dessus.\nJe me trouve aussi trop heureux de me Servir de ce pretexte pour me rappeller \u00e0 l\u2019honneur de Votre souvenir. Je n\u2019ay point oubli\u00e9 toutes les marques d\u2019amiti\u00e9 que j\u2019ay re\u00e7u de Vous \u00e0 Baltimore lorsque nous devions nous embarquer sur le Romulus; \u00e0 mon premier Voyage \u00e0 Paris je me ferai un devoir d\u2019aller Vous en marquer ma reconnoissance; je me Suis mari\u00e9 \u00e0 mon retour d\u2019Amerique, et je vis dans mes terres ou je go\u00fbte le repos et les douceurs d\u2019une vie tranquille.\nJ\u2019ay l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre Monsieur Votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s ob\u00e9issant serviteur,\nLe Cte. de Cambray", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0151", "content": "Title: [From Thomas Jefferson to Cosimo Mari, 10 January 1786]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Mari, Cosimo\n[Paris, 10 Jan. 1786 Noted in SJL as written on this date, \u201cacknoleging receipt of his.\u201d Not found; but see Mari to TJ, 16 and 23 Dec. 1785.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0152", "content": "Title: [From Thomas Jefferson to Philip Mazzei, 10 January 1786]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Mazzei, Philip\n[Paris, 10 Jan. 1786. Noted in SJL as written this date, \u201cinclosing letters and mge [mortgage?].\u201d Not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0153", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Wythe, 10 January 1786\nFrom: Wythe, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nGW to TJ\n10. jan. 1786. Williamsburgh\nMy neighbour Madison, just now, sent to me a pacquet, which i perceived, by the superscription, to have come from you; a favour little deserved by one who had not writen to you since you crossed the atlantic. I will not say what was the cause of this silence; but can swear, that the cause was not forgetfullness of you, nor want of good will for you. Before i opened the pacquet observing it to contain books, i hoped to see the copy of one, with a cursory reading of which i had then lately been delighted. You will know what book i mean, when i tell you, that he, who indulged me with the reading of it, informed me, that the author had not yet resolved to publish it. I shall rejoice to find myself judged worthy one of those copies already printed, if there will be no more. I wish to get the arms of Taliaferro, which, from information, i believe to have been a tuscan family, engraven on a copperplate, with this motto O\u03d2 \u0394OKEIN API\u03a3TO\u03a3 A\u039b\u039b\u2019 EINAI. and the name Richard Taliaferro. But i would not have this done, if it can not be without giving you trouble, nor unless you will order to whom here i shall repay the cost. Perhaps the motto, taken from Aeschylus (\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9 \u0398\u03b7\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 six. 598) would be sufficient without \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03bf\u03b6. If you think so, leave out that word. Adieu.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0154", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 12 January 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nParis Jan. 12. 1786.\nYou were here the last year when the interest due to the French officers was paid to them, and were sensible of the good effect it had on the credit and honor of the U.S. A second year\u2019s interest is become due. They have presented their demands. There is not money here to pay them, the pittance remaining in Mr. Grand\u2019s hands being only sufficient to pay current expences three months longer. The dissatisfaction of these officers is extreme, and their complaints will produce the worst effect. The treasury board has not ordered their paiment, probably because they knew there would not be money. The amount of their demands is about 42,000 livres and Mr. Grand has in his hands but twelve thousand. I  have thought it my duty under this emergency to ask you whether you could order that sum for their relief from the funds in Holland? If you can, I am persuaded it will have the best of effects.\nThe imperial Ambassador took me apart the other day at Count d\u2019Aranda\u2019s, and observed to me that Doctr. Franklin about eighteen or twenty months ago had written to him a letter proposing a treaty of commerce between the Emperor and the U.S. that he had communicated it to the Emperor and had answered to Doctor Franklin that they were ready to enter into arrangements for that purpose: but that he had since that received no reply from us. I told him I knew well that Doctor Franklin had written as he mentioned, but that this was the first mention I had ever heard made of any answer to the letter, that on the contrary we had always supposed it was unanswered and had therefore expected the next step from him. He expressed his wonder at this and said he would have the copy of his answer sought for and send it to me. However, he observed that this matter being now understood between us, the two countries might proceed to make the arrangements. I told him the delay had been the more unlucky as our powers were now near expiring. He said he supposed Congress could have no objections to renew them, or perhaps to send some person to Brussels to negotiate the matter there. We remitted all further discussion till he should send me a copy of his letter. He has not yet done it, and I doubt whether he has not forgotten the substance of his letter which probably was no more than an acknowlegement of the receipt of Dr. Franklin\u2019s and a promise to transmit it to his court. If he had written one proposing conferences, it could never have got safe to Doctor Franklin. Be this as it will he now makes advances, and I pray you to write me your sentiments immediately as to what is best to be done on our part. I will endeavor to evade an answer till I can hear from you. I have the honor to be with the highest respect & esteem Dear Sir, your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0156", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Nathanael Greene, 12 January 178[6]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Greene, Nathanael\nDear Sir\nYour favour of June 1. did not come to hand till the 3d of September. I immediately made enquiries on the subject of the frigate you had authorised your relation to sell to this government, and I found that he had long before that sold her to government, and sold her very well as I understood. I noted the price on the back of your letter, which I have since unfortunately mislaid so that I cannot at this moment state to you the price. But the transaction is of so long standing that you cannot fail to have received advice of it. I should without delay have given you this information but that I hoped constantly to be able to accompany it with information as to the live oak, which was another object of your letter. This, tho\u2019 it has been constantly pressed by Mr. St. John, and also by the M. de la Fayette since his return from  Berlin, has been spun to a great length, and at last they have only decided to send to you for samples of the wood. Letters on this subject from the M. de la fayette accompany this.\nEvery thing in Europe is quiet, and promises quiet for at least a year to come. We do not find it easy to make commercial arrangements in Europe. There is a want of confidence in us. This country has lately reduced the duties on American whaleoil to about a guinea and a half the ton, and I think they will take the greatest part of what we can furnish. I hope therefore that this branch of our commerce will resume it\u2019s activity. Portugal shews a disposition to court our trade; but this has for some time been discouraged by the hostilities of the pyratical states of Barbary. The Emperor of Morocco who had taken one of our vessels, immediately consented to suspend hostilities, and ultimately gave up the vessel, cargo and crew. I think we shall be able to settle matters with him. But I am not sanguine as to the Algerines. They have taken two of our vessels, and I fear will ask such a tribute for a forbearance of their piracies as the U.S. would be unwilling to pay. When this idea comes across my mind, my faculties are absolutely suspended between indignation and impotence. I think whatever sums we are obliged to pay for freedom of navigation in the European seas, should be levied on the European commerce with us, by a separate impost, that these powers may see that they protect these enormities for their own loss.\nI have the honour to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem & respect Dear Sir Your most obedient and most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0157", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to La Rouerie, 12 January 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: La Rou\u00ebrie, Armand Charles Tuffin, Marquis de (Col. Armand)\nSir\nParis Jan. 12. 1786.\nI have been honoured with your letter of the 26th. of Dec. on the subject of the interest due to the foreign officers. An express instruction of Congress having subjected their monies in Europe to the order of their board of treasury only leaves me without the power of giving the order you desire. However, wishing to do whatever was possible for those officers, I went to Mr. Grand\u2019s to consult him on the subject. He informed me he had received no orders to make the paiment, and moreover that there was no money had he received an order. I have therefore written to Mr. Adams at London to know whether there is any money in Holland subject to his order from which this sum could be supplied. But in truth I have no expectations from that quarter, and only tried it because there was a possibility of aid from thence. I wrote however to Congress praying their immediate and effectual interposition. From this I hope better effects. But it will be three months at least before their orders can be received. So soon as they shall be known to me I shall certainly make it my duty to communicate them to you, and have the honor to be with much respect Sir Your most obedient humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0158", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Lister Asquith, 13 January 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Asquith, Lister\nSir\nI have duly received your letter of the 2d. instant. The delays which have attended your enlargement have been much beyond my expectation. The reason I have not written to you for some time has been the constant expectation of receiving an order for your  discharge. I have not yet received it however. I went to Versailles three days ago and made fresh applications on the subject. I received assurances which give me reason to hope the order for your discharge should soon be made out. Be assured it shall not be delayed a moment after it comes to my hands, and that I shall omit no opportunity of hastening it. In the mean time I think you may comfort yourself and companions with the certainty of receiving it ere long. I am Sir Your most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0160", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Borgnis Desbordes, Fr\u00e8res, 13 January 1786\nFrom: Borgnis Desbordes, Fr\u00e8res\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSon Excellence\nA Brest Le 13. Janvier 1786.\nNous avons L\u2019honneur de vous communiquer une Lettre de Ces malheureux Am\u00e9ricains qui g\u00e9missent dans Les prisons et sont fort inqui\u00e9tes de n\u2019avoir pas re\u00e7u de vous des Lettres qui auraient contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 Leur Consolation, ce qui Leur a fait soup\u00e7onner qu\u2019elles \u00e9taient intercept\u00e9es; Nous Leur Mandons par ce courier que cela n\u2019\u00e9tait pas probable ayant eu L\u2019honneur d\u2019en re\u00e7evoir plusieurs de vous par Lesquelles Nous voyions que vous  fezi\u00e9s toutes Les d\u00e9marches n\u00e9cessaires pour Les Lib\u00e9rer. Ces malheureux se reposent enti\u00e8rement sur Vos bont\u00e9s et attendent avec impatience L\u2019adoucissement de Leur Sort.\nNous avons L\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre avec un profond respect Vos tr\u00e9s humbles et ob\u00e9issant Serviteurs,\nBorgnis Desbordes fr\u00e8res", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0161", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Cambray, 13 January 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cambray (Cambrai), Comte de\nSir\nParis Jan. 13. 1786.\nI received this day your favor of the 10th. instant. Dr. Franklin did not leave with me any Certificates old or new either for yourself or any other person, neither is it in my power to give you any information on that subject. I think it would be adviseable for you to write to M. Otto, Charg\u00e9 des affaires of France at New York, who can make the necessary enquiries for you, of Dr. Franklin, Mr. Morris, or the new board of Treasury as he shall find expedient.\nI recall with great satisfaction the remembrance of the acquaintance I had the honor of contracting with you at Baltimore, and should be very happy to see you whenever you come to Paris. Accept my congratulations on your marriage and happy establishment in your own country, and assurances of the respect and esteem with which I have the honor to be Dear Sir, your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0162", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Carmichael, 13 January 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carmichael, William\nDear Sir\nParis Jan. 13. 1786.\nI had the honour of receiving on the 1st. inst. your favor of Dec. 17. I had before that, in a letter of Dec. 8. explained to you the cause of the bill not being paid which appeared here in your name, so far as I had been obliged to meddle in it. My letter to Mr. Grand which I inclosed to you, will have shewn you that I advised him to follow what had been his practice as to your bills.  I do assure you, Sir, most solemnly that as to myself no question ever arose in my mind but whether the bill was genuine or not; and that had that been ascertained, I should never have presumed to doubt the propriety of the draught. Of that you alone are the judge in my opinion, and accountable to nobody but Congress; but least of all to me, who have nothing to do with the application of the monies here, and am only forced into a temporary interference by Mr. Grand\u2019s refusal to pay any thing but on my order. I have sent representations on this subject to the board of treasury, and shall expect ere long to communicate their orders to Mr. Grand for exercising this office himself according to the rules they shall lay down for his government. The mention made in your letter of some articles of expence occasions me to observe to you that postage, and couriers are allowed to be charged by an express resolution of Congress, that Etrennes and house-rent have likewise been charged by the ministers and allowed in the settlement of their accounts. I conceive that illuminations and gala may with the same propriety be charged. I think it is the universal custom to allow to all ministers charges of these descriptions. I think Dr. Franklin told me he had made diligent enquiry here of the diplomatic corps, and had only charged those things which were sanctified by general usage in the diplomatic accounts. I take the liberty of mentioning these things to you that the want of information may not occasion you to place yourself on a worse footing than that on which you have just title to stand. At the same time I will pray you to make use of the information only for the erecting of your accounts, as I should be unwilling to be named as the author of an advice in which I might seem to be interested.\u2014I omitted to observe on the subject of your bill of exchange that I have not had an opportunity of recurring to the letters written by yourself and Mr. Grand to which you refer me. We have been in expectation of receiving a renewal of the bill and that you would be so good as to accompany it with a letter of advice, a precaution which the innumerable forgeries of this city, is thought to render necessary even in private cases.\nI suppose you will have heard that Doctor Franklin is appointed president of Pennsylvania, and has accepted the office. Houdon went over, on account of the state of Virginia, to take the moulds of General Washington in order to make his statue. He is returned. He tells me that he heard of the safe arrival of the Ass which the king of Spain had been so generous as to send to the general. He  could not tell me where he was arrived. A letter from General Washington of Nov. 2. informs me that of the 50,000\u00a3 sterling necessary for opening the Potowmac, 40,000\u00a3 were actually made up, and no fear of procuring the balance; so that the work is begun. The whole money for opening James river is made up. This is the only American news I have worth communicating. This government has lately reduced the duties on American whale oil to a guinea and a half a ton, which will draw that commerce from London wholly to this country. Mr. Adams having made complaints to the court of London of the ill behavior of Capt. Stanhope, I am informed, tho\u2019 not from him, that they disavow his conduct and have severely reprimanded him, and given this official information to Mr. Adams. He also required a re-delivery of our prisoners sent to the E. Indies. They have informed him that they have given orders for their being brought back. Mr. Barclay will have the honour of delivering you this and of supplying any intelligence I may omit. I am sure you will give him all the aid in your power as to his object. Accept from me assurances of the sincere esteem with which I have the honour to be Dear Sir, your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0163", "content": "Title: [From Thomas Jefferson to Frichet, 13 January 1786]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Frichet, Cur\u00e9\n[Paris, 13 Jan. 1786. Entry in SJL reads: \u201cle Cur\u00e9 de Gelannes. Acknoleging receipt of his of Xbre. 31.\u201d Not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0164", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thevenard, 13 January 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Th\u00e9venard, Antoine Jean Marie\nSir\nParis Jan. 13. 1786.\nI received a letter from Mr. Barr\u00e9 some time last winter expressing your desire to have a copy of the picture of General Washington. I informed him that I had two pictures of him by different hands; the one by Peale, better painted; but the other by Wright, more resembling the general; that you should be perfectly welcome to have a copy of either; that if you preferred Peale\u2019s, it might be taken immediately; but that if you wished a copy of Wright\u2019s, it would be attended with some delay; because before the painter would agree to draw it for me, he made me promise not to permit any copy of it to be taken till his mother in London  should have time to have an engraving from one which he drew at the same time, and also to dispose of the engravings. Twenty months have now elapsed, and I can neither learn that they have made any engraving from the picture, nor get an answer from the painter. I therefore conclude he has declined having the engraving, and think myself at liberty to permit a copy to be taken. I embrace the earliest occasion of mentioning this to you and of offering to furnish either of these pictures to be copied by any painter whom you may chuse: and of rendering you any other service herein which may be in my power. I shall therefore be happy in receiving your commands specifying which picture you would chuse to have copied, by what painter, and of what size: and have the honor to be with sentiments of the highest respect Sir your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0165", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Barclay, 14 January 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nS:Germain 14th. Jany. 1786\nWith this you will find the Duplicate of a letter with some papers for the Governor of Virginia, the original will go by the next packet from l\u2019Orient, and therefore you will have the goodness to send this by some other Conveyance. I am with great Sincerity Dear Sir Your Most Obed. & Most Huml Serv:,\nThos Barclay\nThe Bearer will deliver to you the two Belts and Cartridge Box, which I Brought here by Mistake, and you will please to lend them to Mr. De Presolle who will return them to you.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0166", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Pierre-Andr\u00e9 Gargaz, 14 January 1786\nFrom: Gargaz, Pierre-Andr\u00e9\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonseigneur\na Salon ce 14 Janvier 1786.\nJe vous prie de joindre a la Lettre ci-jointe incluse, quelque chose, si vous jugez a propos, pour encourager les Ameriquains a comencer eux memes par adopter l\u2019union souveraine, et la faire passer a son adresse, quand il vous plairra Monseigneur.\nGarga\nsurnom\u00e9 frans\u00e9\nJe n\u2019ai pas encore os\u00e9 dire a aucun le nom des desaprobateurs par deux raisons. La premiere; parce que je crains qu\u2019en se voiant divulguez, fassent de nouveaux eforts pour atirer dans leur parti, les malfaiteurs de toute espece, et dissiper, par ce mo\u00efen l\u2019union souveraine. Et la seconde; parce que j\u2019espere que lors qu\u2019on ne parlera en rien d\u2019eux, ils auront regret de n\u2019avoir pas et\u00e9 des premiers aprobateurs de l\u2019union, et viendront avec plaisir se rejouir sous son Drapeau; tout come les enfants de quels animal qu\u2019il soit (homes et betes) vienent se refugier, se tranquiliser, et se rejou\u00efr, sous la protection de leurs peres et meres.\nNeanmoins s\u2019il est utile, Monseigneur, que vous les conoissiez pour etablir l\u2019union souveraine, je vous enverrai leurs noms sur une simple liste sign\u00e9e Garga, surnom\u00e9 frans\u00e9, ou meme les Paquets, les Letres, et leurs cachets tels que je les ai re\u00e7us de la Poste; except\u00e9, que je les ai ouverts en dechirant le papier sans rompre aucun cachet. Sous les Condictions neantmoins que les desaprobateurs ne seront point trait\u00e9s come d\u2019homes mechants; mais simplement come d\u2019homes ignorents ou come d\u2019Enfants d\u2019environ 5 ou 6 ans.\nMon adresse est a Pierre Andr\u00e9 Garga, surnom\u00e9 frans\u00e9 a la Maison de Madame Dastre a Salon.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0168", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lister Asquith, 16 January 1786\nFrom: Asquith, Lister\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSt. Pol de L\u00e9on, 16 Jan. 1786. Has written four letters to TJ and, receiving no reply, fears they have been intercepted. Has been in prison five months; he and his companions are suffering from the cold weather, \u201coften very wet by the rain and snow coming through the roof,\u201d and distracted by fears for the welfare of their families; implores TJ to rescue them and hopes \u201cthe Justice of this Country will not suffer us to perish by such a set of inhuman men and be ruined by the delays and false accusations compacted by them without any proof\u201d; hopes TJ will write by return of the post.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0171", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Vergennes, 18 January 1786\nFrom: Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Comte de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nA Versailles le 18. Janvier 1786.\nM. le Mis. de Verac Ambassadeur du Roy \u00e0 la haye me prie, Monsieur, de m\u2019int\u00e9resser \u00e0 M. Dumas qui r\u00e9side en hollande en qualit\u00e9 de charg\u00e9 des affaires du Congr\u00e8s. Cet Ambassadeur fait en m\u00eame tems les plus grands \u00e9loges du z\u00e8le et des talents de M.  Dumas, ainsy que des services importans qu\u2019il a rendus \u00e0 la cause Am\u00e9ricaine. Le Congr\u00e8s lui avoit fait esp\u00e9rer un traitement plus avantageux et plus proportionn\u00e9 \u00e0 son m\u00e9rite, aussit\u00f4t que l\u2019Am\u00e9rique jouiroit de quelque tranquilit\u00e9. M. Dumas est connu avantageusement du G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Washington et de M. Franklin; des t\u00e9moignage aussi honorables ne peuvent que completter son \u00e9loge, et la maniere la plus int\u00e9ressante avec laquelle M. le Mis. de Verac s\u2019explique sur son compte, me d\u00e9termine \u00e0 joindre mes recommandations aux siennes en faveur de ce Charg\u00e9 d\u2019affaires. Je vous prie, Monsieur, de vouloir bien les faire parvenir au Congr\u00e8s. Nous pensons que le moyen de recompenser convenablement les services de M. Dumas seroit de lui donner le titre de R\u00e9sident avec un traitement de 4. mille Dollars dont nous avons lieu de penser qu\u2019il seroit satisfait. La consid\u00e9ration dont il jouit en hollande le met essentiellement \u00e0 port\u00e9e de se rendre de plus en plus utile \u00e0 l\u2019Am\u00e9rique, et la confiance qu\u2019inspirent ses principes de sagesse et de probit\u00e9 ne me permet pas de douter qu\u2019il ne se fit un devoir de justifier par l\u2019activit\u00e9 de son z\u00e8le la marque de bienveillance qu\u2019il recevroit du Congr\u00e8s. Je verrois, Monsieur, avec beaucoup d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat le succ\u00e8s de cette affaire.\nJ\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre tr\u00e8s sincerement, Monsieur, votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s ob\u00e9issant serviteur,\nDe Vergennes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0173", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Banister, 19 January 1786\nFrom: Banister, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nVirga. Jany. 19th. 1786\nI had the honor of receiving your letter dated at Paris in June last, enclosing one from my Son, dated at Lyons, since which I have heard from neither you nor him, which fills me with unfavorable Presages as to his Health which was when he left us in a bad and dangerous State. May I hope Sir that you will take the trouble of informing me if any ill has happened to Jack, that has occasioned his long and unusual Silence, altho opportunities occur daily both from France and England.\nI wish you a long enjoyment of Health for the good of that Country to whose Service you have so long generously devoted  your time, being with the utmost Veneration & Regard Dr. Sir your mo obed. & obliged Friend.\nJ Banister\nOur Friend D. Rose is gone to Elesium for he was an Isralite indeed with out guile.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0174", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Jay, 19 January 1786\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr. Sir\nNew York 19th. January 1786\nSince my last of 7th. December last and indeed for some Time before that, Congress has been composed of so few States actually represented, as not to have it in their Power to pay that Attention to their foreign Affairs which they would doubtless have otherwise done. Hence it has happened that no Resolutions have been entered into on any of the important Subjects submitted to their Consideration. This obliges me to observe a Degree of Reserve in my Letters respecting those Subjects, which I wish to be free from, but which is nevertheless necessary lest my Sentiments and Opinions should be opposed to those which they may adopt and wish to impress.\nThere is Reason to hope that the Requisition will be generally complied with. I say generally, because it is not quite clear, that every State without exception will make punctual Payments. Although a Disposition prevails to enable Congress to regulate Trade, yet I am apprehensive that however the Propriety of the Measure may be admitted, the Manner of doing it will not be with equal Ease agreed to.\nIt is much to be regretted that the Confederation had not been so formed as to exclude the Necessity of all such kind of Questions. It certainly is very imperfect, and I fear it will be difficult to remedy its Defects, until Experience shall render the Necessity of doing it more obvious and pressing.\nDoes France consider herself bound by her Guarantee to insist on the Surrender of our Posts? Will she second our Remonstrances to Britain on that Head? I have no Orders to ask these Questions but I think them important. Spain insists on the Navigation of the great River, and that renders a Treaty with her uncertain as yet.\nAmong the public Papers herewith sent, you will find the  Speech of the Governor of New York to the Legislature, and the Answer of the Senate. A Spirit more f\u0153dral seems to prevail than that which marked their Proceedings last Year. You will also perceive from the Papers that Massachusetts begins to have Troubles similar to those which this State experienced from Vermont. North Carolina suffers the like Evils and from the same Causes. Congress should have recollected the old Maxim Obsta principiis.\nI wish the Negociations with the Barbary Powers may prove successful, because our Country in general desires Peace with them. For my part I prefer War to Tribute, and that Sentiment was strongly expressed in my Report on that Subject.\nOur Indian Affairs do not prosper. I fear Britain bids higher than we do. Our Surveys have been checked, and Peace with the Savages seems somewhat precarious. That Department might in my Opinion have been better managed.\nWith great and sincere Respect and Esteem I have the Honor to be &c:\nJohn Jay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0176", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Cambray, 20 January 178[6]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cambray (Cambrai), Comte de\nSir\nI had the pleasure two days ago of receiving from the Register of the Treasury of the United States, a certificate for 3227 83/90 Dollars equal to: 17,430\u20b6-15\u20137 due to you and bearing an interest of 6. percent from the 1st. day of Jan. 1784. to be paid annually at the house of Mr. Grand banker in Paris. The interest of certificates similar to this was paid the last year by Mr. Grand; but he has not yet received orders for this year. He will doubtless however receive such. The Register informs me that the original certificate for which this is exchanged had been transmitted him by Doctor Franklin, with a request that he would forward the present paper. I shall be ready to deliver this to your order not thinking it safe  to trust it by post; and have the honor of renewing assurances of the esteem & respect with which I am Sir Your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0182", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John McQueen, 22 January 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: McQueen, John\nMr. Jefferson takes the liberty of reminding Mr. McQueen that he was so good as to promise to do him the honour of dining with him on Wednesday the 25th inst.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0183", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, with Enclosure, 22 January 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRichmond Jan. 22. 1786\nMy last dated Novr. 15 from this place answered yours of May 11th. on the subject of your printed notes. I have since had opportunity of consulting other friends on the plan you propose, who concur in the result of the consultations which I transmitted you. Mr. Wythe\u2019s idea seems to be generally approved, that the copies destined for the University should be dealt out by the discretion of the Professors, rather than indiscriminately and at once put into the hands of the students, which, other objections apart, would at once exhaust the Stock. A vessel from Havre de Grace brought me a few days ago two Trunks of Books, but without letter or catalogue attending them. I have forwarded them to Orange without examining much into the contents, lest I should miss a conveyance which is very precarious at this season, and be deprived of the amusement they promise me for the residue of the winter.\nOur Assembly last night closed a Session of 97 days, during the whole of which except the first seven I have shared in the confinement. It opened with a very warm struggle for the chair between Mr. Harrison and Mr. Tyler which ended in the victory of the former by a majority of 6 votes. This victory was shortly afterwards nearly frustrated by an impeachment of his election in the County of Surry. Having failed in his native County of Charles City, he abdicated his residence there, removed into the County of Surry where he had an Estate, took every step which the interval would admit to constitute himself an inhabitant, and was in consequence elected a representative. A charge of non residence was nevertheless brought against him, decided against him in the Committee of privileges by the casting voice of the Chairman,  and reversed in the House by a very small majority. The election of Docr. Lee was attacked on two grounds, 1st. of non-residence, 2dly. of holding a lucrative office under Congress. On the 1st. he was acquitted, on the 2d. expelled, by a large majority.\u2014The revised Code was brought forward pretty early in the Session. It was first referred to Committee of Courts of Justice, to report such of the bills as were not of a temporary nature, and on their report committed to committee of the whole. Some difficulties were raised as to the proper mode of proceeding, and some opposition made to the work itself. These however being surmounted, and three days in each week appropriated to the task, we went on slowly but successfully, till we arrived at the bill concerning crimes and punishments. Here the adversaries of the code exerted their whole force, which being abetted by the impatience of its friends in an advanced stage of the Session, so far prevailed that the prosecution of the work was postponed till the next Session. The operation of the bills passed is suspended untill the beginning of 1787, so that if the code should be resumed by the next assembly and finished early in the Session, the whole system may commence at once. I found it more popular in the assembly than I had formed any idea of, and though it was considered by paragraphs and carried through all the customary forms, it might have been finished at one Session with great ease, if the time spent on motions to put it off, and other dilatory artifices, had been employed on its merits. The adversaries were the speaker, Thruston\u2014and Mercer who came late in the session, into a vacancy left by the death of Col. Brent of Stafford, and contributed principally to the mischieve. The titles in the inclosed List will point out to you such of the bills as were adopted from the Revisal. The alterations which they underwent are too numerous to be specified, but have not materially viciated the work. The bills passed over were either temporary ones, such as being not essential as parts of the System, may be adopted at any time and were likely to impede it at this, or such as have been rendered unnecessary by Acts passed since the epoch at which the revisal was prepared. After the completion of the work at this Session was despaired of it was proposed and decided that a few of the bills following the bill concerning crimes and punishments should be taken up as of peculiar importance. The only one of these which was pursued into an Act is the Bill concerning Religious freedom. The steps taken throughout the Country to defeat the General Assessment had produced all the effect that could have been wished.  The table was loaded with petitions and remonstrances from all parts against the interposition of the Legislature in matters of Religion. A general convention of the Presbyterian church prayed expressly that the bill in the Revisal might be passed into a law, as the best safeguard short of a constitutional one, for their religious rights. The bill was carried thro\u2019 H. of Delegates, without alteration. The Senate objected to the preamble, and sent down a proposed substitution of the 16th. article of the Declaration of Rights. The H. of D. disagreed. The Senate insisted and asked a Conference. Their objections were frivolous indeed. In order to remove them as they were understood by the Managers of the H. of D. The preamble was sent up again from the H. of D. with one or two verbal alterations. As an amendment to these the Senate sent back a few others; which as they did not affect the substance though they somewhat defaced the composition, it was thought better to agree to than to run further risks, especially as it was getting late in the Session and the House growing thin. The enacting clauses past without a single alteration, and I flatter myself have in this country extinguished for ever the ambitious hope of making laws for the human mind.\nActs not included in the Revisal\nFor the naturalization of the Marquis de la fayette. This was brought forward by Col: Henry Lee Jr. and passed without opposition. It recites his merits toward this Country and constitutes him a Citizen of it.\nTo amend the act vesting in Genl. Washington certain shares in the River Companies. The donation presented to Genl. W. embarrassed him much. On one side he disliked the appearance of slighting the bounty of his Country and of an ostentatious disinterestedness. On the other an acceptance of reward in any shape was irreconcileable with the law he had imposed on himself. His answer to the Assembly declined in the most affectionate terms the emolument allotted to himself, but intimated his willingness to accept it so far as to dedicate it to some public and patriotic use. This Act recites the original Act and his answer, and appropriates the future revenue from the shares to such public objects as he shall appoint. He has been pleased to ask my ideas with regard to the most proper objects. I suggest in general only a partition of the fund between some institution which would please the philosophical world and some other which may be of a popular cast. If your knowledge  of the several institutions, in France or elsewhere, should suggest models or hints, I could wish for your ideas on the case which no less concerns the good of the common wealth than the character of it\u2019s most illustrious citizen.\nAn Act empowering the Governor and Council to grant conditional pardons in certain cases. Some of the malefactors consigned by the Executive to labour, brought the legality of such pardons before the late Court of Appeals who adjudged them to be void. This Act gives the Executive a power in such cases for one year. It passed before the bill in the revisal on this subject was taken up, and was urged against the necessity of passing it at this Session. The expiration of this act at the next Session will become an argument on the other side.\nAn Act giving powers to the Governor and Council in certain cases. This Act empowers the Executive to confine or send away suspicious aliens, on notice from Congress that their sovereigns have declared or commenced hostilities against U.S. or that the latter have declared War against such sovereigns. It was occasioned by the arrival of two or three Algerines here, who having no apparent object were suspected of an unfriendly one. The Executive caused them to be brought before them, but found them unarmed with power to proceed. These adventurers have since gone off.\nAct for safekeeping land papers of the Northern Neck. Abolishes the quitrent and removes the papers to the Registers office.\nAct for reforming County Courts. Requires them to clear their dockets quarterly. It amounts to nothing and is cheifly the result of efforts to render Courts of Assize unnecessary.\nAct to suspend the operation of the Act establishing Courts of Assize. The latter act passed at last Session required sundry supplemental regulations to fit it for operation. An attempt to provide these which involved the merits of the innovation drew forth the united exertions of its adversaries. On the question on the supplemental bill they prevailed by 63 votes against 49. The best that could be done in this situation was to suspend instead of repealing the original act, which will give another chance to our successors for introducing the proposed reform. The various interests opposed to it, will never be conquered without considerable difficulty.\nResolution proposing a general meeting of Commissioners from the States to consider and recommend a f\u0153deral plan for regulating Commerce, and appointing as Commissioners from Va. Ed. Randolph, Js. Madison Jr., Walter Jones, St. G. Tucker, M. Smith,  G. Mason and David Ross who are to communicate the proposal and suggest time and place for meeting. The necessity of harmony in the commercial regulations of the States has been rendered every day more apparent. The local efforts to counteract the policy of G.B. instead of succeeding have in every instance recoiled more or less on the States which ventured on the trial. Notwithstanding these lessons, The Merchants of this State except those of Alexandria and a few of the more intelligent individuals elsewhere, were so far carried away by their jealousies of the Northern Marine, as to wish for a navigation act confined to this State alone. In opposition to those narrow ideas the printed propositions herewith enclosed was made. As printed it went into a Committee of the whole. The alterations of the pen shew the state in which it came out. Its object was to give Congress such direct power only as would not alarm, but to limit that of the States in such manner as would indirectly require a conformity to the plans of Congress. The renunciation of the right of laying duties on imports from other States, would amount to a prohibition of duties on imports from other foreign Countries, unless similar duties existed in other States. This idea was favored by the discord produced between several States by rival and adverse regulations. The evil had proceeded so far between Connecticut and Massts. that the former laid heavier duties on imports from the latter than from G.B. of which the latter sent a letter of complaint to the Executive here and I suppose to the other Executives. Without some such self-denying compact it will, I conceive be impossible to preserve harmony among the contiguous States. In the Committee of the whole the proposition was combated at first on its general merits. This ground was however soon changed for that of its perpetual duration, which was reduced first to 25 years, and then to 13 years. Its adversaries were the Speaker, Thruston and Corbin. They were bitter and illiberal against Congress and the Northern States, beyond example. Thruston considered it as problematical, whether it would not be better to encourage the British than the Eastern marine. Braxton and Smith were in the same sentiments but absent at this crisis of the question. The limitation of the plan to 13 years so far destroyed its value in the judgment of its friends that they chose rather, to do nothing than to adopt it in that form. The report accordingly remained on the table uncalled for to the end of the Session. And on the last day the resolution above quoted was substituted. It had been proposed by Mr. Tyler immediately after the  miscarriage of the printed proposition, but was left on the table till it was found that several propositions for regulating our trade without regard to other States produced nothing. In this extremity the resolution was generally acceded to, not without the opposition however of Corbin and Smith. The Commissioners first named were the Attorney Dr. Jones and myself. In the House of D. Tucker [and] Smith were added and In the Senate Mason, Ross and Ronald. The last does not undertake.\nThe port bill was attacked and nearly defeated. An amendatory bill was passed with difficulty thro\u2019 the H. of D. and rejected in the Senate. The original one will take effect before the next Session, but will probably be repealed then. It would have been repealed at this, if its adversaries had known their strength in time and exerted it with Judgment.\nA Bill was brought in for paying British debts but was rendered so inadequate to its object by alterations inserted by a Committee of the whole that the patrons of it thought it best to let it sleep.\nSeveral petitions (from Methodists cheifly) appeared in favor of a gradual abolition of slavery, and several from another quarter for a repeal of the law which licenses private manumissions. The former were not thrown under the table, but were treated with all the indignity short of it. A proposition for bringing in a Bill conformably to the latter, was decided in the affirmative by the casting voice of the Speaker, but the bill was thrown out on the first reading by a considerable majority.\nA considerable itch for paper money discovered itself, though no overt attempt was made. The partizans of the measure, among whom Mr. M. S. may be considered as the most zealous, flatter themselves, and I fear upon too good ground that it will be among the measures of the next session. The unfavorable balance of trade and the substitution of facilities in the taxes will have dismissed the little specie remaining among us and strengthened the common argument for a paper medium.\nAct for postponing the tax of the present year and admitting facilities in payment. This tax was to have been collected in Sepr. last and had been in part actually collected in specie. Notwithstanding this and the distress of public credit, an effort was made to remit the tax altogether. The party was headed by Braxton who was courting an appointment into the council. On the question for a third reading the affirmative was carried by 52 against 42. On the final question, a vigorous effort on the negative side with a  reinforcement of a few new members threw the bill out. The oratory however was not obtained, without subscribing to a postponement instead of remission, and the admission of facilities instead of specie. The postponement too extends not only to the tax which was under collection, and which will not now come in till May, but to the tax of Sepr. next which will not now be in the Treasury till the beginning of next year. The wisdom of seven Sessions will be unable to repair the mischiefs of this single act.\nAct concerning the erection of Kentucky into an independent State. This was prayed for by a Memorial from a Convention held in Kentucky, and passed without opposition. It contains stipulations in favor of territorial rights held under the laws of Virga. and suspends the actual separation on the decision of a Convention authorized to meet for that purpose, and on the assent of Congress. The boundary of the proposed State is to remain the same as the present boundary of the district.\nAct to amend the Militia law. At the last Session of 1784. an act passed displacing all the militia officers, and providing for the appointment of experienced men. In most counties it was carried into execution, and generally much to the advantage of the militia. In consequence of a few petitions against the law as a breach of the Constitution, this act reverses all proceedings under it, and reinstates the old officers.\nAct to extend the operation of the Escheat law to the Northern Neck. From the peculiar situation of that district the Escheat law was not originally extended to it. Its extension at this time was occasioned by a bill brought in by Mr. Mercer for seizing and selling the deeded land of the late lord Fairfax on the ground of its being devized to aliens, leaving them at liberty indeed to assert their pretensions before the Court of Appeals. As the bill however stated the law and the fact, and excluded the ordinary inquest, in the face of pretensions set up even by a Citizen (Martin) to whom it is said the reversion is given by the Will, it was opposed as exerting at least a legislative interference in and improper influence on the Judiciary question. It was proposed to substitute the present act as an amendment to the bill, in a Committee of the whole which was disagreed to. The bill being of a popular cast went thro\u2019 the H. of D. by a great majority. In the Senate it was rejected by a greater one, if not unanimously. The extension of the escheat law was in consequence taken up and passed.\n\u201cAct for punishing certain offences.\u201d To wit, attempts to dismember  the State without the consent of the Legislature. It is pointed against the faction headed by A.C. in the County of Washington.\nAct for amending the appropriating Act. Complies with the requisition of Congress for the present year, to wit, 1786. It directs 512.000 dollars the quota of this State, to be paid before May next the time fixed by Congress, altho\u2019 it is known that the postponement of the taxes renders the payment of a shilling impossible. Our payments last year gained us a little reputation. Our conduct this must stamp us with ignominy.\nAct for regulating the Salaries of the Civil list. Reduces that of the Governor from \u00a31000 to \u00a3800 and the others some at a greater and some at a less proportion.\nAct for disposing of waste lands on Eastern waters. Meant cheifly to affect vacant land in Northern Neck, erroneously conceived to be in great quantity and of great value. The price is fixed at \u00a325 per Hundred Acres at which not an acre will be sold.\nAn Act imposing additional tonnage on British vessels, amounting in the whole to 5/. per ton.\nNothing has been yet done with N.C. towards opening a canal thro\u2019 the Dismal. The powers given to Commissioners on our part are renewed, and some negociation will be brought about if possible. A certain interest in that State is suspected of being disinclined to promote the object, notwithstanding its manifest importance to the community at large. On Potowmack they have been at work some time. On this river they have about eighty hands ready to break ground, and have engaged a man to plan for them. I fear there is a want of skill for the undertaking that threatens a waste of labour and a discouragement to the interprize. I do not learn that any measures have been taken to procure from Europe the aid which ought be purchased at any price, and which might I should suppose be purchased at a moderate one.\nI had an opportunity a few days ago of knowing that Mrs. Carr and her family, as well as your little daughter, were well. I am apprehensive that some impediments still detained your younger nephew from his destination. Peter has been in Williamsburg, and I am told by Mr. Maury that his progress is satisfactory. He has read under him Horace, some of Cicero\u2019s Orations, Greek testament, \u00c6sop\u2019s fables in Greek, ten books of Homer\u2019s Iliad and is now beginning Xenophon, Juvenal and Livy. He has also given some attention to French.\nI have paid le Maire ten guineas. He will set out in about three weeks I am told for France. Mr. Jones has promised to collect and forward by him all such papers as are in print and will explain the situation of our affairs to you. Among these will be the most important acts of the Session, and the Journal as far as it will be printed.\nMr. Wm. Hays, in sinking a well on the declivity of the Hill above the proposed seat of the Capitol and nearly in a line from the Capitol to Belvidere, found about seventy feet below the surface, several large bones apparently belonging to a fish not less than the Shark, and what is more singular, several fragments of potters ware in the stile of the Indians. Before he reached these curiosities he passed thro\u2019 about fifty feet of soft blue clay. I have not seen these articles, having but just heard of them, and been too closely engaged; but have my information from the most unexceptionable witnesses who have. I am told by Genl. Russel of Washington County, that in sinking a Salt well in that county he fell in with the hip bone of the incognitum, the socket of which was about 8 inches diameter. It was very soft in the subterraneous State, but seemed to undergo a petrifaction on being exposed to the air. Adieu affecty.\nPromotions.\nEdwd. Carrington and H. Lee Jr. added to R. H. Lee, Js. Monroe, and Wm. Grayson, in the delegation to Congress. Carter Braxton to the Council.\nJno. Tyler to Court of Admiralty in room of B. Waller resigned.\nPrices Current.\nTobo. 23s on James River and proportionally\u2007\u2007elsewhere\nWheat 5s to 6s per Bushel\nCorn 15s to 20s per Barrel\nPork 28s to 30s per Ct.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0185", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jean-Armand Tronchin, 22 January 1786\nFrom: Tronchin-Labat, Jean Armand\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nParis le 22e. Janvier 1786.\nPermett\u00e9s moi d\u2019avoir l\u2019honneur de vous remettre la notte cy-jointe qui m\u2019a \u00e9t\u00e9 adress\u00e9e par Messeigneurs du Conseil de Gen\u00e8ve, avec charge de recourrir \u00e0 vos bons offices, Monsieur, pour procurer \u00e0 une famille des plus consid\u00e9rables de ma patrie les \u00e9claircissemens qui lui sont n\u00e9cessaires.\nJe me flatte, Monsieur, que vous voudr\u00e9s bien acceuillir ma demande: Messeigneurs en seront tr\u00e8s reconnoissans, et vous offrent le r\u00e9ciproque dans tous les cas qui pourroient se pr\u00e9senter, qu\u2019ils saisiront avec empressement.\nJ\u2019ay l\u2019honneur d\u2019etre avec la plus haute consid\u00e9ration, Monsieur Votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s Obeissant Serviteur.\nTronchin Ministre de la Republique de Geneve.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0187", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Bondfield, 24 January 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bondfield, John\nDear Sir\nOn the departure of Mr. Barclay I was so hurried that in a letter I was writing to him, I could only ask him to be the bearer to you of a wish that you would be so good as to send me 6. dozen bottles of red Bourdeaux and 6 dozen of white, of fine quality. I now repeat this prayer to yourself, only desiring a gross of each instead of half a gross, mentioned to Mr. Barclay. You are the best judge whether it will come best in bottles or in casks. I will also pray you to send by the first vessel which shall go from Bourdeaux to James river in Virginia, the following articles. Anchovies, dried figs, raisins, brugnols and almonds, of each 20. pounds weight, 12. pint bottles of best Provence oil and 3. doz. pint bottles of Frontignac  wine, English measure, each article being separately packed. Be so good as to have all the separate packages put into one box and directed \u2018to Francis Eppes esq. Chesterfield to be delivered to the care of Charles Carter esquire at Shirley hundred, James river Virginia.\u2019 These articles being intended for a particular friend, I will pray you to have them chosen of the best quality. Be so good as to inform Mr. Eppes, and also myself, by letters, of the conveyance by which they are sent. My own wine I would wish to receive as soon as convenient. Your draughts on me for these objects shall be duly honoured, and many thanks to you for the kindness by Sir your most obedient and most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0188", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Francis Eppes, 24 January 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Eppes, Francis\nDear Sir\nParis Jan. 24. 1786\nSince my letters by the Mr. Fitzhughs, I wrote you the 11th. of December and 7th. of January. Both went by the way of London. About a week ago your favor and Mrs. Eppes\u2019s of Sep. 14 and my dear Polly\u2019s came to hand. The latest of your letters before this, which have reached me, were of 15 months ago, that is, of Octob. 1784. That which you mention to have written in May last by a confidential person, I have never heard of. I wish you would be so good as to let me know by whom you sent it, that I may hunt it up. The one now before me, of Sep. 14. is very comfortable as it contains the first account of my private affairs which I have received since I have been in Europe. You will perceive by my former letters that your disposal of the money given me by the assembly met my perfect approbation; as whatever you do, assuredly will. The motives which induce you to take this trouble have my full confidence, and you can better judge on the spot what should be done, than I can here. My last letters were intended chiefly as cautions about the sending my dear Polly to me. Lest they should have miscarried I will repeat my desire that she be sent in no vessel but a French or English one having a Mediterranean pass. However small the probability is of the capture by the Algerines of any vessel passing from America to France, yet the stake is too enormous to be risked in any other bottom. I know that Mrs. Eppes\u2019s goodness will make her feel her separation from an infant who has  experienced so much of her tenderness. My unlimited confidence in her has been the greatest solace possible under my own separation from Polly. Mrs. Eppes\u2019s goodness will suggest to her many considerations which render it of importance to the future happiness of the child that she should neither forget, nor be forgotten by her sister and myself. You mention the possibility that Colo. Le Maire may take charge of her. Unless he should be coming [here] for his own purposes I could not consent to his making the voiage merely to bring her. But if he should be coming on other accounts there is no person with whom I would wish her sooner to be trusted.\nIn December 1784 I desired Mr. Bondfeild at Bourdeaux to send you a cask of fine claret. This he did by a brig called the Fanny, Capt. Smith, which sailed Apr. 26. 1785. from that port for Falmouth. It was put under the care of a young gentleman who went passenger. I have never heard what was it\u2019s fate. I have lately written to desire Mr. Bondfeild to make up a little package of Anchovies, oil, fruits and such things as can be had better there than with you and to send them in the first vessel which sails for James river, directed to you, but to be delivered to the care of Mr. Carter at Shirley. If I had known any person on the Bermuda side, I should rather have delivered them there as more convenient to you. By your letter of Sep. 14. I find that you had written to me for a tutor: but as this letter does not tell me of what kind, on what terms, &c., I must await the arrival of the one in which you had given me those details.\n[How much should I prize one hour of your fireside, where I might indulge that glow of affection which the recollection of Mrs. Eppes and her little ones excites in me, and give you personal assurances of the sincere esteem with which I am, dear Sir, your affectionate friend and servant.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0189", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to the Governor of Virginia, 24 January 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Henry, Patrick\nSir\nParis Jan. 24. 1786.\nI have been honoured with your Excellency\u2019s two letters of Sep. 10th. and that of Octob. 14. 1785. The former were brought  me by Mr. Houdon, who is returned with the necessary moulds and measures for General Washington\u2019s statue. I fear the expences of his journey have been considerably increased by the unlucky accident of his tools, materials, clothes, &c., not arriving at Havre in time to go with him, to America, so that he had to supply himself there. The money which you were so kind as to send by Capt. Littlepage for the purposes of this statue, he found himself obliged to deposit in New York to satisfy a demand made on him there. This was a debt which he owed to Mr. Jay. He assures me that in a settlement with his guardian the latter took credit for this debt, so as to be answerable to Mr. Jay for it, and of course to the state now that Mr. Jay is paid with the state\u2019s money. I mention this circumstance that your Excellency may be enabled to take the earliest measures for recovering this money, and indemnifying the state. Mr. Littlepage, to satisfy me, had obtained from the M. de la fayette his engagement to stand bound as Mr. Littlepage\u2019s security for the paiment of this money. But knowing the punctuality and responsibility of his guardian, I did not suppose a security necessary. Besides, if a loss was to be incurred, I knew too well the sentiments of the state of Virginia towards the M. de la Fayette to suppose they would be willing to throw that loss on him. I therefore acted as I thought your Excellency and the Council would have directed me to act could you have been consulted: I waited on the Marquis and, in his presence, cancelled his name from the obligation which had been given me, leaving only that of Mr. Little-page. I have now the honor to inclose you one of those instruments, duplicates of which had been given me by Mr. Littlepage. The first of the Marquis\u2019s busts will be finished next month. I shall present that one to the city of Paris, because the delay has been noticed by some. I hope to be able to send another to Virginia in the course of the summer. These are to cost three thousand livres each. The agreement for the arms has been at length concluded by Mr. Barclay. He was so much better acquainted with this business than the Marquis Fayette or myself, that we left it altogether to him. We were sensible that they might have been got cheaper, but not so good. However I suppose he has given you the details of his proceedings so as to render them unnecessary from me. It will be eight months before they will be ready. The cause of this too Mr. Barclay told me he would explain to you. It is principally to ensure their goodness. The bills remitted to pay for them have  been honoured and the money is lodged in Mr. Grand\u2019s hands who was willing to allow a small interest for it.\nAn improvement is made here in the construction of the musket which may be worthy of attention. It consists in making every part of them so exactly alike, that every part of any one may be used for the same part in any other musket made by the same hand. The government here has examined and approved the method, and is establishing a large manufactory for the purpose. As yet the inventor has only completed the lock of the musket on this plan. He will proceed immediately to have the barrel, stock and their parts executed in the same way. I visited the workman. He presented me the parts of 50 locks, taken to peices, and arranged in compartments. I put several together myself, taking the peices at hazard as they came to hand, and found them fit interchangeably in the most perfect manner. The tools by which he affects this have at the same time so abridged the labour that he thinks he shall be able to furnish the musket two livres cheaper than the king\u2019s price. But it will be two or three years before he will be able to furnish any quantity.\nI have duly received the propositions of Messrs. Ross, Pleasants &c. for furnishing tobacco to the farmers general; but Mr. Morris had in the mean time obtained the contract. I have been fully sensible of the baneful influence on the commerce of France and America which this double monopoly will have. I have struck at it\u2019s root here, and spared no pains to have the farm itself demolished. But it has been in vain. The persons interested in it are too powerful to be opposed, even by the interest of the whole country. I mention this matter in confidence, as a knowledge of it might injure any future endeavors to attain the same object.\nEvery thing is quiet here, and will certainly remain so another year. Mr. Barclay left Paris a few days ago, and will be absent from France for some time. I shall spare no endeavors to fulfill the several objects with which he was charged, in the best manner I can. I have the honour to be with sentiments of the highest respect Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0191", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to David Rittenhouse, 25 January 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Rittenhouse, David\nDear Sir\nParis Jan. 25. 1786\nYour favor of Sep. 28. came to hand a few days ago. I thank you for the details on the Southern and Western lines. There remains  thereon one article however which I will still beg you to inform me of, viz. how far is the Western boundary beyond the Meridian of Pittsburgh? This is necessary to enable me to trace that boundary in my map. I shall be much gratified also with a communication of your observations on the curiosities of the Western country. It will not be difficult to induce me to give up the theory of the growth of shells without their being the nidus of animals. It\u2019s only an idea, and not an opinion with me. In the Notes with which I trouble you I had observed that there were three opinions as to the origin of these shells. 1. That they have been deposited even in the highest mountains by a universal deluge. 2. That they with all the calcareous stones and earths are animal remains. 3. That they grow or shoot as chrystals do. I find that I could swallow the last opinion sooner than either of the others; but I have not yet swallowed it. Another opinion might have been added, that some throw of nature has forced up parts which had been the bed of the ocean. But have we any better proof of such an effort of nature than of her shooting a lapidific juice into the form of a shell? No such convulsion has taken place in our time, nor within the annals of history; nor is the distance greater between the shooting of the lapidific juice into the form of a chrystal or a diamond which we see, and into the form of a shell which we do not see, than between the forcing Volcanic matter a little above the surface where it is in fusion, which we see, and the forcing the bed of the sea fifteen thousand feet above the ordinary surface of the earth, which we do not see. It is not possible to believe any of these hypotheses; and if we lean towards any of them it should be only till some other is produced more analogous to the known operations of nature. In a letter to Mr. Hopkinson I mentioned to him that the Abb\u00e9 Rochon, who discovered the double refracting power in some of the natural chrystals, had lately made a telescope with the metal called Platina, which while it is susceptible of as perfect a polish as the metal heretofore used for the specula of telescopes, is inattackable by rust as gold and silver are. There is a person here who has hit on a new method of engraving. He gives you an ink of his composition. Write on copper plates any thing which you would wish to take several copies; and in an hour the plate will be ready to strike them off. So of plans, engravings &c. This art will be amusing to individuals if he should make it known. I send you herewith the Nautical almanacs for 1786. 1787. 1788. 1789. 1790. which are as late as they are published. You ask how you may reimburse the expence of these  trifles? I answer, by accepting of them, as the procuring you a gratification is a higher one to me than money. We have had nothing curious published lately. I do not know whether you are fond of chemical reading. There are some things in this science worth reading. I will send them to you if you wish it. My daughter is well and joins me in respects to Mrs. Rittenhouse and the young ladies. After asking when we are to have the lunarium? I will close with assurances of the sincere", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0192", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Archibald Stuart, 25 January 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Stuart, Archibald\nDear Sir\nParis Jan. 25. 1786.\nI have received your favor of the 17th. of October, which though you mention as the third you have written me, is the first which has come to hand. I sincerely thank you for the communications it contains. Nothing is so grateful to me at this distance as details both great and small of what is passing in my own country. Of the latter we receive little here, because they either escape my correspondents or are thought unworthy notice. This however is a very mistaken opinion, as every one may observe by recollecting that when he has been long absent from his neighborhood the small news of that is the most pleasing and occupies his first attention either when he meets with a person from thence, or returns thither himself. I still hope therefore that the letter in which you have been so good as to give me the minute occurrences in the neighborhood of Monticello may yet come to hand, and I venture to rely on the many proofs of friendship I have received from you, for a continuance of your favors. This will be the more meritorious as I have nothing to give you in exchange. The quiet of Europe at this moment furnishes little which can attract your notice, nor will that quiet be soon disturbed, at least for the current year. Perhaps it hangs on the life of the K. of Prussia, and that hangs by a very slender thread. American reputation in Europe is not such as to be flattering to it\u2019s citizens. Two circumstances are particularly objected to us, the nonpaiment of our debts, and the want of energy  in our government. These discourage a connection with us. I own it to be my opinion that good will arise from the destruction of our credit. I see nothing else which can restrain our disposition to luxury, and the loss of those manners which alone can preserve republican government. As it is impossible to prevent credit, the best way would be to cure it\u2019s ill effects by giving an instantaneous recovery to the creditor. This would be reducing purchases on credit to purchases for ready money. A man would then see a prison painted on every thing he wished but had not ready money to pay for.\u2014I fear from an expression in your letter that the people of Kentuck\u00e9 think of separating not only from Virginia (in which they are right) but also from the confederacy. I own I should think this a most calamitous event, and such an one as every good citizen on both sides should set himself against. Our present federal limits are not too large for good government, nor will the increase of votes in Congress produce any ill effect. On the contrary it will drown the little divisions at present existing there. Our confederacy must be viewed as the nest from which all America, North and South is to be peopled. We should take care too not to think it for the interest of that great continent to press too soon on the Spaniards. Those countries cannot be in better hands. My fear is that they are too feeble to hold them till our population can be sufficiently advanced to gain it from them peice by peice. The navigation of the Mississippi we must have. This is all we are as yet ready to receive. I have made acquaintance with a very sensible candid gentleman here who was in South America during the revolt which took place there while our revolution was working. He says that those disturbances (of which we scarcely heard any thing) cost on both sides an hundred thousand lives.\u2014I have made a particular acquaintance here with Monsieur de Buffon, and have a great desire to give him the best idea I can of our elk. Perhaps your situation may enable you to aid me in this. Were it possible, you could not oblige me more than by sending me the horns, skeleton, and skin of an elk. The most desireable form of receiving them would be to have the skin slit from the under jaw along the belly to the tail, and down the thighs to the knee, to take the animal out, leaving the legs and hoofs, the bones of the head, and the horns attached to the skin. By sewing up the belly &c. and stuffing the skin it would present the form of the animal. However as an opportunity of doing this is scarcely to be expected, I shall be glad to receive them detached, packed in a box, and sent to Richmond  to the care of Doctor Currie. Every thing of this kind is precious here, and to prevent my adding to your trouble I must close my letter with assurances of the esteem and attachment with which I am Dr. Sir your friend & servt.,\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. I must add a prayer for some Paccan nuts, 100. if possible, to be packed in a box of sand and sent me. They might come either directly or vi\u00e2 N. York.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0193", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Banister, 26 January 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Banister, John\nDear Sir\nParis Jan. 26. 1786.\nThe inclosed letters will so fully explain their object that I need not say a word on that subject. You will perceive that Messrs. Dangirard and De Vernon have great cause to complain of the invincible silence of Messrs. Marck, nephew, & co. A person who has done me many friendly offices has asked my endeavors to procure information what can be the cause of this silence. I take the liberty of having recourse to your friendly offices, and will ask the favor of you to write me a full state of the nature of the business in which these gentlemen are concerned, their credit, their supposed stock in trade, and whatever else you may think interesting to Messrs. Dangirard and De Vernon to know; and if circumstances render it prudent I would wish that you could know from Marck, nephew & co. themselves the reason of their silence and whether they will give you a letter of explanation to be forwarded thro me. Pardon all this trouble; the world cannot go on without these mutual helps to one another.\nTwo young gentlemen who went from here in November for Italy, expected your son would accompany them. As I have never received a letter from him since, I have taken for granted he had done so. I am sure his health is in a good way or I should have  heard the contrary either from him or them. Present my affectionate respects to Mrs. Bannister and be assured of the esteem with which I am Dear Sir your friend & servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0194", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Buchanan and William Hay, 26 January 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Buchanan, James,Hay, William\nGentlemen\nParis Jan. 26. 1786.\nI had the honour of writing to you on the receipt of your orders to procure draughts for the public buildings, and again on the 13th. of August. In the execution of those orders two methods of proceeding presented themselves to my mind. The one was to leave to some architect to draw an external according to his fancy, in which way experience shews that about once in a thousand times a pleasing form is hit upon; the other was to take some model already devised and approved by the general suffrage of the world. I had no hesitation in deciding that the latter was best, nor after the decision was there any doubt what model to take. There is at Nismes in the South of France a building, called the Maison quarr\u00e9e, erected in the time of the Caesars, and which is allowed without contradiction to be the most perfect and precious remain of antiquity in existence. It\u2019s superiority over any thing at Rome, in Greece, at Balbec or Palmyra is allowed on all hands; and this single object has placed Nismes in the general tour of travellers. Having not yet had leisure to visit it, I could only judge of it from drawings, and from the relation of numbers who had been to see it. I determined therefore to adopt this model, and to have all it\u2019s proportions justly observed. As it was impossible for a foreign artist to know what number and sizes of apartments would suit the different corps of our government, nor how they should be connected with one another, I undertook to form that arrangement, and this being done, I committed them to an Architect (Monsieur Clerisseau) who had studied this art 20. years in Rome, who had particularly studied and measured the Maison quarr\u00e9e of Nismes, and had published a book containing 4 most excellent plans, descriptions, and observations on it. He was too well acquainted with the merit of that building to find himself restrained by my injunctions  not to depart from his model. In one instance only he persuaded me to admit of this. That was to make the Portico two columns deep only, instead of three as the original is. His reason was that this latter depth would too much darken the apartments. \u0152conomy might be added as a second reason. I consented to it to satisfy him, and the plans are so drawn. I knew that it would still be easy to execute the building with a depth of three columns, and it is what I would certainly recommend. We know that the Maison quarr\u00e9e has pleased universally for near 2000 years. By leaving out a column, the proportions will be changed and perhaps the effect may be injured more than is expected. What is good is often spoiled by trying to make it better.\nThe present is the first opportunity which has occurred of sending the plans. You will accordingly receive herewith the ground plan, the elevation of the front, and the elevation of the side. The architect having been much busied, and knowing that this was all which would be necessary in the beginning, has not yet finished the Sections of the building. They must go by some future occas[ion] as well as the models of the front and side which are making in plaister of Paris. These were absolutely necessary for the guide of workmen not very expert in their art. It will add considerably to the expence, and I would not have incurred it but that I was sensible of it\u2019s necessity. The price of the model will be 15 guineas. I shall know in a few days the cost of the drawings which probably will be the triple of the model; however this is but my conjecture. I will make it as small as possible, pay it, and render you an account in my next letter. You will find on examination that the body of this building covers an area but two fifths of that which is proposed and begun; of course it will take but about one half the bricks; and of course this circumstance will enlist all the workmen, and people of the art against the plan. Again the building begun is to have 4 porticos; this but one. It is true that this will be deeper than those were probably proposed, but even if it be made three columns deep, it will not take half the number of columns. The beauty of this is ensured by experience and by the suffrage of the whole world; the beauty of that is problematical, as is every drawing, however well it looks on paper, till it be actually executed; and tho I suppose there is more room in the plan begun, than in that now sent, yet there is enough in this for all the three branches of government and more than enough is not wanted. This contains 16. rooms, to wit, 4. on the first floor, for  the General court, Delegates, Lobby, and Conference; eight on the 2d. floor for the Executive, the Senate, and 6 rooms for committees and [juri]es, and over 4. of these smaller rooms of the 2d floor are 4. Mezzanines or Entresoles, serving as offices for the clerks of the Executive, the Senate, the Delegates and the court in actual session. It will be an objection that the work is begun on the other plan. But the whole of this need not be taken to peices, and of what shall be taken to peices the bricks will do for inner work. Mortar never becomes so hard and adhesive to the bricks in a few months but that it may easily be chipped off. And upon the whole the plan now sent will save a great proportion of the expence.\nHitherto I have spoken of the Capitol only. The plans for the prison also accompany this. They will explain themselves. I send also the plan of the prison proposed at Lyons which was sent me by the architect, and to which we are indebted for the fundamental idea of ours. You will see that of a great thing a very small one is made. Perhaps you may find it convenient to build at first only two sides, forming an L. But of this you are the judges. It has been suggested to me that fine gravel mixed in the mortar prevents the prisoners from cutting themselves out, as that will destroy their tool. In my letter of Aug. 13. I mentioned that I could send workmen from hence. As I am in hopes of receiving your orders precisely in answer to that letter I shall defer actually engaging any till I receive them. In like manner I shall defer having plans drawn for a Governor\u2019s house &c. till further orders, only assuring you that the receiving and executing these orders will always give me a very great pleasure, and the more should I find that what I have done meets your approbation. I have the honour to be, with sentiments of the most perfect esteem, Gentlemen your most obedient and most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0195", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Carmichael, [ca. 26 January 1786]\nFrom: Carmichael, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\n[ca. 26 January 1786]\nMr. Harrison who has resided in Cadiz in the Character of Consul more than five years and executed in that time much Public Business without any recompence whatever, will have the honor to deliver this to your Excellency whose friendly notice I beg leave to Intreat for this Gentleman During his residence in Paris. His personal Conduct has acquired him the Esteem of all Ranks in the City where he resided. The Ct. d\u2019Estaing and the Marquis de la Fayette were witnesses to the great consideration he enjoyed and this consideration and his accurate knowledge of the Trade and manners of the People of the Country renders the Nomination of him as Consul by Congress an object of Public Utility. On this Account as well as from the sincere friendship and Esteem which I have long had for Mr. Harrison I take the Liberty of solliciting your Excellencys recommendation on his favor.\nAs he accompanies Messrs. Lamb and Randall as far as Barcelona, I refer your Excellency to Him for information with respect to their operations after Leaving this Capital.\nI have the honor to be with great respect your Excys. Most Obedt. Hble. Sert.,\nWm. Carmichael", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0196", "content": "Title: [From Thomas Jefferson to Charles Dilly, 26 January 1786]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dilly, Charles\n[Paris, 26 Jan. 1786. Entry in SJL under this date: \u201cChas. Dilly. Book seller of Lond. To send Dr. R\u2019s books by Col. Humphreys.\u201d Letter not found, but see David Ramsay to TJ, 10 Dec. 1785, and TJ\u2019s reply, 26 Jan. 1786.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0197", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Francis Hopkinson, 26 January 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hopkinson, Francis\nDear Sir\nParis Jan. 26. 1786.\nMy last to you was of the 3d. inst. and acknoledged the receipt of yours of Oct. 25. covering your new invented harpsichord tongue. The present is to acknolege the receipt of your favor of Sept. 28. with newspapers but in which there was not a model of the tongue as you mentioned. The bearer of this letter is a careful man of Connecticut, who has been hitherto servant to the M. de la fayette. He goes in the packet to New York. I therefore commit to his care the articles which will be noted at the bottom of my letter. I did not get two or three sets of Crayons as you desired, because neither the man nor shop, where you directed them to be bought, exist now; and I am very ignorant about them myself. I send one set which I suppose will last till you can inform me whether they are such as you would wish, in which case I can get you as many sets as you please of exactly the same kind. I have sent several times to M. Pancoucke for the three livraisons of your Encyclopedie not yet delivered. The last answer this evening, after sending ten times in the course of the day, is that he will send me both yours and Doctr. Franklin\u2019s tomorrow morning. If he does, you shall receive them by this conveiance. I have so lately written to you, and am at this moment so fatigued with writing for the present conveyance that I will only add assurances of the sincere esteem with which I am Dear Sir your friend & servt.,\nTh: Jefferson\nA set of crayons\n24 livres\n2. vols. Bibliotheque Physico-\u0153conomique\nBlack and white chalk\n6. black lead pencils\n14. 15. & livraisons of Encyclopedie\n1. peice of black lead\n3. parcels of red lead\ndo. Dr. Franklin which I have desired to pay you", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0198", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to La Rouerie, 26 January 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: La Rou\u00ebrie, Armand Charles Tuffin, Marquis de (Col. Armand)\nSir\nParis Jan. 26. 1786.\nI had the honor of informing you on the 12th. inst. of the measures I had taken to obtain as early paiment as possible of  the interest due to the French officers. I have as yet no answer from Mr. Adams, and I informed you that in truth that application afforded little hopes. The effect of my letter sent to America must probably be awaited. In the mean time I receive a letter from the treasury observing that Mr. Grand had paid you the sum of 33.794-13s-11 principal and interest due on a Treasury warrant signed Joseph Nourse register, which warrant had not been transmitted to them. They are uneasy that an evidence of such a debt should remain out after it is paid, and therefore have desired me to ask the favor of you to send it to me, if you still have it in your hands, and if you have it not in your hands, that you will be so good as to send to me an order for it\u2019s delivery to be directed to the person who is in possession of the warrant. I beg your pardon for troubling you with this detail which the forms of office render necessary to the gentlemen of the treasury, and your answer as soon as convenient will oblige Your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0200", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to David Ramsay, 26 January 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ramsay, David\nSir\nParis Jan. 26. 1786.\nThe letter I did myself the honour of writing you on the 12th of Oct. will have informed you what I had ultimately done on the subject of your book. Your\u2019s of Dec. 10. is just received. I am very sorry to find that your printer is so much deceived as to the parts of the work which have come to my hands. They are exactly as follows.\nVol. 1.\n- to the end.\nVol. 2.\npa. v.\n- xx.\nBy this you will perceive the chasms in the 2d. volume. I am not uneasy about that from 440. to 545. because you say you will send it. But as it is supposed we have received the one from 144. to 305. I fear we stand no other chance of getting that than the copies you have been so good as to instruct Dillon [Dilly] to send, for which be pleased to accept my thanks. I will immediately write to Dillon to forward these as I think it probable he may have received them. I will beg the favor of you to send the inclosed letter for M. de Follenare to some person in S. Carolina who will take the trouble to find him out, and convey to me news of him. I have the honour.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0202", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from C. W. F. Dumas, 27 January 1786\nFrom: Dumas, Charles William Frederick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nLa haie 27e. Janvr. 1786\nJ\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019envoyer ci-joint \u00e0 Votre Excellence les Copies d\u2019un Acte du Congr\u00e8s, d\u2019une Lettre du Secretaire pour les Affaires Etrang\u00e8res des Et. Unis, et de celle de Mr. Adams, qui a eu la bont\u00e9 de m\u2019acheminer le tout. J\u2019y joins une D\u00e9peche en r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 S. E. Mr. Jay, que Votre Excellence voudra bien prendre la peine de lire, de la cacheter ensuite et de l\u2019acheminer \u00e0 sa destination.\nVotre Excellence verra que je ne puis avoir recours qu\u2019\u00e0 Elle pour, s\u2019il \u00e9toit possible, pouvoir disposer de la Somme d\u2019Arrerages en question vers la fin d\u2019Avril prochain soit \u00e0 Paris, soit \u00e0 Amsterdam au moyen de quelque arrangement entre les Banquiers des Etats-Unis dans les deux Places: et une prompte r\u00e9ponse l\u00e0-dessus me tirera d\u2019une incertitude penible.\nMr. Mazzei et moi avons eu de frequents entretiens sur Votre Excellence, qui me remplissent du plus vrai respect pour votre personne. Les Notes sur la Virginie, dont il m\u2019a permis la Lecture, y ont mis le sceau ineffa\u00e7able; et je ne puis r\u00e9sister \u00e0 la tentation de solliciter de Votre Excellence la faveur d\u2019un Exemplaire, que l\u2019un des premiers Couriers de Mr. de Vergennes \u00e0 Mr. l\u2019Ambassadeur de France ici pourroit m\u2019apporter. Je br\u00fble de le poss\u00e9der pour le lire et relire \u00e0 mon aise.\nJe ne dois pas laisser ignorer \u00e0 Votre Excellence que ce digne Ambassadeur m\u2019ayant demand\u00e9 il y a quelque temps de l\u2019instruire par un M\u00e9moire de ma situation (ce que j\u2019avois fait), il me surprit fort agr\u00e9ablement mardi pass\u00e9, en m\u2019apprenant qu\u2019il avoit rendu le t\u00e9moignage le plus flatteur de moi \u00e0 sa Cour, et en me faisant une Copie de la R\u00e9ponse que lui a faite Mr. De Vergennes, pour  lui apprendre que ce t\u00e9moigna[ge] a \u00e9t\u00e9 communiqu\u00e9 \u00e0 Votre Excellence.\nJe dois r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 une obligeante Lettre de Mr. Short. Il voudra bien me faire encore un peu de cr\u00e9dit. Je vais faire passer par les mains de Mr. Adams un Duplicat de ma Lettre \u00e0 Mr. Jay. Je suis avec grand respect, de Votre Exce. le tr\u00e8s-humble et tr\u00e8s-obeisst serviteur,\nC. W. F. Dumas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0203", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Franklin, 27 January 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Franklin, Benjamin\nDear Sir\nParis Jan. 27. 1786.\nI had the honour of writing to you on the 5th. of Oct. and since that have received yours of the 1st. of the same month. We were highly pleased here with the health you enjoyed on your voiage, and with the reception you met with at home. This was no more than I expected. Had I had a vote for the Presidentship, however, I doubt whether I should not have witheld it from you that you might have leisure to collect and digest the papers you have written from time to time and which the world will expect to be given them. This side of the globe is in a state of absolute quiet, both political and literary. Not a sheet I think has come out since your departure which is worth notice. I do not know whether before that the Abb\u00e9 Rochon had thought of using the metal Platina for the specula of telescopes. Indeed I believe the thought is not his originally, but has been carried into execution before by the Spaniards. It is thought to take as high a polish as the metallic composition generally used, and is not liable to rust. Hoffman\u2019s method of engraving with ink was I believe known to you. I sent the other day to Pancoucke\u2019s, by Mr. Hopkinson\u2019s desire, to get the livraisons of the Encyclopedie which had not yet been taken out for him: and informed Pancoucke that the subscription had been made by you. He sent me word two copies were subscribed for in your name, and at the same time sent both of them to me. Supposing that the other may be your own, and that you had not made arrangements for having it sent you, I received it, and forward it in the same box with Mr, Hopkinson\u2019s. If you have no better means of getting them in future, I offer my services very cheerfully to forward them from time to time. What I have paid for these (71\u20b6-10s) or may hereafter pay for others you can be so good as to replace in the hands of Mr. Hopkinson. If there should be any other commissions to be executed here for you I should take real pleasure in being useful to you. Your friends here are all well I  think, and make you much the subject of their conversation. I will trouble you to present my esteem to young Mr. Franklin, and add assurances of the real respect and regard with which I have the honor to be Dear Sir your most obedient and most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0204", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to David Howell, 27 January 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Howell, David\nDear Sir\nParis Jan. 27. 1786.\nA person of the name of le Gendre, who was servant to a Mr. Griffin Greene of your state while here, delivered to me the inclosed memorial. You will perceive by that that he thinks himself much injured. I told him I would see that this memorial should be transmitted to Mr. Greene and the subject thereby presented to his mind, that he may consider whether either justice or generosity require him to do any thing in it: in which case I would offer myself to be the channel of communicating it to him. Having no acquaintance with Mr. Greene, I take the liberty of solliciting you to inclose this paper to him with an explanation of the incident which has occasioned it.\nThe absolute quiet of this hemisphere furnishes nothing worthy of attention, nor do I see any thing likely soon to disturb that quiet. The death of the K. of Prussia will probably produce something whenever it happens; and it may at all times be expected. The peace likely to take place between Spain and Naples with Algiers will I fear portend no good to us. It will undoubtedly render those pyrates more exorbitant in their demands. As yet I have had no news of Mr. Lambe. I take for granted he has reached his destination. It would give me great satisfaction to see that sea opened again to our commerce. I am with great respect Dear Sir, your most obedient humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0205", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, 27 January 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jay, John\nSir\nParis jan. 27. 1786.\nI had the honor of addressing you by the way of London on the 2d. instant. Since that your\u2019s of Dec. 7. has come to hand. I have  now the pleasure to inform you that Mr. Barclay, having settled as far as depended on him the accounts of Monsieur de Beaumarchais, left Paris on the 15th. instant to proceed to Marocco. Business obliged him to go by the way of l\u2019Orient and Bourdeaux, but he told me he should not be detained more than a day at either place. We may probably allow him to the last of February to be at Marocco.\nThe imperial Ambassador some days ago observed to me that about eighteen months ago Doctor Franklin had written to him a letter proposing a treaty of commerce between the Emperor and the U.S. that he had communicated it to the Emperor and had answered to Doctor Franklin that they were ready to enter into arrangements for that purpose; but that he had received no reply from him. I told him I had been informed by Doctor Franklin of the letter making the proposition, but that this was the first I had ever heard of an answer expressing their readiness to enter into negociation. That on the contrary we had supposed no definitive answer had been given, and that of course the next move was on their side. He expressed astonishment at this and seemed so conscious of having given such an answer that he said he would have it sought for and send it to me for my inspection. However he observed that the delay having proceeded from the expectation of each party that the other was to make the next advance and this matter being now understood, the two parties might now proceed to enter into the necessary arrangements. I told him that Congress had been desirous of entering into connections of amity and commerce with his Imperial majesty, that for this purpose they had commissioned Mr. Adams, Dr. Franklin and myself or any two of us to treat, that reasons of prudence had obliged them to affix some term to our commissions, and that two years were the term assigned; that the delay therefore which had happened was the more unlucky as these two years would expire in the ensuing spring. He said he supposed Congress could have no objections to renew our powers, or perhaps to appoint some person to treat at Brussels. I told him I was unable to answer that, and we remitted further conversation on the subject till he should send me his letter written to Doctor Franklin. A few days after his secretaire d\u2019Ambassade called on me with it. It was the letter of Sep. 28. 1784. (transmitted in due time to Congress) wherein he had informed Dr. Franklin that the Emperor was disposed to enter into commercial arrangements with us, and that he would give orders  to the government of the Netherlands to take the necessary measures. I observed to Monsieur de Blumendorff (the secretary) that this letter shewed we were right in our expectations of their taking the next step. He seemed sensible of it, said that the quarrel with Holland had engrossed the attention of government, and that these orders relating to the Netherlands only it had been expected that others would be given which should include Hungary, Bohemia and the Austrian dominions in general, and that they still expected such orders. I told him that while they should be attending them, I would write to Mr. Adams in London, my collegue in this business, in concert with whom I must move in it. I think they are desirous of treating, and from questions asked me by Monsieur de Blumendorff, I suspect they have been led to that decision, either by the resolutions of Congress of Apr. 1784. asking powers from the states to impose restraints on the commerce of states not connected with us by treaty, or else by an act of the Pennsylvania assembly for giving such powers to Congress, which has appeared in the European papers. In the mean time I own myself at a loss what to do. Our instructions are clearly to treat. But these made part of a system, wise and advantageous if executed in all it\u2019s parts, but which has hitherto failed in it\u2019s most material branch, that of connection with the powers having American territory. Should these continue to stand aloof, it may be necessary for the U.S. to enter into commercial regulations of a defensive nature. These may be embarrassed by treaties with the powers having no American territory, and who are most of them so little commercial as perhaps not to offer advantages which may countervail these embarrassments. In case of a war indeed these treaties will become of value, and even during peace the respectability of the Emperor, who stands at the head of one of the two parties which seem at present to divide Europe, gives a lustre to those connected with him, a circumstance not to be absolutely neglected by us under the actual situation of things. I attend a letter from Mr. Adams on this subject. Not trusting the posts however, and obliged to wait private conveiances, our intercommunication is slow, and in the mean while our time shortening fast.\nI have the honour to inclose to you a letter from the Count de Vergennes in favor of Mr. Dumas. With the services of this gentleman to the U.S. yourself and Dr. Franklin are better acquainted than I am. Those he has been able to render towards effecting the late alliance between France and the United Netherlands,  lands, are the probable ground of the present application. The minister for Geneva has desired me to have enquiries made after the Mr. Gallatin named in the within paper. I will pray you to have the necessary advertisements inserted in the papers, and to be so good as to favor me with the result. I inclose the gazettes of France and Leyden to this date, and have the honour to be with the most perfect respect and esteem, Sir, your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0207", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to David Ramsay, 27 January 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ramsay, David\nDear Sir\nParis Jan. 27. 1786.\nSince writing my letter of yesterday a person, whom I am very desirous of obliging, has asked me to procure from South Carolina some plants of the Magnolia grandiflora, sometimes called altissima, and some seeds of the Dionaea muscipula. If you can be instrumental in procuring them you will gratify me much. I have heard there is one Watson at Charles town who furnishes these articles well. I am of opinion they had better come to N. York, and from thence be sent here in the packet. For I think there is scarcely any direct communication between Charles town and France. The proper season for sending the plants of Magnolia must of course be awaited; but the seeds of the Dionaea I suppose may come at any time. Your favor herein will greatly oblige Dear Sir your most obedient humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0208", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Adams, 28 January 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nGrosvenor Square Jan. 28. 1786\nI have received yours of the 12, but yesterday, and wish it were in my Power to order the Interest due to the French Officers to be paid; but it is not. They must remain unpaid, be the Consequence what it may untill Congress or the Board of Treasury order it. Indeed, I dont know how your Subsistence and mine is to be paid after next month. Mr. Grand will be likely to advance yours, but from whence mine is to come I know not.\nI am clearly for treating with the Emperors Ambassador immediately, and even for the Netherlands only, although it would be better to extend it to all the rest of his Dominions. Why will not the Prussian Treaty answer for the Model. I pray you to proceed in the Business, as fast as you please. Treaties commercial with the two Imperial Courts cannot possibly do us any harm that I can conceive.\nThis Letter goes by Mr. Joy, whom I pray you to attend to a little. He wishes to go to the East Indies, with views of promoting a Trade between the United States and that Country. In great Haste yours forever,\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0209", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Currie, 28 January 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Currie, James\nDear Sir\nParis Jan. 28. 1786\nYour favor of Oct. 17. with a P.S. of Oct. 20. came to hand a few days ago, and I am now to thank you for the intelligence it contains. It is more difficult here to get small than great news, because most of our correspondents in writing letters to cross the Atlantic, think they must always tread in buskins, so that half one\u2019s friends might be dead without it\u2019s being ever spoken of here. Your letter was handed me by Mr. Littlepage whom I had never seen before and who set out from hence for Warsaw after two or three days stay. I observe by the public papers that he has brought on a very disagreeable altercation with Mr. Jay, in which he has given to the character of the latter a colouring which does not belong to it. These altercations, little thought of in America, make a great impression here. In truth it is afflicting that a man who has past his life in serving the public, who has served them in every the highest stations with universal approbation, and with a purity of conduct which has silenced even party opprobrium, who tho\u2019 poor has never permitted himself to make a shilling in the public employ, should yet be liable to have his peace of mind so much disturbed by any individual who shall think proper to arraign him in a newspaper. It is however an evil for which there is no remedy. Our liberty depends on the freedom of the press, and that cannot be limited without being lost. To the sacrifice, of time, labor, fortune, a public servant must count upon adding that of peace of mind and even reputation. And all this is preferable to European bondage. He who doubts it need only be placed for one week on any part of the Continent of Europe. Your desire of possessing the new Encyclopedie was expressed so problematically in a former letter, that I doubted whether you did not merely render yourself thro\u2019 complaisance to my proposition. Your last letter however is more explicit, wherefore I have immediately subscribed for you, and have obtained an abatement of two guineas in the price. It will be brought to me to day, and as there are now 29. vols. complete, and binding is done so much better and cheaper here (about 2 livres a volume) I will have them bound and send them by the first conveiance. The medical part has not yet begun to appear, that author having chosen to publish the whole at once. I do not expect it will be the most valuable part of the work, for that science was demolished here by the blows of Moliere, and in a nation so addicted  to ridicule, I question if ever it rises under the weight while his comedies continue to be acted. It furnishes the most striking proof I have ever seen in my life of the injury which ridicule is capable of doing. I send by this conveiance designs for the Capitol. They are simple and sublime. More cannot be said. They are not the brat of a whimsical conception never before brought to light, but copied from the most precious the most perfect model of antient architecture remaining on earth; one which has received the approbation of near 2000 years, and which is sufficiently remarkable to have been visited by all travellers. It will be less expensive too than the one begun. For some time past nothing has come out here worth sending you. Whenever there does you shall receive it. The Abb\u00e9 Rochon (who had discovered that all the natural chrystals were composed of two different substances of different refracting powers, and those powers actually uncombined tho\u2019 the substances seem perfectly combined) has lately applied the metal called Platina to the purpose of making the specula of telescopes. It is susceptible of as high a polish as the metallic composition heretofore used, and as insusceptible of rust as gold. It yeilds like that to no acid but the aqua regia. One Hoffman practices here a pleasing method of engraving, such as would be useful to any gentleman. He gives you a plate of copper; write on it with his ink, letters, designs of animals, landscapes, architecture, music, geography or what you please, and in an hour the plate is ready to strike off what number of copies you please. I charge you always with my affectionate respects to the families at Tuckahoe and Ampthill and to Mc.Lurg whose indolence is the only bar to our correspondence without an intermediate. I have taken the liberty of desiring A. Stuart to send some objects of natural history for me to your care, relying you will be so good as to contrive them to me, always remembering that Havre is the most convenient port, and next to that l\u2019orient, and that packages for me must be directed to the American Consul at the port. I am with sincere esteem Dear Sir your friend and servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0210", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Humphreys, 30 January 1786\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon Janry. 30th. 1786\nI am honoured with your letter of the 5th inst. and shall execute your several commissions with the greatest satisfaction. I shall also procure the plan of the iron bridge over the Severn agreeably to your subsequent note.\nGatteaux the Engraver lives in the Street St. Thomas de Louvre opposite the treasury of the Duke de Chartres. Now that there is no obstacle to commencing the Medal for Genl. Washington, since Houdon\u2019s return, I could wish (should it not be giving you too much trouble) that you would send for Du Vivier who lives in the Old Louvre and propose to him undertaking it upon exactly the terms he had offered, which I think were 2400 Livres besides the gold and expence of coining. If he should not chuse it we must let it rest until Dupre shall have finished Genl. Green\u2019s. Gatteaux has a paper on which is the description of Genl. Washington\u2019s Medal.\nNotwithstanding Parliament is now sitting I can give you no news of consequence. Administration is so strong it is not expected to be a very violent or long session. You will probably have seen Ld. Chesterfield is recalled. The Marquis of Carmarthen is talked of as Ambassador for Madrid. I dined a few days ago with Mr. Crawford at the Binghams, and from what he let fall I fancy he has not been very graciously received at St. James\u2019s. As to American affairs they are out of the question. Administration and Opposition seem to be agreed in this one point alone, that nothing is necessary to be done with respect to a farther connection with the U.S., or rather all ranks of people appear to be equally hostile in their political opinions against us.\nAs the Commission to which I had the honour of being appointed Secretary expires the beginning of May next, I have thought it expedient to inform the Secretary of State for the Department of foreign Affairs, that if Congress should not have farther occasion for my services in Europe, I proposed to embark for America in April. I am confident you would not wish me to betray the Independence of the American character by remaining one moment longer, than my Country should think I might be useful.\nThe intelligence from America is, in general, of an agreeable complexion. The delegation from Virginia is composed of R. H.  Lee, Grayson, Monroe, Carrington and H. Lee, from Maryland of Jno. Henry, W. Hindman, Rd. Ridgely, Col. Ramsey and Wm. Harrison brother to the Secretary of Gen. Washington.\nCol. Smith desires his best respects may be presented to you. For myself, I hope soon after the Queen\u2019s birthday (9th Feby.), to assure you personally with how great and sincere affection and esteem I am Dr. Sir Your Friend & Hble. Servt.,\nD. Humphreys", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0211", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from C. W. F. Dumas, [31 January 1786]\nFrom: Dumas, Charles William Frederick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nJe me r\u00e9fere, Monsieur, \u00e0 ma derni\u00e8re du 27. Votre Excellence verra dans l\u2019incluse les trois pieces secrettes promises. Apr\u00e8s les avoir lues, il lui plaira refermer la D\u00e9peche, pour la cacheter et acheminer. Soit dit une fois pour toutes, pour toutes celles que votre Excellence recevra ainsi ouvertes de ma part. Celle-ci vous parviendra par un expr\u00e8s de Mr. l\u2019Ambassadeur et de nos Amis ici, qui partira vendredi.\nJe pars dans un moment pour une Conf\u00e9rence \u00e0 Amsterdam o\u00f9 l\u2019on m\u2019attend, et d\u2019o\u00f9 je reviendrai Jeudi. De Votre Excellence le tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s ob\u00e9issant serviteur,\nC W F Dumas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0212", "content": "Title: [To Thomas Jefferson from Ferdinand Grand, 1 February 1786]\nFrom: Grand, Ferdinand\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nParis, 1 Feb. 1786. Informs TJ that a 60-day bill drawn by Carmichael on 24 Nov. 1785 for 4,500 livres is due and has been presented for payment. Has received no advice on bill, nor authorization from the commissioners of the treasury for payment. Has made a note of the holders and awaits TJ\u2019s orders in case he wishes the bill paid from funds deposited by Mr. Barclay.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0213", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to C. W. F. Dumas, 2 February 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dumas, Charles William Frederick\nSir\nParis Feb. 2. 1786.\nI was honoured some time ago with a letter from you of Dec. 6. inclosing two for America which I forwarded by the first occasion. On the 18th. of this month I received a letter from his Excellency the Count de Vergennes expressing the interest which he takes in your welfare and recommending you to Congress. This I had an opportunity of forwarding from hence on the 27th. of Jan. under cover to Mr. Jay. Yesterday I was gratified with the receipt of your favor of Jan. 27. containing a copy of the resolution of Congress of Oct. 24. in your favor, and which I wish had been more so. With respect to the paiment of the arrearages two things are necessary, first an order from the treasury, and secondly Money to comply with it. Mr. Grand wrote to me this morning that he had not now as much left as to pay a bill of Mr. Carmichael\u2019s for 4500 livres just presented. I shall forward your letter to Mr. Jay the next week with a request that the necessary measures may be taken for the paiment of your arrearages and interest. In the mean time I think you would do well to write a line for the same purpose to Mr. Jay, or to the Commissioners of the treasury. I do not mean that what I have said above should prevent your drawing in due time for the salary of the current quarter. I will honour that draught from a private fund with which I can take that liberty. I thank you for what you say of the Notes on Virginia. It is much more than they deserve; tho the various matters they touch on would have been beyond the information of any one person whatever to have  treated fully, and infinitely beyond mine, yet had I, at the time of writing them, had any thing more in view than the satisfying a single individual, they should have been more attended to both in form and matter. Poor as they are, they have been thought worthy of a surreptitious translation here, with the appearance of which very soon I have been threatened. This has induced me to yeild to a friendly proposition from the Abb\u00e9 Morellet to translate and publish them himself, submitting the sheets previously to my inspection. As a translation by so able a hand will lessen the faults of the original instead of their being multiplied by a hireling translator, I shall add to it a map, and such other advantages as may prevent the mortification of my seeing it appear in the injurious form threatened. I shall with great pleasure send a copy of the original to you by the first opportunity, praying your acceptance of it. I have the honour to be with great esteem & respect Sir your most obedient and most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0214", "content": "Title: William Carmichael to the American Commissioners, 3 February 1786\nFrom: Carmichael, William\nTo: American Commissioners\nGentlemen\nMadrid 3d. Feby. 1786\nOn the 4th of December last Mr. Lamb delivered me the Letter which Your Excellencies did me the honor to address me dated from London the 1st. and from Paris the 11th of October. At the same time that Gentleman communicated to me his Instructions and I all the Intelligence I had been able to procure relative to the negociation between this Country and the Regency of Algiers.\nThe Ct. d\u2019Expilly whose friendship I cultivated had returned to Algiers long before Mr. Lambs arrival and a Secretary whom he had dispatched from that Place after his return with Letters for the Minister had also sett off for Alicant. From these Gentlemen I had obtained an account of the State of the Negotiation. The Principal Articles proposed by Spain had been agreed to by the Dey and his Ministers: But as the Former wished to include the Courts of Naples and Portugal on the Pacification, the Ct. de Florida  Blanca had instructed the Ct. d\u2019Expilly to prevail on the Latter to Admit and receive Ministers from these Courts and was actually waiting the answer from Algiers at the period when Mr. Lamb came hither. It was evident to me that should this proposition be accepted, of which I had no doubt with respect to the first mentioned court, the Nomination and Voyage of these Ministers would occasion delay and Until the Treaty between Spain and the Regency should be concluded, I had reason to think that this Court would not interfere directly in our favor. The Manner in which his Execy. the Ct. de Florida Blanca had explained his Sentiments to me on this Subject, induced me to form this opinion. For as soon as I knew the probable success of D\u2019Expillys negotiation I insinuated to the Minister how acceptable the good offices of his Majesty to accommodate the States with the Barbary powers would be to the People at Large in America, and his Excellency then assured me that as soon as their own Affairs were arranged with Algiers, His Catholic Majesty would employ all his influence to accelerate a peace for the United [States] with that and the other Barbary States, and authorized me to inform Congress of the Kings intentions. Having received these Assurances I engaged the Ct. D Expilly to prepare by every favorable insinuation the Deys Ministers and favorites to support any overtures which might be made by the States, which he promised me to do and the proofs of Confidence he gave me induce me to rely on his promises. He also engaged to give me the earliest Information with respect to the Intentions of these People and since his return has proved, by his behavior to our Captives and correspondence with me, that he will avail himself of all the means which he can employ with propriety to fulfil his promises. When Mr. Lamb arrived, The Royal Family had just come to the Capital from the Escurial and during its residence here it is extremely difficult to have Access to the Minister. The King in a few days after went to Aranjuez on a hunting Party and the Ct. de Florida Blanca accompanied him and none but the Family Ambassadors follow the Court on this Occasion. However as I was desirous to have a conference with the Minister as soon as possible on the Subject of your Excellencys Letter, I wrote to the Undersecretary in the Department of Foreign Affairs charged with the Correspondence to the United States to know whether If I came to Aranjuez I should have an opportunity of speaking with his Excellency to whom I wished to make a communication in Person of some Advice I had received lately. No. 1  is a copy of the Answer I received from that Gentleman. On the Return of his Majesty to this Capital I procured an audience from the Minister to whom I communicated Mr. Lamb\u2019s arrival and the Object of his Mission, making use of such Arguments and Insinuations as I thought most likely to Induce his Excellency to contribute to its Success. I received from him the Strongest Assurances to the same purport as those beforementioned. At the Same time however he added, that until he should receive further Advice from Algiers it was impossible for him to take an open part in the Negotiation and advised me to detain my Countrymen until the Court went to the Pardo when he hoped to have it in his power to give me a more explicit Answer. During this Audience I took an occasion of mentioning without Affectation Your Excellencies Sentiments with respect to his Generous Interference in the Affair of Morrocco, with which he appeared much pleased and told me it should not be his fault, nor did he think it would be mine if Spain and the United States were not as good friends as they were near Neighbours in America. In the same conversation He promised me ample satisfaction on a subject in which I had been Obliged to have recourse to him and I have since received it. His Majesty having been pleased to fine and render incapable of Serving in the Revenue the Governor of Laredo on a complaint made to Me by an American Captain of the Injust and Arbitrary proceeding of the Latter. All the Officers employed in this Affair by the Governor have been also punished.\nI communicated to Messrs. Lamb and Randall what passed on this occasion and these Gentlemen consented to wait without reluctance here until the period mentioned by the Minister. Four days after the Court had been fixed at the Pardo, I again waited on the Minister who received me very well, but on explaining the Motive of my visit His Excellency declared to me that it was not in his power to be more explicit as he had not yet received the Letters he expected from Algiers\u2014that until he received the Intelligence he expected he could not order the Ct. D Expilly to employ the Kings Interference in our Affairs, repeating his former Assurances and hinting the Obstacles we must expect to encounter in this Negotiation. At the same time he observed to me that we must not be discouraged. He told me that the first Objection made by the Algerines would Arise from our not having a Treaty with the Grand Seigneur, as this circumstance occasioned Great Difficulties to Portugal in the Actual Negotiation. I intreated his Excellency  to pardon my importunity and anxiety on this subject as they proceeded as much from my wish to cement an Amicable intercourse by reciprocal good offices between the two Countries of Spain and America, as from my apprehension that unless Mr. Lamb should arrive at Algiers before their Cruisers were sent to Sea, further Hostilities on their part might render an accommodation still more difficult: I also urged the nature of Mr. Lambs instructions and the necessity of Congress being early informed of the Disposition of the Regency, Expressing a hope that by the time Mr. Lamb could arrive at a Sea Port and prepare for his Departure from thence it might be in his Excellencys power to afford him all the Assistance necessary to insure the Success of his Mission. To these reflections I added the Loss that would accrue to Spain from the Difficulties to which we should be exposed in our Intercourse with A Country whose produce found a ready sale in America and from which Country Spain could be supplied with so many Articles that it now takes from the Northern Nations of Europe, whose Consuls his Excellency knew did everything in their power to obstruct the peace which he was endeavoring to make for the commercial and Political Interests of a Country the Councils of which he directed. The Ct. de Florida Blanca replied that he acquiesced to my reasons for the Departure of Mr. Lamb and repeated to me and authorized me to write your Excellencies that \u201cThe Day after their own Affairs should be arranged with Algiers his Catholic Majesty would employ all his Influence to facilitate our Accommodation\u201d to which he added many assurances of his desire to give a preference to the Commerce of the United States to that which Spain at present carried on with the Northern part of Europe, particularly with Sweden and Denmark. The Freedom with which this Minister has spoken to me on several Occasions his Sentiments with respect to the Northern powers hath not less surprized than convinced me of his wish to diminish their Commerce and Influence In the Mediterranean. In the course of this Conversation He appealed to my own Experience on the reliance that might be placed on his word to which I made the proper Answer and acknowledgements and concluded by asking passports and letters for Messrs. Lamb and Randall which his Excellency promised to send me. On my Return to this City from the Pardo I received letters from Algiers of which No. 2, 3 are Copies. They were brought by a courier Extraordinary and the Arrival of that Courier induced me to hope that the Minister might have received such  information as might enable him to act openly in our favor, altho in fact this hope arose more from my Wishes that such might be the Case, than from the reasons which ought to Induce a contrary sentiment in consequence of the Information which I had received with respect to their negotiation previously. Your Excellencies will easily conceive that the first efforts of this court must be employed to procure a peace for those Nations to which they are allied by the tyes of Family connections, Engagements to which these Connections have given rise, and the mutual Aids which they have received from these Nations during their late Operations against Algiers. However notwithstanding these considerations, I took the Liberty of reminding his Excellency the Ct. de Florida Blanca of the Passports and Letters he had promised me, to insinuate my expectations of being able to obtain all that might be necessary for Mr. Lamb on his arrival at Algiers. To this Application I received a reply of which No. 5 is a copy as also a Letter to the Ct. de Assalto Captain General of Catalonia of which I also annex a Copy No. 6, as I do of the several Letters which I have received from Algiers since the arrival of Messrs. Lamb and Randall in Madrid.\nThe Latter sett off for Barcelona the 26th Ulto. in Company of Mr. Harrison a Native of Virginia who will have the honor to deliver your Excellencies Letters from me. Mr. Lamb did not Leave this until the first instt. but as he travels post he will arrive at Barcelona Before the Gentlemen Abovementioned. I refer your Excellencies to the account these Gentlemen may render you of my Conduct in this Business. I have procured Bills for Mr. Lamb in Barcelona for the Amount of which he has been drawn agreable to his Instructions. I have established a credit for whatever he may chuse to draw. I have given him Letters to the Ct. D Expilly and have given him all the Advice that I thought might be useful to him. On his Arrival at Algiers He will find Letters of Introduction to Most of the Consuls employed by Foreign Nations there from their Ministers at this Court. I did not chuse to expose his Mission to these Gentlemen until his Departure from Barcelona renders it public. Having rendered to your Excellencies an account of my proceedings in consequence of the Letter you did me honor to address me by Mr. Lamb it may be necessary to add for your information and that of Congress to which Body I take the Liberty of requesting you to forward a copy of this Letter, that the Peace negotiating at present between this Country and the Regency of\nAlgiers will cost this Country near one million and a half of Dollars, and I beg leave to add that my information is so circumstantial and derived from such a source as leaves me not the Smallest reason to doubt its authenticity. The Dey of Algiers is now more than Eighty years old and his Ministers all press a conclusion of the Treaty in order that while they are in power they may participate the presents made on this Occasion. The Durability of this peace is incertain, or of any other made in the present Moment with these Pirates. If I am rightly informed, as soon as their Treaty is concluded with Spain and Naples, They mean to declare war Against Denmark, the Venetians and perhaps the Dutch. I shall not fail to inform you of all I can learn upon these points, Because these may be circumstances on which may depend your future Instructions to Mr. Lamb and the measures which Congress may think proper to Adopt. On the 30th Ulto. the Convention was signed by the Ambassadors of France and Portugal respecting their differences on the Coast of Africa. As I have not an accurate Map of that Coast before me I refer to a future Letter the Limits accorded by the Latter for a free Trade to Other Nations. Mutual Demands of Indemnification have been waved on each part, and mutual expressions of good will and a desire to be on the best terms will appear in the Articles of this Convention in the Expression of which France preserves its dignity. With the highest sentiments of gratitude for the Confidence your Excellencies have been to accord me I have the honor to be with great Respect and Regard, Your Excellencies Most Obedt. & Humble Sert.,\nWm. Carmichael", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0217", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Walker, 4 February 1786\nFrom: Walker, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nShirley Feby. 4th 1786\nLong ago should I have written to you, My Dear Friend, but for a Tale of sorrow which I feared I should not have had Fortitude to tell. I suppose you know what I allude to, having heard before this time, that I have lost my Dear Daughter. She died in Carolina Oct. the 17th 1784, leaving us one only Pledge, a sweet little pratling grand Daughter. Enought of this melancholy Subject.\nMr. Doradeur favored me with yours of May last, in September. I can tell you but little of this Gentleman. When he was departing from Belvoir to Mr. Lewis\u2019s, I requested that he would allow me, after he had rested from the Fatigues of his Journey, to send for him to my house, to which he consented, promising to give me notice when I should send, and promising at the same time to pass a few weeks with me, but I have neither seen him nor heard from him since. He seems to have expected that our Lands were cheaper, at least ten fold, and that our People all spoke the French Language. These, and perhaps some other Reasons have, I believe, induced him to decline his intention of setling amongst us. Mr. Lewis has probably told you more of him, as he has seen much more of him than I could, having spent the most of my Winter at this Place.\nI have no material news to write you. Your Correspondance with many of our Leaders in Public Matters, who will give you better accounts than I, a private Citizen, can do, renders my enlarging on Politics unnecessary. My Opinion however in general, I will give you in few words. It is, that our political machine is draged awkwardly along; and that all our Measures tend only to increase that confusion, which has long since began to gain ground amongst us, but I am not without hopes, that out of Confusion, order will some time or other arise, and I begin to hope, that that Period is not far distant, as Matters appear to me to be hastening to a Crisis, and I trust there is a ne plus ultra in bad Politics, after which we shall manage public Matters more to our own honour and the Benefit of Mankind.\nI hope that at the expiration of your three years, some other person may be found to supply your place, and that your Inclination may lead you, to return to your Country and your Friends, for believe me Sir, they both require you.\nWould it not, My Friend, be practicable for, and beneficial to  us, who possess a quantity of Mountain Lands, which render us little or no Profit, to settle on them some French, or Swiss Peasantry, on such a plan as to render them more happy, and us more wealthy? I have thought on this subject, and supposed that People skilled in the Business of making Wine, might be induced to come over here, on condition that Leases for Life, or a given Term should be made them, free of Rent for a few years; after which, they might afford to pay a reasonable Rent, and thereby benefit us, themselves, and our Country. I beg you will consider this subject, and let me hear from you on it. Should you approve of this, or any other Plan, by which the Object may be attained, I will most gladly come into it, and give every assistance in my Power. For the future I promise to be a punctual Correspondant, provided you give me any Encouragement.\nMrs. Walker is nearly in the same state of health, and begs to be affectionately remember\u2019d to you and Miss Patsy, to whom I beg you will present me, as also to Mr. Short, and believe me to be with unalterable Esteem, My Dear Sir, Your Friend & humble Servant,\nJn. Walker", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0218", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Antonio Giannini, with a List of Seeds Wanted, 5 February 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Giannini, Antonio\nSir\nParis Feb. 5. 1786.\nI some time ago forwarded to you a letter from your father which I hope you received safe. It will now be in my power to forward letters between you very certainly, so that you may write as often as you please, putting your letters under cover to me and sending them to the care of Doctor Currie in Richmond. I wrote to Mr. Lewis soon after I arrived in France to get you to graft me a good number of the fine white, red, and yellow plumb peaches from Balyal\u2019s, taking the grafts from the old trees remaining at  Balyal\u2019s to plant these in the room of all those which die in my orchard, and in the room of all such as are found to bear indifferent peaches. I hope this has been done and if not, that you will do it the first season. I depend also that you will fill up my apple orchard on the North side of the mountain with the kinds of trees I directed, and winding the rows on a level round the hill as was begun before I came away: and always as soon as any fruit tree dies, replant another of the same kind in it\u2019s place; except the peach trees which are always to be replaced with grafted ones from Balyal\u2019s. I hope my trees of every kind are taken good care of, and also the grass grounds, and that they go on sowing grass seed where I directed. How does my vineyard come on? Have there been grapes enough to make a trial of wine? If there should be, I should be glad to receive here a few bottles of the wine. I trust much to you for the replacing my trees which die, and extending them, and that George takes care of them thro\u2019 the year so that nothing may hurt them.\nI send you inclosed a list of seeds which I wish you to gather for me. They are intended for friends here whom I very much desire to oblige, and I write to you yourself for them that I may be sure to get them. Do not let time nor trouble prevent your getting them, I pray you, but go yourself in quest of them at the proper season. I depend much on your skill and care in packing them so that they may neither get too dry, nor yet too moist. I believe that the nuts and acorns had better be packed in sand. Besides the seeds &c. send me a leaf or two of every article. The way to do this will be to make a little book of paper of about 30 leaves, a little larger than the largest leaf you are to send. Then put one or two leaves of the plants between every two leaves of the book, writing the name of the plant in the page of the book where it is placed. Do not put leaves of different kinds in the same page. Wrap up the book very well that they may not drop out. Send all these things to Doctor Currie who will forward them to me. And write me at the same time in Italian a full account of what you send. I shall be glad also if you will write me a very full state of the condition in which my trees, grasses and other matters of that kind are. But put these things into a separate letter from that in which you give me an account of what you send. There are some of these things which you might send me immediately, such as persimmons, locusts, walnuts, Cedar, Pride of china, laurel, Umbrella, acorns, of the last year, by which means they would arrive  in time to plant the ensuing fall. Besides this I would have you send the same things again in the fall when you send the others. If you are at a loss to know any of these plants, I think Mrs. Lewis will be very able to tell you how to know them. As to the time which you may employ in doing this business now and whenever I send you the like commissions hereafter, Mr. Lewis I am sure will satisfy you, either in the same way you were always paid by me, or in any other more agreeable to you. But do not let any difficulties of this kind prevent your doing this business, but rely on me that you shall be satisfied, as I rely on you that you will not let me be disappointed in receiving them, which would be a great mortification to me. I hope on my return, which will not be very distant, I shall find that you and George have kept up my plans well in my absence. Tell him and my other servants that I have their welfare much at heart: I have left them under the protection of so good a man, Mr. Lewis, that my mind is tolerably quiet. James is well. He has forgot how to speak English, and has not learnt to speak French. I wish you well sincerely, and am, Sir, your humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson\nEnclosure\nA list of seeds which Anthony Giannini is desired to send me\nWild honeysuckle, a jill of the seed.\nHaw tree, both black and red, a jill of each.\nPersimmon, a pint of the seeds.\nHoney locust, a pint of the seeds.\nCommon locust, two pints of the seeds.\nBlackwalnuts, half a bushel.\nWhite walnuts, a gallon. This is the kind which grows along the river side from the Secretary\u2019s ford down to the old mill. A gallon.\nHiccory nut\nI am not certain whether these are of different kinds, or whether they are the same. A gallon of each if different.\nPignut\nScaly barks, a gallon.\nCedar, half a bushel.\nLilly of Canada. This is the lilly which George found for me in the woods near the stone spring. I think that before I left home we took up some roots and planted them in the flower borders near the house. Send all the seed you can get, and some roots.\nPride of China, a pint.\nSwamp laurel, 20 cones. The nearest place where these are to be had is about the Byrd ordinary. Waggoner Phill knows the spot.\nUmbrella, 20 cones.\nWild cherry, a jill of the stones.\nWild plumbs, a jill.\nPoke, a jill.\nWillow oak, half a bushel of acorns.\nGround oak, half a bushel of acorns. This grows in the barrens about Gaines\u2019s. It is a bush not more than 4. feet high. George once got me a peck of the acorns, which I believe we planted in the park.\nSumach, 2 pints. If there are two kinds of Sumach, send of both.\nScarlet flowering maple.\nI do not know the size of the seed of these trees; but send about the same proportion with those before directed, according to the size of the seed.\nMaple with a leaf like an Ash.\nFringe tree.\nAsh.\nGreen ivy, The broad leaved.\nThe narrow leaved.\nSweet gum\nPoplar\nI do not know the size of these seeds; but send a very great quantity.\nSassafras\nThe sweet potatoe. I mean that kind which the negroes tend so generally. The roots will not keep during the voiage. Therefore send a quantity of the seeds, which doubtless may be got as I remember it bears a quantity of blossoms.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0220", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Philip Mazzei, 6 February 1786\nFrom: Mazzei, Philip\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nAmsterdam, 6 Feb. 1786. Has been in Amsterdam three weeks; remained at The Hague longer than he intended and stopped two days in Leyden with his friend Luzac. Luzac is most desirous of receiving American news, particularly that which will refute those who defame America; has inserted in his gazette everything TJ has sent him, as he had also published in 1783 Mazzei\u2019s denial of the rumor that Congress had appealed to Abb\u00e9 Mably to write a plan of government for the United States. He left with Luzac numerous papers, including the remonstrance of the dissenters which is to be returned after it has been translated, Mazzei\u2019s description of the present state of affairs in America, and TJ\u2019s remarks on the Capt. Stanhope incident. Luzac gave very  favorable notice of the affair at Salem. None of the papers left with Luzac have been published in the past three weeks, probably because of the abundance of Dutch news which could not be delayed. Mazzei thought TJ had given him Congress\u2019 printing of the act concerning the division of the new states but he has been unable to locate it; asks TJ to send it to Luzac; some of the Dutch patriots would like to see it published to counteract the constant rumors in the gazettes that all in America is in confusion. The future division of Kentucky has supplied new material for false statements; asks TJ to send a paragraph to Luzac stating that there has never been any opposition to this idea in Virginia. The Van Staphorsts continue to be friendly and to have a high regard for him; they are concerned only for his welfare; fears he will lose all of the amount of the draft on Lisbon unless Dohrman can return the money. In his spare time he has been copying his writings for the translator and has made changes and additions which he hopes TJ will approve; believes TJ\u2019s historical discussion of the courts of law and equity will reward the reader for going through more tedious passages; and this is a subject in which he will have particular need of TJ\u2019s careful and severe revision. Asks TJ to \u201cscribble \u2026 the definition of the grand jury and a note on the beginning, progress, and fall of the Cincinnati\u201d about which TJ has received direct information from Gen. Washington; believes it necessary to say something about the latter because that is the sole point on which Washington\u2019s reputation is clouded with ambiguity. Wrote Lafayette by the last post concerning the affairs of Mr. Dumas whom he is most eager to see adequately remunerated by Congress\u2019 thanks TJ for his letter of 10 Jan. with the legal instructions transmitted therewith\u2019 hopes his affairs are now so arranged that he can conduct his business with the Van Staphorsts by correspondence with mutual understanding and that they are adequately protected in the event of his death. Urgent communications for him should be sent to Brussels.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0221", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 7 February 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nParis Feb. 7. 1786.\nI am honored with yours of Jan. 19. Mine of Jan. 12. had not I suppose at that time got to your hands as the receipt of it is unacknoleged. I shall be anxious till I receive your answer to it.\nI was perfectly satisfied, before I received your letter, that your opinion had been misunderstood or misrepresented in the case of the Chevalier de Mezieres. Your letter however will enable me to say so with authority. It is proper that it should be known that you  had not given the opinion imputed to you, tho\u2019 as to the main question it is become useless, Monsieur de Reyneval having assured me that what I had written on that subject had perfectly satisfied the Ct. de Vergennes and himself that this case could never come under the treaty. To evince still further the impropriety of taking up subjects gravely on such imperfect information as this court had, I have this moment received a copy of an act of the Georgia assembly placing the subjects of France as to real estates on the footing of natural citizens and expressly recognizing the treaty. Would you think any thing could be added after this to put this question still further out of doors? A gentleman of Georgia assures me General Oglethorpe did not own a foot of land in the state\u2014I do not know whether there has been any American determination on the question whether American citizens and British subjects born before the revolution can be aliens to one another? I know there is an opinion of Ld. Coke\u2019s in Calvin\u2019s case that if England and Scotland should in a course of descent pass to separate kings, those born under the same sovereign during the union would remain natural subjects and not aliens. Common sense urges strong considerations against this, e.g. natural subjects owe allegiance. But we owe none\u2014. Aliens are the subjects of a foreign power. We are subjects of a foreign power\u2014. The king by the treaty acknoleges our independance; how then can we remain natural subjects\u2014. The king\u2019s power is by the constitution competent to the making peace, war and treaties. He had therefore authority to relinquish our allegiance by treaty\u2014.But if an act of parliament had been necessary, the parliament passed an act to confirm the treaty, &c. &c. So that it appears to me that in this question fictions of law alone are opposed to sound sense.\nI am in hopes Congress will send a minister to Lisbon. I know no country with which we are likely to cultivate a more useful commerce. I have pressed this in my private letters.\nIt is difficult to learn any thing certain here about the French and English treaty. Yet, in general, little is expected to be done between them. I am glad to hear that the Delegates of Virginia had made the vote relative to English commerce, tho they afterwards repealed it. I hope they will come to again. When my last letters came away they were engaged in passing the revisal of their laws, with some small alterations. The bearer of this, Mr. Lyons, is a sensible worthy young physician, son of one of our Judges, and on his return to Virginia. Remember me with affection to Mrs.  and Miss Adams, Colos. Smith and Humphreys and be assured of the esteem with which I am Dr. Sir your friend & servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0222", "content": "Title: [From Thomas Jefferson to Archibald Cary, 7 February 1786]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cary, Archibald\n[Paris, 7 Feb. 1786. Entry in SJL under this date: \u201cA Cary. Of introduction to Lyons. By Lyons.\u201d Not found, but see TJ to John Adams, this date.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0224", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Ledyard, 7 February 1786\nFrom: Ledyard, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nSaint Germain Feby. 7th 1786\nA gentleman in this town informs me that the Indians who have been asked their opinions about those large bones found in America, say, that tho they had never before seen such bones or an Animal large enough to have them, yet all the indians knew their fathers had seen such bones and the very animal itself but that it had always been found dead. They called it the mole because like the common little animal of that [nam]e it resides in the earth; [\u2026] operations and movements we [\u2026] mole differing only as the great m[ \u2026] did from the other in magnitude: that these operations had been but rarely seen and the perfect form of the animal still more rarely, but when seen was found to resemble the little mole in its form.\nPerhaps I was wrong, but I observed to Mr. de Carel who gave me this account, that I had frequently observed that when an European queried a savage about a circumstance that perhaps he was totaly ignorant of that he was nevertheless unwilling that the European should know it or even think that he was ignorant and to divert his suspicions would make use of the most wily arts and  rather than appear to be less informed of the common affairs of his country than the European would say any thing to make the European think favourably of him by thinking otherwise.\nBut whether the asserted fact exists in nature, or whether it is only the tale of superstition or craft I thought it worth communicating to you; but whether true or false the savage has been more modest than Count Buffon for in accounting for the phenomenon he has not denied its present existance.\nI have the honour to be with the warmest esteem & respect [Sir your most ]bliged [& humble S]ervant,\nJ[oh]n Ledyard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0226", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lafayette, [before 8 February 1786]\nFrom: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nOtchikeita is Gone to the abb\u00e9, and Kayenlaha will wait for You to Morrow. It is probable Mr. du Crest will be there, Ambassador from the Court of the Palais Royal. Duke d\u2019Harcourt writes me that Eleven Suits him Better than ten. Adieu.\nHere is an Application from Horace\u2019s to our Good General  te Belluosus qui Remotis Obstrepit oceanus Britannis te non paventis funera galli\u00e6 Compositis venerantur armis. (Carm. L. IV. od. 14th.)\nHere are three Verses made By M. de Marmontel  Arma Capit Vindex, patria incolumi, exuit arma Nilque ducis retinet, comitum nisi, liber, Amorem At decus invitum sequitur celebratque latentem.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0227", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Bowdoin, 8 February 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bowdoin, James\nSir\nParis Feb. 8. 1786.\nI was honoured with your Excellency\u2019s letters of Octob. 10. and 23. by Mr. Barrett. Before his arrival a Mr. Boylston had come here with a cargo of whale oil, and had wished of the Marquis de la Fayette and myself to procure for him the same exemptions from duty as had been obtained the year before for a company. I was of opinion it would be better at once to obtain an abatement for all our citizens in general than to be thus fatiguing the ministers by detail. The Marquis came into my opinion, and as this business lay within the department of the minister of finance, and my applications must go thro the minister for foreign affairs, which would have occasioned too great a delay for Boylston\u2019s vessel, the Marquis undertook the sollicitation as he does whatever interests America, with the greatest zeal, and very soon obtained a reduction of the duty to about 2. livres on the English hundred, or a guinea and a half the ton as it is estimated in England. This is mentioned  to be but for one year; but you need not have the smallest apprehension, in my opinion, of it\u2019s being continued. This matter had been just settled when Mr. Barrett arrived. His arrival, his prudent conduct, his information, has had a good effect in evincing that what had been done was right, and might produce good to this country. He has obtained a contract for a large quantity. If the ministry see that we take produce and manufactures in exchange the abatement will surely be continued. But should money be withdrawn for this article, I do suppose they will revive the duties. The temporary form of the indulgence was probably given for this reason. We are indeed entitled to this at present, because the Hanseatic towns enjoy the same abatements, but as they take very little whale at present, they would readily yeild this abatement, and thus destroy the basis on which we may obtain it as of right.\nYour Excellency\u2019s letter of Octob. 10. was the first information I had of a proposition to arrange the Consular establishment under the care of the ministers here. Should I have any thing to do with that of Lisbon, the testimonies I have received in favor of Mr. Warren will entitle him certainly to whatever I can do. I rather suppose however that Congress will find their commerce with Portugal so interesting as to require a minister or resident there, who of course will have the superintendance of that consulate.\nI have the honour to be with sentiments of the highest respect & esteem Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0230", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Teresa Murphy, 8 February 1786\nFrom: Murphy, Teresa\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHonour\u2019d Sir\nNogent Fevr. 8 1786\nTho\u2019 I have not the Honour to be known to your Excellence I presume to ask the Same favor of you with which Mr. Franklin, your predecessor, honour\u2019d me, that is your attention to Send over my letters, with your dispatches to philadelphia, and permit that my friends in Maryland may take the Same way, which I esteem more Safe and expedicious than any other. Dr. franklin had the goodness to carry over my last letters, and to forward them immediately on his arrival, as he was pleas\u2019d to promise me by letter from havre de grace. He aded, \u201chaving done with public business, it will be no more in my way to Serve you in your correspondence, but my Successor Mr. Jefferson, present Ministre plenipotentiary  of the united States, residing at paris, will I doubt not be as ready to oblige you.\u201d Thus I have the confidence to ask the favor of your Excellence, of which Shall ever have the most gratefull Sense. I have the Honour to be With due Respect, Honour\u2019d Sir your Most obedient humble Servante,\nR. A. Teresa Murphypensionnaire, a l\u2019abba\u00ffeRoyale de Nogent L\u2019ar-tault par Charly SurMarne\nAs I am far from any Sea port, it wou\u2019d be a Satisfaction to me to Send over Some trifling things that might do pleasure, be pleas\u2019d to honour me with a line to let me know whether that be practicable or not.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0231", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Nourse, 8 February 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Nourse, Joseph\nSir\nParis Feb. 8. 1786.\nI have been duly honoured with your letter of December 3. and immediately wrote to the Count de Cambray, who is at his seat at some distance from hence. I inclose you his letter directing the delivery of his certificate to his uncle in Paris, and the uncle\u2019s receipt indorsed.\nI wrote on the 26th. of January to the Marquis de la Rouerie who is also in the country on the subject of the satisfied certificate which he holds. As yet I have received no answer. I take for granted however that I shall receive one, either accompanying the certificate, or acknowleging that it is satisfied. Whatever it be I shall do myself the honour of transmitting it to you, and at all times attend to your commands with pleasure. I have the honour to be with great esteem and respect Sir, Your most obedient & most humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0232", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Warren, 8 February 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Warren, James\nSir\nParis Feb. 8. 1786.\nI have been honoured with your letter of Oct. 9. by Mr. Barrett. No intimation has yet come to my hands of such an arrangement of the Consular department as is therein mentioned: and I rather suppose that Congress will find their commerce with Portugal so interesting as to be worthy the establishment of a minister or resident at that court. If so, the consulate there would undoubtedly be under him. However should any arrangement whatever give me influence over it, the testimonies I have received in favor of your son and the services which have been rendered by his family and their sacrifices to our cause would render a duty whatever I could do for him, while it would indulge the inclinations to serve you which the short acquaintance has inspired which I had the honour to contract with you, and will furnish me a pleasing occasion of evincing the esteem and respect with which I have the honour to be Sir, your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0234", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Francis Lewis, 9 February 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lewis, Francis\nDr. Sir\nParis Feb. 9. 1786.\nFinding it impossible to get good and genuine Madeira wine here I have concluded it most convenient to import it from America, and particularly from New York where it is generally to be had good, and may be sent readily by the packet. The acquaintance I have had the honor of having formerly with you encourages me to trouble you with this commission, and the rather as nobody knows better how to chuse what is good. I would prefer that which is of the nut quality, and of the very best. If you will be so good as to send me a pipe of such, by the packet or any better opportunity, I shall be much obliged to you. Your bill drawn on me for the amount of cost, charges &c. shall be honoured. You are the best judge whether it would come better in bottles, or in a cask: and if in a cask, whether the precaution of one cask within another be necessary. I have the honour to be with the highest esteem Dear Sir your most obedient humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0236", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Nicolas & Jacob van Staphorst, 9 February 1786\nFrom: Nicolas & Jacob van Staphorst\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nAmsterdam 9 February 1786\nThe Motives of the Present are to acquaint Your Excellency that our mutual Friend Mr. Philip Mazzei has favored us for a short time with a Perusal of \u201cNotes on the State of Virginia written in the Year 1781 somewhat corrected and enlarged, in the Winter of 1782, for the Use of a Foreigner of Distinction, in answer to certain Queries proposed by him.\u201d This Book appears from a Note of your Hand Writing on the first Leaf, to have been printed by your Excellency\u2019s Order for the Use of a few select Friends with the determination of not permitting it to be published. From which Circumstance, and that the Part We take in the Prosperity and Welfare of America renders such an estimable Work extremely gratifying to us, May we without Indiscretion presume to entreat Your Excellency to honor us with a Copy, Which We should esteem a Mark of very singular favor From Your Excellency, and accept under the firmest assurances, that Your Excellency\u2019s desire to prevent its Publication should never be frustrated thro\u2019 us.\nWe flatter ourselves it will be very superfluous to repeat to Your Excellency, that nothing could afford us completer Satisfaction, than to meet frequent Opportunities of doing to you every useful or agreeable service in our Power, Having the honor to remain with the most perfect Respect Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obedient and very humble Servants,\nNic. and Jacob van Staphorst", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0238", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thevenard, 10 February 1786\nFrom: Th\u00e9venard, Antoine Jean Marie\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\n\u00e0 Lorient 10 f\u00e9vrier 1786.\nM. Barkley ma remis la lettre dont votre Excellence m\u2019a honor\u00e9 le 13 du mois dernier.\nJ\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de vous rendre graces de la permission que vous me donnez de prendre une Copie d\u2019un des portraits de M. Wasingthon que vous possedez. J\u2019ai celui de M. franklin peint avec la plus grande verit\u00e9, et je voudrais lui mettre en regard celui du Celebre G\u00e9n\u00e9ral dans la m\u00eame format ou grandeur: cest \u00e0 dire de 27 pouces \u00bd de hauteur, sur 22 pouces de large, le tout mesure de Paris, pied de Roi. Telles sont les dimensions de la toile du portrait que j\u2019ai de M. franklin dont la t\u00eate avec le haut du buste sont peints de grandeur naturelle.\nJe ne puis choisir, entre Peale et Wright. Je ne connois pas leurs ouvrages et leur Capacit\u00e9, mais comme le Portrait que j\u2019ai est d\u2019une ressemblance parfaitte, je souhaiterais que celui de M. Washington fut aussi frappant! Ainsi Jai lhonneur de prier votre Exellence, de choisir lequel des deux Ma\u00eetres nous devons pr\u00e9ferer: il en est de m\u00eame du choix d\u2019un copiste: je ne les connois pas \u00e0 Paris: je scai seulement que sans \u00eatre bon Ma\u00eetre en peinture, on peut \u00eatre bon Copiste de Portraits et qu\u2019il y en \u00e0 plusieurs dans la Capitale.\nMa reconnoissance de votre bont\u00e9 pour moy \u00e9gale mon extr\u00eame attachement pour L\u2019Amerique du Nord et le Respect infini avec lequel Je suis de votre Excellence Le tr\u00e8s humble et tres obeisst serviteur,\nThevenard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0239", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Wythe, 10 February 1786\nFrom: Wythe, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nGW to TJ\nWilliamburgh, 10 februa. 1786.\nIn a letter, written lately to you, after acknowledging the receipt of a pacquet, i begged you, if it would not be inconvenient, to procure for me the arms of Taliaferro, engraven on a small copper plate, with the name Richard Taliaferro, and this motto, taken from \u0395\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9 \u0398\u03b7\u03b2\u03b1\u03c2 \u0391\u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5, S.598. \u039f\u03c5 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c2\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u2019 \u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 or without \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c2\u03bf\u03c2, if you think it, omitted, will be understood. In this i desire your assistance, because i believe the family to have been tuscan, Mr.  Bellini having informed me that a district not further distant from Florence than 12 or 13 miles bears that name. I also desired a copy of the book which i had seen in the hands of your friend M. I now beg another favour of you: it is that you will send a copy of the same book to Richard Paul Jodrell, esq. F R S. Berners street, London. This liberty requires an apology. Will that it may begin a correspondence which i believe, which i almost dare to say i know, will be pleasing to both parties, be allowed? It is the only apology which i can make; although i have a further reason for asking the favour, which is that such a present, at my request, would be a requital of that gentleman\u2019s kindness to me. In truth, my dear sir, i have been so free, in a letter, as to mention you to him, and propose introducing him to your acquaintance. Farewell.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0240", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Abigail Adams, 11 February 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLondon, Grosvenor Square, Feb. 11th, 1786.\nCol. Humphries talks of leaving us on Monday. It is with regret, I assure you, Sir, that we part with him. His visit here has given us an opportunity of becoming more acquainted with his real worth and merit, and our friendship for him has risen in proportion to our intimacy. The two American Secretaries of Legation would do honor to their country placed in more distinguished stations. Yet these missions abroad, circumscribed as they are in point of expenses, place the ministers of the United States in the lowest point of view of any envoy from any other Court; and in Europe every being is estimated, and every country valued, in proportion to their show and splendor. In a private station I have not a wish for expensive living, but, whatever my fair countrywomen may think, and I hear they envy my situation, I will most joyfully exchange Europe for America, and my public for a private life. I am really surfeited with Europe, and most heartily long for the rural cottage, the purer and honester manners of my native land,  where domestic happiness reigns unrivalled, and virtue and honor go hand in hand. I hope one season more will give us an opportunity of making our escape. At present we are in the situation of Sterne\u2019s starling.\nCongress have by the last dispatches informed this Court that they expect them to appoint a minister. It is said (not officially) that Mr. Temple is coldly received, that no Englishman has visited him, and the Americans are not very social with him. But as Colonel Humphries will be able to give you every intelligence, there can be no occasion for my adding any thing further than to acquaint you that I have endeavored to execute your commission agreeably to your directions. Enclosed you will find the memorandum. I purchased a small trunk, which I think you will find useful to you to put the shirts in, as they will not be liable to get rubbed on the journey. If the balance should prove in my favor, I will request you to send me 4 ells of cambric at about 14 livres per ell or 15, a pair of black lace lappets\u2014these are what the ladies wear at court\u2014and 12 ells of black lace at 6 or 7 livres per ell. Some gentleman coming this way will be so kind as to put them in his pocket, and Mrs. Barclay, I dare say, will take the trouble of purchasing them for me; for troubling you with such trifling matters is a little like putting Hercules to the distaff.\nMy love to Miss Jefferson, and compliments to Mr. Short. Mrs. Siddons is acting again upon the stage, and I hope Colonel Humphries will prevail with you to cross the Channel to see her. Be assured, dear Sir, that nothing would give more pleasure to your friends here than a visit from you, and in that number I claim the honor of subscribing myself.\nA. Adams\n4 pair of shoes for Miss Adams, by the person who made Mrs. A.\u2019s, 2 of satin and 2 of spring silk, without straps, and of the most fashionable colors.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0241", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from C. W. F. Dumas, 12 February 1786\nFrom: Dumas, Charles William Frederick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nLahaie 12e. fevr. 1786\nJe suis fort oblig\u00e9 \u00e0 Votre Excellence de la prompte r\u00e9ponse dont Elle a daign\u00e9 m\u2019honorer en date du 2e. fev. Comme aussi de la d\u00e9marche qu\u2019il lui a plu de faire d\u00e9j\u00e0 aupr\u00e8s du Congr\u00e8s \u00e0 mon sujet, et de celle que Vous vous proposez encore de faire quant au paiement de mes arr\u00e9rages et int\u00e9r\u00eats. Voici Monsieur la Lettre que vous avez eu la bont\u00e9 de me conseiller d\u2019\u00e9crire de mon c\u00f4t\u00e9. Elle est, comme Poscrit, pour \u00eatre ins\u00e9r\u00e9e dans ma Lettre \u00e0 Mr. Jay du 31 Janvr., que Votre Excellence recevra en m\u00eame temps que la pr\u00e9sente, dans un autre paquet sous votre enveloppe, des mains de Mr. Ferri le sage Mentor des fils de Mr. le Marquis de Verac, qu\u2019il reconduit \u00e0 Paris. Il devoit vous \u00eatre port\u00e9 par Mr. le Rhingrave de Salm; mais une indisposition l\u2019oblige de retarder son voyage de 5 \u00e0 6 jours. Le m\u00e9rite de ces deux Messieurs est si bien \u00e9tabli, que mon amiti\u00e9 pour eux n\u2019h\u00e9site pas de les pr\u00e9senter \u00e0 la connoissance de Votre Excellence.\nEn attendant r\u00e9ponse de N. York, je profiterai de la permission de Votre Excellence en ne tirant sur Elle au 1er. d\u2019Avril prochain que les 2700 Livres usit\u00e9s ci-devant.\nPourquoi me remercieriez-vous, Monsieur, de n\u2019avoir fait que rendre justice \u00e0 votre Ouvrage? Pl\u00fbt \u00e0 Dieu que nous eussions des Descriptions pareilles, je n\u2019ose dire de toutes les parties du monde, mais seulement de notre Europe. J\u2019accepte avec beaucoup de reconnaissance l\u2019exemplaire original que votre bont\u00e9 me destine. Cela ne m\u2019emp\u00eachera pas d\u2019acqu\u00e9rir la Traduction de Mr. l\u2019Abb\u00e9 Morellet quand je la saurai publi\u00e9e. En attendant permettez que je lui pr\u00e9sente mes respects (Il se souviendra peut-\u00eatre de m\u2019avoir vu en 1779 chez Mr. Franklin), et que je lui fasse aussi les complimens de son ami Mr. Caillard Charg\u00e9 d\u2019Affaires de France ici qui le prie de travailler sans d\u00e9lai \u00e0 cette publication, et de lui en faire parvenir un Exemplair aussit\u00f4t qu\u2019elle sera faite.\nJe suis, Monsieur, avec le respect le plus vrai, De Votre Excellence Le tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s ob\u00e9issant serviteur,\nC. W. F. Dumas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0242", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Favi, 12 February [1786]\nFrom: Favi, Francesco\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nCe 12 Fevrier [1786]\nFavi a L\u2019honneur de remercier Monsieur de Jefferson de l\u2019ouvrage interessant, qu\u2019il a bien voulu Lui envoyer. Il est tr\u00e8s sensible \u00e0 cette marque de son amiti\u00e8, et il Lira avec Le plus grand plaisir un Livre, dont on d\u00eet tant de bien, et qui donne une juste id\u00e8e d\u2019un Pays, qu\u2019il aime beaucoup. Il est confus cependant de tant de bont\u00e9s, dont Monsieur Jefferson L\u2019honore, et Le prie d\u2019agr\u00e8er L\u2019homage de son respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0243", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edward Bancroft, 13 February 1786\nFrom: Bancroft, Edward\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nVilliers Street London 13th. Feby. 1786.\nI some months since took the Liberty of writing you a Letter respecting the situation Mr. Paradise and a Claim of his on the State of Virginia: I was at that time apprehensive, that any partial favour or justice could not properly be shewn to him, or any individual; and yet my feelings were then so much affected by what I knew, and by what he had just represented to me of his difficulties, that I could not resist his desire, that I would write to you on the Subject. As I have not been honored with any Answer I can only presume that you have thought my application to be, what I was then apprehensive it would appear, an improper one and I have given this Explanation of your Silence to Mr. Paradise himself; with such reasons as have on mature reflection occurred  to shew the difficulty which you would naturally have in Complying with that application; and I have now only to Apologize for it as the effect of my Sensibility, rather than of my Judgment, and to assure you of the Profound respect and sincere attachment with which I have the honor to be Sir Your most obedient and most Devoted Humble servant,\nEdwd. Bancroft", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0244", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Stephens Smith, 13 February 1786\nFrom: Smith, William Stephens\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLondon Feby. 13th. 1786.\nSome day\u2019s after my return, I did myself the honor of writing to your Excellency; and after attempting in a few Lines to express the obligation I felt myself under to you, while at Paris, I touched on the political stage, hinted at Mr. Eden, and left the papers which accompanied it, to satisfy you more fully on the subject. I also mentioned the application made by the ministry to a Committee of Merchants, for their opinion respecting the necessity of Commercial arrangements with America. I know the report of that Committee to have been pretty nearly parallel with our Ideas. The day after they received it, Lord Carmarthen and Mr. Pitt went into the Country together, and spent several Days in retirement, I supposed on that subject. From every thing that can be gathered from Mr. Pitt, and he has some lines of Candour, he, individually, is disposed to enter on the subject, but he has not fortitude of Soul enough to attempt it. A Gentleman breakfasted with me the other day and told me that a Manuscript Pamphlet had been brought to him for revision, which had been wrote at the request of Mr. Pitt to sound the public mind relative to an alteration of system; that it appeared to him a free intercourse with America was the main object in view, tho\u2019 the subject was but slightly touched; that points were started and not regularly decided upon, merely to draw forth, the replys and observations of different party\u2019s, and that he did not doubt, if those observations run in favour of American arrangements, it would be considered as a decission of the public and pursued by those who (apparently) hold the reigns of Government, without any great risk on their side of place or pension, for this was pretty evident, that most of them were conscious of the importance of the friendly dispositions of America to this Country, but not one would attempt to serve that Country, in contradiction  to the prejudice of the moment, for in that case a pretty plan might be lost and they have no Idea of serving their Country in any case, at the expence of private ease, or interest (how are the mighty fallen!). This may be so, but if arrangements does take place, It will do violence to the feelings of their King, for if ever the heart of a King panted for despotic establishments, the breast of George the third contains one highly wrought up with similar emotions.\nI think it visible in his minutest action, and should this be his wish, he will struggle hard before he\u2019ll give it up, for we must suppose him so much of a politician as to know, that an intimate connection with a Country where the rights of mankind have been so boldly and successfully defended, will at first insensibly interfere with and finally, totally overthrow every despotic arrangement, for the doctrine of Liberty is sweet and captivating and has once already materially foiled him in a favourite pursuit.\nI inclose your Excellency a part of a News Paper containing the Navigation Act of the State of Rhode Island. I immagine you must be pretty well convinced that this is the favourite Idol in our eastern temple of Politicks. I cannot but think with you that it may be pressed too far, particularly in the present situation of affairs. It is held up as the point of view on which a Naval Power is to display itsself without (I think) sufficiently adverting to the inconveniences which must arise out of its opperation, and the attempt to force it is, as it appears to me, wrong end foremost. For I think the only firm basis to erect your arsenals, dockyards, and future navies on is a wise, Liberal, just administration of our Governments and the mild well regulated Commerce of our Country. I have been endeavouring to find an object for southern politicks, which if attained must put them perfectly on a par with the Eastern Continent should these acts opperate equally to the expectation which they have formed of them, and from the conversation I had with your Excellency, I do not feel a diffidence in looking to South America and a free and Liberal arrangement with the Spanish Government as the point. Could this be obtained I think we should soon feel ourselves superior to the Commercial frown of britons, and immagination itself would scarcely be capable of keeping pace with our increasing wealth and importance. That these should be two objects to direct the different interests of so extensive a Continent, is not extraordinary, but it is a Matter of serious moment that the leading Characters in our Country should bend  their attention to reconcile those interests and in the attainment of them endeavour to press their opperation to mutual benefits, for my heart achs at the thought of our pursuits being seperate and our Interests detached from each other. I am insensibly spining this Letter to an ennormous Length. You must excuse it, for I only mean to put myself in the Way of having my opinions corrected if erroneous and being benefitted by your advice and Correspondence.\nSat pratta biberunt. Its rather pedantic and I would blot it out, if I had time to Copy the Letter, but my friend Hump [Humphreys] is determined to leave us at 11. Apropos I should be glad to hear how he behaives when he returns. I have the satisfaction to inform you, that he is converted, and has promised me never to form a Connection similar to that which existed before he left Paris. This I think a great point gained for himself, and as for your Excellency I think you\u2019ll never see him again at your breakfast table with his Blue and White and read surtout. In short every thing has been attempted to serve him, that could be, without alarming his pride. The only thing I find immovable is a boundless appetite and a too hasty mode of satisfying it. Nothing but the loss of teeth will rectify this, and I could not pull them without drawing his attention to a point, which I soon found best to be avoided. If he should get a sight of this part of the Letter I immagine he would immediately return and Chalenge me; if he does, he\u2019ll go back without fighting, for I am not in that Line. I have not yet been able to fix on a horse for you. When I do, due information shall be given.\u2014Parliament are now setting and Mrs. Siddons is in full splendour on the stage. Your Excellency is not expected here and I think may make a visit with great security. With affectionate regards to Mr. Short I am Your Excellency most obliged and very Humble Servt.,\nW. S. Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0246", "content": "Title: P. R. Randall to the American Commissioners, 17 February 1786\nFrom: Randall (Randolph), Paul R.\nTo: American Commissioners\nBarcelona, 17 Feb. 1786. Randall would have paid the highest respect to the injunction of writing by every safe opportunity, but such information as he could have sent hitherto \u201cwould have been only a reiteration of Mr. Carmichaels Letters\u201d : Mr. Lamb does not write at present and has not directed Randall to do so, but he feels it his duty to \u201cmanifest an early Disposition of complying in every respect with your Excellency\u2019s Directions.\u201d Arrived on 10th after expeditious journey from Madrid, and next morning presented Floridablanca\u2019s letter \u201cto the Captain General of this Province to forward Mr. Lamb in every Thing expedient for his Embarkation for Algiers.\u201d Lamb\u2019s applications to Captain General and Intendant for leave to withdraw the \u00a32,000 sterling have not met with success, and the business remains in a dilemma, though Lamb has \u201cExpectations pretty well grounded\u2026It may be impertinent in me to offer Conjectures on the Propriety of proceeding and making a Dependance on the Count D\u2019Espilly who has endeavored to convince Mr. Carmichael that his utmost Exertions shall in no wise be wanting to assist this Negotiation: more especially as Mr. Lamb is hourly expecting to accomplish his purpose here.\u2014Mr. Harrison who is Bearer of this Letter is as perfectly acquainted with the progress already made in every respect during our residence in Madrid and the little Continuance here, as I myself am as well as the Counsels and Designs which have been agitated relative to Mr. Lamb\u2019s Mission. To him therefore I refer your Excellency in the highest Confidence in his Judgment and Discretion as the particular Friend of Mr. Carmichael, and a Gentleman who has had an Opportunity on many Occasions of endeavoring a generous Intention to serve his Country.\u2014I shall consider myself entirely devoted to this Service notwithstanding the Stipulation of six months, and shall remain at Algiers, or elsewhere to accomplish my Duty, unless absolutely directed by your Excellencies to return, tho\u2019 perhaps Mr. Lamb may be desirous of my coming with some dispatches. In which Case I shall think myself at Liberty of considering in what Manner I may be of most Service to my Country in completing my commission and the Confidence your Excellencies  have done me the Honor to repose in me.\u2014As I am not to consider this as an official Letter, I have written with a less scrupulous Caution than the Uncertainty of all Events render prudent.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0247", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Adams, 17 February 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nGrosvenor Square Feb. 17. 1786.\n  I was sometime in doubt, whether any Notice Should be taken of the Tripoline Ambassador; but receiving Information that he made Enquiries about me, and expressed a Surprise that when the other foreign Ministers had visited him, the American had not; and finding that He was a universal and perpetual Ambassador, it was thought best to call upon him. Last Evening, in making a Tour of other Visits, I Stopped at his Door, intending only to leave a Card, but the Ambassador was announced at Home and ready to receive me. I was received in State. Two great Chairs before the Fire, one of which was destined for me, the other for his Excellency. Two Secretaries of Legation, men of no Small Consequence Standing Upright in the middle of the Room, without daring to Sitt, during the whole time I was there, and whether they are not yet upright upon their Legs I know not. Now commenced the Difficulty. His Excellency Speaks Scarcely a Word of any European Language, except Italian and Lingua Franca, in which, you know I have Small Pretensions. He began soon to ask me Questions about America and her Tobacco, and I was Surprized to find that with a pittance of Italian and a few French Words which he understands, We could so well understand each other. \u201cWe make Tobacco in Tripoli,\u201d said his Excellency \u201cbut it is too Strong. Your American Tobacco is better.\u201d By this Time, one of his secretaries or upper servants brought two Pipes ready filled and lighted. The longest was offered me; the other to his Excellency. It is long since I took a Pipe but as it would be unpardonable to be wanting in  Politeness in so ceremonious an Interview, I took the Pipe with great Complacency, placed the Bowl upon the Carpet, for the Stem was fit for a Walking Cane, and I believe more than two Yards in length, and Smoaked in aweful Pomp, reciprocating Whiff for Whiff, with his Excellency, untill Coffee was brought in. His Excellency took a Cup, after I had taken one, and alternately Sipped at his Coffee and whiffed at his Tobacco, and I wished he would take a Pinch in turn from his Snuff box for Variety; and I followed the Example with Such Exactness and Solemnity that the two secretaries, appeared in Raptures and the superiour of them who speaks a few Words of French cryed out in Extacy, Monsieur votes etes un Turk.\u2014The necessary Civilities being thus compleated, His Excellency began upon Business; asked many Questions about America: the soil Climate Heat and Cold, &c. and said it was a very great Country. But \u201cTripoli is at War with it.\u201d I was \u201cSorry to hear that.\u201d \u201cHad not heard of any War with Tripoli.\u201d \u201cAmerica had done no Injury to Tripoli, committed no Hostility; nor had Tripoli done America any Injury or committed any Hostility against her, that I had heard of.\u201d True said His Excellency \u201cbut there must be a Treaty of Peace. There could be no Peace without a Treaty. The Turks and Affricans were the souvereigns of the Mediterranean, and there could be no navigation there nor Peace without Treaties of Peace. America must treat as France and England did, and all other Powers. America must treat with Tripoli and then with Constantinople and then with Algiers and Morocco.\u201d Here a Secretary brought him some Papers, one of which a Full Power in French from the Pacha, Dey and Regency of Tripoli, as Ambassador, to treat with all the Powers of Europe, and to make what Treaties he pleased and to manage in short all the foreign Affairs of his Country, he delivered me to read. He was ready to treat and make Peace. If I would come tomorrow or next day, or any other day and bring an Interpreter, He would hear and propose Terms, and write to Tripoli and I might write to America, and each Party might accept or refuse them as they should think fit. How long would it be before one could write to Congress and have an Answer? Three months. This was rather too long but he should stay here sometime. When I had read his French Translation of his Full Power He Shewed me the original in his own Language. You perceive that his Excellency was more ready and eager to treat than I was as he probably expected to  gain more by the Treaty. I could not see him Tomorrow nor next day but would think of it.\nI must now my dear sir beg of you to send me a Copy of the Project of a Treaty sent by Mr. Barclay and Mr. Lamb, as I had not time to take one, when it was here. You will please to write me your Thoughts and Advice upon this Occasion. This is a Sensible Man, well known to many of the foreign Ministers who have seen him before, in Sweeden, at Vienna, in Denmark &c. He has been so much in Europe that he knows as much of America, as anybody; so that nothing new will be suggested to him or his Constituents by our having Conferences with him. It seems best then to know his Demands. They will be higher I fear, than we can venture.\nThe King told one of the foreign Ministers in my hearing at the Levee, that the Tripoline Ambassador refused to treat with his Ministers and insisted upon an Audience. But that all he had to say was that Tripoli was at Peace with England and desired to continue so. The King added all he wants is, a Present, and his Expences born to Vienna or Denmark.\nThe Relation of my Visit is to be sure very inconsistent with the Dignity of your Character and mine, but the Ridicule of it was real and the Drollery inevitable. How can We preserve our Dignity in negotiating with Such Nations? And who but a Petit Maitre would think of Gravity upon such an occasion. With great Esteem your most obedient\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0248", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Hilliard d\u2019Auberteuil, 17 February 1786\nFrom: Hilliard d\u2019Auberteuil, Michel Ren\u00e9\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nRue des foss\u00e9s Mr. Leprince, No. 35Paris le 17e. fevr. 1786.\nJe desirerais acquerir l\u2019honneur de vous connaitre, votre merite personnel et la place dans laquelle vous succedez \u00e0 un autre grand homme m\u2019en font une necessit\u00e9\nMr. franklin et son fils m\u2019accordaient leur amiti\u00e9, et le legislateur de la pensilvanie a bien voulu encourager mes essais sur la revolution de l\u2019amerique, en relisant lui m\u00eame mes \u00e9preuves\nJe ne vous citerai point cet ouvrage comme digne de votre attention, j\u2019en connais les d\u00e9fauts mieux que qui que ce soit, mais il a obtenu des sufrages et a \u00e9t\u00e9 lu avec avidit\u00e9.\nCe ne sont que quelques mat\u00e9riaux rassembl\u00e9s promptement, et embellis de quelques d\u00e9tails dont le succ\u00eas \u00e9tait certain aupr\u00e8s de ceux qui aiment la politique et les lettres.\nJ\u2019ai depuis form\u00e9 un autre recueil de mati\u00e8res, sur le m\u00eame sujet, consid\u00e9r\u00e9 dans un autre point de vue, j\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de vous l\u2019envoyer, parcequ\u2019il contient au milieu des n\u00e9gligences ordinaires dans un ouvrage du moment, des m\u00e9ditations et des pens\u00e9es dignes d\u2019\u00eatre offertes \u00e0 un homme d\u2019\u00e9tat. Ce livre est moins int\u00e9ressant et moins agr\u00e9able pour les autres classes de lecteurs que mes Essais historiques, o\u00f9 j\u2019ai permis \u00e0 l\u2019Imagination de faire de grands frais pour r\u00e9pandre des charmes sur des d\u00e9tails ordinairement asses st\u00e9riles dans les \u00e9crits de nos historiens.\nTout cela n\u2019est qu\u2019une pr\u00e9paration \u00e0 l\u2019histoire que je veux publier, et que je travaille depuis dix ans avec un soin que nos auteurs modernes donnent rarement \u00e0 leurs ouvrages.\nPermettez, Monsieur, \u00e0 un \u00e9tranger mais \u00e0 un alli\u00e9 bien sincere,  et qui n\u2019a pas nui en france \u00e0 la cause de la libert\u00e9, de disputer \u00e0 vous, \u00e0 vos compatriotes, et \u00e0 vos fr\u00e8res, devenus un moment vos ennemis, le plaisir de c\u00e9l\u00e9brer les efforts de la libert\u00e9 contre les entreprises du pouvoir, et des succ\u00eas consolans pour les amis de l\u2019humanit\u00e9.\nVous demander des \u00e9claircissements, ce serait vouloir abuser de vos richesses, et je m\u2019imposerai vis \u00e0 vis de vous la m\u00eame loi que je m\u2019\u00e9tais faite \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de MM. de la fayette et Franklin, mais je d\u00e9sire vous assurer de mon attachement et de mon estime.\nC\u2019est sur les lieux m\u00eames que je voudrais achever un ouvrage pour lequel, j\u2019ai pris datte le premier entre les \u00e9crivains de toutes les nations.\nNi la nature ni la fortune ne m\u2019ont plac\u00e9 de maniere \u00e0 concourir \u00e0 une si grande r\u00e9volution, c\u2019est un honneur qui vous apartient exclusivement, mais je ne sais si je m\u2019aveugle sur mes forces, je me crois n\u00e9 pour l\u2019\u00e9crire et en conserver la m\u00e9moire d\u2019une mani\u00e8re convenable \u00e0 tous les peuples et \u00e0 tous les esprits.\nTelle est mon ambition, Monsieur, et si vous ne la desaprouvez point je me ferai un devoir de vous faire parts de mes progr\u00e8s dans cette entreprise que je crois asses voisine de sa perfection, mais que je d\u00e9sire v\u00e9rifier sur les lieux Jusqu\u2019aux moindres d\u00e9tails.\nJe suis avec un profond respect, Monsieur, de Votre excellence Le tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s ob\u00e9issant serviteur,\nHilliard D\u2019auberteuilancien magistrat des colonies fran\u00e7aises\nP.S. Je vous prie de me faire savoir le moment o\u00f9 l\u2019on peut vous rendre ses devoirs sans nuire \u00e0 vos occupations.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0249", "content": "Title: [To Thomas Jefferson from Madame d\u2019Anterroches, 19 February 1786]\nFrom: Anterroches, MMe d\u2019\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Puy d\u2019Arnac, near Tulle, 19 Feb. 1786. Recorded in SJL as received 27 Feb. 1786. Not found; but see entry for TJ\u2019s reply of 2 Mch., and TJ to James Monroe, same date.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0250", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lister Asquith, 20 February 1786\nFrom: Asquith, Lister\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSt. Pol de L\u00e9on, 20 Feb. 1786. Acknowledges TJ\u2019s letter of 13 Jan.; but not having received a discharge, again begs for assistance; his \u201cP\u0153ple and self are almost all laid up by sickness occasioned by the colds and Damps of this place,\u201d and are dejected \u201cby the Constant insults of the p\u0153ple here\u201d; they have been told that the Farmers General have so much influence in the courts that they can do anything. His expenses are daily mounting and he has just been informed that the sails of his ship are \u201cintirely rotten, being laid wet on the ground\u201d since they arrived, the cables and riggings ruined, \u201cthe Vessel greatly damaged by lying aground and beating against the Pier, the 5 Bbls. of Flour entirely destroy\u2019d by the Rats\u201d; if he secures nothing but the discharge he will have to sell the vessel to pay expenses and will be entirely ruined; is concerned for his family who, \u201cif they are alive,\u201d are probably friendless; hopes \u201chis Majesty will not permit us to be punished and ruined by these infamous Practices\u201d for a crime they did not commit.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0251", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Hilliard d\u2019Auberteuil, 20 February 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hilliard d\u2019Auberteuil, Michel Ren\u00e9\nSir\nParis Feb. 20. 1786.\nI have been honoured with your letter and the books which accompanied it for which I return you my hearty thanks. America cannot but be flattered with the choice of the subject on which you are at present employing your pen. The memory of the American revolution will be immortal, and will immortalize those who record it. The reward is encouraging, and will justify all those pains which a rigorous investigation of facts will render necessary. Many important facts, which preceded the commencement of hostilities, took place in England. These may mostly be obtained from good publications in that country. Some took place in this country. They will be probably hidden from the present age. But America is the feild where the greatest mass of important events were transacted, and where alone they can now be collected. I therefore much applaud your idea of going to that country for the verification of the facts you mean to record. Every man there can tell you more than any man here who has not been there; and the very ground itself will give you new insight into some of the most interesting transactions. If I can be of service to you in promoting your object there, I offer myself freely to your use. I shall be flattered by the  honour of your visit here at any time. I am seldom from home before noon; but if any later hour should suit you better, I will take care to be at home at any hour or day you will be pleased to indicate. I have the honour", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0254", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thevenard, 20 February 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Th\u00e9venard, Antoine Jean Marie\nSir\nParis Feb. 20. 1786.\nI have been honoured with your letter of the 10th. instant and will take care to execute your commands in the best manner I am able. This will be but a duty in me after the multiplied testimonies I have received from my countrymen of your kindnesses to them, and your attention to whatever interests them. I seize therefore with particular pleasure an occasion of shewing you that we are not insensible of your goodness.\nI have lately received a letter from a Colonel Wuibert, of this country, who was in the American land service, but being in France at the time of the expedition of Capt. Jones, served as a volunteer on board the Bonhomme Richard. He is now in the West Indies, where he has for some time been in a hospital, and appears by his letter to be in the utmost distress. He prays of me to obtain paiment of his share of the prize-money, and to remit it to him, and has sent me a regular power for that purpose, revoking expressly those he had before given to some others and who he thinks have neglected him. I never saw this man, nor heard of him before. But his distress entitles him to any service I can render him. I have enquired about him of Capt. Jones, who tells me his claim is just. He further says, that it would be in your power to stop the paiment of his money to his father, or any other person who may apply for it, as these paiments are made at l\u2019Orient. In charity to this poor man, and in confidence of your good dispositions to serve those who are in distress, I will take the liberty of solliciting your interference to prevent his money from being paid to any other person, and to take the trouble of informing me on whom he may draw for paiment, and what the sum is. I will undertake to transmit the intelligence immediately to him, and I doubt not but he will feel a due gratitude for your kindness. I pray you to pardon the liberty I am taking of giving you so much trouble; but I trust it will give you pleasure to meet this opportunity of doing good, as you have met so many before. I have the honour to be with sentiments of the highest respect and esteem Sir Your most obedient and most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0257", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Jones, 21 February 1786\nFrom: Jones, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRichmond 21st. Febry 1786.\nMr. Madison having given you before he left Richmond a history of the proceedings of the assembly during their late session I have only to add to what he has done some particular acts passed by them the perusal of which may prove more satisfactory than a partial account of them. With these you receive a small pamphlet entitled Reflections &c. ascribed to Mr. St. G. Tucker together with the proceedings of the convention of the Deputies of the Prostestant Episcopal Church held lately in Philadelphia and some newspapers containing a variety of questions respecting our Commerce making in the whole the only report I am at present able to furnish you.\nThe Act for establishing certain ports for foreign vessels passed some time ago commences its operation the first of June next. It is imperfect and an attempt was made by a bill introduced the last session to amend its defects but was lost in its progress through the Legislature. The operation of this imperfect Law it is to be feared will increase the opposition to the measure and work a repeal the next session. I wish a fair experiment could be made  to ascertain the advantages or disadvantages of restricting foreign commerce to a few ports. Altho its policy is powerfully opposed yet I incline to think upon fair experiment the measure would prove beneficial and establish itself from its fruits. Doubtless it would greatly aid the collection of impost revenue, and suppress these evasions which are now too generally practiced by the subtile and interested trader.\nA wretched combination of uninformed Members without an Individual to utter their objections of the least pretensions to science except M\u2014r\u2014w\u2014r S-th proved too powerfull for reason and eloquence in favor of the bill for establishing circuit Courts. Nothing I think effectual has been done to counteract the commercial Policy of Britain respecting these States. Commissioners to meet Commissioners of other States have been appointed. Whether they will ever meet or when met effect any good purpose is yet in the womb of time. Better far it would have been to confide to Congress such powers as were adequate and necessary to secure and protect our commerce from the attempts of Monopoly and the injuries of inequality. If it is ever to be wrested from the present Engrossers of it the fcederal power alone can effect it.\nHas anything been done with Britain respecting commerce? Are we to expect a surrender of the Posts on the Lakes? The holding of them and declining to account for the Negros carried from N. York have served with our people as pretexts for continuing in force the law that prohibits British subjects suing for their debts. Are we to ascribe the reluctance in many instances and the absolute neglect in others of the Indian Tribes to meet and treat with our Commissioners to the detention of the Posts on the Lakes or to British and Spanish intrigues with those Nations?\nCol.l\u2019Maire will I expect deliver you this with its inclosures. I wish I could have regaled you with something more entertaining. You must accept the will for the deed. Tobacco is still low 22/6 last price here. Some think this is owing to a contract made with the Farmers General the fullfillment of which we are told rests with R. Morris. If Mr. Short is with you present him my compliments and believe me to be Dr Sr. Yr friend & hum: Servt,\nJos: Jones\nP.S. Will it be improper to publish in Paris from the Virga. paper the Act concerning G[eorge] W[ashington]. L\u2019Maire will bear the act of Naturalization to the Marquis.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0259", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Adams, 25 February 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nGrosvenor Square Feb. 25. 1786.\nGive me Leave to introduce to you Mr. Samuel Hartley a Relation  of the late Minister at Paris. He has Business at Paris which he will explain to you, whether you can be of any Service to him in that or not, your Civilities will be very agreable to him and oblige Dear Sir your most humble Servant,\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0260", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Boylston, 25 February 1786\nFrom: Boylston, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nHavre Feby. 25. 1786.\nI arrived here Fryday Morning, in a most miserable condition, haveing taken great cold, my eyes so inflamed that I cannot see to write, and am Obliged to have [an] amanuensis, Capt. Folger to do it for me. I have here inclosed to your care a Letter for the Marquiss, which have sent you open, that you may peruse it. Having so done, please to have it sealed and sent him. I find the Ship in great forwardness and will be ready to sail for Boston in eight or ten days, wind and weather permitting, at which time I myself shall imbark in the Packet Boat for England. I\u2019m Dear Sr. with Great Regard, Your much Obliged Humbe. Sert.,\nTho. Boylston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0261", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edward Bancroft, 26 February 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bancroft, Edward\nDear Sir\nParis Feb. 26. 1786.\nI wrote you on the 21st. inst. on the subject of Mr. Paradise, which I hope you have received.\nBy the death of Mr. Williamos a copy of my Notes on Virginia got into the hands of a bookseller, who was about publishing a very abominable translation of them when the Abb\u00e9 Morellet heard of it, and diverted him from it by undertaking to translate it for him. They will thus appear in French in spite of my precautions. The Abb\u00e9 engaged me to make a map, which I wish to have engraved in London. It is on a single sheet 23. inches square, and very closely written. It comprehends from Albemarle sound to L. Erie, and from Philadelphia to the mouth of the great Kanhaway, containing Virginia and Pennsylvania, a great part of Maryland and  a part of North-Carolina. It is taken from Scull, Hutchins and Fry & Jefferson. I wish the favor of you to make two propositions for me and to inform me of the result. 1. To know from one of the best engravers how much he will ask for the plate and engraving, and in how short a time after he receives the original can he furnish the plate done in the best manner, for the time is material as the work is in the press. 2. To know of Faden or any other map merchant for how much he will undertake to furnish me 1800 copies, on my sending the map to him, and in what time can he furnish them. On this alternative I am to have nothing to do with the engraver or any person but the undertaker. I am of opinion he may furnish them to me for nothing; and fully indemnify himself by the sale of the maps. Tho\u2019 it is on the scale of only an inch to 20 miles it is as particular as the four sheet maps from which it is taken, and I answer for the exactness of the reduction. I have supplied some new places. Tho\u2019 the first object which induced me to undertake it was to make a map for my book, I soon extended my view to the making as good a map of those countries as my materials would admit; and I have no doubt that in the states of Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia 800 copies can be sold for a dollar a piece. I shall finish it in about a fortnight, except the division of the counties of Virginia, which I cannot do at all till I can get Henry\u2019s map of Virginia. This I must trouble you to procure for me and send immediately by the Diligence, and also give me information on the premises as soon as possible. You will perceive that time will press. I hope the circumstances of this affair will plead my pardon for the trouble I am giving you. The expence of procuring and sending the map shall be replaced, and an infinitude of thanks attend you from Sir your most obedt. humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. I do not propose that my name shall appear on the map, because it will belong to it\u2019s original authors, and because I do not wish to place myself at the bar of the public.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0263", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Lyons, 27 February 1786\nFrom: Lyons, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr. Sir\nFeby. 27th. 1786London, Orange street No 8 Leicester Square.\nIt gives me great concern to inform you that Mr. Faden has deceived me, and disappointed you of the Map, which I had prepared to send immediately after my arrival by the succeeding stage.\nHaving received his promise of delivering it safe, at Paris, as expeditiously as possible, by his correspondent there, and knowing it would be liable to accident, if intrusted to the public carriages, I thought his proposal most proper. The neglect was not discovered until I called to discharge the account, when I feared it would be too late for your use, and therefore have declined sending it, without further advice. I hope you will believe that it was only committed to his care, from a persuasion of greater safety, and that your disappointment gives considerable uneasiness.\nI add with much pleasure, that by Mr. Paradise\u2019s assistance, I have procured Parkhurst\u2019s lexicon, which is in the care of Mr. Carrol of Maryland, who setts off for Paris, sometime this or the next week. The price of it ought to have been cheaper, the receipt for which is now inclosed, but the difficulty of finding another copy obliged me to take this.\nThe planter sails for Virginia early in the next month, in which I have engaged my passage and am happy in the opportunity it affords, of carrying whatever you or Mr. Short may choose to send to this place by Col. Smith, and at the same time beg leave to assure you of my obligations for your kindness and of the great respect with which I am Your Most Obedt. & Very humble Servt.,\nJas. Lyons", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0264", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thevenard, 27 February 1786\nFrom: Th\u00e9venard, Antoine Jean Marie\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\n\u00e0 Lorient 27 f\u00e9vrier 1786.\nJ\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de vous rendre graces des termes flatteurs et honorables que votre Excellence veut bien m\u2019accorder. Je n\u2019ai fait pour les Americains ce que l\u2019humanit\u00e9 \u00e9xigeoit pour leur position, et ce que m\u2019indiquoi mon estime particuliere et ma V\u00e9n\u00e9ration  pour leur Courage et leur Sagesse dans les Ev\u00e9n\u00e9mens qui se sont pass\u00e9s.\nJe viens de v\u00e8riffier au Bureau des Classes l\u2019affaire de M. Wibert de Mezieres, et M. leJeune, Commissaire des Classes charg\u00e9 du d\u00e9tail des Equipages, m\u2019a remis la notte cy Jointe qu\u2019il vient de m\u2019addresser: vous voyez Monsieur, que ce Commissaire a remis \u00e0 Nantes sur la demande que lui a faitte M. Vassal (aussi commissaire des Classes \u00e0 Nantes) la somme de 1944\u20b6. 12s. 2 pour \u00eatre remise au Pere de M. Wibert de Mezieres; qui aura sans doute eu un titre pour r\u00e9c\u00e8voir cette somme de M. Vassal: votre Exellence pourroit donc \u00e9crire \u00e0 Nantes au Consul Americain pour qu\u2019il prenne Connoissance de ce payement au Bureau des Classes auquel Je vais \u00e9crire de mon c\u00f4t\u00e9: mais il est a pr\u00e8sumer que ce M. Wibert Le Pere, aura d\u00e9ja re\u00e7\u00fb la somme, des mains de M. Vassal, \u00e0 l\u2019effet de soulager son indigence, ou celle de son fils.\nJe suis avec respect de votre Exellence Le tr\u00e8s humble et tres Obe\u00efssant Serviteu\nA Thevenard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0265", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Burrill Carnes, 28 February 1786\nFrom: Carnes, Burrill\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nNantes 28th february 1786\nMr. Barclay in passing through this on his way to Bordeaux did me the honor to appoint me Agent for this City. I therefore think it a duty incumbent on me to make you acquainted with it and to tell you Sir that I am on all occasions at your disposal and most respectfully Sir your most Obedient & very humble Servant,\nBurrill Carnes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0267", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Paul Jones, 28 February 1786\nFrom: Jones, John Paul\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nParis Feby. 28th. 1786.\nI have received the kind Note you wrote me this morning, on the occasion of receiving my Bust. I offered it to you as a mark of my esteem and respect, for your virtues and talents. It has been remarked by professed judges, that it does no discredit to the talents of Mr. Houdon; but it receives its value from your acceptance of it, with the assurance you give me of your particular esteem; which will ever be felt by me as an Honor truely flattering.\nI am, Dear Sir, with great esteem and respect, Your most obedient and most humble Servant,\nJ Paul Jones", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0268", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Vergennes, 28 February 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Comte de\nSir\nParis Feb. 28. 1786.\nCircumstances of public duty calling me suddenly to London, I take the liberty of mentioning it to your Excellency, and of asking a few minutes audience of you, at as early a day and hour as will be convenient to you, and that you will be so good as to indicate it to me. I could wish to leave Paris about Friday or Saturday, and suppose that my stay in London will be of about three weeks. I shall be happy to be the bearer of any commands your Excellency may have for that place, and will faithfully execute them. I cannot omit mentioning how pleasing it would be to me to be enabled before my departure to convey to the American prisoners at St. Pol de Leon such mitigation of their fate as may be thought admissible. I have the honour to be with sentiments of the highest esteem & respect your Excellency\u2019s most obedient and most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0269", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Boylston, [1] March 1786\nFrom: Boylston, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nHavre de Grace March [1] 1786\nThe business of my Ship now draws to a narrow. I hope to have all the Cargo on board in two or three days more, and to be in  readiness to embark, in the first packet that goes for England which I expect will be in five or six days.\nI should be glad to be favor\u2019d with a line before I leave Havre, advising of the progress you have made in Adjusting the remission of the duties, and whether any prospect of its being soon settled as we expect. And whether the Letter I inclosed you for the Marquiss, which I presume he\u2019ll lay before the Committee of American Affairs, of which he\u2019s one, be agreeable to you and the Marquiss and will be of any service in the effecting the business it was design\u2019d to benefit. Not hearing any thing from you Augurs badly. I hope things are better than my fears. My Compliments to the Marquiss and believe me to be with great Regard, Your most Obliged Humb. Ser.,\nTho. Boylston\nPlease to direct to the Care of V. Homberg & Homberg Freres Merchants at Havre.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0271", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John van Heukelom & Son, 1 March 1786\nFrom: John van Heukelom & Son\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHonorable Sir\nLeyden 1 March 1786\nWhen your Excellency reads the following details of an affair between us and Thos. Barclay, Esqr:, a man certainly known enough, we hope you will excuse our freedom to apply to your Excellency on this Subject. We think Mr: Barclay Himself must approve of this Step as we tried in vain these three years every possible means of Persuasion, always carefully avoiding every thing which could offend his caracter or credit and we most humbly  implore your Excellency\u2019s kind favour and assistance to procure us Satisfaction to our So Just Demands as Mr. Barclay\u2019s conduct and our Circumstances will not allow any more indulgence.\nMr: Barclay, being in Amsterdam, applied to us in April 1782 to provide for him a quantity of our Leyden Cloth which we did in the Course of that year to the amount of f.25000. He desired a credit of 12 Months after delivery of the Goods which we agreed to under the most Solemn assurances from him that he would Pay of this debt at the appointed time as we declared that our circumstances would not allow us to give any longer Credit. We could blame ourselves as imprudent to trust Such a considerable part of our property to a Stranger; but as that Stranger was recommended to us by his Excellency J: Adams Esqr: whom we had the honor to be particularly acquainted with during his Stay in this country and he was invested with a public Caracter which we thought rendered all doubt about his impunctuality to Engagements unnecessary, but Mr: Barclay\u2019s conduct was on the contrary nothing but a Series of disappointments, which might have ruined us. Having left this country towards the end of 1782. to reside at L\u2019orient he wrote us in Jany. and March 1783. that we might be Sure of having remittances in 2 or 3. weeks; but till July we never heard of him; then he begged we would Excuse his irregularity, allowing us Interest for the time which had overrun our agreement, and promised to make a Payment of \u019212000 within Short; but never did it. In the month of November he made again Excuses for disappointing us and Promised to pay of f.5000. instead of f.25000 which were due which at Last was received in the beginning of the following year 1784. We wrote frequently requesting Mr: Barclay to remit us the Balance but it was with difficulty we could procure an answer much less remittances; in the fall of that year we had an interview with Mr: Barclay at Paris when he positively declared that he would pay us out of the provenue of a vessel that was unloading at that time at L\u2019orient, desiring us to spare his credit and to be assured of having remittances in a few Parts: the only consequence was that we did not hear of Mr: Barclay for Some months and after frequent Applications we received in the beginning of 1785. no more than a bill at Six months for 10000 Livres tournois, which, when due, was not Paid, Without great difficulty. Since that time we wrote Mr: Barclay and received no Answer and being no longer able to indulge his delays we wrote him the 1st Instant,  under direction which he notified late as 30 Sept: Last, Hotel d\u2019Alligre Rue Orleans, drawing upon him at the Same time a bill for 10000 Livres tournois at two months Which is but a third Part of the Balance due; but Messrs. Vandenyver freres & Co: bankers in Paris to whose care the bill was sent to procure acceptance returned it informing us at the Same time that Mr: Barclay had Left Paris and it Seemed Probable he was gone abroad no body knowing Whether he would return.\nWe leave Your Excellency to judge of Mr: Barclay\u2019s conduct; even Supposing the above mentioned report being false, even then Mr: Barclay neglects his Engagements so much that we are quite unwilling to use any more decretion and Patience, Which moreover our Circumstances, after So many disappointments, will not allow. We beg of Your Excellency to give us the Sooner the better Some information about the present abode of Mr: Barclay and to use every means to Persuade Mr: Barclay to Satisfy our So just demands. We therefore Inclose Mr: Barclay\u2019s account Current with us which we hope your Excellency will be Kind enough to forward to him.\nWe introduced Mr: Barclay to a Silk Manufactury at Haarlem but we have the mortification that he treated our friends who entrusted him at the Same time and in the [Same terms as we for a Sum of f.10000 \u2026] impunctual negligent manner than us.\nWe hope Your Excellency will Excuse that we trouble you with an affair to which we are conscious you have otherwise no relation but this was the only way we could chose without injuring Mr: Barclay\u2019s Public Caracter and credit. We hope you will not deny us your assistance as it may Serve to Save the honor of a Consul of the united States.\nWe are Honorable Sir Your most Obedient Humble Servts.,\nJohn van Heukelom & Son", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0272", "content": "Title: [From Thomas Jefferson to Madame d\u2019Anterroches, 2 March 1786]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Anterroches, MMe d\u2019\n[Paris, 2 Mch. 1786. An entry in SJL under this date reads: \u201cla Comtesse d\u2019anteroche. That I had written to enquire her son.\u201d Not found, but see TJ to James Monroe, same date.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0274", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Humphreys, 2 March 1786\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nParis March 2nd. 1786\nWhile I was in London I had the honour of informing your Excellency that as the commission to which I was attached as Secretary would expire in the Spring, I had given intimation to Congress of my having it in idea to return to America in the month of April, unless I should in the mean time receive such advices as might render it inexpedient. I also made the same communication to your very worthy colleague at the Court of London, who has been pleased to give his consent to my proposed return and to favour me with a letter for the Secretary of foreign affairs on the subject. Should the voyage in contemplation meet with your approbation, it might be of consequence to me to be the bearer of a line indicative of my not having left Europe with your displeasure, nor conducted myself while there in such a manner as to reflect disgrace on my country. Something of this kind might be the rather necessary from the unhappy misunderstandings which have formerly prevailed among the public characters from America in Europe, of which at present there is happily no vestige remaining.\nHaving been informed this day that the Packet will sail from L\u2019Orient the beginning of April I should wish to make use of so favourable a season. And as in that case I may not probably have it in my power at the moment of departure to express all my gratitude for your extraordinary attentions and kindnesses to me, permit me on the present occasion to return my most grateful acknowledgments for them; and to assure you, wherever I may be, I shall ever retain the most lively and unalterable sense of my obligations for the flattering instances of friendship which you have been pleased to honour me with.\nShould Mr. Adams and yourself have any joint letter to forward to America on the subject of the commission, I should also be happy in being the bearer of it, if it could be conveyed here by the last week in March; or if it should be in any degree necessary I would willingly cross to London and take my passage in the English Packet.\nWith sentiments of the sincerest Attachment & consideration I have the honour to be Your Excellency\u2019s Most obliged and Most humble Servant,\nD. Humphreys", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0275", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, 2 March 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir\nParis March 2. 1786.\nThe present is merely to inclose to you a letter I have received from a lady who is distressed on account of her son at Elizabeth town, and to pray you to enquire into his situation and either write it to me, or get him to write to his mother and to forward it through you. I wish you happiness at all times being with very sincere esteem Dr. Sir, Your affectionate friend & Servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0276", "content": "Title: [From Thomas Jefferson to Nicolas & Jacob van Staphorst, 2 March 1786]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Nicolas & Jacob van Staphorst\n[Paris, 2 Mch. 1786. An entry in SJL under this date reads: \u201cVanstaphorsts. A copy my Notes by Mazzei.\u201d Not found; see Van Staphorst to TJ, 9 Feb. 1786.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0279", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Sullivan, 4 March 1786\nFrom: Sullivan, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPortsmouth March 4th 1786\nI have the honor to inclose to your Excellencey some Letters to persons in France which beg you will take the trouble to forward. This Country affords at present nothing that could give your Excellency pleasure to have a relation of. The Scarcity of Cash is universal and is in this Northern part more severely felt on Account of an Act intituled an Act to regulate Navigation and Commerce. This Act doubtless you have seen. Massachusetts have repealed it in part, but our state still holds it, though every effort of mine has been used to obtain a repeal. It was a blow aimed at Britain but wounds us and our friends. I beg your Excellencey will write me your opinion upon it.\nThe Articles I procured for your Excellencey are yet by me as I found you accepted an appointment and sailed for Europe and I expected that it might be as well to Let them rest unless you expected them sent by Mr. House to you in France which I can as easily do from this port as to send them to Philadelphia. I beg you will give your orders on this head and that you will be so obliging as to direct me where to write your Excellency when opportunity presents.\nI have the honor to be with the highest esteem Your Excellenceys most obedient & very humble servant,\nJno. Sullivan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0280", "content": "Title: [From Thomas Jefferson to Lister Asquith, 5 March 1786]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Asquith, Lister\n[Paris, 5 Mch. 1786. An entry in SJL under this date reads: \u201cAsquith. That order for his discharge is promised and will be forwarded by Mr. Short.\u201d Not found; see TJ to Vergennes, 28 Feb. 1786.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0281", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Borgnis Desbordes, Fr\u00e8res, 5 March 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Borgnis Desbordes, Fr\u00e8res\nParis, March 5, 1786\nI have endeavored to obtain a final order for the American prisoners at Roscoff. I was promised one for the discharge of their persons\u2026 .  Having waited two days without receiving it, I am obliged to set out on my journey tomorrow morning. \u2026 I therefore leave instructions with Mr. Short, my Secretary here, as soon as the order for the discharge comes here, to forward it to the prisoners under the cover of your address. When they are discharged I will still beg the favor of you to furnish them some little matter of cash to subsist them until they can find some opportunity of departure. I suppose a guinea a piece or some such matter will suffice\u2026 . I return you many thanks for your kind services to these distressed people.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0282", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Hartley, 5 March 1786\nFrom: Hartley, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nBath March 5 1786\nI beg leave to introduce to you my relations Mr. Saml. Hartley and his Brother Col. James Hartley. They are come with a daughter of Mr. S. Hartley, partly upon a tour of pleasure for the Col. and Miss Hartley; but most principally on the part of Mr. Sam Hartley to obtain restitution of a sloop and Cargo which were taken by a french and American frigate, entering a french port and under both french and American passes. I presume Mr. S. Hartley will make official application to you, as the American minister, and will explain the justice of his Claim to you. I understand that before Dr. Franklin left Paris, the case was represented to him, and that he assured Mr. H. of all the assistance in his power. I beg leave therefore to recommend my relations and the case in question to your consideration.\nNow for a word or two of our own politics, tho indeed the subject seems to be scanty. I hear that you are in statu quo as I left you a year and half ago. I do not hear that I am superseded in my office, nor any thing of its being resumed. My sentiments remain without change as they always have been, for the closest ties of amity and intercourse between our two Countries. Untill that System shall be reassumed, which was declared to be our foundation  in the year 1783, I remain neutral. If any contrary system should be decidedly adopted, my situation will then be functus officio.\nI hope that all who bear the same name as I do, are lovers of peace and friends to mankind; if not I disown them. However I now send you two of that description. My Cousin the Colonel took a town in the East Indies by storm, and within six hours after his entry, every shop was open and every artisan at work in peace. Therefore tho a Soldier he is a lover of peace and a friend to Mankind.\u2014His brother is a merchant. C\u2019est tout dire. He is a Citizen of the world. He disperses the good things of nature and art, throughout the habitable globe, for which his utmost wish is, to receive cargos of benevolence in return. It is his benevolence which has led him in to the present law suit. All that he requires from the french and American frigate, is a restitution of benevolence. Remember our Quaker article, yours as first proposing; mine as first adopting. \u201cBut all merchants and traders with their unarmed vessels employed in Commerce exchanging the produce of different places and thereby rendering the necessaries, conveniencies and comforts of human life more easy to obtain and more general shall be allowed to pass freely unmolested.\u201d This is your principle. Add plighted national honour; and then open your new code, with a case in point. I shall be very happy to hear from you. The conveyance will be perfectly safe and certain. I hope you enjoy a good state of health and an agreeable situation. I am Dear Sir with the greatest respect, your most obedt. humble Servt.,\nD. Hartley", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0284", "content": "Title: [From Thomas Jefferson to Rayneval, 5 March 1786]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: G\u00e9rard de Rayneval (Reyneval), Joseph Matthias\n[Paris, 5 Mch. 1786. An entry in SJL under this date reads: \u201cM. de Rayneval. To send order for Asquith and all other communications to Mr. Short in my absence.\u201d Not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0287", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lafayette, [ca. 6 March 1786]\nFrom: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nInclosed, my dear Sir, I send you a letter to Gnl. Knox wherein I mention Count d\u2019estaing\u2019s Anecdote as He gave it to me. Your  idea Respecting Paul Jones is Very Good, and if He is prevailed upon to go, altho\u2019 you deni you think yourself Warranted in Advancing public Monney to Him, He will easily find it Among His friends. And I think the sooner He goes, the better. Wishing you a good journey Have the Honour to be Yours,\nLafayette", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0288", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Francis Hopkinson, 8 March 1786\nFrom: Hopkinson, Francis\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear Sir\nPhilada. March 8th. 1786\nI can not at present lay my hands upon your last but recollect it was of an old Date. I daily expect the Pleasure of hearing from you in Return to several Letters I have written to you since the Fall. Your last directed me to forward the News Papers to Mr. Jay who is to send them to you in way of Merchandize to avoid the monstrous Expence of Postage. I presume you have written to him on the Subject and I have forwarded this Packet according to your Directions. I think it would be very proper for you to send a Copy of your Notes on Virginia to the Philosophical Society, and not amiss if you would present another Copy to our City Library. I have at last brought our Ph. Society to consent to the Publication of a Second Volume of Transactions. It is now in the Press and I have this Day corrected the 164: Page. As I have been so zealous and constant in urging this matter, the chief weight of the Business has of Course fallen upon my Hands, so that what with selecting and arranging the Manuscripts, superintending the Press, making the necessary Drawings and continually watching and urging the Engraver, I have my Hands full of it. I hope the Volume will be complete in about two months. I shall not fail sending you a Copy as early as possible. I think the work will at least not disgrace us. Dr. Franklin has contributed largely, as you will observe when you see the Book.\nYou will be entertained by the News Papers I now send, as they contain the Proceedings at large of our Legislature, with the Observations, Speeches and Arguments of our Members in Assembly on the Subjects in agitation. I informed you last Fall that what we call the Republican Party had prevailed at the Election in October; yet when the Representatives from the several Counties came together, the Constitutionalists had a Majority of 2 or 3 in many principal Points. This Situation, you may suppose, created vigorous Contests in the House. But the Republicans have gained a considerable victory last week in procuring the Test Law of the State to be revised, by which many who were disabled from voting at Elections on account of their Neutrality during the War, or  from neglect of taking Oaths of Allegiance prior to a certain Day at an early Period of the War, are admitted to the Rights of Citizenship by token Oaths of Allegiance now, as you will see by the Debates of the House, and the Law itself in the Papers I send. These People are universally opposed to the Views and over weening Power of the Cabal which has rul\u2019d this State for some years past. The Constitutional Party, which was supreme in the House last Year, finding the Bank not to be in their Interests, went so far as to deprive that Institution of its Charter, by a Law for the Purpose. But the Stockholders holding a Charter also under Congress are determined to try the validity of that Charter by a Suit instituted for the Purpose. This will come before our high Court of Errors and Appeals, and will open many curious Points in municipal and civil Law. I have inclosed some spirited Pamphlets on the Subject of the Bank. They will amuse you.\nWhilst I was speaking of the Philos. Society I forgot to inform you that a Mr. Magellan of London has offered us 200 Guineas, to be vested in some permanent Fund for raising an Income of 10 Gs. per An. to be disposed of by the Society in an Annual Premium of a Golden Plate of that Value, with proper Inscriptions engraved, to the Author of the most useful Discovery in Natural Philosophy (mere natural History excepted) or relating to Navigation. This will be, I think, a very useful Institution. I know several that mean to be Candidates as soon as the Scheme shall be arranged and published. Of these Mr. Rittenhouse and myself will be two. His Invention is a curious Improvement in the Pendulum and mine is a Contrivance for making a Vessel sail faster than at present. This Contrivance is very simple, of small Expence and in my mind very promising. For this Reason Mr. Rittenhouse and myself have reserved our Discoveries, which we should, otherwise, have published in the Volume of Transactions now in the Press.\nDr. Franklin\u2019s Baggage, which by a Disappointment in France was left behind, arrived this Winter. He grew uneasy for its Safety, and with Reason: as the Loss would have been a public Evil on Account of the Collection of Books on all Subjects, and other valuable Desiderata which a man of his Judgement and Taste was able to accumulate; and are now in the Country let who will have the Property. Amongst his Packages came my Encyclopedia, to my great Satisfaction and Pleasure. I have now 42 Vols. of which 40 are Copper plates. I depend upon you for the Remainder. Dr.  Franklin hath not yet informed me how I am to pay for them. To do this will require some Exertions on my Part, but they shall be duly made. I expect you will inform me of any Expence you may be at on this or any other occasion on my Account. Only give me timely notice, and all shall be well.\nI have only to add Mr. Rittenhouse and Family desire to be kindly remembered to you and Miss Jefferson, as also does my good Mother, whom I should have mentioned first, but grown up Sons are apt to be undutiful.\nMr. Rittenhouse and myself spend every Wednesday Evening with Dr. Franklin, in a little, pleasing philosophical Party.\nAdieu or there will be no End to my Chat. Yours with all Respect and Affection,\nFras. Hopkinson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0289", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Suffren, 8 March 1786\nFrom: Suffren (Suffrein, Souffrein) de Saint-Tropez, Pierre Andr\u00e9\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nA Paris le 8. Mars 1786.\nM. le Bailli de Suffren a l\u2019honneur de faire part \u00e0 Monsieur Jefferson, Ministre Pl\u00e9nipotentiaire des Etats Unis de l\u2019Am\u00e9rique Septentrionale, qu\u2019il eut hier mardi sa premi\u00e8re audience du Roi en qualit\u00e9 d\u2019Ambassadeur Extraordinaire de la Religion.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0292", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, 12 March 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jay, John\nSir\nLondon Mar. 12. 1786.\nThe date of a letter from London will doubtless be as unexpected to you as it was unforeseen by myself a few days ago. On the 27th. of the last month Colo. Smith arrived in Paris with a letter from Mr. Adams informing me that there was at this place a minister from Tripoli, having general powers to enter into treaties on behalf of his state, and with whom it was possible we might do something in our commission to that power; and that he gave reason to believe he could also take arrangements with us for Tunis. He further added that the minister of Portugal here had received ultimate instructions from his court, and that probably that treaty might be concluded in the space of three weeks, were we all on the spot together. He therefore pressed me to come over immediately. The first of these objects had some weight on my mind because as we had sent no person to Tripoli or Tunis, I thought, if we could meet a minister from them on this ground, our arrangements would be settled much sooner and at less expence. But what principally decided with me was the desire of bringing matters to a conclusion with Portugal before the term of our commission should expire, or any new turn in the negociations of France and England should abate their willingness to fix a connection with us. A third motive had also it\u2019s weight. I hoped that my attendance here, and the necessity of shortening it, might be made use of to force a decisive answer from this court. I therefore concluded to comply with Mr. Adams\u2019s request. I went immediately to Versailles, and apprised the count de Vergennes that circumstances of public duty called me hither for three or four weeks, arranged with him some matters, and set out with Colo. Smith for this place, where we arrived last night, which was as early as the excessive rigour of the weather admitted. I saw Mr. Adams immediately, and again to-day. He informs me that the minister of Portugal was taken ill five or six days ago, has been very much so, but is now somewhat better. It would be very mortifying indeed should this accident, with the shortness of the term to which I limit my stay here, defeat what was the principal object of my journey, and that without which I should hardly have undertaken it. With respect to this country, I  had no doubt but that every consideration had been urged by Mr. Adams which was proper to be urged. Nothing remains undone in this way. But we shall avail ourselves of my journey here as if made on purpose, just before the expiration of our commission, to form our report to Congress on the execution of that commission, which report, they may be given to know, cannot be formed without decisive information of the ultimate determination of their court. There is no doubt what that determination will be; but it will be useful to have it, as it may put an end to all further expectations on our side the water, and shew that the time is come for doing whatever is to be done by us for counteracting the unjust and greedy designs of this country. We shall have the honour, before I leave this place, to inform you of the result of the several matters which have brought me to it.\nA day or two before my departure from Paris, I received your letter of January [19.] The question therein proposed How far France considers herself as bound to insist on the delivery of the posts, would infallibly produce another, How far we consider ourselves as guarantees of their American possessions, and bound to enter into any future war in which these may be attacked? The words of the treaty of alliance seem to be without ambiguity on either head. Yet I should be afraid to commit Congress by answering without authority. I will endeavour on my return to sound the opinion of the minister if possible, without exposing myself to the other question. Should any thing forcible be meditated on these posts, it would possibly be thought prudent previously to ask the good offices of France to obtain their delivery. In this case they would probably say we must first execute the treaty on our part by repealing all acts which have contravened it. Now this measure, if there be any candour in the court of London, would suffice to obtain a delivery of the posts from them, without the mediation of any third power. However if this mediation should be finally needed, I see no reason to doubt our obtaining it, and still less to question it\u2019s omnipotent influence on the British court.\nI have the honour to be with sentiments of the highest respect & esteem Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0294", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Barclay, 13 March 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMadrid 13 March 1786\nI have little of Consequence to Communicate in this letter, tho I shall give you the Trouble of a more particular one before I leave this place, and thus make my appology for the shortness of this. At present I shall only say that by appointment I am to see the Count of Florida Blanca this day week, and that I have every reason to Expect all the protection and Influence from hence that can be wish\u2019d. I Do not Incline to let this post depart without the Assurance of My Being with great Respect and Esteem Dear Sir Your obedient and Most Humbl. Serv.,\nThos. Barclay\nPlease to forward the Inclosure to Mrs. Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0296", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Louis Joseph de Beaulieu, 17 March 1786\nFrom: Beaulieu, Louis Joseph de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nVotre Excellence\nBeaucaire 17. mars 1786\nJ\u2019ose prendre la libert\u00e9 de demander a Votre Excellence, a L\u2019effet de la supplier, de vouloir bien me faire passer un Certificat de Vie pour une pension de Cent Dollars que L\u2019honnorable Congr\u00e9s ma accord\u00e9 en recompense de mes blessure, etant Echue le 15. novembre 1785, en ayant deja re\u00e7u un L\u2019ann\u00e9e derniere de Mr. frankelin.\nJe supplierai, Votre Excellence, de vouloir bien m\u2019instruire, si L\u2019honnorable Congr\u00e9s a delivr\u00e9 aux officiers \u00e9trangers Leurs terrein et si on doit nous payer Les interest des Certificat qu\u2019ils nous sont du. Mr. Grand banquier se refuse de payer, n\u2019ayant re\u00e7u aucun fond.\nJe me flatte que Votre Excellence voudra bien m\u2019accorder cet grace, de Laqu\u2019elle j\u2019ose me dire, avec le plus profond respect Votre Excellence Le tres humble, & tres obeissant serviteur,\nLouis joseph de Beaulieu Encien Capt. de la Legion de fe\u00fc General Count de pulaski", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0297", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Humphreys, 17 March 1786\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear Sir\nParis March 17th. 1786\nI have the honour to enclose several letters which Mr. Harrison brought from Spain, and which he intended (when he first arrived here) to have delivered into your hand; but having been obliged by some unexpected business to go to L\u2019Orient, he desired me to give them a safe conveyance. He is not very sanguine in his expectations of our succeeding in the present negotiations with the Barbary States.\nI forward also a Note from Count Sarsfield, on the subject of which I can make enquiries on my arrival at New York, for which place, the Packet is certainly to sail before the middle of April, so that I propose setting off from this about the commencement of the month; previous to that I hope to be honoured with your commands. The Captain who is to command this Packet has just arrived at Paris. I will call on him to day respecting the passages ordered to be engaged by Mr. Adams, to whom, to the ladies of whose family and to Colo. Smith, I beg my best Compliments may be presented.\nSince your departure there has not been a syllable of news of any kind. There was however something at the Marquis de la Fayette\u2019s which put one in mind of the freedom of investigation  in America: it was an assemblage of such friends of America as these, the Duke de Rochefoucault, the Marquises Condorcy and Chattelus, Messrs. Metza, Crevecoeur &c. to hear a discussion on American politics and commerce by a Mr. Warville; the tendency of whose performance is good, some of the observations new, many of them just and ingenious: but perhaps there is too much declamation blended with them.\nThe badness of the weather and roads made us anxious least you should have suffered by your Journey. Your friends all enquire when you may be expected. I have begun to translate the Travels of the Marquis de Chattelus in America, and expect to make some progress during my voyage to that Continent.\nWith every sentiment of attachment & esteem I have the honour to be, Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient & most hble. Servt.,\nD. Humphreys\nI pray you will have the goodness to give my Compliments to Mr. Paridise\u2019s family, and any others who may enquire respecting me.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0298", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Andr\u00e9 Limozin, 17 March 1786\nFrom: Limozin, Andr\u00e9\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLe Havre, 17 Mch. 1786. The \u201cAmerican Ship Hanover, burthen 400 Tuns, commanded by Williams,\u201d is lying in port and will sail for Virginia; any goods which TJ or his friends may wish to ship to that part of America should be sent by land, to his care, at once; will execute any commissions TJ may have for him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0301", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, 18 March 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nVirga. Orange March 18th. 1786\nYour two favours of the 1 and 20 Sepr. under the same cover by Mr. Fitzhugh did not come to hand till the 24th. Ult: and of course till it was too late for any Legislative interposition with regard to the Capitol. I have written to the Attorney on the subject. A letter which I have from him dated prior to his receipt of mine takes notice of the plan you had promised and makes no doubt that it will arrive in time for the purpose of the Commissioners. I do not gather from his expressions however that he was aware of the change, which will become necessary in the foundation already laid; a change which will not be submitted to without reluctance for two reasons. 1. The appearance of caprice to which it may expose the Commissioners. 2. Which is the material one, the danger of retarding the work till the next Session of Assembly can interpose a vote for its suspension, and possibly for a removal to Williamsburg. This danger is not altogether imaginary. Not a Session has passed since I became a member without one or other or both of these attempts. At the late Session, a suspension was moved by the Williamsburg Interest, which was within a few votes of being agreed to. It is a great object therefore with the Richmond Interest to get the building so far advanced before the fall as to put an end to such experiments. The circumstances which will weigh in the other scale, and which it is to be hoped will preponderate, are the fear of being reproached with sacrificing public considerations to a local policy, and a hope that the substitution of a more \u0153conomical plan, may better reconcile the Assembly to a prosecution of the undertaking.\nSince I have been at home I have had leisure to review the literary  cargo for which I am so much indebted to your friendship. The collection is perfectly to my mind. I must trouble you only to get two little mistakes rectified. The number of Volumes in the Encyclopedie corresponds with your list, but a duplicate has been packed up of Tom. 1., 1ere. partie of Histoire Naturelle, Quadrepedes, premiere livraison, and there is left out the 2d. part of the same Tom. which, as appears by the Avis to the 1st. livraison, makes the 1st. Tom. of Histoire des Oiseaux, as well as by the Histoire des oiseaux sent, which begins with Tom. II., 1re. partie, and with the letter F. From the Avis to the sixth livraison I infer that the volume omitted made part of the 5me. livraison. The duplicate volume seems to have been a good deal handled, and possibly belongs to your own Sett. Shall I keep it in my hands or send it back? The other mistake is an omission of the 4th. vol. of D\u2019Albon sur l\u2019inter\u00eat de plusieurs nations &c. The binding of the three volumes which are come is distinguished from that of most of the other books by the circumstance of the figure on the back, numbering the volumes, being on a black instead of a red ground. The Authors name above is on a red ground. I mention these circumstances that the binder may supply the omitted volume in proper uniform. I annex a State of our account balanced. I had an opportunity a few days after your letters were received of remitting the balance to the hands of Mrs. Carr with a request that it might be made use of as you direct to prevent a loss of time to her and from occasional disappointments in the stated funds. I have not yet heard from the Mr. Fitzhughs on the subject of your advance to them. The advance to Le Maire had been made a considerable time before I received your countermanding instructions. I have no copying press, but must postpone that conveniency to other wants which will absorb my little resources. I am fully apprized of the value of this machine and mean to get one when I can better afford it, and may have more use for it. I am led to think it would be a very \u0153conomical acquisition to all our public offices which are obliged to furnish copies of papers belonging to them.\nA Quorum of the deputies appointed by the Assembly for a Commercial Convention had a meeting at Richmond shortly after I left it, and the Attorney tells me, it has been agreed to propose Annapolis for the place, and the first Monday in Sepr. for the time of holding the Convention. It was thought prudent to avoid the neighbourhood of Congress, and the large Commercial towns, in order to disarm the adversaries to the object of insinuations of influence  from either of these quarters. I have not heard what opinion is entertained of this project at New York, nor what reception it has found in any of the States. If it should come to nothing, it will I fear confirm G. B. and all the world in the belief that we are not to be respected, nor apprehended as a nation in matters of Commerce. The States are every day giving proofs that separate regulations are more likely to set them by the ears, than to attain the common object. When Massts. set on foot a retaliation of the policy of G. B. Connecticut declared her ports free. N. Jersey served N. York in the same way. And Delaware I am told has lately followed the example in opposition to the commercial plans of Penna. A miscarriage of this attempt to unite the States in some effectual plan will have another effect of a serious nature. It will dissipate every prospect of drawing a steady revenue from our imports either directly into the federal treasury, or indirectly thro\u2019 the treasuries of the commercial States, and of consequence the former must depend for supplies solely on annual requisitions, and the latter on direct taxes drawn from the property of the Country. That these dependencies are in an alarming degree fallacious is put by experience out of all question. The payments from the States under the calls of Congress have in no year borne any proportion to the public wants. During the last year, that is from Novr. 1784 to Novr. 1785, the aggregate payments, as stated to the late Assembly, fell short of 400,000 dollrs., a sum neither equal to the interest due on the foreign debts, nor even to the current expences of the federal Government. The greatest part of this sum too went from Virga. which will not supply a single shilling the present year. Another unhappy effect of a continuance of the present anarchy of our commerce will be a continuance of the unfavorable balance on it, which by draining us of our metals furnishes pretexts for the pernicious substitution of paper money, for indulgences to debtors, for postponements of taxes. In fact most of our political evils may be traced up to our commercial ones, as most of our moral may to our political. The lessons which the mercantile interest of Europe have received from late experience will probably check their propensity to credit us beyond our resources, and so far the evil of an unfavorable balance will correct itself. But the Merchants of G.B. if no others will continue to credit us at least as far as our remittances can be obtained, and that is far enough to perpetuate our difficulties unless the luxurious propensity of our own people can be otherwise checked.\nThis view of our situation presents the proposed Convention as a remedial experiment which ought to command every assent; but if it be a just view it is one which assuredly will not be taken by all even of those whose intentions are good. I consider the event therefore as extremely uncertain, or rather, considering that the States must first agree to the proposition for sending deputies, that these must agree in a plan to be sent back to the States, and that these again must agree unanimously in a ratification of it. I almost despair of success. It is necessary however that something should be tried and if this be not the best possible expedient, it is the best that could possibly be carried thro\u2019 the Legislature here. And if the present crisis cannot effect unanimity, from what future concurrence of circumstances is it to be expected? Two considerations particularly remonstrate against delay. One is the danger of having the same game played on our confederacy by which Philip managed that of the Grecian states. I saw enough during the late assembly of the influence of the desperate circumstances of individuals on their public conduct to admonish me of the possibility of finding in the council of some one of the states, fit instruments of foreign machinations. The other consideration is the probability of an early increase of the confederated states which more than proportionally impede measures which require unanimity as the new members may bring sentiments and interests less congenial with those of the Atlantic states than those of the latter are one with another.\nThe price of our Staple is down at 22/. at Richmond. One argument for putting off the taxes was that as it would relieve the planters from the necessity of selling and would enable them to make a better bargain with the purchasers. The price has notwithstanding been falling ever since. How far the event may have proceeded from a change in the Market of Europe I know not. That it has in part proceeded from the very practice of remitting and postponing the taxes may I think be fairly deduced. The scarcity of money must of necessity sink the price of every article, and the relaxation in collecting the taxes increases this scarcity by diverting the money from the public Treasury to the shops of Merchandize. In the former case it would return into circulation. In the latter it goes out of the Country to balance the increased consumption. A vigorous and steady collection of taxes would make the money necessary here and would therefore be a mean of keeping it here. In our situation it would have the salutary operation of a sumptuary law. The price of Indian Corn, in this part of the  Country which produced the best crops, is not higher than 2 dollrs. per barrl. It would have been much higher but for the peculiar mildness of the winter. December and Jany. scarcely reminded us that it was winter. February, though temperate, was less unseasonable. Our deepest snow (about 7 inches) was in the present month. I observe the tops of the blue ridge still marked with its remains. My last was dated Jany. 22. and contained a narrative of the proceedings of the Assembly. I shall write you again as soon as a subject and opportunity occur, remaining in the mean time Yr. affecte. friend,\nJ M\nDr. to T. J.\nlivers\nsols\n1785 Sepr. 1. To amt. of books &c.\nCredit\nlivrs.\nsols\nBy balance stated by T.J. 77. \u2154 drs. =\nBy advance to Lemaire 10 guins.\nBy do. for 6 copies of Revisal at 2\u00bd Drs.\nBy \u00a325 Va. Cy. remitted to Mrs. C.\n   \u00a325 I discover exceeds the sum extended a few livres which may be carried into the next acct. if it be thought worth while.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0303", "content": "Title: Enclosure: R\u00e9sum\u00e9 de mon avis au Comit\u00e9 du Commerce \u2026, 13 March 1786\nFrom: Comit\u00e9 du Commerce\nTo: \nEnclosure\nR\u00e9sum\u00e9 de mon avis au Comit\u00e9 du Commerce avec les Etats-unis lorsque la question des tabacs nous a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e.\nEn prenant place au comit\u00e9 dont j\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019Etre Membre je d\u00e9clarai franchement mon ignorance des details qu\u2019on y doit traiter, et ne me permis que quelques observations G\u00e9n\u00e9rales sur nos Rapports avec les Etats-unis. Nomm\u00e9s par le Gouvernement pour les Etudier tous, pour augmenter le Commerce Gallo-Am\u00e9ricain par tous les moyens de libert\u00e9 et d\u2019Echange, Nous sommes sp\u00e9cialement charg\u00e9s de les trouver dans un Plan nouveau et le meilleur possible sur l\u2019objet  important des tabacs. On a p\u00fb s\u2019affliger pendant la Guerre de voir tant de nos millions passer \u00e0 nos Ennemis pour payer en manufactures Anglaises les Denr\u00e9es de nos Alli\u00e9s. Apr\u00e8s la Paix, on aurait d\u00fb pr\u00e9voir les inconv\u00e9nients du Monopole d\u2019un N\u00e9gociant Ecossois \u00e9tabli par les fermiers G\u00e9n\u00e9raux de France en Virginie; et le meilleur Chemin pour en revenir n\u2019etait pas le march\u00e9 de M. Robert Moriss, dont les Le\u00e7ons de Commerce sont un peu cheres, pour ces Messieurs, puisque par une perte momentan\u00e9e, il s\u2019est assur\u00e9 un grand profit, et pour n\u00f4tre Pa\u00ffs, puisque sur vingt millions on n\u2019a pas garanti le moindre d\u00e9bouch\u00e9 \u00e0 nos marchandises. Mais il ne nous suffit pas de parcourir le cercle \u00e9troit de quelques erreurs, et l\u2019honneur du comit\u00e9, le Devoir de chaque Membre \u00e9xigent de nous la Sp\u00e9culation quelconque o\u00f9 la Patrie peut esp\u00e9rer le plus d\u2019avantages.\nC\u2019est dans ces Principes que j\u2019ai cherch\u00e9 partout les Lumieres dont je manquais, et qu\u2019au milieu d\u2019avis diff\u00e9rents, je me suis confirm\u00e9 dans l\u2019id\u00e9e que je n\u2019avais eue d\u2019abord que parcequ\u2019elle se presente toute seule apr\u00e8s avoir ecout\u00e9 dans le dernier Comit\u00e9 les personnes plus instruites que moi, apr\u00e8s avoir demand\u00e9 a Mrs. les fermiers G\u00e9n\u00e9raux quelques explications, j\u2019ai os\u00e9 vers la fin de la s\u00e9ance hasarder une opinion que le Comit\u00e9 veut avoir par \u00e9crit; qu\u2019il me soit au moins permis de repeter ici, que si j\u2019ai adopt\u00e9 presqu\u2019aveuglement les calculs de la ferme G\u00e9n\u00e9rale, si les talents et les Connoissances de ses trois Representants m\u2019ont donn\u00e9 tant de d\u00e9savantages, il est juste, dans le cas ou mes R\u00e9sultats et mes Raisonnements seraient au Pair des leurs, de donner Gain de cause \u00e0 ma proposition.\nPendant le Bail de David, les achats de tabac, ann\u00e9e commune, montent \u00e0 23. millions 500. mille livres pesant, et pendant celui de Salzard \u00e0 23. millions 400. mille livres. La Consommation annuelle dans l\u2019un et l\u2019autre Bail ne passoit pas disoit-on 14. millions 700. mille livres de Poids, ce qui supposait le d\u00e9chet d\u2019environ un tiers sur la fabrication. On fait monter les frais de Regie \u00e0 pr\u00e8s de 5,850,000.\u20b6 et dans les Bazes du nouveau Bail, les achats et frais de Manufacture sont evalu\u00e9s a 11,050,000.\u20b6 Le Bail futur est fix\u00e9 \u00e0 27,000,000,\u20b6 obligatoires et une chance de 2,000,000.\u20b6 de plus.\nMais dans n\u00f4tre discussion au Comit\u00e9, Mrs. les fermiers G\u00e9n\u00e9raux ont bien voulu nous donner des Eclaircissements encore plus pr\u00e9cis. Ils ont dit que ce Bail futur est calcul\u00e9 sur la supposition d\u2019un Prix de 36.\u20b6 pour le quintal de tabac, ce qui en d\u00e9duisant pour l\u2019achat de 23. millions 400. mille livres pesant, une somme de 8,424,000.\u20b6 laisse pour les frais de manufacture 2,626,000.\u20b6 qui se divisant par 14. millions 700. mille livres de poids auxquels on avait evalu\u00e9 la Consommation auroient port\u00e9 le prix de fabrication \u00e0 3. sols et pr\u00e8s de 7. deniers la livre, de m\u00eame que les 23. millions 400. mille livres de poids auraient fait payer la Livre de tabac brut 7. sols 2. deniers 4/10 mais ayant pris la Libert\u00e9 dans la derniere assembl\u00e9e de soumettre mes doutes aux Repr\u00e9sentants de la Ferme, ils ont eu la bont\u00e9 de rectiffier ces Bazes par deux d\u00e9clarations.\n1.\u00b0 Que le prix de 33.\u20b6 le quintal est le plus haut que les Am\u00e9ricains puissent trouver dans aucun Port de l\u2019Europe, ce qui r\u00e9duit la valeur du tabac brut \u00e0 6. sols 7. deniers et 2/10 la livre.\n2.\u00b0 que le D\u00e9ch\u00e8t sur leur fabrication n\u2019est que 30. p.0/0, ce qui au lieu de 14. millions 700. mille livres de poids en Consommation nous donne 16. millions 380,000. livres, et par cons\u00e9quent reduit le prix de fabrication \u00e0 3. sols 2. deniers 390./819.. Je ne m\u2019aviserai plus d\u2019evaluer \u00e0 13. p.0/0 les profits de Mrs. les fermiers G\u00e9n\u00e9raux, car ils ont paru revolt\u00e9s de mon Exag\u00e9ration; mais dans mon nouveau Plan, o\u00f9 comme on peut le v\u00e9rifier, je mets contre moi tous les articles douteux et touttes les fractions supprim\u00e9es, je les prie de souffrir pour un instant que j\u2019abandonne aux fermiers ou R\u00e9gisseurs 10. p. 0/0 de profit.\nCe serait donc d\u00e9mentir formellement Mrs. les fermiers G\u00e9n\u00e9raux que de ne pas \u00e9valuer en leur passant ce d\u00e9ch\u00e8t bien singulier de 30. p.0/0 et leur prix un peu haut de fabrication de ne pas \u00e9valuer dis-je le tabac fabriqu\u00e9 \u00e0 12. sols 8. deniers\u2014une fraction, et il faut que dans le prix de 3.\u20b6 6s. le moindre que ces Messieurs nous aient donn\u00e9, (car \u00e0 Paris par Exemple on paye 3.\u20b6 14s.) je trouve 27. millions ou pour trancher la difficult\u00e9 29. millions pour le Roy, pr\u00e8s de 5,800,000.\u20b6 pour les frais de Regie, quoi qu\u2019un de Mrs. les fermiers G\u00e9n\u00e9raux m\u2019ait assur\u00e9 que la d\u00e9pense totale pour touttes les Parties des fermes ne passait pas 8,000,000.\u20b6 et un proffit pour le fabricant ou distributeur; je veux bien m\u00eame y ajouter un gain de 10. p.0/0 pour les fermiers, ou Regisseurs, et ne chicanant d\u2019ailleurs MM. les fermiers G\u00e9n\u00e9raux sur aucun de leurs calculs, je vais t\u00e2cher de les faire cadrer avec l\u2019Etablissement d\u2019un droit d\u2019Entr\u00e9e qui rendrait le tabac Marchand dans le Royaume.\nEn pronon\u00e7ant cet avis au Comit\u00e9, j\u2019ai prev\u00fb qu\u2019on rappellerait mon gout pour la Libert\u00e9, ou peut-\u00eatre qu\u2019on me supposerait celui des syst\u00eames, mais comme je l\u2019ai observ\u00e9, il n\u2019y a pas une libert\u00e9 bien effren\u00e9e \u00e0 quintupler par un droit la valeur d\u2019une production, et l\u2019on n\u2019est pas trop syst\u00e9matique en substituant une id\u00e9e juste et simple \u00e0 un syst\u00eame compliqu\u00e9; c\u2019est dans cette persuasion, qu\u2019apr\u00e8s avoir rectifi\u00e9 des calculs dont la plus part posoient sur les reponses de Mrs. les fermiers G\u00e9n\u00e9raux dans n\u00f4tre discussion, Je rep\u00e8te ici ma proposition d\u2019un droit d\u2019Entr\u00e9e sur le tabac en feuilles, le seul qui doit \u00eatre admis; Ce droit serait de 32. sols et demi par livre pesant, ce qui sur 23. millions 400 mille livres de poids donne 38,025,000.\u20b6 ou l\u2019on trouve 29. millions pour le Roy 6. millions au lieu de 5,850,000.\u20b6 pour les frais de Regie, et ce gain de 10. p.0/0 du fermier ou R\u00e9gisseur dont je sollicite un moment l\u2019admission, avec un reste de 125,000.\u20b6, et me pretant \u00e0 la supposition d\u2019un d\u00e9ch\u00e8t de 30 p.0/0 et \u00e0 celle du prix de fabrication a 3. sols 2. deniers 390./819. j\u2019evalue la livre du tabac fabriqu\u00e9 et ayant pay\u00e9 le droit \u00e0 2.\u20b6 19s. 1d. malgr\u00e9 les 10. p.0/0 du fermier j\u2019accorde encore 5. sols par livre pour le Marchand, et tous mes efforts ne peuvent faire  monter le prix du tabac qu\u2019a 3.\u20b6 4s. 1d. tandis que le moindre prix de la Ferme est de 3.\u20b6 6.s.\nOn m\u2019a fait jusqu\u2019ici quelques objections qui ne me paroissent pas sans replique.\n1.\u00b0 Les Privileges Exclusifs dans leur essence peuvent quelque fois \u00eatre justifi\u00e9s; mais ce n\u2019est, du moins pour l\u2019int\u00e9rieur du Royaume, que par l\u2019encouragement d\u2019une D\u00e9couverte ing\u00e9nieuse, d\u2019une Manipulation difficile, ou par la r\u00e9compense de l\u2019inventeur dont on fait la fortune. Celle de MM. les Fermiers G\u00e9n\u00e9raux est faite, et rien n\u2019est plus connu, plus ais\u00e9 que la Fabrication du tabac.\n2.\u00b0 Il parait probable a Mrs. les fermiers Generaux que la Libert\u00e9 de ce Commerce diminuera les importations; C\u2019est \u00e0 dire qu\u2019elle \u00e9cartera les Etrangers et d\u00e9couragera les fran\u00e7ais, Comme la Variet\u00e9 de la Fabrication am\u00e9nera le d\u00e9gout. Si ce Nouveau Cours de Morale est adopt\u00e9, j\u2019abandonne mon syst\u00eame.\n3.\u00b0 Le tabac a \u00e9t\u00e9 Marchand en 1719, et cet essai ne reussit pas; mais ce qu\u2019on a fait et defait pendant la r\u00e9gence n\u2019est pas l\u2019Evangile des administeurs.; on pr\u00e9tend qu\u2019il y eut alors des man\u0153uvres dont le Patriotisme du tems actuel nous garantit, et que m\u00eame dans ce temps l\u00e0, on aurait p\u00fb pr\u00e9venir. Ce n\u2019est pas d\u2019ailleurs sur l\u2019opinion de tel ou tel Cabinet, C\u2019est sur la justesse des raisons qu\u2019on doit d\u00e9cider, et si l\u2019on veut un Exemple d\u2019un Droit tr\u00e8s Fort payable \u00e0 la sortie des Magasins du Roy dans les quels le tabac est d\u00e9pos\u00e9 \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e, cet Exemple n\u2019est pas plus loin que l\u2019Angleterre\n4.\u00b0 Mais la Contrebande m\u2019a-t\u2019on dit est plus facile sur une frontiere que sur une C\u00f4te, et sans jetter Mrs. les fermiers G\u00e9n\u00e9raux dans une controverse maritime, j\u2019ai p\u00fb demander si nos isles d\u2019Am\u00e9rique se gardent plus aisement qu\u2019une Province quatre fois plus grande? tandis que les Anglais sont en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral plus Contrebandiers que nous, tandis qu\u2019ils manquent m\u00eame de Noms pour de nouvelles taxes, pourquoi si n\u00f4tre syst\u00eame est si beau, ne l\u2019ont il pas adopt\u00e9? Serait ce que n\u00f4tre Jurisprudence fiscale effraie l\u2019humanit\u00e9, ou que dans ce pays ou cependant l\u2019argent est si puissant, les gros capitalistes ont moins d\u2019influence que chez nous? mais cet examen est inutile, et dans tout les cas, il me suffit d\u2019Etablir ici que pour n\u00f4tre c\u00f4te la diff\u00e9rence avec les Anglais est nulle, et qu\u2019en laissant les m\u00eames gardes \u00e0 n\u00f4tre frontiere j\u2019annulle \u00e9galement toutte diff\u00e9rence entre les deux syst\u00eames.\n5.\u00b0 On pr\u00e9tend il est vrai qu\u2019au del\u00e0 de nos Frontieres on cultiverait plus de tabac ce qui ne me parait pas le cons\u00e9quence naturelle des Efforts que nous ferions pour attirer celui qui vient par mer, et pour tourner tous nos achats de ce C\u00f4t\u00e9, et je ne puis m\u00eame admettre que cette augmentation Suppos\u00e9e entrainerait celle de contrebande; car c\u2019est un Effet qu\u2019il serait singulier de produire en diminuant la tentation, et laissant les m\u00eames obstacles en les renfor\u00e7ant s\u2019il le faut d\u2019une partie des surveillants qui vexent l\u2019int\u00e9rieur du Royaume.\n6.\u00b0 On a cru que mon Proj\u00e8t d\u2019un Droit d\u2019entr\u00e9e sur le tabac etait li\u00e9 \u00e0 la Libert\u00e9 de cette Culture dans le Royaume, mais n\u2019ayant pas m\u00eame suppos\u00e9 cette id\u00e9e, il est inutile d\u2019en parler ici: on m\u2019a fait ensuitte interdire cette culture dans les Provinces o\u00f9 elle est permise,  Ce qui serait un peu different. Mais je ne suis ni arracheur, ni Planteur; La Ferme decourage l\u2019importation du tabac par Mer, et je propose de l\u2019augmenter; Elle cherche 29. millions dans un Monopole odieux au Public, et je t\u00e2che de les trouver dans un droit simple qui rende l\u2019activit\u00e9 au Commerce et la Libert\u00e9 aux Individus. il n\u2019y a que cel\u00e0 de chang\u00e9, et cel\u00e0 seul est l\u2019objet de n\u00f4tre discussion.\n7.0 Je pr\u00e9vois cependant une difficult\u00e9. N\u00f4tre tabac en bout est marqu\u00e9, le tabac Rap\u00e9 est accompagn\u00e9 d\u2019une vignette, il y a m\u00eame diton, des hommes heureusement n\u00e9s, habilement form\u00e9s, qui par leur sagacit\u00e9 et leur exp\u00e9rience poursuivent la contrefaction jusques dans la tabatiere des Particuliers. Cette matiere est si nouvelle pour moi, qu\u2019avec la m\u00eame Candeur qui m\u2019a dict\u00e9 cette objection, Je prie MM. les fermiers G\u00e9n\u00e9raux de m\u2019aider \u00e0 la refuter. Il me semble que le tabac rap\u00e9, une fois distribu\u00e9 n\u2019est plus sujet \u00e0 Confiscation: il me semble qu\u2019il y aurait des moyens pour attacher aux Bo\u00eftes une vignette distinctive. Mais ce n\u2019est que le tabac en Bout qu\u2019on peut croire vraiment essentiel de marquer, et parmi tant de pr\u00e9cautions qu\u2019il est possible d\u2019adopter, je proposerai s\u2019il le faut celle de borner a un certain nombre de Villes les Magazins o\u00f9 le tabac sera d\u00e9pos\u00e9 \u00e0 son entr\u00e9e, ainsi que les atteliers que tout fabricant pourra y \u00e9tablir, et avant de sortir de ces Villes, le bout de tabac recevra comme \u00e0 pr\u00e9sent la marque qui doit lui servir de Passeport.\n8.\u00b0 On m\u2019a fait aussi valoir l\u2019inter\u00eat de tous ces Employ\u00e9s que la Ferme nourrit, mais il n\u2019y a rien de d\u00e9rang\u00e9 pour les Gardes, et je souhaite m\u00eame rendre leur sort meilleur, en leur m\u00e9nageant quelques r\u00e9compenses particulieres en m\u00eame tems qu\u2019on leur abandonnera touttes les saisies. Quant aux Ouvriers, ils ne s\u2019affligeront pas, je pense, de travailler pour leur propre compte, ou de servir des fabricants dont ils auront le choix, et qui par cons\u00e9quent les traiteront bien. Il n\u2019y aura de perd\u00fb que la facilit\u00e9 pour les gens puissants de r\u00e9compenser aux D\u00e9pens du Public quelques Prot\u00e9g\u00e9s; mais ils ont tant de ressources!\n9.\u00b0 Il \u00e9xiste un March\u00e9 avec Robert Morriss dont l\u2019infraction choquerai la d\u00e9licatesse de MM. les Fermiers G\u00e9n\u00e9raux lors m\u00eame qu\u2019ils n\u2019auraient pas d\u00e9pos\u00e9 un million pour garantir leur engagement. Je suis ami de Robert Morriss et personne n\u2019a e\u00fb plus d\u2019occasions que moi de rendre hommage \u00e0 ses talents; mais si son int\u00e9r\u00eat nuisait \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat public des deux Pa\u00ffs, il sait bien que je m\u2019y opposerais. d\u2019Ailleurs qu\u2019a de commun avec mon Plan le march\u00e9 de M. Morriss? une Certaine quantit\u00e9 de ses tabacs a dej\u00e0 \u00e9t\u00e9 livr\u00e9e: Mrs. les Fermiers G\u00e9n\u00e9raux, nous en sommes convenus au comit\u00e9, doivent avoir dixhuit mois d\u2019avance dans leurs magasins, et ces magasins sont presque vuides. Leur contrat porte, dit-on, sur une ann\u00e9e hors du Bail, et comme cette usurpation de souverainet\u00e9 n\u2019est qu\u2019une distraction, le tiers du March\u00e9 devient nul. En faisant attention \u00e0 ces trois objets je ne vois pas que MM. les Fermiers G\u00e9n\u00e9raux soient dans le cas de Rompre leur Engagement.\n10.\u00b0 On peut me faire une remarque que je suis loin de dissimuler; c\u2019est que s\u2019il importe beaucoup de d\u00e9truire le Monopole du tabac, il est encore plus urgent de remedier \u00e0 celui des Gabelles, en conservant le respect d\u00fb aux Engagements et \u00e0 des Constitutions sacr\u00e9es. Heureusement  que mon Proj\u00e8t ne nuit point \u00e0 celui-ci et Mrs. les Fermiers G\u00e9n\u00e9raux me trouveront pr\u00e8 \u00e0 Convenir de la justesse de cette observation.\n11.\u00b0 m\u2019occuperai-je de cette crainte chim\u00e9rique d\u2019une moins parfaitte fabrication? autant Vaudrait-il souhaiter que pour mieux satisfaire les gouts du Public tous les Vins pussent \u00eatre faits \u00e0 la fois dans le m\u00eame pressoir. On connoit l\u2019inconv\u00e9nient de ces \u00e9tablissements lorsqu\u2019ils ne sont pas n\u00e9cessaires, la n\u00e9gligence qui r\u00e8gne partout o\u00f9 le Propri\u00e9taire ne veille pas, et pour rendre justice \u00e0 la probit\u00e9 de Mrs. les Fermiers G\u00e9n\u00e9raux, c\u2019est \u00e0 leur mauvais Syst\u00eame de Fabrication qu\u2019on doit attribuer, et ces plaintes si multipli\u00e9es, si justiffi\u00e9es, que le Parlement de Bretagne vient encore de nous rappeller, et ce prix de manufacture et ce d\u00e9ch\u00e8t de 30. p.0/0 bien plus extraordinaire. Je ne puis donner sur cet objet des calculs bien \u00e9xacts; mais l\u2019Exag\u00e9ration de ceux l\u00e0, doit fraper tout le monde, surtout quand on sait que la C\u00f4te m\u00eame de la Feuille de tabac s\u2019embarque s\u00e9par\u00e9ment en Virginie, et qu\u2019on la transporte avec soin en Angleterre.\n12.\u00b0 Apr\u00e8s avoir math\u00e9matiquement d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que sur les propres Bazes de Mrs. les fermiers G\u00e9n\u00e9raux, mon Syst\u00eame donne une augmentation de Commerce, une diminution de Prix du tabac et une egalit\u00e9, pour ne pas dire un profit dans le revenu Public, me sera-t-il permis de calculer un instant d\u2019apr\u00e8s moi-m\u00eame? Personne ne doutera que la Libert\u00e9 de Commerce, la Variet\u00e9 de fabrication, n\u2019augmentent la consommation au moins d\u2019un Cinqe., et ce Cinquieme Comme il n\u2019y a rien \u00e0 d\u00e9duire pour les frais de Regie donne pr\u00e8s de 7. millions de plus au Roy. S\u2019il est vrai que les frais de Gardes pour touttes les parties des Fermes ne passent pas 8. millions, je dois esp\u00e9rer une diminution dans un Compte de 5,800,000.\u20b6 sur l\u2019article seul du tabac. On \u00e9tabliroit Vraisemblablement un droit \u00e0 l\u2019Entr\u00e9e des Villes mur\u00e9es, une augmentation de taxe sur les communaut\u00e9s qui vendraient le tabac, et les Privil\u00e9ges qu\u2019ont \u00e0 pr\u00e9sent les Entreposeurs et d\u00e9bitants seraient supprim\u00e9s. Toutes ces ressources fiscales et les \u0153conomies de Regie pourroient peut-\u00eatre donner deux millions. Si au lieu de 10. p.0/0 de profit une R\u00e9gie se contentait de 7. p.0/0, Le Roy y gagnerait plus d\u2019un million; voil\u00e0 donc 9. ou 10. millions de plus pour ses revenus et au lieu de 27,000,000\u20b6 obligatoires et 2. millions de chance que la ferme offre, nous devons esp\u00e9rer pr\u00e8s de 40. millions de reven\u00fb, ce qui aurait encore laiss\u00e9 bien de la marge pour la pr\u00e9tendu\u00eb Contrebande si je n\u2019avais pas refut\u00e9 cette objection.\n13.\u00b0 Quant aux prix du tabac, plusieurs Anglais m\u2019assurent que le d\u00e9ch\u00e8t sur la fabrication soign\u00e9e, au lieu de 30. p.0/0 n\u2019est pas de 16. p.0/0, et je le Crois d\u2019autant plus que les diff\u00e9rences pour le tabac en poudre, \u00e0 m\u00e2cher, et \u00e0 fumer doivent employer \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s toutte la feuille. Cel\u00e0 seul ferait tomber le prix \u00e0 moins de 50. sols. Je ne parlerai pas des frais de fabrication qui sont encore trop hauts quoique ceux de charroi dans les Bazes de la ferme, y a\u00efent \u00e9t\u00e9 compris. Ajoutons y cet avantage qu\u2019il est toujours doux de rencontrer, C\u2019est que les fantaisies des riches tourneront au B\u00e9n\u00e9fice des Pauvres, et que par Exemple, le  Marchand qui aura gagn\u00e9 8. sols sur le tabac \u00e0 la mode se contentera de 2. sols sur le tabac commun.\nRep\u00e9terai-je ce que j\u2019ai dit au comit\u00e9 sur les avantages de cette libert\u00e9, sur nos liaisons de commerce avec l\u2019Am\u00e9rique, sur les profits qu\u2019y trouvera n\u00f4tre Navigation, sur ce d\u00e9bouch\u00e9 ouvert \u00e0 6. ou 7. millions d\u2019\u00c9change pour le tabac, en Productions et manufactures fran\u00e7aises. Mais ne nous bornons pas l\u00e0, et songeons que ce courant d\u2019affaires avec les Etats-unis en entrainera bien d\u2019autres. Le Commerce du Nord, du Levant et de l\u2019Inde, est quelquefois d\u00e9savantageux, pr\u00e9caire, ou de peu d\u2019encombrement. Un Commerce d\u2019Echange toujours Croissant entre la france et le continent Am\u00e9ricain n\u2019a pas ces inconv\u00e9nients et r\u00e9unit les avantages politiques. Mon ambition va plus loin encore, et quand je consid\u00e8re n\u00f4tre alliance, nos int\u00e9r\u00eats Communs, la situation de nos Ports, le prix de n\u00f4tre main d\u2019\u0153uvre et les fautes pass\u00e9es de l\u2019Angleterre, Je pense avec un double plaisir que la France peut \u00eatre l\u2019Entrep\u00f4t d\u2019une tr\u00e8s grande partie du Commerce des Etats-unis en Europe, et qu\u2019il est de n\u00f4tre int\u00e9r\u00eat de faciliter ces Echanges r\u00e9ciproques.\nC\u2019est pour d\u00e9f\u00e9rer aux instances du Comit\u00e9 que je donne par ecrit le Resum\u00e9 de mon avis \u00e0 la derniere S\u00e9ance; l\u2019id\u00e9e que j\u2019y avais aport\u00e9e s\u2019est fortifi\u00e9e par la discussion avec MM. les fermiers G\u00e9n\u00e9raux; J\u2019ai ajout\u00e9 ici ma Reponse \u00e0 quelques objections nouvelles; et mes calculs ont \u00e9t\u00e9 corrig\u00e9s par un ami accoutum\u00e9 a des combinaisons plus profondes. Quand je parle ou j\u2019ecris sur des objets si nouveaux pour moi, quand je m\u2019empare ainsi du tems et de l\u2019attention des Personnes habitu\u00e9es \u00e0 ce genre de travail, j\u2019ai grand besoin de compter sur cette indulgence que j\u2019ai reclam\u00e9e. Je souhaite que Messieurs les fermiers G\u00e9n\u00e9raux, en pensant que ma cause est celle du peuple, que je parle ici pour l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat et le v\u0153u Public, Veuillent bien am\u00e9liorer mon proj\u00e8t dans tous ses d\u00e9tails, et assurer son succ\u00e8s en affermant eux-m\u00eames ou r\u00e9gissant le droit. Je sais que tous les membres de notre Comit\u00e9, s\u2019ils approuvent cette id\u00e9e primitive d\u2019un Droit au lieu d\u2019un Monopole, sauront mieux que moi l\u2019approfondir et la d\u00e9montrer; et si je n\u2019ai pas le plaisir de voir mon Plan renvers\u00e9 par un Plan meilleur, je penserai avec satisfaction que j\u2019ai tenu pendant quelques instants le canavas d\u2019un ouvrage utile et perfectionn\u00e9 par d\u2019;autres.\n   Je n\u2019ai pas cru devoir faire porter sur les frais de Regie ce gain de 10. p.0/0; mais on le trouverait encore bien ais\u00e9ment en ajoutant les 125,000.\u20b6 de reste, aux 150,000\u20b6 excedant le calcul des frais de R\u00e9gie, et en complettant cette petite somme de 580,000.\u20b6 par cent mille \u00e9cus environ pris sur les \u0153conomies que mon Plan offre \u00e0 chaque Page.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0305", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, [19? March 1786]\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nColo. Humphries has informed me that a French Gentleman who sets out for London to-day presents a favorable Opportunity of conveying your Letters to you. The Marquis de la Fayette informed him of this Circumstance and desired that the Letters should be sent to him this Morning, to be by him committed to the Care of this Gentleman. You will therefore Sir recieve under the Cover of Colo. Humphries the Letters brought here from Madrid by Mr. Harrison, and which Colo. Humphries recieving whilst I was at St. Germains, forwards. I inclose two which have come to my Hands. These are all that have been recieved at the Hotel since your Departure. I except one from Mr. de Reyneval which arrived in less than an Hour after you had gone. On opening it I found that it was not an absolute Order for the Liberation of the Prisoners, as I think you expected. It was a Letter addressed to you in which he informs you that he had had a Conference with the Controller-general on their Subject and was authorized to say to you that the Prisoners might be liberated if they would relinquish all Right of Appeal, and thereby consent to the Confiscation of the Vessel and Cargo, or if (supposing they insisted on the Appeal) they would give certain securities which are mentioned in the Letter. I immediately inclosed this Letter to Messrs. Borgnis, Desbordes Freres at Brest and desired, if it did not suffice for the Liberation of the Prisoners, that they would be so good as to inform me of it without Delay in Order that I might obtain something more absolute for them. Having received no Answer since that Period I hope the Letter was found sufficient.\nNothing having occurred since your Departure that is worth troubling you with, I here take the Liberty of begging the Favor of you to bring me two of the smallest possible Quantities (one red and the other black) of that Kind of Ink which is used for printing on Linen with the Types which I have. I suppose it may be easily found in any of the Shops in very small tin Phials. Should there be the smallest Difficulty sir I beg you will pass it over as if nothing had been said on the Subject. I urge it the more particularly because I have enough left to last me some Time yet\u2014a Circumstance which will also save you the Trouble sir of having my Linen marked in London.\nI am ashamed of troubling you so much with Trifles at a Time  when you have few Moments to lose. The best Compensation I can make is to inform you that your Daughter was very well two Days ago. I beg you to be persuaded sir of the purest sentiments of Friendship and Gratitude with which I have the Honor to be Your, &c.\nW. Short\nI beg you to make my most particular Compliments to Colo. Smith to whose care I have addressed this Letter, because I supposed it the best mode of painting out yours as you would chuse to be as little seen as possible.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0307", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Barclay, 20 March 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMadrid 20th. March 1786.\nI wrote you a few lines informing you of my arrival, and Expectation of seeing the Count of Florida Blanca this day agreeable  to his appointment, in Consequence of which M. Carmichael accompanied me to the Pardo, where the Count resides at present, and there we were Informed that the Minister cou\u2019d not receive us before Wednesday next, as he had had, within a few days, the account of the Death of his Father. There is nothing Important in this Except the Delay, however I have thought proper to mention it to you, and as soon as I can be more particular I will write to you and M. Adams. In the mean time I remain Dear Sir Your Most obed. Servant,\nThos. Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0308", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Franklin, 20 March 1786\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhilada. March 20. 1786\nI received your Favour of Oct. 5. by Messrs. Fitzhughs, with the Letters and Pacquets you were so kind as to forward to me by those Gentlemen, who have winter\u2019d with us, and are but lately set out for Virginia. I will read du Plessis\u2019s Papers as soon as I can find a little time; and say some thing of them in a future Letter.\nAs to public Affairs, the Congress has not been able to assemble more than 7 or 8 States during the whole Winter, so the Treaty with P. remains still unratified, tho\u2019 there is no doubt of its being done soon, as a full Congress is expected next Month. [The Disposition to furnish Congress with ample Powers augments daily, as People become more enlightened; and I do not remember ever to have seen during my long Life more Signs of Public Felicity than appear at present throughout these States, the Cultivators of the Earth who make the Bulk of our Nation, having had good Crops, which are paid for at high prices with ready Money. The Artisans too receive high Wages, and the Value of all real Estates is augmented greatly. Merchants and Shop keepers indeed complain that there is not Business enough, but this is evidently not owing to the Fewness of Buyers, but to the too great Number of Sellers; for the Consumption of Goods was never greater, as appears by the Dress, Furniture and Manner of Living of all Ranks of the People.\nAs to myself, I am, agreable to your kind Wishes, happy in the Bosom of my Friends and Family, enjoying as good Health as ever, the Stone excepted, which does not grow worse.] Be pleased to  present my affectionate Respects to the good Countess d\u2019Houditot, who you say does me the Honour to enquire concerning me, and I pray you to assure all other enquiring Friends, that I retain, and shall forever retain, the deepest Impression of their many kindnesses to me while I resided among them. I hope your Health is fully established. My best wishes attend you, being with great and sincere Esteem, Dear Sir, Your most obedient & most humble Servant,\nB. Franklin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0309", "content": "Title: An Interlude at Dolly\u2019s Chop House, [21 March?] 1786\nFrom: Smith, William Stephens\nTo: \n\u00bd past 2\u2014\u2014Dolly\u2019s\nOne among our many follies\nWas calling in for steaks at Dolly\u2019s\nWhereby we\u2019ve lost\u2014and feel like Sinners\nThat we have miss\u2019d much better dinners\nNor do we think that us \u2019tis hard on\nMost humbly thus to beg your pardon\nAnd promise that another time\nWe\u2019ll give our reason not our rhime\nSo we\u2019ve agreed\u2014our Nem: Con: Vote is\nThat we thus jointly give you notice\nFor as our rule is to be clever\n  We hold it better late than never", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0311", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Barclay, 23 March 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMadrid 23 March 1786\nI had the pleasure of addressing you twice since my Arrival here, and though I had nothing worth the attentions of you or M. Adams to Communicate, I thought you wou\u2019d wish to know how I am employ\u2019d and to be able to say to him that I have made some progress in my Journey.\nYesterday I was Introduced to the Count of Florida Blanca at the Pardo, he received and treated me like a man of Business extremely well disposed to serve our Country. His Manner was frank and easie. He said the Emperor of Morocco proposed making the King Negociator of the Peace, but that he wou\u2019d inform the Emperor it wou\u2019d be better the Business shou\u2019d be done in Morocco, and he Called in his Secretary, and gave him directions to prepare the letters for me against Saturday next.\nHe added, that he wou\u2019d propose to the King to write to the Emperor himself, and I have no Doubt but I shall have the Honor of Carrying this Powerful Recommendation.\nWe are again to wait on the Count of Florida Blanca on Sunday,  and probably I may have it in my power to write you more particularly by Monday\u2019s post. I am with great respect and Esteem Dear Sir Your most obed. Huml. Servant,\nThos. Barclay\nMr. Lamb sailed the 11th. from Barcelona.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0312", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Temple Franklin, 26 March 1786\nFrom: Franklin, William Temple\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia, 26th. March 1786.\nMr. Mumford the Bearer of this, being very ambitious of paying his Respects to your Excellency in his Way through Paris, From a very sincere Regard for him, and a persuasion that you will not take it amiss, I have given him this Letter. He formerly lived in our house at Passy, and acted as Assistant Secretary in the Office; But having since turn\u2019d his Views to Commerce, he is now connected with a Merchant in your State, and sails thence as supercargo of a Vessel laden with Tobacco and bound to Bordeaux. I beg leave to recommend him to those Civilities and Attentions you have a Pleasure in affording to your deserving Countrymen.\nWith sincere Esteem & Affection, I have the honor to be Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient & most humble Servant,\nW.T. Franklin\nP.S. My best Compliments to the Gentlemen in your Family.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0313", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 26 March 1786\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nSince writing you I have received two Letters from Messrs. Desbordes of Brest. The first informed me that the Letter inclosed them was not sufficient, as I had apprehended, for the Liberation of the American Prisoners. They desired me to obtain without  Delay something more absolute. I immediately wrote to Mr. Reyneval communicating this Circumstance, and two or three Days after received the second Letter from Messrs. Desbordes which I inclose. You will see by that Sir the present Situation of the Prisoners, and the Request made me by Messrs. Desbordes. I shall write to them to day that I have no Authority to enlarge the Powers you have given them with Respect to the Advances of Money, and inform them at the same Time that I have enclosed you their Letter on this Subject. I should have done it the first Moment of its Receipt, but that I awaited an Answer from Mr. Reyneval; although it has not yet come I suppose it best not to wait longer as every Day is of Importance to the Prisoners.\nAfter sending my Letter which I wrote you some Time ago to the Marquis de la Fayette, another from London arrived to your Address accompanied by a Map of Virginia. I kept the Map and gave the Letter to the Marquis de la Fayette (whom I saw that Evening at Madame de Tesse\u2019s) as he told me that the Gentleman has not yet left Paris.\nThis Letter will go by Post so that I hope you will receive it very shortly. I am the more anxious as I see no Reason to expect that the Prisoners will be liberated until you can take some Measure in the Affair. The Letter however which I inclose will put you in Possession of all that I know respecting their present situation.\nI have nothing more to communicate Sir than the Assurances of that perfect Friendship with which I shall ever be Your &c.,\nW. Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0314", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from the Rev. James Madison, 27 March 1786\nFrom: Madison, Rev. James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nWilliamsbg. March 27th. 1786\nI did not receive your Favour of Octr. 1785 till last Month, or so long a Time should not have elapsed, before I made you, at least, the Return of my sincere Thanks for your valuable Communications. The Trunk with the Books arrived safe, and its precious Contents were disposed of as you directed. As to those you were so kind as to favour me with, Nothing could have been more acceptable. Impatient as we are here to be informed of the Progress of Philosophy, and great as that Progress seems to be in the European World, we certainly ought, and do, hold your Favour in the highest Estimation. We rejoice that an American Ambassador bestows such Attention to the literary Improvement of his Countrymen, and that we have in him a Friend, who knows so well the Importance of that Improvement. We must endeavour to avail ourselves of the Lights he transmits, and thus prove that we are not unworthy of his generous Attention.\nThe Circumstance you mentioned relative to the Planet Herschel is indeed a curious one, and was perhaps also a fortunate one for the Calculation of that valuable Work the Conn. des Temps. I had not before heard of the Observations of Mr. Pigott. They seem to be more precise than any before made upon that remarkable Ph\u00e6nomenon of a periodical Variation of Light in some of the Stars. As early as 1596, one in the Neck of the Whale was observed to increase and decrease regularly, it\u2019s Period being about 334 Days. But I have seen no Account of any Stars whose periods were so short, or so well ascertained as that you mention. Such Ph\u00e6nomena undoubtedly afford ample Room for Philosophical Speculation. Perhaps, like our Sun, those stars have a Rotation upon their Axes, and also their Macul\u00e6, the larger and more constant, which, during their rotatory Motion, may cause a regular variation in their Light, in proportion as those Macul\u00e6 are more or less turned to the Observer. Or, perhaps as Maupertuis supposes, that Appearance may arise from their Form. They may be considerably flattened, so that they will appear more or less luminous, as the broad or narrow Side is turned towards us. Your Idea that they may be Suns, which have their orbits of Revolution is more extensive than either of those Suppositions; and it is not the Part of a Philosopher to deny the Possibility of certain Dispositions in Nature, when the Ph\u00e6nomena seem to indicate  them, merely because he cannot fully comprehend the manner in which they act. It seems to be doubtful whether Men are more slow in collecting the Laws of Nature, or in applying them when collected and known. Who would have supposed, a few years past, that, by Means of a Screw acting only in the Air, a Vessel should be fairly drawn across a River, Or indeed that the bold Aeronaut should dare to attempt Excursions in so rare a Medium, and would be able to direct his Course nearer to the Wind than the best sailing Vessels. Is it not probable that these aeorostatic Machines will in Time be applied to other purposes than as mere Philosophical Experiments tho\u2019 in that Respect alone they are certainly very valuable. Yet I have seen no Result of Observations made by them, relating to several Matters, for which they seem particularly adapted, Such as the Rate of Decrease in the Density of the Atmosphere at different Elevations, also the Rate in which it\u2019s Temperature varies. Meteors in general, Propagation of Sounds, Descent of Bodies &c. are all proper Subjects of Investigation and which no Doubt will be investigated as those Machines are more perfected. We raise here the small Balloons filled with inflammable Air. I have once made a Trial of Pit Coal, which I find Cavallo also mentions as affording an air of the same Levity as that you wrote me an account of. We raise those filled with rarified Air, tolerable large (about 20 Feet in Diam). But I beleive no one in America has yet ventured to mount with a Balloon.\nI have been since sorry that I proposed those Queries respecting the Chrystal. It was giving you a Trouble which I ought to have spared. I have lately seen some Account of the Icelandic Chrystal, as long known to Opticians for its singular refractive Powers. It is described as a Kind of Talc, found in the form of an oblique Parallelopiped, and composed of Lamina which will cleave parallel to either of it\u2019s Sides; from which Constitution, its Property may probably be derived. Dr. Franklin brought a Peice of this Chrystal to Phila. which he gave to a Friend of mine who informed me of it\u2019s Property of giving a double Image. They have also in Phila. one of the Telescopes made of it, by which the Suns apparent Diameter is readily measured, and small Distances accurately determined.\nIn the Continuance of the meridian Line which bounds the western Extremity of Pennsylvania, marine shells were found on the highest Ground between the Ohio and Lake Erie. I have written to Mr. Ellicott, who was concerned in running the Line, in Order  to procure some of them, which I mean to forward to you; I shall be happy to send them to you, as they will afford you some useful Data, and would no Doubt be a particular Gratification to those who are capable, like Buffon, of penetrating into Ages past.\nI must not forget to thank you for your kind offer with Respect to the Encyclopedie. We have however, contracted with a Person who sent over last Fall 20 Vol. of the Encyclop. Method. and who is to supply us with them as they come out.\nBeing in Richmond, at the Time of the last Session of our Assembly our mutual Friend Col. Madison, shewed me a work, which, tho I had an opportunity of viewing but too transiently, yet I wish its Author could be induced to render more public. It would be an Ornament to our Library, and highly profitable to our Youth. They will gain from it a Knowledge relative to their Country, not elsewhere to be obtained, and will be impressed with the great Advantage of treasuring up, and methodically arranging Facts of Importance, whether they belong to the moral or the physical world. Such a Work should not be kept in private. Let it have the broad Light of an American Sun. It will assist greatly in dispelling some Misty Fogs, which still hover about us.\nI have no literary Intelligence worth communicating from this Side of the Atlantic. A Dr. Ramsay of So. Carolina has attempted a History of the late War as far as it related to that State, but I beleive most of us would regret to have an Event so fortunate for Mankind, handed down to Posterity in no better a Dress, yet the Author has some Merit, particularly that his Dress is altogether Americain, of which he makes no small Boast.\nMr. Wythe informs me that he wrote to you some Time past. Your Friends here, whom you mentioned, all request to be affectionately remembered. Be assured, Dr. Sir, of the great Esteem & Respect with which I am, Yr. Friend & Servt.,\nJas: Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0315", "content": "Title: American Commissioners to John Jay, 28 March 1786\nFrom: American Commissioners\nTo: Jay, John\nSir\nGrosr. Square March 28th. 1786\nSoon after the arrival of Mr. J. in London, we had a conference with the Ambassador of Tripoli, at his House.\nThe amount of all the information we can obtain from him was that a perpetual peace was in all respects the most advisable, because a temporary treaty would leave room for increasing demands upon every renewal of it, and a stipulation for annual payments would be liable to failures of performance which would renew the war, repeat the negotiations and continually augment the claims of his nation and the difference of expence would by no means be adequate to the inconvenience, since 12,500 Guineas to his Constituents with 10 pr. Cent upon that sum for himself, must be paid if the treaty was made for only one year.\nThat 30,000 Guineas for his Employers and \u00a33,000 for himself were the lowest terms upon which a perpetual peace could be made and that this must be paid in Cash on the delivery of the treaty signed by his sovereign, that no kind of Merchandizes could be accepted.\nThat Tunis would treat upon the same terms, but he could not answer for Algiers or Morocco.\nWe took the liberty to make some inquiries concerning the Grounds of their pretentions to make war upon Nations who had done them no Injury, and observed that we considered all mankind as our friends who had done us no wrong, nor had given us any provocation.\nThe Ambassador answered us that it was founded on the Laws of their Prophet, that it was written in their Koran, that all nations who should not have acknowledged their authority were sinners, that it was their right and duty to make war upon them wherever they could be found, and to make slaves of all they could take as Prisoners, and that every Musselman who should be slain in battle was sure to go to Paradise.\nThat it was a law that the first who boarded an Enemy\u2019s Vessell should have one slave, more than his share with the rest, which operated as an incentive to the most desperate Valour and Enterprise, that it was the Practice of their Corsairs to bear down upon a ship, for each sailor to take a dagger in each hand and another in his mouth, and leap on board, which so terrified their Enemies that very few ever stood against them, that he verily believed the Devil assisted his Countrymen, for they were almost always successful. We took time to consider and promised an answer, but we can give him no other, than that the demands exceed our Expectations, and that of Congress, so much that we can proceed no further without fresh instructions.\nThere is but one possible way that we know of to procure the money, if Congress should authorize us to go to the necessary expence, and that is to borrow it in Holland. We are not certain it can be had there. But if Congress should order us to make the best terms we can with Tunis, Tripoli, Algiers and Morocco, and to procure this money wherever we can find it, upon terms like those of the last loan in Holland, our best endeavours shall be used to remove this formidable obstacle out of the way of the prosperity of the United States.\nInclosed is a Copy of a Letter from P. R. Randall Esqr. at Barcelona, the last from Mr. Barclay was dated Bayonne. It is hoped we shall soon have news from Algiers and Morocco, and we wish it may not be made more disagreable than this from Tunis and Tripoli. We are &c.\nJ.A.\nT.J.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0317", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from C. W. F. Dumas, 28 March 1786\nFrom: Dumas, Charles William Frederick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nLa Haie 28e. Mars 1786\nVotre Excellence verra par l\u2019incluse pour Mr. Jay, que notre petit theatre offre au monde une suite non interrompue de Scenes les plus interessantes. C\u2019est toujours la Lutte de la Libert\u00e9 et de la tyrannie, mais vari\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019infini.\nJe ne sais si j\u2019ai d\u00e9ja pr\u00e9venu Votre Excellence, qu\u2019aucune de ces Lettre ne doit passer par la voie d\u2019Angleterre. On me l\u2019a fait promettre; et la raison en est simple: de l\u2019issue de ce conflit d\u00e9pend la solidit\u00e9 de l\u2019autonomie de cette republique et de son Alliance avec la France, et avec une autre Puissance, qui n\u2019attend que la d\u00e9cision de l\u2019affaire de la Haie pour acc\u00e9der \u00e0 cette Alliance ou non.\nJe suis avec gran respect, De Votre Excellence le tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s-ob\u00e9issant serviteur,\nC W F Dumas\nNous attendons l\u2019arriv\u00e9e ce soir d\u2019un Courier d\u00e9p\u00e9ch\u00e9 de France, charg\u00e9 de D\u00e9peches importantes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0318", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Francis Hopkinson, 28 March 1786\nFrom: Hopkinson, Francis\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear Sir\nPhilada. 28th. March 1786\nAccording to your Directions I sent the other Day a Package of News Papers to Mr. Jay to be forwarded to you. I wrote also by the same Conveyance.\nAs I am frequently trying Projects of one kind or another, I sometimes blunder upon what I, for a while at least, suppose to be a Discovery. I wish to communicate to you one of these Projects. The manufacture of Perles fausses and patenotres is a considerable Branch of Business at Paris and an Article of Commerce. We call them french Beads. These are made by blowing thin glass Bubbles of various Shapes and Sizes. These are made to imitate Pearls by dropping a small Portion of a precious Liquor, called L\u2019Essence D\u2019Orient and causing it to line the Inside of the glass Bubble, after which the Bead is filled with white Wax or not according to the Fashion. This L\u2019Essence D\u2019Orient is made at Paris from a small Fish called Ablettes. It takes four thousand of these Fish to produce four Ounces of this precious Tincture. I suppose therefore, that it is very dear. I have discovered a Way of making this Liquor from a Fish (peculiar I believe to America) to great Perfection. Nothing can be more beautiful. I flatter myself that it is even superior to that made from the Ablette. I wish you would be so good as to enquire what those manufacturers would give per Ounce for this L\u2019Essence D\u2019Orient. If the Price should make it  worth while, I will send a Quantity on Speculation. I would send you a Sample now but the Vessel will sail to day, and I am not yet forward enough in my Experiments. The Liquor I make, I am satisfied, will answer. My only Difficulty is how to preserve it from Putrefaction. This I understand is kept as a great Secret amongst the Artists. I wish you could get this Information for me. The Secret, if it is such, may safely be trusted, because the Fish from which I procure the Liquor is not [to] be found in France, and because the making of Patenotres will never be the manufacture of a protestant Country.\nI will at all Events send you a phial of this Liquor by the first good Opportunity, and shall take all the Precaution I can to prevent it\u2019s putrifying. In which however I may not succeed.\nOur Second Volume of Transactions is going on with Spirit. I send you a few Sheets containing my Improvements in the Harpsichord. The Engraver hath not yet finished the Plate, so that I must send you the rough Draft, or copy for the Plate; which I have taken from the Engraver for the Purpose.\nI have only Time to add, that I hope you will not forget my Encyclopedia, and will continue the Bibliotheque \u0152conomique.\nAdieu. I am Dear Sir with real Esteem\u2026sincere Affection, Your friend and humble servant,\nFrs. Hopkinson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0319", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Short, 28 March 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Short, William\nDear Sir\nLondon Mar. 28. 1786.\nI have duly received your favor (of no date, but I suppose by the company it was in that it was about the 17th.) and thank you for the intelligence it contains, and particularly that of my daughter\u2019s health. Colo. Humphrey\u2019s letter came to hand at the same time. Ere this I hope he has received mine inclosing one to Mr. Jay which I sent by the first post after my arrival here. We had a cold journey to Calais, but made it in less time than we expected, having lodged at Breteuil and Montreuil. We were detained at Calais a day and a half, and then had a passage of nine hours and a half; so that on the whole we were six days getting here. I have lost a great deal of time in ceremony, returning visits &c. so that I have done and seen less than I ought, and probably this will be  the fate of the few remaining days. We have news from America as late as Feb. 3. The assembly of Virginia had risen. They have past a good many of the laws of the revisal as I see by their titles. Among these are that on descents, and on religion but with what alterations I have not heard. They have imposed a duty of 5/a ton on British vessels, instead of \u2153 paid by other nations. I do not recollect whether they had before imposed higher duties on British goods. I wish you could have an opportunity of informing Mr. Creve-coeur or the Abb\u00e9 Morellet that I despair almost of having a map ready in time, as the engraving cannot be completed before the last of May. I do not know whether it will not be better for me on my return to sketch a slight one, which may be engraved in Paris in a very little time. I shall leave this place on the 5th. of April, I think without fail, and shall return by the direct road from Calais to Paris, so that I shall probably be there on the 9th. I am afraid Colo. Humphreys will have left it before that time. Be so good as to present my esteem to him affectionately, with my wishes for a favourable passage. To the Marquis fayette also my best respects and to yourself assurances of the sincere esteem with which I am Dear Sir Your friend\u2026Servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0320", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Lamb, 29 March 1786\nFrom: Lamb, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nAlgiers 29th. March 1786\nThis is by Mr. Randall, whom will tell to Your Excellency my situation at present; I am sure by the best information the sum will by no means answer our object, if the amount is not greatily Ogmented. It is my Duty to advise to abandon the undertaking as it will be intirely in vane to parsivear. It is lost money the expences that arises on the attemt: the last amount that I can give please to let me know. I shall wate at Carthergina for the same. The people will cost for their redemtion at least Twelve hundred heard Dollars pr. head; the number is Twenty one. Your Excellency sees how feable we are. I have good reason to think that peace may be made with these People but it will cost a Tower to Constantinople. Much may be Done in france if they please to forward our peace here. If we fight these people five Thirty six Gun Frigates will be  the leas force and Two larg Tenders. Your Excellency hath sum account of the place by Mr. Randall and I shall Indeavour to procure as much as I can. I shall leave a safty here for a future comming to this place. Have Desird Mr. Randall to make all possible Dispatch.\nWith Due Respect, Your Excellency\u2019s Obedient Humbl. Servt.,\nJohn Lamb", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0321", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Ferdinand Grand, 30 March 1786\nFrom: Grand, Ferdinand\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nParis, 30 Mch. 1786. Acknowledges TJ\u2019s letter of 19 Mch. and advises that he has \u201cin consequence paid due honour to the Bill for \u00a32400. [sic]\u201d which TJ had drawn on him on account of the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0323", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Barclay, 31 March 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMadrid 31st. March 1786\nI have not any thing of Consequence to trouble you with that is not contained in the inclosed Copy of what I wrote Mr. Adams the 27th. to which I beg leave to refer you. We have not yet heard from Mr. Lamb since he sailed, but I think a few days will bring Mr. Carmichael some Letters from him; His Business here was very public, and ours is no Secret. Don Gabriel spoke of it yesterday before several people. He remarked that there was not  a great deal to be learned by making such a Voyage, and hoped we would succeed in our Expectations.\nThe only political Subjects which engage the attention of the people here are the coolness that subsists between this Court and that of Naples, and the Accession of Spain to the treaty with France and Holland. It seems more than probable that this Accession will take place, notwithstanding the vigorous Efforts to prevent it; and the probable Consequences will be a treaty between Russia, Denmark, and England; At least there are some appearances that such Events are not impossible. You will excuse me for saying any thing on Matters concerning which you have probably better information than I can give you, and believe me sincerely, Dear Sir, Your most obdt. humble servant,\nThos. Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0324", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David S. Franks, 31 March 1786\nFrom: Franks, David Salisbury\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMadrid 31. March 1786\nI have the honor of inclosing a Letter to you which came under cover of one which you was so good as to forward to me from Paris addressed by a Person who I have not the pleasure of being very well known to and who Stiles me Secretary to the American Embassy in France; three years have now elapsed Since I saw the Gentleman who writes the Letter. He tells me that he wishes to use your interest in settling some Business at Court, and begs as he has married an American Lady that your Excellency would consider him as an American, treat him accordingly. I shall do myself the Honor of writing to you again and am the mean time Your Excellencys most obdt. obliged humble servant,\nDavd. S. Franks", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0325", "content": "Title: [To Thomas Jefferson from William Jones, 31 March 1786]\nFrom: Jones, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Bristol, 31 Mch. 1786. Entered in SJL as received \u201cwhile in London.\u201d Letter not found. See TJ to Francis Eppes, 22 Apr. 1786.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0328", "content": "Title: Notes of a Tour of English Gardens, [2\u201314 April] 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nMemorandums made on a tour to some of the gardens in England described by Whateley in his book on gardening. While his descriptions in point of style are models of perfect elegance and classical correctness, they are as remarkeable for their exactness. I always walked over the gardens with his book in my hand, examined with attention the particular spots he described, found them so justly characterised by him as to be easily recognised, and saw with wonder, that his fine imagination had never been able to seduce him from the truth. My enquiries were directed chiefly to such practical things as might enable me to estimate the expence of making and maintaining a garden in that style. My journey was in the months of March and April 1786.\nCheswick. Belongs to D. of Devonshire. Garden about 6. acres. The Octagonal dome has an ill effect, both within and without; the garden shews still too much of art; an obelisk of very ill effect. Another in the middle of a pond useless.\nHampton court. Old fashioned. Clipt yews grown wild.\nTwickenham. Pope\u2019s original garden 3 \u00bd as. Sr. Wm. Stanhope added 1 \u00bd acre. This is a long narrow slope, grass and trees in the middle, walk all round. Now Sr. Wellbore Ellis\u2019s. Obelisk at bottom of Pope\u2019s garden as monument to his mother. Inscription. Ah! Edithe matrum optuma, mulierum amantissima, Vale. The house about 30. yds. from the Thames; the ground shelves gently to the water side. On the back of the house passes the street, and  beyond that the garden. The grotto is under the street, and goes out level to the water. In the center of the garden a mound with a spiral walk round it. A rookery.\nEsher place. The house in a bottom near the river. On the other side the ground rises pretty much. The road by which we come to the house forms a dividing line in the middle of the front. On the right are heights, rising one beyond and above another, with clumps of trees. On the farthest a temple. A hollow filled up with a clump of trees, the tallest in the bottom, so that the top is quite flat. On the left the ground descends. Clumps of trees. The clumps on each hand balance finely. A most lovely mixture of concave and convex. The garden is of about 45. as. besides the park which joins. Belongs to Lady Francis Pelham.\nClaremont. Ld. Clive. Nothing remarkeable.\nPaynshill. Mr. Hopkins. 323. as. garden and park all in one. Well described by Whateley. Grotto said to have cost 7000.\u00a3. Whateley says one of the bridges is of stone. But both are now of wood. The lower 60. f. high. There is too much evergreen. The Dwelling house built by Hopkins. Ill situated. He has not been there in 5. years. He lived there 4. years while building the present house. It is not finished. It\u2019s architecture is incorrect. A Doric temple beautiful.\nWoburn. Belongs to Ld. Peters. Ld. Loughborough is the present tenant for 2. lives. 4. people to the farm. 4. to the pleasure garden. 4. to the kitchen garden. All are intermixed, the pleasure garden being merely a highly ornamented walk through and round the divisions of the farm and kitchen garden.\nCaversham. Sold by Ld. Cadogan to Majr. Marsac. 25. as. of garden, 400. as. of park, 6 as. of kitchen garden. A large lawn, separated by a sunk fence from the garden, appears to be part of it. A straight broad gravel walk passes before the front and parallel to it, terminated on the right by a Doric temple, and opening at the other end on a fine prospect. This straight walk has an ill effect. The lawn in front, which is pasture, well disposed with clumps of trees.\nWotton. Now belongs to the M. of Buckingham, son of George Grenville. The lake covers 50. as. the river 5. as. the bason 15. as. the little river 2. as. = 72. as. of water. The lake and great river are on a level. They fall into the bason 5. f. below, and that again into the little river 5. f. lower. These waters lie in form of an L. The house is in middle of open side, forming the angle. A walk  goes round the whole, 3. miles in circumference, and containing within it about 300. as. Sometimes it passes close to the water, sometimes so far off as to leave large pasture ground between it and water. But 2. hands to keep the pleasure grounds in order. Much neglected. The water affords 2000. brace of carp a year. There is a Palladian bridge of which I think Whateley does not speak.\nStowe. Belongs to the M. of Buckingham, son of G. Grenville, and who takes it from Ld. Temple. 15. men and 18. boys employed in keeping pleasure grounds. Within the Walk are considerable portions separated by inclosures and used for pasture. The Egyptian pyramid is almost entirely taken down by the late Ld. Temple to erect a building there, in commemoration of Mr. Pitt, but he died before beginning it, and nothing is done to it yet. The grotto, and two rotundas are taken away. There are 4. levels of water, receiving it one from the other. The bason contains 7. as. the lake below that 10. as. Kent\u2019s building is called the temple of Venus. The inclosure is entirely by ha! ha! At each end of the front line there is a recess like the bastion of a fort. In one of these is the temple of Friendship, in the other the temple of Venus. They are seen the one from the other, the line of sight passing, not thro\u2019 the garden, but through the country parallel to the line of the garden. This has a good effect. In the approach to Stowe, you are brought a mile through a straight avenue, pointing to the Corinthian arch and to the house, till you get to the Arch. Then you turn short to the right. The straight approach is very ill. The Corinthian arch has a very useless appearance, inasmuch as it has no pretension to any destination. Instead of being an object from the house, it is an obstacle to a very pleasing distant prospect. The Graecian valley being clear of trees, while the hill on each side is covered with them, is much deepened to appearance.\nLeasowes. In Shropshire. Now the property of Mr. Horne by purchase. 150. as. within the walk. The waters small. This is not even an ornamented farm. It is only a grazing farm with a path round it. Here and there a seat of board, rarely any thing better. Architecture has contributed nothing. The obelisk is of brick. Shenstone had but 300\u00a3 a year, and ruined himself by what he did to this farm. It is said that he died of the heartaches which his debts occasioned him. The part next the road is of red earth, that on the further part grey. The 1st. and 2d. cascades are beautiful. The landscape at No. 18. and prospect at 32. are fine. The  Walk through the wood is umbrageous and pleasing. The whole arch of prospect may be of 90\u00b0. Many of the inscriptions are lost.\nHagley. Now Ld. Wescot. 1000. as. No distinction between park and garden. Both blended, but more of the character of garden. 8. or 9. labourers keep it in order. Between 2. and 300. deer in it, some few of them red deer. They breed sometimes with the fallow. This garden occupying a descending hollow between the Clent and Witchbury hills, with the spurs from those hills, there is no level in it for a spacious water. There are therefore only some small ponds. From one of these there is a fine cascade; but it can only be occasionally, by opening the sluice. This is in a small, dark, deep hollow, with recesses of stone in the banks on every side. In one of these is a Venus pudique, turned half round as if inviting you with her into the recess. There is another cascade seen from the Portico on the bridge. The castle is triangular, with a round tower at each angle, one only entire; it seems to be between 40. and 50. f. high. The ponds yield a great deal of trout. The walks are scarcely gravelled.\nBlenheim. 2500. as. of which 200. is garden, 150. water, 12. kitchen garden, and the rest park. 200. people employed to keep it in order, and to make alterations and additions. About 50. of these employed in pleasure grounds. The turf is mowed once in 10. days, in summer. About 2000. fallow deer in the park, and 2. or 3000. sheep. The palace of H.2. was remaining till taken down by Sarah, widow of the 1st. D. of Marlborough. It was on a round spot levelled by art, near what is now water, and but a little above it. The island was a part of the high road leading to the palace. Rosamond\u2019s bower was near where is now a little grove about 200. yards from the palace. The well is near where the bower was. The water here is very beautiful, and very grand. The cascade from the lake a fine one. Except this the garden has no great beauties. It is not laid out in fine lawns and woods, but the trees are scattered thinly over the ground, and every here and there small thickets of shrubs, in oval raised beds, cultivated, and flowers among the shrubs. The gravelled walks are broad. Art appears too much. There are but a few seats in it, and nothing of architecture more dignified. There is no one striking position in it. There has been a great addition to the length of the river since Whateley wrote.\nEnfield chase. One of the 4. lodges. Garden about 60. as. originally by Ld. Chatham, now in the tenure of Dr. Beaver, who  married the daughter of Mr. Sharpe. The lease lately renewed. Not in good repair. The water very fine. Would admit of great improvement by extending walks &c. to the principal water at the bottom of the lawn.\n  Moor-Park Lawn about 30. as. A piece of ground up the hill of 6. as. A small lake. Clumps of Spruce firs. Surrounded by walk separately inclosed. Destroys unity. The property of Mr. Rous, who bought of Sr. Thomas Dundas. The building superb. The principal front a Corinthian portico of 4. columns. In front of the wings a colonnade, Ionic, subordinate. Back front a terras, 4. Corinthian pilasters. Pulling down wings of building. Removing deer. Wants water.\n  Kew. Archimedes\u2019 screw for raising water. A horizontal shaft made to turn the oblique one of the screw by a patent machinery of this form. \n  The pieces separate. \n  A. is driven by it\u2019s shank into the horizontal axis of the wheel which turns the  whole machine.\nB. is an intermediate iron to connect the motion of A. and C.\nC. is driven by it\u2019s shank, into the axis of the screw.\n  D. is a cross axis, the ends a. and b. going into the corresponding holes a. and b. of the iron A. and the ends c. and d. going into the corresponding holes c. and d. of the iron B.\n  E. is another cross axis, the ends e. and f. going into the corresponding holes e. and f. of the iron B. and the ends g. and h. going into the corresponding holes g. and h. of the iron C.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0329", "content": "Title: American Commissioners to Carmarthen, 4 April 1786\nFrom: American Commissioners\nTo: Carmarthen (Caermarthen), Francis Godolphin Osborne, Lord\nMy Lord\nGrosvenor Square April 4th. 1786\nAgreably to your Lordships request expressed to one of us in Conversation, and again communicated to us through Mr. Fraser, we have drawn up the enclosed Project of a Treaty of Commerce, which we do ourselves the Honour to propose to the Consideration of his Majesty\u2019s Ministers.\nWe have the honor to be\nJ.A.\nT.J.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0330", "content": "Title: [To Thomas Jefferson from David Humphreys, 4 April 1786]\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Paris, 4 Apr. 1786. Entered in SJL as received 31 Apr. [1 May?] 1786. Letter not found. See William Short to TJ, 2 Apr. 1786.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0331", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Barclay, 5 April 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMadrid 5th. April 1786\nI had the pleasure of writing to you the 31st. of last Month by a gentleman going to Paris and of sending you a Copy of what I wrote Mr. Adams the 27th. I now, by the Spanish Courier, send you Copies of both those Letters. This day the Spanish dispatches arrived from Algiers by which Mr. Carmichael, who writes you by this Opportunity, received a Letter from Mr. Lamb, with another from Mr. Randal, the last dated the 26th. of March. Mr. Randal writes that they did not arrive at Algiers untill the 25th. when the Dey refused them permission to land, but on the representation of the Count D\u2019Espilly, the Minister employed by this Court to negotiate with Algiers (who is an intimate acquaintance of Mr. Carmichael and to whom Mr. Lamb and Mr. Randal had Letters of introduction), they were permitted to land, and were received by the french Consul with great attention. The Count D\u2019Espilly has mentioned his fears of Mr. Lambs success. \u201cAs the United States have no treaty with the Porte, and that the most that can be expected will be a Truce untill Congress can send a Minister to Constantinople.\u201d The Deys fleet is not ready for sea, nor has any steps been taken towards fitting it out. Our people who were carried into Algiers have behaved with the utmost decorum [and] were made extreamly happy by the arrival of Mr. Lamb. To the above I have little to add but that the Truce between Spain and Algiers expired with the last month, and that as there are no preparations making by the Dey to send out the Cruizers, tho\u2019 the season is advancing fast, the probable Consequence is, that the Peace will be made with Spain; In the mean time the Count D\u2019Espilly has demanded a Truce of another Month. The Ministers from Portugal and Naples to Algiers are waiting at Carthagena to see the Event of the Spanish negotiations; if they are terminated to the wishes of this Court, they will proceed to Algiers under the sanction of Spain, and in that Case I am certain Mr. Lamb may be provided with the same recommendations to the Dey, that were so kindly given me to the Emperor.\nI shall set out for Cadiz in a few days, the Roads are very near being impassable. I am with great Respect & Esteem Dear Sir, Your most obedient, humble servant,\nThos. Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0332", "content": "Title: William Carmichael to the American Commissioners, 5 April 1786\nFrom: Carmichael, William\nTo: American Commissioners\nGentlemen\nMadrid 5th. April. 1786\nI this day received from the Secretary of States Department a letter from the Count D\u2019Expilley inclosing one from Mr. Lamb, copies of which I have the honor to transmit for your Excellencies information. Messrs. Lamb and Randall left Barcelona the 11th. Ulto. After their Departure I procured a letter in their favor from his Excellency the Ct. de Florida Blanca to the Ct. D\u2019Expilley which I forwarded under cover of the Letter to Mr. Lamb.\nUntill I can have an oppertunity of conversing with the Secretary mentioned in the Count\u2019s Letter I cannot particularly ascertain the cause which has retarded the conclusion of the treaty between Spain and the Regency. The Articles were long since adjusted and the money was some time ago landed at Algiers destined for presents &c. &c. I presume however that new difficulties have arisen on account of the desire of this Court to obtain a peace for Naples and Portugal as Letters by the last post from Carthagena mention that the Envoys from these Courts for that object were waiting there to receive Intelligence from Algiers before they chose to embark for that place.\nThe Secretary from thence with dispatches to the Ministry here may possibly remove these Obstacles, or at least give some insight  with respect to the Extraordinary delay which the Ct. D\u2019Expilly has experienced in his negotiation. The only obstacle to prevent its termination after the one before mentioned must arise from the Quantum of money to be paid by Spain to the Algerines. This Court wishes to diminish\u2014the Regency to augment the amount of the Sum appropriated to this use.\nI am very apprehensive that a truce for a short period will be the utmost that we shall be able to obtain. I am persuaded that the Ct. D\u2019Espilly will employ all the influence and experience he hath acquired by his residence there to render us service, in which he will perfectly second the views of his Court.\nIt is unnecessary for me to enter into any details respecting the Mission of Mr. Barclay. I flatter myself that he is convinced that I have done every thing which depended on me to fulfil your Excellencies intentions in sending that Gentleman to Madrid: I cannot however refrain from mentioning the exceeding liberal and friendly conduct of his Excy. the Ct. de Florida Blanca on this occasion. The Manner of conferring adds greatly to the obligation conferred. I have the honor to be with the highest respect your Excellencies Most obedt. & Humble Servt.,\nWm. Carmichael", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0333", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from LeJeune, 5 April 1786\nFrom: Le Jeune, M.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nLorient le 5 avril 1786\nM. Thevenard m\u2019ayant Communiqu\u00e9 la lettre par Laquelle vous Reclamiez en faveur de M. Wibert, Colonel, Ce qui pouvoit Lui revenir pour ses Parts de prises dans le temps qu\u2019il Commandoit Les volontaires a bord du Bonhomme Richard, Command\u00e9 par M. Paul Jones; La somme de 1944 12 2 qui revenoit a cet officier, et que Javois fait passer a nantes sur la Demande Du Commissaire de Ce Port, a \u00e9t\u00e9 retir\u00e9e des mains de celui qui L\u2019avoit touch\u00e9e; et J\u2019ai L\u2019honneur de la faire passer \u00e0 Votre Excellence, afin qu\u2019elle la fasse tenir a ce Colonel.\nJe Joins a cet Effet une Remise qui Contient le D\u00e9compte De M. Wibert, et pour Payement une Lettre de Change a L\u2019ordre  de votre Excellence, dont Elle Daignera m\u2019accuser La Reception, pour la Decharge De mon Bureau.\nJe suis avec Le plus profond Respect Monsieur Votre tres humble et tres ob\u00e9issant serviteur,\nLe Jeune Commissaire des Classes \u00e0 Lorient\nP.S. Comme J\u2019ai verifi\u00e9 qu\u2019on avoit mal apropos Charg\u00e9 le Compte de M. Wibert d\u2019une somme de 100.\u20b6 4s. qu\u2019il ne devoit effectivement pas, Je la Lui allou\u00e9 et j\u2019ajoute une autre Lettre de Change a votre ordre de Cette valeur.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0334", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Charles Thomson, 6 April 1786\nFrom: Thomson, Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nNew york April 6. 1786.\nI have received your letter of the 8th October as well as those of 21 June by Mr. Otto and the 14 July by Mr. Houdon. I read your notes with much pleasure and intended to have troubled you with some observations on them; but they have been so much out of my hands, though entrusted to such as you would approve, that I have not had an opportunity to revise them with that attention I wished and commit my thoughts to paper.\nI thank you for the trouble you took in sending the cylinder lamp, though I have not yet received it, nor seen Col. Senf by whom you sent it. The baloon discovery has had a rapid rise and has been pursued with great spirit as a raree show. But unless some skilful artist can find out some method of directing its course and preserving the gaz, I fear the remembrance of it will only furnish a figure in poetry and Oratory, like Phaeton\u2019s attempt to guide the chariot of the Sun. Several of the adventurers, I find, have lost their lives and others incurred imminent danger. Pray what progress is made in the art of discovering ships at a distance? This seems to me something like seeing out of sight. Mesmerism or Animal Magnetism seems to be quite dropt. It has however furnished a wonderful proof of the power of the imagination over the human frame. Were the philosophers so fully satisfied on this point, that they gave it so soon the coup de grace?\nThe people of Europe and America seem to be pursuing different  amusements. While the former are diverting themselves with bubbles of air and quarreling with one another for toys and rattles, the latter are employed in the encrease of their species and providing the means of subsistance. Notwithstanding the paragraphs with which the European papers are stuffed, and the pictures they have drawn of the distress of America I will venture to assert, that there is not upon the face of the earth a body of people more happy or rising into consequence with more rapid stride, than the Inhabitants of the United States of America. Population is encreasing, new houses building, new lands clearing, new settlements forming and new manufactures establishing with a rapidity beyond conception. And what is more, the people are well fed, well clad and well housed. Yet I will not say that all are contented. The merchants are complaining that trade is dull, the farmer that wheat and other produce are falling, the landlords that rent is lowering, the speculists and extravagant that they are compelled to pay their debts and the idle and vain that they cannot live at others cost and gratify their pride with articles of luxury. It is true that individual happiness is yet the general Object, and the people are not yet sufficiently impressed with a sense of what they owe to their national character. But they are advancing in this science. Whether they will acquire it by reflection or be forced into a knowledge of it by experience I will not undertake to say. However this I can inform you that every state is busily employed in arranging its finances. Twelve states have granted the impost for discharging the principal and interest of the national debt and it is expected that N. York will grant it in the present session of their legislature.\nOf your Annapolis acquaintances Messrs. Read, Gerry and Monroe are married and Osgood on the brink of matrimony.\nMrs. Thomson joins in Compliments to you and your daughter. With much esteem and affection I am Dear Sir Your most obedt. & Most humble Servt.,\nChas. Thomson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0336", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from St. Victour & Bettinger, 8 April 1786\nFrom: St. Victour & Bettinger\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nrue de menars, no. 9. a paris ce 8. avril 1786.\nM. barclay, vis a vis duquel M. bettinger et moy avons fait notre soumission pour une fourniture de fusils a l\u2019etat de virginie livrable a bordeaux, nous avoit promis de nous instruire a son passage dans cette derniere ville du correspondant dont il y auroit fait choix pour recevoir ces fusils, il l\u2019a oubli\u00e9e, et prets a faire une expedition ass\u00e9s consid\u00e9rable, nous sommes arr\u00e9t\u00e9s par cette circonstance sur laquelle vous pouv\u00e9s peutetre nous eclairer.\nNotre plan pour cette expedition est de mettre le meme nombre de fusils avec leurs bayonnetes dans chaque caisse, ainsi qu\u2019il se pratique pour le roy, et de les faire accompagner du certificat de l\u2019officier d\u2019artillerie en residence a la manufacture et charg\u00e9 de surveiller la fabrication et l\u2019emballage de ces armes, le double de ce certificat nous sera envoy\u00e9 icy pour notre payement, de sorte que le correspondant de bordeaux pourra envoyer a l\u2019etat de virginie celuy qui accompagnera les armes, et n\u2019aura a nous donner a nous que l\u2019avis par une lettre qu\u2019il adressera a M. bettinger, l\u2019un des entrepreneurs de la manufacture royale de tulle, rue des blancs manteaux a paris, qu\u2019il a re\u00e7u le nombre de fusils specifi\u00e9s dans le certificat de telle datte qui luy a \u00e9t\u00e9 remis avec le nombre de caisses [qui seront] num\u00e9rot\u00e9es depuis 1. jusques au dernier num\u00e9ro.\nVous voudr\u00e9s bien me faire l\u2019honneur de me marquer, monsieur, si vous approuv\u00e9s ce plan, ou me faire part des changemens que vous jugeri\u00e9s a propos d\u2019y faire.\nIl sera bien que vous recommandi\u00e9s a ce correspondant de faire faire a chaque caisse l\u2019emballage couvert de toile goudronn\u00e9e et usit\u00e9 dans les ports pour tous les objets susceptibles de rouilhe, afin d\u2019en preserver ces fusils pendant la travers\u00e9e; nous expedierons les caisses n\u00fces ainsi que nous le faisons pour le roy, afin qu\u2019il soit libre de verifier leur contenu.\nJe suis tres respectueusement, monsieur, votre tres humble et tres obeissant serviteur,\nSt. Victour", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0337", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jean Nicolas D\u00e9meunier, 9 April 1786\nFrom: DeMeunier, Jean Nicolas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nrue de La Sourdiere No. 15 Le 9 avril 1786\nApr\u00e8s avoir eu L\u2019extr\u00eame complaisance de m\u2019instruire de vive voix et par ecrit de ce qui a rapport aux nouvelles republiques d\u2019Amerique, vous av\u00e9s bien voulu me proposer de revoir en detail, Le Morceau, ou J\u2019ai profit\u00e9 des instructions que vous av\u00e9s eu La bont\u00e9 de me donner. J\u2019ai L\u2019honneur de vous envoyer ce Morceau, Monsieur, et Je vous supplie d\u2019y faire ou d\u2019y indiquer Les Corrections que vous Juger\u00e9s necessaires.\nJe suis Confus, Monsieur, de La peine que cette revision va vous causer. Je desire que La Maniere dont J\u2019ai trait\u00e9 Le Sujet, puisse vous desennuyer un peu, dans ce Facheux travail, et que vous y retrouvi\u00e9s Le Zele dont Je suis anim\u00e9 pour La gloire et La prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9 des etats unis.\nVous pouv\u00e9s, Monsieur, omettre Les trois premieres Sections: il a Fallu mettre dans l\u2019Encyclopedie, Les details qu\u2019elles renferment; et elles offrent bien peu de chose de moi.\nJ\u2019ai Marqu\u00e9 d\u2019une croix \u00e0 La Marge (+) tout ce qui peut \u00eatre inexact, o\u00f9 avoir besoin d\u2019eclaircissemens, et J\u2019ai pris La Libert\u00e9, de vous faire, Monsieur, aussi \u00e0 La Marge, de petites questions, Auxquelles Je vous prie de ne pas me repondre par ecrit. Il suffira que nous Les revoyions ensemble, et Je vous demande pour cela, Monsieur, Le Moment qui vous derangera Le Moins.\nIl y a des erreurs dans Les etats de Finances, que m\u2019ont Fourni Le Journal du Congr\u00e8s, et vos notes, Monsieur. J\u2019ai Mis dans ces endroits Les Feuilles de votre Main que vous av\u00e9s eu La bont\u00e9 de m\u2019envoyer.\nM. Le Mis de La Fayette que J\u2019ai eu L\u2019honneur de rencontrer, chez Mr. Le Colonel Humphryes, m\u2019a demand\u00e9 comment Je traitois L\u2019Article des Cincinnati. Je Lui ai expliqu\u00e9 Les Faits que vous av\u00e9s eu La bont\u00e9 de m\u2019apprendre, Monsieur; Il y en a quelques uns, qu\u2019il ne trouve pas exacts, et J\u2019aurai L\u2019honneur de vous soumettre ses remarques. C\u2019est \u00e0 La page 240 du Manuscrit que Je parle de L\u2019ordre des Cincinnati. Je n\u2019y ai encore rien chang\u00e9 depuis Les remarques de Mr. de La Fayette, et Je n\u2019y Changerai rien que de Concert avec vous.\nJe vous supplie, Monsieur, de me pardonner toutes mes importunit\u00e9s. Rien n\u2019egale, Le vif interet que je prens \u00e0 vos nouvelles republiques: cet interet aura du moins L\u2019Avantage d\u2019en donner des id\u00e9es Justes, et quand il seroit inutile d\u2019ailleurs, vous vous plair\u00e9s  surement, Monsieur, \u00e0 Continuer d\u2019instruire un homme, qui se Livre avec tant d\u2019ardeur, \u00e0 un travail honorable pour Les etats unis.\nAgr\u00e9es, Monsieur, La reconnoissance et Le respect Avec Lesquels Je suis, de votre Excellence Le tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s Obeissant Serviteur,\nD\u00e9meunier", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0338", "content": "Title: Thomas Barclay to the American Commissioners, 10 April 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: American Commissioners\nGentlemen\nMadrid 10th. April 1786\nThe day before yesterday Mr. Carmichael received letters from Algiers, from Mr. Lamb dated the 29th. of last month, and from Mr. Randal the 26th. which I think a wrong date with a postscript from on Board a Vessel in the Bay of Alicant of the 1st. Inst. after a Passage of 26 Hours. He Cannot Come on Shore without a permission from Court to shorten his Quarantine, which Mr. Carmichael has applied for and probably Mr. Randal will soon be at Paris.\nThough Mr. Carmichael will write to you on this Subject, and though I have no Information from Africa but what I derive from him I think it a part of my Duty to give you the outlines of what Intelligence I Can Collect though it shou\u2019d prove a Work of Supererogation.\nMr. Lamb\u2019s letter is short and obscure, nor do I understand the whole of it, however he says, [no peace can be made until Congress grant a larger sum to pay for it, and that he will return to Spain to wait for orders. Mr. Randal says Dey of Algiers has refused to treat with Mr. Lamb without assigning any reason for it. It does not appear by either letter that Mr. Lamb has had any audience of the Dey of Algiers but I shall think it very strange if he returns to Europe without knowing on what terms a treaty may be made and I find that to be the case. Unless I have your direction to the contrary I shall hold myself justifiable at the expence of some time and money to attain this knolege.] The Removal of  the Court, the Compliance with Necessary Forms and the Intervention of the Holy Week (during some days of which I need not pretend to set forward has Detained me some time longer than I expected, but the Delay can be of no Consequence as the Count de Florida Blanca was so Condescending as to apprise the Spanish Consul at Morocco of my being thus far on the way. Indeed the Attention shewn here to the Business in which I am Engaged, far surpassed my warmest expectations. It will give me great pleasure to receive a letter from you. If an Opportunity to Cadiz shou\u2019d offer please to put it under Cover to Messrs: Lynon & Bellew of that place who will take Care of it. I am with great Respect and Esteem, Gentlemen, Your most Obedient and most Humble Serv.,\nThos. Barclay\nI wish what I have put in Cypher may be tollerably Correct not having time to Examine it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0339", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from C. W. F. Dumas, 11 April 1786\nFrom: Dumas, Charles William Frederick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nLaHaie, 11e. Avr. 1786\nJ\u2019espere que la pr\u00e9sente trouvera Votre Excellence de retour en bonne sant\u00e9.\nJ\u2019ai re\u00e7u les pr\u00e9cieuses Notes sur la Virginie, et les relis avec tout l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat que je prends \u00e0 la matiere, et la reconnoissance due au g\u00e9n\u00e9reux Auteur. Les Additions et la Carte annonc\u00e9es pour la Traduction, nous font esp\u00e9rer impatiemment que Mr. Morelet se h\u00e2te de la faire paro\u00eetre.\nPermettez, Monsieur, que je place ici mes complimens pour Mrs. Humphreis et Short.\nJe suis avec grand respect De Votre Excellence le tr\u00e8s-humble et tr\u00e8s-obeissant serviteur,\nC W F Dumas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0342", "content": "Title: [To Thomas Jefferson from Lucy Necks, 17 April 1786]\nFrom: Necks, Lucy\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[London, 17 Apr. 1786. Entered in SJL as received \u201cwhile in London.\u201d Not found; see entry for TJ\u2019s reply, 18 Apr. 1786.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0343", "content": "Title: [From Thomas Jefferson to Lucy Necks, 18 April 1786]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Necks, Lucy\n[London, 18 Apr. 1786. An entry in SJL under this date reads: \u201cLucy Necks. See copy.\u201d Not found; but see TJ to Francis Eppes, 22 Apr. 1786.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0344", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from the Captains of American Ships at L\u2019Orient, 19 April 1786\nFrom: Captains of American Ships\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nL\u2019Orient 19th. April 1786\nWe humbly beg Leave to inform your Excellency that in Pursuance to the Orders we have recieved from the several Owners of our Ships in America named hereafter; we proceeded with our Cargoes of Tobacco to this Port, in order to sell them to the Farmers General of France, being in Expectation we should enjoy the Price and Conditions which have been granted by the said Farmers to Mr. Robert Morris of Philadelphia, for a certain Quantity of Tobacco to be delivered in France at the fixed Price of 36\u20b6 p. Cwt, deducting only the real Tare of the Hogsheads. Our Cargoes have been landed and stored by our Correspondents, but upon their Demand of enjoying the same Price and Conditions granted to Mr. Morris, they have been offered by the Farmers only 33\u20b6 p. Cwt. for the best Quality of Virginia Tobacco, and\n  31\u20b6 for best Maryland Tobacco, the lower sort of Tobacco to be paid in that Proportion, and that we should besides allow 15 p. Ct. Tare, which makes about 5 p. Ct. more than the real Tare of the Hogsheads. These Conditions offer too great a Loss that we cannot subscribe to them, and our Cargoes remain unsold, without our knowing when or to what Price they shall be disposed of. We therefore humbly beg your Excellency to represent the Matter to the Ministers of his Majesty, the Count de Vergennes and Mr. de Castries, in order to prevent such unjust proceedings from the Farmers, tending to annihilate our Trade with France. We are determined to wait here for the Answer of your Excellency which we beg to have as soon as possible, as it shall justify our Conduct to the concerned in our Cargoes, if we should be obliged to depart without seeing them sold, nor even knowing the Price and Conditions at which they will sell after our Departure, that Uncertainty is very disagreeable as we are forced by it to pay Interest for the Money advanced by our Correspondents for our return Cargoes, pay Store rent and other Expences, and leave Part of the Value of our Goods till after Sales.\nWe depend upon your Excellency to support our just Claim, and make the necessary Representations to that Purpose.\nWe beg leave to subscribe ourselves with the utmost Respect, Your most obedient humble Servants,\nAlexr. Cain, Commander & Owner of the Ship the Marquis de la fayette laden with 400 Hhds. of Tobacco, belonging to Philadelphia.\nNichos. Gardner, Commander of the Ship Leda 100 Hhds. Tobacco, belonging to Boston.\nSaml. Bunker, Capt. of the Brig. Brilliant laden with 120 Hhds. of Tobacco., belonging to Nicholas Lingan, Baltimore.\nJesse James, of the Brigne. Minerva with 200 hhds. Tobo., belonging to Messrs. Crocketts & Harriss, Baltimore, Maryland.\nPresd. Sisson, of the Ship Congress with 421 Hhds. Tobo. belonging to Messrs. Blair, McClenachan & P. Moore, Philadelphia.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0346", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from American and French Merchants at L\u2019Orient, 21 April 1786\nFrom: American and French Merchants\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nL\u2019Orient 21st. April 1786\nWe the American and French Merchants established at L\u2019Orient, interested in the Trade with the United States of America, take the Liberty to lay before your Excellency the unhappy Situation we find ourselves in, and to sollicit your Influence to make it less disadvantageous and more certain in future.\nWe have received a Number of Cargoes of Tobacco since the Peace, which we have sold to the Farmers General, the Price falling gradually to 40\u20b6 p. Ct. which was the Price they paid at the Time and after the Contract with Mr. Robert Morris and others had taken Place, which we were informed and believe was at 36\u20b6 p. Ct. with the Allowance only of the real Tare of the Casks; soon after which the Director of the Farm in this City informed us that he had Orders not to buy any more Tobacco at a higher Price than 36\u20b6 with the usual Allowance of 15 p. Cent Tare and Trett.\nViewing this as a Resolution fixed and agreeable to the Intentions  of Government, we informed our Correspondents in America, and notwithstanding the Pains that were taken to persuade them that the Farmers General would not buy any more Tobacco, we have prevailed on many of our Friends to continue their Consignments.\nNothwithstanding the general Discontent this Contract has given in France and America, the Confidence and Experience we have had of the favourable Disposition of the King\u2019s Ministers, has led us to give such Assurances as will naturally engage many of our Correspondents to continue, which will also lead us to increase the Facility so necessary to encourage a general commercial Intercourse between the two Countries. To our great Surprize the Farmers general gave Orders to lower the Price, and for many Months past have offered only 32 and 33\u20b6 for Virginia Tobacco and 30 and 31\u20b6 for Maryland with the Deduction of 15 p.Cent for Tare and Trett.\nSome of us having positive Orders to sell and employ the Proceeds have sold at those Prices, and a Merchant of this City having a Consignment of Tobacco at Morlaix, was obliged to sell it to the Farmers General at 29\u20b6 10s being the highest Price they would give him.\nThe Custom has always been to sell to the Farmers General good merchantable Tobacco at an average Price for the whole, but they have lately adopted another Method extremely inconvenient for the Trade, by putting different Prices to the different Qualities, which makes the Delivery tedious, added to the Length of Time it takes to close a Bargain by Samples, and waiting the Orders of the Farmers General from Paris subjects us to considerable additional Storage and Expence. We are fully convinced that the Farmers General augment those Difficulties with the Intent of preventing our Friends in America buying Tobacco to ship for the French Market, and thereby facilitate the fulfilling the Contract.\nIn this Crisis we have the following Cargoes on hand.\n250 Hogsheads of Tobacco\n\u214c the Ship Hope, Capt. Cunningham from Philadelphia\n\u214c the Batavia, Capt. Heusman from Baltimore\n\u214c the Ann, Capt. Bell from Do.\n\u214c the Fame, Capt. Lawler from Philadelphia\n\u214c the Betsy, Capt. Elligood from Baltimore\n\u214c the Maryland, Capt. Folger from Do.\n\u214c the Beresford, Capt. Pearl from Do.\n\u214c the Marquis de la fayette, Capt. Cain from Philadelphia\n\u214c The Congress, Capt. Sisson from Do.\n\u214c the Peggy, Capt. Ritchie from Fredericksburg\n\u214c the Minerva, Capt. James from Baltimore\n\u214c the Leda, Capt. Gardner from Boston\n\u214c the Sophia, Capt. Roberts from Baltimore\n\u214c the Etorion, Capt. Sullivan from Alexandria\n\u214c the Port franc, Capt. Neveu from Baltimore\n  Hogsheads, and we daily expect.\n\u214c the Hope, Capt. Warren from Norfolk\n\u214c the Paragon, Capt. Hughes from Alexandria\n\u214c the Commerce, Capt. Hill from James River\n\u214c the Pallas, Capt. James Pringle from Petersburg\n\u214c the Catherine, Capt. Wilson from Alexandria\n\u214c the William & Henry, Capt. Simmons from Do.\n    Together 6408Hogsheads\nThe Proprietors of those Cargoes have every Reason to expect the same Price for their Tobacco as contracted for with Mr. Morris or others; some among us have large and heavy Debts due them in America. Many of the French Subjects as well as Americans have no other means of making their Remittances, as Tobacco is almost the only Article that will sell at this Market.\nUnless we can obtain the same Price and Conditions for our Tobacco as contracted for with Mr. Morris, the Contract becomes a Monopoly to the Prejudice of many thousands of People; we apprehend will be destructive to the general commercial Intercourse which was daily increasing, and which can only be beneficial to the two Countries, and we foresee with great Anxiety the Ruin of many Individuals.\nWe are informed and believe that a Committee has been appointed by his Majesty to examine into the State of the American Trade and to remove such Inconveniences as are inconsistent with the Interest of Government.\nWe therefore humbly pray your Excellency will please to use your Influence with the King\u2019s Ministers and present our Representations to them and the Committee, praying that they would take our Situation into their most serious Consideration, and that they will please to order:\nThat the same Prices and Conditions as given by Contract to Mr. Morris and others, shall be given for the Tobacco now here or expected this Spring.\nThat the general Price to be given by the Farmers General for good merchantable Tobacco be regulated yearly by the Prices in America, so as to allow a small Profit to the Shipper for the Encouragement of the Exportations of the Manufactures of this Kingdom.\nAnd if possible, that the said Contract be annulled and set aside.\nWe are with great Respect, Your Excellency\u2019s most humble & most obedient Servants,\nWm. Macarty\nBondville\nJ. J. Berrard & Co.\nAertheaume\nH. Champion by\nMeier & Co.\nProcuration of Thos. Barclay Esqr.\nConsul General of the United States\nWilt Delmestre & Co.\nM. Arnoureux", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0347", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lister Asquith, 21 April 1786\nFrom: Asquith, Lister\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSt Pauls Prison April 21st. 1786\nMay it please your Excellency, Sir\nExpecting of your arrival from England, have taken the Liberty  of writing to you, as we have not any likeness of our being at Liberty. Having wrote to you, the Letter of my submission, 20th. March, I wrote also to Mr. Short 10th. Ultm. but have not received any Answers; the Captain General came here the 4th. Inst., to demand, if we intended to pay him all the Expences, that they had been at (during the time they have been depriving me of my property, and for what crime I do not know, being certain sure, I have committed none, without coming into this port in distress be one;) and on being told we had no money, answer\u2019d that as they had got the Vessel and Cargo into their hands, that we must either pay them their Expences, or lay in prison; on the 20th Inst. another of their Officers demanded the same, in the name of the Controller General of Brest, and on being told we had no money, reply\u2019d, they would take an order on Messrs. Desbordes, and set us at Liberty, provided, we sign\u2019d it, and that as they had got the Vessel, and Cargo, they would also have their Expences. I answered that I believ\u2019d their orders were to discharge us without any Fees, or Expences as I had wrote my Submission to you, and that I would not draw any bills, or give any orders, on you, or on Messrs. Desbordes without your express orders, as I knew their orders were not so, neither would I sign any French Papers whatever, as I did not understand the Language, being certain they want to spunge what they can from us, by our misfortunes, and to try to get us to sign we know not what, as they use us far worse than ever, demanding money for what we never received, and, for what we have constantly weekly paid for. I hope your Excellency will consider our unhappy circumstances, in not only being deprived of our property without a crime, but yet being detained in prison, having been, by force of Necessity, and Compulsion, forced to the submission I sent, as I am very certain that it is quite useless to go any farther with it against them, by reason of their influence, and Interest; and now they have got the Submission I sent, they will not set us at Liberty without the above, or an absolute order. I hope your Excellency will exert your authority in extricating us out of this place as soon as possible as we have been a Month since their part of discharge (which was useless) come, and please to send my Log Book, Balt. Clearance, the 2 Commercial Letters, and the Farmers Sentence pronounc\u2019d at Brest by return of post as perhaps they may be of very material Service to me; for these, and all other kindnesses we shall ever remain, Your most obdt hble Servts.,\nLister Asquith\nP.S. Please to direct them to Mess. Diotts Morlaix", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0348", "content": "Title: [From Thomas Jefferson to George Rogers Clark, 22 April 1786]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Clark, George Rogers\n[London, 22 Apr. 1786. An entry in SJPL under this date reads: \u201cGen. Clarke. Sentiments here.\u201d Not found and not recorded in SJL.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0349", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Francis Eppes, 22 April 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Eppes, Francis\nDear Sir\nLondon Apr. 22. 1786\nI came over to this place on public business about six weeks ago, and expect to leave it within three or four days. Meeting accidentally with a light neat pattern of chessmen, I ask your acceptance of a set which I deliver with this letter to Fulwar Skipwith to be forwarded to you.\nMrs. Necks has presented to me an account against Mr. Wayles\u2019s estate for \u00a38-5-5 proved in Charles city court. I propose to leave with her before I go away, eight guineas, which if due from the estate I shall charge to it, and, if not due, I shall consider as a charity not illy bestowed.\nMr. Jones has visited me from Bristol. I avoided entering into any discussion about the particulars of his account, or even asking him what the balance was, but I explained to him the prospect of his receiving what is due to him from Mr. Wayles\u2019s estate. I told him that on my departure from America I had relinquished all interference with the affairs of the estate, which were now entirely in your hands as the only acting executor; that I had put under your care not only all the part of Mr. Wayles\u2019s estate which had come to me, but my own estate also. That the profits of it would be first applied to discharge some debts necessarily contracted during the war; that I had hopes this would be effected the present year; that after this the whole profits would be applied to the discharge of my part of the debt due to him, and to that of another debt I owed in Great Britain (by which I meant that to Kippon & Co. and their successors); that with respect to Mr. Wayles\u2019s debt to him it would be of no consequence what the laws were nor  whether courts of justice were open or not; that we were all equally uneasy till this debt is paid, and that I thought he might be assured that yourself and Mr. Skipwith had it\u2019s paiment in contemplation as your principal object. When speaking of the American debts in general, I told him that it was generally agreed that the principal with interest before and since the war should be paid, but no interest during the war. I did not apply this to our case, leaving that for him to do. This pill the merchants here find it difficult to swallow. But they do not expect this portion of interest, nor do I believe the candid ones think we ought to pay it. It is true they have lost this interest; but we have not gained it. We could not dispose of the produce of their money during the war for more than paid it\u2019s taxes and other expences. We could not remit to them either the principal or interest, because their privateers seized it the moment it was out of port. It is a case therefore where a loss being certain on somebody, both parties may justifiably endeavor to shift it on the other. We the more justifiably, as they, not we, were the aggressors. I have received also a letter from McCaul. I have given him the same information I did to Jones as to the dispositions made for the paiment of my debt to Kippon & Co. I wrote explicitly that I did not think myself bound in conscience to pay the interest incurring during the war. Mr. Welch too has called on me on the subject of Mr. Wayles\u2019s debt to his house. I gave him all the explanations I did to Jones; but told him we had always destined a debt due from Mr. Cary and T. M. Randolph, to pay his, and that it was to be hoped this might be effected without great delay; but referred him, as I did the others, absolutely to you, as I should not be in the way to intermeddle with the settlement of these affairs.\nIf you will send me a copy of Jones\u2019s last account I will take measures to have enquiry made as to the prices of tobacco at the different epochs interesting to us. This being merely a letter of business I shall only add that this country refuses itself to all commercial arrangements with us; and pray you to present my good wishes to Mrs. Eppes and the little ones and to Mr. and Mrs. Skipwith and family. My dear Poll I hope is on the way to me. I endeavor not to think of her till I hear she is landed. Adieu my dear Sir and believe me to be with great sincerity Your affectionate humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0350", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Anna Scott Jefferson, 22 April 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Anna Scott\nMy Dear Nancy\nLondon Apr. 22. 1786.\nBeing called here for a short time, and finding that I could get some articles on good terms here, of which I thought you might be in want, I have purchased them for you. These are two peices of linen, three gowns, and some ribbon. They are done up in paper, sealed, and packed in a trunk in which I have put some other things for Colo. Nicholas Lewis. They will of course go to him, and he will contrive them to you. I heard from Patsy a few days ago. She was well. I left her in France as my stay here was to be short. I hope my dear Polly is on her way to me. I desired you always to apply to Mr. Lewis for what you should want; but should you at any time wish any thing particular from France, write to me and I will send it to you. Doctr. Currie can always forward your letters. Pray remember me to my sisters Carr, and Bolling, to Mr. Bolling and their families and be assured of the sincerity with which I am my dear Nancy your affectionate brother,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0351", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Richard Henry Lee, 22 April 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lee, Richard Henry\nDear Sir\nLondon Apr. 22. 1786.\nIn your letter of October the 29th. you desired me to send you one of the new lamps. I tried at every probable place in Paris, and  could not get a tolerable one. I have been glad of it, since I came here, as I find them much better made here. I now deliver one with this letter into the hands of Mr. Fulwar Skipwith, a merchant from Virginia settled here, who promises to send it to you, with one for Mr. C. Thomson. Of this be pleased to accept from me. It is now found that they may be used with almost any oil.\nI expect to leave this place in about three days. Our public letters, joint and separate, will inform you what has been done, and what could not be done here. With respect to a commercial treaty with this country be assured that the government not only has it not in contemplation at present to make any, but that they do not conceive that any circumstances will arise which shall render it expedient for them to have any political connection with us. They think we shall be glad of their commerce on their own terms. There is no party in our favor here, either in power, or out of power. Even the opposition concur with the ministry and the nation in this. I can scarcely consider as a party the Marquis of Lansdowne, and a half dozen characters about him, such as Dr. Price. &c. who are impressed with the utility of a friendly connection with us. The former does not venture this sentiment in parliament, and the latter are not in situations to be heard. The Marquis of Lansdowne spoke to me affectionately of your brother, Doctr. Lee, and desired his respects to him, which I beg leave to communicate through you. Were he to come into the ministry (of which there is not the most distant prospect) he must adopt the king\u2019s system, or go out again, as he did before, for daring to depart from it. When we see that through all the changes of ministry which have taken place during the present reign, there has never been a change of system with respect to America, we cannot reasonably doubt that this is the system of the king himself. His obstinacy of character we know; his hostility we have known, and it is embittered by ill success. If ever this nation, during his life, enters into arrangements with us, it must be in consequence of events of which they do not at present see a possibility. The object of the present ministry is to buoy up the nation with flattering calculations of their present prosperity, and to make them believe they are better without us than with us. This they seriously believe; for what is it men cannot be made to believe! I dined the other day in company of the ministerial party. A General Clarke sat next to me, a Scotchman and ministerialist. He introduced the subject of American affairs, and in the course of the conversation told me that were America to petition parliament  to be again received on their former footing, the petition would be very generally rejected. He was serious in this, and I think it was the sentiment of the company, and is the sentiment perhaps of the nation. In this they are wise, but for a foolish reason. They think they lost more by suffering us to participate of their commercial privileges at home and abroad, than they lose by our political severance. The true reason however why such an application should be rejected, is that in a very short time we should oblige them to add another hundred millions to their debt in unsuccesful attempts to retain the subjection offered to them. They are at present in a frenzy, and will not be recovered from it till they shall have leaped the precipice they are now so boldly advancing to. Writing from England, I write you nothing but English news. The Continent at present furnishes nothing interesting. I shall hope the favor of your letters at times. The proceedings and views of Congress, and of the assemblies, the opinions and dispositions of our people in general, which in governments like ours must be the foundation of measures, will always be interesting to me, as will whatever respects your own health and happiness, being with great esteem Dear Sir Your most obedient and most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0352", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Nicholas Lewis, 22 April 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lewis, Nicholas\nDear Sir\nLondon April 22. 1786.\nI was called here about six weeks ago on public business, and am now again within three or four days of my departure for France. All attempts to induce this nation to enter into such arrangements as may place our commerce on equal terms, are absolutely fruitless.  This is now decided. They think they can have our trade on their own terms. They rely that the Southern states will never interest themselves in a case where the Northern are principal sufferers, that all the states cannot be induced to place the regulation of their commerce in a single body, and that while it is in the hands of thirteen legislatures they need not fear a union in their proceedings. It remains for us to shew whether they are true prophets.\nI have put into a trunk here some little articles of calico, ribbon &c. of which I beg Mrs. Lewis\u2019s acceptance. The trunk is directed to you and left in the care of Mr. Fulwar Skipwith. I have put in the same trunk a bundle for my sister Nancy which I will pray you to contrive to her. You know I never write to you without recommending my trees and my grass to you, which are much in my mind. The extension of the latter as much as possible I wish to have pressed. Having nothing new to communicate I conclude with assurances of the esteem with which I am Dear Sir your friend & servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0353", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Charles Thomson, 22 April 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Thomson, Charles\nDear Sir\nLondon Apr. 22. 1786\nIn one of your former letters you expressed a wish to have one of the newly invented lamps. I find them made here much better than at Paris, and take the liberty of asking your acceptance of one which will accompany this letter. It is now found that any tolerable oil may be used in them. The Spermaceti oil is best of the cheap kinds.\nI could write you volumes on the improvements which I find made and making here in the arts. One deserves particular notice, because it is simple, great, and likely to have extensive consequences. It is the application of steam as an agent for working grist mills. I have visited the one lately made here. It was at that time turning eight pair of stones. It consumes 100. bushels of coal a  day. It is proposed to put up 30. pair of stones. I do not know whether the quantity of fuel is to be increased. I hear you are applying this same agent in America to navigate boats, and I have little doubt but that it will be applied generally to machines, so as to supercede the use of water ponds, and of course to lay open all the streams for navigation. We know that steam is one of the most powerful engines we can employ; and in America fuel is abundant. I find no new publication here worth sending to you. I shall set out for Paris within three or four days. Our public letters will inform you of our public proceedings here. I am with sincere esteem Dear Sir Your friend & servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0354", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, 23 April 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jay, John\nSir\nLondon April 23. 1786.\nIn my letter of Mar. 12. I had the honour of explaining to you the motives which had brought me to this place. A joint letter from Mr. Adams and myself, sent by the last packet, informed you of the result of our conferences with the Tripoline minister. The conferences with the minister of Portugal have been drawn to a greater length than I expected. However, every thing is now agreed and the treaty will be ready for signature the day after tomorrow. I shall set out for Paris the same day. With this country nothing is done; and that nothing is intended to be done on their part admits not the smallest doubt. The nation is against any change of measures; the ministers are against it, some from principle, others from subserviency; and the king more than all men is against it. If we take a retrospect to the beginning of the present reign we observe that amidst all the changes of ministry no change of measures with respect to America ever took place: excepting only at the moment of the peace, and the minister of that moment was immediately removed. Judging of the future by the past, I do not expect a change of disposition during the present reign, which bids fair to be a long one as the king is healthy and temperate. That he is persevering we know. If he ever changes his plan it will be in consequence of events which neither himself nor his ministers at present place among those which are probable. Even the opposition dares not open their lips in favor of a connection with us, so unpopular would be the topic. It is not that they think our commerce unimportant to them. I find that the merchants here set sufficient value on it. But they are sure of keeping it on their own terms. No better proof can be shewn of the security in which the ministers think themselves on this head, than that they have not thought it worth while to give us a conference on the subject, tho\u2019 on my arrival we exhibited to them our commission, observed to them that it would expire on the 12th. of the next month, and that I had come over on purpose to see if any arrangements could be made before that time. Of the two months which then remained, 6 weeks have elapsed without one scrip of a pen, or one word from a minister except a vague proposition at an accidental meeting. We availed of ourselves even of that to make another essay to extort some sort of declaration from the court. But their silence is invincible. But of all this, as well as of the proceedings in the negociation with Portugal, in  formation will be given you by a joint letter from Mr. Adams and myself. The moment is certainly arrived when, the plan of this court being out of all doubt, Congress and the states may decide what their own measures should be.\nThe Marquis of Lansdowne spoke of you in very friendly terms and desired me to present his respects to you in the first letter I should write. He is thoroughly sensible of the folly of the present measures of this country, as are a few other characters about him. Dr. Price is among these, and is particularly disturbed at the present prospect. He acknowleges however that all change is desperate; which weighs the more as he is intimate with Mr. Pitt. This small band of friends, favorable as it is, does not pretend to say one word in public on our subject.\nI have the honor to be with sentiments of the highest esteem and respect Sir your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0355", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, 23 April 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jay, John\nSir\nLondon Apr. 23. 1786.\nIn another letter of this day I stated to you what has passed with public characters since my arrival here. Conversations with private individuals I thought it best not to mingle with the contents of that letter. Yet as some have taken place which relate to matters within our instructions, and with persons whose opinions deserve to have some weight, I will take the liberty of stating them. In a conversation with an antient and respectable merchant of this place such a view of the true state of the commercial connection of America and Great Britain was presented to him, as induced him to acknolege they had been mistaken in their opinions, and to ask that Mr. Adams and myself would permit the chairman of the committee of American merchants to call on us. He observed that the same person happened to be also chairman of the committee of the whole body of British merchants; and that such was the respect paid to his person and office that we might consider what came from him as coming from the committee themselves. He called  on us at an appointed hour. It was a Mr. Duncan Campbell, formerly much concerned in the American trade. We entered on the subject of the non-execution of the late treaty of peace alledged on both sides. We observed that the refusal to deliver the Western posts, and the withdrawing American property contrary to express stipulation having preceded what they considered as breaches on our part, were to be considered as the causes of our proceedings. The obstructions thrown by our legislatures in the way of the recovery of their debts was insisted on by him. We observed to him that the great amount of the debt from America to Great Britain, and the little circulating coin in the former country, rendered immediate paiment impossible; that time was necessary; that we had been authorized to enter into explanatory arrangements on this subject; that we had made overtures for the purpose which had not been attended to, and that the states had therefore been obliged to modify the article for themselves. He acknoleged the impossibility of immediate paiment, the propriety of an explanatory convention, and that they were disposed to allow a reasonable time. We mentioned the term of five years, including the present, but that judgments might be allowed immediately, only dividing the execution into equal and annual parts so that the last should be levied by the close of the year 1790. This seemed to be quite agreeable to him, and to be as short a term as would be insisted on by them. Proceeding to the sum to be demanded, we agreed that the principal with the interest incurring before and after the war should be paid; but as to that incurring during the war, we differed from him. He urged it\u2019s justice with respect to themselves who had laid out of the use of their money during that period. This was his only topic. We opposed to it all those which the circumstances both public and private gave rise to. He appeared to feel their weight but said the renunciation of this interest was a bitter pill, and such an one as the merchants here could not swallow. He wished that no declaration should be made as to this article; but we observed that if we entered into explanatory declarations of the points unfavourable to us, we should expect, as a consideration for this, corresponding declarations on the parts in our favour. In fact, we supposed his view to be to leave this part of the interest to stand on the general expressions of the treaty, that they might avail themselves in individual cases of the favourable dispositions of debtors or of juries. We proceeded to the necessity of arrangements of our future commerce, were it only as a means of enabling our country  to pay it\u2019s debts; that they had been contracted while certain modes of remittance had existed here, and had been an inducement to us to contract these debts. He said he was not authorized to speak on the subject of the future commerce. He appeared really and feelingly anxious that arrangements should be stipulated as to the paiment of the old debts, said he would proceed in that moment to Lord Carmarthen\u2019s, and discuss the subject with him, and that we might expect to hear from him. He took leave; and we never since heard from him or any other person on the subject. Congress will judge how far these conversations should influence their future proceedings, or those of the states. I have the honour to be with the highest respect and esteem, Sir, your most obedient humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0357", "content": "Title: American Commissioners to John Jay, 25 April 1786\nFrom: American Commissioners\nTo: Jay, John\nSir\nGrosvenor Square April 25th. 1786\nSoon after our meeting together in London, We had a Conference with the Secretary of State for foreign affairs, in which we communicated to him, the joint Commission of Congress, for negotiating a Treaty of Commerce with Great Britain, and left an attested Copy of it in the hands of his Lordship. At the same time his Lordship was informed that as the Commission was limited to two years duration which would expire on the twelfth of May, We should be ready to confer upon the subject of it with his Majesty\u2019s Ministers; but as one of us would be obliged to return in a short time to Paris, it was wished that an early oppertunity might be taken to see upon what points we could agree, and to discuss those in which at first we might differ. His Lordship after harping a little on the old String, the insufficiency of the powers of Congress to treat and to compell Compliance with Treaties, said he would lay the matter before the Ministry and the King. In a few day\u2019s his Lordship meeting one of us, proposed in his own name and that of Mr. Pitt, that, as the Project already Communicated contained many political Regulations, we should prepare a Project of a Treaty merely commercial. The next day at the office, it was said to the under Secretary of State, Mr. Frasier, his Lordship not being there, that the Project already proposed, was in our opinion the best that could be proposed for the mutual interest of the two Nations; but if any parts of it were objectionable in the Minds of the Ministry, we were ready to enter into a candid disquisition of them, and to receive any counter project, which might contain the sense of the Cabinet; but untill we knew which Articles were objected to, it would be in vain for us to attempt a new draught. We could only repeat the proposition of the former one. Mr. Frasier reported this conversation to his Principal, who directed him to write us, that as the former Project contained many political Regulations, his Lordship wished to receive a Plan of a Treaty merely commercial. We accordingly sent five or six Articles of the former Plan and proposed them as a Treaty of Commerce, which we suppose would  be a good one, and except in one point as compleat as we can expect. The point we mean is the Priviledge of ships built in the United States. It is much to be wished that such Ships might enjoy in the British Dominions as ample Priviledges as British built Ships, whether owned or navigated by Americans or not, and we should now add an Article to that Purpose, if there was the smallest symptom of an Inclination to treat at all. But there is not. There is no party, nor Individual here in favour of a Treaty, but upon the Principle that the United States will retaliate, if there is not one. All agree that if America will suffer England to pockett (that is their Expression) all her navigation, England would be unwise not to avail herself of the advantage.\nThe Negotiation with Portugal is brought to a Conclusion as far as her Minister here has authority to proceed. We propose to execute the treaty, and hope to receive the Counterpart executed by the Chevalier De Pinto, before our Commission expires. The treaty itself shall be transmitted to Congress as soon as it is finished and we shall not trouble you with a tedious detail of Projects and Counterprojects. Yet the enclosed Copies of parts of a Letter, concerning flour and Privateering and contraband, may be necessary for our justification.\nWe have the honor to inclose copies of Letters from Mr. Carmichael of the 5th April, from Mr. Barclay of the 5 April from the Comte D\u2019Espilly and Mr. Lamb to Mr. Carmichael dated Algiers 26th. of March.\nWe have every reason to fear that the negotiations with the Turks will be very tedious and expensive, upon the present plan, and without success. Our Commission to Constantinople expires in a few Days and we have no new Commission to this power which enables us to send Agents. And indeed the sublime Porte is so great a Power that its dignity would be offended, if such a measure were attempted. There are reasons to expect that a Minister to that Court would be well received and that our Commerce and Naval Stores would be there an object.\nWith great respect we have the honor to be Your Excellency\u2019s most Obedient Humble Servts.,\nJohn Adams\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0358", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Extrait d\u2019une dep\u00eache de Mr. de Mello e Castro \u2026, 4 January 1786\nFrom: Mello e Castro, Mr. de\nTo: Pinto de Sousa Coutinho, Luis, Chevalier de\nEnclosure\nExtrait d\u2019une dep\u00eache de Mr. de Mello e Castro, M. et Secretair d\u2019Etat de S\u00e0 Majest\u00e9 Trez Fidelle, au chevalier de Pinto M. de S\u00e1 ditte Majest\u00e9 \u00e0 La Cour de Londres.\nMonsieur\n\u00c0 Lisbone Le 4me. janvier 1786\nVous pouvez repondre avec Franchise aux obsservations de Monsieur Adams. Que pour ce qui concer[ne] La Libert\u00e9 de La vente des batiments Americains, dans les Ports de la Ro\u00ffome, il n\u2019Existe sur c\u00eat article La moindre dificult\u00e9; C\u00eatte Libert\u00e9 etant Comune (pour Le moment) \u00c0 toutes Les Nations, sous des regles et des principes \u00e9tablis.\nMais, quant \u00e0 L\u2019article des farines, il paroit ici fort remarcable qu\u2019on veuille en faire un point capital, et L\u2019envisager comme un obstacle essentiel \u00e0 L\u2019acomplissement d\u2019un trait\u00e9 de Comerce entre les deux Etats.\nOn auroit d\u00f9 imaginer, que Les sujets des Etats unis plainement saptisfaits des avantages qu\u2019ils tirent dej\u00e1 du debit de Leurs grains en Portugal, ne sauroit point envier aux pauvres familes du m\u00eame Roiome Le mainte produit de La main d\u2019oeuvre. Un pareil Reglement Est d\u2019aillieurs si juste dans ses principes et si impartial dans ses effets, qu\u2019aucune des Nations de L\u2019Europe acotum\u00e9es \u00e0 un pareill trafique, n\u2019y a trouv\u00e9 \u00e0 redire; et que La Russie m\u00eame, dont le transport et La navigation sont bien plus defficilles, n\u2019a cruy devoir faire aucunne aubjection.\nLa pratique, qui ractefie tout, demontre encore que Les dificult\u00e9s expos\u00e9s ne sont qu\u2019expetieuses; puisque La plus grande partie des batiments Americains qui ont entr\u00e9 \u00e0 Lisbone, dans Le Cour de L\u2019ann\u00e9e derniere, etoit charg\u00e8s en grains de L\u2019Amerique Septentrionale, et vous serais \u00e0 m\u00eame de pouvoir juger (d\u2019apr\u00e8s Le Tableau ici joint) combien ce Comerce naissant Lui Promet des avantages, et Le paralelle qui en resulte entre Le Portugal et Les Etats unis.\nD\u2019Apr\u00e8s ce que je viens de vous dire Monsieur, il ne me reste \u00e0 faire que deux obsservations tout aussi simples que sinceres; 1re. que la prohibition en question a \u00e9t\u00e8 une Loi generale, et oeconomique dont Les raports n\u2019ont rien d\u2019offensant contre quelque Nation en particulier. 2de. que Le Portugal n\u2019avoit encore des relations de Comerce avec Les Etats unis de L\u2019Amerique Septentrionale quant unne pareille Loi a et\u00e8 promulg\u00e9e; au celles qui defendent en m\u00eame tems L\u2019introduction du Riz, et de L\u2019indig\u00f2 etranger dans les Domines.\nC\u2019est donc avec une Extreme Surprise que La Cour de Lisbone vient d\u2019etre inform\u00e8e \u00e0 La fois du proced\u00e8 des Etats de Pensilvanie, \u00e0 L\u2019egard des vins, et des fruits du Portugal (par voie de dedomagement) et d\u2019une Fa\u00e7on tout a fait particuliere et directe contre ce Ro\u00ffome, aussi bien, que de La difference non merit\u00e9e que les Etats de La Caroline meridionale on bien volu faire des vins du m\u00eame Royome, \u00e0 L\u2019egar de Ceux des autres pais, en \u00ff metant des droits diferents et biens plus forts.\nUn proced\u00e9 pareill, \u00e0 L\u2019egard d\u2019une Puissance qui traite Les Suj\u00e9ts  et les marchandises des Etats unis, sans La moindre diference de Nation a de quoi etoner, et ne paroit pas Conforme \u00e0 Seconder Les voeux de S\u00e0 Majest\u00e9 \u00e0 etablir avec Les M\u00eames Etats un syteme d\u2019Amiti\u00e9 et de Comerce tout aussi naturel que reciproque. C\u2019est pour cell\u00e1 Monsieur, que La Reine me charge de vous ordoner de vouloir en faire Le raport \u00e0 Monsieur Adams, et de soliciter Expressement ce Ministre de daigner Le transmetre a son souverain. S\u00e0 majeste, souhaitant de doner aux Etats unis d\u2019Amerique Des preuves les moins equivoques de S\u00e1 consideration, et du desir sincere de faciliter tous Les moiens propres \u00e0 cimenter L\u2019amiti\u00e9 entre Les deux Nations, veut bien atendre de La justice des M\u00eames Etats la revocation de pareils statuts et Leur donner tout Le tems Convenable a Cet effet. Mais, si contre toute atente, on presiste \u00e0 Les soutenir, on ne sauroit trouver mal, que s\u00e0 ditte majest\u00e9 prene des arrangements conformes, Contre des mesures violentes et partielles, qu\u2019Elle n\u2019a nullement provoqu\u00e9.\nA l\u2019egard d\u2019une nomination reciproque de ministres, s\u00e0 majest\u00e9 est dispos\u00e8e \u00e0 se Conformer sur cet article avec les intentions du Congr\u00e9s; et soit qu\u2019il choasisse de simples Agents, ou des persones plus Caracteris\u00e9es, s\u00e0 dite Majest\u00e9 s\u2019y preter\u00e0 d\u2019abord, aussitot quelle ser\u00e0 assur\u00e9e que Le Congr\u00e9s est dispos\u00e8 \u00e0 Les recevoir, et \u00e0 envoier de sa part \u00e0 Lisbone quelques autres du m\u00eame Caractere.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0359-0002", "content": "Title: I. Projet of a Treaty Submitted by the American Commissioners, [March\u2013April 1786]\nFrom: American Commissioners\nTo: \nDraught of a treaty of Amity and Commerce between her Majesty the Queen of Portugal\n and the United States of America.\nThe Parties being willing to fix in a permanent and equitable manner the rules to be observed in the Commerce they desire to establish between their respective Countries, have judged that the said end cannot be better obtained than by taking the most perfect equality and reciprocity for the Basis of their agreement. On these principles after mature deliberation, they have agreed to the following Articles.\nArt: 1st. There shall be a firm, inviolable, and universal Peace and sincere friendship\n between Her Majesty the Queen of Portugal, her Heirs, successors, and subjects on the one Part and the United States of America and their Citizens on the other, without exceptions of Persons or Places.\nArt. 2d. The subjects of Her Majesty the Queen of Portugal may frequent all the coasts and Countries\n of the United States of America and reside and trade there in all sorts of Produce manufactures N. 4e and Merchandize;\n and shall pay within the said United States no other or greater Duties charges or fees whatsoever than the most favoured nations are or shall be obliged to pay: and they shall enjoy all the rights, privileges and exemptions in navigation and commerce which the most favoured Nation does or shall enjoy.\nArt. 3d. In Like Manner the Citizens of the U.S. of America may frequent all the Coasts and Countries of her Majesty the Queen of Portugal in\n and reside and trade there in all sorts of Produce Manufactures and Merchandize; and shall pay in the dominions of her said Majesty no other or greater duties, charges or fees whatsoever than the most favoured Nation is or shall be obliged to pay, and they shall enjoy all the rights, privileges and exemptions in navigation and Commerce, which the most favoured nation does or shall enjoy.\nArt. 4th. More especially each Party shall have a right to carry any kinds of Produce Manufactures and Merchandize\n of whatever place they be the growth or Manufacture in their own or any  other vessels to the ports of the Dominions of the other before described where it shall be lawful for all persons freely to purchase them and thence to take produce Manufacture and merchandize of whatever place or growth which all persons shall in Like Manner be free to sell them, paying in both cases such duties, Charges\n and fees only as are or shall be paid by the most favoured Nation.\nNevertheless, each Party reserves\n to itself the right where any Nation restrains the transportation of merchandize to the Vessels of the Country of which it is the growth or manufacture to establish against such Nation retaliating regulations: and also the right to prohibit in their respective Countries the exportation or importation of any species of goods or Commodities whatsoever, when reasons of state shall require it. In this case the subjects or Citizens of either of the Contracting parties shall not import or export the Merchandize prohibited by the other but if one of the Contracting parties, permits any Person of their own or any other Nation to import or export the same Merchandize the Citizens or subjects of the other shall immediately enjoy the same Liberty.\nArt. 5th. All Merchants, commanders of Vessels and other subjects and Citizens of each party shall have free liberty, in all places within the dominion or jurisdiction of the other, to manage their own business themselves or to employ whomsoever they please to manage the whole or any part thereof for them, and shall not be obliged to make use of any interpreter broker\n, or other person whatsoever, nor to pay them any salary or fees, unless they chuse to make use of them. Moreover they shall not be obliged in loading or unloading their Vessels to make use of those workmen who may be appointed by public Authority for that purpose, but it shall be entirely free for them to load or unload them by themselves, or to make use of such persons in loading or unloading them as they shall think fit, without paying any fees or salary to any other whomsoever. Neither shall they be forced to unload any sort of Merchandize into any other Vessels, or to receive them into their own, or to wait for their being loaded longer than they please.\nArt. 6. That the Vessels of either party loading within the ports or jurisdiction of the other may not be uselesly harrassed or detained, it is agreed that all examinations of goods required by the Laws shall be made before they are laden on board the vessel and that there shall be no examination after, nor shall the Vessel be searched at any time unless articles shall have been laden therein clandestinly and illegally in which case the person by whose order  they were carried on board, or who carried them without order, shall be liable to the laws of the land in which he is. But no other person shall be molested, nor shall any other goods nor the Vessel be seized or detained for that Cause.\nArt. 7. Each party shall endeavour by all the means in their power to protect and defend all the Vessels and other effects belonging to the subjects or the Citizens of the other, which shall be within the extent of their Jurisdiction by sea or by land; and shall use all their efforts to recover and cause to be restored to the right owners their Vessels and effects which shall be taken from them within the extent of their said Jurisdiction.\nArt. 8. The Vessels of the subjects or Citizens of either party coming on any coast belonging to the other\n but not willing to enter into port, or being entered into port and not willing to unload their Cargoes or break bulk shall have liberty to depart and to persue their Voyage without molestation, and without being obliged to pay any duties, charges, or fees whatever\n nor to render an account of their Cargo.\nArt. 9th. When any Vessel of either party shall be wrecked, foundered, or otherwise damaged on the Coasts or within the dominions of the other, their respective subjects or Citizens shall receive, as well for themselves as for their Vessels and effects the same assistance which would be due to the Inhabitants of the Country where the Damage happens, and shall pay the same Charges and dues only as the said Inhabitants would be subject to pay in a like case and if the operations of repair shall require that the whole or any part of their Cargo be unladed, they shall pay no duties, Charges or fees, on the part which they shall relade and carry away. The ancient and barbarous right to wrecks of the sea shall be entirely abolished, with respect to the subjects or Citizens of the two Contracting Parties.\nArt. 10th. The Citizens or Subjects of each Party shall have power to dispose of their personal goods within the jurisdiction of the other by testament, donation, or otherwise: and their representatives, being subjects or Citizens of the other party, shall succeed to their said personal Goods, whether by testament, or ab intestato, and may take possession thereof either by themselves or by others acting for them, and dispose of the same at their will, paying such dues only as the Inhabitants of the Country wherein the said goods are shall be subject to pay in like Cases, and in case of the absence of the Representative such care shall be taken  of the said goods and for so long a time as would be taken of the goods of a Native in like case untill the lawful owner may take measures for receiving them and if question shall arise among several claimants to which of them the said goods belong the same shall be decided finally by the laws and judges of the land wherein the said goods are. And where on the death of any person holding real estate within the limits of the one party such real estate would by the laws of the Land Descend on a Citizen or Subject of the other were he not disqualified by alienage, such subject or Citizen shall be allowed a reasonable time to sell the same and to withdraw the proceeds without molestation.\nArt. 11th. The most perfect freedom of Conscience and of worship is granted to the Citizens or subjects of either party within the jurisdiction of the other, without being liable to molestation in that respect for any cause other than an insult on the religion of others:\n Moreover when the subjects or Citizens of the one party shall die within the jurisdiction of the other, their Bodies shall be buried in the usual burial grounds or other decent and suitable places, and shall be protected from Violation or disturbance.\nArt. 12th. If one of the contracting parties should be engaged in a War with any other power the free intercourse and commerce of the subjects or Citizens of the party remaining neuter with the belligerent powers shall not be interrupted. On the Contrary in that Case, as in full peace the vessels of the neutral Party, may navigate freely to and from the ports and on the Coasts of the belligerent Parties, free Vessels making free goods, insomuch that all things shall be judged free which shall be on board any vessel\n belonging to the neutral party, although such things belong to an enemy of the other, and the same freedom shall be extended to persons who shall be on board a free Vessel, although they should be enemies to the other party, unless they be soldiers in actual service of such enemy; on the other hand enemy Vessels shall make enemy goods, insomuch that whatever shall be found in the Vessels of an Enemy shall be confiscated without distinction; except such goods and merchandize as were put on board such Vessel before the declaration of War or within six months after it, which shall be free.\nArt. 13th. And in the same case of one of the Contracting parties being engaged in a War\n with any other power, to prevent all the difficulties and misunderstandings that usually arise respecting  the merchandize heretofore called contraband, such as Arms, ammunition and military stores of every kind, no such Articles carried in the Vessels or by the subjects or Citizens of one of the parties to the Enemies of the other shall be deemed contraband so as to induce confiscation or condemnation and a loss of property to individuals, nevertheless it shall be lawful to stop such Vessels, and to make them unlade such articles in the nearest port, putting them under safe keeping; or to detain them for such length of time as the Captors may think necessary to prevent the inconvenience or damage that might ensue from their proceeding; paying however a reasonable Compensation for the loss such arrest shall occasion to the proprietors: or it shall be allowed to use in the service of the Captors the whole or any part of the military stores so detained, paying the owners the full value of the same to be assertained by the current price at the place of its destination. In case any Vessel shall be so stopped for articles deemed contraband if the master will deliver out the goods supposed to be of contraband Nature, he shall be admitted to do it, and the Vessel shall not in that case be carried into any port, nor further detained, but shall be allowed to proceed on her voiage nor shall any such articles be subject to be taken or delayed in any case if they be not in greater quantity than may be necessary for the use of the ships, or of the persons in it.\nArt. 14th. And in the same case where one of the parties is engaged in war with another power that the Vessels of the neutral party may be readily and certainly known, it is agreed that they shall be provided with sea-letters or passports which shall express the name, the property and burthen of the vessel, as also the name and dwelling of the master, which passports shall be made out in good and due forms (to be settled by Convention between the parties whenever occasion shall require) shall be renewed as often as the vessel shall return into port and shall be exhibited whensoever required as well in the open sea as in port. But if the said vessel be under convoy of one or more Vessels of War belonging to the neutral party, the simple declaration of the Officer commanding the Convoy that the said vessel belongs to the party of which he is, shall be considered as establishing the fact, and shall relieve both parties from the trouble of further examination.\nArt. 15th. And to prevent entirely all disorder and violence in such cases, it is stipulated, that when the vessels of the neutral  Party sailing without convoy, shall be met by any Vessel of War, public or private of the other party, such vessel of War shall not approach within Cannon shot of the said neutral Vessel, nor send more than two or three men in their boat on board the same to examine her sea-letters or pass-ports and all persons belonging to any vessel of War public or private who shall molest or injure in any manner whatever the people, vessels or effects of the other party shall be responsible in their persons and property for damages and interest, sufficient security for which shall be given by all Commanders of private armed Vessels before they are Commissioned.\nArt. 16th. It is agreed that the subjects or Citizens of each of the contracting parties their vessels and effects shall not be liable to any embargo or detention on the part of the other for any military expedition or other public or private purpose whatsoever and in all cases of seisure, detention, or arrest for debts contracted, or offences committed by any Citizen or subject of the one party within the Jurisdiction of the other, the same shall be made and prosecuted by order and authority of law only, and according to the regular course of proceedings usual in such cases.\nArt. 17. If any Vessel or effects of the neutral Power be taken by an Enemy of the other or by a pirate, and retaken by that other they shall be brought into some port of one of the parties and delivered into the Custody of the officers of that port in order to be restored entire to the true proprietor as soon as due proof shall be made concerning the property thereof.\nArt. 18th. If the Citizens or Subjects of either party, in danger from tempests, pirates enemies or other accident, shall take refuge with their Vessels or effects within the harbours or jurisdiction of the other, they shall be received protected and treated with humanity and kindness and shall be permitted to furnish themselves at reasonable prices with all refreshments provisions and other things necessary for their sustenance, health, and accomodation and for the repair of their vessels.\nArt. 19th. The Vessels of War publick and private of both parties, shall carry freely wheresoever they please the Vessels and effects taken from their enemies without being obliged to pay any duties\n, charges or fees to officers of admiralty, of the customs, or any others, nor shall such prizes be arrested, searched, or put under legal process when they come to and enter the ports of the other party, but may freely be carried out again at any time by  their captors to the places expressed in their Commissions, which the Commanding officer of such vessels shall be obliged to shew, [but no vessel\n which shall have made prizes on the subjects of His Most Christian Majesty the King of France shall have a right of assylum in the ports or havens of the said U. S. and if any such be forced therein by tempest or dangers of the sea, they shall be obliged to depart as soon as possible according to the tenor of the treaties existing between His said Most Christian Majesty and the said United States.]\nArt. 20th. No Citizen or Subject of either of the Contracting parties shall take from any power with which the other may be at War any Commission or Letter of Marque for arming any Vessell to act as a Privateer against the other on pain of being punished as a pirate, nor shall either party hire, Lend or give any part of their naval, or military force to the enemy of the other to aid them offensively or defensively against that other.\nArt. 21st. If the two contracting parties should be engaged in a War against a Common Enemy the following points shall be observed between them. 1st. If a Vessel of one of the parties retaken by a privateer of the Other shall not have been in possession of the Enemy more than twenty four hours, she shall be restored to the first owner, for one third of the Value of the vessel and Cargo, but if she shall have been more than twenty four hours in possession of the Enemy she shall belong wholly to the recaptors. 2d. If in the same case the recapture were by a public Vessel of War of the one party restitution shall be made to the owner for one thirtieth part of the Value of the Vessel and Cargo, if she shall not have been in possession of the Enemy more than twenty four hours; And one tenth of the said value where she shall have been longer: Which sums shall be destributed in gratuities to the recaptors. 3d. The restitution in the Cases aforesaid shall be after due proof of property and surety given for the parts to which the recaptors are entitled. 4th. The Vessels of War public and private of the two parties shall be reciprocally admitted with their prizes into the respective ports of each, but the said prizes shall not be discharged, nor sold there untill their legality shall have been decided according to the Laws and regulations of the state to which the Captor belongs. 5th. It shall be free to each party to make such regulations as they shall judge necessary for the Conduct of their respective Vessels of War public and private, relative to the vessels which they shall take and carrey into the ports of the two parties.\nArt. 22d. Where the parties shall have a common Enemy, or shall both be neutral, the Vessels \n of war of each shall upon all occasions take under their protection the Vessels of the other going the same Course, and shall defend such Vessels as long as they hold the same Course against all force and Violence in the same manner as they ought to protect and defend vessels belonging to the party of Which they are.\nArt 23d. If war should arise between the two contracting parties, the Merchants of either Country then residing in the other shall be allowed to remain nine months to collect their debts \n and settle their affairs and may depart freely, carrying off all their effects, without molestation or hindrance: and all Women and Children, scholars of every faculty, cultivators of the Earth, artizans, Manufacturers and fishermen unarmed, and inhabiting unfortified Towns, Villages or places, and in general all others, whose occupations are for the common subsistance and benefit of Mankind shall be allowed to continue their respective employments, and shall not be molested in their persons, nor shall their houses or goods be burnt or otherwise destroyed, nor their fields wasted by the armed force of the Enemy into whose power by the events of war, they may happen to fall: but if any thing is necessary to be taken from them for the use of such armed force, the same shall be paid for at a reasonable price and all Merchant and trading Vessels employed in exchanging the products of different places and thereby rendering the necessaries, conveniencies and Comforts of human Life more easy to be obtained and more general, shall be allowed to pass free and unmolested, and neither of the contracting Powers shall grant or issue any Commission to any private armed Vessels empowering them to take or destroy such trading Vessels or interrupt such Commerce.\nArt. 24th. And to prevent the destruction of prisoners of War by sending them into distant and inclement Countries, or by crouding them into close and noxious places, the two contracting Parties solemnly pledge themselves to each other and to the World that they will not adopt any such practice. That neither will send the prisoners whom they may take from the other into the East Indies, or any other parts of Asia or africa: but that they shall be placed in some part of their dominions in Europe or America in wholesome situations, that they shall not be confined in dungeons, prison-ships, nor prisons, nor be put into Irons, nor bound, nor otherwise restrained in the use of their limbs, that the officers shall  be enlarged on their paroles within convenient districts and have comfortable Quarters and the Common Men be disposed in cantonments open and extensive enough for air and exercise, and lodged in barracks as roomly and good as are provided by the party in whose power they are for their own troops, that the officers shall also be daily furnished by the party in whose power they are with as many rations and of the same articles and Quality, as are allowed by them, either in kind or by commutation to officers of equal rank in their own Army, and all others shall be daily furnished by them with such ration as they allow to a common soldier in their own service, the Value whereof shall be paid by the other party on a mutual adjustment of accounts for the subsistance of prisoners at the close of the War, and the said accounts shall not be mingled with or sett off against any others nor the balances due on them be withheld as a satisfaction or reprisal for any other article or for any other cause real or pretended whatever, that each party shall be allowed to keep a Commissary of Prisoners of their own appointment with every seperate cantonment of prisoners in possession of the other, which Commissary shall see the Prisoners as often as he pleases, shall be allowed to receive and distribute whatever Comforts may be sent to them by their friends and shall be free to make his reports in open Letters to those who employ him. But if any officer shall break his parole, or any other Prisoner shall escape from the limits of his cantonment after they shall have been designated to him, such Individual officer or other prisoner shall forfeit so much of the benefit of this Article as provides for his enlargement on parole or cantonment. And it is declared that neither the pretence that War disolves all treaties, nor any other whatever shall be considered as annulling or suspending this and the next preceding article, but on the contrary that the state of War is precisely that for which they are provided, and during which they are to be as sacredly observed as the most acknowledged articles in the law of nature or Nations.\nArt. 25th. The two contracting parties grant to each other the liberty of having each in the ports of the other, Consuls, Vice Consuls, agents and Commissaries of their own appointment whose functions shall be regulated by particular agreement whenever either party shall chuse to make such appointment, but if any such Consuls shall exercise Commerce they shall be submitted to the same laws and usages to which the private Individuals of their nation are submitted in the same place.\nArt. 26. If either party shall hereafter grant to any other nation any particular favor in navigation or Commerce, it shall immediately become common to the other party, freely where it is freely granted to such other nation, or on yielding the compensation where such nation does the same.\nArt. 27th. Her Majesty the Queen of Portugal and the United States of America\n agree that this treaty shall be in force during the term ofyears from the exchange of ratifications and if the expiration of that term should happen during the course of a War between them then the articles before provided for the regulation of their Conduct during such a War shall continue in force untill the conclusion of the treaty which shall reestablish Peace and that this treaty shall be ratified on both sides and the ratifications exchanged within one year from the Day of its signature.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0359-0003", "content": "Title: II. Observations by the Portuguese Minister, [March\u2013April 1786]\nFrom: Pinto de Sousa Coutinho, Luis, Chevalier de\nTo: \nObservations sur le Trait\u00e9 D\u2019Amitie et de Commerce (N.1me) We must conform ourselves, as to the Titles to the following Rule \u201cbetween her most faithfull Majesty the Queen of Portugal and the Algarvas\u201d &c.\nWe must observe in this Article the same Rule, above established. The Rest will meet with no Difficulty.\nThe same observation, in the words underscored. It appears moreover convenient to add to this Article, that which follows, \u201cmay frequent all the Coasts, Bays, Harbours, Ports, Rivers and Countries &c.\u201d To the words underscored (N. 4) it will be necessary to add the following Declarations\u2014\u201cthe Entry whereof, shall not be forbidden by the Laws.\u201d All the rest is agreed to.\nArt. III.\nThe same Remarks upon the precedent Article, are common to this, which should be the Copy of it.\u2014The blank line (N. 5.) ought to be filled up in the following manner \u201cAnd Countries of the Domination of her most Faithfull Majesty where Commerce is not prohibited by the Laws to all foreign nations.\u201d The Rest is approved.\nArt. IV.\nIt is necessary to add to the words underscored (N. 6.) the following Declaration \u201cthe Entry whereof shall be permitted,\u201d and the words underscored of the Note 7. it is necessary to add \u201cby the Nations the most favoured, whose Priviledge shall not be the Effect of a particular And reciprocal Compensation according to Treaties now existing.\u201d The rest of this Article, from the perpendicular Line in the Margin, to the End, appears inadmissible. (N. 8.)\nArt. V.\nThe Clauses underscored (N. 9.) are inadmissible, because they are contrary to the Regulations established in Portugal, which are common to all the commercial Nations.\nArt. VI. Agreed.\nArt. VII. Agreed.\nArt. VIII.\nAgreed, with the following Explanation, after the words underscored  (N. 10.) \u201cWhere Commerce is not forbidden.\u201d But the Expression, \u201ccoming on any Coast belonging to the other\u201d appears ambiguous, and one cannot well comprehend the sense of it.\u2014To the words underscored (N. 11.) it is necessary to add \u201cexcept those which are attached to the Ports; and they shall be obliged to receive the usual Guards according to the Custom practised with all other Nations.\u201d\nArt. IX. Agreed entirely.\nArt. X.\nAgreed without Exception.\nArt. XI.\nAgreed with the Addition (N. 12.) \u201cprovided always, that in the Exercise of their Religion, they conform themselves to the Laws and Rules established in the Country.\u201d\nArt. XII.\n(N. 13.) It should be declared at the End of the words underscored except Merchandizes prohibited, and deemed Contraband; namely Cannons, Morters, Fire Arms, Pistols, Bombs, Grenades, Bullets, Balls, Fusils, Flints, Matches, Powder, Salt Peter, Sulphur, Cuirasses, Pikes, Swords, Belts, Cartouch Boxes, Saddles, Bridles; excepting nevertheless the Quantity which may be requisite for the defence of the Vessel, and of those who compose the Crew.\nThis Article cannot be admitted, unless Contraband Goods are subject to Confiscation, according to the Public Law, universally acknowledged and practised. (N. 14.)\nAgreed entirely.\nAgreed, with a declaration that the Commander of the Vessel, who shall order the Visit, shall be personally responsable for all Losses occasioned, and which shall be legally proved.\nArt. xvi. Agreed without Exception.\nArt. 17. Agreed. Art. 18. Agreed.\n(N. 15.) Except such Charges as are incurred at the Entry of the Ports. Though Portugal cannot pretend, to any Derogation, in her favour from existing Treaties, nevertheless, Decency appears to require that we should not specify the Clauses contained in the  N. 16, since Reciprocity is not preserved in this point, and because that such a declaration would appear odious.\nArt. 20. Agreed. Art. 21. Agreed.\nExpressions underscored (N. 17.) ought to be entirely oblitterated as contrary to every Principle of Neutrality, besides the Admission of this Article does not depend upon my will.\nAgreed (N. 18.) But the Term of Nine months appears to me short, and that of one year, would seem more convenient.\nArt. 24. Agreed. Art. 25. Agreed. Art. 26. Agreed.\n(N. 19.) Shall be in Force, during the space of 10 years, and the Ratifications shall be exchanged in the space of one year after the signature, or earlier if possible.\nN.B. There is an Article necessary to be added to this Project, to the End to give to Navigation more Security.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0359-0004", "content": "Title: III. Observations by the Commissioners, [March\u2013April 1786]\nFrom: American Commissioners\nTo: \nObservations on the alterations proposed in the draught of the treaty between her most faithful majesty, and the U.S. of America.\nNote 1. 2. 3. Art. 1 & 2 agreed to.\nNote 4 Art. 2. proposes after the words \u2018trade there in all sorts of produce manufactures and merchandize\u2019 in the 2d and 3d clauses, to add \u2018the importation of which shall not be prohibited by the laws.\u2019\n[A regulation of the government of Portugal, prohibiting the importation of flour into that country, having borne extremely hard on the commerce of the U.S. in that article it was made the subject of consideration in an early part of the present negociations: and the objections to that regulation having been communicated by the minister of Portugal to his court he has been pleased to give us a  copy of their answer and observations. In reply to these we must say that the price of the manufacture weighs little with us in comparison with other considerations. It would not have produced any pertinacious adherence on our part; and the less, as the manufacture of this article goes to the maintenance of machines only and not men. The truth is that whatever either country might gain by the operation of manufacture is lost manifold by both from other circumstances. There is in America an insect called the Weavil, which deposits it\u2019s egg in the grain of wheat while growing. To prevent this from hatching and destroying the grain requires constant attention and expence until the grain be ground: nor will any degree of attention or expence always ensure the farmer against it. His object is therefore to have his grain ground as soon as possible. But the regulation in Portugal rejecting foreign flour, so much as is intended for that market must be preserved in the form of grain. The losses which occur in attempting this are very great. Sometimes the whole mass is lost, and always a good part of it. These attempts serve also to perpetuate and to multiply this insect. These losses fall in the first instance on individual farmers; but as the farmer must live by his calling he is obliged to calculate them in the subsequent sales of his grain and to ask so much the more for it; so that the effect reaches ultimately the Consumer also.\nThe states of America, which raise grain for exportation, are mostly those of the Middle parts. Their summer heats are excessive; and these take place, not only by land, but in the seas they must traverse to get to an European market, especially one so far Southward as Portugal. Grain collected in large masses generates of itself a great heat, which in those climates is such as to hasten it immediately to putrefaction. The farmer strives against this by shovelling it constantly in large and aery barns. This increases it\u2019s cost. But when it is laden on ship-board, there is no longer room to perform this operation, nor can the ship\u2019s crew attend to it from their ordinary ship duties. The heat of the hold of the ship adds to that of the climate and both together produce frequent, great, and sometimes total losses of the cargo. These losses must therefore be calculated in the price of the wheat which gets safe to market and must affect the consumer. The consequences of these circumstances are obvious. Portugal loses by an increase of the price of the grain, and infinitely more than she gains by it\u2019s manufacture. The American merchant could send her the flour of any given quantity of wheat for much less than he is obliged to ask for  the wheat itself. The transportation of the bran is lost, as that will not pay it\u2019s own transportation. These are circumstances by which both nations lose, and neither gains.It is objected that this regulation is general against all nations, and that it cannot be relaxed in favor of America without letting all nations into the benefit of that relaxation. The Dutch and Russians are supposed to be among the principal furnishers of grain to Portugal. It is not for us to say how Portugal would be affected by extending such a relaxation to other nations as well as America. But it is evident that while this regulation exists, it gives to the Dutch, Russian and other European furnishers a monopoly of the grain trade to Portugal and excludes the American from competition so long as grain is below a certain price; that is to say, till the wants of that kingdom rise to such a height as to oblige her to give what will pay the American for his grain, the losses on it, and it\u2019s transportation. Could he be permitted to bring flour and thus avoid those losses, it is possible his large supplies might prevent the price of bread from ever rising to this height.The object of the present treaty is to place each nation on the footing of equality with other the most favoured nations. But on the part of the U.S. this equality is but nominal in the article now under consideration. A difference of circumstance renders this seeming equality a mere delusion. Confining the importation to a form which the nature of their climate forbids is a suppression of the trade to the loss of Portugal and the only gain of the Dutch and Russian merchant. These obtain their grain in countries where it\u2019s preservation in that form exposes it to no insect, where the cold of the climate counteracts instead of co-operating with the natural causes of it\u2019s destruction. The greater part of their navigation too is through colder seas.\nNotwithstanding however the inequality and the pressure of this restriction on the commerce of the U.S. respect to her most faithful majesty, and a desire of cultivating her friendship induce us not to insist further on the subject at this moment, nor to make it a bar to the establishment of fixed principles of commerce between the two nations. We accede therefore to the amendment proposed; relying for a revisal of it on the wisdom and magnanimity of the Queen, on her dispositions to meet the friendship of the U.S., her willingness to encourage an interchange of productions between the two countries, and the conviction which will arise from experience and reflection that this restriction produces loss to both parties.]\nNote 5. and 6. Art. 3. and 4. agreed.\nNote 7. Art 4. proposes after the words \u2018favoured nation\u2019 to add \u2018dont le privilege ne seroit point l\u2019effet d\u2019une compensation particuliere.\u2019 Future privileges of this kind are provided for by the 26th article. This alteration therefore respects only those actually subsisting. But instead of providing for them by a general expression, the extent of which is unknown, and the effect of which might in fact be to destroy what it is the object of this treaty to fix, it is proposed to specify particularly the privileges allowed to other nations, and which are not to be communicated by this treaty. If the British privilege for the importation of their woollen cloths into Portugal be the only one, it may be provided for by adding at the end of the clause some such words as these. \u2018And it is further specially agreed that the liberty of introducing woollens into the kingdom of Portugal which has been stipulated to his Britannic majesty on behalf of his subjects of Great Britain in compensation for certain privileges in favor of the wines of Portugal shall not be understood to be communicated to the citizens of the U.S. by this or any other article of the present treaty.\u2019\nNote. 8. Art. 4. Instead of omitting the paragraph \u2018Nevertheless each party &c\u2019 we propose to alter it so that it may stand as follows. \u2018The U.S. of America reserve to themselves the right where any nation restrains the transportation of merchandize to the vessels of the country of which it is the growth or manufacture to establish against such nation retaliating regulations: And each party reserves the right to prohibit &c.\nNote. 9, Art. 5. Agreed to omit the part of the article objected to, so as that the 5th article shall stand thus. \u2018All merchants commanders of vessels and other subjects and citizens of each party shall have free liberty in all places within the dominion or jurisdiction of the other to manage their own business themselves, or to employ whomsoever they please to manage the whole or any part thereof for them: they shall also be free to unload their merchandize at such time and into such vessels as they shall think most convenient.\u2019\nNotes 10. 11. Art. 8: agreed to, and the 12th. Art. 11. was relinquished by the minister of Portugal in conversation on the subject.\n[Note 13. 14, Art. 12. 13. To lessen the misfortunes and miseries of mankind during the course of war is very much to be desired. The emancipation of agriculture and commerce from the  effects of war is making a good step towards attaining this end. This emancipation will be effected in a great measure by the stipulations proposed and agreed to in the 23d article. But the 13th article proposes another measure which is also material. It is, to relieve the commerce of neutral nations from the vexations, delays and losses it meets with from those who are belligerent, under pretence of their vessels being charged with contraband articles. During the course of the last war these oppressions were carried so far, that at length the neutral powers found it necessary to combine and arm against them. They entered into stipulations declaring that in future certain articles, which they enumerated, should not be deemed contraband and that if any of the belligerent parties pretended to seize and confiscate them as such they could make common cause of it. They struck off by this measure, much from the catalogue of contraband. This was the first step: it has met the approbation of the whole world and is become a part of the laws of nations. The second step is that now proposed to be taken, to wit, to strike off the residue of this catalogue, and thus take from the officers of belligerent ships the temptation of confiscable articles which induces them to stop all neutral vessels at sea, to enter them for the purposes of search, and when entered to commit irregularities, and often to take their men from them to man their own vessels. The last war furnished innumerable instances of this; and it is believed every war does. Nor does the retaining this power over the articles called contraband produce a single good effect. In the infancy of the arts, when the practice of seizing such articles was introduced, it might be one of the means of distressing an enemy to intercept supplies of the implements of war passing to them by sea. But the arts are now too much diffused to leave nations at all dependant on importations by sea, excepting the case of a beseiged town, against which sufficient provision is retained by the article. There is no nation in Europe which cannot either furnish those implements within themselves, or procure them by land from their neighbors; especially since the Armed neutrality has struck naval stores from the catalogue of contraband. The residue of that catalogue therefore are the remains of a practice which continues after the causes producing it have ceased to exist; and it is become an abuse. It is therefore well worthy the benevolence and magnanimity of her most faithful majesty to be among the first in eradicating the remains of an abusive institution which she has been among the first to check. The first reformation was enforced by arms. For the  second we propose example only. This being once set, and the vexations of contraband abolished between two nations by their particular convention, it is to be hoped it will gain from nation to nation and soon become general. The advances made and making in liberality and benevolence of mind, and the enlarged views of some of the crowned heads of Europe and particularly of her most faithful majesty, are the foundation of our hope that this article will be agreed to on her part.]\nArt. 15. We agree between the words \u2018interest\u2019 and \u2018sufficient\u2019 to insert \u2018and more especially the commanding officer of the vessel shall be responsible civilly for the same in his person and property by whomsoever of his crew the injury was done.\u2019\nNote 15. Agreed.\nNote 16. Article 19. Instead of the paragraph proposed to be omitted we agree to substitute the following. \u2018But nothing herein contained shall be understood to derogate from the obligations of the U.S. of America towards his most Christian majesty as stipulated in the article of their treaty of Amity and commerce.\nNote. 17. Article 22. Relinquished by the minister of Portugal in our conference with him.\nNote 18. 19. Art. 23 and 27. Agreed.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0359-0005", "content": "Title: IV. Additional Observations by the Portuguese Minister, [March\u2013April 1786]\nFrom: Pinto de Sousa Coutinho, Luis, Chevalier de\nTo: \nArt. XI.\nThere shall be a full and entire Liberty of Conscience allowed, to the Inhabitants and Subjects of each Party, and no one Shall be molested, in regard to his Worship, provided he submits, as to the public Demonstration of it, to the Laws of the Country. There Shall be given moreover Liberty when any Subjects or Inhabitants of either Party, Shall die in the Territory of the other, to bury them in decent and convenient Places, which Shall be appointed for that Purpose, and the two contracting Parties Shall provide, each in its own Jurisdiction, that the Citizens and subjects of the other, may obtain, Certificates in Cases of Deaths, whenever they shall be required, to be delivered.\nDeclaration to the Article XII.\nExcept the Merchandizes deemed contraband namely Cannons, Morters, Fire Arms, Pistols, Bombs, Grenades, bullets, Balls, Fusils, Flints, Matches, Powder, Salt peter, Sulphur, Cuirasses, Pikes, Swords, Cartouch Boxes, Belts, Saddles and Bridles, which shall be adjudged Contrabande, and Subject to Confiscation, excepting nevertheless the Quantity, which may be requisite for the Defence of the Vessell, and of those who compose the Crew.\nArt. XIII.\nThis Article cannot Subsist, after the foregoing Declaration, respecting Contraband Merchandizes subject to Confiscation.\nArticle to be added\nThe Squadrons or Vessells of War of the two Contracting Parties, may enter freely into the Ports, Roads or Bays of the one or the other Dominion, where Commerce is permitted provided, nevertheless that they never exceed the Number of Six Vessells of War, in the great Ports, and of four in the small Ports without the express Permission of the Governor or Commandant of the District; and that they do not make there a Station, with a View to hurt the Commerce of other Nations in Amity and Alliance with either of the two contracting Parties.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0361", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Theophile Mandar, 25 April 1786\nFrom: Mandar, Theophile\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nVersailles Le 25 Avril 1786.\nJe Supplie Votre Excellence de vouloir bien me faire Savoir Quels sont les agens du Congr\u00e8s des Etats unis, ou Banquiers qui Sont Sp\u00e9cialement charg\u00e9s de N\u00e9gocier En france les Billets du Loan office des Etats Unis.\nJ\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019Etre avec le plus profond Respect de Votre Excellence, Monsieur Votre tr\u00e8s humble & tr\u00e8s ob\u00e8issant Serviteur,\nTheophile Mandar Commis de la guerre \u00e0 Versailles", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0362", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Sir John Sinclair, 25 April 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Sinclair, Sir John\nTuesday, April 25. 1786.\nMr. Jefferson\u2019s compliments to Sir John Sinclair, and thanks for the pamphlets he was so kind as to send him. Their author, as well as their subject, interest him in them. He had the honour of calling at Sir John Sinclair\u2019s yesterday, to take leave, and to make a thousand acknowledgments for the many attentions and kindnesses he has been pleased to shew him. He begs leave now to do it in writing, and to express the pleasure it will give him should he have an opportunity of proving to Sir John Sinclair, at Paris,  how sensible he has been of his goodness. He wishes him every possible felicity.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0363", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Carmarthen, [ca. 26 April 1786]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carmarthen (Caermarthen), Francis Godolphin Osborne, Lord\nMr. Jefferson has the honor of presenting his respects to the right honourable the Marquis of Carmarthen: he had that of calling at his house to take leave on his departure for Paris; from which place the arrangements he had taken do not permit his longer absence. He shall be happy if he can be useful to his Lordship in being the bearer of his commands for that Capital.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0364", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from C. W. F. Dumas, 27 April 1786\nFrom: Dumas, Charles William Frederick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nLaHaie 27e. Avril 1786\nLa lecture que Votre Excellence fera de l\u2019incluse, me dispense d\u2019entrer ici dans des d\u00e9tails, auxquels je n\u2019ai \u00e0 ajouter que le desir d\u2019apprendre votre retour \u00e0 Paris en parfaite sant\u00e9, et les assurances du vrai et grand respect avec lequel je suis De Votre Excellence Le tr\u00e8s-humble & tr\u00e8s-ob\u00e9issant serviteur,\nC W F Dumas\nP.S. J\u2019ai, Monsieur, une Confidence \u00e0 Vous faire de la derni\u00e8re d\u00e9licatesse et importance pour les Etats-Unis et je ne puis la faire qu\u2019\u00e0 Vous seul, et quant je saurai que Votre Excellence est \u00e0 Paris et non ailleurs.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0365", "content": "Title: [To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander McCaul, 28 April 1786]\nFrom: McCaul, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Glasgow, 28 Apr. 1786. Recorded in SJL as received 9 May 1786. Not found. See reference to \u201cA letter received since from the first character among the American merchants in Scotland,\u201d in TJ to James Monroe, 10 May 1786.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0368", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lister Asquith, 1 May 1786\nFrom: Asquith, Lister\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSt. Pol de L\u00e9on,1 May 1786. Is writing again because he has had no letters from TJ, Short, or Desbordes, Fr\u00e8res. There is still no prospect of their being released and he now realizes that the farmers-general wanted his \u201csubmission\u201d in order to \u201cget the Vessel, and Cargo, into their hands; and afterwards to keep us confin\u2019d\u201d on other pretexts; believes the farmers are afraid to set the Americans free because their villainy would then be exposed \u201cto Congress and the Continent, which certainly will be done\u201d; cannot believe that \u201cCongress will ever allow such infamous proceedings against their innocent Subjects\u201d; asks to be informed by return of post what is going to be done with them in order that they may know how to act; they have already been confined nine months and, having made concessions to the farmers, are no more likely to be set at liberty than if they had continued their appeal; hopes TJ will exert his authority to the utmost since they submitted to the farmers\u2019 request at TJ\u2019s direction, expecting to be freed at once; wants to get home, \u201cbeing now intirely ruined, and not one of us a shirt to our backs\u201d; asks TJ to send his \u201cLog Book, Balt. Clearance, the 2 Commercial Letters, and the Farmers sentence\u201d; wants to know for what crime his property was confiscated.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0369", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Francis Hopkinson, 1 May 1786\nFrom: Hopkinson, Francis\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia May 1st. 1786\nWithin these few Days I received yours of the 26th Januy. last, together with Dr. Franklin\u2019s and my Encyclopedi\u00e9, a Set of Crayons &c. &c. for all which I remain your Thankful Debtor. I am glad you did not send more than one Set of the Crayons. They are neither so good nor so cheap as those I formerly had from the Shop I  mentioned to you. I took the Address from a printed Direction pasted on the Top of the Box. Those you have sent are, however, very beautiful, and will fully answer all my Purposes. You say you had written to me on the 3d. of Januy. but that Letter has not got to hand. My last to you was dated the 28th. of March, by a Vessel from hence to L\u2019Orient. I enclosed, for your Amusement, a few Pages of our Volume of Philosophical Transactions, now in the Press. That Work is going on and will be published, I hope, in about Six or Eight Weeks. I shall take Care to forward a Copy to you as early as possible.\nI see by the News Papers that Mr. Hudon has arrived in England with his very elegant Bust of General Washington. I suppose it is in France now, and has afforded you much Pleasure. I wish you would make my respectful Regards to that celebrated Artist for whom I had conceived that Species of Affection which is too sudden to be the Result of Judgement but arises from some natural Harmony of Temper and Disposition, which is sooner felt than understood. Some Busts and Casts of Mr. Hudon\u2019s Workmanship arrived here soon after he left us. They are in Mr. Pine\u2019s Care, but not yet unpack\u2019d, Mr. Pine having been all Winter in Maryland, where he has had great Success. I mentioned to you some Time ago that I had made a Discovery for assisting Vessels in sailing. The Experiment will be made on our River this Week or next. If it succeeds I will send you an Account of it. The nautical Almanack for the Year 1790 did not come among the Books you sent, as you mention to Mr. Rittenhouse. All the others have been delivered to him.\nDr. Franklin is well in Health. His Malady is troublesome to him at Times; but he enjoys the Conversation of his Friends. Mr. Rittenhouse and myself form his Wednesday Evening Party.\nAdieu! & believe me ever your very affectionate Friend,\nFras. Hopkinson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0372", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Wilt Delmestre & Co., 3 May 1786\nFrom: Wilt, Delmestre & Company\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nL\u2019Orient 3d. May 1786.\nHaving apply\u2019d this Day to the Navy office of this Place in order to recover one eighth part of Prize Money due to Jo. White Mid Ship Man on Board the Bonhomme-Richard Commodore Paul Jones during her Cruises from 14th. March 1779 to March 1780, we were Shewn in the Registers that said Prize Money amounting to L293\u20b6 4s. had been deliver\u2019d into the hands of Commodore Jones along with the rest of the Prize Money due to said Ship\u2019s Crew which Money (as we are told) must have been deposited into your hands by said Commodore Jones, to be pay\u2019d to whom it is due. Now, Sir, in virtue of a power of Attorney from said John White we beg leave to claim the 293\u20b6 4s. due to him as pr. the Register of the Navy. This Man is now in want and you will realy do both an act of justice and Charity to let him have his Money as Soon as possible.\nWe hope to be Shortly honor\u2019d with your answer. Mean while we remain respectfully, Your Most humble Servt., Sir,\nWilt Delmestre & Co.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0373", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Richard Cary, 4 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cary, Richard\nDear Sir\nParis May 4. 1786.\nKnowing your fondness for Botany, and meeting with a new edition of Linnaeus\u2019s systema vegetabilium in English with many additions furnished the editors by young Linnaeus which have never yet been in print, I procured one for you, and now avail myself of the return of Monsr. de la Croix to Williamsburg to convey it to you and ask your acceptance of it. I saw in the hands of Mr. Mazzei a list of flower roots and seeds which you had desired him to send you. I have taken a copy of it, and will endeavor to find an opportunity of sending them when the season shall be proper, which you know will not be till the fall. Should you hereafter have any other wishes in this line you cannot oblige me more than by communicating them to me, and I will do my best to execute them. The only difficulty will be an opportunity by a careful hand in the proper season. But this chance may be in our favor as well as it may be against us. Every thing in Europe being still I shall only add assurances of the esteem", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0375", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Paradise, 4 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Paradise, John\nDear Sir\nParis May 4. 1786.\nI arrived at Dover a little before midnight of the day I parted with you at Greenwich, and was detained there a day and a half by bad weather and unfavourable winds. However I had at length an excellent passage of three hours only, and was able to get to  Paris on the 5th. day of my departure from London. I find nothing here very remarkeable. The Cardinal de Rouen is still the great topic. He continues in the Bastille as does Cagliostro, nor do I hear of any probability of their getting out soon. It is thought here that the King of Prussia is in a situation in point of health which must end soon and fatally. I reflect with great sensibility on the multiplied civilities and kindnesses I received from yourself, Mrs. and Miss Paradise, and beg of them and yourself to accept my very sincere thanks, with assurances of my high esteem. I shall hope to be honoured sometimes with your letters, and particularly when you shall have fixed the date of your departure for Virginia. In return I shall take the liberty of sometimes troubling you with the occurrences of this place. I am with the highest esteem Dr. Sir Your most obedient humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0377", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Carmichael, 5 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carmichael, William\nDear Sir\nParis May 5. 1786.\nA visit of two months to England has been the cause of your not hearing from me during that period. Your letters of Feb. 3. to Mr. Adams and myself, and Feb. 4. to me had come to hand before my departure. While I was in London Mr. Adams received the letters giving information of Mr. Lamb\u2019s arrival at Algiers. At London we had conferences with a Tripoline ambassador now at that court, named Abdrahaman. He asked us thirty thousand guineas for a peace with his court, and as much for Tunis for which he said he could answer. What we were authorized to offer being to this but as a drop to a bucket, our conferences were repeated only for the purpose of obtaining information. If the demands of Algiers and Marocco should be proportioned to this, according to their superior power, it is easy to foresee that the U.S. will not buy a peace with money. What principally led me to England was information that the Chevalr. del Pinto, Portuguese minister at that court, had received full powers to treat with us. I accordingly went there and in the course of six weeks we arranged a commercial treaty between our two countries. His powers were only to negotiate, not to sign. And as I could not wait, Mr. Adams and myself signed, and the Chevalr. del Pinto expected daily the arrival of powers to do the same. The footing on which each had placed the other is that of the most favoured nation. We wished much to have had some privileges in their American possessions; but this was not to be  effected. The right to import flour into Portugal, tho\u2019 not conceded by the treaty, we are not without hopes of obtaining. My journey furnished us occasion to renew our overtures to the court of London; and especially as our powers to that court were to expire on the 12th. of this month. These overtures were not attended to, and our commission expiring, we made our final report to Congress, and I suppose this the last offer of friendship which will ever be made on our part. The treaty of peace being unexecuted on either part in important points, each will now take their own measures for obtaining execution. I think the king, ministers, and nation are more bitterly hostile to us at present than at any period of the late war. A like disposition on our part has been rising for some time. In what events these things will end we cannot foresee; our countrymen are eager in their passions, enterprising and not disposed to calculate their interest against these. Our enemies (for such they are in fact) have for 12. years past followed but one uniform rule, that of doing exactly the contrary of what reason points out. Having early during our contest observed this in the British conduct, I governed myself by it in all prognostications of their measures; and I can say with truth it never failed me but in the circumstance of their making peace with us. I have no letters from America of later date than the new year. Mr. Adams had to the beginning of February. I heard of nothing interesting there. I am in hopes our letters will give a new spi[rit] to the proposition for investing Congress with the regulation of our commerce.\nThis will be handed you by a Baron Waltersdorff, a Danish gentleman, whom, if you had not already known, I should have taken the liberty of recommending to you. I will pray you to present my respects to Baron Dreyer whom I suppose to be settled at the court of Madrid. You were so kind as to write me that you would forward me a particular map which has not come to hand. I beg you to be assured of the respect and esteem with which I have the honour to be Dear Sir your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. Colo. Humphreys, whose appointment as Secretary of legation, was only annexed to our temporary commissions for making treaties of commerce, sailed for America the last month.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0379", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Jay, 5 May 1786\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr. Sir\nOffice for foreign Affairs. 5th. May 1786\nThe last Letter I had the Honor of writing to you was dated the 19th. Day of January last, since which I have received and laid before Congress yours of the 30th. August, 6th. and 11th. October, 24th. December and 27th. January last with the several Papers enclosed with them.\nNo. 1. of the Papers herewith enclosed is an Extract from Mr. Otto\u2019s Note of the 18th. Ult: desiring that the consular Convention may be speedily ratified.\nNo. 2. is a Copy of a Report on that Subject agreed to by Congress, which will enable you to account and apologize for the Delays that have attended that Business.\nI also enclose and leave open for your Perusal a Letter to Mr. Dumas, by which you will perceive that Congress have made such a Provision for him as considering his Services and their Circumstances appeared to them to be proper. That Act of Congress was  transmitted to him by the first Opportunity after it had passed, as he makes no mention of it in any of his subsequent Letters I suspect it must have miscarried.\nThe Subjects of your several Letters are interesting and bear strong Marks of Discernment and Assiduity. I forbear entering into Particulars by this Conveyance. Until this Week Congress has not been composed of nine States for more than three or four Days since last Fall. This will account for my Silence on Parts of your Letters which required Answers and Instructions, for as their Sentiments and Decisions must direct the public Conduct of their Officers I must wait with Patience for their Orders.\nI have received from Mr. Hopkinson a Parcel for You, which agreeable to a Hint from him I shall request the Captain of the Packet to take as Merchandize. The late Newspapers shall also be sent by the Packet. I have the Honor to be &ca.,\nJohn Jay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0381", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Theophile Mandar, 5 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Mandar, Theophile\nSir\nParis May 5. 1786.\nBeing absent in England at the date of your letter I have been unable till now to inform you in answer thereto that Doctor Franklin was the last of the three commissioners appointed specially by Congress to order paiment on loan-office certificates in Europe, that it was only the interest which he was authorized to pay, and that since his departure all applications for paiment must be made at the treasury of the United States in New York. I have the honour to be with great respect Sir Your most obedient humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0382", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Malesherbes, 5 May 1786\nFrom: Malesherbes, Chr\u00e9tien Guillaume de Lamoignon de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n\u00e0 Malesherbes Le 5 may 1786.\nVous m\u2019avez fait, Monsieur, un pr\u00e9sent bien pr\u00e9cieux et dont Je ne peux vous faire assez de remercimens.\nLa Noix pacane est un des arbres d\u2019amerique qu\u2019il est le plus interessant de naturaliser en Europe, parceque son fruit est excellent et d\u2019un go\u00fbt tr\u00e8s diff\u00e9rent des autres noix, ainsi ne peut pas \u00eatre remplac\u00e9e par celle que nous avons.\nIl y a douze ou quinze ans que J\u2019en ai trois pieds qui ont Support\u00e9  des hivers extremement Rudes sans que l\u2019arbre ait \u00e9t\u00e9 endommag\u00e9. Il est vrai qu\u2019ils n\u2019ont pas encore fructifi\u00e9, mais il y a bien des arbres qui ne donnent point de fruit, \u00e0 moins d\u2019avoir au moins trente ans depuis qu\u2019ils ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sem\u00e9s. Il y en a aussi quelquesuns qui, lorsqu\u2019ils ne sont pas dans leur climat naturel, y V\u00e9getent tr\u00e8s bien, mais y donnent rarement des fruits murs.\nLe Tulipier est peut-\u00eatre de ce nombre. Si le Noyer pacanier en est aussi, il faudra le planter dans les provinces m\u00e9ridionales; et comme les noix sont un fruit sec qu\u2019on transporte tr\u00e8s bien, on mangera l\u2019hiver \u00e0 Paris, \u00e0 Londres et \u00e0 Amsterdam les noix pacanes venues des provinces m\u00e9ridionales de France ou d\u2019Italie comme on y mange les Amandes venues du m\u00eame pays. Mais il ne seroit pas si ais\u00e9 d\u2019en faire venir pour la consommation, d\u2019autant plus que le pays o\u00f9 ces arbres sont communs est le milieu du continent avec lequel on a peu de commerce. Mais pour \u00e9tablir ce noyer en Europe, il faut absolument l\u2019y semer, car Jusqu\u2019a pr\u00e9sent nous navons pu r\u00e9ussir \u00e0 le greffer sur les autres Noyers, et le Noyer n\u2019est pas un arbre qu\u2019on multiplie en couchant ses branches.\nL\u2019autre Noix que vous m\u2019avez envoy\u00e9e me paroit semblable \u00e0 quelques unes que j\u2019ai d\u00e9ja re\u00e7ues d\u2019Amerique, que J\u2019ai sem\u00e9es et qui ont lev\u00e9.\nJe ne sais si les Solanum seront assez sains pour r\u00e9ussir, Il y en avoit deux de pourris; J\u2019ai plant\u00e9 les deux autres, il paroit que c\u2019est une bien belle espece et superieure au moins par la beaut\u00e9 \u00e0 celle que nous avons eue Jusqu\u2019a present en france.\nQuant au Vaninium, Je ne l\u2019ai point vu parcequ\u2019on la plant\u00e9 dans mon Jardin de Paris. Je crains que le terrain de ce Jardin qui est fort sec, ne leur convienne pas. J\u2019ai mand\u00e9 qu\u2019on ait soin de les arroser souvent et de les abriter du soleil pendant les grandes chaleurs de L\u2019et\u00e9.\nVous connoissez, Monsieur, l\u2019inviolable attachement avec lequel J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre Votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s ob\u00e9issant Serviteur,\nMalesherbes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0383", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lucy Ludwell Paradise, 5 May 1786\nFrom: Paradise, Lucy Ludwell\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLondon Charles-St May the 5th. 1786.\nI hope before you shall have received this letter, your Excellency will be safe arrived, and found your amiable daughter in perfect health, to whom, I beg you will make all our Compliments. Your very kind letter I received on the morning of your Excellency\u2019s departure, for which, I return you a thousand thanks, as it gave me great comfort, and brought me the pleasing assurance of your Excellencys doing every thing you could for to promote mine and my familys welfare. It is not in language to express to your Excellency the feelings, I had upon the occasion, to see myself supported by the First Character in Our State, and I shall add, the First in the Continent of North America. The Ware, and the very Ill state of Mr. Paradises health, have brought very great afflictions upon me, as your Excellency well knows. But I trust with your kind, and friendly assistance, to be brought to that State of tranquility I once injoyed. The assistance, I ask of your Excellency, is to take the trouble to write to Mr. Paradise in the strongest terms to advise him to go by the very first opportunity. How happy should I be could I accompany him, but that my own reflections tell me, it would be very improper at this time, as it would have a very bad appearance in the eyes of his creditors, who would conclude immediatly that we were run-a-way. Mr. Paradise and myself who have during the whole time of the Ware keept up our credit in this Country, must not now let it sink, by any mean or bad action. He is a Man of Strict honesty, and would shudder at the thought of any action, which would at once blast his name, and that of his family\u2019s. The only thing he wants, is to take resolution to undertake the voyage, and I know of no one more capable of giving him that, then your Excellency. Ships have arrived, since your Excellencys departure, but they have not brought us one line. What the reason can be of it I cannot tell. The Steward must have independent of the Money in the Loan Office, about Two Thousand Pound, and that Money he must have had for some time. I cannot say enough in the praise of Dr. Bancroft who seems to interest himself heartily in mine and my familys welfare. When your Excellency does Mr. Paradise the honor to write to him, I shall esteem it a Mark of your regard, if your Excellency would send him letters for Virginia to those Gentlemen who have shewed themselves true friends to our Cause, during the Ware. I say the Ware, as that was the time,  to see whether they were sincere friends to their Country. We have proved ourselves such, and was the same which has already passed to come over again, we would act in the same manner. By your Excellencys sending letters accompany\u2019d with one from yourself, it would make him think and finely determine to go.\nAdieu My Dear Sir And believe me to be Your Excellencys Most Obedient humble Servant and Friend,\nLucy Paradise\nP.S. I have to beg of your Excellency, that this letter may not be known to Mr. Paradise. If your Excellency should honour me with a Letter, please to direct your letter for me, under cover to Dr. Bancroft, No. 12 Villers Street, York-Buildings.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0384", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jean Baptiste Pecquet, 5 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pecquet, Jean Baptiste\nSir\nParis May 5. 1786\nWhen I had the pleasure of seeing you in this city you were so kind as to undertake to send me some wines, of which I then gave you a memorandum. Having not heard from you on that subject, I take the liberty of reminding you of it, as I omit to supply myself from any other quarter, hoping to get them more genuine and of better quality from you. I will beg the favor of you to give me notice by post, or by such other conveyance as you may think safe, whether you will be able to supply me, and am with much respect Sir your most obedient humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0385", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thevenard, 5 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Th\u00e9venard, Antoine Jean Marie\nSir\nParis May 5. 1786.\nBeing called to England on a matter of business two months ago, I find on my return to this place the letter of Feb. 27. with which you were pleased to honour me, and also one from M. le Jeune. Be pleased to accept my thanks for your humane attention to the affair of Colo. Wibert to whom I shall immediately communicate the necessary information.\nMy call to London was so sudden that I was prevented putting the picture of General Washington into the hands of a painter to copy for you. In England I met with Mr. Trumbul a young painter of great and increasing reputation who proposes to employ himself solely in painting the events of the American war. He is the son of Governor Trumbul of Connecticut, and was led, by his natural bias for the art of painting, to come to France and England during the war to improve himself. He will come to Paris next month to take the pictures of Count Rochambeau, the M. de la Fayette and other characters of this country who bore principal parts in the war in America. From hence he will proceed to America to take the portrait of General Washington and other remarkeable American characters; and will then return to Paris to pursue his intention of painting the events of the war. From him therefore we may hope at length to get a good portrait of General Washington. I formerly had the honour of informing you that I have in my possession two portraits of the General, the one by Peele, a tolerable painting, but a bad likeness; the other by Wright, a wretched peice of painting, yet more like the General than that by Peele, but like him in his most gloomy moments. It will be about a twelve month before Mr. Trumbul will return to Paris. I thought it therefore best to delay the execution of your former commands till I could apprize you of the probability of our at length getting a good portrait of the general, and the delay which this would occasion. I fear you will think me slow in complying with your desire, but the present delay arises altogether from my wish to serve you more perfectly. If you prefer waiting a twelvemonth for a good portrait I shall charge myself with having you furnished with the first copy from that which Mr. Trumbul shall make. If you prefer receiving one immediately, I shall instantly order a copy to be made for you from that by Wright. Be so good as to write me a line signifying your wish, which it is my only desire to conform to and be assured", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0386", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Banister, 6 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Banister, John\nDear Sir\nParis May 6. 1786.\nSince my letter of June 15. 1785 the receipt of which yours of Jan. 19. 1786. acknoleges, I wrote you on the 31st. of Aug. and again the 26th. of Jan. These I hope will have come to your hands before this and quieted your mind for the health of your son. On my return from England a few days ago I found here your\u2019s of Jan. 19. and was happy enough to receive at the same time one from your son dated at Avignon Mar. 11. In this, according to his custom, he says not a word of his health; but his letter shews a healthy mind and body. He has hitherto remained at Avignon; but he writes me word he intends to go to Bourdeaux this spring. I shall immediately forward your letter to him. If Mazzei should go from hence to Italy, I should think it adviseable for him to go with him. The same allowance will admit his doing it, and answer every useful purpose.\nIn mine of Jan. 26. I inclosed you some papers relative to Messrs. Mark &c. I now send another set lest the former should have miscarried. I shall be very glad to be enabled to convey satisfactory information hereon to Messrs. Dangirard and De Vernon. I am with much esteem Dr. Sir your friend & servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0387", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Simon B\u00e9rard, 6 May 1786\nFrom: B\u00e9rard, Simon\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSaturday 6th: May 1786\nMr. Berard\u2019s Respects, waits on his Excellency Thos. Jefferson Esqr. and begs the favor of a Conference on the Subject of the Tobacco trade in which his house at L\u2019orient is deeply concerned on american account. Mr. Berard desires His Excellency will fix the day and hour most convenient to him, before wednesday next.\nMr: Berard administrateur de le Comp. des Indes r\u00fce de la Michodiere", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0388", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Drayton, 6 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Drayton, William\nSir\nParis May 6. 1786.\nYour favor of Nov. 23. came duly to hand. A call to England soon after it\u2019s receipt has prevented my acknoleging it so soon as I should have done. I am very sensible of the honour done me by the South Carolina society for promoting and improving agriculture and other rural concerns; when they were pleased to elect me to be of their body; and I beg leave through you, Sir, to convey to them my grateful thanks for this favor. They will find in me indeed but a very unprofitable servant. At present particularly my situation is unfavourable to the desire I feel of promoting their views. However I shall certainly avail myself of every occasion which shall occur of doing it. Perhaps I may render some service by forwarding to the society such new objects of culture as may be likely to succeed in the soil and climate of South Carolina. In an infant country, as ours is, these experiments are important. We are probably far from possessing as yet all the articles of culture for which nature has fitted our country. To find out these will require abundance of unsuccesful experiments. But if in a multitude of these we make one useful acquisition, it repays our trouble. Perhaps it is the peculiar duty of associated bodies to undertake these experiments. Under this sense of the views of the society, and with so little opportunity of being otherwise useful to them, I shall be attentive to procure for them the seeds of such plants as they will be so good as to point out to me, or as shall occur to myself as worthy their notice. I send at present by Mr. McQueen some seeds of a grass found very useful in the Southern parts of Europe, and particularly and almost solely cultivated in Malta. It is called by the names of Sulla, and Spanish St. foin, and is the Hedysarum coronarium of Linnaeus. It is usually sown early in  autumn. I shall receive a supply of fresher seed this fall which I will also do myself the honour of forwarding to you. I expect in the same season, from the South of France, some acorns of the Cork oak which I propose for your society, as I am persuaded they will succeed with you. I observed it to grow in England without shelter: not well indeed; but so as to give hopes that it would do well with you. I shall consider myself as always honoured by the commands of the society, whenever they shall find it convenient to make use of me, and beg you to be assured personally of the sentiments of respect & esteem with which I have the honour to be, Sir, your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0389", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to C. W. F. Dumas, 6 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dumas, Charles William Frederick\nSir\nParis May 6. 1786.\nHaving been absent in England for some time past, your favors of Feb. 27. Mar. 28. and Apr. 11. have not been acknowleged so soon as they should have been. I am obliged to you for assisting to make me known to the Rhingrave de Salm and the Marquis de la Coste, whose reputations render an acquaintance with them desireable. I have not yet seen either; but expect that honour from the Rhingrave very soon. Your letters to Mr. Jay and Mr. Van Berkel, received in my absence, will be forwarded by a gentleman who leaves this place for New York within a few days. I sent the treaty with Prussia by a gentleman who sailed from Havre the 11th. of November. The arrival of that vessel in America is not yet known here. Tho\u2019 the time is not long enough to produce despair, it is sufficiently so to give inquietudes lest they should be lost. This would be a cause of much concern to me; I beg the favour of you to mention it to the baron de Thulemeier as an apology for his not hearing from us. Late advices from America bring us nothing interesting. A principal object of my journey to London was to enter into commercial arrangements with Portugal. This has been done almost in the precise terms of those of Prussia. The English are still our enemies. They insist on our commerce on their own terms, and confide in retaining it with a security which amounts to insult. The spirit existing there, and rising in America, has a very lowering aspect. To what events it may give birth, I cannot  foresee. We are young, and can survive them; but their rotten machine must crush under the trial. The animosities of sovereigns are temporary and may be allayed; but those which seize the whole body of a people, and of a people too who dictate their own measures, produce calamities of long duration. I shall not wonder to see the scenes of antient Rome and Carthage renewed in our day; and if not pursued to the same issue, it may be because the republic of modern powers will not permit the extinction of any one of it\u2019s members. Peace and friendship with all mankind is our wisest policy; and I wish we may be permitted to pursue them. But the temper and the folly of our enemies may not leave this in our choice. I am happy in our prospect of friendship with the most estimable powers of Europe, and particularly with those of the confederacy of which yours is. That your present crisis may have a happy issue is the prayer and wish of him who has the honour to be with great respect & esteem, Sir, your most obedient humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson\nMay. 10. P.S. Just in the moment of my sending off my dispatches for Congress your favors of Apr. 27. and May 6. are put into my hands. When I went to London I expected to have returned within 3. weeks. I therefore left no instructions for any person to open my letters. This has occasioned the delay of your first to Mr. Jay. As to those subsequent, there has been no safe opportunity till the present. I congratulate you sincerely on the justice done you by this court, and beg leave to renew my assurances of the esteem with which I am Sir your most obedt. humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0390", "content": "Title: C. W. F. Dumas to Humphreys and Short, 6 May 1786\nFrom: Dumas, Charles William Frederick\nTo: Humphreys, David,Short, William\nLa Haie 6e. May 1786.\nJe suppose que pendant l\u2019absence de son Excellence Mr. Jefferson mes Lettres sont toujours ouvertes par Mr. Humphrys comme Secretaire de la L\u00e9gation, et les Incluses pour N. York, apr\u00e8s avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 lues et extraites si on le juge \u00e0 propos, ferm\u00e9es et achemin\u00e9es par la voie directe de France, sans passer par le Royaume voisin, o\u00f9 je suis express\u00e9ment requis par ceux d\u2019ici de ne point faire passer leurs secrets. Je prie Mrs. Humphrys et  Short d\u2019agr\u00e9er mes complimens, et de vouloir bien me faire savoir quand son Exc. Mr. Jefferson reviendra \u00e0 Paris. V.t.h. & t.o. serviteur,\nC. W. F. Dumas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0392", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Temple Franklin, 7 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Franklin, William Temple\nDear Sir\nParis May 7. 1786.\nOn my return from a two months visit to England I found here your favour of Jan. 18. This contains the latest intelligence I have from America. Your effects not being then arrived gives me anxiety for them, as I think they went in a vessel which sailed from Havre the 11th. of November. In this vessel went also the two Mr. Fitzhughs of Virginia, with the Prussian treaty, our papers relative to the Barbary states, with the dispatches for Congress and letters which I had been writing to other persons in America for six weeks preceding their departure. I am obliged to you for the information as to Dr. Franklin\u2019s health in which I feel a great interest. I concur in opinion with you that in the present factious division of your state an angel from heaven could do no good. I have been sorry therefore from the beginning to see such time as Doctr. Franklin\u2019s wasted on so hopeless a business. You have formed a just opinion of Monroe. He is a man whose soul might be turned wrong side outwards without discovering a blemish to the world. I wish with all my heart Congress may call you into the Diplomatic line, as that seems to have attracted your own desires. It is not one in which you can do any thing more than pass the present hour agreeably, without any prospect to future provision. Perhaps the arrangements with Portugal, by adding to the number of those appointments, may give Congress an opportunity of doing justice to your own and Doctr. Franklin\u2019s services. If my wishes could aid you, you have them sincerely.\nMy late return to this place scarcely enables me to give you any of it\u2019s news. I have not yet called on Mr. LeVeillard, or seen any of your acquaintances. The marriage of the Ambassador of Sweden with Miss Necker you have heard of. Houdon is about taking a wife also. His bust of the General is arrived, and meets the approbation of those who know the original. Europe enjoys a perfect calm at present. Perhaps it may be disturbed by the death of the king of Prussia which is constantly expected. As yet we have no information from the Barbary states which may enable us to prognosticate the success of our endeavors to effect a peace in that quarter. I found the king, ministry and nation of England hostile, and averse to all arrangement with us. Not that they undervalue our commerce, but that they are secure of keeping it on their own terms. They think their commerce indispensible to us. I think that  if we are excluded from their W. Indies, we shall be better without the commerce to Great Britain than with it. The luxuries of that country are familiar to us and will always tempt us to be in debt. They think we cannot unite to retaliate upon them. I hope we can, and that we shall exclude them from carrying our produce, if not suppress their commerce altogether. They think our whole people would be glad to return to their former dependance upon them. I am told Mr. Eden sais that publicly here. At a dinner one day at a Sr. John Sinclair\u2019s in London, where the company was composed of members of the H. of commons altogether, a general Clarke (well known to Dr. Franklin) told me that if the states were all to petition parliament to be taken back again, their petition would be rejected; and I think this was the sentiment of the company. I told him they would be wise in so doing, as they would soon have to spend another hundred millions in unsuccesful attempts to retain us. The object of the present ministry is to flatter the king and nation by delusive calculations and proofs that they never before were in so prosperous a condition. The M. of Lansdowne, Dr. Price, Mr. Hartley and a very small circle about them are the only persons I met with who seemed to have avoided the delusion. But so unpopular would it be that they dare not say a word on the subject. Even the opposition, if it is their disposition, which I believe it is not, cannot introduce a connection with us as a topic of declamation. In short the madness is much more universal now than it was during the war. Present me respectfully and affectionately to Dr. Franklin, and accept assurances of the esteem with which I am Dr. Sir your friend & servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0393", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Elbridge Gerry, 7 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gerry, Elbridge\nDear Sir\nParis May 7. 1786.\nMy last to you was of the 11th. of October. Soon after that, your favor of the 12th. of Sep. came to hand. My acknolegement of this is made later than it should have been by my trip to England. Your long silence I ascribe to a more pleasing cause, that of devoting your spare time to one more capable of filling it with happiness,  and to whom as well as to yourself I wish all those precious blessings which this change of condition is calculated to give you.\nMy public letters to Mr. Jay will have apprized you of my journey to England and of it\u2019s motives; and the joint letters of Mr. Adams and myself of it\u2019s effects. With respect to Portugal it produced arrangement, with respect to England and Barbary only information. I am quite at a loss what you will do with England. To leave her in possession of our posts seems inadmissible, and yet to take them brings on a state of things for which we seem not to be in readiness. Perhaps a total suppression of her trade, or an exclusion of her vessels from the carriage of our produce may have some effect; but I believe not very great. Their passions are too deeply and too universally engaged in opposition to us. The ministry have found means to persuade the nation that they are richer than they were while we participated of their commercial privileges. We should try to turn our trade into other channels. I am in hopes this country will endeavor to give it more encouragement. But what will you do with the pyratical states? Buy a peace at their enormous price; force one; or abandon the carriage into the Mediterranean to other powers? All these measures are disagreeable. The decision rests with you. The Emperor is now pressing a treaty with us. In a Commercial view, I doubt whether it is desireable; but in a political one I beleive it is. He is now undoubtedly the second power in Europe, and on the death of the King of Prussia he becomes the first character. An alliance with him will give us respectability in Europe, which we have occasion for. Besides he will be at the head of the second grand confederacy of Europe, and may at any time serve us with the powers constituting that.\nI am pressed on so many hands to recommend Dumas to the patronage of Congress, that I cannot avoid it. Every body speaks well of him and his zeal in our cause. Any thing done for him will gratify this court, and the patriotic party in Holland, as well as some distinguished individuals. I am induced from my own feelings to recommend Colo. Humphreys to your care. He is sensible, prudent, and honest, and may be very firmly relied on in any office which requires these talents. I pray you to accept assurances of the sincere esteem and respect with which I am Dr. Sir your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0394", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to David Humphreys, 7 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Humphreys, David\nDear Sir\nParis May 7. 1786.\nMy stay in London having been considerably longer than I had expected, I did not arrive in this place till the last day of April. I found here your kind letter of the 4th. of that month acknoleging much more than they deserved, my little attentions to you. Their only merit was their being faithful testimonies of a sincere regard for you. The obligations have in fact been on my side, and I shall ever consider it as such. I sincerely wish that on your arrival in America your own preference may be gratified by an appointment on that side of the water to which your inclinations lead you. I have received the books and papers you mention and will undertake to have finished what you left undone of the medals, or at least will proceed in it, till the matter shall be put into better hands. My principal object in my journey to London was accomplished by arrangements with Portugal. They are almost exactly in the terms of those with Prussia, except that the general license to trade is restrained to those places where any foreign nation is admitted. The Tripoline offered peace for 30,000 guineas for Tripoli, and as many for Tunis. Calculating on this scale Marocco should ask 60,000, and Algiers 120,000. England declines all arrangement with us. They say their commerce is so necessary to us that we shall not deny it to ourselves for the sake of the carrying business. As the only trade they leave us is that with Great Britain immediately and this is a losing one, I hope we shall shew them we have sense and spirit enough to suppress that, or at least to exclude them from any share in the carriage of our commodities. Their spirit towards us is deeply hostile, and they seem as if they did not fear a war with us. Should such an event become necessary, we have need of only one resolution to place us on sure ground. That is to abandon that element where they are strong and we nothing and to decide the contest on terra firma where we have all to gain and can lose nothing. The death of the king of Prussia is constantly expected. Perhaps that event may bring on a general broil. I am too lately returned here to be able to give you any of the news of the place. I shall hope to hear from you soon and often, and am with sincere esteem Dear Sir Your friend & servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0396", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Louis Guillaume Otto, 7 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Otto, Louis Guillaume\nSir\nParis May 7. 1786.\nMy absence in England for some time past has prevented my acknoleging, so soon as I should have done, the receipt of your favor of January 15. In that you speak of having written me other letters, but no other has ever come to my hands. I thank you for the intelligence that contained, several articles of which never came to me thro\u2019 any other channel.\nOn this side the water every thing is quiet. But the death of the King of Prussia is daily expected, and I think it very possible this event may bring on a disturbance of the peace of Europe, as the elastic spirit of the emperor will feel itself restrained by one pressure the less. This possibility excepted, Europe never had a more pacific appearance. Among the Dutch, the republican party seems to be quite triumphant. The misunderstanding between Spain and Naples cannot produce any immediate consequences, and that between France and Portugal we are told is amicably settled. It has been said that the elector of Bavaria is in an ill state of health. His death with that of the K. of Prussia would hazard the tranquillity of Europe.\nI have not heard from the Chevalier de la Luzerne since my return. Count Adhemar is again in England. A change in the ministry here is more talked of and expected than at any time since my coming to this place. It is said the Baron de Breteuil will go out, that M. de Calonnes will be transferred to his place, and a Monsr. Maillan succeed him. But the public know too little and talk too much of these things to command our belief. The marriage of the Swedish Ambassador with the daughter of Mr. Necker, you have known long ago. The Cardinal de Rohan and Cagliostro remain where they did, in the Bastille; nor does their affair seem as yet to draw towards a conclusion. It has been a curious matter, in which the circumstances of intrigue and detail have busied all the tongues, the public liberty none.\nI have been labouring with the ministry to get the trade between  this country and the United states put on a better footing, by admitting a free importation and sale of our produce, assuring them that we should take their manufactures to whatever extent they would enable us to pay for them. The importation of our whale oil is, by the succesful endeavors of the M. de la fayette, put on a good footing for this year. Mine, for emancipating the tobacco trade, have been less succesful. I still continue to stir however this and all the other articles. I think myself happy in the prospect of a correspondence with you, and am with sincere respect and esteem Sir your most obedient humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0397", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to the Commissioners of the Treasury, 7 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Commissioners of the Treasury\nGentlemen\nParis May. 7. 1786.\nThe inclosed letter to me from the Marquis de la Rouerie, dated March 19. 1786. will apprise you of the impatience of the officers here to receive their money. They are needy and noisy creditors. The other two papers from the same gentleman are, I beleive, for the office of Mr. Nourse, at whose desire I applied for them. I will trouble you to have them handed to his office. I think it my duty again to suggest to you the directing the prizemoney due to the crews of the Alliance and Bon homme Richard to be paid into the hands of Mr. Grand, as proposed in my letter of Jan. 26. If not wanting here you can apply it to it\u2019s original purpose by drawing bills of exchange, which will be the most advantageous mode of remitting it. Or perhaps it may be more convenient to you to transfer it to the fund in Holland, where it might be better to center all our money transactions. Excuse the liberty I take in recalling this matter to your attention. I have the honour to be with sentiments of the highest respect & esteem, Gentlemen, your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0398", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Andr\u00e9 Limozin, 8 May 1786\nFrom: Limozin, Andr\u00e9\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMost Honored Sir\nHavre de Grace May 8th 1786.\nThe Letter your Excellency hath honored me with the 5th instant  is come this day to hand. I am informed that the Vessel in which Messrs. Fitzhugh imbarked them selves had got the River Delaware the 31rst January last, and was Stopt there by the Ice. Yesterday arrived a Ship from Virginia. She is an American Brig. If she returns thither I shall take the Freedom to give your Excellency Hint thereof, and shall do the Same when any opportunity for any port of America offers.\nI have the honor to be with the highest regard, Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient & very humble Servant,\nAndre Limozin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0399", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pleasants, Jr., 8 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pleasants, Thomas, Jr.\nDr. Sir\nParis May. 8. 1786.\nAt the time of the receipt of your favor of Octob. 24. the contract between the Farmers general and Mr. Morris for tobacco was concluded and in a course of execution. There was no room therefore on that account to offer the proposals which accompanied your letter. I was moreover engaged in endeavors to have the monopoly in the purchase of that article in this country suppressed. My hopes on that subject are not desperate, but neither are they flattering. I consider it as the most effectual means of procuring the full value of our produce, of diverting our demands for manufactures from Gr. Britain to this country to a certain amount, and of thus producing some equilibrium in our commerce which at present lies all in the British scale. It would cement an union with our friends and lessen the torrent of wealth which we are pouring into the laps of our enemies: for such the British are more generally and more rootedly at this time than at any moment of the war. They think themselves secure of retaining possession of our commerce on their own terms; of keeping their own carrying trade and pocketing ours also. For my part I think that the trade with Gr. Britain is a ruinous one to ourselves; and that nothing would be an inducement to tolerate it but a free commerce with their W. Indies; and that this being denied to us we should put a stop to the losing branch. The question is whether they are right in their prognostications that we have neither resolution nor union enough for this. Every thing I hear from my own country fills me with despair as to their recovery from their vassalage to Great Britain. Fashion and folly is plunging them deeper and deeper  into distress; and the legislators of the country becoming debtors also, there seems no hope of applying the only possible remedy, that of an immediate judgment and execution. We should try whether the prodigal might not be restrained from taking on credit the gewgaw held out to him in one hand, by seeing the keys of a prison in the other. Our Commerce into the Mediterranean is not yet put on a secure footing; nor have we any intelligence which may enable us to say what will be the success of our endeavors there. I very much doubt whether pecuniary sacrifices will not be required which are much greater than are expected. We shall know soon however. In the mean time the emperor of Morocco forbids our being interrupted, and the Algerines scarcely ever venture out of the straights. I do not think insurance against them, to any port on the Atlantic, is worth a quarter per cent. Be pleased to present my respects to Mrs. Pleasants and to be assured of the esteem with which I am Dear Sir your friend & servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0400", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to David Ross, 8 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ross, David\nDear Sir\nParis May 8 1786.\nI have duly received your favor of Octob. 22. and am much gratified by the communications therein made. It has given me details which do not enter into the views of my ordinary correspondents, and which are very interesting. I experience great satisfaction at seeing my country proceed to facilitate the intercommunications of it\u2019s several parts by opening rivers, canals and roads. How much more rational is this disposal of public money, than that of waging war. Before the receipt of your letter, Morris\u2019s contract for 60,000 hhds. of tobacco was concluded with the Farmers general. I have been for some time occupied in endeavouring to destroy the root of the evils which the tobacco trade encounters in this country: by making the ministers sensible that  merchants will not bring a commodity to a market where but one person is allowed to buy it; and that so long as that single purchaser is obliged to go to foreign markets for it, he must pay for it in coin and not in commodities. These truths have made their way to the minds of the ministry, insomuch as to have delayed the execution of the new lease of the farms six months. It is renewed however for three years, but so as not to render impossible a reformation of this great evil. They are sensible of the evil, but it is so interwoven with their fiscal system that they find it hazardous to disentangle. The temporary distress too of the revenue they are not prepared to meet. My hopes therefore are weak, though not quite desperate. When they become so, it will remain to look about for the best palliative this monopoly can bear. My present idea is that it will be found in a prohibition to the farmers general to purchase tobacco anywhere but in France. You will perceive by this that my object is to strengthen the connection between this country and my own in all useful points. I am of opinion that 23000 hhds. of tobacco, the annual consumption of this country, does not exceed the amount of those commodities which it is more advantageous to us to buy here than in England or elsewhere, and such a commerce would powerfully reinforce the motives for a friendship from this country towards ours. This friendship we ought to cultivate closely, considering the present dispositions of England towards us. I am lately returned from a visit to that country. It appears to me to be more hostile than during the war. This spirit of hostility has always existed in the mind of the king, but it has now extended itself thro\u2019 the whole mass of people, and the majority in the public councils. In a country where the voice of the people influences so much the measures of administration and where it coincides with the private temper of the king, there is no pronouncing on future events. It is true they have nothing to gain and much to lose by a war with us. But interest is not the strongest passion in the human breast. There are difficult points too still unsettled between us. They have not withdrawn their armies out of our country nor given satisfaction for the property they brought off. On our part we have not paid our debts, and it will take time to pay them. In conferences with some distinguished mercantile characters, I found them sensible of the impossibility of our paying these debts at once, and that an endeavor to force universal and immediate paiment would render debts desperate, which are good in themselves. I think we should not have differed in the  term necessary. We differed essentially in the article of interest. For while the principal and interest preceding and subsequent to the war seems justly due from us, that which incurred during the war does not. Interest is a compensation for the use of money. Their money in our hands was in the form of lands and negroes. Tobacco, the produce of these lands and negroes (or as I may call it, the interest for them) being almost impossible of conveyance to the markets of consumption, because taken by themselves in it\u2019s way there, sold during the war at 5/ or 6/ the hundred. This did not pay tools, taxes and other plantation charges. A man who should have attempted to remit to his creditor tobacco for either principal or interest, must have remitted it three times before one would have arrived safe; and this from the depredations of their own nation, and often of the creditor himself, for some of the merchants entered deeply into the privateering business. The individuals who did not, say they have lost this interest: the debtor replies that he has not gained it, and that it is the case where a loss having incurred, every one tries to shift it from himself. The known bias of the human mind from motives of interest, should lessen the confidence of each party in the justice of their reasoning; but it is difficult to say which of them should make the sacrifice both of reason and interest. Our conferences were intended as preparatory to some arrangement. It is incertain how far we should have been able to accomodate our opinions, but the absolute aversion of the government to enter into any arrangement prevented the object from being pursued. Each country is left to do justice to itself and to the other according to it\u2019s own ideas, as to what is past, and to scramble for the future as well as they can; to regulate their commerce by duties and prohibitions, and perhaps by canons and mortars; in which event we must abandon the ocean where we are weak, leaving to neutral nations the carriage of our commodities; and measure with them on land where they alone can lose. Farewell then all our useful improvements of canals, roads, reformations of laws and other rational emploiments. I really doubt whether there is temper enough on either side to prevent this issue of our present hatreds. Europe is at this moment without the appearance of a cloud. The death of the k. of Prussia, daily expected, may raise one.\u2014My paper advertizes me that after asking a continuance of your favors, it is time for me to conclude with assurances of the esteem with which I am Dr. Sir your friend & servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0402", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Banister, Jr., 9 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Banister, John, Jr.\nDear Sir\nParis May 9. 1786.\nMy absence in England for two months past has prevented my sooner answering your favour of the 11th. of March, which I found on my return here. At the same time I had the pleasure of receiving a letter from your father informing me of his health and covering one for you which I now inclose. It would be very pleasing to me to hear oftener from you, and more particularly as to your health, not only because it is interesting to myself, but because it would enable me to communicate it to your father to whom I have frequent opportunities of writing. I thank you for the meterological observations communicated. They will enable me to compare with the climate of Avignon, those of Paris and Virginia. With respect to American news, I have little. Some of the following articles may perhaps not yet be known to you. Governor Harrison is appointed  Speaker of the Delegates. Mr. Henry governor of the State. R. H. Lee, Monroe, E. Carrington, Colo. Lee of the horse and Grayson delegates to Congress. Hardy dead. B. Harrison married to Miss Mercer. Kentucky made independent by our state. The Revisal of the laws taken up by the assembly and some progress made in passing the bills. The clearing the falls of Potowmac and James river actually begun. These are all the particulars I recollect. I imagine your father\u2019s letter will supply their defects. Accept assurances of the esteem with which I am Dr. Sir your friend & servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0405", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Francis Hopkinson, 9 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hopkinson, Francis\nDear Sir\nParis May 9. 1786.\nThe only letter of yours the receipt whereof I have not yet acknoleged is the 31st. of Dec. Mine are of Sep. 25. Jan. 3. and Jan. 27 [i.e., 26]. With that of Jan. 27. I had sent the crayons &c. formerly desired. With the present I will send 2. doz. camelshair pencils, and a doz. black lead pencils which are desired in yours of Dec. 31. I at the same time sent the 14th. 15th. and 16th. livraisons of the Encyclopedie for yourself and Dr. Franklin. I now have for you both the 17th. and 18th. livraisons, but the opportunity is not favourable for sending them; and indeed I doubt whether you might not prefer receiving them once or twice a year, which would lessen the expences of package, postage, &c. Your pleasure on this head shall be my law.\nI am just returned from a trip to England. I was in the shop of Mr. Broadwood the maker of your Harpsichord, and conversed with him about your newest jack. He shewed me instruments in his shop with precisely the same substitute for the quill, but I omitted to examine whether it had the same kind of spring on the back. He told me they had been made some time before your model came over; and I now recollect that when I advertized your improvement of the quill here a workman sent me a jack with buff leather as a substitute for the quill. Walker\u2019s celestini stop is indeed a divine thing. A band of a single silk thread is made to pass over a pulley on the right and another on the left, so that one string of the band is almost in contact with the strings of the harpsichord. It is kept in motion by a treadle as in a flax wheel. A set of hammers is placed just above the band, and one end of each hammer being thrust up by it\u2019s corresponding jack, the other is pressed down on the band, between the two unison strings of that note, so as to make it strike them and no others. The band being always in motion, it is as if you drew a fiddle bow over those strings, and produces a tone as different from the ordinary one of the harpsichord, as is that of a violin. To prevent the pressure of the hammer from impeding the motion of the band, a friction wheel is placed transversely in the end of every hammer, precisely in the point of contact. The whole can be shifted out of the way by a touch of the foot, and leaves the harpsichord in it\u2019s usual state. It suits slow movements, and as an accompaniment to the voice, can be fixed in any harpsichord and, being under a patent, costs 8.  guineas. I wait till I hear more particularly from you as to your last improvement before I order a harpsichord for my daughter. She is well, thinks much and gratefully of your mother, to whom as well as to your lady, she joins me in presenting respects. Accept yourself assurances of the esteem with which I am Dear Sir your sincere friend & servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0406", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Francis Lewis, 9 May 1786\nFrom: Lewis, Francis\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr. Sir\nNew York May. 9th. 1786.\nI was yesterday honored with your favor of the 9th. Febry., and have this day upon inquiry found, that the best Madeira Wine in this City for Sale is Eight years Old, of which I shall pick the best out of forty Pipes.\nIt happens unfortunate that your letter was so long comming to my hands, as the French Packet sails tomorrow morning. It will not be possible to get the Pipe trimed, and Cased in time for this Packet, must therefore defer shipping it \u2018till the arrival of the next, and to which I would give the preference unless a better opportunity in the interim offers.\nIt will at all times give me great pleasure to render you Sir or your friends any services in my power, and believe me to be with Sentiments of Respect, Sir, Your most Obedient Humble Servant,\nFrans. Lewis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0407", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Le Veillard, with Enclosures, 9 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Le Veillard, Louis\nTuesday May 9.\nMr. Jefferson presents his compliments to Monsr. Le Vieillard and will be happy to hear that himself, Madame et Mademoiselle le Vieillard are well. He is but just returned from England, and will avail himself of the first leisure moment to pay his respects to Monsr. le Vieillard in person. In the mean time he returns with many thanks the papers relative to Dr. Franklin which he was so kind as to lend him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0411", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John McQueen, 9 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: McQueen, John\nTuesday May. 9.\nMr. Jefferson begs the favor of Mr. Mc.Queen to take charge of the letter and packet herewith sent for Mr. Drayton as president of a society of Agriculture. He will be very happy to see Mr. Mc.Queen tomorrow if he can make it convenient to come and take a family dinner with him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0412", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Jay, 10 May 1786\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr. Sir\nNew York 10th. May 1786\nThis will be delivered to you by the Revd. Doctr. Samuel Wales, Professor in Yale College in Connecticut, who for the Recovery of his Health is advised by his Physicians to make a Voyage to Europe. This Gentleman is recommended to me in such strong and advantageous Terms, that I cannot forbear taking the Liberty of introducing him to you, and requesting the Favor of you to shew him those friendly Offices and Attentions which Circumstances and the Objects of his Voyage may point out.\nWith great Esteem and Regard I have the Honor to be &c.,\nJohn Jay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0414", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Louis Guillaume Otto, 10 May 1786\nFrom: Otto, Louis Guillaume\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nA New-York le 10. ma\u00ef 1786.\nJe suis pein\u00e9 de voir que par le refus de l\u2019Etat de New-York d\u2019accorder au Congr\u00e8s le droit de 5. pour cent de la maniere dont il l\u2019avoit demand\u00e9, la Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration se trouve encore une fois frustr\u00e9e des avantages qu\u2019elle auroit pu retirer de ce revenu. Je ne d\u00e9sesp\u00e8re pas cependant que le v\u0153u g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de tous les Etats ne fasse changer de Syst\u00e9me \u00e0 l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e prochaine, et je ne puis regarder ces d\u00e9lais que comme une suite des inconveniens, qui accompagnent toujours un Syst\u00e9me nouveau dans un Gouvernement populaire.\nVotre Excellence apprendra sans doute avec satisfaction que le Congr\u00e8s se trouve enfin represent\u00e9 par onze Etats, et qu\u2019on esp\u00e9re d\u2019en reunir treize incessament; c\u2019est ce qui n\u2019a pas eu lieu depuis tr\u00e8s longtems, et tous les patriotes se f\u00e9licitent de voir le corps souverain en \u00e9tat de prendre en consid\u00e9ration des objets, que le nombre incomplet des D\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s n\u2019avoit point permis jusqu\u2019ici de d\u00e9battre. Il ne manque plus que le Rhodeisland et le Newhampshire.\nLa mauvaise sant\u00e9 de Mr. Hancock, Monsieur, la toujours retenu \u00e0 Boston; Mr. Ramsay a rempli la chaire pendant son absence, mais ce D\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 \u00e9tant sur le point de partir, on va nommer une autre personne pour le remplacer. Il s\u2019agit \u00e9galement d\u2019\u00e9lire un Ministre pour la Hollande, mais on ne sait pas encore sur qui le choix du Congr\u00e8s pourra tomber.\nOn esp\u00e9re par Vos soins, Monsieur, d\u2019obtenir bientot un trait\u00e9 avantageux avec les Puissances Barbaresques. Les Sauvages commen\u00e7ent \u00e0 se rapprocher des Etats Unis; Vous trouver\u00e9s dans les Gazettes plusieurs Trait\u00e9s conclus avec les Wyandots, les Shawanois, les Sennecas, les Cherokees &c. Le Cape. Obail, que le Congr\u00e8s a honnor\u00e9 d\u2019une audience, donne les assurances les plus amicales et les plus satisfaisantes, mais je pense toujours qu\u2019il ne faut pas trop se fier \u00e0 ces d\u00e9monstrations, et que le meilleur moyen de s\u2019assurer des Indiens, est de mettre sur pied une force capable de les tenir en respect.\nMalgr\u00e9 l\u2019activit\u00e9 et l\u2019industrie de Vos compatriotes, Monsieur, le commerce n\u2019est pas encore aussi florissant qu\u2019il pourroit l\u2019\u00e8tre. Le credit a consid\u00e9rablement souffert par la secousse que lui ont donn\u00e9e plusieurs loix pr\u00e9judiciables aux Cr\u00e9anciers \u00e9trangers: telle est entre autres celle, qui en Caroline et \u00e0 Rhodeisland autorise le d\u00e9biteur \u00e0 c\u00e9der \u00e0 son cr\u00e9ancier une terre quelconque, suivant  l\u2019\u00e9valuation de ses voisins. Le nouveau papier monnoye, \u00e9tabli dans plusieurs Etats, contribue \u00e9galement \u00e0 d\u00e9courager le Commerce. New-York vient d\u2019en faire une \u00e9mission de deux cens mille pounds, malgr\u00e9 l\u2019opposition de la Chambre du Commerce et de plusieurs bons financiers, qui en ont fait sentir les inconveniens. Quoique le peuple soit fortement pr\u00e9venu pour le Syst\u00e9me du papier, les Legislatures du Nord l\u2019ont rejett\u00e9 jusques ici, et l\u2019on croit que leurs Etats s\u2019en trouveront fort bien.\nJe ne puis finir cette lettre sans r\u00e9iterer les v\u0153ux que je fais pour votre sant\u00e9 et pour le succ\u00e9s de Vos negociations, daign\u00e9s me donner quelquefois de Vos nouvelles, et \u00eatre persuad\u00e9 du respectueux et inviolable attachement avec lequel J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre, Monsieur, de Votre Excellence, Le tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s Obeissant Serviteur,\nOtto\nP.S. M. Lewis vient de me recommander une pipe de vin de Madere qui Vous est destin\u00e9e. Je l\u2019ai fait mettre \u00e0 bord du paquebot de M. Coetnempren et je l\u2019ai address\u00e9 \u00e0 Mrs. Berard Negt. \u00e0 L\u2019Orient qui ne manqueront pas de Vous la faire passer au plut\u00f4t possible.\nPermett\u00e9s que M. humphries trouve ici les assurances de mon attachement.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0415", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Charles Thomson, 10 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Thomson, Charles\nDear Sir\nParis May 10. 1786.\nHaving written to you on the 22nd. Ult. from London, I should not so soon have troubled you again but for a special case. A particular Botanical friend of mine at this place has written to Charlestown, to one Watson (the Bartram of that place) for a number of plants and seeds. The former will be sent next fall, the latter perhaps earlier. There being no direct conveiance between Charlestown  and this place, it became necessary to use N. York as an intermediate stage. They will come there therefore. My friend having no acquaintance there either to receive and forward them, or to pay for them on their receipt there, I have undertaken to have this done. In so doing I counted on your friendship, and ventured to desire that either Watson, or a Mr. Evely (to whom the letter went) should draw on you for their amount, address them to you, and I ventured to undertake that you would be so good as to receive and forward them to the American Consul at L\u2019Orient, by the packet; and in short that you would do whatever should be necessary at New York to ensure their being kept and forwarded in good condition. What they will amount to, we know not, or the money should have been sent. It will probably be some guineas, but your draught on me for the money shall be answered on sight, or I will send it to you in the form of money, books, or any thing else you want. I beg your pardon for this presumption. It must be found in the sincerity with which I am Dr. Sir your friend & servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0416", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, with Enclosure, 11 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nParis May 11. 1786.\nI do myself the honour of inclosing to you letters which came to hand last night from Mr. Lamb, Mr. Carmichael and Mr. Barclay. By these you will perceive that our peace is not to be purchased at Algiers but at a price far beyond our powers. What that would be indeed Mr. Lamb does not say, nor probably knows. But as he knew our ultimatum, we are to suppose from his letter that it would be a price infinitely beyond that. A reference to Congress seems hereon to be necessary. Till that can be obtained Mr. Lambe must be idle to Algiers, Carthagena or elsewhere. Would he not be better employed in going to Congress? They would be able to draw from him and Mr. Randall the information necessary to determine what they will do, and if they determine to negotiate, they can reappoint the same, or appoint a new negotiator, according to the opinion they shall form on their examination. I suggest this to you as my first thoughts; an ultimate opinion should not be formed till we see Mr. Randall, who may be shortly expected. In  the mean time, should an opportunity occur, favour me with your ideas hereon, that we may be maturing our opinions. I send copies of these three letters to Mr. Jay by the packet which sails from l\u2019Orient the 1st. day of the next month.\nOn my return to Paris the Imperial ambassador informed me he had received full powers for treating with us. I repeated to him the information that ours would expire the 12th. of this month. He said he supposed Congress would have no objections to renew them, proposed that I should write to them on the subject, and in the mean time desired our project and observed that we might be proceeding to arrange the treaty, so as that it should be ready for signature on the arrival of our powers. I gave him a copy of our project, in which, taking the Danish one for the ground work, I made the alterations noted on the within paper; being such as had occurred and met our approbation during the Prussian, Tuscan and Portuguese negotiations. I write to Congress an information of what has passed, and in the mean time shall take no other step till you favor me with your opinion whether we should proceed to prepare terms according to Count Merci\u2019s proposition.\nI inclose you a copy of the queries of which I had put an illegible one into your hands when in London.\nI beg to leave to present my most friendly respects to the ladies, and to yourself assurances of the esteem with which I have the honor to be Dear Sir your most obedient and most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0417", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Draught of a treaty of Amity and Commerce between \u2013\u2013 and the United states of America, 11 May 1786\nFrom: American Commissioners\nTo: \nEnclosure\nDraught of a treaty of Amity and Commerce between  andthe United states of America.\nThe parties being willing &c. [as in the draught proposed to Denmark, except in the following passages]\nArt. 4 [to be as follows] More especially each party shall have a right to carry any kinds of produce manufactures and merchandize of whatever place they be the growth or manufacture, in their own or any other vessels, to any parts of the dominions of the other, where it shall  be lawful for all persons freely to purchase them, and thence to take produce, manufactures and merchandize, of whatever place or growth, which all persons shall in like manner be free to sell them, paying in both cases such duties charges and fees only as are or shall be paid by the most favoured nation. Nevertheless each party reserves to itself the right, where any nation restrains the transportation of merchandize to the vessels of the country of which it is the growth or manufacture, to establish against such nation retaliating regulations; and also the right to prohibit in their respective countries the exportation or importation of any species of goods or commodities whatsoever when reasons of state shall require it. In this case the subjects or citizens of either of the contracting parties shall not import nor export the merchandize prohibited by the other. But if one of the contracting parties permits any person of their own or any other nation to import or export the same merchandize, the citizens or subjects of the other shall immediately enjoy the same liberty.\nArt. 5. Last line, after \u2018loaded\u2019 insert \u2018or unloaded.\u2019\nArt. 9. Add to the end of the clause \u2018the antient and barbarous right to wrecks of the sea shall be entirely abolished with respect to the subjects or citizens of the two contracting parties.\u2019\nArt. 13. The passage \u2018Nevertheless\u2019 &c to run as follows. \u2018Nevertheless it shall be lawful to stop such vessels, and to make them unlade such articles in the nearest port, putting them under safe keeping; or to detain them for such length of time as the captors may think necessary to prevent the inconvenience or damage that might ensue from their proceeding; paying however a reasonable compensation for the loss such arrest shall occasion to the proprietors; or it shall be allowed to use in the service of the captors the whole or any part of the military stores so detained, paying the owners the full value of the same, to be ascertained by the current price at the place of it\u2019s destination. But in the case of a vessel so stopped for articles heretofore deemed contraband, if the master will deliver out the goods supposed to be of contraband nature, he shall be admitted to do it, and the vessel shall not in that case be carried into any port, nor further detained, but shall be allowed to proceed on her voiage. Nor shall any such articles be subject to be taken or delayed in any case, if they be not in greater quantity than may be necessary for the use of the ship, or of the persons on it,\u2019 and to remove all doubt respecting the merchandize and effects which shall be subject to the arrangements in this article, it is declared that they are the following, Cannons [&c. as enumerated in the articles of the armed neutrality.]\nArt. 20. Add to the clause \u2018unless bound thereto by some treaty now existing.\u2019\nArt. 22. Strike out \u2018or shall be neutral.\u2019\nArt. 23. Between \u2018places\u2019 and \u2018whose\u2019 insert \u2018and in general all others.\u2019\nArt. 24. For \u2018necessaries\u2019 substitute \u2018comforts.\u2019\nArt. 25. Add to the clause \u2018but if any such Consuls shall exercise commerce, they shall be subject to the same laws and usages to which the private individuals of their nation are subject in the same place.\u2019", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0418", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Francis Lewis, 11 May 1786\nFrom: Lewis, Francis\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr. Sir\nNew York May. 11th. 1786.\nI had the honor of addressing you the 9th. Instant by this conveyance but the Packet being detained two days longer than the time announced for sailing furnishes me with the opportunity of executing your Commission by shipping a Pipe of Madeira Wine (Eight years old) cased, and directed for his Excellency Thomas Jefferson Esqr. Plenipo. at Paris, and by the recommendation of our friend, Mr. Otto, addressed to the care of Mr. Berard & Co. Merchts. at L\u2019Orient, to whom I have transmitted a Bill of Lading. Mr. Otto will direct Mr. Berard & Co. to forward your Wine to Paris by the same conveyance that Mr. Otto now sends a package to the Minister of France.\nI have this day drawn upon you for the cost of the Wine &c. at Ten days sight payable to the order of Mr. Benjamin S. Judah in 1020 Livres.\nIt will give me pleasure to hear that the Wine proves satisfactory, as also to execute your future Commands.\nI am with the utmost regard, Dear Sir, Your Most Obedt. Humble Servant,\nFrans. Lewis\nBought of Mrs. Ann Sharpe\n\u2007\u2007One Pipe of Old Madeira Wine cost\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Mexican dollrs.\n\u2007\u2007Casing, Carting and Shipping on board\n\u2007204 dollrs.\n204 dollars exchanged at 5 Livres Tournois\u214c dollar is 1020 Livres say\n1020 Livres\nP.S. I have also paid the Consul the freight, 55 Livres 10 Sou.\n\u2007\u2007My draft is for\nLivres", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0420", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Duer, 11 May 1786\nFrom: Duer, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[New York] 11 May 1786. Transmits enclosures which were intended for the letter of Commissioners of the Treasury of 9 May but were omitted when the letter was sent.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0422", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Banister, with a Note from Anne Blair Banister, 12 May 1786\nFrom: Banister, John,Banister, Anne Blair\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPetersburg. Virga. May. 12, 1786\nUpon the receipt of your letter a few daies ago I applied immediately to Mr. Mark for a State of those affairs to which your enquiries are directed, and he promised as soon as he could go to Richmond and settle the interest of the Gentlemens Funds in the Loan to give me a full State of what is due from the publick to them; I know there is a fund appropriated to the Payment of foreign demands with an interest of Six per Cent; which is not yet fully adequate to those Purposes, For each Creditor receives annually on this appropriation his money in proportion to the Provision annually made by the assembly for the discharge of these debts. It appears from a demand I have been applying for on Behalf of Mr. Bourgard Toutant of N. Orleans that about one third of the principal and interest will this year be paid, but as a preference, and I think an improper one, is given to a Mr. Pollocks Claim, those of the other foreign Creditors will not be collected untill the duties are paid in Octor. and the Course of the next three Months thereafter. On this Fund I know Messrs. Mark Nephew & Co. are expressly placed and I think it is a good and productive one, viz., The 2\u00bd per Cent on Imports and the Sale of confiscated lands at Gosport.\nThis for the General amount but the particular one with which I am to be furnished, together with such Statements as I shall obtain from the Several offices in Richmond, shall be sent.\nTo Mr. Mark\u2019s real Circumstances I am a total stranger, but esteem him a Sensible good Man, altho he appears to be little engaged in Commercial Matters; I hope he has done the best with the Property of his Friends abroad.\nJune 1st. Having in vain waited untill this time for Mr. Marks State of Messrs. Danguard & de Vernon\u2019s funds under his Care, I went to Richmond and obtained authentic Copies of Mark Nephew  & Cos. Loans to the Continent as well as to the State which are inclosed and will explain themselves.\nI am not able to account for Mr. Mark\u2019s Neglect in not giving me the States I requested of him, but will before this is sent away make another application.\nIf I can render any other Service to the Gentlemen in France you may command me for them whenever you please.\nYou will honor and oblige me by giving my Son such Instructions as will advance him in Science and accomplishment.\nI have allowed him to draw for Sixty Pounds a quarter which I should think would [be] sufficient, without extravagance in any Country. If you hear nothing by this Conveyance of Mr. Mark you may conclude unfavorably, and indeed the Monies lent shou\u2019d have been in Messrs. Dangerard and De Vernon\u2019s Name in Case of death or other accidents.\nI beg you will do me the favor to write by the first opportunity from London where I have just heard you have arrived. Would it not be well for Jack to pass a year at Rome if his finances are equal to his support there? I am dear Sir your Friend & Mo. Obed: Servant,\nJ. Banister\nA. Banisters Sincere Regards to her Friend Mr. Jefferson and is much obliged for his kind Remembrance of her in all his Letters to Mr. Banister. He wou\u2019d still add to the obligation by mentioning his Daughter Martha whenever he writes, as she feels an Interest in behalf of her young acquaintance.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0423", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, 12 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jay, John\nSir\nParis May 12. 1786.\nThe last letters I had the honour of addressing you from this place were of the 2d. and 27. of January. Those from London were of the 12th. of March and 23. of April.\nIn the month of February the Baron de Blome, minister plenipotentiary at this court from Denmark informed me that he was instructed by his court to take notice to the Ministers from the  U.S. appointed to negotiate a treaty of commerce with them, that the Baron de Waltersdorff, formerly commissioned by them for the same purpose, had received another destination, which called him to the West Indies, that they were sensible of the advantages which would arise to the two countries from a commercial intercourse, that their ports were accordingly placed on a very free footing, as they supposed ours to be also, that they supposed the commerce on each part might be well conducted under the actual arrangements, but that whenever any circumstances should arise which would render particular stipulations more eligible they would be ready to concur with the United states in establishing them, being desirous of continuing on the terms of the strictest harmony and friendship with them.\nIn my letter of Jan. 27. I informed you of what had passed between the Imperial Ambassador and Secretary of embassy and myself on the subject of the treaty with their sovereign. The Ambassador was in hourly expectations of receiving his full powers when I was called to London. Tho I had received Mr. Adams\u2019s opinion in favour of our proceeding in the treaty, yet it was neither his nor my opinion that this object should overweigh those which called me to London. A treaty with Portugal was more important, exclusive of what was to be done with England and the states of Barbary. On my return to Paris the Secretary of embassy called on me to inform me the Ambassador had received his full powers very soon after my departure, and was now ready to begin on our arrangements; that he was sensible however that these could not be settled before our commission would expire, but as he supposed Congress would be willing to renew it, we might proceed to confer together, leaving the effect of our conferences to rest on the event of a renewal of the commission. He asked also a draught of our propositions as a groundwork to proceed on. I met with the Ambassador a few days after. He said the same things in substance, and concluded by asking our propositions. I gave him a draught, which was a copy of what we had originally proposed to Denmark, with such alterations as had occurred and been approved in our negociations with Prussia, Tuscany, and Portugal.\nThe inclosed letters of Dec. 9. and Jan. 18. from O\u2019Bryan, of Feb. 24. Mar. 13. 20. 23. 27. 31. Apr. 5. and 10. from Mr. Barclay, of Mar. 29. from Mr. Lamb, and Feb. 3 and April 13. from Mr. Carmichael will put you in possession of my latest intelligence on the affairs of Marocco and Algiers. You will perceive  by them that Mr. Randall may be daily expected here. If the propositions to Algiers appear from his account to be as unhopeful as Mr. Lamb seems to consider them, it is not improbable that Mr. Adams and myself may think that instead of remaining at Carthagena, as Mr. Lamb proposes, it will be better for him to proceed to Congress. Without occasioning any loss of time, this will offer the two advantages of giving them all the information he may be possessed of, and of putting it in their power to appoint any negotiator they may think proper should they find negociation still eligible. However, Mr. Adams and myself shall have better grounds to decide on when we shall receive the information of Mr. Randall.\nColo. Humphreys carried you the Leyden gazette to the beginning of April. I now inclose it from that to the present date, together with the gazette of France from Feb. 3. to May 12. I have the honour to be with sentiments of the highest esteem and respect Sir, your most obedient & Most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0424", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James McHenry, 12 May 1786\nFrom: McHenry, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBaltimore 12 May 1786\nMr. Bentelow who will have the honor to deliver you this letter is a native of France where he goes to forward some merchantile concerns. He has served with honor in our army as Captain, and is a respectable citizen of this place. It being natural for him to wish to pay his respects to the first minister of his adopted country, I have presumed to gratify so laudable a wish by presenting him to your Excellency.\nI shall not pretend to give you any Congressional news as it is five months since I left Congress, and as you must have been regularly informed of every thing material by your old colleague Mr. Monro, provided his charming wife has not defrauded you of  his correspondence. In this quarter there is little deserving of notice, save the exertions we are making to found a university at Annapolis, and that our people begin to be convinced that general ignorance is the greatest enemy to good laws and the duration of a republic. Hence, we are attempting also an academy in this town, one at Elk ridge landing, and encouraging the lesser school establishment throughout the State.\nI inclose you a few copies of our latest news papers, a weak pamphlet in favor of religious slavery, and some interesting debates in the Pennsylvania assembly, and am with the most perfect respect your Excellency\u2019s most obt. & hble srt.,\nJames Mc Henry", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0425", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, 12 May 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nOrange May 12. 1786\n  My last was of March 18. since which I have been favored with yours of the 8. and 9th. of Feby. Bancroft\u2019s application in favor of Paridise inclosed in the latter shall be attended to as far as the case will admit; though I see not how any relief can be obtained. If Mr. P. stands on the list of foreign creditors his agent here may possibly convert his securities into money without any very great loss, as they rest on good funds, and the principal is in a course of payment. If he stands on the domestic list as I presume he does, the interest only is provided for, and since the postponement of the taxes even that cannot be negociated without a discount of 10 per ct. at least. The principal cannot be turned into cash without sinking \u00be of its amount.\nYour notes having got into print in France will inevitably be translated back and published in that form, not only in England but in America, unless you give out the original. I think therefore you owe it not only to yourself, but to the place you occupy and the subjects you have handled, to take this precaution. To say nothing of the injury which will certainly result to the diction from a translation first into French and then back into English, the ideas themselves may possibly be so perverted as to lose their propriety. The books which you have been so good as to forward  to me are so well assorted to my wishes that no suggestions are necessary as to your future purchases. A copy of the Old edition of the Encyclopedie is desireable for the reasons you mention, but as I should gratify my desire in this particular at the expence of something else which I can less dispense with, I must content myself with the new Edition for the present. The watch I bought in Philada. though a pretty good one, is probably so far inferior to those of which you have a sample, that I cannot refuse your kind offer to procure me one of the same sort; and I am fancying to myself so many little gratifications from the pedometer that I cannot forego that addition. The Inscription for the Statue is liable to Houdons criticism, and is in every respect inferior to the substitute which you have copied into your letter. I am apprehensive notwithstanding that no change can be effected. The Assembly will want some proper ground for resuming the matter. The devices for the other sides of the pedestal are well chosen, and might I should suppose be applied without scruple as decorations of the artist. I counted myself on the addition of proper ornaments, and am persuaded that such a liberty could give offence no where. The execution of your hints with regard to the Marquis and Rochambeau would be no less pleasing to me than to you. I think with you also that the setting up the busts of our own worthies would not be doing more honor to them than to ourselves. I foresee however the difficulty of overcoming the popular objection against every measure which involves expence, particularly where the importance of the measure will be felt by a few only; and an unsuccessful attempt, would be worse than no attempt. I have heard nothing as to the Capitol. I mentioned to you in my last that I had written to the attorney on the subject. I shall have an opportunity shortly of touching on it again to him.\nA great many changes have taken place in the late elections. The principal acquisitions are Col. G. Mason who I am told was pressed into the service at the instigation of Genl. Washington, Genl. Nelson, Mann Page. In Albemarle both the old ones declined the task. Their successors are George and Jno. Nicholas. Col. Carter was again an unsuccessful candidate. I have not heard how Mr. Harrison has shaped his course. It was expected that he would stand in a very awkward relation both to Charles City and to Surry, and would probably succeed in neither. Munroe lost his election in King George by 6 votes. Mercer did his by the same number in Stafford. Neither of them were present, or they would  no doubt have both been elected. Col. Bland is also to be among us. Among the many good things which may be expected from Col. Mason we may reckon perhaps an effort to review our Constitution. The loss of the port bill will certainly be one condition on which we are to receive his valuable assistance. I am not without fears also concerning his federal ideas. The last time I saw him he seemed to have come about a good deal towards the policy of giving Congress the management of Trade. But he has been led so far out of the right way, that a thorough return can scarcely be hoped for. On all the other great points, the Revised Code, the Assize bill, taxation, paper money &c. his abilities will be inestimable. Most if not all the States except Maryld. have appointed deputies for the proposed Convention at Annapolis. The refusal of Maryland to appoint proceeded as I am informed by Mr. Danl. Carrol, from a mistaken notion, that the measure would derogate from the authority of Congress, and interfere with the Revenue system of April 1783, which they have lately recommended anew to the States. There is certainly no such interference, and instead of lessening the authority of Congress, the object of the Convention is to extend it over commerce. I have no doubt that on a reconsideration of the matter it will be viewed in a different light. The internal situation of this State is growing worse and worse. Our specie has vanished. The people are again plunged in debt to the Merchants, and those circumstances added to the fall of Tobacco in Europe and a probable combination among its chief purchasers here have reduced that article to 20/. The price of Corn is in many parts of the Countrey at 20/. and upwards per barrel. In this part it is not more than 15/. but Spring has been a cool and laterly a dry one. Of course it is a backward one. The first day of April was the most remarkable ever experienced in this climate. It snowed and hailed the whole day in a storm from N.E., and the Thermometer stood at 4 oC.P.M. at 26\u00b0. If the snow had fallen in the usual way it would have been 8 or 10 inches deep at least, but consisting of small hard globules mixed with small hail, and lying on the ground so compact and firm as to bear a man, it was less than half of that depth. We hear from Kentucky that the inhabitants are still at variance with their savage neighbours. In a late skirmish several were lost on both sides. On that of the whites Col. W. Christian is mentioned. It is said the scheme of independence is growing unpopular since the Act of our Assembly has brought the question fully before them. Your Nephew, D.  Carr, has been some time at the Academy in Prince Edward. The President Mr. Smith speaks favorably of him. With the sincerest affection I remain Dr. Sir your friend & servant,\nJs. Madison Jr.\nP.S. I have taken measures for procuring the Paccan Nuts and the seed of the Sugar Tree. Are there no other things here which would be acceptable on a like account? You will withold from me a real pleasure if you do not favor me with your commands freely. Perhaps some of our animal curiosities would enable you to gratify particular characters of merit. I can without difficulty get the skins of all our common and of some of our rarer quadrupeds, and can have them stuffed if desired. It is possible also that I may be able to send some of them alive. I lately had on hand a female opossum with 7 young ones, which I intended to have reared for the purpose partly of experiments myself and partly of being able to forward some of them to you, in case of an opportunity and your desiring it. Unfortunately they have all died. But I find they can be got at any time almost in the Spring of the year, and if the season be too far advanced now, they may certainly be had earlier in the next Spring. I observe that in your Notes you number the fallow and Roe-deer among the native quadrupeds of America. As Buffon had admitted the fact, it was, whether true or erroneous, a good argument no doubt against him. But I am persuaded they are not natives of the New Continent. Buffon mentions the Chevreuil in particular as abounding in Louisiana. I have enquired of several credible persons who have traversed the Western woods extensively and quite down to New Orleans, all of whom affirm that no other than our common deer are any where seen. Nor can I find any written evidence to the contrary that deserves notice. You have I believe justly considered our Monax as the Marmotte of Europe. I have lately had an opportunity of examining a female one with some attention. Its weight after it had lost a good deal of blood was 5\u00bd lbs. Its dimensions, shape, teeth, and structure within as far as I could judge corresponded in substance with the description given by D\u2019Aubenton. In sundry minute circumstances a precise correspondence was also observable. The principal variations were 1. in the face which was shorter in the Monax than in the proportions of the Marmotte, and was less arched about the root of the nose. 2. In the feet, each of the forefeet having a fifth nail about \u2153 of an inch long growing out of the inward side of the heel, without  any visible toe. From this particular it would seem to be the Marmotte of Poland, called the Bobac, rather than the Alpine Marmotte. 3. In the teats, which were 8 only. The Marmotte in Buffon had 10. 4. In several circumstances of its robe, particularly of that of the belly, which consisted of a short coarse thin hair, whereas this part of Buffon\u2019s Marmotte was covered with a thicker fur than the back &c. A very material circumstance in the comparison remains yet to be ascertained. The European Marmotte is in the class of those which are dormant during the winter. No person here of whom I have enquired can decide whether this be a quality of the Monax. I infer that it is of the dormant class not only from its similitude to the Marmotte in other respects, but from the sensible coldness of the Monax I examined compared with the human body, altho\u2019 the vital heat of quadrupeds is said in general to be greater than that of man. This inferiority of heat being a characteristic of animals which become torpid from cold, I should consider it as deciding the quality of the Monax in this respect, were it not that the subject of my examination, tho\u2019 it remained alive several days in my hands, was so crippled and apparently dying the whole time that its actual heat could not fairly be taken for the degree of its natural heat. If it had recovered I intended to have made a trial with the Thermometer. I now propose to have if I can one of their habitations discovered during the summer, and to open it during some cold day next winter. This will fix the matter. There is another circumstance which belongs to a full comparison of the two animals. The Marmotte of Europe is said to be an inhabitant of the upper region of mountains only. Whether our Monax be confined to mountainous situations or not I have not yet learnt. If it is not found as a permanent inhabitant of the level country, it certainly descends occasionally into the plains which are in the neighbourhood of mountains. I also compared a few days ago one of our moles (male) with the male one described in Buffon. It weighed 2 oz. 11 penwt. Its length from the end of its snout to the root of its tail was 5 inch. 3 lines English measure. That described in Buffon was not weighed I believe. Its length was 5 inch. french measure. The external and internal correspondence seemed to be too exact for distinct species. There was a difference nevertheless in two circumstances, one of which is not unworthy of notice, and the other of material consequence in the comparison. The first difference was in the tail, that of the mole here being 10\u00bd English lines only in length, and naked,  whereas that of Buffon\u2019s mole was 14 French lines in length and covered with hair. If the hair was included in the latter measure, the difference in the length, ought scarcely to be noted. The second difference lay in the teeth. The mole in Buffon had 44. That which I examined had but 33. One of those on the left side of the upper Jaw, and next to the principal Cutters, was so small as to be scarcely visible to the natural eye, and had no visible corresponding tooth on the opposite side. Supposing this defect of a corresponding tooth to be accidental, a difference of 10 teeth still remains. If these circumstances should not be thought to invalidate the identity of species, the mole will stand as an exception to the Theory which supposes no animal to be common to the two Continents, which cannot bear the cold of the region where they join, since according to Buffon this species of mole is not found \u201cdans les climats froids, ou la terre est gel\u00e9e pendant la plus grande partie de l\u2019ann\u00e8e,\u201d and it cannot be suspected of such a Journey during a short summer as would head the sea which separates the two Continents. I suspect that several of our quadrupeds which are not peculiar to the new Continent will be found to be exceptions to this Theory, if the mole should not. The Marmotte itself, is not an Animal taken notice of very far to the North and as it travels slowly, and is deprived of its locomotive powers altogether by cold, cannot be supposed to have travelled the road which leads from the old to the new world. It is perhaps questionable whether any of the dormant animals if any such be really common to Europe and America can have emigrated from one to the other. I have thought that the cuts of the Quadrupeds in Buffon, if arranged in frames, would make both an agreeable and instructive piece of wall furniture. What would be about the cost of them in such a form? I suppose they are not to be had, coloured to the life, and would besides be too costly. What is the price of Buffon\u2019s birds coloured?\nYour letter of the 28. October has never come to hand.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0426", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to St. Victour & Bettinger, 12 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: St. Victour & Bettinger\nGentlemen\nParis May 12. 1786.\nOn my return from London, which was but a few days ago I found here your letter of April 8. I communicated it to the Marquis de la fayette to whom, equally with myself, an attention to the purchase of arms has been recommended by the state of Virginia. Before we can order the reciept of the arms at Bourdeaux, we are of opinion they should previously go thro\u2019 all the examinations and proofs usually practised with the king\u2019s arms. As the Marquis is best acquainted with the detail of these, I have asked and obtained his leave to refer you to him on this subject. You will therefore be so good as to confer with him thereon. I have an opportunity of writing to the Governor of Virginia tomorrow, and should be well pleased to be able to inform him what number of arms you have now ready to deliver, and what other numbers you expect to deliver, with the epochs of delivery. If you could give me this information by the return of the bearer or at any time to-day it would much oblige Gentlemen your most obedt. humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0427", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from De La Serre, 13 May 1786\nFrom: Laserre, Barbier de, Chevalier\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMay it please to your Excelency\nLille in flanders may the 13th 1786\nNot knowing wher to direct my letters to My friend Col. Franck since his Departure for italy I took this liberty about three weeks ago to direct one for him at the hotel Louis Seize and in Case he should Be absent, to be left at your Excelency\u2019s. If that letter is Come into your heand I Beg you\u2019ll open it. You\u2019ll find inClosed in it a letter for you, wrote By your old acquaintance Mr. King from hampton, wich I Desir your Excelency Will write as soon as possible hoping you will do what he desir of you in my faivor.\nI Beg also your Excelency to honor me with your Commissions for america. If you have any letters to send other [either] to Col: King, Col: Banister or others I shall Be very happy to Cary them and to do anythingh that may Be agreable to you, I spect to seal nex month for maryland wher I am mareid this too years to the daughter of your old freind Dl. Dulany.\nPlease to Excuse the Bead English of a foreigner to that Language; and the liberty I take to Beg you will informe me wher I Can direct my letters to Colonel franck, and to direct me yours at my father\u2019s at lille in flanders.\nI am with great respect, Your Excelency\u2019s Most Obedient Servant,\nBarbier Chevr. Delaserre ancient off au regt de Saintonge", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0428", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from St. Victour & Bettinger, 13 May 1786\nFrom: St. Victour & Bettinger\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nrue de menars no. 9. paris ce 13. may 1786.\nNe s\u00e7achant pas lire l\u2019anglois, je ne pouvois sans le secours d\u2019un tiers repondre a la lettre que vous m\u2019av\u00e9s fait l\u2019honneur de m\u2019ecrire hier: un seul eclaircissement remplira cet objet, c\u2019est que l\u2019arme finie a pass\u00e9 par toutes les epreuves et pr\u00e9cautions exig\u00e9es par le reglement pour les armes du roy tant pour la solidit\u00e9 que pour les proportions des differentes pieces qui la composent; dans cet etat les pr\u00e9pos\u00e9s du roy les voient emballer, et s\u2019assurent par cette derniere precaution de l\u2019exactitude du certificat qu\u2019ils delivrent, et dont j\u2019ay eu l\u2019honneur de vous marquer que chaque envoi de fusils seroit accompagn\u00e9.\nD\u2019apr\u00e8s cet eclaircissement dont je vais avoir l\u2019honneur de faire part a monsieur le marquis de la fayette, il vous paroitra peutetre interessant de profiter de deux batimens de la virginie que Mr. Richard m\u2019a dit hier etre en chargement a bordeaux pour faire un premier envoi; en ce cas, vous voudr\u00e9s bien me mander le plutot possible, afin que je puisse profiter du premier ordinaire, le nom du correspondant a bordeaux auquel les caisses de fusils peuvent etre address\u00e9es avec le certificat de l\u2019officier en residence qui doit les accompagner, et vous voudr\u00e9s bien apr\u00e8s avoir relu ma lettre du 8. avril me mander aussi si les precautions qu\u2019elle presente pour cette expedition vous satisfont.\nJe suis avec respect Monsieur votre tres humble et tres obeissant serviteur,\nSt. Victour", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0429", "content": "Title: P. R. Randall to the American Commissioners, with Enclosures, 14 May 1786\nFrom: Randall (Randolph), Paul R.\nTo: American Commissioners\nYour Excellencies\nMadrid, May 14th. 1786.\nSince my Arrival here from Carthagena I have been in constant Expectation of a secure Opportunity for forwarding the enclosed, being nearly the Copy of a Letter I wrote to my Father shortly after my landing in Spain. It contains all the Observations I have been enabled to make by Reason of the Obstacles which (in my Situation at Algiers) prevented particular Enquiry. Indeed I had not the most distant Idea of remaining for so short a Time; otherwise perhaps I might have afforded greater Satisfaction in this Respect.\nI have not received any Letters from Mr. Lamb since his Arrival at Alicant but have lately heard that he is released from Quarantine. He may therefore be expected here every day, as he had informed Mr. Carmichael of his Intention of coming up immediately.\nI shall be governed by his Orders and endeavor still to evince that Nothing on my part has been, or shall be wanting to fulfill my Duty, although I must hope that Circumstances will be considered if my Services have not been equal to the Expectation formed of them.\nHaste, and the little Opportunity I have had to prepare my Observations, as well as the Manner of writing in a Crowd, I trust will plead my Apology, for delivering them in their present state, especially as my Father might have communicated in New York the Intelligence they contain. I have therefore conceived that Alterations might be improper, as your Excellencies will distinguish what is well founded and be enabled to judge what Opinion may be formed on them in New York.\nThe Envoys from Portugal and Naples are still at Carthagena, awaiting the Completion of the Spanish treaty.\nThis Court would undoutedly have wished Mr. Lamb to remain in like manner, if his Instructions could have justified the Delay, before their Interference could consistent with their own Interests be employed in favor of the United States. The Portuguese Envoy told me at Carthagena, that he had no Expectations of succeeding, and would rather see a Confederacy framed against the Barbary States, by those with whom they are at War. He appeared much dissatisfied at being so long delayed. It would be presumptious in  me to offer any News, Mr. Carmichael being so much better enabled to afford Information, and will write by the present Occasion.\nI am with proper Respect your Excellencies Most Obedient & humble Servant,\nP R Randall", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0430", "content": "Title: Enclosure I: P. R. Randall to his Father, 2 April 1786\nFrom: Randall (Randolph), Paul R.\nTo: Randall, \u2014\u2014\n Enclosure IP. R. Randall to his Father, 2 Apr. 1786\n House of Quarantine Alicant\nAfter a Passage of fifteen Days from Barcelona, ten of which we lay embayed at Majorca, and the remainder through two successive Storms brought us on the Coast of Barbary; we were under Necessity of entering the Harbour under full Sail, as there was too much Sea to stay without and ask Permission.\nOff the Mole we were met by the Captain of the Port who conducted us into Security until the Dey should be advised of our Arrival. He at first refused to admit us on shore, but upon the Representation of the Count D\u2019Expilly, that we were come in a Spanish Vessel and had a disagreeable Passage, also insisting upon an Article of the Spanish Treaty, that every Person coming in these Vessels should not be prevented landing, he at length withdrew his Refusal. We were conducted to the House of the Consul of France, to whom we had official Letters, where was also lodged the Count D\u2019Expilly the Spanish Ambassador (who is a Frenchman) negociating for Spain. We were received with the utmost Politeness, and entertained at the Consul\u2019s House during my Stay from the 25th. of March to the 30th.\nThey both rendered their Services from the friendly Disposition of the Count towards America and particularly to Mr. Carmichael our Charg\u00e9 des Affaires at Madrid.\nOn the 27th. they advised Mr. Lamb to request an Audience from the Dey through the French Consul but he returned this Answer.\n\u201cThat if we came on the Subject of Peace he would not see us, but if we wished to visit him and talk to him on other Matters he would be glad to see us.\u201d These are his Words from the Druggerman or Interpreter, all Business being done by these Machines who are Turks, having  generally been Prisoners and have learnt the European Languages in foreign Countries. It may readily be supposed, that he would wish to sell those unfortunate Captives and would therefore give an Opportunity for offering a Price.\nSent the next Day, but raining the Dey who values himself on his Politeness answered the Message by saying, \u201cAs it was bad Weather then, he would send for us the next Day, that it might be more agreeable to us.\u201d But to my Mortification it did not clear until my Departure from thence. A Spanish Vessel of War being in the Port awaiting the Count\u2019s Orders, and ready to sail I thought best to propose to Mr. Lamb that I should take a Passage on her as he insisted on my going to Paris with this Answer or rather Refusal of the Dey supposing (as he said) that I could carry better Information than he could write.\nI therefore concieved it more expedient to embark in this Vessel than to go to Marseilles, as I am in hopes of attending the Count\u2019s Secretary who is charged with his Despatches and may obtain a considerable Diminution of the Quarantine besides the disagreeable Passage I should have had in a wretched Jentau.\nThe Conjecture of the Dey\u2019s Denial is: that the United States have not a Peace with the Porte; besides there is an Article in the Spanish Treaty that the Dey will not treat, nor even speak with any Minister on the Subject of Peace until the Power he represents, or for whom he negociates, is in Peace or Treaty with the Ottoman Court. This Article was inserted by the Dey to prevent the Spanish Court interceding for Portugal and Naples whose King is Son to his Majesty of Spain. Whether this Reason or Intelligence is well founded it is not for me to determine, from the short Stay I made and the many Difficulties accruing in procuring Information. Certain it is that the Algerines must be at War with some Nation, it is a Government of Rapine.\nThe Ministers from Portugal and Naples are now on their Way to Algiers; a Person on the Spot from the Manner these Gentlemen proceed might discover this interesting particular, but as I am sent out of the Way, my Knowlege ends here, however I will make as many Observations for your Information as I can at present conveniently, not having had it in my Power to take Notes.\nIt is generally supposed by the Politicians at Algiers that the Portuguese will not succeed in their Application, but if they should, that the Dey will break with some other Nation and the Danes are looked upon as the next Object, under Pretext that they sell their Mediterranean Passes to the Merchants of Lubeck otherwise the Venitians must experience the Fury of these Barbarians, not having it in their Power to make as ample Presents as their Rivals for Dey\u2019s Favor.\nThe Manner of declaring War is simply by sending Home the Consul, saying they have no further Need of his remaining at Algiers.\nThe present Dey is advanced to the Age of 80, well beloved by his Subjects, and has increased the publick heap to a great Pinnacle of Riches. His Avarice is unbounded. He lays out no Wealth on his own Person, lives no better than his Officers of Government, and as Provisions are extremely cheap in this Country what he can spend is a mere trifle. He has elevated himself by his own Industry from the Degree of Shoemaker which he has carried on in Algiers even since he came from the Levant. His Life has ever been abstemious, never indulging in any Pleasure whatever.\nAs his Ships are built with Timber recieved in Presents and fitted out with naval Stores in like Manner, no Expenditures accrue therein and they are Christian Slaves who employ these Materials.\nThe Pay of the Soldiers is in three Degrees of 4\u00bd Chequins every two Moons or Months of 28 Days to the principal Troops, in which Number the Dey and his Officers receive no more than the meanest of them, three chequins to the more inferior and the remainder have only two Chequins, each Chequin is about two Spanish Dollars.\nThis is the chief outlet to the Treasury. The civil List may be supposed very inconsiderable when the Honor is the only Pay. His Revenues are little known; he has five p. Ct. on all Importations, and for exporting Wheat he demands what he pleases. It generally amounts to one third the Value.\nThe Regency is divided into three Provinces, the two more distant are ruled by Beys or Viceroys who are obliged to account to the Dey in large Contributions which they make up by extorting from the Peasantry or Moors. This is the greatest Revenue properly so called, as the Tribute he receives from foreign Nations varies so frequently.\nThe Dutch besides paying him 200,000. Dollars for their Peace, yield him a Tribute of 20,000 \u214c An. The Venitians pay as much in Gold annually. I believe it cost the Danes much more to make their Treaty. The Venitian Peace was broke within two Years and renewed shortly after with considerable Presents.\nThe English although they boast to have the best Treaty, have paid (as I have discovered from a Person who has inspected the Consul\u2019s Books) \u00a328,000 Stlg. in Presents since the Year 1759.\nEvery Consul on his Arrival pays in Presents as a Matter certainly expected to the Amount of several thousand Dollars, besides some Consuls who are under the Necessity of giving in like Manner every two Years four, five to seven thousand Dollars. I think they are the Venitian and Danish. Whenever Business is to be done, one must not apply without Presents, even to the most inferior Officers and yet they have no Control. The Dey is absolute.\nThe Salary of the English Consul is \u00a3800 Stlg. \u214c An. but the Infinity of Fees with which Offices are loaded in England reduces it to about \u00a3680. The French has about as much, but he lays up very little,  as he is very generous. The Venitian Consul has the most being \u00a3800 and not nominal with Respect to Presents. I should observe that if they displease the Dey\u2019s officers they return them and demand others instead. If a Present is offered at a certain Value, as is commonly the Case for they will ask you if you do not tell them at first, the Donee sends it to a Jew who to ingratiate himself will often say it is not worth half the Sum put upon it, which being returned another is required amounting to the Price set.\nThus you see there is a Difficulty in every Thing, even in throwing away Money. The Presents must be at least double the Value formerly given, to such a Pitch of Insolence are they arrived. A remarkable Instance of this avaricious Spirit has been related to me there by a Merchant, who was employed by one of the principal Officers to procure him a Watch from London, which being furnished a Present was made to the same great Man of another Watch by a Person some Time after at a certain Price; by not pleasing him it was returned. The Person who sent it not knowing how to procure another immediately was advised by the Merchant to commission him to purchase the said English Watch, upon which he applied to the Owner and offered a great Sum. He objected to parting with it at first, saying it went well and was very valuable. However the Merchant telling him that he would receive it back in a short Time as a present, this Man who is the second or third in the Kingdom, and may probably succeed the Dey, delivered it over and had it again in a half-hour as a Present. So little Delicacy prevails, and Money that Source of Misery in luxurious Kingdoms poisons their Happiness even here, where they cannot enjoy it.\nOne would suppose Money the best Present, but still Caution must be observed; otherwise it may be returned hoping to receive greater Value than the specifick Sum.\nI should have mentioned that a principal Production of the Dey\u2019s Revenue is a Tithe or Tenth on every Thing raised in his Kingdom and if Liberty reigned in this abundant Clime there would be no Necessity of Recourse to Rapine and Piracy. He also succeeds to the Estates of those Officers who are not permitted to marry; this produces much.\nThe Spaniards have made their Peace at length at the round Sum of a million of Dollars, but by bad Management in a Spanish General (Mazerado) who was sent to supersede the present French Count, it has cost them two millions and an half, besides the Purchase of the Captives. This Man was the Occasion of the Algerine Cruizers sailing so speedily last Year that the Spanish Court could not advise their Allies whereby many Portuguese fell into their Hands, and perhaps our unfortunate Americains because the Spaniards having always a Number of Ships cruizing for them, there was greater Security in the Mediterranean and the Borders of the Straights. This ill Conduct reflects Honor on the present Ambassador who has superseded him since. The General promised the Value of 200,000 Dollars in naval Stores; but the King disapproving of it, the Count D\u2019Expilly more wisely effected a Commutation for them in Money.\nAs the Money is paid according to the Treaty, the Dey has set the  Sum of 3600 Dollars on every Spanish Captain, 2000 for each Mate or Pilot, and 1200 for the private Seamen and Soldiers, but a difference is made with Respect to those who have escaped from Oran where the Spaniards have a Garrison, being Delinquents banished for various crimes. I myself have seen a Servant exiled from Barcelona to that Place for seven Years, for no other Charge than having passed the Gates with Two. Oz. of French Snuff found upon him, such as he is, hope a milder Fate among these Barbarians but they are mistaken as they are all made Slaves. Whether a Sum should have been stipulated for the unfortunate Captives I leave to Ministers of State and Plenipotentiaries.\nThe Captives as near as I could ascertain are\nThere are some Women\n1100 Spaniards\u2014400 of which are properly redeemable\n\u2007110 Neapolitans\n\u2007\u200750 Genoese\u2014who are most frequently redeemed by the\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Charity of Individuals\n  \u2007120 Portuguese\n\u2007\u200760 Italians including some Imperialists taken with them\n\u2007\u200720 Malthese\n\u2007\u200721 Americans\nAbout 1500 in all when properly distributed.\nOf the latter but eight are born in America; the rest are British Subjects except one French Boy, for whom all the Interest of the French Consul cannot avail to release him, one Swede.\nThere is an Article in the English Treaty, that all British Subjects taken in any Vessel whatever shall not be deemed a real Captive. However the present Consul not thinking proper to make Application, they lie at the Mercy of the Americans to redeem them. This Privilege is lost by the Negligence of the present Consul never to be recovered without a new Treaty. As there are two Englishmen otherwise made Prisoners that this Man has neglected, it is not much to be wondered at that these should suffer whose Fate may affect the Politicks of America in Relation to Great Britain.\nAs the Generosity of Mr. Logie has been much applauded by rescuing the American Captains from the Maine (a Place where Persons in their Stations are employed in making and mending Sails) I made particular Enquiry into the Matter.\nThese Captains as soon as they landed were sent to the said Place and had been there but a short Time when they received a Letter from Mr. Logie offering the most friendly Aid and invited them to his House, but only to the greater Misery of being one of his Slaves and one of them actually served at his Table, where some British Captains were dining who insulted his Distress. And yet when I was in London this Man was spoken of as a Prodigy of Humanity. They have since been taken under the Patronage of the Count d\u2019Expilly and walk about the  Streets he being responsible for them. The French Consul is really a good Man and would have been assisting to them, but as he thought that they had put themselves under the Protection of the English Consul, he did not care to embroil himself with Mr. Logie who keeps himself at a Distance from all other Consuls, even in Algiers, where Society is so much wanted.\nAll Captains and Boys are the Dey\u2019s Privilege and six of the American Captives who are Lads are now in his Palace and very great Favorites (but only one of them indeed is an American). Their Price will be very high as there will be so great a Want of Christian Slaves for the Dey\u2019s Service after the Spaniards are released.\nThe French Treaty terminates within six Months so that many Difficulties may arise should a Sum be demanded on the Renewal.\nThe Algerines were sadly beaten by Lewis 14th. who might have imposed any Terms on them as might also the English in the Reign of Queen Anne. But the immortal Charles the 5th. Emperor of Germany and King of Spain lost his crown in the Bay of Algiers.\nThe Spaniards would have succeeded in one Campaign had their Fleet persevered another half hour. The Turks demanded the Dey to put out a Flag but he prevailed on them to continue a little longer when they repulsed the Enemy. Six Ships of the Line and 5 or 600 Men well disciplined would drive them all to Destruction. I think four Frigates would be a Match for all their Cruizers. There may be 12,000 Turks in Algiers, but a Force to attack them should not wait as the Spaniards did in the last Campaign until all the Strength of the Kingdom might be collected.\nThe Bay and Harbour are immensely strong, but the Art of Gunnery is little known by them. Their Fortifications are constructed under the Direction of a Greek and their Ships by a Frenchman. The Moors or Militia are the poorest Animals ever in Battle-array. They are truly Barbarians. The Turks are most civil but no-body must oppose them.\nAlgiers may be taken by Storm in a regular Siege when those Militia would be the Destruction of this Enemy and might produce every Disorder fatal to an Army. The Turks have no Discipline, much less the Peasantry who are only armed on an Invasion. They are debased to the lowest Ebb of human Misery under tyrannical Oppressors.\nAlthough Algiers is environned with Fortifications, yet one Hill is neglected of considerable Importance, commanding the Town.\nThe Government of Tunis is continually afflicted by the Bey of Constantine, who from Time to Time threatening it with War obliges the Tunisians to submit to great Contributions. Their naval Force is only five or six small Vessels. Tunis has suffered so much by the Plague as to lose half its Inhabitants in one Year, near 500,000 Souls.\nTripoli happily for it is at a sufficient Distance from the Oppression of Algiers. No Nation has made Peace with Algiers which was not in\nTreaty with the Porte, but the particular Dependance of the Algerines on this Court is hard to determine. The Grand Seignor is Head of their Church to be sure, and Algiers was settled from his Dominions, he permitting them to assume a Form of Government, they admitting for the Superior; perhaps it yielded a Revenue, but at present they are too strong for the Turk to enforce it. How-ever the Mischief he can do them most fatal to their Existence in their present State is in preventing the Turks re-inforcing Algiers and this may be the only Dependance.\nI believe the Emperor of Germany and the Empress of Russia had their Peace with Algiers effected through the Mediation of the Porte. However I seem to think the Grand Seignor was obliged to pay the Dey of Algiers for some Imperialists taken by him, which he had engaged to procure from Algiers.\nAs I have not looked into Books for my Observations but was under the Necessity of asking Questions in French, I was greatly at a loss to ascertain the Information I picked up from various Persons. Indeed I had no Idea of being hurried off in such a Manner as to prevent my writing on the Subject before this Time.\nIf possible the Dey of Algiers should have been sounded before our Approach, but who to have employed is not easy to determine; perhaps a Person on the Spot would have purchased the American Slaves at a much lower rate, than I fear they will at present be held at, percieving the Americans to take such early Steps for the Liberation of their Citizens.\nI hardly think the English Politicks have done us any Mischief in this Quarter, but the Consul taking Notice of the Captives immediately on their landing would make the Dey suppose a full Price could be procured for them at some Time, so that it cannot be imagined their Freedom will be purchased at a lower Consideration than the Spaniards. What they are redeemed at we may suppose the Measure of the Sum to offer at least although I fancy more will be demanded.\nThe only Means of insuring better Terms is in taking their Cruizers but they rarely exchange, though there are Instances of two or three being received for one Christian.\nThe Dey has demanded two for one for the Prisoners the Spaniards have taken. They amount to four or five hundred.\nThe Price of Slaves has been enhanced to double within a few Years. A Person employed by one of the Baltic Powers purchased some Slaves at three or four hundred Chequins, perhaps five or six Years ago (which my Memory cannot ascertain) and it was thought he had them at a low Price. He is an English Gentleman (Mr. Wolfe) who has been Charg\u00e9 des Affaires for the British Court, and whose Services have been grossly neglected, without paying him even his Disbursements. This Gentleman has tendered himself to forward the American Interest in  every Respect, and would have been extremely useful, but his Merit was not known. The Count and French Consul recommended him particularly to Mr. Lamb. I had but little Opportunity of seeing him; however on another Negociation, if I am at Liberty to give my Opinion, I think this Gentleman should be associated with some American to be hereafter sent on the Business. He appears to have a great Knowlege of the Country and is so well with the Dey, that he has requested the King of Spain to name him as Consul but I doubt if the Spaniards know sufficiently their Interest to prefer him. The Count professes great Obligation to him. Thus have I given you as circumstantial a Detail of the Information I could procure with the greatest Industry in two or three Days, upon discovering that Mr. Lamb was absolutely bent upon sending me to Paris trusting merely to my Memory.\nI shall subjoin a Detail of their Marine Force, mostly procured from the Captains. I fear the Description will not be clear; indeed I hardly think their Cruizers distinguishable from the Mediterranean Vessels.\nOne sollicitous of Applause and future Employment might perhaps give himself Credit for adventuring on this tempestuous Sea at this Season, as a Proof which we might have run from Algiers to this Place in 18 Hours, but it was not prudent at Night and besides we did not care to enter the Road even the next Day. Besides appearing before such an Enemy without any previous Steps taken to ensure us against the Rapacity of those Barbarians who have so little Regard for Treaties, that the Crews of French and Swedish Vessels quarrelling in the Harbour, the Captain of the Post went on board with some Attendants and ordered them all severely bastinadoed. No Complaint I believe was ever made. A Gentleman who has been there 19 Years told me at Algiers that he never saw a Moor he could trust or a Turk whose Word he might depend on. Such is this People and those are the Ideas my Voyage has furnished me with.\nApril 3d. As I write at the House or rather Chamber of Quarantine where seven or eight Spanish Officers are making all Kinds of Noise, it is impossible for me to arrange my Ideas, but as I am not writing a History but only scribbling for your Amusement, you will excuse the imperfect Manner they are delivered in.\nNotwithstanding what Historians have said of the Divan or Dey\u2019s Council, the Form is scarcely preserved. It was composed of the five principal Officers of his Government to whom he submits his Sentiments like all other Tyrants merely for their Approbation and to flatter him that he does right.\nThe Minister of Marines has had the same Occupation of Shoemaker with the Dey, and the Admiral has been a Fisherman. The meanest Turk aspires to the Succession but no Moor is admitted to any Employment, and there is but one Instance in an half-blooded Turk enjoying  any Office. It is the Bey of Constantine whose Mother was a Moorish Woman.\nThe Wealth of the Treasury is supposed to exceed in Valuation Millions of Dollars, concieve what a Prize the Spaniards would have had in taking Algiers by Storm.\nI imagine the Dey will demand at least 200,000 Dollars from us, besides the Purchase of the Captives which is computed by the French Count at 40,000 Dollars. Likewise it will cost 100,000 Dollars in Presents and other Charges incident.\nThe only Truce to be obtained is in the Dey\u2019s Promise. He never grants a Cessation of Hostilities formally.\nDetail of Marine Force of Algiers.\n    1. Vessel of \n    Guns and\n    24. nine, 2. eighteen and\n    6 four pounders\ndo.\n24.do.\u2007\u20072. twelves\n2. sixes\ndo.\n20 sixes\u20144 fours\ndo.\ndo.\ndo.\nTwo small Craft described like the American Refugee boats, 55 Gunboats carrying each a twelve pounder built since the last Campaign but one of the Spaniards and which annoyed them exceedingly in O\u2019Reily\u2019s Expedition.\nIt is said those Corsairs carry Cannon of a great Variety of Callibers.\nThe Dey has it in Contemplation to build two Fregates. One third of the Crews are Turks who are Marines, the rest are Moors, his best Seamen, much esteemed by the Dey, who can have very little Opportunity of procuring Sailors as no Commerce is carried on by the Algerines. However the Fleet can be manned in one Day by absolute Command.\nThe Vessels are well found but weak and slight built, not differing much in their Hulls from Bermudian-built Sloops. They have no foreign-built Vessels at present.\nThey have all black Sides and white Bottoms. They are not shy nor make any Preparations for Action, have indifferent Quarters, are barricadoed but depend much on boarding, therefore Vessels to oppose them should be well defended by nettings and strong close Quarters.\nThey never cruize together but when they go out separate within two Days. In the Straights their principal Object is the Fisherman along Shore.\nCare should be taken not to be within the Bay of Algiers in Summer, Calms being frequent, in which Case those Gun-boats might be of dangerous Consequence. The Algerines think they sail faster than any Vessels whatever, and indeed they have much the Appearance of it, though the Commodore of 32 Guns chased an American built Ship deeply laden a whole Day before he came up with her. As soon as they take a Prize the Prisoners are immediately removed as the most valuable Part of it. The Prizes sometimes perish by being intrusted to the most  indifferent Seamen, but they seldom lose their own Vessels. They have Compasses from Marseilles regulated with the proper Variations, so that they are not at a Loss for Calculation.\nNotwithstanding their Vessels may be so well supplied I think the Commodore not equal with a twenty-Gun Ship of any European Power I have seen if regularly fitted out. I should therefore concieve the Sloops of War of twenty Guns to be the proper Cruizers; especially in the Mediterranean where there is so frequent Necessity of putting into Harbours.\nAlthough I concieve they do not materially differ from the Mediterranean Vessels, yet I will add a Description procured from those Captains.\nThe Commodore has no Galleries but a long Quarter-Deck running over his Stern about twelve feet. None of them have Heads but long Prows; four of them have Galleries and Sterns like Merchantmen. All of them Xebecque rigged with the Mizzen Mast close aft. They are all three masted, and have no Gib Booms. The two largest are rigged about the Main-mast as our Ships and all the rest have slender foremasts and top-masts in one as Polacres. Their mizzen and foremasts like Ships. The six smallest carry latteen yards and square Sails likewise. All of them have large and small Mizzens. Their foretacks hawl out two thirds the Bow Sprit, which is in one and but a small Spar.\nThey are fitted for Sea in a few Days so that no Calculation can be made that they will not sail in some Time, from their being totally unfitted as I saw them.\nThey will not certainly sail before the middle of May, as the Count has given me Reason to believe and perhaps not before the first of June.\nTheir Course on the Atlantic is generally along the Coasts of Spain and Portugal, and sometimes even to Cape Finisterre, and very rarely towards the Western Islands, as many in America have imagined.\nThey are the Christian Slaves who prepare them for Sea, which induces me to suppose they differ but little in their rigging from the Straights Vessels. Those to have more Merit with their Owners exert all their Talents, and they have the best Materials I should imagine.\nThe American Slaves are engaged at present in carrying Stone Mortar &c. for constructing a Building to secure the Gun-boats in Winter. They have had the same Allowance from the Count D\u2019Expilly as the Spanish Slaves.\nThe Algerines are not satisfied with the late Peace, as every Thing goes into the Treasury, and they lose their Hope of further Plunder from so near an Enemy.\n   This was the Opinion of the Count, Consul and Mr. Wolfe.\n   I asked Mr. Lamb what I could say to the Minister except that the Dey had refused to treat of peace and most earnestly requested it as a Favor, but he would make me no Reply or give me any Instructions.\n   This I am not perfectly ascertained in.\n   They are still at Carthagena, May 14th.\n   One of the commanders of the Cruizers told a Spanish Officer he expected to cruize against the Danes.\n   I am not confident whether the Dutch or the Danes paid this Sum.\n   I hardly think an American Consul necessary at Algiers.\n   I doubt whether the French would really interest themselves, one of the Divan has said we might possibly succeed if they were really in earnest.\n   They wear the Badge of Slavery but are not necessitated to do it. It is rather a Protection to them.\n   I should suppose the French might assist us on this Occasion.\n   This I am since confirmed in by the Opinion of a Spanish Colonel a good and experienced Officer.\n   I have seen a Spanish Slave a private Seaman which cost 1000 Dollars since I left Algiers.\n   The Spanish Peace will render it more difficult as their Harbours will afford a Shelter.\n   He is since appointed Consul for Spain but conditionally until another may be sent if thought proper.\n   He offered his Services to Dr. Franklin.\n   Note above.\n   In a secret Expedition little preparatory Knowlege can be acquired by Information.\n   I was since told at Carthagena that the King of Naples is constructing six on those Dimensions.\n   Their light Sails are made of very bad Canvass.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0431", "content": "Title: Enclosure II: 28 March 1786\nFrom: Lamb, John\nTo: Randall (Randolph), Paul R.\nEnclosure II\nAlgiers March 28th. 1786\nMr. Randall for his Justification requests Mr. Lamb to declare that it was his particular Desire for him to embark from Algiers, and at this Juncture on board a Spanish Brigantine, and in departing from thence to take Madrid in his Way to Paris and London, that he is perfectly satisfied in the Manner Mr. Randall has kept an account of the Monies expended by them both in the publick Service, and with his Conduct in general by doing every Thing in his Power to forward the Business they set out upon.\n  Signed by Mr. Lamb in this manner\n  Approvd of By Your Humble servt.\nJohn Lamb", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0433", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lister Asquith, 15 May 1786\nFrom: Asquith, Lister\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nNA\nNA\nSt. Pol de L\u00e9on, 15 May 1786. Not having heard from TJ or Short writes again concerning the unhappy situation of himself and his companions; suspects that the farmers-general are afraid to set them at liberty because they know the case will be presented to Congress, who will not tolerate such treatment; gives an account of an English vessel that was captured and condemned for smuggling salt fish, in which case the owner, who spoke French, recovered the cargo; states that it is obviously unfair that English who are guilty are treated better than Americans who are innocent; is tempted to try to escape; asks for information on the state of their affairs by return of post.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0434", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Macarty, 15 May 1786\nFrom: Macarty, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nNA\nNA\nL\u2019Orient, 15 May 1786. Encloses a receipt, dated 28 Apr. 1786, for duties on oil, amounting to 44\u20b64.11, which the farmers-general have  obliged him to pay, \u201cnotwithstanding the Treaty with the Hans Towns\u2026 fixes the duty they are to pay at Seulement 7\u20b610 \u214c Hhd. weighing 520 \u2114.\u201d (which, in this case, amounts to 11\u20b619.5); asks TJ to intercede to have American merchants put on the same footing with others. Has a large quantity of tobacco that he has refused to sell at the low price the farmers-general offer, hoping that the government would interfere and oblige the farmers to give the price contracted. His situation is distressing and he will be obliged to sell at a heavy loss, if something is not done; asks TJ to use his influence. Has \u201ca great deal of money in this Business, and\u2026 several Ships Employ\u2019d in it\u201d which will ruin him unless something is done in favor of the trade.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0435", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Adams, 16 May 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear Friend\nGrosvenor Square May 16. 1786\nMr. Smith, a Son of the Lady you Saw here, who is a Sister of our old Acquaintances the Rutledges, will deliver you this Letter. He goes to reside Sometime in France. Mr. Jay, in a Letter of the 7. of April, writes me \u201cWe are well, \u2019tho not officially informed, that all the States have granted the Impost to Congress, except New York, in whose Legislature there is a Strong Party, against it.\u201d And this is all his Letter contains.\nNew York, I think must Soon come in. If not, all the Blame of Consequences must rest upon her, and She will find the Burthen of it, heavier than the Impost.\nI need not ask your Civilities to our young Countryman, who takes this from my dear Sir your Friend & Sert.,\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0436", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Carmichael, 16 May 1786\nFrom: Carmichael, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nMadrid 16 May 1786\nThe inclosed copy of a Letter which I lately received from the Ct. D\u2019Expilly contains the best information that I have it in my power to Afford your Excellency with respect to the Situation of our Affairs at Algiers. Mr. Lamb arrived at Alicant the 24th Ulto. and undoubtedly will have advised you of his proceedings after Mr.  Randalls departure. That Gentleman is now with me and avails himself of the present opportunity of Laying before you all the Information that he could collect. I expect Mr. Lamb soon at Aranjuez, to which place I go tomorrow and hope he will speedily receive instructions to regulate his future conduct.\nIf your Excellency after Communicating to Mr. Adams the Ct. D\u2019Expilly\u2019s Letter should think proper to sound the disposition of the Port, thro\u2019 the Channel indicated, It will be a pleasure to me to receive your Instructions and orders. I take the Liberty of offering my services on this occasion because I think I can manage the Affair in such a manner as not to compromise the honor of Congress should any backwardness be apparent on the part of the Ministers of the Port.\nMr. Barclay arrived at Cadiz the 9th Inst. and I suppose may be now in Morrocco.\nI have a Letter from the Spanish Charge des Affaires dated N.Y. the 13th of March, but no official Intelligence. I am sorry to find that no more than seven states have been represented for several Months past.\nI drew on Messrs. Grand lately two bills of which I hope you will direct the payment. It will appear by my Accoumpts with the United States that I take no Liberties which I am not justifiable in doing.\nThe Spanish Negotiation with Algiers is not yet concluded. There is still a probability of delay. But too much has been done not to occasion a compliance with new pretentions. It is equally probable that the Courts of Naples and Portugal may not for some time at least affect their pacification.\nI have the honor to be with the greatest respect Your Excys Most Obedt. & Humble Sert.,\nWm. Carmichael", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0438", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Bondfield, 17 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bondfield, John\nSir\nParis May 17. 1786.\nBeing charged jointly with the M. de la Fayette and Mr. Barclay, with the purchase of arms for the state of Virginia, we have purchased several thousand stand from Messrs. Bettinger & St. Victour, to be made at Tulle, and delivered at Bourdeaux. A part of these are now ready. I have therefore taken the liberty of desiring them to be delivered to you, and must beg your undertaking to receive and forward them. The inclosed letter from them will  present you with the details. I am told there are at this time vessels in the port of Bourdeaux bound for Virginia. I must beg the favour of you to avail yourself of these or any others which may be going to James or York river in Virginia, but preferably to James river, addressing them to the Governor of Virginia at Richmond. For any expences, necessary to be paid in this country, I will answer your bills drawn on me, in which be pleased to mention that it is for the state of Virginia; the Governor will on your letter make all paiments necessary in Virginia. You will oblige me by notifying to me always your receipts and shipments.\nIn a letter of Jan. 24. I took the liberty of asking you to execute a private commission for me. One part of it was to send me some wine to this place. I will beg of you to inform me whether the letter came to hand, and whether and when I might expect to receive the wine.\nI am with much esteem Sir your most obedient humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0440", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Pierre Dessin, 17 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dessin, Pierre\nSir\nParis. May 17. 1786.\nI am now to return you many thanks for your attention to the several cases I left with you to be expedited to this place. They all came safe to hand. The Acquit \u00e0 caution for the parcel which I brought myself, is herein inclosed. I should sooner have sent this, but that I awaited the arrival of the second parcel, meaning to return to you both acquits \u00e0 caution together. But on asking for the second acquit, my servant was told that the company of the Roulage were obliged to see that returned themselves. As it is possible I may at times have packages from England recommended to your care, I will pray your attention to them, assuring you that every thing necessary for your reimbursements or security shall be performed on my part with the greatest punctuality. I am Sir your most obedient humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0442", "content": "Title: [To Thomas Jefferson from Patrick Henry, 17 May 1786]\nFrom: Henry, Patrick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n  [Richmond, 17 May 1786. Entered in SJL as received 1 Aug. 1786. Not found. See TJ to Henry, 9 Aug. 1786.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0444", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Stephens Smith, 17 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Smith, William Stephens\nDear Sir\nParis May 17. 1786.\nMonsieur de Tronchin, minister for the republic of Geneva at this court, having a son at this time in London, I take the liberty of introducing him to your acquaintance. A respect for the father induces me to this liberty, together with an assurance that the son merits it. He is young and may need a monitor, who, with the gay, may mix the serious, when it becomes necessary to keep him out of harm\u2019s way. I have assured the father you will be useful to him in this way, having seen myself that you are always willing to serve others. I pray you to take him by the hand and to be his friend as much as you shall find him to deserve. I wish Mr. Trumbull could also be made acquainted with him and could find means to attach him. The father is a great amateur in painting, has a very capital collection of paintings, is much acquainted with the professors of that art here, and may be very useful to Mr. Trumbul when he comes here, bringing with him a letter of recommendation from the son. I am my dear Sir with very great esteem Your friend & servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0445", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thevenard, 17 May 1786\nFrom: Th\u00e9venard, Antoine Jean Marie\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nLorient 17. Mai 1786.\nJ\u2019ai appris votre voyage en Angletterre et votre retour en france par la voye des papiers publics. J\u2019ai Lhonneur de vous remercier du souvenir dont vous m\u2019honorez a l\u2019ocasion du portrait de M. Wasingthon, dont vous daignez vous occupper \u00e0 me procurer une Copie. J\u2019attandrais trop de tems M. Trumbill et Je prie votre Exellence de me procurer la Copie de ce Portrait peint par M. Peele, Si c\u2019est celui qui ressemble mieux a M. Wasingthon: ou par M. Wrigth si ce dernier peintre a mieux reussi que l\u2019autre \u00e0 dessiner et \u00e0 peindre la Phisionomie de ce grand homme: d\u2019apr\u00e9s cette explication que votre Exellence me prescrit de lui donner, Je la supplie de ne pas tarder a me procurer ce Portrait que Je d\u00e9sire avec ardeur pour le mettre en face de Celui de M. Franklin dont la ressemblance est parfaite.\nJe suis avec une reconnoissance infinie et bien du respect Monsieur Votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s obeissant ser.,\nA. Thevenard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0446", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Carmichael, 18 May 1786\nFrom: Carmichael, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nAranjuez, May 18th. 1786.\nThe Courier by whom I did myself the Honor to address your Excellency the 16th. inst. having been detained a Day longer than I expected, I avail myself of this Circumstance to advise you of Mr. Lamb\u2019s Arrival at Madrid last night. This morning I received a Letter from him by one of my Servants whom he dispatched for that purpose. He therein requests me to send him \u201cany Orders or Letters on account of our Affairs\u201d that I may have received for him, and complains that he has had no Answers to the Letters he has written. He added that should he have no Instructions in my Hands for him, he must send an Express to Paris and London in a Day or two as he must soon set out again for Alicant, intimating that the Money he has to command will fall short by twenty thousand Dollars of the Sum necessary to redeem our Captives.\nAs his Motives are entirely unknown to me and as I wish to spare every Expence to the publick that is not absolutely necessary, I immediately dispatched the Servant advising him of the Hour the Spanish Courier would set out and requesting him to take post and repair hither, that by consulting together we might convey immediate Information to your Excellency and thro\u2019 you to Mr. Adams of the Situation of our Affairs.\nI am now awaiting his Arrival. Since I came hither I am informed that the Court of Versailles has very lately offered its good Offices to terminate the Differences between this Court and that of Naples. The Answer made to this proposition is said to be the following. After the usual Acknowlegements &c. &c. the Count de Florida Blanca assured the French Ministry that there was no Difference or Rupture between Spain and Naples, that the Misintelligence was merely of a domestick nature, a Coolness between the Father and Son, consequently could not with propriety be submitted to Arbitration of a third Party.\nI have no further Intelligence of or from Mr. Barclay, but I this Day was shewn a Letter from an European Consul in Morocco  mentioning that the Emperor was much irritated against the british Nation. His Manner of manifesting his ill Humor is somewhat singular. He desired all the Europeans to have inserted in their Gazettes that he looked upon Spain and Portugal as his best Friends in Europe, and that the Chests of Cocao sent by the former were worth more than all the british presents, That the english Nation was false and perfidious and entirely void of all Principles of Religion. This is no bad Omen for the Success of Mr. Barclay\u2019s Mission. Mr. Randall writes you by this Conveyance. His Information joined to the Letter from the Count D\u2019Expilly, of which I enclosed a Copy in my last, will best explain the state of our Negotiations with Algiers unless Mr. Lamb should have other Information than he has communicated to me hitherto.\nI am Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient & humble servant,\nWm. Carmichael", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0447", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from P. R. Randall, 18 May 1786\nFrom: Randall (Randolph), Paul R.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nAranjuez seven Leagues from Madrid May 18th. 1786.\nThis Courier not setting out as soon as I expected I have an Opportunity of adding that attending Mr. Carmichael to this place yesterday unfortunately passed Mr. Lamb on his Way to Madrid.\nMr. Carmichael has this Day received a Letter from Mr. Lamb in which he is advised that Mr. Lamb intends to return to Alicant as early as he shall be enabled after the fatigues of his late Journey, and that he will send a Courier to your Excellencies for further \u201cOrders\u201d as he has received no Instructions lately.\nHe likewise adds that the Money he has at present at his Command which perhaps (I should suppose) must be \u00a31800 Stg. is not sufficient by 20,000 Dollr. for the purchase of the Captives.\nMr. Carmichael received this Letter by a Messenger which was immediately re-dispatched to acquaint Mr. Lamb that this Courier is delayed until Midnight, within which time he may have an Opportunity of coming hither himself to concert with Mr. Carmichael, or of sending his Letters, which might prevent much Expence and Inconvenience.\nAs I have no Letter from Mr. Lamb I am ignorant of his Business and Designs. I shall resign myself to his Orders, and if dispatched  on by him, will proceed as fast as the State of my Health will permit, through this inclement Heat, and the Inconveniences to be encountered on the roads in Spain.\nI have informed Mr. Lamb of these Circumstances and hope he will avail himself of this Occasion to supercede these small Difficulties, but fearful that possibly he may not, I think myself under the Necessity of deprecating your Excellencies that no Remissness may be imputed to me.\nI trust that I shall not be accused of Indelicacy as I have no intention of sending this Letter should Mr. Lamb think proper to write to your Excellencies.\nRecommending myself to your Excellencies Indulgence, I have the Honor to be most respectfully your Excellency\u2019s obedient & Humble servant,\nP. R. Randall", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0448", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to J. A. Gautier, 19 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gautier, Jean Antoine\nSir\nParis May 19. 1786.\nOf the 2044\u20b6 16s. 2d. belonging to Mr. Wuibert the son according to the papers which I had the honour of putting into your hands the other day, his father lays claim to 600\u20b6. Having no authority to decide on the justice of this claim, I have promised him that I will leave 600\u20b6 in the hands of Mr. Grand, subject to the future orders of the son, to whom I shall write on the occasion. I will therefore thank you for bills for the balance, which I will remit for his immediate relief, and I will desire him to draw on Mr. Grand for the 600\u20b6 to be paid to such person as he shall think proper. I am with very great esteem Sir your most obedient and most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0449", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from J. A. Gautier, 19 May 1786\nFrom: Gautier, J. A.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Paris] 19 May 1786. Will send \u201ctonight or to morrow morning early\u201d the letter of credit in favor of Mr. Wuibert. Mr. Troyes has  promised to pay the Bill on him and Gautier will direct that L600 be kept in reserve, subject to TJ\u2019s or Wuibert\u2019s directions.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0452", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Stephens Smith, 21 May 1786\nFrom: Smith, William Stephens\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon May. 21st. 1786.\nI was much pleased by the receipt of yours of the 4th. inst.  to find you had arrived safe at Paris, and that the rout you took proved so agreable, as to induce you to recommend it to me, when I visit Paris. If that should ever happen again, St. Omar\u2019s and Arras shall be visited, not only on account of your recommendation, but to indulge my natural disposition which sometimes throws me out of the common road, and is seldom satisfied with the common reason given by travelers, when they are asked, Why did you travel that road? and they answer, because it\u2019s the most common, and I had travelled it before. I must acknowledge for these very reasons I should always chuse to take an other. I take this oppertunity by Mr. Smith a young Gentleman of South Carolina to forward your travelling press. I think it will answer very well, the only objection to it, is, that the spring may prove too slight. It is neat and will please you, before you know the price, but when I tell you that I gave him (the man who made it) \u00a35.10., you must think him an unconsionable Dog. But I know of no Gentleman better qualified to pass over the disagreables of life than Mr. Jefferson, as he makes his calculations for a certain quantity of imposition, which must be admitted in His intercourse with the world. When it shews itself in high colours, he has only to count ten and he is prepared for the subject. Happy state of mind-when shall I be able to make use of the same recourse to effect. I am in high practice every day which you will not doubt. I have made some very considerable advances, and flatter myself I shall be much benefitted by the Plan. I frequently feel myself much obliged to you for it. The subject I hinted at in my last, was the affairs of South America. There are agents here, soliciting the Countenance of this Court. It will not be publickly granted, but a Beaumarchais will be found, to furnish by private Contract, arms and amunition and other warlike stores. The Marquis of Buckingham has appointed a time and place to see the agents, and if he likes the project; that is, he holds out this Idea to them; if their plans are such as will insure him a good profit in return, he will, as an Individual furnish on his own private speculation, what sums of money may be wanting to forward the necessary supplies. This appears perfectly satisfactory to the agents, and the business will be discussed and finally arranged in the course of this, and the ensuing week. If the progress of it will be of service to you to know, and will furnish points which must be interesting to our Country if properly stated, I shall communicate freely, as safe oppertunities offer, and Circumstances come to my knowledge.\nIn the mean time I shall write Mr. Jay fully on the subject and think by your communicating also what you know of the state of that country and the European opinions respecting it, it will have more weight in engaging the attention of Congress, than anything I can forward. I wrote to Mr. Jay on this subject on the 6th. of December last and supposed at that time, the politicks of that Country were well worthy of attention, not only as having the ability of promoting our interest in a Commercial intercourse with its Inhabitants, but from its vicinity and our particular situation, I took the liberty of supposing, that we could not be too early on our Guard against being drawn in as a party in the contest, should it ever assume a serious aspect. I hope it may not be thought forward in the Young Gentleman, but in a Letter of the 10th: of this month to Mr. Jay I have observed \u201cthat there will be no measures left unattempted to make use of the interprising spirit of the People at Kentucky, whose confined situation may possibly induce them, to listen to proposals on this Subject, in expectation of a lucrative Commerce, and a free navigation of the Missisipi\u201d and therefore supposed that the sooner they are attended to, the better. But I confess to you, Sir, I know not how they can be restrained if the question is brought seriously forward by the South Americans. The affairs of that settlement must be embarassing, for they have no out-lett for their produce, and this embarassment must increase in proportion to the growth of their settlement, and the extention of their agriculture and increase of their wants. Now, Sir, there are but too channels thro\u2019 which they can obtain such a communication as is necessary for their support, at least with the Ideas they have carried with them of the advantages of Commerce and a free and easy communication with the lower Countries. The one is, either by negotiation or War to open the Missisipi, and the other, by pressing a speedy communication (by an inland navigation) with the head waters of the Potowmack. The former will rather too much detach that people from, and the latter, particularly connect them with, the United S.\nThis subject has been touched to me several times. I have treated it, in no other way than that, which will furnish me with proper information of its progress, being fully convinced that a war upon a speculative system cannot be at present the object of my Country. I have only listened with attention, and when a reply was necessary, superior caution took the judgment seat, and this  was the mental decision\u2014that it was a point which an American and more particularly one in a public station, should treat, with the utmost delicacy and caution\u2014and my words were coined upon it.\u2014I have Letters from America by the April Packett as late as the 8th. which mention, that all the states have agreed to the Impost except New York, and at that moment it was under the consideration of the Legislature. By the next ship we expect the agreable news of its having passed unanimously. Should it be otherwise, I tremble for our national faith and character, for I see no other resource left for the payment of the foreign Debt &c. &c. The return of Mr. Lamb from Algiers which your Letters mention, may I think be considered as a saving clause in a will, and the money expended short of the sum allowed, may be looked upon, as clear gains. However I will not forestal the markett. Mr. Adams will answer them, one of these day\u2019s. Remember me to the Marquis and his Lady, and be assured of the friendship and respect with which I am your most Obliged and Humble Servant,\nW. S. Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0453", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Stephens Smith, 21 May 1786\nFrom: Smith, William Stephens\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nGrosvenor Square May 21st\u20141786\u20147-P.M.\nIn a Letter which I wrote your Excellency this morning, I mention forwarding by Mr. Smith your press, but it is not in his power to take it. I shall send it by the first Gentleman who will not be much incommoded by it. Perhaps Mr. Trumbull or Dr. Bancroft will have the pleasure of presenting it. This delay will enable me to have a board made to fit it, in which tho\u2019 no great ingenuity is required, still, it may save you trouble, and on the receipt of it, you may have the satisfaction of making an immediate experiment. I am your Excellency\u2019s most obliged Humble Servt.,\nW. S. Smith N.10.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0454", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Lister Asquith, 22 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Asquith, Lister\nSir\nParis May 22. 1786.\nWhen I left this place for England I had no suspicion that any thing more would be necessary on my part for your liberation. Being but lately returned I could not sooner acknowlege the receipt of your several letters of Feb. 20. Mar 20. Apr. 10. 21. and May 1. I this day write to Messrs. Desbordes to pay the charges necessary for your enlargement, to furnish you with a guinea a peice, and to take your draught on Mr. Grand for those sums, and the others which he has furnished you at my request. This being a new case, I am unable to say whether you will be held to repay this money. Congress will decide on that, to whom I shall send a report of the case, and to whom you should apply on your return to America, to know whether you are to repay it or not. During the whole of this long transaction, I have never ceased solliciting your discharge. The evidence furnished by the Farmers to the Ministers impressed them with a belief that you were guilty. However they obtained a remission of all which the king could remit, which was your condemnation to the gallies, and imprisonment, and the sum in which you were fined. The confiscation belonged to the farmers, and the expences of subsistence and of prosecution were theirs also, and so could not be remitted by the king. I wish you to be assured of my sensibility for your sufferings, and of my wishes to have obtained an earlier relief, had it been possible. I shall be glad if you can have an immediate and safe return to your own country, and there find your own families well, and make those who may be authorized to decide on your case sensible that these misfortunes have not been brought on you by any desire of yours to infringe the laws of the country in which you have suffered. I inclose herewith your logbook and the other papers desired by you and am Sir Your most obedt. humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0457", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Wayles Eppes, 22 May 1786\nFrom: Eppes, John Wayles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Uncle\nEppington May 22d. 1786\nThe difficulty which I allways feel in begining a correspondence has hitherto debared me from the satisfaction of writing to you but I am determined to remain silent no longer, as I am certain that you will pardon all deficiencies which I may be guilty of. It would indeed be almost useless to write unless I had something to mention [in p]articular besides enquireing after your health, of which I hear whenever Papa or Mama receives a letter from you, and will therefore ask your advise on a thing which nearly concerns me. Mr. Smith under whose tuition I am at present thinks that I shall by next Fall be able to take a degree, after which time I [am] to return to review some of my studies. I desire to know whether you think that will be proper, as allso what you think I had best do after that time is expired. I am affraid that notwithstanding your great desire to have cousin Polly with you it cannott be effected without forceing her, for she seems very much averse to it. Give my compliments to cousin Patty. Adieu. Your affectionate nephew,\nJohn Wayles Eppes\nPs. Pray answer my letter. JE", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0458", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Mary Jefferson, [ca. 22 May 1786?]\nFrom: Jefferson, Mary\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Papa\nI long to see you, and hope that you and sister Patsy are well; give my love to her and tell her that I long to see her, and hope that you and she will come very soon to see us. I hope you will send me a doll. I am very sorry that you have sent for me. I don\u2019t want to go to France, I had rather stay with Aunt Eppes. Aunt  Carr, Aunt Nancy and Cousin Polly Carr are here. Your most happy and dutiful daughter,\nPolly Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0460", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to LeJeune, 22 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Le Jeune, M.\nSir\nParis May 22. 1786.\nHaving been absent in England at the time you did me the honour to write me on the 5th. of April, I did not receive your letter till my return to this place. I am now to acknowledge the receipt of that letter, with the orders it contained for 1944\u20b6-12-2 and 100\u20b6-4 for Colo. Wuibert for his share of prize-money as volunteer on board the Bonhomme Richard. The money has been actually received by Mr. Grand, banker for the United states at Paris, and I have the pleasure to send to Colo. Wuibert this day, that banker\u2019s order to receive at Cape Francois the whole sum, except 400\u20b6 claimed by his father, and retained here subject to the future order of Colo. Wuibert. Permit me here to return you my thanks for the trouble you have been pleased to take in the relief of this unfortunate man. I had the pleasure of making my acknolegements to Monsr. de Thevenard by letter of the 5th. instant. I have the honour to be with very great respect Sir Your most obedient humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0461", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Antoine-F\u00e9lix Wuibert, 22 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Wuibert, Antoine-F\u00e9lix\nSir\nParis May 22. 1786.\nYour letter of Decemb. 12. 1785. came to my hands on the 16th. of February. I immediately wrote to Monsieur Thevenard at L\u2019Orient to obtain an order for your money. I was called to England about a fortnight after, which prevented my receiving  Mr. Thevenard\u2019s answer till my return about three weeks ago. That time has been occupied in discussing some claims set up by your father, which he wished me to pay. But it was impossible for me to decide on their justice. I therefore agreed that 600\u20b6 the sum he demanded, should remain in the hands of Mr. Grand, banker for the United states at Paris, till your father could write to you. He afterwards reduced his demand to 400\u20b6 and Mr. Grand has furnished me the inclosed letter authorizing you to receive immediately at Cap Fran\u00e7ois the whole of the money due to you, except these 400\u20b6 and the expences of remittance. As to the 400\u20b6 they are absolutely at your disposal, and will be paid by Mr. Grand on your order to your father or any other person whatever. I wish you may safely receive the present, and that it may find you in better health. I have the honour to be Sir Your most obedient humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0462", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Adams, 23 May 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon May 23. 1786\nI am honoured with yours of the 11th. with the enclosures from Mr. Lamb, Mr. Carmichael and Mr. Barclay.\nI am not surprized that Mr. Lamb has only discovered that our means are inadequate, without learning the Sum that would be Sufficient. Il faut marchander avec ces Gens la. They must be beaten down as low as possible. But We shall find at last the Terms very dear. The Algerines will never make Peace with us, untill We have Treaties finished with Constantinople, Tunis, Tripoli and Morocco. They always stand out the longest. Mr. Barclay will have no better fortune and I dont believe it worth while for him to wait a Moment to discover what sum will do.\nI think with you, that it is best to desire Mr. Lamb immediately to return to Congress, and Mr. Randal too. It is Surprising that neither of them, has given Us more circumstantial Information, and that Mr. Randal has not come on to Paris and London. I think you will do well to write him to come forward without loss of time, and am glad You sent Copies of all the Letters to Mr. Jay. I concur with you entirely in the Propriety of your going on with the Comte de Merci, in the Negotiation and in transmitting  to Congress the Plan you may agree upon, that they may Send a new Commission if they judge proper.\nI have a Letter from Mr. Randal at Madrid 4. May, but shall not answer it as I wish you to write in behalf of both of Us to return immediately to Paris and London. I have a Letter too from Isaac Stephens at Algiers the 15. of April. He Says the Price is 6000 Dollars for a Master, 4000 for a Mate, and 1500 for each Sailor. The Dey will not abate a 6d., he Says and will not have any Thing to Say about Peace with America. He Says \u201cThe People\u201d i.e. the Sailors as I suppose, are carrying Rocks and Timber on their backs for nine miles out of the Country, over sharp Rocks and Mountains, That he has an Iron round his Leg, &c. He begs that We would pay the Money for their Redemption, without sending to Congress, but this is impossible.\nWith great Regard I am sir your affectionate\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0465", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, 23 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jay, John\nSir\nParis May 23. 1786.\n[Letters received both from Madrid and Algiers while I was in London having suggested that treaties with the states of Barbary would be much facilitated by a previous one with the Ottoman porte, it was agreed between Mr. Adams and myself that on my return I should consult on this subject the Count de Vergennes, whose long residence at Constantinople rendered him the best judge of it\u2019s expediency. Various circumstances have put it out of my power to consult him till to-day. I stated to him the difficulties we were likely to meet with at Algiers and asked his opinion what would be the probable expence of a diplomatic mission  to Constantinople, and what it\u2019s effect at Algiers. He said that the expence would be very great, for that presents must be made at that court, and every one would be gaping after them; and that it would not procure us a peace at Algiers one penny the cheaper. He observed that the Barbary states acknoleged a sort of vassalage to the Porte, and availed themselves of that relation when any thing was to be gained by it; but that whenever it subjected them to a demand from the Porte they totally disregarded it; that money was the sole agent at Algiers, except so far as fear could be induced also. He cited the present example of Spain, which tho\u2019 having a treaty with the Porte, would probably be obliged to buy a peace at Algiers at the expence of upwards of six millions of livres. I told him we had calculated from the demands and information of the Tripoline Ambassador at London that to make peace with the four Barbary states would cost us between two and three hundred thousand guineas, if bought with money. The sum did not seem to exceed his expectations. I mentioned to him that considering the incertainty of a peace when bought, perhaps Congress might think it more eligible to establish a cruise of frigates in the Mediterranean and even to blockade Algiers. He supposed it would require ten vessels great and small. I observed to him that Monsr. de Massiac had formerly done it with five; he said it was true, but that vessels of relief would be necessary. I hinted to him that I thought the English capable of administering aid to the Algerines. He seemed to think it impossible, on account of the scandal it would bring on them. I asked him what had occasioned the blockade by Mr. de Massiac. He said, infraction of their treaty by the Algerines].\nI had a good deal of conversation with him also on the situation of affairs between England and the United states; and particularly on their refusal to deliver up our posts. I observed to him that the obstructions thrown in the way of the recovery of their debts were the effect and not the cause, as they pretended, of their refusal to deliver up the posts; that the merchants interested in these debts shewed a great disposition to make arrangements with us, that the article of time we could certainly have settled, and probably that of the interest during the war; but that the minister shewing no disposition to have these matters arranged, I thought it a sufficient proof that this was not the true cause of their retaining the posts. He concurred as to the justice of our requiring time for the paiment of our debts; and said nothing which shewed a  difference of opinion as to the article of interest, and seemed to beleive fully their object was to divert the channel of the fur trade before they delivered up the posts, and expressed a strong sense of the importance of that commerce to us. I told him I really could not foresee what would be the event of this detention, that the situation of the British funds, and desire of their minister to begin to reduce the national debt seemed to indicate that they could not wish a war. He thought so, but that neither were we in a condition to go to war. I told him I was yet uninformed what Congress proposed to do on this subject, but that we should certainly always count on the good offices of France, and I was sure that the offer of them would suffice to induce Gr. Britain to do us justice. He said that surely we might always count on the friendship of France. I added that by the treaty of Alliance, she was bound to guarantee our limits to us, as they should be established at the moment of peace. He said they were so \u2018mais qu\u2019il nous etoit necessaire de les constater.\u2019 I told him there was no question what our boundaries were, that the English themselves admitted they were clear beyond all question. I feared however to press this any further lest a reciprocal question should be put to me, and therefore diverted the conversation to another object. This is a sketch only of a conference which was lengthy. I have endeavored to give the substance and sometimes the expressions where they were material. I supposed it would be agreeable to Congress to have it communicated to them, in the present undecided state in which these subjects are. I should add that an explanation of the transaction of Monsieur de Massiac with the Algerines, before hinted at, will be found in the inclosed letter from the Count d\u2019Estaing to me, wherein he gives also his own opinion. The whole is submitted to Congress, as I conceive it my duty to furnish them with whatever information I can gather which may throw any light on the subjects depending before them. I have the honour to be with the most perfect esteem and respect Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0466", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Paradise, 23 May 1786\nFrom: Paradise, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon May 23d. 1786.\nI received in due time your Excellency\u2019s very obliging letter of the 4th. instant, which I beg leave to assure you gave me inexpressible satisfaction, both as it conveyed the intelligence of your safe arrival at Paris, and likewise because it afforded me fresh marks of your kind and invaluable friendship to me and my family. I shall ever consider the acquisition of this friendship as one of the most fortunate circumstances of my life, and earnestly wish that opportunities may frequently offer in which I may have it in my power to give you convincing proofs of the sincerity of this profession. My voyage to Virginia remains still uncertain, as I have not yet received any letters from my steward. As soon as I hear from him and am able to take some resolution upon this matter, you, my dear Sir, will certainly be the first to whom I shall communicate the steps that I shall propose to take, not doubting that I shall be favoured with your friendly advice and assistance. Mr. Cavallo has delivered according to your directions the printing press to Colonel Smith who discharged the expence attending it, which, to my great surprise I find, amounts to five Guineas. The Colonel, however, was so well pleased with it that he ordered one to be made for himself. Doctor Price, whom I had the pleasure of seeing last Night, desires to be particularly remembered to you. My Wife and daughters join likewise in best respects to you and your amiable family, and I have the honour to be with the greatest deference Your Excellency\u2019s most obliged humble servt.,\nJohn Paradise", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0468", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Louis Joseph de Beaulieu, 24 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Beaulieu, Louis Joseph de\nSir\nParis May 24. 1786.\nI should be glad to do any thing which might facilitate your just claims in the war office of the United States; but you will be sensible that I cannot certify the paper you send me because I know nothing of the facts it states, nor of the persons who authenticate them. I should suppose the War office would wish to be certified that Monsr. Pierre Toussains Favernet is the Juge roial civil Lt. Criminel de la cour royale de Beaucaire, which being certified, they will give credit to his certificate of your being alive. The evidence that he bears that office should be under the seal of the city of Beaucaire, according to our usage. Having no instructions from the war office on this subject and this being the first case of the kind which has been presented to me, I can only give an opinion founded on the usual practice in similar cases in America. I am Sir your most obedient humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. I inclose your certificate.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0469", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Giovanni Fabbroni, 24 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Fabbroni, Giovanni\nSir\nParis May 24. 1786.\nYour repeated civilities and friendly disposition encourage me  to ask your assistance in the following case. There is in the state of Virginia a family of the name of Taliaferro, which has always supposed itself of Italian extraction. The original name is probably Tagliaferro. They are informed that there is a district of country not more than four or five leagues from Florence which bears that name. They therefore conjecture that their family came from Tuscany and that their coat of arms (leurs armes) may be found in that country, especially if there be there a Herald\u2019s office where such things are registered. At their desire I take the liberty of praying you to have enquiry made for their arms, and if they can be found to send me a copy of them duly certified by the proper officer. Whatever expence you may incur in this I will remit through the means of Mr. Favi. I beg you to pardon the trouble I give you, and to be assured of the sentiments of esteem and respect with which I have the honour to be Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0470", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Ebenezer Gearey, Jr., 24 May 1786\nFrom: Gearey, Ebenezer, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nBrest 24 May 1786\nPermit me to beg your ade and assistance in my present Situation. I am an American born the state of Connecticut having been Brought up a Merchant, and about two years past I Came from New York in the French Packet to Lorient and Went from that to Paris, and was with Doctor Franklin Severell times. I allso was Introduced to Mr. Berkley the American Consull, who may be at Paris now. I Stayed in Paris about Fifteen days and their received a Pass from Doctor Franklin to gow to Calais on my way to London Where I Arrived the Twenty Second of June 1784 with Letters to Sundry Respectable Merchants and Gentlemen their, who I advised with, Respecting my Establishing my Self in that City in the Mercantile Line. I soon took a house and Furnished, took Clarks and Servants, and was a house keeper in that City untill the Twelvth day of April last. I Bought abought Forty Thousand Pounds Sterling in Goods. The principle part of them I shiped for New York. I was indeted to different Tradesmen in England the 10th. of April Last about Sixteen Thousand Pounds Sterling. The whole time I was in London I never had a Bill of one Shilling gow against me. Every Bill I accepted was  Duly Honoured when due. My Credit was Good untill Severell of my Creditors attempted to arest my body and Publickly Declared that would make me a Bankrupt. I went from my house in London and Stayed Several days and wrote my Creditors in General beging of them to Stop Such proseadings, that I would pay them as fast as I agreed to do, and that I had property Considerable more than my Debts. My friends advised me to gow to france and their write my Creditors and Indeavour to have time Given me to do my Business and pay my debts. I then Left London and went to Dunkirk where I wrote my Creditors Several times beging of them to think better of the Matter than to inforce a Statute of Bankruptcy against me, that I hartily wished to Stay with them and that they might depend that I had property plenty to pay them and they should be paid every shilling if they would give me time and Liberty to do my business. However after Sending a man over to London and all my propositions was rejected, and Said that I was made a Bankrupt and nothing would do but my Surrender to the Statute, which I did not think prudent for me to do, and was fully advised to gow to America and Look after my property and Business, and my Warehouse and Goods, and Considerable amount of Goods Shiped by me in a vessel bound to New-York, in all not Less than Seven Thousand pound Sterling with good write to take what money and good was Expected from America. By advice from my friends their was in the March Packet and April packet not Less than Fifteen Hundred Pound Sterling. Now Possable news of any of my Difficulties Could reach my friends, to induce them to Stop Shiping money and Effects in the may packet and other Vessels Expected which will of Course fall into their hands. I wrote them from Dunkirk that I Should Gow to America and would pay them Soon as Possable, But Sir, they have made me a Bankrupt, by what I have understood, and have Sent out Power of Attorney With Orders to attach my property Where ever they Can find it. I Left London with grate hopes of gowing back again Soon. I declare to God, that I did not bring with me Forty Pounds in Money nor one Shilling of property, but just my Cloaths. I have not in no way Whatever five Pounds that Possably can Command in any part of France or Europe. I was to have received from a Gentleman at Lorient money to pay my passage in the packet to America if I was in time. I Conclude the packet is gown and the Gentleman was Gowing in hir, which I Conclude the Gentleman has thought I have taken Some other  way to America. But Sir, I left Dunkirk the 8th. of May and Came in a vessel bound to Brest and arrived hear the 19th. Instant where an Order was given for me and a Gentleman Who was in the Vessel bound to America to be put into the King\u2019s prison where I now am, not able to speak the French Language. I Could not Learn what I was put into prison for under a day or two, when their Came to the prison some French Gentlemen, and with [them] Came Two English Gentlemen from London, one of which was one of my Creditors. He Signified to me that he had Caused me to be put in Prison for some Bills of Exchange as he said he had against me. If he had any they were nothing more than Acceptances to my Trades People in London which Became Due Since I left that City. Their Came the same day, after, some French Gentlemen and tolld me I was not put in prison for Bills or debts of any kind, but by order of the Comadant for Changing my Name, which I never did untill [I] removed my Lodging in Dunkirk from the Hotell to an English Family who had many Acquaintances in England and in Dunkirk. The Gentleman who keeps the house, Mr. Thomas Harris, asked me in the evening to Give him my Name, that he was obliged to give an account of every Lodger he had in his house at all times. I asked him if it was a Matter of any Consequence to have my name. He said no, not that he knew of, and Said no Matter, say Tom Stiles or any thing, So I Gave him Ebenezer Collins, my Mother\u2019s name. The reason why I so gave my name was Mr. Harris was an English man with many Acquantance as before mentioned, and not giving my name as Usual, it would not be Communicated to London that I was in Dunkirk. And when I took passage for brest the Captain Said I must have a pass. I went with [the] Captain Before some Authority for that purpose. When they asked my name I thought as I had Given it Collins before and was bound in the vessel bound to brest and their ment to have gone Directly on to Lorient, I Supposed it would do me no harm but rather serve to blind my Creditors what way I had taken to gow to America. I was Truly Ignorant of any Consequences arising from it. I Surely ment no harm to this Country or any person in it. I have ever been very partial to France. I had no occation to alter my name to Travill [in] France for any debts I owed its Subjects, or any thing I have ever Said or done. The French Gentlemen that Came to me from the Comadant Toll\u2019d me I was detained for Calling my[self] Collins, otherways I should not been stoped. I am very Sorry I have  been So Unfortunate as to have given my name as I did. I am very Sorry and Sincerely Beg Pardon for the offence. Had not these Two Young Gentlemen from London, in persuite to arest me in france if they Could, Reported that I had altered my name and Said many Unfalsehoods to induce the Comadant to stope, When they Came to Dunkirk and found I was gown in a vessel to Brest they then pushed for Paris and from there Came to this port and Reported many ilnatured things which are false and wholly unconnected with my Business, they having Letters to people here made such Intrest as induced the Comadant to detain [me]. I most earnestly pray, that you will give me your assistance in obtaining me a releas from this Prison and Let me gow on to America where I Can take Care of my business and Property. To be a Bankrupt in London and my Creditors to have Possession of all my Affects in America is very hard. For me to be Stoped in Europe from gowing to America where I Shall be to do my Business and pay my debts in England. They have Surely Laws in America where any debts due from any Merchant may be recovered. I have no other wish nor ever had but to pay every Shilling I owe in England and am very able and willing. I have ple\u2019d with my Creditors to Let me Stay with them, and Since in France I have Indeavored to Convince them it was best for me to Come back. I wished to Stay with them. I[f] they will Show my Letters it will be found that I have beged of them to Give me a Letter of time and would Stay in England, but to Surrender to a Statute of Bankruptcy you will se many difficulties. I have property much more than to pay my debts with proper Management. To appear to a Statute of Bankruptcy, you are Sensible I must give up all the property I have in the world. If it was but Sixteen Thousand Pound, It would take one Hundred Thousand Pound to pay it, in gowing threw the hand of Assigners in London or America, by Which means I would Suffer very materially. Not only that, but Several American houses who were Americans have failed in London. They have appeared to the Statute and was amediately put to Prison, and their kept and Could not have a Certificate from their Creditors and have been obliged to Submit to be imprisoned for a Long time. Such things have frighted away Several Merchants. You will know Sir, that these two young Gentlemen from London have gown back from this [place to] paris, by what I Can Learn, to Indeavor to obtain Liberty to Carry me back to London, or to arest me in france for my debts due in  that Kingdom. They have reported many Illnatured things in this town to Make friends. They may do the Same in paris. But Sir, I [have] two much reason to Believe that your Superior Knowledge of Human nature and Business will Easily se that those men are Induced by their Interest to Say what they think will Serve their Inclinations. The Idea of being given up or Carried back to London Contrary to my Consent, I have not the Least Idea of Such a proceeding. I am Satisfied his Most Christian Majesty\u2019s Ministers never will Consent to any such Liberty being given. I as an American and allied Friend Clame protection, and Dear Sir Most Earnestly beg your Interest and Assistance in my present Situation. Mr. John Arnold an american Left Lond. a Little before I did on account of his Creditors pushing him faster than he found himself able to pay. He tells me has due about Twenty Thousand Pounds Sterling in London, that his Debts was not Exceding fifteen Thousand, that his Creditors notwithstanding all the perswasions that he Could make use of have Inforced a Statute of Bankruptcy against him. He has not thot proper to appear to the Statute but is perfectly willing to pay his debts, and Says all his affects [are] in London, that he Brought not thirty Guines in Money or property accepting his Cloths, that he has not five pound at Comand in Europe, that his Creditors have sent out attachments [for his] property in America and prays for your protection and releas from this prison, Being put hear as those English Gentlemen Said, for altering his name which he Says he did not. Mr. Arnold has Been in London about two years and Says he is willing to do every thing in his power for his Creditors but to be Stoped in france will be his ruin and very much hurt his Interest. Mr. John Arnold Joins with me in this Pertision. Must Beg Leave to Subscribe my Self your Obedient & Humble Servant,\nEbenezer Gearey Junr.\nSuplement\nDear Sir\nI must beg leave to tell you that I Should have wrote several days sooner but I was not allowed Pen Ink or Paper; by some Influence these English Gentlemen had with the Keeper of the Prison or Rather their Coraspondant hear. However Numbers of French Gentlemen who Could Speak my Language Came to se Me. I told them My Greviance and beged that they would Speak to  the Comidant or Some Proper Officer and no Why I was deprived of Pen and Paper and Amediately I had a Plenty given me and Since have been very Well treated. I had in the Ship with me One Trunk which Contained My Nessary Clothing. I have not been able to have it Sent me yet. I Have Repeatedly asked to have it but Various Excuses have been Made. When these English Gentlemen Came to Brest they Reported that I had Twenty or thirty Thousand Pound Sterling in Cash in my Trunk, but Sir I have not one Shilling in it nor any Money as I Before told you. I Left all My Property in England, and a Compleat Account of all my debts with my Prinsable Clark in London. My Creaditors have had all I have in Europe and Shall be paid their Ballance in America soon as Possable if I Can go on about My Business. To Stay in France or go Back to London are onely Nominall Matters [and] cannot in the least Serve the Intrest of my Creaditors. It is onely to Gratify their own Tempers and get Possession of all My Estate which will Serve to Ruin me and Reduse me to a Beger. However I will Conclude Submitting My self to your Better Counsell and beg your Pardon for Troubling you with so long a Catalogue of My Matters. Beg you will let me have your advise soon as Possable. I am Dear Sir With the Highest Esteeme your Most Obedient And Most Humle. Servant,\nEbenezer Gearey Junr\nNB. Must beg your Patiance one Minet. My Affairs are Simply thus: I was on the 12th of April last Indebted to my differant Tradesmen in England Seventeen Thousand Pound. Since that my Creaditors have Received My Property to not less than Eight, and all that I had any Write to in Europe. I Bankrupt, With All My affairs in America liable to Be Pulled to Peases by the Attachments of my Creaditors. It appears to me that Stoping me hear Would be Pecculiary hard. Was I in America or England under an Arrest, my Situation would be very well to What it is hear, for Nothing that the Laws of France Could do would have any affect, with their Proseadings in England or America. It Onely Serves to Gratafy them and Ruin my Esstate. If my Property was in France then I Could Manague my Business to Equall Advantague. But My Dear Sir What I have told you Respecting My Property and the Exstent of My debts you May Rely on is the truth. It if Wass for My Life, I Should say all I have hear told you. It will very Easily be Consieved by you what a Situation My Estate will be in America. I Must Sensearly Beg your Assistance in my Redress  Soon as Possable. I am Dear Sir your Most Obediant and Very Humle. Servt.,\nEben. Gearey Junr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0472", "content": "Title: [From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Walpole, 24 May 1786]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Walpole, Thomas\n[Paris, 24 May 1786. Entry in SJL reads: \u201cT. Walpole. extract from Limozin\u2019s letter.\u201d Letter not found, but see Limozin to TJ, 21 May 1786.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0473", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Paradise, 25 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Paradise, John\nDear Sir\nParis May 25. 1786.\nMy constant occupation in London put it out of my power to avail myself of your friendly offers to instruct me in the modern pronuntiation of the Greek, or rather in the pronuntiation of the modern Greeks. Yet I so ardently desire to become acquainted with this that I am induced to make you a most unreasonable request, that is to give me some written instructions on the subject. I do not mean to trouble you with writing a treatise for me. Would you do this for the public you would render them an acceptable service. But for myself I will only ask you to write down the Greek alphabet and the diphthongs, and opposite to each letter or diphthong, to express it\u2019s power in Italian orthography, adding perhaps an example or two of a greek word, in greek letters, and then in the Italian letters of equivalent sound. I fix on the Italian rather than English orthography, because in the latter language the same letters have very different sounds in different words; whereas the sound of the Italian letters is always the same in the same situation.\nI have yet another favour to ask. which is to get Kirkman to make for me one of his best harpsichords with a double set of keys, and the machine on the top resembling a Venetian blind for giving a swell. The case to be of mahogany, solid not vineered, without any inlaid work but deriving all it\u2019s beauty from the elegance of the wood. I would wish entirely to avoid a complication of stops, wishing to have such only as are most simple and least liable to be put out of order as the instrument is to go to a country and to a situation where there will be no workman but myself to put it in order. When done I shall be glad to have a celestini apparatus put to it by Mr. Walker. I hope by that time he will have brought to perfection some method of giving it movement by a spring or a weight, or by some other mover than the foot or hand. I confide so much in Dr. Burney\u2019s judgment and knowlege of musical instruments, and his interest too with Kirkman, that tho\u2019 I have no right to ask either, myself, from the momentary, yet pleasing, acquaintance I contracted with him, I will however resort to your better acquaintance to interest him in advising or directing for the best. On receiving advice of the time when the instrument will be ready, I will take care to place the money in time in London and to direct it\u2019s package and conveiance.\nThe mass of letters and business which had accumulated during my absence has kept me closely employed till now. I have seised the first moment of leisure to write letters to my friends in Virginia which I will pray you to deliver personally. I took the liberty of recommending to you an interior situation in Virginia. The principal reason was that the thunder in the lower parts was peculiarly disagreeable to you. Long experience and residence in the lower as well as upper parts of the country enable me to assure you that the difference is very great. In this I shall be contradicted by no man of observation who has lived in both parts as I have done. I can further assure you that since my return to Paris we have had as severe thunder as I almost ever heard in the upper parts of Virginia. To this reason for preferring the upper country I will shortly sketch several others. 1. The heats are less. 2. Not subject to fevers and agues and other bilious complaints. 3. The stile of living is more \u0153conomical. 4. In being distant from your principal estate it\u2019s operations will be less disturbed, and your time more at your own command. All this however will be controverted by the good people in and about Williamsburgh who will wish to fix you in their neighborhood. You will be best able to judge for  yourself after you shall have seen both parts of the country. I shall be happy to hear that you avail yourself of the good season to make the passage, that you have it safe, speedy and pleasant. After your arrival I know all will be well and shall have no other anxieties.\nWe have little new worth communicating. The Cardinal de Rohan\u2019s memoir has appeared, but we do not see when his affair is to be ended. Rumors are still as incertain as they are unfavorable as to the situation of the K. of Prussia. Present me affectionately to Mrs. and Miss Paradise and be assured of the sincere esteem with which I have the honour to be Dear Sir your most obedient humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson\n  P.S. May 30. 1786. Some intervening business having for several days prevented my finishing the letters which accompany this, I have in the mean time received your favour of the 23. I owe you many thanks for the favourable sentiments you are pleased to express therein. They are more the effect of your own goodness than of any merit of mine. In fact, I am the gainer by this acquaintance; and I shall be happy to find occasions of convincing you that I view it in that light. The trouble I give you in the preceding part of this letter is but too apposite a proof that you are the loser.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0474", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Barclay, 26 May 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nCadiz 26 May 1786\nInclosed you have an account of the Cost of some Spanish Books which were not to be procured at Madrid and which Mr. Carmichael orderd to be purchased here for you. I have paid 127 Dollars and 18 Ryals for them and placed them in the hands of Messieurs Lyonnis & Belleu to be shipd on a vessel bound to Rouen to the Care of Mr. Anthy. Garvey of that place who will send them Forward to you at Paris. There are 19 Vols. in Quarto and in octavo, and I sincerely wish them safe to you. Of this Date I have valued on you for 750 livres in Favor of John  Richards, which please to Honor and beleive me Dear Sir Your Very obed servt.,\nThos. Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0475", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Bondfield, 27 May 1786\nFrom: Bondfield, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBordeaux 27 May 1786\nI am honor\u2019d with your favor of the 17 Instant also with the Observations of Monsieur St. Victouer, to the Contents of both I shall pay every attention. If the Cases arrive the next month they will be in time to go by the Ship Comte d\u2019Artois bound to portsmouth and will be a perfect good safe conveyance.\nI have to Acknowledge the receipt of your favor of the 24 January, buissness having soon after called me up the Country. At my return learning you was in England I postponed forwarding the wine to your return of which I was uncertain. It shall be forwarded by the first Rouliers that leave this for Paris. The little articles you Commissioned for Virginia shall be shipt \u214cr. the Comte d\u2019Artois.\nIn consiquence of instructions from Mr. Barclay at the Manufactory Royal of Gunpowder Established by Gouvernment at this City if on a short notice a quantity of the first quality could be obtain\u2019d, I inform\u2019d him that any quantity of the different proofs employ\u2019d for the publick Service might on short notice be obtaind. Mr. Barclay not haveing informd me for what Use, I supposed it destin\u2019d for the Barbaresq. Powers. Your Letter gives me room to change that opinion supposing it was intended for the Virginia State. Should that be the Case and you had not made the purchase, this ship going out, and being a very safe good ship commanded by Captain Gregory an officer in the service, if you should incline  that any purchases should be made to your Instructions every attention shall be paid.\nI have the honor to be with due Respect Sir your most obedient Humble Servant,\nJohn Bondfield", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0476", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, with Enclosure, 27 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jay, John\nSir\nParis May 27. 1786.\nIn my letter of January 2. I had the honour of stating to you what had passed here on the subject of the commerciable articles between this country and the United States. I beg leave now to resume that subject. I therein informed you that this government had agreed to receive our fish oils on the footing on which they receive those of the Hanseatic towns, which gave us a reduction of duty from 36\u20b6 15s on the barrique to 11\u20b6 5s amounting to about 42\u20b6 on the English ton, according to a statetment by Monsr. Sangrain inclosed in that letter. This was true; but there was another truth which neither that statement nor any other evidence I then had, enabled me to discover, and which it is but lately I could be ascertained of; which is that there is another duty called the Droit des huiles et savons, to which the Hans towns are subject as we are also, of consequence. This is of 6. deniers on the nett pound, and 10. sous per livre on that, amounting to 3\u20b6 5s on the nett hundred, French weight, or to 60\u20b6 13s. 6d the English ton. This with the reduced duty makes about 102\u20b6 13s. 6d., or very nearly four guineas according to the present exchange, on the English ton. Tho this be still advantageous when compared with the English duty of 18. guineas, yet it is less so than we had expected, and it will remain, when we apply for a renewal of the indulgence, to see whether we can obtain further reduction.\nThe fur trade is an object of desire in this country. London is at present their market for furs. They pay for them there in ready money. Could they draw their furs into their own ports from the U.S. they would pay us for them in productions. Nor should we lose by the change of market, since, tho the French pay the London merchants in cash, those merchants pay us with manufactures. A very wealthy and well connected company is proposing here to associate themselves with an American company, each to possess half the interest and to carry on the fur trade between the two  countries. The company here expect to make the principal part of the advances; they also are solliciting considerable indulgencies from this government from which the part of the company on our side the water will reap half the advantage. As no exclusive idea enters into this scheme, it appears to me worthy of encouragement. It is hoped the government here will interest themselves for it\u2019s success. If they do, one of two things may happen: either the English will be afraid to stop the vessels of a company consisting partly of French subjects and patronized by the court; in which case the commerce will be laid open generally; or if they stop the vessels, the French company, which is strongly connected with men in power, will complain in form to their government, who may thus be interested as principals in the rectification of this abuse. As yet however, the proposition has not taken such a form, as to assure us that it will be prosecuted to this length.\nAs to the article of tobacco, which had become an important branch of remittance to almost all the states, I had the honour of communicating to you my proposition to the Court to abolish the monopoly of it in their farm; that the Ct. de Vergennes was, I thought, thoroughly sensible of the expediency of this proposition, and disposed to befriend it, that the renewal of the lease of the farms had been consequently suspended six months and was still in suspence; but that so powerful were the Farmers general, [and so tottering the tenure of the Minister of finance in his office,] that I despaired of preventing the renewal of the farm at that time. Things were in this state when the M. de la Fayette returned from Berlin. On communicating to him what was on the carpet, he proposed to me a conference with some persons well acquainted with the commercial system of this country. We met. They proposed the endeavoring to have a committee appointed to enquire into the subject. The proposition was made to the Ct. de Vergennes, who befriended it, and had the M. de la Fayette named a member of the committee. He became of course the active and truly zealous member for the liberty of commerce, others tho\u2019 well disposed, not chusing to oppose the farm openly. This committee has met from time to time. It shewed an early and decisive conviction that the measure taken by the farm to put the purchase of their tobaccoes into monopoly on that side the water, as the sale of them was on this, tended to the annihilation of commerce between the two countries. Various palliatives were proposed from time to time. I confess that I met them all with indifference, my object being a radical  cure of the evil by discontinuing the farm, and not a mere assuagement of it for the present moment which, rendering it more bearable, might lessen the necessity of removing it totally, and perhaps prevent that removal. In the mean time the other branches of the farm rendered the renewal of the lease necessary; and it being said to be too far advanced to have the article of tobacco separated from it and suspended, it was signed in the month of March, while I was in England, with a clause, which is usual, that the king may discontinue when he pleases on certain conditions. When I returned, I found here a Memorial from the merchants of l\u2019Orient complaining of their having 6000 hhds. of tobacco on hand, and of the distresses they were under from the loss of this medium of remittance. I inclosed it to the Count de Vergennes and asked his interference. I saw him on the 23d. inst. and spoke to him on the subject. He told me there was to be a committee held the next day at Berni, the seat of the Comptroller general, and that he would attend it himself to have something done. I asked him if I was to consider the expunging that article from the farm as desperate. He said that the difficulty of changing so antient an institution was immense, that the king draws from it a revenue of 29. millions of livres, that an interruption of this revenue, at least, if not a diminution, would attend a change, that their finances were not in a condition to bear even an interruption, and in short that no minister could venture to take upon himself so hazardous an operation. [This was only saying explicitly, what I had long been sensible of, that the Comptroller general\u2019s continuance in office was too much on a poise to permit him to shift this weight out of his own scale into that of his adversaries; and that we must be contented to await the completion of the public expectation that there will be a change in this office, which change may give us another chance for effecting this desireable reformation.] Incidents enough will arise to keep this object in our view, and to direct the attention to it as the only point on which the interests and harmony of the two countries (so far as this article of their commerce may influence) will ultimately find repose. The Committee met the next day. The only question agitated was how best to relieve the trade under it\u2019s double monopoly. The committee found themselves supported by the presence and sentiments of the Count de Vergennes. They therefore resolved that the contract with Mr. Morris, if executed on his part, ought not to be annulled here, but that no similar one should ever be made hereafter; that, so long as it continued, the farmers should  be obliged to purchase from twelve to 15,000. hhds. of tobacco a year, over and above what they should receive from Mr. Morris, from such merchants as should bring it in French or American vessels, on the same conditions contracted with Mr. Morris; providing however that where the cargo shall not be assorted, the prices shall be 38\u20b6 36\u20b6 and 34\u20b6 for the 1st. 2d and 3d qualities of whichsoever the cargo may consist. In case of dispute about the quality, specimens are to be sent to the council, who will appoint persons to examine and decide on it.\nThis is indeed the least bad of all the palliatives which have been proposed; but it contains the seeds of perpetual trouble. It is easy to foresee that the farmers will multiply difficulties and vexations on those who shall propose to sell to them by force, and that these will be making perpetual complaints, so that both parties will be kept on the fret. If, without fatiguing the friendly dispositions of the ministry, this should give them just so much trouble as may induce them to look to the demolition of the monopoly as a desireable point of rest, it may produce a permanent as well as temporary good. This determination of the committee needs the king\u2019s order to be carried into effect. I have been in hourly expectation of receiving official information that it is ultimately confirmed by him. But as yet it is not come, and the post will set out to-day. Should it arrive in time, I will inclose it. Should it not arrive, as I do not apprehend any danger of it\u2019s being rejected, or even altered materially (seeing that M. de Vergennes approved of it, and M. de Calonnes acquiesced) I have supposed you would wish to be apprized of it\u2019s substance, for a communication of which I am indebted to the M. de la Fayette. Tho\u2019 you cannot publish it formally till you know it is confirmed by the king yet an unauthoritative kind of notice may be given to the merchants to put them on their guard. Otherwise the merchants here, having first knowlege of it, may by their agents purchase up all the tobaccoes they have on hand, at a low price, and thus engross to themselves all the benefit.\nIn the same letter of January 2. I mentioned that the Rice of Carolina compared with that of the Mediterranean was better and dearer. This was on my own observation, having examined both in the shops here where they are retailed. Further enquiries give me reason to beleive that the rice of Carolina, on it\u2019s arrival, is fouler and cheaper; and that it is obliged to be cleaned here before it is saleable; that this advances the price, but at the same time the quality also, beyond that of the mediterranean. Whether the  trouble of this operation discourages the merchant, or the price the consumer, or whether the merchants of Carolina have not yet learnt the way to this market, I cannot tell. I find in fact that but a small proportion of the rice consumed here is from the American market. But the consumption of this article here is immense. If the makers of American rice would endeavor to adapt their preparation of it to the taste of this country, so as to give it over the Mediterranean rice the advantage of which it seems susceptible, it would very much increase the quantity for which they may find sale. As far as I have been able to find it is received here on a favourable footing.\nI shall reserve my letter open to the last moment in hopes of being able to put into it the order of the king to the farmers general. [I have the honour of inclosing a copy of their contract with Mr. Morris] to which the resolution of the Committee refers, and to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem & respect, Sir, your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson\nEnclosure\nNous Soussign\u00e9s Robert Morris, ancien Sur-Intendant des Finances des Etats Unis de l\u2019Am\u00e9rique, residant \u00e0 Philadelphie, d\u2019une Part;\nEt de l\u2019autre Le Normand, Receveur general des Finances de la g\u00e9n\u00e9ralit\u00e9 de la Rochelle, residant \u00e0 Paris; sommes convenus, avons trait\u00e9 respectivement l\u2019un envers l\u2019autre de la vente et achat de soixante mille Boucauds de Tabac de neuf \u00e0 dix Quintaux des divers cr\u00fbs du Continent de l\u2019Amerique aux clauses et conditions cy-apr\u00e8s enonc\u00e9s. Scavoir;\nQue moi Robert Morris m\u2019engage\n1\u00b0. A expedier et faire delivrer dans les divers Ports de France cy-apr\u00e8s specifi\u00e9s, le tout \u00e0 mes perils et risque jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la totale livraison au dit Sr. Le Normand, les soixante mille Bariques de Tabac dans l\u2019espace de trois ann\u00e9es consecutives de 1785, 1786, et 1787, \u00e0 raison de vingt mille Bariques par Ann\u00e9e.\n2do. Je m\u2019engage de plus \u00e0 assortir chaque fourniture annuelle dans les Quantit\u00e9s suivantes, scavoir:Le Quart de Tabacs de River-James et River York.La Moiti\u00e9 de Potomack et Rappahanock, et le Quart en Tabacs de Maryland, dont un tiers au moins soit propre \u00e0 la Pipe; le tout des premieres Qualit\u00e9s propres pour la France.\n3\u00b0. Je m\u2019oblige pareillement \u00e0 expedier annuellement la Quantit\u00e9 suffisante de Vaisseaux, qui seront par pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence Am\u00e9ricains ou Fran\u00e7ois, pour faire parvenir la susdite Quantit\u00e9 de vingt mille Bariques, dans les Ports de Bourdeaux, du Havre de Grace, de Dieppe, et de Morlaix dans les proportions suivantes: Scavoir: sept mille Bariques \u00e0 Bourdeaux et sept mille au Havre de Grace, trois mille Bariques \u00e0 Dieppe et trois mille \u00e0 Morlaix.\nEn observant que la partie de Maryland, propre \u00e0 la pipe, devra etre comprise par pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence et \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s dans une egale Proportion dans les envoys pour Morlaix, Bourdeaux, et le Havre.\nEt dans le cas o\u00f9 mes envoys d\u2019une ann\u00e9e viendroient \u00e0 exceder le total de la distribution cy-dessus, cet excedent sera exp\u00e9di\u00e9 en augmentation pour le Havre de Grace.\n4\u00b0. Le Tabac expedi\u00e9 et delivr\u00e9 dans la conformit\u00e9 cy dessus me sera pay\u00e9 par mon dit Sr. Le Normand, au prix de 36 Livres Tois. [Tournois] pour chaque cent Livres pesant poids de Marc, et le dit Sr. Le Normand comptera le montant de chaque cargaison, sous un mois de la d\u00e9livraison \u00e0 Messrs. Le Couteulx & Co., mes Banquiers \u00e0 Paris, en deduisant cependant deux Livres Tois. par chaque cent Livres pesant poids de Marc, pour remboursement du Million d\u2019avance qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 vers\u00e9 par mon dit Sr. Le Normand entre les Mains des susdits Messrs. Le Couteulx & Co. pour etre tenu \u00e0 ma disposition, comme il constate par leur re\u00e7u au bas du present contract.\n5\u00b0. Je consens que les deux mille boucauds dont j\u2019ai donn\u00e9 avis, par ma Lettre du 27. 8bre. dernier au dit Sr. Le Normand, de l\u2019achat et du prompt chargement pour le Port du Havre de Grace, feront Partie de ma premiere livraison de cette Ann\u00e9e et me seront pay\u00e9s sur le prix de 36\u20b6. Tois. avec la deduction de 2\u20b6. Tois. par quintal, comme il est sp\u00e9cifi\u00e9 dans l\u2019Article pr\u00e9cedent.\n6\u00b0. Et le Tabac, pour en faire la livraison, sera tir\u00e9 des Bariques et on n\u2019en retirera que ce qui sera trouv\u00e9 endommag\u00e9, et pour lors le Tabac pes\u00e9 sur le quai, et il sera re\u00e7u sur le Pied des Livres qu\u2019il aura reelment pes\u00e9, sans aucune deduction quelconque, et jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ce qu\u2019il soit pes\u00e9, il sera \u00e0 mes risques et frais.\n7\u00b0. Le Tabac endommag\u00e9 sera coup\u00e9 et envoy\u00e9 autre part, si mes Correspondants le jugent \u00e0 propos; \u00e0 defaut il sera brul\u00e9 en leur presence.\nEt moi, Le Normand, accepte g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement et me soumets \u00e0 toutes les clauses et conditions mentionn\u00e9es dans les sept Articles cy-dessus, et pour preliminaire du present contract, j\u2019ai remis la somme d\u2019un million de Livres Tois, mentionn\u00e9s dans l\u2019Etat 4. entre les mains de Messrs. Le Couteulx & Co., comme il constate par leur re\u00e7u annex\u00e9 au bas du present Contract, pour ladite somme, en \u00eatre rembours\u00e9e conform\u00e9ment audit Article. Je consens en outre\n1\u00b0. Que dans le Cas o\u00f9 les Vaisseaux employ\u00e9s dans cette Affaire viendroient \u00e0 \u00eatre assujettis \u00e0 de plus grands ou nouveaux Droits ou Taxes que ceux que payent les batiments Fran\u00e7ois, venant des Indes Occidentales de France, les susdits Droits seront \u00e0 ma charge.\n2do. Que tous les droits qui par la suite ou post\u00e9rieurement au pr\u00e9sent trait\u00e9 pourroient \u00eatre mis, tant sur l\u2019exportation en Am\u00e9rique, soit sur l\u2019importation en France, seront \u00e0 ma charge, et en consequence je tiendrai compte \u00e0 Mr. Robert Morris de ceux qui pourroient survenir en Am\u00e9rique sur l\u2019exportation \u00e0 raison de 5\u20b6.6s. Tournois par chaque Piastre effective, et cela sur un certificat authentique du droit impos\u00e9.\n3\u00b0. Je m\u2019engage que la ferme generale ne fera faire, ni directement  ni indirectement, aucuns achats de Tabac en Am\u00e9rique, et en consequence si j\u2019avois besoin d\u2019une plus grande Quantit\u00e9 de Tabacs, elle me sera fournie au m\u00eame prix et conditions.\nFait quintuple \u00e0 Paris, dont quatre pour etre envoy\u00e9s en Amerique, par les Paquebots Anglois et Fran\u00e7ois, le cinqui\u00e8me depos\u00e9 entre les Mains de Messrs. Le Couteulx & Co.\nA Paris le 11. Janvier 1785. Sign\u00e9 Le Normand, Receveur general des Finances. Sign\u00e9 \u00e0 Philadelphie, Avril 10. 1785. Robt. Morris. Certifi\u00e9 veritable et conforme \u00e0 l\u2019original, qui est en mes Mains. A Paris le 20. fevr. 1786. Sign\u00e9. Le Normand.\nEn Marge est \u00e9crit: Nous Soussign\u00e9s reconnoissons avoir re\u00e7u de Monsieur Le Normand, Receveur general des Finances de la Generalit\u00e9 de la Rochelle, la Somme d\u2019un million de Livres Tois, en Effets de notre satisfaction, que nous promettons tenir \u00e0 la Disposition de Monsieur Robert Morris, ancien Sur-Intendant general des Finances des Etats-Unis de l\u2019Am\u00e9rique, apr\u00e8s l\u2019acceptation pure et simple du present Trait\u00e9, dont un double a \u00e9t\u00e9 depos\u00e9 en nos Mains; \u00e0 Paris le 11. Janvier 1785.\nSign\u00e9 Le Couteulx & Co.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0477", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, 27 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jay, John\nSir\nParis May 27. 1786.\nIn my letter of the 12th. inst. which goes by the same packet, but was delivered to a private hand, I had the honour of inclosing to you letters from Mr. Carmichael, Mr. Barclay and Mr. Lambe on the Barbary affairs. Others came to hand last night which are now copying, and will be inclosed to you by the post of this day as far as they can be copied. The whole cannot possibly be in readiness and it is the last post which will be in time for the packet. By these you will see that Mr. Lambe is returned to Spain. I expect soon from Mr. Adams an answer to my letter proposing to instruct Mr. Lambe to repair to Congress. The agreement supposed to be made between Spain and Algiers that the latter shall make no peace with any nation not under treaty with the Porte, is difficult of explanation. It\u2019s existence however may account for the difference of opinion between the Counts de Vergennes and d\u2019Espilly as to the expediciency of our treating with the Porte. If Mr. Adams concurs with me in opinion we shall cease all further proceedings with the Barbary powers till we receive further instructions from Congress; except as to Marocco, which I have hopes we may better succeed in. I have the honour to be with the greatest respect Sir Your most obedient humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0480", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Andr\u00e9 Limozin, 29 May 1786\nFrom: Limozin, Andr\u00e9\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHavre de Grace, 29 May 1786. An American ship, Clementina, arrived from Norfolk with 826 hhds. of tobacco on board and will return to that place in about 20 days; \u201cyour Excellency Knows that Norfolk is in Virginia\u201d has shipped on board the Betsy TJ\u2019s two boxes of books and encloses bills of lading; if TJ has any commissions for the Clementina they will be performed promptly.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0481", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Lucy Ludwell Paradise, 29 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Paradise, Lucy Ludwell\nParis May 29. 1786.\nI have been honoured, my dear Madam, with your letter of the 5th. instant, and embrace the first opportunity which has offered by a private hand of sending to Mr. Paradise letters for Virginia. I shall be happy to hear he is gone there, because I believe he will be happier there than in England. It is a country where a rational and studious man may follow his inclinations with less interruption, and where a warm heart will meet with more genuine returns of friendship than in Europe. These circumstances would induce me to hope yourself and Miss Paradise would also like it. But against these we must reckon a greater simplicity of manners, and a good degree of solitude more than you have been used to. The best means of getting an idea of this would be the fixing yourself a while in a country situation in England; where the state of society probably resembles that of your own country. If on trial you should like such a situation, you may safely venture to Virginia. If it be your purpose in all events to go to that country, I should suppose the sooner you go, the better; because you would doubtless prefer the settling your daughter in the same country with yourself, and she is now of that age when the affections will not await the movements of the parent. These may become engaged, and may occasion greater pain to you both, and greater inconveniencies than those which would attend an early departure to America. I can safely assure you that you will find the state of domestic society there infinitely more replete with happiness than it is in Europe. Mr. Paradise\u2019s dislike of thunder storms will oblige you to settle in some interior part of the country where the manners will resemble still less those of Europe, and where the band of family society is drawn still closer. However he will have a great extent of country, a great variety of societies to chuse among and prepare a settlement for you. That he may make a choice which shall be agreeable to you and that it may be followed with every circumstance of felicity to you both and to the young ladies is the sincere wish of, dear Madam, your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0482", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from St. Victour & Bettinger, 29 May 1786\nFrom: St. Victour & Bettinger\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nrue de menars no. 9. paris le 29. may 1786.\nVous m\u2019av\u00e9s fait l\u2019honneur de me demander le nombre des fusils que nous serions en etat d\u2019expedier pour l\u2019etat de virginie, et a quelle ep\u00f4que la forfaiture a laquelle nous nous etions engag\u00e9s seroit termin\u00e9e; je ne pouvois alors repondre d\u2019une maniere precise a ces deux questions, mais ayant aussitot demand\u00e9 des renseignemens, j\u2019ay constat\u00e9 qu\u2019avant la fin de juin il sera expedi\u00e9 quinze cent fusils pour bordeaux et que les deux engagemens que nous avons pris seront remplis avant la fin de novembre sauf les cas fortuits. Je m\u2019empresse d\u2019avoir l\u2019honneur de vous donner cet eclaircissement.\nJ\u2019ay celuy d\u2019etre avec les sentimens les plus respectueux Monsieur votre tres humble et tres obeissant serviteur,\nSt. Victour", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0483", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Archibald Cary and Others, Introducing John Paradise, 29 May [1786]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cary, Archibald,et al.\nDear Sir\nParis May 29 [1786]\nThis will be delivered you by Mr. Paradise who married a daughter of the late Colo. Ludwell of Virginia and who now comes to that country to make preparations for establishing himself and family in it. As a stranger and man of character he would have all the benefits of your civilities and attentions; but as a man of letters, of the purest integrity, of perfect goodness, and republican simplicity, you will consider his acquaintance and friendship as valuable acquisitions. In confidence that by making you acquainted, I serve and gratify both, I commit him to your friendly regards with assurances of the esteem with which I have the honor to be Dear Sir your friend and servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0484", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Wythe, 29 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Wythe, George\nDear Sir\nParis May 29. 1786.\nThis will be handed you by Mr. Paradise, a Gr\u00e6cian and honest man by birth, a gentleman and man of learning by education, and our countryman by choice, the most rational of all titles. I need not say more to ensure him all the services you can render him. He has a heart which will repay your attentions with overflowings of gratitude. Probably he will want your counsels, perhaps too your encouragement to do what you shall find for his interest; for he is of a temperament disposing him to recoil from difficulties rather than meet and surmount them. This is a false calculation, for by shrinking from a small pain, it often recurs upon us from another quarter, with double force. His interests and inclinations would have led him to Virginia, but a singular dread which he has of thunder and the informations he had gathered that it is formidable about Williamsburg seemed to leave him fixed in England. I told him what many years residence both in the lower and upper Country, and particular observation enabled me to tell him, that there was infinitely less in the latter than former. He goes to try this, and the result on his sensations will determine him ultimately. Present me affectionately to Mrs. Wythe and be assured of the sincere esteem with which I am Dear Sir your friend & servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0485", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 30 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nParis May 30. 1786.\nIn my letter of the 11th. instant I had the honour of inclosing you copies of letters relative to the Barbary affairs. Others came to hand three days ago, of some of which I now send you copies, and of the others the originals. By these you will perceive that Mr. Randall and Mr. Lamb were at Madrid, that the latter means to return to Alicant and send on a courier to us. Mr. Randall does not repeat that he shall come himself. When either he or the courier arrives we shall have information to decide on. But these papers have strengthened my idea of desiring them to repair to Congress. I am anxious to know your sentiments on this. These papers came in time for me to send copies to Mr. Jay by the packet which will sail from l\u2019Orient the day after tomorrow.\nThe inclosed paper from the Academy of chirurgery was put into my hands to be forwarded to you.\nI have the honor to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem & respect Dear Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. I shall be much obliged to Colo. Smith for a copy of the treaty with Portugal as soon as it is signed. I am of opinion we had better send Luzac a copy as soon as it is signed. What think you?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0487", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Ebenezer Gearey, Jr., 30 May 1786\nFrom: Gearey, Ebenezer, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear Sir\nBrest Prison 30th. May 1786\nI Beg leave to Acquaint you, Since I wrote you the 24th Mr. Jno. Jinks, Merchant from Salem near Boston Came from Le  Orient to se me, having their heard that I Was in Prison at Brest. This Gentleman was well Acquainted with me and my Business in America and in London. Mr. Jinks has gawn back to Le Orient, with an intent to pertision for my Releas, Providing I Should not be Set at Liberty When we hear from Paris. Mr. Harrison, Agent of Spanish Affairs is at Le Orient, who Mr. Jinks Informed me he was well Acquainted with and Spoke with him on my being Detained in France by my Creditors in London, Who will Assist me to have my Liberty. What I wrote Respecting my affairs and Business may be relyed on, which I am Able to Prove by Respectable Merchants from America who are fortunately for me in France. I hope my Dear Sir, that you will Se the Reasonable Necessity of my having my Liberty to gow about my Business and to be So Imbarised by any part of my Creditors. My detention in Prison will Inivitably ruin my Estate. I Cannot believe that any Such Liberty will be Given by the Minister of France, but should their be any Such order, I must Earnestly beg your Kind Assistance in Laying my Affairs before the Minister and precure me redress from So unreasonable a Confinement.\nBeg leave to Subscribe my Self, Dear Sir, Your Most Obedient and Very Humble Servant,\nEbenezer Gearey Junr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0488", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Teresa Murphy, 30 May 1786\nFrom: Murphy, Teresa\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHonour\u2019d Sir\nce 30 may 1786, L\u2019abbaye Royale de Nogent l\u2019Artault par Charly Sur Marne\nI receiv\u2019d Speedily after my last letter, rescription for L432, Sum which the gentleman informs me he receiv\u2019d from your Excellence. Be pleas\u2019d to accept my Sincer acknowledgements of the obliging attention with which you have the Bounty to honour me and of which I presume to ask the continuation as occasions may happen. Tis an unspeakable consolation to me to know my native Country ally\u2019d to france, which I have adopted Since above twenty years; it Secures my correspondence with my friends, at home, that was interrupted for many years.\nI have the honour to be with due regard, Honour Sir your most obedt humble Sert.,\nMurphy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0489", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Vergennes, with Regulations Concerning Tobacco, 30 May 1786\nFrom: Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Comte de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nA Versailles le 30. Mai 1786.\nJe m\u2019empresse de vous pr\u00e9venir, Monsieur, qu\u2019il vient d\u2019\u00eatre d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que, malgr\u00e9 le Trait\u00e9 que la ferme-G\u00e9n\u00e9rale a fait avec M. Robert Morris pour la livraison d\u2019une certaine quantit\u00e9 de Tabacs, elle en prendra du Commerce jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la concurrence de 15,000 boucauds par an.\n  Pour vous mieux faire conna\u00eetre l\u2019\u00e9tendue de la d\u00e9cision dont il s\u2019agit, je vous en envoye l\u2019extrait ci-joint. Je vous prie de le faire conna\u00eetre tant en Am\u00e9rique qu\u2019aux Armateurs am\u00e9ricains qui peuvent se trouver dans nos ports, afin qu\u2019ils puissent diriger en cons\u00e9quence leurs Sp\u00e9culations de Commerce.\nJ\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019etre tr\u00e8s-sinc\u00e8rement, Monsieur, votre tr\u00e8shumble et tr\u00e8s-ob\u00e9issant Serviteur,\nDe Vergennes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0490", "content": "Title: Enclosure: R\u00e9sultat du comit\u00e9 tenu \u00e0 Berni le 24. May 1786., 24 May 1786\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: \nEnclosure\nR\u00e9sultat du comit\u00e9 tenu \u00e0 Berni le 24. May 1786.\nLe Comit\u00e9, reprenant ses pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes d\u00e9liberations relativement au trait\u00e9 fait avec le Sr. Morris; inform\u00e9 des circonstances dans lesquelles il a \u00e9t\u00e9 pass\u00e9 et qui le rendoient n\u00e9cessaire; inform\u00e9 pareillement des exp\u00e9ditions de douze mille boucauds de tabac dont M. Le Couteulx, correspondant du Sr. Morris, a annonc\u00e9 la prochaine arriv\u00e9e, a pens\u00e9 unanimement que le trait\u00e9 devoit avoir son ex\u00e9cution jusqu\u2019au 1er. Janvier 1788., sauf la r\u00e9siliation de droit en cas d\u2019in\u00e9x\u00e9cution de la part dudit Sr. Morris des conditions dudit trait\u00e9; prenant en suite en consid\u00e9ration l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat du commerce national avec celui des Etats-unis, le comit\u00e9 est convenu des dispositions ci apr\u00e8s \u00e9nonc\u00e9es.\n1\u00b0. A l\u2019expiration du trait\u00e9 du Sr. Morris il ne sera fait aucun march\u00e9 du m\u00eame genre.\n2\u00b0. La ferme g\u00e9n\u00e9rale aura constamment dans ses magasins un aprovisionnement n\u00e9cessaire pour l\u2019exercice de son privil\u00e8ge; lequel aprovisionnement  sera form\u00e9, tant des fournitures r\u00e9sultantes du march\u00e9 du Sr. Morris, que de celles qu\u2019elle se procurera par la voye du commerce.\n3\u00b0. Pour assurer cet aprovisionnement la ferme-g\u00e9n\u00e9rale achetera, pendant la dur\u00e9e du march\u00e9 du Sr. Morris seulement, les tabacs qui pourront \u00eatre fournis par le commerce, et aport\u00e9s sur les b\u00e2timents fran\u00e7ois et americains jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la concurence de 12. \u00e0 15. mille boucauds, par chaque ann\u00e9e, aux m\u00eames prix et conditions, stipul\u00e9s par le trait\u00e9 fait avec ledit Sr. Morris.\n4\u00b0. Dans le cas o\u00f9 les chargements ne seroient pas assortis, les tabacs seront pay\u00e9s les prix ci apr\u00e8s:\n1ere. qualit\u00e9, tabac de James River et Yorck River, le quintal net\n2e. qualit\u00e9, tabac de Potomack et Rapanock\n3e. qualit\u00e9, tabac de Maryland\nLe tout 1eres. qualit\u00e9s de chaque espece propre pour france.\n5\u00b0. En cas de difficult\u00e9 sur les qualit\u00e9s, il en sera envoy\u00e9 des \u00e9chantillons au conseil, et il sera statu\u00e9 par une commission qui sera autoris\u00e9e \u00e0 faire examiner les \u00e9chantillons par telle personne qu\u2019il apartiendra.\n6\u00b0. Lorsque les tabacs fournis par les Am\u00e9ricains ne seront pas livr\u00e9s dans un port de manufacture, il sera diminu\u00e9 sur le prix convenu la somme de trente sols par quintal net pour frais de transport.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0491", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Lewis Alexander, 31 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Alexander, Lewis\nSir\nParis May 31. 1786.\nNot knowing who is Agent for the United States at Bayonne, or whether there be one, I take the liberty of inclosing to you a copy of a regulation lately made by government here on the subject of tobacco. As it is highly interesting to all persons concerned in the commerce of that article, I must beg of you to take the trouble of making the most immediate and general publication of it possible in that port. I have the honour to be with great respect Sir your most obedient and most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0492", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Bondfield, 31 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bondfield, John\nSir\nParis May 31. 1786.\nNot knowing who is the Agent for the United States at Rochfort, or whether there be one I take the liberty of inclosing to you a copy of the resolutions concerning tobacco for that port, and of praying you to take measures for having them published there, which will much oblige Sir your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0494", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to the Governors of Virginia and Maryland, 31 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Governor of Virginia,Governor of Maryland\nSir\nParis May 31. 1786.\nI Have communicated to Congress this day a copy of the resolutions of a Committee appointed here for the purpose of considering what may be done to improve the commerce between this country and the U.S. together with a copy of the contract between the Farmers general and Mr. Morris to which those resolutions refer. These resolutions have received the sanction of government and been officially communicated to me. As the subject is peculiarly and principally interesting to the states of Maryland and Virginia, and prompt notice is above all things necessary to prevent individual merchants from monopolizing this year\u2019s benefit, I have  thought it my duty to communicate by different conveyances to the Governors of each of those states, copies of the resolutions and contract, that their citizens may have as early notice of them as possible. I have the honour to be with sentiments of the highest respect, your Excellency\u2019s most obedient and most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0495", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, 31 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jay, John\nSir\nParis May 31. 1786.\nA safe opportunity occurring by the way of London, I have it now in my power to transmit you the sequel of the papers relative to Algiers which could not be in readiness to go with my letter of the 27th. inst. by the French packet, which I expect will sail from l\u2019Orient tomorrow.\nI am enabled at the same time to send you a copy of the resolutions of the Committee on the subject of the tobacco together with a copy of the Count de Vergennes letter to me giving official notice of them. Having inclosed a copy of Mr. Morris\u2019 contract in my letter of May 27. on the same subject, you will be enabled to give such notice of the whole as you think proper. I have the honor to be with sentiments of the most perfect respect & esteem, Sir, your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0496", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Vergennes, 31 May 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Comte de\nSir\nParis May 31. 1786\nI have been honored with your Excellency\u2019s Letter of Yesterday, inclosing a Copy of the Resolutions of the Committee on the Subject of Tobacco, and am bound to make my Acknolegements for this Attention to the Commerce between this Country and the United States, which will I hope by this Measure be kept alive till more simple and permanent Arrangements become practicable. I have communicated it to Congress by an Opportunity which offered this Morning.\nPerhaps it is for Want of Information that I apprehend it possible for the London Merchants, availing themselves of their early Notice of this Regulation and their Proximity to the Ports of France, to run in French Vessels the whole 15,000 hhds. of the first Year before the French or American Merchants can possibly bring them from America. This might defeat the End of the Regulation as those Merchants would take Paiment in Cash and not in Merchandize. I suppose the Committee had in View tobaccoes coming last from a Port of the United States, and that it may not be yet too late to restrain the Order to such only. Of this your Excellency is the best Judge, to whom I have the Honor of submitting the Doubt; and am with Sentiments of the most profound Respect & Esteem Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient & most humble Servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0497", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Boylston, May 1786\nFrom: Boylston, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLondon May 1786\nAgreeable to your request, I here inclose you the premiums at present given on Vessells, sailing under American Colours, own\u2019d by Subjects of the United States \nFrom America to England or Ireland\n4 Guineas\nFrom ditto to Bilboa\n5 Guineas\nFrom do. to Lisbon\n6 Gs.\nFrom do. to Cadiz\n8 Gs.\nThe like premiums are given on such risques on the Voyage back to North America. Nothing has been done on American Vessells  up the Streights; 15 guineas \u214c Ct. has been talk\u2019d of; its the General Opinion of the Underwriters that the premiums will advance very much, if the Barbary Cruizers should make any fresh Captures, but there\u2019s no saying precisely how much. The premium from any of the United States to any part of England, France, Spain, Portugal or Italy, for the dangers of Seas only are 2 and 2\u00bd \u214c Ct.\nIf any thing has been, or likely soon to [be] effected, respecting the reduction of the duties on Spermacity Oil, You\u2019ll Oblige me to favor me with a line on that subject by return of the post. I\u2019m Sr. with great regard Your Hum. S.,\nTho. Boylston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0499", "content": "Title: [To Thomas Jefferson from Troyes, 1 June 1786]\nFrom: Troyes, M.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Paris, 1 June 1786. Entered in SJL as received 1 June 1786, \u201cwith letters for Col. Wuibert.\u201d Not found. See Wuibert to TJ, 1 Nov. 1786, and note there.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0501", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Cl\u00e9risseau, 2 June 1786\nFrom: Cl\u00e9risseau, Charles Louis\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\na auteuil le 2 juin 1786\nMonsieur je suis sensible \u00e0 la complaisance que vous avez eu de m\u2019envoier mes debours\u00e9s. Quand \u00e0 la maniere obligeante avec la quel vous vous exprim\u00e9, j\u2019en suis des plus satisfait. Je suis entierement satisfait lorsceque je suis assur\u00e9 que vous este satisfait du zele avec lequel j\u2019ai second\u00e9 vos intentions. Qu\u2019il me soit permis de me trouver tres honor\u00e9 de trouver quelque moien pour pouvoir meriter votre confiance et votre amiti\u00e9. L\u2019amour que j\u2019ai pour mon art est tel que je ne puis vous exprimer combien il m\u2019est satisfaisant de trouver un vrai amateur de l\u2019antiquit\u00e9. J\u2019aurai l\u2019honneur de vous voir pour vous salu\u00ebr et vous prouver que le plaisir que j\u2019ai e\u00fc de vous obliger est Superieur \u00e0 mes peines. Je suis, avec toute la consid\u00e9ration que vous merit\u00e9, Monsieur Votre tres humble tres obeissant Serviteur,\nClerisseau", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0503", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from La Morli\u00e8re, 2 June 1786\nFrom: La Morli\u00e8re, Louis Antoine Magallon, Chevalier de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\na la communeaut\u00e9e de laon Rue et montagne Ste genevieve. paris. 2. juin 1786.\nSans avoir l\u2019avantage d\u2019etre connu de vous je prend la libert\u00e9e de vous prier de me rendre un petit Service. J\u2019ai Suivi Mr. d\u2019estaing au Siege de Savahnna, j\u2019ai ensuite command\u00e9 une troupe francoise au Siege de charlestown. Il me reste quelques papiers monnoyes de la nouvelle angleterre que je voudrois \u00e9changer. Je vous prie, Monsieur, de vouloir bien m\u2019\u00e9changer ces papiers qui me sont rest\u00e9s de mes appointements a charlestown, ou m\u2019indiquer qui pourroit me les \u00e9changer \u00e0 Paris. Je serai on ne peut plus reconnoissant de ce Service Si vous voulez bien me le rendre. J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019etre avec un profond Respect, Monsieur Votre tr\u00e9s humble et tr\u00e9s ob\u00e9issant Serviteur,\nLa Morliere", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0504", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to La Morli\u00e8re, 3 June 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: La Morli\u00e8re, Louis Antoine Magallon, Chevalier de\nSir\nParis June 3. 1786.\nIt is six years since the paper money of New England has ceased to circulate as money. It is considered at present as making a part of the National debt, and that the holders of it will be entitled to receive from the public as much gold or silver as the paper money would have bought at the time it was received by the holder with an interest of 6. per cent. per annum. But as yet no precise arrangements  have been taken for the paiment either of principal or interest. Most of the subjects of France, having paper money, have deposited it in the hands of the French minister or Consul at New-York, that paiment may be demanded whenever it shall be provided by Congress. There are even speculators in America who will purchase it. But they give much less than it is worth. As for myself I do not deal in it. I am Sir Your very humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0505", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Francis Coffyn, 4 June 1786\nFrom: Coffyn, Francis\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nDunkerque 4th. June 1786.\nI received your Excellencys most respected favour of 31st. Ultme. inclosing a copy of a regulation made by this Gouvernment on the Subject of Tobacco, which agreeable to your Excellencys orders I have communicated to the native and American Merchants at this place concerned in the Commerce of that article.\nIn consequence of this regulation I imagine proposals from these Merchants will be made to the Farmers general to sell them two or Three thousand Hhds. of Tobacco remaining in the Stores at Dunkerque where the privilege of the Company is not exercised, it being a free port.\nI have the honor to remain with the highest respect, your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient and most Humble Servant,\nF. Coffyn", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0506", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Stephens Smith, 4 June 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Smith, William Stephens\nDear Sir\nParis June 4. 1786.\nHaving found an opportunity of furnishing myself with a horse here, I notify it to you according to what we had agreed on, to prevent you the trouble of getting me one in England. No news to give you but of the decision of the celebrated cause. La Villette banished. Madame la Motte condemned to be branded and whipped and to remain in a hospital all her life. But it is said the branding and whipping will be pardoned, and the hospital commuted into a convent. The Cardinal acquitted totally. But the king has taken  from him his charge of Grand Aumonier and banished him to Auvergne. Cagliostro acquitted; but it is said the king will order him to leave the kingdom. Madme. Cagliostro and Mademoiselle d\u2019Olive acquitted. Present me affectionately to the family at Grosvenor Square, I mean in the good corner of it, and beleive me to be with sincerity [your affectionate & humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0508", "content": "Title: [To Thomas Jefferson from Francis Coffyn, 5 June 1786]\nFrom: Coffyn, Francis\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Dunkirk, 5 June 1786. Entered in SJL as received 10 June 1786, \u201cBy Louis de Bauque.\u201d Not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0509", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jean Baptiste de Gouvion, 5 June 1786\nFrom: Gouvion (Govion), Col. Jean Baptiste\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nParis June the 5th. 1786.\nAbout eighteen months ago Mr. Grand recieved an order from the treasury board of the united States to pay the interests due for the year 1784 upon certificates delivered to the foreign officers who have served in the continental army. He comply\u2019d with the said order for all those who at that time made application to him. Captain Castaign being absent from Paris, and not appraized of the order given to Mr. Grand, has not taken any steps to be pay\u2019d, till some days ago that he sent me his Certificate and a power of attorney to recieve the interests due to him and ordered to be pay\u2019d. I went to Mr. Grand who told me that Mr. Castaign was included in the list sent to him, that he had not been pay\u2019d, but that as there was a long time he had pay\u2019d all the other officers, he could not at this moment pay Mr. Castaign without an authorisation from your Excellency. I objected to it all I could, but to no purpose. Mr. Grand would not depart from the idea of being authorised by you.\nYour Excellency will find included under the same cover the certificate given to Mr. Castaign, also his power of attorney. I am very sorry Mr. Grand obliged me to trouble you about this affair; he has full power to finish by himself. I am with respect Your Excellency\u2019s the most obedient Servant,\nGouvion", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0510", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Ebenezer Gearey, Jr., 5 June 1786\nFrom: Gearey, Ebenezer, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nBrest Prison, 5 June 1786. Hoped to have a reply to his letter of 24 May by the post which arrived from Paris the previous evening. Although he has petitioned a number of times, has not been able to obtain his trunk; the weather being cold when he took passage, he wore heavy clothes; now that it is warm, he is exceedingly uncomfortable; has not \u201cShifted a pair of Stockings these thirty days.\u201d Fears that he will be considered a spy because he changed his name, Brest being a place  where \u201cthey Carry on their Navell Warlike Preparations\u201d; wishes for a speedy trial. If his property were in France he could negotiate with his creditors who, he fears, are grossly misrepresenting his affairs and are creating a bias against him; has offered to return to England, where he has ample funds to pay his debts; fears that his affairs are being confused with those of Arnold, whose ability to pay his debts is in doubt and who was also forced to leave England; although he has bought a considerable amount of goods from Arnold, owes him no money. Cannot do his business in prison; is a person of delicate constitution \u201cused to Liberty and a grate deal of Exursize\u201d and is now \u201cin but an Indiferent State of health.\u201d If he has to stay in prison, prefers l\u2019Orient or Dunkirk where there are people who speak his language; if he were in Paris he could convince everyone that he should be at liberty; submits his grievance to TJ; is satisfied that TJ will do what is necessary to set him free.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0511", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Humphreys, 5 June 1786\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nHartford June 5th. 1786\nBy means of a merchant vessel that sails from this place for L\u2019Orient, I have the pleasure to inform you of my safe arrival after an agreeable passage of 32 day; altho\u2019 I cannot give so high commendations on the accomodations of the French Packet, as I could have done on a former occasion. The fineness of the weather and the hilarity of the passengers, however, atoned for some circumstances not perfectly satisfactory.\nAs I have been but one week in N. York and another in this town, I cannot undertake to give with precision a state of the politics of this country; but if I may rely in some measure on the opinions of almost every person with whom I have conversed, our federal concerns are not in a very promising situation. For notwithstanding the States of Rhode Island and New York have at length come into the 5 pr. Cent impost, yet I am informed the restrictions are such as makes it doubtful whether their offers can be accepted. These and several other States have at their late Sessions emitted paper money. Pensylvania has prohibited the collection of the impost until the supplementary requisitions shall have been adopted by all the States. This I fear will not be done by the Legislature of Connecticut who are now sitting. In the mean[time] there is not a single farthing in the public treasury, the civil list is unpaid, and the few troops at the westward in danger  of disbanding for want of money and supplies, desertions have been so frequent that a Major Wyllys of this State has lately ordered some prompt executions for which he is in arrest by Order of Congress. Hutchins and the Surveyors are however just setting out for the Western country. Congress accepted last week the cession of Connecticut.\nThe refusal of the British to deliver up the frontier posts is not generally known, but so far as I have heard it spoken of it seems to excite a spirit of indignation. Some hostilities have lately been committed by the savages. The public mind is in anxious expectation respecting the piratical powers. Lambs conduct in obtaining his appointment is considered as very extraordinary; his character is perhaps much lower here than we could have conceived.\nCongress have not yet done any thing on foreign affairs. An attempt was made last week to appoint a Minister to the Hague. Mr. Izard had six states, but no choice could be made. Congress will continue together through the summer. I believe the country is much altered in many respects since we left it. Govr. Clinton is said to have become an Antif\u0153deralist. He was not in N. York when I was there. Certain it is the issue of a paper currency in that State depended upon him. Many people appear to be uneasy and to prognosticate revolutions they hardly know how or why. A scarcity of money is universally complained of. But to judge by the face of the country; by the appearance of ease and plenty which are to be seen every where, one would believe a great portion of the poverty and evils complained of, must be imaginary.\nI will write to Mr. Mazzai by the French Packet. I beg my best Compliments to the Marqs. de la Fayette, Mr. Short and all our friends.\nWith the sincerest esteem and friendship, I have the honor to be yr. Most obedt. & Hble. Servt.,\nD. Humphreys\nP.S. Monroe is married to a Miss Courtwright, King to Miss Alsop and Osgood to Mrs. Franklin a quaker widow.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0512", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Lamb, 5 June 1786\nFrom: Lamb, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nAranjuez June 5th 1786\nMr. Randall left Madrid for Paris the 3d. of this month. By him I wrote fulley. His Detention no Doubt he will give an account of. He left Algiers the 29th of March. At that time I wrote a short letter to your Excellency which letter I sent by Mr. Randall and I hope it is come to hand. Tomorrow I set out for Alicante and there shall wate further orders. I took Mr. Randall\u2019s Receit for five hundred Dollars for his expences to Paris and London. Hope there may be a saveing in the money. I have not Paid him his wages, neither have I given him an Order for the Same.\nThe reason was he suppos\u2019d that sum Cloaths which he bought Aught to have been Included in the order. Therefore referd the matter to your Excellency and Desired him to give his account to Mr. Adams as he best knowed the nature of his Agreement by the Letters that Mr. Randall brings. Your Excellency will See the Statement of Our affairs at the Place where I have been. As to aney way that I pointed out by aney coppies of letters which Your Excellency may have received believe them not, for they will Avail nothing. The information which I have given by Mr. Randall is Sure altho I was not of this opinion when I first wrote. But afterward and in my Second letter I gave a particular account of the Power of the Ottoman Port. I shall Soon have letters which I will Transfer to your Excellency that will fulley convince on this Subject.\nI am Duley your Excellencys Obedient Humbl. Servt.,\nJohn Lamb\nN.B. Please to Send this to Mr. Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0513", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Adams, 6 June 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nGrosvenor Square June 6. 1786\nYesterday I received your Favour of 30. May with its Inclosures. You have Since that day no doubt received my answer to yours of the 11th., in which I agreed perfectly with you in the Propriety of Sending Mr. Lamb to Congress without Loss of time. I am content to send Mr. Randal with him but had rather he Should come to you first and then to me, and embark in London after we shall have had opportunity from his Conversation to learn as much as we can.\nThe Comte de Vergennes is undoubtedly right in his Judgment that Avarice and Fear are the only Agents at Algiers, and that we shall not have Peace with them the cheaper, for having a Treaty with the Sublime Porte. But is he certain we can ever at any Price have Peace, with Algiers, unless we have it previously with Constantinople? And do not the Turks from Constantinople, send Rovers into the Mediterranean? And would not even Treaties of Peace with Tunis, Tripoli, Algiers and Morocco be ineffectual for the Security of our Mediterranean Trade, without a Peace with the Porte? The Porte is at present the Theater of the Politicks of Europe, and commercial Information might be obtained there.\nThe first Question is, what will it cost us to make Peace with all five of them? Set it if you will at five hundred Thousand Pounds Sterling, tho I doubt not it might be done for Three or perhaps for two.\nThe Second Question is, what Damage shall we suffer, if we do not treat.\nCompute Six or Eight Per Cent Insurance upon all your Exports, and Imports. Compute the total Loss of all the Mediterranean and Levant Trade.\nCompute the Loss of half your Trade to Portugal and Spain.\nThese computations will amount to more than half a Million sterling a year.\nThe third Question is what will it cost to fight them? I answer, at least half a Million sterling a year without protecting your Trade, and when you leave off fighting you must pay as much Money as it would cost you now for Peace.\nThe Interest of half a Million Sterling is, even at Six Per Cent, Thirty Thousand Guineas a year. For an Annual Interest of 30,000\u00a3 st. then and perhaps for 15,000 or 10,000, we can have  Peace, when a War would sink us annually ten times as much.\nBut for Gods Sake dont let us amuse our Countrymen with any further Projects of Sounding. We know all about it, as much ever we can know, untill we have the Money to offer. We know if we Send an Ambassador to Constantinople, he must give Presents. How much, the Comte de Vergennes can tell you better than any Man in Europe.\nWe are fundamentally wrong. The first Thing to be done is for Congress to have a Revenue. Taxes [and] Duties must be laid on by Congress or the Assemblies and appropriated to the Payment of Interest. The Moment this is done we may borrow a Sum adequate to all our Necessities. If it is not done in my Opinion you and I as well as every other Servant of the United States in Europe ought to go home, give up all Points, and let all our Exports and Imports be done in European Bottoms. My Indignation is roused beyond all Patience to see the People in all the United States in a Torpor, and see them a Prey to every Robber, Pirate and Cheat in Europe. Jews and Judaizing Christians are now Scheeming to buy up all our Continental Notes at two or three shillings in a Pound, in order to oblige us to pay them at twenty shillings a Pound. This will be richer Plunder than that of Algerines or Loyds Coffee House. My dear friend Adieu,\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0514", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Breteuil, 7 June [1786]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Breteuil, Louis Charles Auguste Le Tonnelier, Baron de\nMercredi. le 7me Juin. [1786]\nMonsieur Jefferson, ministre plenipotentiaire des etats unis d\u2019Amerique, a l\u2019honneur de presenter ses respects \u00e0 son excellence Monsieur le baron de Breteuil. Il est charg\u00e9 d\u2019une commission de la part de l\u2019\u00e9tat de Virginie \u00e0 la ville de Paris au sujet de Monsieur le Marquis de la fayette. Il le croit de son devoir de prendre ladessus les ordres de Monsieur le baron de Breteuil, et il prie son excellence de vouloir bien avoir la bont\u00e9 de lui indiquer le moment o\u00f9, sans se deranger, il pourra permettre \u00e0 Monsieur Jefferson d\u2019avoir l\u2019honneur de se presenter chez lui pour cet objet.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0515", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Guiraud & Portas, 8 June 1786\nFrom: Guiraud & Portas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nSette the 8th. June 1786.\nThe honour of your letter dated the 31st. May last, directed to our Nicolas Guiraud along with the deliberation it Contained, we have with due acknowledgment received. This we are going to Publish, according to your desire. We Make no doubt it may in Time, induce Several marchants of this Place, to send out adventures, to Virginia, Maryland, and other parts of America, for returns in Tobaco, provided the Tobaco manufatory we have here shoud consent, to receive such cargoes, when ever they arrive, not only on the same terms allowed to Mr. Morris, but with setled rules by the General farmers, in case of avaridge, or other wants in quality to insure the importers from pleadings, loss of time and Capital, being now Subject to all these by the very great priviledges the Royal farmers of Tobaco are in possession of. The price of\u00a336 \u214c cwt. agreed with Mr. Morris for assortments of Tobaco in 3 Qualitys, compared with that of Purchase in America, lately quoted from 35 & 40 Shgs. currcy, giveth hardly one p. Cent Benefit, with the greatest show of risks uncoverd, and unless an outward Cargoe shou\u2019d promitt more consequential advantage, no adven  turer cou\u2019d be persuaded entering into such bussiness; this they never tryed yet and none seems willing to run the first Chance. Some examples wou\u2019d therefore be highly necessary to lead them into this new trade.\nThe Concern you are pleased to shew by your Esteemed letter above mentioned, for the succes of both American and French Trade has emboldned us to make you these observations. We hope it may further engage you Sir, to employ your influancy to abate these difficultys against the private Trader. This once Setled, cou\u2019d you engage any American Marchants to bring here, to our consignment, any Cargoes of Tobaco for their account, no endeavours shou\u2019d be neglected on our side, to procure them the most advantageous returns, wherein shou\u2019d the product of their Tobaco not be sufficient, we wou\u2019d willingly interest our Selves. The cheapness in the Various qualitys of our wines fruits and other Products, the qualitys of our Brandys, equal in goodness, strength and lower in Price than at Bordeaux, are more than sufficient to encourage such bussiness and the success thereof, to Insure that every other Marchants of this Place wou\u2019d in time readily enter into it, and render so the trade between this Port and the Free Estates of America, active and beneficial to both Country\u2019s. We hope you\u2019ll Excuse the length of this letter dictated for Public good, and accept along with our humble Respects, the assurance of our readiness to obey your Commands on all occasions, being with the highest Regard Sir, your most obedient & most humble Servants,\nGuiraud & Portas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0519", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lewis Alexander, 10 June 1786\nFrom: Alexander, Lewis\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nGentleman\nBayonne 10th. June 1786\nI am honoured with Your esteemed favor dated 31th. May inclosed Copy of the regulation resolved on in Committ\u00e9 by his Majesty for the general advantage of our trade, and the particular of united States Speculators in Tobacco.\nI have according to your desire duly published this notice to our  Merchants. They are rejoiced in hopes of the Considerable extension it tends for this Branch of Commerce; this regulation will obviate dificultys, the farmer General made me meet with, for the Sale of three Cargos to the address of my father D. Alexander his house from united States, yet oblidged him to reclaim of our Ministre Monsr. De Calonne his orders to the farmer General, that a preference on our neighbouring ports may be given to the Cargos Imported here at a regulated Price, as a free Port granted by his Majesty for the encouragement of united States Commerce.\nI have at Same time to precaution You Sir; our traders in fishery Expeditions intend to demand that a duty of 12 livres \u214c: gal: be laid on Strangers fish Imported here, which can only mean that of united States fishery; if it\u2019s adopted by Monsr. De Vergennes, or Mr. De Calonne to whom they will address, no doubt can there be of the prejudice will Succeed for the united States Int\u00e9r\u00eats, which I pray you will Interceed for, and render vain, on this point our Merchants demand; you\u2019ll I pray premitt me the honour of addressing you every notice tending to the prosperity of new-England that I regard with Zeal.\nThe Charge of being one of American agents would flatter me much. I am not So happy yet my various Sollicitations. I had the honour of addressing them by Mr. Carmichael to the honorable Doctr. Franklin, that he might be pleased to Elect me in the Charge of his Consul for this City, I did since Sollicit Mr. Barclay Consul General, praying him to grant me the favour of his recommendation to your honour; this Gentleman was so kind as to promise me that at his return in france he would employ every thing on his Side, that may allude my obtaining this honorable Charge at the first election that nearly would be made, may I take the liberty Sir, of reclaiming Your protection if I am capable of meritting it; Your voice will be highly regarded by the honorable Congres on my demand; Should I obtain it I will join to my anxious desire of being in the American Service, Strict attention, Zeal, and good care for the promotion and Conservation of their trade, and my everlasting acknowledgment to the honour of your Protection.\nI am with the most profound Respect, Your very Hum. & Obt. Servant to Command Gentleman,\nLewis Alexander", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0520", "content": "Title: Thomas Barclay to the American Commissioners, 10 June 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: American Commissioners\nGentlemen\nMogadore 10th. June 1786.\nI arrived here after an agreeable Passage of Five days and was very well received by the Governor and by the People, who seemed pleased to see Persons from a Country at so great a distance come to compliment their Sovereign. As the Governor had no Orders concerning our going forward, I was obliged to send a Courier to Morocco to demand that Permission and at the same time wrote to Mr. Chiappi of that Place desiring him to lay my Request before the King, that no greater Guard might be sent here, than would be sufficient to render the road safe and the Journey comfortable. To this Letter an answer was returned the day before yesterday, that the King desired I might depend on a most gracious reception, and yesterday the Governor of Morocco with thirty Soldiers arrived here to conduct us to Court. His Majesty wrote to the Governor of Mogadore to furnish me with every thing I want, and to send me from hence satisfied, and has given orders at two places on the Road that we may be furnished with his own Mules.\nThe Governor of Mogadore was so polite as to request I would return on board the Vessel to give him an Opportunity of receiving us on shore at the Head of his Soldiers, and has since proposed making an Entertainment in the Country; but I declined both Offers on Account of the Parade and of the unavoidable expence that would have attended them. It is in vain to be troubling you at present with any opinions about the probability of our Success which indeed I think somewhat uncertain. There are some prejudices to be obviated, and one Matter of moment stands in the way. We have fixed on the day after tomorrow for our Departure, and I shall as soon as possible have the pleasure of addressing you from Morocco. In the mean time I am with the greatest Esteem & Respect, Gentlemen, Your most obedt. humble Servt.,\nThos. Barclay By Way of Liverpool", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0521", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Bondfield, 10 June 1786\nFrom: Bondfield, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBordeaux 10 June 1786\nI have to acknowledge the receipt of your two favors of the 31 Ulto. I have given communication and shall continue to make publick the Resolution of the Committee held at Berni the 24 May. It will certainly have the desired end of promoting a more extensive Commerce betwixt the two States. I shall transmit by the post to morrow a Copy of the Resultat to Rochfort agreable to your Instructions.\nBeing unacquainted with the regulations that Mr. Barclay may have taken respecting the nomination of his Vice or Deputies in the different ports of this Kingdom I know not if any are nominated to the ports of Bayonne, Rochelle and Rochefort to which ports my Powers before Mr. Barclays arrival extended. At his arrival he wrote me a Letter authorising me to settle any differences that might arise at this Port in the Naval Department which is the sole Power I have to this received from him. I have on different occations taken the liberty to represent to him that America at present holding her prerogatives the Nomination under proper Powers of Vice Consuls or Agents in the principal sea Ports (to be enregisterd, as is the Practice of all foreign Powers [who] have residents here, in the Publick Offices of this City) to give authenticity to Acts that occationaly may take rise was become necessary. He has aledged in reply that certain formalities in the ratification of the Treaties made him defer taking any measures before the conclusion. Anext I transmit you the Copy of the Authority under which I acted to Mr. Barclays arrival and not having received any new Instructions I have always continued to act but in a limitted line. I represented to Mr. Barclay that as he was the Central Power I apprehended it was not indifferent to you and him to be inform\u2019d of all Arrivals from and all Exports for the United States, in order to obtain which, it was requisite (as practiced by all the other foreign Powers who have residents here) that the Captains on their arrival report to the Consular Offices, the Register of the Ship to prove her being American property (at this Day for want of this Regulation English, Dutch, Dane, Spanish or any other Nation under American Coulours may report here as Americans without any detection. Americans not produceing in any office any of their National Papers) also to report in the said office the Contents of the Cargoes to see that nothing is contained contrary to Treaty and that monthly returns of the Imports and Exports  should be transmitted to Mr. Barclay, thereby being authentically inform\u2019d of the Commercial Transactions and have an Exact State of the National Trade in advantages or prejudices.\nExcuse this digression which I have taken the occation of this opening you have given me to improve. I have the honor to be with due respect Sir your most obedient hble. servt.,\nJohn Bondfield\nLes rouliers partiront Samedi.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0525", "content": "Title: [To Thomas Jefferson from Borgnis Desbordes, Fr\u00e8res, 12 June 1786]\nFrom: Borgnis Desbordes, Fr\u00e8res\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Brest, 12 June 1786. Entered in SJL as received 15 June 1786. Letter not found. It is certain, however, from TJ\u2019s letters to John Diot & Co., 16 June, to Borgnis Desbordes, Fr\u00e8res, 17 June, and to John Jay, 8 July 1786 that this letter transmitted the following: (1) Affidavit for the release of Lister Asquith and his crew from the prison  at St. Pol de L\u00e9on, 3 June 1786 (DLC: TJ Papers, 21: 3650\u20131); (2) \u201cAccount of disbursements and Money payd by John Diot & Co., Merchants in Morlaix To Mr. Lister Asquith and his Crew, Since the Beginning of their detainment in The prison of St. Paul de Leon to this day, in consequence of his Excellency Thoms. Jefferson Esqr.\u2019s desire to Messrs. Borgnis des Bordes freres Merchants in Brest, Said detainment proceeding from the Seizure and Condemnation by the Farmers General of the Schooner called William & Catherine the 9th. August 1785 in the harbour of Roscoff,\u201d for the amount of Liv. 2,620.2, dated 9 June 1786, and acknowledged by Lister Asquith on the same date (DNA: PCC, Nos. 87 and 107; printed in Dipl. Corr., 1783\u20131789, i, 786\u20137).]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0526", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Ebenezer Gearey, Jr., 12 June 1786\nFrom: Gearey, Ebenezer, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nBrest Prison, 12 June 1786. Is sorry to trouble TJ so much but looks to him \u201cas a Child to its Father\u201d; was supposed to write \u201cMr. Jinks,\u201d whom he mentioned in his letter of 29 [i.e. 30] May, at l\u2019Orient but is deprived by the authorities of sending letters to that place, probably because the English gentlemen who visited him have prejudiced the officers against him; knows many Englishmen who committed serious crimes and escaped to France who were better treated than he has been for a misdemeanor. His creditors have falsely reported that he owes fifty or a hundred thousand pounds and that he ran off with a large sum of money; they have also misrepresented his relations with Arnold. \u201cMr. Arnold Says he had Some Goods Sold at Some Loss but no Amount. It was when he was Arested from one time to another by his Creditors which Obliged him to Raise the money how he Could.\u201d Another American merchant in London who had bought goods from Gearey, giving sufficient security for them, had his trunks opened at his lodgings and bills of lading and invoices taken from them in an attempt to have the goods removed from the ships; the attempt failed because the ships had already gone down the rivers, but the creditors, having the bills of lading, are attempting to seize the goods in New York in order to sell them at vendue to settle Arnold\u2019s debts, although Gearey paid Arnold for all goods purchased from him. Gearey\u2019s creditors have not the least doubt of his being able to pay his debts; \u201ceven Mr. Chipendall, one of the Gentlemen who was at this place\u201d said \u201cthat no body doubted but I was able, but did not no that I would if I went to America\u201d; does not want to go to America except to settle with his creditors. Is so much abused that he has \u201cnot Liberty of even Writing to any friend or acquaintance in America,\u201d or, in fact, to anyone but TJ or someone at Dunkirk; even if he were a spy and there were a war between France and England he would have greater liberties than he now has. The authorities will not allow him to write to L\u2019Orient because they know his friends there would petition to have him liberated; has written to persons in L\u2019Orient asking that the petition be prepared and sent to TJ to be presented to the French minister but his letters have  been detained; asks TJ to present his case to the minister and secure his liberty. Encloses a letter to \u201cMr. Chipendall\u201d who, supposedly, went to Paris to secure Gearey\u2019s release.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0527", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Stael de Holstein, 12 June 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Sta\u00ebl de Holstein, Eric Magnus, Baron de\nSir\nParis June 12. 1786\nIn compliance with your Excellency\u2019s desire I will throw on paper such considerations as occur to me on the question \u2018How may the island of St. Bartholomew be rendered instrumental for promoting commerce between Sweden and the United States?\u2019 They will be rapid, undigested and incomplete; but a desire of contributing to bind the two Countries together in interest, and a respect for your Commands will induce me to hazard them. I shall make the Interests of Sweden the basis of my theory because we have no right to expect her to depart from them in order to promote ours.\nAntient nations considered colonies principally as receptacles for a too numerous population and as natural and useful allies in times of war. But modern nations, viewing Commerce as an object of first importance, value colonies chiefly as instruments for the increase of that. This is principally effected by their taking commodities from the mother state, whether raised within herself, or obtained elsewhere in the course of her trade, and furnishing in return colonial productions necessary for her consumption or for her commerce of exchange with other nations. In this way the colonies of Spain, Portugal, France and England have been chiefly subservient to the advantages of their mother country. In this way too in a smaller degree, has Denmark derived utility from her American colonies; and so, also Holland, except as to the island of Saint Eustatius. This is by nature a rock, barren and unproductive in itself. But it\u2019s owners became sensible that what Nature had denied it, Policy could more than supply. It was conveniently situated for carrying on Contraband trade with both the continents, and with the islands of America. They made it therefore an entrep\u00f4t for all nations. Hither are brought the productions of every other part of America, and the Dutch give in exchange such articles as, in the course of their commerce, they can most advantageously  gather up. And it is a question, on which they will not enable us to decide, whether, by furnishing American productions to the commerce of Holland, and by finding vent for such productions of the old world as the Dutch merchants obtain to advantage, the barren rock of Saint Eustatius does not give more activity to their commerce, and leave with them greater profits, than their more fertile possessions on the continent of South America. The Danes finding that their islands were capable of yeilding but moderate advantages by their native productions, have also laid them open to foreign commerce, in order to draw thro\u2019 them articles which they do not produce in themselves, or not in great quantities. But these nations, only half emancipated from the fetters of commercial prejudices, have taken only half a step towards placing these institutions on their best footing. Both the Dutch and Danish freeports are under restrictions which discourage very much the operations of exchange in them.\nThe island of St. Bartholomew, lately ceded to Sweden, is, if I am rightly informed, capable of furnishing little of it\u2019s own productions to that country. It remains then to make it the instrument for obtaining, through it\u2019s intermediation, such American productions as Sweden can consume or dispose of, and for finding, in return, a vent for the native productions of Sweden. Let us suppose it then made a freeport without a single restriction. These consequences will follow. 1. It will draw to itself that tide of commerce which at present sets towards the Dutch and Danish islands, because vessels going to these are often obliged to negotiate a part of their cargoes at Saint Eustatius, and to go to Saint Thomas\u2019s to negotiate the residue. Whereas, when they shall know that there is a port where all articles are free both for importation and exportation, they will go to that port which enables them to perform by one voiage the exchanges which hitherto they could only effect by two. 2. Every species of American produce, whether of the precious metals or of commodities, which Sweden may want for it\u2019s own consumption, or as aliment for it\u2019s commerce with other nations, will be collected, either fairly or by contraband, into the magazines of Saint Bartholomew. 3. All the productions which Sweden can furnish from within itself, or obtain to advantage from other nations, will in like manner be deposited in the magazines of St. Bartholomew, and will be carried to the several parts of America in paiment for what shall be taken from them.\nIf it be objected that this unrestrained license will give opportunity  to the subjects of other nations to carry on exchanges there in which Sweden will be no ways interested: I say 1. That there will be few of these operations into which the Swedish merchants will not be taken in the beginning or in the long run. 2. That there will be few of these exchanges into which Swedish productions will not enter, when productions of that nature are wanted in return. 3. But suppose neither Swedish merchants nor productions enter into the operation, what objections can Sweden have to other people\u2019s meeting in one of her ports to carry on their commercial exchanges? On the contrary, would not every enlightened nation be glad if all others would come to her as a common center for commercial operations? If all the merchants who make the exchanges of commerce in Amsterdam, London, Lisbon, Leghorn, &c. would go by common consent to perform these operations in Stockholm, would that wise government obstruct such an assembly? If all the exchanges now made in the several ports of the two continents, and of the islands, of America, in Philadelphia for instance, Charlestown, St. Eustatius, Portobello, Rio Janeiro, were proposed to be transferred to the island of St. Bartholomew would that island be rendered thereby less able to promote the commerce of the mother-country?\nThese general observations have anticipated the answer to our question. How may the island of St. Bartholomew be rendered instrumental to the particular commerce between Sweden and the United states? The United states have much occasion for the productions of Sweden, particularly for it\u2019s iron. For a part of this they can furnish indigo, rice, tobacco; and so far the exchange may be effected by the merchants of the two countries, in the ports of the United States or of Sweden. The surplus of their want they cannot take at all, unless Sweden will administer to them the means of paying for it. This she may do by receiving at St. Bartholomew whatever productions they will bring. They will of course send there flour, saltfish and other things wanting in the other ports of America, which, by the Swedish merchant at St. Bartholomews, will be run into those ports and exchanged for precious metals, or commerciable commodities; or the American merchant taking on himself those operations, will run his flour, or salt fish, into those ports himself, take cash or such commerciable articles as suit Sweden, and go with these to St. Bartholomew to pay for the iron he wants.\nThe interest of the United States then is that St. Bartholomew  be made a port of unlimited freedom; and such too is evidently the interest of Sweden. If it be freed by halves, the freeports of other nations, at present in possession of the commerce, will retain it over any new port offering no superior advantages. The situation of St. Bartholomew is very favourable to these views, as it is among the most Windward, and therefore the most accessible, of the West Indian islands. How far they may be seconded by the character of it\u2019s port, the government of Sweden will best know, as they have taken the necessary informations on that point.\nUnacquainted with the details of commerce, I am able to present only general views of this subject. They are such however as experience seems to have approved. They may appear founded on a want of attention to the laws of society, inconsistent with sound morality. But first let the line be drawn between the just and equal regulations of associated states, and the partial and oppressive rescripts of Metropolitan cupidity, and we shall see whether the Interloper, or the Legislator of Chili and Peru is on the right side of that line. They will need apology for another cause where it will be more difficult to be found; that is, as they offer nothing but what would have occurred, and in a better form, to yourself. No body is more sensible of this than myself; and I can expect your indulgence only by praying you to consider them, not as pretending to any information which you do not already possess, but as the offerings of that perfect esteem and respect with which I have the honor to be.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0528", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Stephens Smith, 12 June 1786\nFrom: Smith, William Stephens\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr. Sir\nLondon June 12th. 1786\nI have received yours of the 4th. inst. and am glad you have found a horse that will suit you. I am pleased that the affairs of the Cardinal and Cagliostro are so well terminated. I suppose by this time the whole affair is sunk beneath the horizon of notice. May not something be soon expected to command the public attention in a more serious and important line? What is the News from Potsdam?  I feel myself much interested in the fate of Frederick, and should be much obliged if you would unravel the appointment of Nicholas and Jacob Van Staphorst as Treasurers and superintendants of the finances of France in Holland, which the King has lately made. Is it simply intended as an accommodation to the lenders in Holland, or is it the corner-stone to secure the Confidence of the Dutch, in case of future exigencies? Thus far the politicks of the Court of Versailles as it relates to republicks, has shewn itself superior to that of England. The part they have lately taken in the affairs of the netherlands is great and is brought to a most astonishing period.\u2014Mr. Pitt seems disposed by his bills in parliament relative to wines and distilled liquors in this Kingdom to forward the negotiations at present pending in Paris. The effect of this connection will be worth tracing and prying into. We have no reason to think the system here is very deep, but with yours \u201cmy immagination traces it in vain &c. &c.\u201d Aid me a little and believe me your obliged friend & Humble servt.,\nW.S.S.\nN.B. This day Miss A. and W.S.S. declare their friendship for each other to the world.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0531", "content": "Title: Instructions for Unpacking the Model of the Virginia Capitol, with Invoice, [ca. 13 June 1786]\nFrom: Bloquet\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nObservations essensielle pour deballer le modelle\nII faut observer que le modelle est emballer dans deux quesse [caisses] et que le dessus de la grande quesse Est marqu\u00e9 pour la Conservation du modelle dans son transport. C\u2019est a dire qu il faudra faire attention pour deballer le modelle qu il ne ce trouve sous le sus dessous. Ce la fait \u00e9tant poz\u00e9 sur son cens ferez sauter le dessus avec outil ou [n\u2019]importe alors vous verrez la quesse interieure, dont il faudra bien remarquer le dessus qui est marqu\u00e9 par 6 visse de bois de la grosseur du doigt, actuellement il faudra comme ne pouvant pas arracher la petite quesse de dedans la grande il faudra pour lors brize la grande l\u00e9gerement pour lors vous aurez la petitte qui dans le quille est le modelle. Pour oter le modelle modelle qui est dedans, il faut observer de le maitre bien sur son [\u2026] parce quil est enchasse d\u2019une Cage de verre qui touche au 6 visse qui sont dans le Couvert. Vous ferez attention sans auquun Coup de marteau de faire sauter le couvert. Cela etant fait de Clouez le tous leplus legerement que vous pourrez. Vous ferez attention que le fond de la petitte quesse est attacher au plateaux du modelle avec 6 visse en fer pour le rendre immobile dans la quesse.\nMemoire de ma petittes depence\npour la cage\npour le plateaux\nl\u2019avoir fait apporte\npour clous et visse\npour cordage et ficelle\npour les quess\nles avoir fait apporter\npour le temps de mon travail Ce vous [figurez] a propos\n  Je reconnois avoir recu de Meur. petit la somme de 84\u20b6 de la part de Meur. Jeffer\u00e7on Ce 6 juillet 1786.\nBloquet", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0532", "content": "Title: Memorandum of Customs Paid on Model for the Virginia Capitol, [13 June 1786]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nNote de la Caisse\nA quit\nDroist D\u2019anbalage\nplom Et Fermeture\nports an douanne Et port St. nicolas\nports pour rouan\n\u2007rec\u00fce\u2007\u2007marc\nstraw for packing", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0533", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Ebenezer Gearey, Jr., 13 June 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gearey, Ebenezer, Jr.\nSir\nParis June 13. 1786.\nI have received your several letters of May 24. and 30. and  June 5. and should have answered them immediately by post had I not expected every day that Captn. Cutting, an American here, would have set out for Brest and furnished me a better conveyance. I was the rather induced to wait for him because he would make at Brest the enquiries necessary. You mention in your letter two supposed causes of your confinement, the one for your debts, the other for changing your name. If you are confined for your debts, it is out of my power to have you discharged. The laws of every country on earth allow debtors to be sued wherever they are found. If you will be pleased to reflect you must know that the laws of our own country would permit an Englishman to put a Frenchman in jail there for debts contracted in any other country; and that no power could relieve him. The laws which administer justice between individuals must take their course. If your confinement is only for changing your name, I shall perhaps be able to get you relieved. I still depend on Captn. Cutting to make enquiries on the spot and will do whatever is in my power and with as little delay as possible. I am Sir your very humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0534", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Andr\u00e9 Limozin, 13 June 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Limozin, Andr\u00e9\nSir\nParis June 13. 1786.\nOn receipt of your letter of May 21. I gave the notice you desired to Mr. Walpole, who, I doubt not, has written you on the subject. I thank you for your care of the trunks and box of books, as well as for your information that the ship Clementine will sail shortly for Norfolk in Virginia. In consequence of this I have sent by the Diligence d\u2019eau a box containing a model in plaister for the Capitol of Virginia. It is addressed to the care of Mr. Garvey at Rouen, and of yourself at Havre. I will pray you to send it to Norfolk, with orders for it to be forwarded to Richmond, together with the inclosed letter. I have directed on the box that it shall be managed with the greatest care, as the model is equally precious and tender. I had the honour of inclosing you May 31. a regulation on the subject of tobacco and have that of being with much respect Sir Your most obedient humble Servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0535", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Ebenezer Gearey, Jr., 14 June 1786\nFrom: Gearey, Ebenezer, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nBrest, 14 June 1786. Since his letter of 12 June, has learned that his trunk has been attached. The trunk contains nothing but clothes and a great many papers, including \u201cObligations on a Grate Number of different People in America Payable to my Order, Many of which Papers I am in the Gratest Want for to forward to My Agent, they are the Ground Work of all My Business and Property in America and not worth One Shilling to any Creaditor in Europe.\u201d Has learned that the person to whom \u201cMr. Chipindall\u201d had letters has refused to handle the affair because he does not want to be involved; is convinced that his creditors intend to speculate and make money on his property. Although there is no money in his trunk there was about \u00a322,000 in securities in the form stated above. Has learned also that \u201cMr. Chipindall\u201d has obtained leave from the minister to have Gearey return to London with him if the latter is willing, and if not, to attach his property; is informed by his friends that he cannot be imprisoned in France for debts in England; nevertheless, he is still detained; is dreadfully abused. Lists and encloses copies of his previous letters because he fears they have not reached TJ.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0537", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Banister, Jr., 15 June 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Banister, John, Jr.\nDear Sir\nParis June 15. 1786.\nI had detained the inclosed letters in my hands some days, doubting whether I should send them to Avignon or Bourdeaux. Your favor dated at the last place June 5. came to hand last night and has removed my doubt. I received them under a cover only, unaccompanied by any letter, so that I conjecture them only to be from your father. I am much obliged to you for informing me of your state of health, tho\u2019 that is less favourable than I had hoped. I feel much interest in it on your own account as well as on your father\u2019s, to whom I am glad to give information of you as often as I can. Being a parent myself, I know how grateful this is. Did you avail yourself of your journey from Avignon to Bourdeaux to see the Canal of Languedoc? It is an object worth examination. If you find that the climate of the South of France does not contribute to your relief, perhaps you would be as well at Paris as anywhere else. Of this you are the best judge, having your feelings and sufferings to guide you. I need not tell you how much I should be gratified by opportunities of administering either to your health or happiness. Having no news, I shall only add assurances of the esteem with which I am Dear Sir Your most obedient humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0540", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Andr\u00e9 Limozin, 15 June 1786\nFrom: Limozin, Andr\u00e9\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMost Honored Sir\nHavre de Grace 15th June 1786.\nThe Letter your Excellency hath honored me with the 31st. Ulto. brought me a Copy of a Regulation lately made by the Government on the Subject of Tobacco. I have drawn out good many Copies which I have deliverd and made them publick. Your Excellency will find here annexed a Note of my expences for three Boxes, which agreable to your desires I have Shippd for Norfolk onboard the Betsy, Storey master, amounting to \u00a34. 4s. 6d.\nI have the honor to be with the highest regard your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient & very Humble Servant,\nAndre Limozin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0541", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from De Riario, 15 June [1786]\nFrom: Riario, M. de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nce Jeudi 15 Juin [1786]\nLe Comr. de Riario a l\u2019honneur de rendre ses hommages \u00e0 Mr.  Jefferson, et de le remercier de son attention. Comme il compte partir dans la nuit du Samedi au Dimanche, et qu\u2019il seroit tr\u00e8s fach\u00e9 de ne pas emporter avec lui son Ouvrage sur la Virginie, il prie Mr. Jefferson de le lui envoyer broch\u00e9 avant six heures du soir dudit Samedi. Ce sera la lecture favorite du Commandeur pendant son voyage jusques \u00e0 Turin, et il se croira fort heureux de pouvoir temoigner \u00e0 l\u2019Auteur en toute occasion son respect et sa reconnoissance.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0542", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William H. Sargeant, 15 June 1786\nFrom: Sargeant, William H.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLondon June 15th: 1786\nThe Anxiety my freind Coll: Banister (whom I left a few weeks since) labourd under to hear of his sons where abouts Induces me to the Liberty of troubling you with the care of a Packet accompanying this, as well as to trespass so far on your time as to Honor me with a few lines respecting the young gentlemans health and situation as I shall leave this in one Month for James River in my Ship the Cincinnatus, and permit me sir at the same time to offer my services in executing here or forwarding any Commands you may please to Honor me with. I have this day been favor\u2019d with the perusal of certain regulations respecting the Tobbacco trade in France, and it is natural for the Americans here to join me in thanking Mr. Jefferson as it will in time put a stop to Monopoly that Foe to Commerce.\nI am Sir your most Obedt. Humbl. servt.,\nWm. H. Sergeant\nYou will please address me at the Virginia Coffe House, Newmans Court Cornhill or If more eligible Coll: Smith will take care of any letter you may please to honor me with.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0543", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 16 June 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nParis June 16. 1786.\nI inclose you the copy of a letter received from Mr. Barclay dated Cadiz May 23. by which you will perceive he was still on  this side the Mediterranean. Has Mr. Lamb written to you? I hear nothing from him nor of him, since Mr. Carmichael\u2019s information of his arrival in Spain. Mr. Randall gave reason to expect that himself would come on. Yet neither himself nor any letters from him arrive. Perhaps they find conveyances for reporting to you the causes of their delay. I am anxious also to receive your opinion what is best to be done.\nThe Swedish Ambassador asked me some time ago to give him in writing my thoughts on the best method of rendering the island of St. Bartholomew useful in the commerce between Sweden and the U.S. He afterwards pressed this on me every time I saw him till I was obliged to do it. I gave it as my opinion that to render that island most instrumental to the commerce of Sweden and the U.S. and also most useful to Sweden in every other point of view, it should be made a free port without a single restriction. As he has pressed this matter so much, I suspect his court might have instructed him to do it, and might also direct their minister at London to get your opinion on the same point. This latter possibility induced me to trouble you with information of what had passed here.\nI observe in the Leyden gazette of June 2. the extract of a letter dated Algiers Apr. 15. which says that on the 10th. of April an American vessel the Clementina Captain Palmer from Philadelphia was carried in there by a cruiser. There being other circumstances mentioned in the same letter relative to our affairs which I know to be true, I am afraid this capture is also true.\nThe king sets out on the 21st. inst. for Cherburg in order to animate by his notice the operations going on there. The Count d\u2019Artois has lately been there. This is an astonishing effort of human industry. It is believed it will be among the best ports in the world and will contain the whole navy of France. Those threats of invasion on England heretofore made, may become real in a future war, besides the bridle which this fixes in the mouth of the Thames.\nPresent me affectionately to Mrs. and Miss Adams, assuring them of my friendly and respectful remembrance of them, and how much I regret that I am not of their party in visiting the gardens this summer; and accept yourself assurances of the esteem and regard with which I have the honor to be Dear Sir your most obedient humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0547", "content": "Title: [To Thomas Jefferson from Mary Walker Lewis, 16 June 1786]\nFrom: Lewis, Mary Walker\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Albemarle, 16 June 1786. Recorded in SJL as received 22 Sep. 1786, together with a (missing) letter from her husband of the same date. Not found, but see TJ to Nicholas Lewis, 19 Dec. 1786.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0548", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Andr\u00e9 Limozin, 16 June 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Limozin, Andr\u00e9\nSir\nParis June 16. 1786.\nIn expectation that the ship bound from your port to Norfolk in Virginia may not be gone, I take the liberty of sending under your address by the Diligence a packet for Mr. Madison in Williamsburg, which I will pray you to forward by that vessel.\nI have the honour to be with much respect Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0549", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Andr\u00e9 Limozin, 16 June 1786\nFrom: Limozin, Andr\u00e9\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMost Honored Sir\nHavre de Grace 16th June 1786.\nSince my Former of yesterday, I have received this day the Letter your Excellency hath honored me with the 13th instant covering me an inclosed for Messrs. Buchanan and Hays of Richmond which I shall carefully forward by the Ship Clementina with the Box your Excellency informs to have sent me; I shall transmitt you timely the bill of Lading for that Box.\nI have the honor to be with the highest regard your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient & very Humble Servant,\nAndre Limozin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0550", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Monroe, 16 June 1786\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nN. York June 16. 1786.\nSince my last but little hath been done in Congress. We have had generally no more than 7. States present. The only time that 9. were their time was employd upon the subject of the Connecticut cession, which ultimately was accepted; whereby she cedes all the land lying westward of a line to be drawn westward of the Pena. line parallel with the same. Our State voted against it but were in sentiment for it. It is hop\u2019d it will terminate the variance respecting the Wyoming settlement by enabling Connecticut to give the claimants other land in lieu and thereby establish the government of Pena. in the benefit of the decree of Trenton. Other reasons there are which apply to the geographic position of the land and  the influence that consideration may have on the councils of Connecticut. We voted against it under the sentiment upon which our State hath always acted of her right to the northwest line from the northern extremity of her charter limits, which we suppos\u2019d should be regarded, even after the right w[as] given to the U.S. by the delegation.\nWhat shall finally be done with Spain respecting the Mississippi becomes an interesting question, and one pres[sed] on us for a decision. Gardoqui has been long labouring it\u2019s occlusion with Jay. For some time I have been perfectly satisfied the latter required no arguments to bring him into the same sentiment; the proposition is that it be shut for thirty years, in consideration for which Spain will admit us into her ports, upon a footing with her own subjects, we reciprocating. This you may recollect was rejected at Annapolis upon its own merits only. It is however magnified here as a great advantage and equivalent to the consideration required. We are also threatened with the project of a treaty between Spain (in case this fails) and Britain. Yet I cannot comprehend upon what principle it can take effect. Jay stated difficulties in the management of this business with the minister and proposd, without bringing any of these circumstances to view that a committee be appointed with power to controul all circumstances respecting the treaty with a view of evading his instructions and concluding the treaty before they were known. But as they were known to some who had mark[ed] the progress of the business each proposition was discuss\u2019d on its own particular merits in the first instance. A committee was appointed to report. Jay attended it. Of this I was a member. To us he could make no communication we did not already know, so that the plan fail\u2019d in not carrying a committee in the first instance for the purpose. This was a fortnight past and as yet we have made no report. I have given circumstantially the state of this business as it has appear\u2019d to me, not on evidence absolutely presum[ptiv]e only. I intended to have wrote you more fully but am just advis\u2019d the packet will sail immediately. With my sincerest wishes for your health and happiness I am dear Sir yr. friend & servant,\nJas: Monroe\nPray apologize for me to Short. Tell him I will write a letter which shall have retrospect to what I should have said in this and shall also [add?] whatever shall intervene.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0551", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Stephens Smith, 16 June 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Smith, William Stephens\nDear Sir\nParis June 16.\nSince the receipt of your favor of May 21. I have been in daily expectation of receiving from you a particular state of the cost of my press &c. Mr. Paradise wrote me that it was about five guineas, but I knew there would still be some additions. The moment you will be so good as to favor me with this information I will remit you a bill for that and the eight guineas I formerly took the liberty of drawing on you for. In addition to this I must give you another peice of trouble: that is to desire Mr. Woodmason, on my part, to send me a copying press (such as the one he sent me before) with spare springs, damping books, damping boxes complete, three ream of copying paper and a stock of ink powder proportioned to that. This he must direct to me, and send to the care of Mr. Garvey in Rouen, sending me a bill of the cost which I will remit immediately, unless he should prefer drawing on me, in which case his draught shall be paid on sight. If you have any news from America it will be very acceptable. I have received no journals of Congress of later date than Oct. 10. nor letter from the office for foreign affairs of later date than January. There is a violent contest arisen here between the king and parliament of Bourdeaux. When the papers are public I will send them to you. Adieu my dear Sir Yours affectionately,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0552", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edward Bridgen, 17 June 1786\nFrom: Bridgen, Edward\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLondon, June 17 1786\nI hope that your Excellency will have the goodness to pardon the liberty I take in requesting the favour of [your] Excellency to present, from the Author, this small book to the Queen of France; as it in a degree appertains to the Imperial family and more particularly to her Majesty\u2019s Brother the Emperor?\nBut if your Excellency should, after perusing it, see any impropriety in it, the Author begs your Excellency\u2019s acceptance of it yourself, if otherwise I will take care to procure another and beg the honour of your Excellency\u2019s acceptance as soon after as possible and send it.\nI have the honour to be with great respect Sir Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient & very hum: Servant,\nEdward Bridgen", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0553", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Borgnis Desbordes, Fr\u00e8res, 17 June 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Borgnis Desbordes, Fr\u00e8res\nGentlemen\nParis June 17. 1786.\nI received your favor of the 12th. instant, the last night, and immediately wrote to inform Mr. Grand that a bill for 2620\u20b62 in which you were interested, would be presented and desired him to pay it; which you may rest assured will be done. I am now to return you thanks for your attentions to these unfortunate men. I did not suspect they would have been necessary so long, when I took the liberty first of asking your care of them. Their destiny has been hard as the case has happened; but would have been infinitely worse but for your aid. I beg leave to assure you of my strong sense of your favours in this instance and of the sentiments of esteem and respect with which I have the honour to be Gentlemen your most obedient & most humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0554", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Lafayette, 17 June 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nDear Sir\nParis June 17. 1786.\nIt seems that a writ of surseance is what Mr. Ridout desires.  In what cases this is granted, by what power, and thro whom the applications go, I am ignorant, as I have always declined asking them for any body; my idea having been that where they could be obtained according to fixed rules, they would be granted of course on any application; and that where it was not agreeable to rule to grant them, the laws of the land should be permitted to take their course. To this has been added the reason which determines my conduct in a multitude of cases, that is, not to let small things of this kind be introduced into the account of favours to the U.S. In fact I suppose it is the business of an attorney to obtain the writ Mr. Ridout desires; however this you know better than I do.\nThe Marquis de Chastellux proposes to take a family soup with us the day after tomorrow, that is on Monday. We shall be only a partie quarr\u00e8e. If your morning course could terminate here at three o\u2019clock that day the party would be so much the happier. Adieu. Yours affectionately,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0555", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Daniel and Theodorick Fitzhugh, 18 June 1786\nFrom: Fitzhugh, Daniel,Fitzhugh, Theodorick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nVirginia Marmion June 18th. 1786\nFrom the frequent disapointments we met with whilst at Havre de Grace, we were apprehensive, when we wrote to you, that it would have been some time before we should have sail\u2019d; but were agreeably surprised by a more speedy departure, than we had Reason, at that Time, to expect. However, the length of our stay there had encreased our Expences so much, as to compel us to call upon you for your friendly aid; the influence of which we had so sensibly felt, not long before, and which shall ever be remembered, with the warmest Gratitude, and Thanks. We embarked before it was possible to get an Answer from you, and after a tedious Voyage of near three Months arrived in Philadelphia; where we disposed of your Letters, according to Directions; having relinquished our Trip to New York.\nWe have just had the Honor to receive your Favour of the 11th November, by which we find ourselves under everlasting Obligations to you, for your goodness in advancing four hundred Livres for us, to Mr. Limozing; but there is no Person, from whom a Favour would set easier upon us, than from yourself. The Money shall be pay\u2019d as soon as possible, but the Debt of Gratitude, can  never be discharged. The Letters you did us the Honor to enclose, to our care, we have forwarded.\nOur Father presents his best Respects to you, and begs you will accept his warmest Thanks, for your friendly Assistance to us. Be so good, as to make our respectful Compliments, to Colonel Humphreys and Mr. Short; and believe us to be with the highest Esteem and Regard, your much obliged, and most Obt. Humble Servants,\nD. and T. Fitzhugh\nHave taken the Liberty to trouble you with [a] Letter for Mr. Barclay, which I shall [be] much obliged to you, to forward.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0556", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Ebenezer Gearey, Jr., and John Arnold, Jr., 19 June 1786\nFrom: Gearey, Ebenezer, Jr.,Arnold, John, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBrest 19th June 1786\nWe received your letter of the 13th. June which mentions Capt. Cutting an American Coming to this Place who you depended upon to make such inquiries respecting our (affairs or) Confinement as would be necessary for your government. If you will Please to Remember we mentiond in our letter 24th May that the Comadant sent some of his officers to the prison with an interpretor the next day after we was Confined to ask us some questions, such as, was we Americans, and where we was born, and our right Names, and how much Money we owed in England, and how Long we had been in London, and the Cause of our Coming over to France and why we Changed our names. These questions we answered. We was told by the Interpretor that the Comadant told him to tell us that we was Confined for Changing our names and coming to this place. Otherways he should not have put us into prison. These matters we was told would be inclosed to the Minister of Foreign affairs, as these English Gentlemen was going back to Paris to git Liberty to Carry us back to London or Arrest us in France, neighther of which did they obtain, nor can they Arrest us while we are in this prison, or lay any suite against us, but if they Can procure liberty to have the Comadant Remove us to a Civil Prison in Brest, then they can if leave is given detain us their. We would suppose that you might obtain every knowledge of our being Confined better by inquireing of the Minister of Foreign affairs  at Paris, than any account that would be possible for Capt. Cuttins to git hear, as the Comadant wrote to the Minister what he had confined us for, and what accounts we gave on the questions before Mentioned, and what he should do with us. We have no doubt you will prevent any Liberty being given, for the Comadant to make use of such a very Partial peace of Business as Removing us from this prison to a Civil one. If we are confined for changing our names we hope to be Discharged, and no undue Measures taken to confine us as to pleas our English Creditors, but have our Liberty. [They] have leave to arrest us in France, to then take such Measures as are Regular, but Sir, you will Suffer us to tell you, that to Arrest an Englishman or any other Countryman in France for a debt Contracted in England, we are Prity Confident never has been practised. Our Counsellor here tells us that he has no idea that those People will be able to Arrest us on these Acceptances as they ware Transactions in England. However we have every reason to believe that you will give us every Assistance you can in our affairs and will Procure us our Liberty.\nWe Beg Leave to subscribe our Selves Your Most Obedient Humble Servants,\nEben. Gearey Junr.\nJohn Arnold Junr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0558", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Carmichael, 20 June 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carmichael, William\nDear Sir\nParis June 20. 1786.\nMy last to you was of the 5th. of May by Baron Waltersdorff. Since that I have been honoured with yours of Apr. 13. May 16. and 18. The present covers letters to Mr. Lamb and Mr. Randall informing them that the demands of Algiers for the ransom of our prisoners and also for peace is so infinitely beyond our instructions that we must refer the matter back to Congress, and therefore praying them to come on immediately. I will beg the favor of you to forward these letters. The whole of this business therefore is suspended  till we receive further orders, except as to Mr. Barclay\u2019s mission. Your bills have been received and honored. The first naming expressly a letter of advice, and more coming, it was refused till the receipt of your letter to me in which you mentioned that you had drawn two bills. I immediately informed Mr. Grand, who thereupon honoured the bill.\nI have received no public letters of late date. Through other channels I have collected some articles of information which may be acceptable to you. I find that all the states had come into the impost except N. York whose assembly were then sitting and it was thought would adopt it. N. Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rho. isld., New Jersey, Delaware and Virginia have agreed to confer on Congress the regulation of their trade, and lest this disjointed method of proceeding should fail of it\u2019s effect, the latter has appointed commissioners and invited the other states to do the same to meet and settle an article of Confederation for this purpose. Virginia has declared Kentucky an independant state, provided it\u2019s inhabitants consent to it, and Congress will receive them into the union. Massachusets has repealed so much of her navigation act as respected any foreign nation except Gr. Britain. Contributions of money come slowly to the public treasury. A committee of Congress have drawn a strong report on that subject, which has produced a good effect in the states. In a letter of Mar. 20. from Doctr. Franklin to me is this passage. \u2018As to public affairs the Congress has not been able to assemble more than 7. or 8. states during the whole winter, so the treaty with Prussia remains still unratified, tho\u2019 there is no doubt of it\u2019s being done soon as a full Congress is expected next month. The disposition to furnish Congress with ample powers augments daily, as people become more enlightened. And I do not remember ever to have seen during my long life, more signs of public felicity than appear at present throughout these states; the Cultivators of the earth who make the bulk of our nation, having had good crops, which are paid for at high prices, with ready money; the artisans too receive high wages, and the value of all real estates is augmented greatly. Merchants and shopkeepers indeed complain that there is not business enough. But this is evidently not owing to the fewness of buyers, but to the too great number of sellers; for the consumption of goods was never greater, as appears by the dress, furniture and manner of living of all ranks of the people.\u2019 His health is good, except as to the stone which does not grow worse. I thank you for your  attention to my request about the books which Mr. Barclay writes me he has forwarded from Cadiz. I have the honour to be", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0560", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to P. R. Randall, 20 June 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randall (Randolph), Paul R.\nSir\nParis June 20. 1786.\nHaving communicated to Mr. Adams the information received at different times from yourself, from Mr. Carmichael and Mr.  Lamb we find that the sum likely to be demanded by Algiers is so infinitely beyond our powers and the expectations of Congress, that it has become our duty to refer the whole matter back to them. Whether they will chuse to buy a peace, to force one, or to do nothing, will rest in their pleasure. In the mean time we wish to see you here and at London, for the purpose of information which will be necessary for Congress when they shall resume the consideration of this subject. It is therefore our joint request that you set out as soon as convenient for this place; Mr. Adams having by letter authorised me to name him as concurring in this request.\nYour letters of May 14. and 18. came duly to hand, and copies were transmitted to Mr. Adams and to Congress. I have the honour to be Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-09-02-0561", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Antonio Giannini, 21 June 1786\nFrom: Giannini, Antonio\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nVirginia 21 Giugnio 1786\nAvevo messo una Ginea in questa lettera \u214c mandare a mio Padre in Italia ma non lo mandaro \u214c che il Sig.e Nichol Lewis dice che teme che le lettere sieno aperte avanti che arivino nelle mani di V.S. Adunque prego lo a farmi un gran favore di mettere una ginea in questa carta che non \u00e8 sigillata, questa e una mostra di pannine ch\u00e8 stata richiesta da me da un mercante Lucchese Nicolao Frediani, il quale \u00e8 inclinato ad aprire un commercio colla colonia di Virginia, dove e facile ch\u2019io sia impiegato.\nDunque prego la vostra cortesit\u00e0 di mettere come dissi una ginea fra questi piccoli pezzettini, e poi sigilli la lettera ben servata, lasciando quella coperta che st\u00e0 appresso, con quel soprascritto, dipoi lo prego a prendere tutte le lettere che sono intitolate in Italia, e le metta tutte assieme sotto una coperta, facendoci il soprascritto in questo forma, cio\u00e8\nSSig.i Enrico Holst\ne compagni\nLivorno\nCosi anderanno le mie lettere sicure al Sig.e Frediani, \u214c ch\u00e8 cosi lui mi accenna ch\u2019io debbo scrivere. Nelle lettere che V.S. mander\u00e0 di nuovo, ci dara notizia se a mandata la ginea, accio io la possa rimettere al suo ministro qui, ma sarebbe un grande  disappontamento \u214c me se V.S. mancasse avendone io dato informazione al Sig.e Frediani nella lettere.\nIo gli mando tutti quei semi ch\u2019io o potuto trovare, e ancora foglie di varie piante, che trovera scritto nello libbro, i semi sono scritti sopra, e le foglie trover\u00e0 lescrizione appresso di che qualit\u00e0 sono. Aver\u00f2 tempo di preparare tutti questi semi \u214c l\u2019autonno venturo senza mancare, secondo che \u00e8 stato richiesto da V.S. nella lista, e ancora gli faccio sapere che o trovato una gran quantit\u00e0 di piccoli umbbrelli, circa un piede alti, se V.S. volesse ch\u2019io ne mandassi in Francia, ne dara notizia e saranno inpacchettati bene \u214c arrivare l\u00ec salvi. Io non o presentemente altro che dirle se non che ter\u00f2 gran cura di tutto quello che lei comanda ed \u00e0 comandato, e \u214c non allungare pi\u00f9 resto ai sui comandi facendo una umilissima Reverenza addio. Di V.S. Um.lim ed Affm.o Ser.o,\nAntonio Giannini", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0001-0002", "content": "Title: I. Answers to D\u00e9Meunier\u2019s First Queries, 24 January 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: DeMeunier, Jean Nicolas\n1. On the original establishment of the several states, the civil code of England, from whence they had emigrated, was adopted. This of course could extend only to general laws, and not to those which were particular to certain places in England only. The circumstances of the new states obliged them to add some new laws which their special situation required, and even to change some of the general laws of England in cases which did not suit their circumstances or ways of thinking. The law of descents for instance was changed in several states.On the late revolution, the  changes which their new form of government rendered necessary were easily made. It was only necessary to say that the powers of legislation, the judiciary and the executive powers, heretofore exercised by persons of such and such descriptions, shall henceforth be exercised by persons to be appointed in such and such manners. This was what their constitutions did.Virginia thought it might be necessary to examine the whole code of law, to reform such parts of it as had been calculated to produce a devotion to monarchy, and to reduce into smaller volume such useful parts as had become too diffuse. A Committee was appointed to execute this work; they did it; and the assembly began in Octob. 1785. the examination of it, in order to change such parts of the report as might not meet their approbation and to establish what they should approve. We may expect to hear the result of their deliberations about the last of February next. I have heard that Connecticut undertook a like work: but I am not sure of this, nor do I know whether any other of the states have or have not done the same.\n2. The Constitution of New-Hampshire established in 1776. having been expressly made to continue only during the contest with Great Britain, they proceeded, after the close of that to form and establish a permanent one, which they did. The Convention of Virginia which organised their new government had been chosen before a separation from Gr. Britain had been thought of in their state. They had therefore none but the ordinary powers of legislation. This leaves their act for organising the government subject to be altered by every legislative assembly and tho no general change in it has been made, yet it\u2019s effect has been contracted in several special cases. It is therefore thought that that state will appoint a Convention for the special purpose of forming a stable constitution. I think no change has been made in any other of the states.\n3. The following is a rough estimate of the particular debts of some of the states as they existed in the year of 1784.\nDollars\nNew Hampshire\nUnited States principal of Foreign debt nearly \nRhode Island\nMassachusets\nThe principal of the domestic debt is somewhere between 27\u00bd million and 35\u00bd million\u2014call it therefore\nConnecticut\nVirginia\nThe other states not named here are probably indebted in the same proportion to their abilities. If so, and we estimate their abilities by the rule of quotaing them, those 8 states will owe about 14 millions, and consequently the particular debts of all the states will amount to 25 or 26 millions of dollars.\n5. A particular answer to this question would lead to very minute details. One general idea however may be applied to all the states. Each having their separate debt, and a determinate proportion of the federal debt, they endeavour to lay taxes sufficient to pay the interest of both of these, and to support their own and the federal government. These taxes are generally about one or one and a half percent on the value of property, and from 2\u00bd to 5 percent on foreign merchandise imported. But the paiment of this interest regularly is not accomplished in many of the states. The people are as yet not recovered from the depredations of the war. When that ended, their houses were in ruin, their farms waste, themselves distressed for clothing and necessaries for their houshold. They cannot as yet therefore bear heavy taxes.For the paiment of the principal no final measures are yet taken. Some states will have lands for sale, the produce of which may pay the principal debt. Some will endeavor to have an exceeding of their taxes to be applied as a sinking fund. And all of them look forward to the increase of population, and of course an increase of productiveness in their present taxes to enable them to be sinking their debt. This is a general view. Some of the states have not yet made even just efforts for satisfying either the principal or interest of their public debt.\n6. By the close of the year 1785, there had probably passed over about 50,000 emigrants. Most of these were Irish. The greatest number of the residue were Germans. Philadelphia receives most of them, and next to that, Baltimore and New York.\n7. Nothing is decided as to Vermont. The four Northernmost states wish it to be received into the Union. The middle and Southern states are rather opposed to it. But the great difficulty arises with New-York which claims that territory. In the beginning every individual of that state revolted at the idea of giving them up. Congress therefore only interfered from time to time to prevent the two parties from coming to an open rupture. In the mean while the minds of the New Yorkers have been familiarizing to the idea of a separation and I think it will not be long before they will consent to it. In that case the Southern and Middle states will doubtless acquiesce, and Vermont will be received into the Union.\nLe Maine, a part of the government of Massachusets, but detached from it (the state of N. Hampshire lying between) begins to desire to be separated. They are very weak in numbers as yet; but whenever they shall attain a certain degree of population, there are circumstances which render it highly probable they will be allowed to become a separate member of the union.\n8. It is believed that the state of Virginia has by this time made a second cession of lands to Congress, comprehending all those between the meridian of the mouth of the Great Kanhaway, the Ohio, Mississippi and Carolina boundary. Within this lies Kentuckey. I beleive that their numbers are sufficient already to entitle them to come into Congress, and that their reception there will only incur the delay necessary for taking the consent of the several assemblies. There is no other new state as yet approaching the time of it\u2019s reception.\n10. The number of Royalists which left New York, South Carolina and Georgia, when they were evacuated by the British army, was considerable, but I am absolutely unable to conjecture their numbers. From all the other states I suppose perhaps two thousand may have gone.\n11. The Confederation is a wonderfully perfect instrument, considering the circumstances under which it was formed. There are however some alterations which experience proves to be wanting. These are principally three. 1. To establish a general rule for the admission of new states into the Union. By the Confederation no new state, except Canada, can be permitted to have a vote in Congress without first obtaining the consent of all the thirteen legislatures. It becomes necessary to agree what districts may be established into separate states, and at what period of their population they may come into Congress. The act of Congress of April 23. 1784. has pointed out what ought to be agreed on. To say also what number of votes must concur when the number of voters shall be thus enlarged. 2. The Confederation, in it\u2019s eighth article, decides that the quota of money to be contributed by the several states shall be proportioned to the value of the landed property in the state. Experience has shewn it impracticable to come at this value. Congress have therefore recommended to the states to agree that their quotas shall be in proportion to the number of their inhabitants, counting 5. slaves however but as equal to 3. free inhabitants. I believe all the states have agreed to this alteration except Rhodeisland. 3. The Confederation forbids the states individually to enter into treaties of commerce, or of any other nature, with foreign nations;  and it authorizes Congress to establish such treaties, with two reservations however, viz., that they shall agree to no treaty which would 1. restrain the legislatures from imposing such duties on foreigners, as natives are subjected to; or 2. from prohibiting the exportation or importation of any species of commodities. Congress may therefore be said to have a power to regulate commerce, so far as it can be effected by conventions with other nations, and by conventions which do not infringe the two fundamental reservations beforementioned. But this is too imperfect, because till a convention be made with any particular nation, the commerce of any one of our states with that nation may be regulated by the state itself. And even when a convention is made, the regulation of the commerce is taken out of the hands of the several states only so far as it is covered or provided for by that convention or treaty. But treaties are made in such general terms, that the greater part of the regulations would still result to the legislatures. Let us illustrate these observations by observing how far the commerce of France and of England can be affected by the state legislatures. As to England, any one of the legislatures may impose on her goods double the duties which are paid by other nations; may prohibit their goods altogether; may refuse them the usual facilities for the recovering their debts or withdrawing their property, may refuse to receive their Consuls or to give those Consuls any jurisdiction. But with respect to France, whose commerce is protected by a treaty, no state can give any molestation to that commerce which is defended by the treaty. Thus, tho\u2019 a state may exclude the importation of all wines (because one of the reservations aforesaid is that they may prohibit the importation of any species of commodities) yet they cannot prohibit the importation of French wines particularly, while they allow wines to be brought from other countries. They cannot impose heavier duties on French commodities than on those of other nations. They cannot throw peculiar obstacles in the way of their recovery of debts due to them &c. &c. because these things are provided for by treaty.Treaties however are very imperfect machines for regulating commerce in the detail. The principal objects in the regulation of our commerce would be 1. to lay such duties, restrictions, or prohibitions on the goods of any particular nation as might oblige that nation to concur in just and equal arrangements of commerce, 2. to lay such uniform duties on the articles of commerce throughout all the states as may avail them of that fund for assisting to bear the burthen of public expences. Now this cannot be done by the states separately;  because they will not separately pursue the same plan. New-Hampshire cannot lay a given duty on a particular article, unless Massachusets will do the same; because it will turn the importation of that article from her ports into those of Massachusets, from whence they will be smuggled into New Hampshire by land. But tho Massachusets were willing to concur with N. Hampshire in laying the same duty, yet she cannot do it, for the same reason, unless Rhodeisland will also. Nor can Rhode island without Connecticut, nor Connecticut without N. York, nor N. York without N. Jersey, and so on quite to Georgia. It is visible therefore that the commerce of the states cannot be regulated to the best advantage but by a single body, and no body so proper as Congress. Many of the states have agreed to add an article to the Confederation for allowing to Congress the regulation of their commerce, only providing that the revenues to be raised on it, shall belong to the state in which they are levied. Yet it is beleived that Rhode island will prevent this also. An everlasting recurrence to this same obstacle will occasion a question to be asked: How happens it that Rhode island is opposed to every useful proposition? Her geography accounts for it, with the aid of one or two observations. The cultivators of the earth are the most virtuous citizens and possess most of the amor patriae. Merchants are the least virtuous, and possess the least of the amor patriae. The latter reside principally in the sea-port towns; the former in the interior country. Now it happened that of the territory constituting Rhode island and Connecticut, the part containing the sea-ports was erected into a state by itself and called Rhodeisland, and that containing the interior country was erected into another state called Connecticut for tho it has a little seacoast, there are no good ports in it. Hence it happens that there is scarcely one merchant in the whole state of Connecticut, while there is not a single man in Rhode island who is not a merchant of some sort. Their whole territory is but a thousand square miles, and what of that is in use is laid out in grass farms almost entirely. Hence they have scarcely any body employed in agriculture. All exercise some species of commerce. This circumstance has decided the characters of these two states. The remedies to this evil are hazardous. One would be to consolidate the two states into one. Another would be to banish Rhode island from the union. A third to compel her submission to the will of the other twelve. A fourth for the other twelve to govern themselves according to the new propositions and to let Rhode island go on by herself according to the antient articles. But the dangers and difficulties attending all these remedies are obvious.\nThese are the only alterations proposed to the confederation, and the best of them is the only additional power which Congress is thought to need.\n12. Congress have not yet ultimately decided at what rates they will redeem the paper money in the hands of the holders. But a resolution of1784. has established the principle, so that there can be little doubt but that the holders of paper money will receive as much real money as the paper was actually worth at the time they received it, and an interest of 5. percent from the time they received it. It\u2019s worth will be found in the depreciation table of the state wherein it was received, these depreciation tables having been formed according to the market prices of the paper money at different epochs.\n13. Those who talk of the bankruptcy of the U.S. are of two descriptions. 1. Strangers who do not understand the nature and history of our paper money. 2. Holders of that paper-money who do not wish that the world should understand it. Thus when, in March 1780. the paper money being so far depreciated that 40. dollars of it would purchase only 1. silver dollar, Congress endeavored to arrest the progress of that depretiation by declaring they would emit no more, and would redeem what was in circulation at the rate of one dollar of silver for 40 of paper; this was called by the brokers in paper-money, a bankruptcy. Yet these very people had only given one dollar\u2019s worth of provisions, of manufactures, or perhaps of silver for their forty dollars, and were displeased that they could not in a moment multiply their silver into 40. If it were decided that the U.S. should pay a silver dollar for every paper dollar they emitted, I am of opinion (conjecturing from loose data of my memory only as to the amount and true worth of the sums emitted by Congress and by the several states) that a debt, which in it\u2019s just amount is not more perhaps than 6 millions of dollars, would mount up to 400 millions, and instead of assessing every inhabitant with a debt of about 2. dollars, would fix on him thirty guineas which is considerably more than the national debt of England affixes on each of it\u2019s inhabitants, and would make a bankruptcy where there is none. The real just debts of the U.S. which were stated under the 3d. query, will be easily paid by the sale of their lands, which were ceded to them on the fundamental condition of being applied as a sinking fund for this purpose.\n14. La Canne \u00e0 sucre est un erreur du traducteur de M. Filson. Le mot Anglois \u2018cane\u2019 veut dire \u2018arundo\u2019 en latin, et \u2018roseau\u2019 ou  \u2018Canne\u2019 en Fran\u00e7ais. Le traducteur en a fait le \u2018canne \u00e0 sucre,\u2019 probablement que le \u2018Caffier\u2019 est une erreur semblable.\n15. The whole army of the United States was disbanded at the close of the war. A few guards only were engaged for their magazines. Lately they have enlisted some two or three regiments to garrison the posts along the Northern boundary of the U.S.\n16. 17. The U.S. do not own at present a single vessel of war; nor has Congress entered into any resolution on that subject.\n18. I conjecture there are 650,000 negroes in the five Southernmost states and not 50,000 in the rest. In most of these latter, effectual measures have been taken for their future emancipation. In the former nothing is done towards that. The disposition to emancipate them is strongest in Virginia. Those who desire it, form as yet the minority of the whole state, but it bears a respectable proportion to the whole in numbers and weight of character, and it is continually recruiting by the addition of nearly the whole of the young men as fast as they come into public life. I flatter myself it will take place there at some period of time not very distant. In Maryland and N. Carolina, a very few are disposed to emancipate. In S. Carolina and Georgia not the smallest symptom of it, but, on the contrary, these two states and N. Carolina continue importations of negroes. These have been long prohibited in all the other states.\n19. In Virginia, where a great proportion of the legislature consider the constitution but as other acts of legislation, laws have been frequently passed which controuled it\u2019s effect. I have not heard that in the other states they have ever infringed their constitutions; and I suppose they have not done it; as the judges would consider any law as void, which was contrary to the constitution. Pennsylvania is divided into two parties, very nearly equal, the one desiring to change the constitution, the other opposing a change. In Virginia there is a part of the state which considers the act for organising their government as a constitution and are content to let it remain. There is another part which considers it only as an ordinary act of the legislature, who therefore wish to form a real constitution, amending some defects which have been observed in the act now in force. Most of the young people as they come into office arrange themselves on this side, and I think they will prevail ere long. But there are no heats on this account. I do not know that any of the other states propose to change their constitutions.\n20. I have heard of no malversations in office which have been of any consequence: unless we consider as such some factious transactions in the Pennsylvania assembly; or some acts of the  Virginia assembly which have been contrary to their constitution. The causes of these were explained in the preceding article.\n21. Broils among the states may happen in the following ways. 1. A state may be embroiled with the other twelve by not complying with the lawful requisitions of Congress. 2. Two states may differ about their boundaries. But the method of settling these is fixed by the Confederation, and most of the states which have any differences of this kind are submitting them to this mode of determination; and there is no danger of opposition to the decree by any state. The individuals interested may complain, but this can produce no difficulty. 3. Other contestations may arise between two states, such as pecuniary demands, affrays among their citizens, and whatever else may arise between any two nations. With respect to these there are two opinions. One that they are to be decided according to the 9th. article of the Confederation, which says that \u2018Congress shall be the last resort in all differences between two or more states, concerning boundary, jurisdiction, or any other cause whatever,\u2019 and prescribes the mode of decision, and the weight of reason is undoubtedly in favor of this opinion. Yet there are some who question it.\nIt has been often said that the decisions of Congress are impotent, because the Confederation provides no compulsory power. But when two or more nations enter into a compact, it is not usual for them to say what shall be done to the party who infringes it. Decency forbids this. And it is as unnecessary as indecent, because the right of compulsion naturally results to the party injured by the breach. When any one state in the American Union refuses obedience to the Confederation by which they have bound themselves, the rest have a natural right to compel them to obedience. Congress would probably exercise long patience before they would recur to force; but if the case ultimately required it, they would use that recurrence. Should this case ever arise, they will probably coerce by a naval force, as being more easy, less dangerous to liberty, and less likely to produce much bloodshed.\nIt has been said too that our governments both federal and particular want energy; that it is difficult to restrain both individuals and states from committing wrongs. This is true, and it is an inconvenience. On the other hand that energy which absolute governments derive from an armed force, which is the effect of the bayonet constantly held at the breast of every citizen, and which resembles very much the stillness of the grave, must be admitted also to have it\u2019s inconveniences. We weigh the two together, and like best to  submit to the former. Compare the number of wrongs committed with impunity by citizens among us, with those committed by the sovereigns in other countries, and the last will be found most numerous, most oppressive on the mind, and most degrading of the dignity of man.\n22. The states differed very much in their proceedings as to British property; and I am unable to give the details. In Virginia, the sums sequestered in the treasury remain precisely as they did at the conclusion of the peace. The British having refused to make satisfaction for the slaves they carried away, contrary to the treaty of peace, and to deliver up the posts within our limits, the execution of that treaty is in some degree suspended. Individuals however are paying off their debts to British subjects, and the laws even permit the latter to recover them judicially. But as the amount of these debts are 20 or 30 times the amount of all the money in circulation in that state, the same laws permit the debtor to pay his debt in seven equal and annual paiments.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0001-0003", "content": "Title: II. Additional Queries, with Jefferson\u2019s Answers, [ca. January\u2013February 1786]\nFrom: DeMeunier, Jean Nicolas,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: DeMeunier, Jean Nicolas,Jefferson, Thomas\n[ca. Jan.-Feb. 1786]\nAdditional questions of M. de Meusnier, and answers\n1. What has led Congress to determine that the concurrence of seven votes is requisite in questions which by the Confederation  are submitted to the decision of a Majority of the U.S. in Congress Assembled?\nThe IXth. article of Confederation, \u00a7. 6. evidently establishes three orders of questions in Congress. 1. The greater ones, which relate to making peace or war, alliances, coinage, requisitions for money, raising military force, or appointing it\u2019s commander in chief. 2. The lesser ones, which comprehend all other matters submitted by the Confederation to the federal head. 3. The single question of adjourning from day to day. This gradation of questions is distinctly characterised by the article.\nIn proportion to the magnitude of these questions, a greater concurrence of the voices composing the Union was thought necessary. Three degrees of concurrence, well distinguished by substantial circumstances, offered themselves to notice. 1. A concurrence of a majority of the people of the Union. It was thought that this would be ensured by requiring the voices of nine states; because according to the loose estimates which had then been made of the inhabitants, and the proportion of them which were free, it was believed that even the nine smallest would include a majority of the free citizens of the Union. The voices therefore of nine states were required in the greater questions. 2. A concurrence of the majority of the states. Seven constitute that majority. This number therefore was required in the lesser questions. 3. A concurrence of the Majority of Congress, that is to say, of the states actually present in it. As there is no Congress when there are not seven states present, this concurrence could never be of less than four states. But these might happen to be the four smallest, which would not include one ninth part of the free citizens of the Union. This kind of majority therefore was entrusted with nothing but the power of adjourning themselves from day to day.\nHere then are three kinds of majorities: 1. Of the people. 2. Of the states. 3. Of the Congress; each of which is entrusted to a certain length.\nTho the paragraph in question be clumsily expressed, yet it strictly enounces it\u2019s own intentions. It defines with precision the greater questions for which nine votes shall be requisite. To the lesser questions it then requires a majority of the U.S. in congress assembled: a term indeed which will apply either to the number seven, as being a majority of the states, or to the number four, as being a majority of Congress. Which of the two kinds of majority was meant? Clearly that which would leave a still smaller kind  for the decision of the question of adjournment. The contrary would be absurd.\nThis paragraph therefore should be understood as if it had been expressed in the following terms. \u2018The United States in Congress assembled shall never engage in war &c. but with the consent of nine states; nor determine any other question but with the consent of a majority of the whole states; except the question of adjournment from day to day, which may be determined by a majority of the states actually present in Congress.\u2019\n2. How far is it permitted to bring on the reconsideration of a question which Congress has once determined?\nThe first Congress which met being composed mostly of persons who had been members of the legislatures of their respective states, it was natural for them to adopt those rules in their proceedings to which they had been accustomed in their legislative houses; and the more so as these happened to be nearly the same, as having been copied from the same original, the British parliament. One of those rules of proceeding was, that \u2018a question once determined cannot be proposed a second time in the same session.\u2019 Congress, during their first session, in the autumn of 1774, observed this rule strictly. But before their meeting in the spring of the following year, the war had broke out. They found themselves at the head of that war in an Executive as well as Legislative capacity. They found that a rule, wise and necessary, for a Legislative body, did not suit an Executive one, which being governed by events must change their purposes, as those change. Besides, their session was likely then to become of equal duration with the war; and a rule which should render their legislation immutable during all that period could not be submitted to. They therefore renounced it in practice, and have ever since continued to reconsider their questions freely. The only restraint as yet provided against the abuse of this permission to reconsider, is that when a question has been decided, it cannot be proposed for reconsideration but by some one who voted in favor of the former decision, and declares that he has since changed his opinion. I do not recollect accurately enough whether it be necessary that his vote should have decided that of his state, and the vote of his state have decided that of Congress.\nPerhaps it might have been better when they were forming the federal constitution, to have assimilated it as much as possible to the particular constitutions of the states. All of these have distributed the Legislative, executive and judiciary powers into different  departments. In the federal constitution the judiciary powers are separated from the others; but the legislative and executive are both exercised by Congress. A means of amending this defect has been thought of. Congress having a power to establish what committees of their own body they please, and to arrange among them the distribution of their business, they might on the first day of their annual meeting appoint an executive committee, consisting of a member from each state, and refer to them all executive business which should occur during their session; confining themselves to what is of a legislative nature, that is to say to the heads described in the 9th. article as of the competence of 9 states only, and to such other questions as should lead to the establishment of general rules. The journal of this committee of the preceding day might be read the next morning in Congress, and considered as approved, unless a vote was demanded on a particular article, and that article changed. The sessions of Congress would then be short, and when they separated, the Confederation authorizes the appointment of a committee of the states, which would naturally succeed to the business of the Executive committee. The legislative business would be better done, because the attention of the members would not be interrupted by the details of execution; and the executive business would be better done, because business of this nature is better adapted to small than great bodies. A monarchical head should confide the execution of it\u2019s will to departments consisting each of a plurality of hands, who would warp that will as much as possible towards wisdom and moderation, the two qualities it generally wants. But a republican head founding it\u2019s decree originally in these two qualities should commit them to a single hand for execution, giving them thereby a promptitude which republican proceedings generally want. Congress could not indeed confide their executive business to a smaller number than a committee consisting of a member from each state. This is necessary to ensure the confidence of the Union. But it would be gaining a great deal to reduce the executive head to thirteen, and to debarrass themselves of those details. This however has as yet been the subject of private conversations only.\n3. Calculating the federal debts by the interest they pay, their principal would be much more than is stated under the 3d. of the former queries. The reason for this is that there is a part of the money put into the loan office which was borrowed under a special contract that whatever depreciation might take place on the principal,  the interest should be paid in hard money on the nominal amount, Congress only reserving to itself the right, whenever they should pay off the principal, to pay it according to it\u2019s true value, without regard to it\u2019s nominal one. The amount of this part of the debt is 3,459,200 dollars. From the best documents in my possession I estimate the capital of the federal debt as follows.\nForeign debt.\nDollars\n\u2007Spanish loan\n        \u2007Farmers general of France\n        \u2007Individuals in France\n            \u2007Crown of France, in it\u2019s own right\n            \u2007To Holland, guarantied by France\n\u2007Dutch loan of 5 million of florins\n\u2007Dutch loan of 2 million of florins\nDomestic debt as stated in Apr. 1783, since which there is no better state.\n\u2007Loan office debt\n\u2007Credits in the treasury books\n\u2007Army debt\n\u2007Unliquidated debt estimated at\n\u2007Commutation to the army\n\u2007Bounty due to Privates\n\u2007Deficiencies of this estimate supposed\nWhole debt foreign and domestic\n    The result as to the foreign debt is considerably more than in the estimate I made before. That was taken on the state of the Dutch loans as known to Congress in 1784. The new estimate of 1785 however (lately come to hand) shews those loans to be completed up to 7. millions of florins, which is much more than their amount in the preceding statements. The domestic debt too is made somewhat higher than in the preceding answer to the 3d query. I had in that taken the statement of 1783. for my basis, and had endeavored to correct that by the subsequent liquidations of 1784. and 1785. On considering more maturely those means of correction, I apprehend they will be more likely to lead to error; and that, upon the whole, the statement of 1783. is the surest we can have recourse to. I have therefore adopted it literally.\n4. A succinct account of Paper money.\nPrevious to the late revolution, most of the states were in the habit, whenever they had occasion for more money than could be raised immediately by taxes, to issue paper notes or bills, in the name of the state, wherein they promised to pay to the bearer the sum named in the note or bill. In some of the states no time of paiment was fixed, nor tax laid to enable paiment. In these the bills depreciated, but others of the states named in the bill the day when it should be paid, laid taxes to bring in money enough for that purpose, and paid the bills punctually on or before the day named. In these states, paper money was in as high estimation as gold and silver. On the commencement of the late revolution, Congress had no money. The external commerce of the states being suppressed, the farmer could not sell his produce, and of course could not pay a tax. Congress had no resource then but in paper money. Not being able to lay a tax for it\u2019s redemption they could only promise that taxes should be laid for that purpose so as to redeem the bills by a certain day. They did not foresee the long continuance of the war, the almost total suppression of their exports, and other events which rendered the performance of their engagement impossible. The paper money continued for a twelvemonth equal to gold and silver. But the quantities which they were obliged to emit for the purposes of the war exceeded what had been the usual quantity of the circulating medium. It began therefore to become cheaper, or as we expressed it, it depreciated as gold and silver would have done, had they been thrown into circulation in equal quantities. But not having, like them, an intrinsic value, it\u2019s depreciation was more rapid and greater than could ever have happened with them. In two years it had fallen to two dollars of paper for one of silver. In three years to 4. for 1., in 9. months more it fell to 10. for 1. and in the six months following, that is to say, by Sep. 1779. it had fallen to 20. for 1. Congress, alarmed at the consequences which were to be apprehended should they lose this resource altogether, thought it necessary to make a vigorous effort to stop it\u2019s further depreciation. They therefore determined in the first place that their emissions should not exceed 200. millions of dollars, to which term they were then nearly arrived, and tho\u2019 they knew that 20 dollars of what they were then issuing would buy no more for their army than one silver dollar would buy, yet they thought it would be worth while to submit to the sacrifice of 19. out of 20. dollars, if they could thereby stop further depreciation. They therefore published an address to their constituents in which they renewed their original  declarations that this paper money should be redeemed at dollar for dollar, they proved the ability of the states to do this, and that their liberty would be cheaply bought at that price. The declaration was ineffectual. No man received the money at a better rate; on the contrary in six months more, that is by March 1780, it was fallen to 40. for 1. Congress then tried an experiment of a different kind. Considering their former offers to redeem this money at par, as relinquished by the general refusal to take it but in progressive depreciation, they required the whole to be brought in, declared it should be redeemed at it\u2019s present value of 40 for 1. and that they would give to the holders new bills reduced in their denomination to the sum of gold or silver which was actually to be paid for them. This would reduce the nominal sum of the mass in circulation to the present worth of that mass, which was 5 millions, a sum not too great for the circulation of the states, and which they therefore hoped would not depreciate further, as they continued firm in their purpose of emitting no more. This effort was as unavailing as the former. Very little of the money was brought in. It continued to circulate and to depreciate till the end of 1780., when it had fallen to 75. for one, and the money circulated from the French army being by that time sensible in all the states North of the Potowmac, the paper ceased it\u2019s circulation altogether, in those states. In Virginia and N. Carolina it continued a year longer, within which time it fell to 1000 for 1. and then expired, as it had done in the other states, without a single groan. Not a murmur was heard on this occasion among the people. On the contrary universal congratulations took place on their seeing this gigantic mass, whose dissolution had threatened convulsions which should shake their infant confederacy to it\u2019s center, quietly interred in it\u2019s grave. Foreigners indeed who do not, like the natives, feel indulgence for it\u2019s memory, as of a being which has vindicated their liberties and fallen in the moment of victory, have been loud and still are loud. A few of them have reason. But the most noisy are not the best of them. They are persons who have become bankrupt by unskilful attempts at commerce with America. That they may have some pretext to offer to their creditors, they have bought up great masses of this dead money in America, where it is to be had at 5000 for 1. and they shew the certificates of their paper possessions as if it had all died in their hands, and had been the cause of their bankruptcy. Justice will be done to all, by paying to all persons what this money actually cost them, with an interest of 6. per cent from the time they received it. If difficulties present themselves in the ascertaining  the epoch of the receipt, it has been thought better that the state should lose by admitting easy proofs, than that individuals and especially foreigners should, by being held to such as would be difficult, perhaps impossible.\n5. Virginia certainly owed two millions sterling to Great Britain at the conclusion of the war. Some have conjectured the debt as high as three millions. I think that state owed near as much as all the rest put together. This is to be ascribed to peculiarities in the tobacco trade. The advantages made by the British merchants on the tobaccoes consigned to them were so enormous that they spared no means of increasing those consignments. A powerful engine for this purpose was the giving good prices and credit to the planter, till they got him more immersed in debt than he could pay without selling his lands or slaves. They then reduced the prices given for his tobacco so that let his shipments be ever so great, and his demand of necessaries ever so \u0153conomical, they never permitted him to clear off his debt. These debts had become hereditary from father to son for many generations, so that the planters were a species of property annexed to certain mercantile houses in London.\n6. The members of Congress are differently paid by different states. Some are on fixed allowances, from 4. to 8. dollars a day. Others have their expences paid and a surplus for their time. This surplus is of two, three, or four dollars a day.\n7. I do not believe there has ever been a moment when a single whig in any one state would not have shuddered at the very idea of a separation of their state from the Confederacy. The tories would at all times have been glad to see the Confederacy dissolved even by particles at a time, in hopes of their attaching themselves again to Great Britain.\n8. The 11th. article of Confederation admits Canada to accede to the Confederation at it\u2019s own will; but adds that \u2018no other colony shall be admitted to the same, unless such admission be agreed to by nine states.\u2019 When the plan of April 1784 for establishing new states was on the carpet, the committee who framed the report of that plan, had inserted this clause \u2018provided new states agree to such admission, according to the reservation of the 11th of the articles of Confederation.\u2019 It was objected 1. that the words of the confederation \u2018no other colony\u2019 could refer only to the residuary possessions of Gr. Britain, as the two Floridas, Nova Scotia &c. not being already parts of the Union; that the law for \u2018admitting\u2019 a new member into the Union could not be applied to a territory which was already in the union, by making part of a state which was a  member of it. 2. that it would be improper to allow \u2018nine\u2019 states to receive a new member, because the same reason which rendered that number proper now would render a greater one proper when the number composing the Union should be increased. They therefore struck out this paragraph, and inserted a proviso that \u2018the consent of so many states in Congress shall be first obtained as may at the time be competent,\u2019 thus leaving the question whether the 11th. article applies to the admission of new states to be decided when that admission shall be asked. See the Journ. of Congress of Apr. 20. 1784. Another doubt was started in this debate, viz. whether the agreement of the nine states required by the Confederation was to be made by their legislatures or by their delegates in Congress? The expression adopted viz. \u2018so many states in Congress is first obtained\u2019 shew what was their sense of this matter. If it be agreed that the 11th. article of the Confederation is not to be applied to the admission of these new states, then it is contended that their admission comes within the 13th. article, which forbids \u2018any alteration unless agreed to in a Congress of the U.S. and afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every state.\u2019 The independance of the new states of Kentuck\u00e9 and Frankland will soon bring on the ultimate decision of all these questions.\n9. Particular instances whereby the General assembly of Virginia have shewn that they consider the ordinance called their Constitution as every other ordinance or act of the legislature, subject to be altered by the legislature for the time being. The Convention which formed that Constitution declared themselves to be the house of delegates during the term for which they were originally elected, and, in the autumn of the year, met the Senate elected under the new constitution, and did legislative business with them. At this time there were malefactors in the public jail and there was as yet no court established for their trial. They passed a law appointing certain members by name, who were then members of the Executive council to be a court for the trial of these malefactors, tho\u2019 the constitution had said, in it\u2019s first clause, that \u2018no person should exercise the powers of more than one of the three departments, legislative, executive and judiciary, at the same time.\u2019 This proves that the very men who had made that constitution understood that it would be alterable by the General assembly. This court was only for that occasion. When the next general assembly met after the election of the ensuing year, there was a new set of malefactors in the jail, and no court to try them. This assembly passed a similar law to the former, appointing certain members  of the Executive council to be an occasional court for this particular case. Not having the journals of assembly by me, I am unable to say whether this measure was repeated afterwards. However they are instances of executive and judiciary powers exercised by the same persons under the authority of a law made in contradiction to the Constitution. 2. There was a process depending in the ordinary courts of justice between two individuals of the name of Robinson and Fauntleroy, who were relations, of different descriptions, to one Robinson a British subject lately dead. Each party claimed a right to inherit the lands of the decedent according to the laws. Their right would by the constitution have been decided by the judiciary courts; and it was actually depending before them. One of the parties petitioned the assembly (I think it was in the year 1782) who passed a law deciding the right in his favor. In the following year, a Frenchman, master of a vessel, entered into port without complying with the laws established in such cases, whereby he incurred the forfeitures of the law to any person who would sue for them. An individual instituted a legal process to recover these forfeitures, according to the law of the land. The Frenchman petitioned the assembly, who passed a law deciding the question of forfeiture in his favor. These acts are occasional repeals of that part of the constitution which forbids the same persons to exercise legislative and judiciary powers at the same time. 3. The assembly is in the habitual exercise of directing during their sessions the Executive what to do. There are few pages of their journals which do not furnish proofs of this, and consequently instances of the legislative and executive powers exercised by the same persons at the same time. These things prove that it has been the uninterrupted opinion of every assembly, from that which passed the ordinance called the Constitution, down to the present day, that their acts may controul that Ordinance, and of course that the state of Virginia has no fixed Constitution at all.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0001-0004", "content": "Title: III. From Jean Nicolas D\u00e9Meunier, [February? 1786]\nFrom: DeMeunier, Jean Nicolas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nVendredi [Feb.? 1786] rue de La Sourdiere No. 15.\nM. D\u00e9meunier est penetr\u00e9 de reconnoissance de tout ce que Monsieur Jefferson a La bont\u00e9 de faire pour Lui. Il est si agreable et si heureux, d\u2019avoir L\u2019honneur de Causer avec un homme si parfaitement instruit, si Zel\u00e9 pour Les choses interessantes, et si interessant Lui m\u00eame \u00e0 tous \u00e9gards, que M. D\u00e9meunier prendra peut\u00eatre La Libert\u00e9 de Lui demander encore quelques momens.\nIl va Corriger et etendre Le Morceau sur Les etats-unis, d\u2019apr\u00e8s Les renseignemens de Monsieur Jefferson; il Le Fera Transcrire ensuite, et il aura L\u2019honneur de Le Lui envoyer. Il ose esperer que cette Lecture ne deplaira pas au Ministre des etats unis. Il Le prie d\u2019agr\u00e9er sa reconnoissance et ses respects.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0001-0006", "content": "Title: V. To Jean Nicolas D\u00e9meunier, [26 June 1786]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: DeMeunier, Jean Nicolas\nMr. Jefferson presents his compliments to M. de Meusnier and sends him copies of the 13th. 23d. and 24th. articles of the treaty between the K. of Prussia and the United States. In the negociation with the minister of Portugal at London, the latter objected to the 13th. article. The observations which were made in answer to his objections, Mr. Jefferson incloses. They are a commentary on the 13th. article. Mr. de Meusnier will be so good as to return the sheet on which these observations are, as Mr. Jefferson does not retain a copy of it.\nIf M. de Meusnier proposes to mention the facts of cruelty of which he and Mr. Jefferson spoke yesterday, the 24th. article will introduce them properly, because they produced a sense of the necessity of that article. These facts are 1. the death of upwards of 11,000 American prisoners in one prison ship (the Jersey) and in the space of 3. years. 2. General Howe\u2019s permitting our prisoners taken at the battle of Germantown and placed under a guard in the  yard of the Statehouse of Philadelphia to be so long without any food furnished them that many perished with hunger. Where the bodies laid, it was seen that they had eaten all the grass round them within their reach, after they had lost the power of rising or moving from their place. 3. The 2d. fact was the act of a commanding officer: the 1st. of several commanding officers and for so long a time as must suppose the approbation of government. But the following was the act of government itself. During the periods that our affairs seemed unfavourable and theirs succesful, that is to say after the evacuation of New York, and again after the taking of Charlestown in South Carolina, they regularly sent our prisoners taken on the seas and carried to England to the E. Indies. This is so certain, that in the month of Novemb. or Decemb. 1785. Mr. Adams having officially demanded a delivery of the American prisoners sent to the East Indies, Ld. Carmarthaen answered officially \u2018that orders were immediately issued for their discharge.\u2019 M. de Meusnier is at liberty to quote this fact. 4. A fact not only of the Government but of the parliament, who passed an act for that purpose in the beginning of the war, was the obliging our prisoners taken at sea to join them and fight against their countrymen. This they effected by starving and whipping them. The insult on Capt. Stanhope, which happened at Boston last year, was a consequence of this. Two persons, Dunbar and Lorthrope, whom Stanhope had treated in this manner (having particularly inflicted 24 lashes on Dunbar) meeting him at Boston, attempted to beat him. But the people interposed and saved him. The fact is referred to in that paragraph of the declaration of independance which sais \u2018he has constrained our fellow citizens taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.\u2019 This was the most afflicting to our prisoners of all the cruelties exercised on them. The others affected the body only, but this the mind. They were haunted by the horror of having perhaps themselves shot the ball by which a father or a brother fell. Some of them had constancy enough to hold out against half allowance of food and repeated whippings. These were generally sent to England and from thence to the East Indies. One of these escaped from the East Indies and got back to Paris, where he gave an account of his sufferings to Mr. Adams who happened to be then at Paris.\nM. de Meusnier, where he mentions that the slave-law has been passed in Virginia, without the clause of emancipation, is pleased  to mention that neither Mr. Wythe nor Mr. Jefferson were present to make the proposition they had meditated; from which people, who do not give themselves the trouble to reflect or enquire, might conclude hastily that their absence was the cause why the proposition was not made; and of course that there were not in the assembly persons of virtue and firmness enough to propose the clause for emancipation. This supposition would not be true. There were persons there who wanted neither the virtue to propose, nor talents to enforce the proposition had they seen that the disposition of the legislature was ripe for it. These worthy characters would feel themselves wounded, degraded, and discouraged by this idea. Mr. Jefferson would therefore be obliged to M. de Meusnier to mention it in some such manner as this. \u2018Of the two commissioners who had concerted the amendatory clause for the gradual emancipation of slaves Mr. Wythe could not be present as being a member of the judiciary department, and Mr. Jefferson was absent on the legation to France. But there wanted not in that assembly men of virtue enough to propose, and talents to vindicate this clause. But they saw that the moment of doing it with success was not yet arrived, and that an unsuccesful effort, as too often happens, would only rivet still closer the chains of bondage, and retard the moment of delivery to this oppressed description of men. What a stupendous, what an incomprehensible machine is man! Who can endure toil, famine, stripes, imprisonment or death itself in vindication of his own liberty, and the next moment be deaf to all those motives whose power supported him thro\u2019 his trial, and inflict on his fellow men a bondage, one hour of which is fraught with more misery than ages of that which he rose in rebellion to oppose. But we must await with patience the workings of an overruling providence, and hope that that is preparing the deliverance of these our suffering brethren. When the measure of their tears shall be full, when their groans shall have involved heaven itself in darkness, doubtless a god of justice will awaken to their distress, and by diffusing light and liberality among their oppressors, or at length by his exterminating thunder, manifest his attention to the things of this world, and that they are not left to the guidance of a blind fatality.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0001-0007", "content": "Title: VI. From Jean Nicolas DeMeunier, [26 June 1786]\nFrom: DeMeunier, Jean Nicolas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLundi. [26 June 1786]\nJe Venois d\u2019ecrire Les traits de Cruaut\u00e9 dont Monsieur Jefferson  m\u2019a fait L\u2019honneur de me parler hier. Lorsque j\u2019ai re\u00e7u son billet, Je L\u2019ai plac\u00e9 \u00e0 L\u2019endroit o\u00f9 je Felicite Les americains des devastations, des incendies, et des forfaits que se sont permis Les Anglois, et je dirai en parlant du trait\u00e9 avec Le roi de prusse quel heureux effet ont produit ces abominables violences.\nJ\u2019avois ajout\u00e9 aussi ce qui regarde L\u2019amendement du Bill sur les esclaves, et Je me sais bon gr\u00e9 d\u2019avoir devin\u00e9 qu\u2019il convenoit de parler de L\u2019Assembl\u00e9e generale de Virginie \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s dans Les m\u00eames Termes que Monsieur Jefferson.\nJ\u2019Aurai L\u2019honneur de Lui renvoyer Les Feuilles, dont il n\u2019a pas gard\u00e9 Copie. Je Les joindrai \u00e0 La traduction de La Loi sur La Tol\u00e9rance.\nJe Voudrois avoir L\u2019honneur d\u2019etre connu davantage de Monsieur Jefferson; il Verroit combien Je suis penetr\u00e9 de ses bont\u00e9s; avec quel plaisir Je L\u2019Entends; et combien J\u2019admire Son esprit Superieur, Ses Connoissances Si exactes et Si profondes, Sa grandeur d\u2019ame et Sa Vertu qu\u2019on peut egaler, mais qu\u2019il est impossible de Surpasser. Lorsque Je regarde tout ce qu\u2019il S\u2019est donn\u00e9 la peine d\u2019ecrire pour moi, Lorsque Je Songe \u00e0 la vivacit\u00e9 de Son Zele, Je Felicite L\u2019Amerique d\u2019avoir un pareil Citoyen, et Je Compte pour des momens de plaisir et de bonheur, Ceux o\u00f9 il m\u2019est permis de L\u2019ecouter.\nJe Le Supplie d\u2019agr\u00e9er mes hommages, mes respects et mes remerciemens bien sinceres.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0002", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 23 June 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nParis June 23. 1786.\nI hear of a conveyance which allows me but a moment to write to you. I inclose a copy of a letter from Mr. Lamb. I have written both to him and Mr. Randall agreeable to what we had jointly thought best. The Courier de l\u2019Europe gives us strange news of armies marching from the U.S. to take the posts from the English. I have received no public letters and not above one or two private ones from America since I had the pleasure of seeing you, so I am in the dark as to all these matters. I have only time left to address heaven with my good wishes for Mrs. Adams and Miss Adams, and to assure you of the sincere esteem with which I  have the honour to be Dear Sir your most obedt. & most humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0003", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Madame d\u2019Houdetot, 23 June 1786\nFrom: Houdetot, Elisabeth Fran\u00e7oise Sophie de La Live Bellegarde, Comtesse d\u2019\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSannois Le 23. juin 1786.\nJ\u2019ay L\u2019honneur de Remercier avec Bien de La Sensibilit\u00e9 Monsieur De Jefferson des nouvelles qu\u2019il a Bien voul\u00fb me donner du Venerable Docteur Franklin. J\u2019ay apris avec une Extr\u00eame joye que ses Voeux, auxquels je joins tous les Miens pour la prosperit\u00e9 de sa patrie, ont une heureuse perspective. Je suis attach\u00e9e intimement \u00e0 cette prosperit\u00e9 si interessante pour l\u2019humanit\u00e9, et ma Veneration est profonde pour Ceux qui y Contribuent. Je prie Monsieur Jefferson de Vouloir Bien assurer Le Cher et Venerable Docteur de ces Sentimens et de Vouloir Bien Recevoir pour Luy m\u00eame Ceux que ma sincere et tendre Estime Luy a vou\u00e9s. Je ne ser\u00e9s plus \u00e0 Sannois pass\u00e9 Le Vingt huit de Ce Mois, et j\u2019iray diner Dehors le Vingt Sept. Si le Mercredy vingt huit Monsieur Jefferson Etait Libre, ce serait le dernier jour o\u00f9 je pourrais le voir D\u2019icy \u00e0 l\u2019Automne, parceque je Vais Voyager ailleurs. S\u2019il pouvait Venir dimanche prochain Vingt Cinq, il me ferait un Extr\u00eame plaisir, Et trouverait Encore toute la Societ\u00e9.\nLa Ctesse D\u2019Houdetot", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0004", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Bondfield, 24 June 1786\nFrom: Bondfield, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBordeaux 24 June 1786\nSince mine of the 10th Instant I have received the 17th Inst.  33 Cases and the 20th Inst. 17 Cases, together fifty Cases, No. 1 \u00e0 50 containing 30 fusils each as particularised by two Certificates received with the said Cases signed Dubois d\u2019Escordal Captain of the Royal Artillery Inspecteur of the fire Arms of the Manufactory of Tulle residing at Tulle for the service of the Navy and Colonies.\nThe Cases are in good order, agreable to the instructions contain\u2019d in Monsr. St. Victoires Letter that you transmitted me. The[y] shall be cased with an Oild Cloth to prevent the moist Air and damp of the Ship to penetrate and over that a case of straw and canvas wraper. They will be shipt on board the Comte d\u2019Artois, Cap. Gregory, for Portsmouth who will sail the begining of July and I shall follow the Letter of your instructions in every particular.\nThese fusils are subject to two Duties say Droits d\u2019Entr\u00e9 of 3\u00bd \u214c% on the valuation which with the Sol \u214c livr\u00e9 amounts to Six \u214c Cent, also le Droit de sortie. These two Dutys are to your prejudice which I apprehend you were not appriz\u2019d of. It is also of National prejudice to france which I apprehend Le Marquis de la Fayet will take measures to endeavour to remove. All Commercial Nations who export to foreigners their manufactories in lieu of loading them with extra charges Grant Bountys to obtain, encrease and continue the foreign demand by supplying them at a lower rate than other nations. Where the entire substance of the Article thus exported is the growth, Produce and workmanship of the nation, whatever of that article is consumed by foreign Nations is entire gain to the Kingdom that supply them. Should you be able to obtain on this Article indulgence for the Duties, a Letter from the Minister must be sent me to recover the Drawback of the Duties I am paying.\nI have forwarded by the publick Roullier who will arrive in Paris 13 or 14 July, Twelve Doz. Claret and twelve Doz. Vin de grave in eight Cases of three Doz. bottles each which I hope will get safe to your hand.\nThe Articles for Mr. Eppes are all packt up and shall be shipt on board the Comte d\u2019Artois.\nI received last post a Letter under my Cover for Mess. Buchanan and Hay, Richmond which by the address appears to be your writing and seal. It shall go by the said ship.\nWith respect I have the honor to be Sir Your most Obedient Humble Servant,\nJohn Bondfield", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0005", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Adams, 25 June 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon June 25. 1786\nLast night I received yours of the 16. Mr. Lamb has not written to me. Mr. Randal I have expected every day, for a long time, but have nothing from him, but what you transmitted me. My opinion of what is best to be done, which you desire to know is, that Mr. Lamb be desired to embark immediately for New York, and make his Report to Congress and render his account, and that Mr. Randal be desired to come to you first and then to me, unless you think it better for him to embark with Lamb. It would be imprudent in us, as it appears to me to incurr any further Expence, by sending to Constantinople, or to Algiers, Tunis or Tripoli. It will be only so much Cash thrown away, and worse, because it will only increase our Embarrassment, make us and our Country ridiculous, and irritate the Appetite of these Barbarians already too greedy.\u2014I have no News of the Clementine Captain Palmer.\nThe Sweedish Minister here, has never asked me any Question concerning the Island of St. Bartholomew. I suspect there are not many confidential Communications made to him, from his Court; he has been here 20 or 30 years and has married an English Lady, and is a Fellow of the Royal Society. From these Circumstances he may be thought to be too well with the English. This is merely conjecture. Your Advice was the best that could be given.\nThe Kings Visit to Cherbourg will have a great Effect upon a Nation whose Ruling Passion is a Love of their Sovereign, and the Harbour may and will be of Importance. But the Expectation of an Invasion will do more than a Real one.\nMrs. Adams and Mrs. Smith have taken a Tour to Portsmouth. We took Paines Hill in our Way out, and Windsor, in our Return; but the Country in general disappointed us. From Guilford to Portsmouth is an immense Heath. We wished for your Company, which would have added greatly to the Pleasure of the Journey. Pray have you visited the Gardens in France? How do you find them? Equal to the English?\nWith great Regard I am dear Sir your Friend & humble Sert,\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0006", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lucy Ludwell Paradise, 25 June 1786\nFrom: Paradise, Lucy Ludwell\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nI return your Excellency a thousand thanks for your kind and friendly letter. I wish it was in my power to acquaint you that the time was fixed, and that we had taken our passage for our return to dear Virginia. Since you left us I thought proper (seeing the affairs of Mr. Paradise grow worse, and worse every day, as my truly good friend Dr. Bancroft will acquaint you) to write a letter to Dr. Price to beg he would use his influence with him, to go, and take my daughter and myself with him. Mr. Paradise promised Dr. Price, and Dr. Bancroft that he would go by the 15th. of July, and if he could not support his family in his absence, he would take them likewise. He has a debt of above Two thousand pounds and as yet no Ship is arrived, and I fear his Creditors begin to be a little uneasy about their money. Mr. Seward a friend of Mr. Paradises offered to pay the Sum of Two hundred pound and above to one of his Creditors if he would go directly, and take his family with him. He has refused him, and seems determined to stay in England at all events. I have ever since I was married been begging Mr. Paradise to carry me home, and he from time to time have put me off. Was he a man that had Ten Thousand a Year, he ought to have granted my request, as it was neither unreasonable nor unjust. But in the Situation he is at present, without a farthing in this part of the world to support him, or his family, I think, I have a right to demand that if he will not go himself and take his family with him, he ought to let me go, and to have the whole management of my property. I wish your Excellency would give me your opinion upon this Subject. I forgot to tell you, that he had only his life Interest in the Estate, as likewise, the Interes of the money in the Funds of England. I must beg of your Excellency to write to me by the first opportunity. I am in great affliction as Dr. Bancroft will tell you. He has received the letters for which act of friendship, I return your Excellency my most sincere thanks. Adieu Dear Sir And believe me to be your Excellencys most obliged humble Servant and friend,\nL. Paradise\nP.S. He sees it is the wish of my heart to go home and therefore he will keep me here as long as he can. Be my friend and Support.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0007", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Rayneval, 25 June 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Rayneval\nSir\nParis June 25\u2032. 1786.\nI have received letters from two citizens of the United States of the names of Geary and Arnold, informing me that having for some time past exercised commerce in London and having failed, they were obliged to leave that country; that they came over to Dunkirk and from thence to Brest, where, one of them having changed his name the more effectually to elude the search of his creditors, they were both imprisoned by order of the Commandant. They are uninformed whether it is at the suit of their creditors, or because one of them had changed his name. But they are told that the Commandant has sent information of his proceedings to your office. I have some reason to suppose their creditors are endeavoring to obtain leave to remove them to England, where their imprisonment would be perpetual. Unable to procure information elsewhere, I take the liberty of asking you whether you know the cause of their imprisonment, and of solliciting your attention to them so far as that nothing may take place against them by surprize, and out of the ordinary course of the law. I have the honour to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem and respect Sir Your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0008", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Adams, 26 June 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nGrosvenor Square June 26. 1786\nSometime Since I received from Gov. Bowdoin some Papers relating to Alexander Gross, with an earnest desire that I would communicate them to the French Ambassador here. I did so and his Excellency was so good as to transmit them to the Comte De Vergennes. Mr. Bartholomy however advised me to write to you upon the Subject, that you might prevent it from being forgotten.\nInclosed is a Letter, which I received yesterday from Griffin Green at Rotterdam, with a Paper inclosed dated Dunkirk 15. June. 1786. relating to this unhappy Man. What can be done for his Relief I know not. Neither the Ransom Money nor the other Charges I Suppose can ever be paid, for Government never is expected to redeem such Hostages and his Relations are not able. If this is the Truth as I suppose it is, it would be better for the  French Government and for the Persons interested, to set him at Liberty, than to keep him a Prisoner at Expence.\nLet me pray you to minute this affair among your Memorandums to talk of, with the Comte De Vergennes and Mr. Rayneval, when you are at Versailles. They will shew you the Papers, which have been transmitted them through the Comte D\u2019Adhemar.\nI wrote you on the 23d. of May ulto. and on the 6th. inst. which Letters I hope you have received. Yours,\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0009", "content": "Title: From Thomas Barclay to the American Commissioners, 26 June 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: American Commissioners\nGentlemen\nMorocco 26th. June 1786\nThis day Week we arrived here, Since which I have had two audiences from His Majesty, the first a public one, and the second a private one of yesterday. It is but a few minutes since I heard that a Courrier will depart this Evening for Daralbeyda, and I have not time to enter into particulars. It will be agreable however for you to know that the last draught of the treaty is made, and will probably be signed in a few days, and that our stay here will not exceed that of a week from this time. I believe you will be satisfied on the whole, as there is only one Article more I could wish to see inserted and that I really think in all human probability will never prove of the least Consequence.\nI shall proceed to Tangiers, and take an early opportunity of sending you a more detailed Account of my proceedings. In the mean time I recommend your transmitting as soon as possible, through Mr. Carmichael, the Powers to treat with Tunis and Tripoli and (if Mr. Lamb has declined all further concern) for Algiers.\nIf you had a Treaty with the Porte I flatter myself the rest would follow and at all Events Tunis and Tripoli should be invited to our friendship.\nThere is a young man now under my Care who has been a Slave, some time with the Arabs in the Desert. His name is James Mercier born at the Town of Suffolk, Nansemond County, Virginia. The  King sent him after the first Audience, and I shall take him to Spain. I have not time to add but that I am Gentlemen, Your most obedient, humble servant,\nThos. Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0010", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Elder, 26 June 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Elder, Thomas\nSir\nParis June 26. 1786.\nIn the short time which I had the pleasure of being with you here, I forgot to ask the favor of you to take charge of some books for my nephew Peter Carr who is at Williamsburg. They are some which I desired Mr. Stockdale in Piccadilly opposite Burlington house to send to him the last year; but when I was in London he had not yet done it. I write the catalogue of them below and the dates of the orders. Mr. Stockdale will be so good as to pay all charges of package, portage and freight &c. in London. If you pass up James river, you can put them ashore at Burwell\u2019s ferry or Jamestown by means of the ferry boat, writing a line to my nephew who is at Mr. Maury\u2019s grammar school in Wmsburg; or if you cannot put them ashore, Dr. Currie will receive them at Richmond, and reimburse any expences they may occasion. Your favour herein will much oblige Sir your most obedt. humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson\nHerodotus Gr. Lat. 9. vols. 12 mo.\nthe editions of Foulis in Glasgow.\nThucydides Gr. Lat. 8 vols. 12 mo.\nXenoph. Hellenica. Gr. Lat. 4 v. 12 mo.\n\u2007Cyri. expeditio Gr. Lat. 4. v. 12 mo.\n\u2007Memorab. Socrates, Gr. 12 mo.\nCiceronis opera. 20. vols. in 16s.\nMartin\u2019s Philosophical grammar. 8 vo.\nMartin\u2019s Philosophia Britannica. 3. vols. 8 vo.\n    Baretti\u2019s Spanish & English dictionary", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0011", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Rittenhouse, 26 June 1786\nFrom: Rittenhouse, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia June 26th. 1786\nYour favour of Jan. 25th. I received some time ago, and likewise all the Nautical Almanacs you mention, except that for 1790. As a small return for all your favours, I beg you will accept a Copy of the second Volume of the Transactions of our Philosophical Society, which I have sent to Mr. Adams at London requesting him to transmit it to you. Shou\u2019d you be furnished with the publication before this arrives it will serve to oblige some friend.\u2014I wou\u2019d willingly have sent you my observations on the Western Country, but have not had time to Copy it. I am at present engaged in preparing for a Tour to the Northern Boundary of this State which will require my Attention for the remainder of this Season. Indeed I have for some years past been such a Slave to public Business that I have had very few leisure hours more than must necessarily be indulged to a crazy Constitution, and on this principle I account for the little figure I make in the Transactions. I have nevertheless laboured with all my might in the few intervals I cou\u2019d snatch for the purpose to Improve Astronomical Time-keepers, and hope ere long to give you a good account of my success.\nThe threatned War between the Emperor and the Dutch appears to be happily blown over. Does not this affair, and several others of a similar kind which have happened within a few years past, afford some grounds to hope that Mankind are grown wiser, and that Wars in future will be unknown. I most devoutly wish for the Honour of Human Nature, nay for that of divine Providence, this happy Period may soon arrive. Give my best respects to Miss Patty. I hope She will improve in every thing Amiable, and do honour to the countries which have given her Birth and Education.\nI am, Dr. Sir, with the most affectionate regard your very Humble Servant,\nDavd. Rittenhouse", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0012", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Du Portail and Others, 27 June 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Duportail, Louis LaB\u00e8gue de Presle, Chevalier,et al.\nSir\nParis June 27. 1786.\nI had the honor of informing you some time ago that I had written to the Board of treasury on the subject of the arrearages of interest due to the foreign officers, and urging the necessity  of paying them. I now inclose the extract of a letter which I have just received from them, and by which you will perceive that their funds were not in a condition for making that paiment in the moment of receiving my letter, but that they would be attentive to make it in the first moment it should be in their power. There is still a second letter of mine on the way to them, on the same subject, which will again press for exertions in this business, which however I am satisfied they will not fail to do their utmost in. It will give me real pleasure to inform you of effectual provision for this purpose in the first moment possible being with sentiments of esteem and respect Sir Your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0014", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Paradise, with Enclosure, 27 June 1786\nFrom: Paradise, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nJune 27th. 1786\nI am so ill that I am obliged to have recourse to the assistance of my Daughter to thank you for your very obliging letter, and to inform you that the plan concerted between your excellency, Dr. Bancroft, and myself about my going to Virginia, is totally altered. I am to go, but not till next Spring, and then it will be with my wife and children. How this alteration came to pass you will learn from Dr. Bancroft, who is thoroughly acquainted with every circumstance concerning this affair, and whose kindness to me and mine must ever be remembered by us with the deepest sense of gratitude. I have executed your commission with regard to the harpsicord, and I hope soon to be able to give you some account of the modern greek language. In the mean while I have the honour to be with the greatest respect Your excellency\u2019s most obliged humble servant,\nJohn Paradise\nEnclosure Charles Burney to John Paradise\nDear Sir\nI beg you will acquaint Mr. Jefferson that he flatters me very much by his remembrance, and that I shall have great pleasure in executing the commission with Kirkman. I went to him immediately on receiving your Note, and have bespoke a double Harpsichord of him, which is to fulfill, as nearly as possible, every Idea and wish contained in Mr. Jefferson\u2019s Letter. The Machine for the Swell, resembling a Venetian-blind, will be applied; the Stops and machinery for moving them and the Swell will be perfectly simple and unembarrassing to the Tuner; the Lid of the Case will be of solid Mahogany; but the sides cannot, if the wood is beautiful, as the knots and irregularities in the grain, by expanding and contracting different ways, will prevent the Instrument from ever remaining long in tune; but Kirkman will answer for securing the side from all effects of weather and climate, by making them of well-seasoned Oak, and veneering them with thick, fine, long Mahogany, in one Pannel. By this means he has sent Harpsichords to every part of the Globe where the English have any commerce, and never has heard of the wood-work giving way. The Front will be solid, and of the most beautiful wood in his possession. The Instrument will be ready to deliver in about 6 weeks; and the price, without Walker\u2019s machine, and exclusive of packing-case and Leather-cover, will be 66 Guineas. The Cover and packing-case will amount to about 2 Gs. and \u00bd. A Desk to put up in the Harpsichord will not be charged separately, but be reckoned a part of the Instrument.\nWith respect to Walker\u2019s Celestine stop, I find that Kirkman is a  great enemy to it. He says that the Resin, used on the silk thread that produces the tone, not only clogs the wheels and occasions it to be frequently out of order; but in a short time, adheres so much to the strings as to destroy the tone of the instrument. This may be partly true and partly rival\u2019s prejudice. I am not sufficiently acquainted with this stop to determine these points; but I will talk with Walker on the subject, and try to discover whether he admits the difficulties or can explain them off; and whether he has found out any such method of giving motion to his Bow-string as that suggested by Mr. Jefferson.\nMa Lettre tire en longueur; but being unfortunately out of the reach of a conversation with your very intelligent correspondent, viv\u00e2 voce, I was ambitious to let him know that I entered heartily into the business in question, and give him all the information in my power on each particular article of his commission.\nI am, dear Sir, with very sincere regard, & most respectful Compliments to Mr. Jefferson, your obedt. and most humble Servant,\nChas. Burney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0015", "content": "Title: From Taher Fennish to the American Commissioners, [28 June 1786]\nFrom: Fennish, Taher\nTo: American Commissioners\nGrace to God who is the Sole unity Whose Kingdom is the only Existing one.\nTo their Excellencies John Adams and Thomas Jefferson Esqrs. This is to Acquaint you that I am ordered by the Emperor my Master (whom God preserve) to Acknowledge the receipt of your Letter, Signed London and Paris on the first and Eleventh of October 1785, which has been delivered into his own hands by the Honble. Thomas Barclay Esqr. who Came to this Court, in order to negotiate an Amicable Peace between My Master (whom God preserve) And all his Dominions, and those of the united States of America. This Matter has been happily concluded to the satisfaction of all Parties, The Contents of this Treaty, you will learn from your Envoy the Said Thomas Barclay to whom His Imperial [Majesty] has delivered it, together with a Letter for the United States.\nI have likewise His Imperial Majesty\u2019s order to assure you of his  entire Aprobation of the Conduct of your Envoy, who has behaved himself with integrity and honor Since his arrival in our Country Appearing to be a Person of good understanding, And therefore His Imperial Majesty has been Graciously pleased to give him two honorable favourable and unparalleled audiences, Signifying his Majesty\u2019s perfect Satisfaction at his conduct.\nAs I am Charged with the affairs of your Country at this Court, I Can assure you that I will do all That lies in my power to promote the friendly intercourse that is So happily begun, And of the Assistance I have already given in your affairs, your Envoy will Acquaint you, and Concluding I do Sincerely remain, Morocco the first day of the blessed Month of Ramadan 1200. Sign\u2019d the Servt of the King my Master Whom God Preserve,\nTaher Ben Abdelhack Fennish", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0016", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Francis Hopkinson, 28 June 1786\nFrom: Hopkinson, Francis\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear sir\nPhilada. June 28th. 1786\nI would fain deserve the good Character you were pleased to give me in one of your late Letters\u2014that of a punctual Correspondent. Our Volume of Philosophical Transactions made it\u2019s first Appearance in public yesterday and to Day I shall put one on the way at last to your Hand.\nI have lately been in New Jersey and saw a Bird which a Country man had shot, and is I think a Curiosity. This Bird is of the Heron Species, and is certainly a Stranger amongst us. It has three long and very white Feathers growing out of the Top of it\u2019s Head but these are so formed as to look more like pieces Bobbin, or silk Cord, than Feathers, and very beautiful. But what I thought most remarkable, is, that to the middle Claw of each  foot he had annexed a perfect small-tooth\u2019d Comb, with which I suppose he comb\u2019d his elegant Plumage. I have got one of the Feet, and two of the Feathers of the Crest, which, when a better Opportunity offers, I will send to you for Monsr. Buffon, with such a description of the Bird, as I can give. After all, it is more than probable that this may be no Curiosity to so great a natural Historian as Mr. Buffon. I have not yet got Mr. Colden\u2019s Pamphlet on Gravitation but, as I told you before, am sure you can get his work more at large at Mr. Dodsley\u2019s Shop Pal-mal London who published it in the year 1752 or 54, I have forgot which.\nI have been this week past closely engaged in Church Business. We are making some Reform in our Discipline and Worship, for which, the Revolution has afforded a very favourable Opportunity. Clerical and Lay Deputies from New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia and South Carolina attended for this Purpose. This is the Second Convention that has assembled on this Business A new Book of Common Prayer has been published for Consideration. I will send you one together with our Journals when a better Opportunity offers than the present. Our Organization will be complete when we shall have obtained the divine Succession in Consecration from the Bishops of England, who seem well disposed to communicate it as we have a Letter to that Purpose signed by 19 Bishops of England. The Convention made me their Secretary, so that I have had Business enough on hand.\nI sent you a Description of my Spring-Block for assisting a Vessel in sailing, but have not yet made the Experiment. My spare Time and Attention is at present much engaged in a Project to make the Harmonica or musical Glasses to be played with Kees, like an Organ. I am now far forward in this Scheme and have little Doubt of Success. It has in vain been attempted in France and England. It may therefore seem too adventurous in me to undertake it, but the Door of Experiment is open; in Case of Disappointment the Projector is the only Sufferer. Adieu! & believe me ever Your affectionate Friend & humble Servant,\nFras. Hopkinson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0017", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Adams, 29 June 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon June 29. 1786\nInclosed is a Letter to Mr. Lamb and another to Mr. Randall: if you approve them please to Sign them and send them on. Why those Gentlemen have lingered in Spain I know not. I have long expected to hear of their Arrival in Paris. Possibly they wait for orders. If so, the inclosed will answer the End.\nThe Chev. De Pinto told me on Wednesday that he had orders from his Court to inform me, that the Queen had sent a Squadron to cruise in the Mouth of the Streights, and had given them orders to protect all Vessells belonging to the United States of America, against the Algerines equally with Vessells of her own Subjects. With much Affection yours,\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0018", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Robert Murdoch, 29 June 1786\nFrom: Murdoch, Robert\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nDunkerque 29 June 1786\nThe following narrative of a distressd Subject of the United States of America, was lately communicated to me by Jonathan Jackson Esqr. of Boston, at whose instance I take the Liberty to lay the matter before your Excellency, after having visited the Unhappy Person and heard a repetition of the circumstances from his own mouth.\nAlexander Grosse, born at Cape-Cod in the Bay of Boston, and bred a seaman, embarkd at Cowhasset in 1777 on board a Vessell bound to Iza-Cape, under the Command of his cousin Captain Samuel Grosse, was captured by the Brittish and carried into  Liverpool, where he was pressd and put on board a Tender, conveyd to Plymouth and orderd on board the Duke, man of war of 90 Guns, where he remaind four years, \u2019till at last he got an Oppertunity to Escape, deserting that Service and his Pay for the above period. He fled to Southampton and there got on board the Sloop Charlotte bound to Corke, where he hoped to procure a passage out to America; but this Sloop chanced to be taken on the voyage, by the Comptesse d\u2019Avaux privateer, Captain Cary of Boulogne sur Mer, who ransomd said Sloop for Two hundred Guineas the 29th february 1782 and took poor Grosse as Hostage, who made no objections thereto, thinking it a favourable circumstance and not doubting but he wou\u2019d soon be set at Liberty, when instead of returning to England, his intention was to embrace the first oppertunity of proceeding direct to America from Some French-port. The prospect was flattering but alas! the Event proved the Source of his greater missfortune. He was landed here by Captn. Cary and lodged in our Prison, where unfortunately he has remaind ever since, destitute of Friends or Money, and without any other hopes of relief but through your [Excellencys clemency and powerfull]1 interference, for the proprietor of the Sloop Charlotte a Mr. Lockyer of Southampton, unable to do honour to his affairs or discharge the Ransom-bill, has fled from his Creditors and his Country and all their researches to find him out hitherto have proved in vain. Consequently the wretched Prisoner has no prospect of relief from that quarter, and his own familly I understand are not in a Situation to advance him a Shilling. The Captors allow him for Subsistance Twenty four sols per day, but its to be feard their benevolence may grow cool, on observeing themselves the dupe of Lockyer, and induce them to confine their bounty to the Prison allowance, Shoud he remain much longer a burthen to them.\n[I shall not trouble your Excellency with any further comment on this Subject. Your Publick as well as private Character is so amiable that I am persuaded it is enough on my part, to lay the perticulars of his hapless Situation before you, to induce your Excellency to interfere in his behalf.] I have the honour to subscribe myself with the most profound respect your Excellency\u2019s most obedient verry Humble Servant,\nRobt. Murdoch", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0019", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Pierre Castaing, 30 June 1786\nFrom: Castaing, Pierre\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nA l\u2019hotel d angleterre pres JacobinsA Bordeaux ce 30 Juin 1786.\nLorsque Je partis de L\u2019amerique, Il y a pres de deux ans, Monsieur le general Gates M\u2019honnora d\u2019une lettre pour votre Excellence, laquelle J\u2019ai differ\u00e9 de vous faire parvenir par le desir que J\u2019avois d\u2019avoir l\u2019honneur de vous la presenter Moy-M\u00eame; Mes esperances Sont vaines, et Je suis a present sur mon depart pour Saint Domingue.\nMonsieur Du Portail, et Monsieur le Chr. de la Luzerne, M\u2019honnorent de leur recommandations pour ce pays la; Puis-je me flatter que votre Excellence voudra bien m\u2019honnorer de la Sienne; Les faveurs que J\u2019ai re\u00e7ue de Messieurs les ameriquains lorsque J\u2019avois l\u2019honneur de les Servir Me Soumettent deja a de grandes Obligations, et Je M\u2019estime heureux d\u2019avoir de mon Mieux donn\u00e9 des preuves de Mon Zel dans une r\u00e9volution aussi m\u00e9morable que Celle de l\u2019independence de L\u2019Amerique.\nJe ne Cesse de faire des Voeux pour leur prosperit\u00e9 et de desirer les Occasions de leur prouver ma reconnoissance.\nJ\u2019ay l\u2019honneur d\u2019etre avec le plus profond Respect Monsieur Votre Tres humble et Tres obeissant Serviteur,\nCastaing", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0020", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from St. Victour & Bettinger, 30 June 1786\nFrom: St. Victour & Bettinger\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nrue des Blancs manteaux No. 44. Paris le 30 Juin 1786\nNous avons l\u2019honneur de vous remettre cyjoint copie des deux certificats expedi\u00e9s par le Capitaine d\u2019artillerie en residence a la Manufacture de Tulle, le premier en datte du 29 may dernier, pour 33 caisses contenant 990. fusils a 27\u20b6 10s piece, prix du Roy,\ncompris les frais d\u2019emballages et de\ntransport, montant a\nle Second en datte du 13 de ce mois pour\n17 caisses contenant 510 fusils au m\u00eame prix\nEnsemble\nNous y joignons copie de la lettre de M. John Bondfield de Bordeaux, en datte du 20 de ce mois par laquelle conformement aux Instructions que vous avez bien voulu lui adresser, nous accuse la reception de l\u2019exp\u00e9dition de 33 caisses contenant 990 fusils  mentionn\u00e9s dans le certificat en datte du 29 may et Nous accuse par postcriptum la reception de la lettre de Voiture et du certificat en datte du 13 Juin pour 17 caisses contenant 510 fusils.\nNous avons enfin l\u2019honneur de Vous remettre copie des deux conventions double faittes avec M. Thos. Barclay les 5. et 14 Janvier dernier.\nNous vous prions, Monsieur, de vouloir bien Nous indiquer a qui nous devons nous adresser pour le payement de ces deux livraisons. Nous remettrons a la personne qui en sera charg\u00e9e, Si vous l\u2019approuv\u00e9s ainsi, avec la quittance de M. Bettinger autoris\u00e9 a cet effet, les originaux des deux certificats qui prouvent l\u2019expedition et des lettres de M. John Bonfield qui constatent la reception.\nNous avons l\u2019honneur d\u2019etre tr\u00e8s respectueusement Monsieur Vos tr\u00e8s humbles et tr\u00e8s obeissans serviteurs,\nSt. Victour Bettinger", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0021", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Samuel Chase, June [1786]\nFrom: Chase, Samuel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nAnnapolis, June [1786]. Introduces Richard Ridgely, of Baltimore, who wishes to procure a loan of \u00a37,000 sterling in France; TJ may be questioned about Ridgely in connection with the negotiation; Ridgely has real estate in Baltimore worth five times the amount of the loan he is seeking; the funds are to be used in improving that property, thus increasing its value. \u201cTo secure the payment and to give Recovery of Money lent by foreigners to Citizens of this State on Mortgage-lands, it is provided by law that on the actual loan of Money, on Interest not exceeding Six per Cent, any Mortgage made for the Security of payment is valid in law, and if the Money borrowed is not paid, agreeably to Contract, the Court of Chancery is directed to foreclose the Mortgage of his Equity of Redemption, and to order a Sale to discharge the Mortgage, and if any Deficiency the same later paid by the Mortgagor.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0022", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Ralph Izard, 1 July 1786\nFrom: Izard, Ralph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nCharleston 1st. July 1786.\nI received a few Weeks ago, in the Country, your favour of so old a date as 26th. Septr., and am glad to find that the Commercial Papers which I sent you, had at last got to your hands. England is not disposed to enter into a Treaty with us upon principles of equity, and is determined to exclude us from the West India Trade as much as possible. This is a very troublesome piece of business, and the Adventurers, particularly those from the Northern States, have sustained, and will continue to sustain considerable losses. The conduct of France with regard to her Islands, unfortunately encourages the British Government to persist. This appears to me impolitic in many points, but particularly so in one. There are many well wishers to Great Britain in every State on this Continent, at all times ready to trump up imaginary causes of dissatisfaction, and to draw invidious comparisons between the past, and present times. The present state of the Commerce of America with the West Indies, certainly can not be added to the Catalogue of advantages which she has derived from the Revolution, and I should imagine that France would find her account in not letting America feel even that disadvantage. I have considered attentively, and I think impartially what has been said on the propriety of the Mother Country\u2019s enjoying the monopoly of the Commerce of her Colonies, as a compensation to protection, and I think the arguments plausible, but by no means conclusive. If France were to remove all restraints on this subject, G. Britain would unquestionably be compelled to follow her example.\u2014Our Western Posts are not to be delivered up, and the reason given is, because in some of the States the Legislatures have thrown obstructions in the way of the recovery of Debts. I am sorry that such a pretext has been given; but before the passing of the Laws complain\u2019d of, G. Britain did not shew any disposition to give up the Posts. Certain it is that if the Courts of Law were to be open\u2019d for the recovery of Debts generally, and without restriction and property made liable to be seized, and sold by the Sheriff for Cash, many persons would be ruined, who have property to four times the value of their Debts. The British Merchants and the Tories, who lost little, or nothing by the War, are in possession of the greatest part of the Specie in the Country and would enrich themselves at the expence of the real Friends of America, who risked everything for her defence. This would doubtless be an evil of  considerable magnitude; but in my opinion it would be better that the Treaty should be fulfilled, and the Law take it\u2019s course, than that a reproach should be cast on so many States in the Union. It is to be lamented that at the negociation of the general Treaty of Peace it had not been provided that no greater obstruction should be thrown in the way of the recovery of British Debts than those of the Citizens of America, instead of the words which now stand in the Treaty. The reasonableness of such a Proposition must have been obvious to the British Negociators, and could not have been opposed. I have great doubts with regard to the utility of the Posts in question. If the Spaniards had had the Country ceded to them, which those Posts are intended to command, I believe it would be no disadvantage to the United States. But I am sorry that the British should keep possession of them, and that we should be in so weak a condition as to be unable to compel them to do us justice. Mr. Barclay, I am told, has been sent by Congress to Algiers. I shall be glad to hear of the success of his Mission. It is really shocking that the Powers of Europe, who have the means in their hands of crushing those Miscreants, should suffer them to lay the whole maritime World under contribution. I have given directions to the Printer of the Columbian Herald to send you his Paper by every opportunity, to the care of Mr. Jay, as you desire. M. de Chateaufort the French Consul for this Department, who goes to France by way of England, will take charge of this Packet, and forward it with his Ambassador\u2019s Dispatches to Versailles. Whenever our Laws are printed they shall be forwarded to you. As I have been writing to a Politician, I have touched upon Politics; but I find myself more satisfactorily employed when engaged in anything that relates to Agriculture. It is greatly to be lamented that in our Climate the Country should be unhealthy at this Season, and that we should be obliged to come to Town, and continue there the greatest part of the Summer, and Autumn. I procured last Spring a few Lentils from a French Vessel, and I think they will answer very well, not only here, but in Virginia, and will be a valuable assistant in every respect to Indian Corn. The French call it Nentille: I do not know why for they spell it Lentille. My second Daughter Charlotte is lately married to Mr. Smith, a very sensible, and worthy young Gentleman of this place and my eldest a few days ago made me a Grandfather, by bringing a little Girl into the World. Mrs. Izard joins me in offering our Compliments to Miss Jefferson, and I have the honour to be with great regard Dr. Sr. Your most obt. Servant,\nRa. Izard.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0023", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lef\u00e9vre, Roussac & Cie., 1 July 1786\nFrom: Lef\u00e9vre, Roussac & Cie.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nLisbonne ce 1r. Juillet 1786\nLe Sr. Jn. Bapte. Pecquet qui se trouve un peu indispos\u00e9 vient de nous remettre la lettre dont vous l\u2019av\u00e9s honor\u00e9 le 5. May qui a rapport \u00e0 une commission de vin dont vous le charge\u00e2tes pendant son S\u00e9jour \u00e0 Paris; il attendoit vos nouveaux ordres pour s\u00e7avoir la quantit\u00e9 que vous en d\u00e9siri\u00e9s de chaque qualit\u00e9. Afin de ne pas en retarder d\u2019avantage l\u2019expedition, nous allons vous en envoyer un essay de chaque Sorte par un b\u00e2timent fran\u00e7ois qui partira incessamment pour Ro\u00fcen o\u00f9 nous l\u2019adresserons \u00e0 Mrs. Achard freres et Compe. avec ordre de vous le faire parvenir; et ils en prendront comme nous le remboursement de leurs d\u00e9bours sur vous m\u00eame, Monsieur, comme il est d\u2019usage.\nLe Sr. Pecquet croyant s\u2019appercevoir que la lettre qu\u2019il eut l\u2019honneur de vous \u00e9crire le 9. Xbre. dernier ne vous \u00e9toit pas parvenue, vous en trouver\u00e9s ci-inclus la copie ainsi que celle qui y etoit jointe pour M. Francklin. Ce brave homme qui est penetr\u00e9 de gratitude des bont\u00e9s que le Congr\u00e9s a bien voulu avoir pour lui \u00e0 v\u00f4tre recommendation, espere qu\u2019il sera encore ass\u00e9s heureux d\u2019\u00eatre utile \u00e0 vos nationaux.\nNous sommes charm\u00e9s, Monsieur, que cette occasion nous procure celle de vous \u00eatre de quelqu\u2019utilit\u00e9. Comme notre maison ne vous est pas connue, vous pouv\u00e9s, si vous le jug\u00e9s \u00e0 propos, en prendre information des principales maisons de Banque de Paris notamment de celle de M. Grand.\nNous avons L\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre avec des Sentimens distingu\u00e9s, Monsieur, Vos tr\u00e8s humbles et tr\u00e8s ob\u00e9issans Serviteurs,\nLe F\u00e9vre, Roussac & Ce.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0024", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Du Portail, 2 July 1786\nFrom: Duportail, Louis LaB\u00e8gue de Presle, Chevalier\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nParis, 2 July 1786. Acknowledges TJ\u2019s letter of 27 June and its enclosure. He feels that the Commissioners of the Treasury have not paid sufficient attention to the fact that his own representations revolve principally on a failure to receive the arrearages of 1784; however, he will await with patience the time when the state of her finances will permit the United States to meet her engagements. He hopes this will be soon, less from personal interest than from the \u201cplaisir infini que me fera tout Ce qui annoncera la prosperite d\u2019un pays que j\u2019aimeray toute ma vie  et Ce qui Contribuera a luy donner en europe la Consideration dont il doit jouir.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0025", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Adams, 3 July 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon July 3. 1786.\nYours of the 23 of June is come to hand, with a Copy of Mr. Lambs of 6 June from Aranjuez.\nThere is no Intelligence from America of Armies marching to take the Posts from the English. The News was made as I Suppose against the opening of the Three Per Cents, and it had the intended Effect to beat down the Stocks a little.\nAltho the Posts are important, the war with the Turks is more So. I lay down a few Simple Propositions.\n1. We may at this Time, have a Peace with them, in Spight of all the Intrigues of the English or others to prevent it, for a Sum of Money.\n2. We never Shall have Peace, though France, Spain, England and Holland Should use all their Influence in our favour without a Sum of Money.\n3. That neither the Benevolence of France nor the Malevolence of England will be ever able materially to diminish or Increase the Sum.\n4. The longer the Negotiation is delayed, the larger will be the Demand.\nFrom these Premisses I conclude it to be wisest for Us to negotiate and pay the necessary Sum, without Loss of Time. Now I desire you and our noble Friend the Marquis to give me your opinion of these four Propositions. Which of them do you deny? or doubt? If you admit them all do you admit the Conclusion? Perhaps you will Say, fight them, though it Should cost Us a great Sum to carry on the war, and although at the End of it we should have more Money to pay as presents. If this is your Sentiment, and you can persuade the Southern States into it, I dare answer for it that all from Pensylvania inclusively northward, would not object. It would be a good occasion to begin a Navy.\nAt present we are Sacrificing a Million annually to Save one Gift of two hundred Thousand Pounds. This is not good \u0152conomy. We might at this hour have two hundred ships in the Mediterranean,  whose Freight alone would be worth two hundred Thousand Pounds, besides its Influence upon the Price of our Produce. Our Farmers and Planters will find the Price of their Articles Sink very low indeed, if this Peace is not made. The Policy of Christendom has made Cowards of all their Sailors before the Standard of Mahomet. It would be heroical and glorious in Us, to restore Courage to ours. I doubt not we could accomplish it, if we should set about it in earnest. But the Difficulty of bringing our People to agree upon it, has ever discouraged me.\nYou have Seen Mr. Randall before this no doubt, if he is not fallen Sick on the Road.\nThis Letter is intended to go by Mr. Fox. The Chev. De Pinto\u2019s Courier unfortunately missed a Packet, which delayed him and consequently the Treaty a Month. The Queen his Mistress, as I wrote you a few Days Since, has given orders to her Squadron cruising in the Streights to protect all Vessells belonging to the United States. This is noble and Deserves Thanks.\nAccept the Sincerest Assurances of Esteem and Affection from dear Sir your most obedient\nJohn Adams\nMrs. Adams having read this letter finds it deficient in not having added her best respects to Mr. Jefferson and sincere thanks for his petitions.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0027", "content": "Title: Court of Naples to De Pio, 4 July 1786\nFrom: Court of Naples\nTo: Pio, Chevalier de\nNapoli 4 Luglio 1786\nNon vi \u00e8 dubbio che il progetto di Mr. Jefferson sarebbe l\u2019unico per mettere gli Algerini alla ragione, ma per eseguirlo vi si richiederebbe il concorso e il consenso di altre Potenze. Il Re Nostro Signore non sarebbe lontano dal far causa comune, quando vi fossero degli altri. Per ora per\u00f2 non pu\u00f2 entrare in veruno impegno, giacch\u00e8 trovasi di avere spedito un negoziatore per trattare la Pace con quella Reggenza.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0033", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Stephens Smith, 5 July 1786\nFrom: Smith, William Stephens\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon July 5th. 1786 No. 16. Wimpole street\nI have received yours of the 16th. Ulto. When I sent the press I gave the Gentleman who carried it a Letter for you of the 21st. of May which you do not acknowledge the receipt of, or at least but one of that date. It contained the ammount of what I gave for the press, which was 5 Guineas and 5/ for the Box = \u00a35.10. The press shall be sent agreable to your request. I am called off, and have only time to assure you of my most Perfect respect and to enclose a Letter or rather a press Copy of one received last night from Mr. Barcklay. Yours sincerely,\nW. S. Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0034", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Duperr\u00e9 Delisle and St. John de Cr\u00e8vecoeur, 7 July 1786\nFrom: Delisle, Duperr\u00e9,Cr\u00e8vecoeur, Michel Guillaume St. John de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nCa\u00ebn ce 7 juillet 1786\nPermetez-moi, sous les auspices de Mr. St. Jean de Crevecoeur Consul pour le Roi \u00e0 Neuyork, d\u2019implorer vos bons offices aupr\u00e8s du Congr\u00e8s pour faire rendre justice \u00e0 de malheureux cultivateurs des environs de Ca\u00ebn qui sont propri\u00e9taires d\u2019un grand nombre d\u2019\u00e9ffets de papier-monnoie des differens \u00e9tats unis. Ils s\u2019apellent Pelcerf, et ces \u00e9ffets leur sont \u00e9chus de la succession de francois Pelcerf mort en 1779 \u00e0 Accomak en Virginie o\u00f9 il \u00e9xercoit la profession de chirurgien. Tout ce qu\u2019il avoit, ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 vendu, a produit, frais deduits, cinq mille trois cent quatre vingt quatorze dollars en papier monnoie dont le Capitaine Barboutin, charg\u00e9 de l\u2019\u00e9x\u00e9cution testamentaire du d\u00e9funt, s\u2019est saisi et qu\u2019il a remis aux h\u00e9ritiers Pelcerf \u00e0 son retour en france. Cet objet est absolument nul pour eux, si vous ne daignez pas vous interesser \u00e0 Leur sort: Les papiers publics annoncent que les Etats unis ont pris des mesures pour satisfaire aux engagemens qu\u2019ils ont contract\u00e9s envers les differentes nations en y repandant leur papier. Mais ces mesures ne sont presque pas conn\u00fces dans la Capitale du Royaume et sont absolument ignor\u00e9es dans le fond de nos Provinces. J\u2019ai esp\u00e9r\u00e9 que par esprit de justice autant que par honnetet\u00e9 vous vous porteriez \u00e0 me donner des r\u00e9enseignemens \u00e0 ce sujet, afin que je puisse les communiquer aux malheureux qui m\u2019ont r\u00e9clam\u00e9 et aux quels je dois aide et protection, comme \u00e9tant mes justiciables. Mr. de  Crevecoeur connoit leur triste scituation et comme mon compatriote, mon parent et mon ami, il veut bien joindre ses instances aux miennes. Je vous prie d\u2019\u00eatre bien persuad\u00e9 de ma reconnoisance ainsi que des sentimens respectueux avec les quels j\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre Monsieur Votre tr\u00e8s humble et Obeisst. serviteur,\nDuperr\u00e9 DelisleLt. gl. au bailliage de Ca\u00ebn\nI Shou\u2019d Take it as a Singular Favor, if your Excellency wou\u2019d Take Mr. de Lisle\u2019s request into particular Consideration; it has not been in my power to give him any Satisfactory answer to the many questions he has ask\u2019d me; not being Just Now Sufficiently acquainted with the State of things in America. This Gentelman is a Kinsman of mine Much respected by and well known to the Comte and the Comtesse d\u2019houdetot. I gladly Embrace This opportunity of recalling myself to, and presenting your Excellency with the assurances of the unfeigned Respect and Esteem wherewith I have the Honor of Subscribing myself, Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obedient Humble Servant,\nSt. John de Crevec\u0153ur", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0035", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Paul Jones, with Enclosure, 7 July 1786\nFrom: Jones, John Paul\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nParis, July 7th, 1786.\nI have the honor to enclose and submit to your consideration the account I have stated of the prize money in my hands, with sundry papers that regard the charges. I cannot bring myself to lessen the dividend of the American captors by making any charge either for my time or trouble. I lament that it has not yet been in my power to procure for them advantages as solid and extensive as the merit of their services. I would not have undertaken this business from any views of private emolument that could possibly have resulted from it to myself, even supposing I had recovered or should recover a sum more considerable than the penalty of my  bond. But I was anxious to force some ill-natured persons to acknowledge that, if they did not tell a wilful falsehood, they were mistaken when they asserted \u201cthat I had commanded a squadron of privateers!\u201d And, the war being over, I made it my first care to shew the brave instruments of my success that their rights are as dear to me as my own.\nIt will, I believe, be proper for me to make oath before you to the amount charged for my ordinary expenses. I flatter myself that you will find no objection to the account as I have stated it, and that you are of opinion, that after this settlement has been made between us, my bond ought to stand cancelled, as far as regards my transactions with the Court of France. Should any part of the prize money remain in the treasury, without being claimed, after sufficient time shall be elapsed, I beg leave to submit to you\u2014to the treasury\u2014and to Congress, whether I have not merited by my conduct since I returned to Europe that such remainder should be disposed of in my favor? I have the honor to be with great esteem, &c.\nEnclosure\n    Amount of Prize-Money belonging to the American Part of the Crew of the Bon-[Homme]-Richard (and to some few Foreigners, whose Names and qualities are inserted in the [roll), with the] Amount also of the Prize-Money belonging to the Crew of the Alliance; [received at] L\u2019Orient, by order of the Marechal de Castries, in Bills on Paris\nFrom which deduct Vizt.\n[Nett] amount of my ordinary expences since I arrived in Europe to [settle] the Prize-Money belonging to the Citizens and Subjects of America, who served on board the Squadron I commanded, under the Flag of the United-States at the expence of his most Christian Majesty [stated] to his Excellency Thos. Jefferson Esqr. the 4th. of this Month\n[Paid] the draft of Mr. le Jeune for the amount of Prize-Money due to Jacque Tual, Pilot of the Alliance\nAmount of Prize-Money Paid Mr. de Blondel, Lieutenant of Marines of the Pallas, as stated on the Roll of the Bon-Homme-Richard\nAdvances made to sundry Persons, which stand at my Credit on [the roll] of the Bon-Homme-Richard\n[Advances] made to sundry Persons belonging to the Bon-Homme-Richard; [these] advances do not stand at my Credit in the Roll settled at L\u2019Orient by Mr. le Jeune, because the Commissrs. had neglected to send him [the origin]al Roll from the Bureau at Versailles; but that Commis[sary has] rectified that ommission by his Certificates dated Septr. 5th. and Feb. 22d. 1786\n[My share] by the Roll, as Captain of the Bon-Homme-Richard\nParis July 7th. 1786 (Signed) J Paul Jones", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0036", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Lamb, 7 July 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lamb, John\nSir\nParis July 7. 1786.\nSince writing my letter of the 20th instant, in which I mentioned to you the joint desire of Mr. Adams and myself that you should repair to Congress for the purpose of giving them what information you could, the inclosed letter came to me from Mr. Adams. As it was drawn by him to be signed by us both and forwarded to you, I have signed it and inclose it herewith. I should have thought this unnecessary, but that my first letter did not leave you as much at liberty as this will to go directly to New York by sea or to come by the way of Marseilles and Paris. If the latter should not occasion more delay than I suppose it will, it would be preferable, because  it is probable the information you can give us may be applied usefully by us in the execution of the commands of Congress. But if this route should occasion a considerable delay it would be better to take such other as shall lose least time. I am Sir Your very humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0037", "content": "Title: American Commissioners to John Lamb, 29 June\u20137 July 1786\nFrom: American Commissioners\nTo: Lamb, John\nSir\nThe Importance of Peace with the Algerines, and the other Inhabitants of the Coast of Barbary, to the United States, renders it necessary that every information which can be obtained, should be laid before Congress.\nAnd as the demands for the Redemption of Captives, as well as the amount of Customary Presents, are so much more considerable, than seem to have been expected in America, it appears to us necessary that you should return, without loss of Time to New York, there to give an account to Congress of all the particulars which have come to your knowledge as well as of your own proceedings, and of the Monies which have been paid on account of the United States, in consequence of your draughts upon their minister in London.\nFrom Congress when you arrive there you will receive orders for your future Government and in the meantime we have no further occasion for your Services in Europe. If you know of a Certain Passage immediately from any port in Spain, we advise you to avail yourself of it; if not, we think it most adviseable for you to come to Paris, and from thence, after having consulted with Mr. Jefferson, to repair to L\u2019Orient, and embark for New York, in the first Packett. As the Instructions we send to Mr. Randal, are to come on to Paris in his way to America, unless he should choose to accompany you from some port in Spain, we desire you to furnish him with money for his Expences to Paris, and London out of the Cash already in your Hands, and we  recommend to him as well as to you all reasonable Attention to Economy.\nWe are Sir your most Obedn. Humble Servts.,\nLondon June 29. 1786\nJohn Adams\nParis July 7. 1786.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0038", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Ledyard, 7 July 1786\nFrom: Ledyard, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nSt Germain en Laye July 7th 86\nIt is with great defference that I write you a letter of this kind; and yet was you a king or the minister of a king I should not have wrote it had the access been the same.\nAttraction appears to be the first natural cause of motion in all bodies. I suppose the whole system of modern natural philosophy rests upon it whenever it respects motion. This being the case that particular motion which respects magnetism becomes a part of this universal cause. As motion is as universal as existance so it is as various as universal. To assign reasons therefore for the motion of a part and not the whole is partial.\nIf the Sun is the center of attractive motion why is it not also the center of that motion we observe in the magnetic needle. If it is, it immediately follows that as the central cause, it is the greatest cause. If it is the greatest cause in what manner as such does it operate on the magnetic needle to produce that motion which we call the variation of the needle.\nIf the Sun has an effect upon the motion of the magnetic needle, those motions can be made a matter of calculation and reduceable to rule.\nI only offer one reason why I can suppose the Sun to operate on the motion of the magnetic needle, which is that the greatest variation of the needle seems to be when at the greatest distance from the Sun and that variation an inclination to the Sun.\nThis Idea of the sun having the particular influence just mentioned struck me as new, rational and worthy communicating to you. If it should appear so to you I shall be exceedingly honoured.\nThe letter left for me at your address was from a Gentleman at  Edinburgh concerning my affair with the Marquis of Buckingham from whom I expect some intelligence in about a week.\nIn returning from Paris as I was walking on the skirt of a wood by the side of the high road about ten o clock I heard a horse stumble and fall and a Person give one groan. I sprang into the road to see what was the matter and found a Man down under his horse and both so entangled together that neither could rise. In making a suden strong effort to disengage the Man I so much strained my loins that I have been ever since Confined to my room\u2014but am better. The Man was much hurt.\nI have the honor to be Sr. Your much obliged most respectfull & most humble servt.,\nJ Ledyard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0039", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Abb\u00e9 Gibelin, 8 July 1786\nFrom: Gibelin, Abb\u00e9\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nChez M. L\u2019Ev\u00eaque duc de Laon grand aumonier de la Reine r\u00fce du fauxbourg St. honor\u00e9Paris 8e juillet 1786.\nEtant charg\u00e9, Monsieur, de la procuration de M. le Cher. de Fleury, colonel du regiment de Pondichery, mon ami, qui a servi longtems en amerique, j\u2019ai envoy\u00e9 plusieurs fois depuis six mois ch\u00e9s M. Grand, banquier, pour toucher les ar\u00e9rages de deux Contracts constitu\u00e9s au profit de cet officier par Les \u00e9tats-unis. Mais on m\u2019a r\u00e9pondu constamment qu\u2019on n\u2019avait encore re\u00e7u aucun ordre de la tresorerie pour payer Ces ar\u00e9rages. Je suis d\u2019autant plus surpris de ce retard que l\u2019an pass\u00e9 je touchai la m\u00eame somme presque \u00e0 L\u2019\u00e9ch\u00e9ance.\nPermett\u00e9s moi, Monsieur, de m\u2019adresser \u00e0 vous pour apprendre les raisons de Ces longueurs qui me mettent dans le plus grand embarras par rapport aux engagemens que M. de fleury a pris en partant pour L\u2019Inde dans la Confiance qu\u2019il etait que les ar\u00e9rages de ses contracts seraient pay\u00e9s exactement.\nJ\u2019ose me flatter que vous voudr\u00e9s bien me donner quelques \u00e9claircissemens sur Cet objet et je vous prie d\u2019agr\u00e9er l\u2019assurance des Sentimens respectueux avec lesquels j\u2019ai L\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre Monsieur Votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s ob\u00e9issant Serviteur,\nL\u2019abb\u00e9 Gibelin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0042", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Charles Thomson, 8 July 1786\nFrom: Thomson, Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nNew York July 8. 1786\nI have just received by the way of Baltimore your letter of the 22 April with the new invented lamp, for which I return you my most hearty thanks. I conclude you were disappointed in sending the one you mentioned in a former letter by Col. Senf, as he never called on me. The one you have now sent is an elegant piece of furniture, if it were not otherwise valuable on account of its usefulness. I am informed this kind of lamps is coming into use in Philadelphia and made there. I wish I could send you any thing from this country worth your acceptance. But arts here are yet in their infancy; and though Philadelphia begins to imitate yet has she not arrived to the perfection of inventing. I have heard much of those mills near London, which are worked by steam, but cannot learn whether the steam is applied as an immediate agent for turning the wheels or raising water for that purpose. I am informed that there is a man in South-Carolina who has invented a machine to raise an immense quantity of water in a short space of time, by which it is said he can flood rice grounds, or draw off the water from drowned lands with great ease and little expence. I have not met with any person who could give me an Account of the principles on which it is constructed, how it is worked or what may be the probable expence. The inventor of the steam boat, which is to go against the stream has applied to several legislatures, which have passed laws giving him for a number of years the exclusive privilege of constructing those boats, but I have not heard that any are yet built and in use.\nDuring the course of last week we have had here for several evenings a display of Northern lights. The wind had blown for some days from south west and the weather was warm and dry. As my house nearly fronts the S.S.W. and has a large opening back, I had a full and beautiful view of the lights from the windows of my back parlour, which is raised one story from the ground, the opposite houses only intercepting about four or five degrees from the horizon. As I viewed them on friday evening the 30 June there appeared just over the tops of the houses a white luminous cloud extending in a horizontal position from NE to N.W. From this cloud, at different places darted up successive streams of light tapering to points, some of them to the heighth of 50 degrees. The stars were bright and the north pole clearly discernable among the streamers, so that by it I could judge of their heighth. Some times the white cloud appeared in places a little darkened before the stream ascended, in which cases I observed the ascending stream was tinged with red and continued to have a redish hue. Having a lofty steeple in view to guide my eye and direct my judgment I observed two or three of the streamers which rose in the North east and were of this hue, moving with a slow but regular progressive motion towards the North, still continuing perpendicular and very high. From one of them I thought I saw a flash of lightening; but not seeing it repeated I concluded I was mistaken. The light was so great as to cast a shadow from my body and from my hand against a wall. On the following evening viz. Saturday July 1. we had nearly the same appearance but not in so great a degree. These you will observe are only common phenomena, which philosophers have endeavoured to account for on various principles and about which I should not have troubled you but for a phenomenon which appeared on Saturday night. This was a luminous Belt, or stream of light forming a great and regular bow from east to west. At what time it made its first appearance or how it was first formed, whether instantaneously or by degrees, I cannot say as I did not see its first formation. My attention was called to it about half after 10 o clock. It was then quite compleat, and seemed to form an Arch passing through the zenith from horizon to horizon. As I viewed it to the west, it seemed to rise from behind the opposite houses like a stream of pale white light about a yard broad, spreading as it advanced to the zenith to two or three times that breadth. Viewed to the East, it had the same appearance down to the horizon where its breadth appeared the same as just over the tops of the houses to the west. I watched it  for half an hour during which time it continued invariably the same. At length to the east I saw it drawing to a point at the horizon and gradually abating in light for four or five degrees upwards. After it seemed to have vanished to that heighth or rather more, it darted down at short intervals from the luminous part a pointed quivering stream. Soon after the light began to abate through the whole circle. I did not continue to watch it till it wholly disappeared as I was indisposed and afraid of catching cold; but I am told it lasted till about half past eleven. I have conversed with a person who saw it at a place about 30 miles north from this City. There it had the same appearance and seemed to pass through the zenith. I have written to Philadelphia to know whether it was seen there, but have not yet receivd an answer. The day following was very hot. Monday morning was overcast, but sultry. About 9 o clock the Sun broke out and it seemed as if we should have a very hot day; but about noon there arose a dark smoky vapour which covered the whole heavens, sometimes so thick as quite to hide the sun sometimes only obscuring it so as to make it appear like a great ball of fire or a dark red full moon. This smoky vapour last the whole day and in the evening there was a smell very much like that from burning green brush wood. Next day the Vapour continued but in a much less degree. Since that we have had two thunder gusts which have cleared the air and the northern lights have disappeared. I mention the circumstances before and after the phenomenon only to point out to you the state of the atmosphere.\nI have sometimes had it in contemplation to hazard some thoughts on the general Deluge and endeavour by an hypothesis somewhat different from any I have seen to prove not only the possibility but the probability, I had almost said the certainty of the waters covering the whole Earth. But having lately had a cursory reading of an ingenious piece written on the subject by a Mr. Whitehurst, which I dare say you have seen, I should be glad first to know your Opinion of his hypothesis and reasoning. And while your thoughts are turned to the subject I wish you to consider what would be the probable effects of a sudden change of the position of the earth, say for instance by an alteration of the poles, an inclination of the axis 23\u00bd degrees, or a change in the Annual Orbit. I do not mean by this to divert your attention from political subjects in which I find you have been usefully employed. I have read with much pleasure the two papers containing observations on the transportation of flour, and on Contraband. I am glad they were written  and delivered. For though at present the object is not obtained, yet I am confident if the proper moment is watched and improved, the arguments there stated will on some future Occasion have due weight and influence. Mrs. T. desires to be remembered to you and to your Daughter. I am with unfeigned affection & esteem Dear Sir Your obedient humble Servt,\nChas Thomson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0043", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 9 July 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nParis July 9. 1786.\nI wrote you last on the 23d. of May. Your favor of that date did not come to hand till the 19th. of June. In consequence of it I wrote the next day letters to Mr. Lamb and Mr. Randall, copies of which I have now the honour to inclose you. In these you will perceive I had desired Mr. Randall, who was supposed to be at Madrid, to return immediately to Paris and London, and to Mr. Lambe, supposed at Alicant, I recommended the route of Marseilles and Paris, expecting that no direct passage could be had from Alicant to America, and meaning on his arrival here to advise him to proceed by the way of London, that you also might have an opportunity of deriving from him all the information he could give. On the 2d. of July Mr. Randall arrived here and delivered me a letter from Mr. Lambe dated May 20. of which I inclose you a copy, as well as of another of June 5. which had come to hand some time before. Copies of these I have also sent to Mr. Jay. Yours of the 29th. of June by Dr. Bancroft and inclosing a draught of a joint letter to Mr. Lambe, came to hand on the 5th. inst. I immediately signed and forwarded it, as it left him more at liberty as to his route than mine had done. Mr. Randall will deliver you the present and supply the informations heretofore received. I think with you that Congress must begin by getting money. When they have this, it is a matter of calculation whether they will buy a peace, or force one, or do nothing.\nI am also to acknolege the receipt of your favors of June 6. 25. and 26. The case of Grosse shall be attended to. I am not certain however whether my appearing in it may not do him harm by  giving the captors a hope that our government will redeem their citizen. I have therefore taken measures to find them out and sound them. If nothing can be done privately I will endeavour to interest this government.\nHave you no news yet of the treaty with Portugal? Does it hang with that court? My letters from N. York of the 11th. of May inform me that there were then 11. states present and that they should ratify the Prussian treaty immediately. As the time for exchange of ratifications is drawing to a close, tell me what is to be done, and how this exchange is to be made. We may as well have this settled between us before the arrival of the ratification, that no time may be lost after that. I learn through the Marechal de Castries that he has information of New York\u2019s having ceded the impost in the form desired by Congress, so as to close this business. Corrections in the acts of Maryland, Pennsylvania, &c. will come of course. We have taken up again the affair of whale oil, that they may know in time in America what is to be done in it. I fear we shall not obtain any further abatement of duties; but the last abatement will be continued for three years. The whole duties paiable here are nearly 102 livres on the English ton, which is an atom more than four guineas according to the present exchange.\nThe monopoly of the purchase of tobacco for this country which had been obtained by Robert Morris had thrown the commerce of that article into agonies. He had been able to reduce the price in America from 40/ to 22/6 lawful the hundred weight, and all other merchants being deprived of that medium of remittance the commerce between America and this country, so far as it depended on that article, which was very capitally too, was absolutely ceasing. An order has been obtained obliging the farmers general to purchase from such other merchants as shall offer, 15,000 hogsheads of tobacco at 34, 36, and 38 livres the hundred according to the quality, and to grant to the sellers in other respects the same terms as they had granted to Robert Morris. As this agreement with Morris is the basis of this order I send you some copies of it which I will thank you to give to any American (not British) merchants in London who may be in that line. During the year this contract has subsisted, Virginia and Maryland have lost 400,000\u00a3 by the reduction of the price of their tobacco.\nI am meditating what step to take to provoke a letter from Mrs. Adams, from whom my files inform me I have not received one these hundred years. In the mean time present my affectionate respects to her and be assured of the friendship and esteem with  which I have the honour to be Dear Sir Your most obedient and most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0044", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Currie, 9 July 1786\nFrom: Currie, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRichmond July 9th. 1786.\nI sit down in the midst of bustle and confusion to acknowledge the honors I have receeived from you by your letters wrote me since the receipt of mine by L. L. Page. [Littlepage] I knew nothing of Mr. Jays affair and his at the time I wrote by him or perhaps my letter would have been couched in a different Style. I think with you entirely on that Subject, and wish LP. prudence and gratitude had predominated over, what I imagine he conceived a proper return for the injury sustained by Mr. Jay\u2019s treatment at N. York on his way to France. I thank you for Scheele, &c., &c. Books sent me, tho I have had little time as yet to peruse them; I thank you Sir likewise for your attention to procure me the Encyclopedia on the best terms.\nYours of the 27 Sepr. 85. Jany. 28th. 86 from Paris and that of the 24 March 86 by Dr. Lyons are before me, and permit me if you please to apologise for my not being so pointed in Writing as I could wish, and the honor of your correspondence absolutely demands; and withal my own inclination prompts me to it, as one of the things most desireable of all others to me. In future I\u2019ll certainly be more regular if agreeable to you. I have ever remembred you respectfully to the families of Ampthill and Tuckahoe, to whom it gives much pleasure, as well as your other enquiring friends, to hear of your wellfare. Pray how does Miss Jefferson. I hope very well. Several enquiries have been made of me by different people. Miss Juddy Randolph very particularly inquisitive. I expect every thing from her under your Auspices. I wish when she comes here if ever that period arrives she may like us as well as when she left us. I\u2019ll be pleased, if you\u2019ll tender her my best wishes and most respectfull regards, if you ple[ase.] Dr. Lyons arrived here some time ago. I find him agreeable and well informed, for the time he spent in Europe. Your letter alone would induce me  to show him every attention in my power, tho he has real merit. He advised with me whether he should settle here. Inclination leads him, and he says he wishes not for an immediate run of business, but to settle where he can have new society and ultimately secure business. Therefore he has had my Voice for it, the more the merrier but the fewer the better cheer; his own mer[it,] the Fathers influence, his own connexions and our faundness of novelty will be different sources from which he\u2019ll draw business, and debts and per adventure the Primum Mobile (to a young man without fortune) in the End\u2014I mean Money\u2014enough of this. I received A. Stuarts letter and gave it to him. Pray how comes it by the bye they make me pay for all your letters tho franked. If A. Stuart procures the things mentioned my care will not be wanting to forward them, as soon as possible.\nAs several ships are about sailing for France I believe chartered by Mr. Alexander or others, I sent a Box (from Coll. N. Lewis sent to my care to be forwarded you, containing Nutts leaves Seeds &c. &c. the produce of this country) down the River to Gosport to my friend there Mr. Nickolls, the partner of R. Morris of Philadelphia and B. Harrison Jr. here to wait for this letter to be forwarded you immediately and of which I have no doubt he will do without loss of time. Your Book by Dr. Lyons to me, I regard as a particular favor. I observe London and its people and the whole Empire you respect as rather unfriendly to us. I am perfectly satisfied your observation is a just one. Policy or Interest or something else it is to be hoped, may make them ultimately our firm friends if not for our sakes for their own. I shall say nothing of Congress or their affairs as they are all much better known to you than I am able to inform.\u2014We have at present gloomy prospects for the ensuing year. The greatest fresh in this and other Rivers ever known but in May 1772 has laid waste Crops of all kinds from the Pt of Fork to Ampthill inclusive. D. Ross and Coll. T. M. R., your friends are among the principal sufferers. Corn here now sells at 1 guinea and 30/ \u214c Barrell. There will not be half a Crop of wheat made, even in the high lands with the Rust &c. &c. in it. Tobacco at 1 Pistole \u214c C., our taxes high, Extravagance rather upon the increase.\nMr. Henry is still Governor. His and all the Other officers of Governments Salaries were curtailed Under the Auspices of Thos. Underwood of Goochland and other reformers. Harrison got the Chair last Session after a violent struggle about residence and non residence; last Election the Surry men have left him out, and  the high Sheriff of C City died before the time of Election and Otway Byrd, his Successor being out of the way at the time to enter upon his new Office there was no Election. Of course the assembly must meet before the writ can be Issued which will prevent Col. H. having the Chair should he be sent a delegate, at least I suppose so, tho I know very little of those matters.\u2014Tyler of C. City is made one of the Judges of the admiralty in place of Benjn. Waller deceased. Coll. R. R. [Richard Randolph] of Curles after a tedious Gouty and Bilious disorder yielded to the fate that awaits us all sooner or later (last month). He was very unhappy towards the latter End of his life; his affairs being much embarassed I believe kept his mind constantly anxious and unhappy. Coll. Cary continues to live. I believe unless he kills himself he\u2019ll become almost boney throughout before his dissolution. He seems chiefly sinew at present. He is reelected Senator and grows deafer. Maddison is reelected for his County after considerable opposition; at the Instance of Genl. Washington, I have been told, old Geo. Mason comes in and several new Members from whom considerable things are expected in our critical situation. The two Nicholas\u2019s, Geo. and Jack are to represent Albemarle next session. Fry was in the last, now left out, as is likewise Col. E. Carter, and Wilson N did not offer, wishing to pay attention to his wife and the culture of Tobacco &c. &c. of a Domestick nature.\u2014I have some reason to think Mr. Henry will not continue to act another year as Governor however this is only surmise. The Canal from W. Ham goes on apace and they have marked out 3 different traces for its coming after passing Belvidere into a Bason which last will probably be marked out in the ground bounded by the lower End of my stable lot Eastward and to the W. by the hill terminating the flat ground lotts near the river on this side, as I write, from my own house and well over a considerable number of low lying lotts, upwards, towards the main street as it is continued, and next the river itself by a Wall built across the Ravine or Gulley above where the Tobbacco warehouses stand, very near where Mr. Andw. Ronald lives if you remember it.\u2014This is not certain at present but thought probable by the directors Messrs. E. Rand[olph,] Ross and Harvie. It will depend upon the proprietors of the lotts liberality. As I own some on both sides, this way and next the River, I offer to give up a part as the other will be more valuable; but if they overflow, the whole to be paid its proper value. I hope others will do the same and matters will go on smoothly. It is certainly a great Object with this  Country. Would to God it was Effected speedily. You have a number of shares in the Canal, I forget how many.\u2014Your plan of the Capitol came here some time after the receipt of Your letter to me mentioning it. They seem to think, some of them, it is upon a small scale for the purpose intended, but it is adopted and the larger scale on which we were proceeding laid aside, part of the foundation lifted and yours going on. I wish it may be in forwardness enough before next Session to prevent their putting a Stop to it altogether, at least for the present. Tho it will suit our finances better than the other, being less expensive, yet the great Opposition last session by Innis, Prentis and their adherents below and above to any Capital at all at present, I am afraid will now go down unless it be in such forwardness as to impose Silence on their tongues, Eloquent to a Prodigy on a Theme so interesting, as they say, to their Constituents and the Country at large in its present distressed almost irremediable situation.\u2014We have had another religious Convention here and have chose a Bishop (The Revd. Mr. Griffiths). There is to be this month a general Convention of the Clergy of the U. States in Philadelphia for religious purposes and a Commercial Committee from the United States in Alexandria to propose something proper for Congress to be invested with for the benefit of the Trade in General. The Indians have been troublesome of late on our frontiers. Coll. Wm. Christian about 2 Mos. ago was killed by them. He was in pursuit at the head of a small party. The Indian who killed him lay himself on the ground mortally wounded and had just cunning and strength enough left to draw the trigger of his Gun unperceived by Ch:, then asking him some questions. The Indian did not survive 3 minutes and C[hristian] never reached home. An officer then with him shared the same fate almost at the same instant from another Indian in a similar situation, exactly. There were no other Indians there or near them at the time, known of at least. They are now likewise very troublesome in the Back parts of Georgia which state had some Gunns &c. &c. sent from here tother day for their assistance. The Spaniards tis supposed Connive or indeed abett them in this matter. We Celebrated Independence here tother day by eating an Excellent dinner at Anderson\u2019s Tavern and drinking a number of proper toasts. We had the Band of Music, the discharge of Cannon, colors flying, &c. &c., manifesting our joy. Same day superseded Jno. Harvie Esqr. late Mayor, his time being out, of course, and elected for the ensuing Year Wm. Pennock Esqr. an Industrious and flourishing Merchant here. They  are all well at Eppington at present. Miss Polly wont leave Mrs. Eppes. All your other friends and relations as far as I recollect are well. I dare say you are tired of my Nonsense. McLurg continues Indolent tho respectable and an agreeable Companion. The Consequences of the late fresh in the beginning of last month has hurt the Air in the Neighbourhood of the River. A good number of Children in and about Town have yielded their liv[es] to its banefull influence. I beg you\u2019ll Excuse this miscellaneous Hotch Potch. Yourself are to blame as you encouraged me in it before. Begging and hoping youll do me the honor to write me Often, and every thing you think will be agreeable or usefull to me communicate if you please, and allow me with great sincerity and much truth to subscribe myself Yr Excellency\u2019s most Obedient & respectfull H Servt,\nJames Currie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0045", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, 9 July 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir\nParis July 9. 1786.\nI wrote you last on the 10th. of May, since which your favor of May 11. has come to hand. The political world enjoys great quiet here. The King of Prussia is still living, but like the snuff of a candle which sometimes seems out, and then blazes up again. Some think that his death will not produce any immediate effect in Europe. His kingdom, like a machine will go for some time with the winding up he has given it. The King\u2019s visit to Cherbourg has made a great sensation in England and here. It proves to the world  that it is a serious object to this country, and that the King commits himself for the accomplishment of it. Indeed so many cones have been sunk that no doubt remains of the practicability of it. It will contain, as is said, 80 ships of the line, be one of the best harbours in the world, and by means of two entrances on different sides will admit vessels to come in and go out with every wind. The effect of this in another war with England defies calculation.\u2014Having no news to communicate I will recur to the subjects of your letter of May 11.\nWith respect to the new states were the question to stand simply in this form, How may the ultramontane territory be disposed of so as to produce the greatest and most immediate benefit to the inhabitants of the maritime states of the union? the plan would be more plausible of laying it off into two or three states only. Even on this view however there would still be something to be said against it which might render it at least doubtful. But it is a question which good faith forbids us to receive into discussion. This requires us to state the question in it\u2019s just form, How may the territories of the Union be disposed of so as to produce the greatest degree of happiness to their inhabitants? With respect to the Maritime states nothing, or little remains to be done. With respect then to the Ultramontane states, will their inhabitants be happiest divided into states of 30,000 square miles, not quite as large as Pennsylvania, or into states of 160,000 square miles each, that is to say three times as large as Virginia within the Alleghaney? They will not only be happier in states of a moderate size, but it is the only way in which they can exist as a regular society. Considering the American character in general, that of those people particularly, and the inergetic nature of our governments, a state of such extent as 160,000 square miles would soon crumble into little ones. These are the circumstances which reduce the Indians to such small societies. They would produce an effect on our people similar to this. They would not be broken into such small peices because they are more habituated to subordination, and value more a government of regular law. But you would surely reverse the nature of things in making small states on the ocean and large ones beyond the mountains. If we could in our consciences say that great states beyond the mountains will make the people happiest, we must still ask whether they will be contented to be laid off into large states? They certainly will not; and if they decide to divide themselves we are not able to restrain them. They will end by separating from our  confederacy and becoming it\u2019s enemies. We had better then look forward and see what will be the probable course of things. This will surely be a division of that country into states of a small, or at most of a moderate size. If we lay them off into such, they will acquiesce, and we shall have the advantage of arranging them so as to produce the best combinations of interest. What Congress has already done in this matter is an argument the more in favour of the revolt of those states against a different arrangement, and of their acquiescence under a continuance of that. Upon this plan we treat them as fellow citizens. They will have a just share in their own government, they will love us, and pride themselves in an union with us. Upon the other we treat them as subjects, we govern them, and not they themselves; they will abhor us as masters, and break off from us in defiance. I confess to you that I can see no other turn that these two plans would take, but I respect your opinion, and your knowlege of the country too much, to be over confident in my own.\nI thank you sincerely for your communication that my not having sooner given notice of the arrets relative to fish gave discontent to some persons. These are the most friendly offices you can do me, because they enable me to justify myself if I am right, or correct myself if wrong. If those who thought I might have been remiss would have written to me on the subject, I should have loved them for their candour and thanked them for it; for I have no jealousies nor resentments at things of this kind where I have no reason to beleive they have been excited by a hostile spirit, and I suspect no such spirit in a single member of Congress. You know there were two arrets, the first of Aug. 30. 1784. the 2d. of the 18th. and 25th. of September 1785. As to the first it would have been a sufficient justification of myself to say that it was in the time of my predecessor, nine months before I came into office, and that there was no more reason for my giving information of it when I did come into office than of all the other transactions which preceded that period. But this would seem to lay a blame on Dr. Franklin for not communicating it which I am conscious he did not deserve. This government affects a secrecy in all it\u2019s transactions, whatsoever, tho they be of a nature not to admit a perfect secrecy. Their arrets respecting the islands go to those islands and are unpublished and unknown in France except in the bureau where they are formed. That of Aug. 1784. would probably be communicated to the merchants of the seaport towns also. But Paris having no commercial connections with them, if any thing makes  it\u2019s way from a seaport town to Paris, it must be by accident. We have indeed agents in these seaports; but they value their offices so little that they do not trouble themselves to inform us of what is passing there. As a proof that these things do not transpire here, nor are easily got at, recollect that Mr. Adams, Doctr. Franklin and myself were all here on the spot together from Aug. 1784. to June 1785., that is to say 10. months, and yet not one of us knew of the Arret of Aug. 1784. On Sep. 18 and 25 1785. the second was passed and here alone I became responsible. I think it was about 6. weeks before I got notice of it, that is in November. On the 20th. of that month writing to Count de Vergennes on another subject I took occasion to remonstrate to him on that. But from early in November when the Fitzhughs went to America, I had never a confidential opportunity of writing to Mr. Jay from hence directly for several months. In a letter of Dec. 14. to Mr. Jay I mentioned to him the want of opportunity to write to him confidentially, which obliged me at that moment to write by post vi\u00e2 London and on such things only as both post offices were welcome to see. On the 2d. January Mr. Bingham setting out for London, I wrote to Mr. Jay, sending him a copy of my letter to Ct. de Vergennes, and stating something which had passed in conversation on the same subject. I prayed Mr. Bingham to take charge of the letter, and either to send it by a safe hand or carry it himself as circumstances should render most adviseable. I beleive he kept it to carry himself. He did not sail from London till about the 12th. of March, nor arrive in America till the middle of May. Thus you see what causes had prevented a letter which I had written on the 20th. of November from getting to America till the month of May. No wonder then if notice of this arret came first to you by the way of the W. Indies; and in general I am confident that you will receive notice of the regulations of this country respecting their islands by the way of those islands before you will from hence. Nor can this be remedied but by a system of bribery which would end in the corruption of your own ministers, and produce no good adequate to the expence. Be so good as to communicate these circumstances to the persons who you think may have supposed me guilty of remissness on this occasion.\nI will turn to a subject more pleasing to both, and give you my sincere congratulations on your marriage. Your own dispositions and the inherent comforts of that state will ensure you a great addition of happiness. Long may you live to enjoy it, and enjoy it in full measure. The interest I feel in every one connected with you  will justify my presenting my earliest respects to the lady, and of tendering her the homage of my friendship. I shall be happy at all times to be useful to either of you and to receive your commands. I inclose you the bill of lading of your Encyclopedie. With respect to the remittance for it, of which you make mention, I beg you not to think of it. I know by experience that proceeding to make a settlement in life, a man has need of all his resources; and I should be unhappy were you to lessen them by an attention to this trifle. Let it lie till you have nothing else to do with your money. Adieu my dear Sir and be assured of the esteem with which I am your friend & servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0046", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Smith, 9 July 1786\nFrom: Smith, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nTours July 9th. 86\nAfter having kept your letter for so long a while, I am almost ashamed to send it you; but remaining only a few days in Paris, I had not time to pay my respects to you, as it was my intention to do. I did not send it by the post, as I was in doubt whether or not it was a letter of introduction to your Excellency. My delay, I trust, has not been a matter of importance. I have the honour to be your very humble Servt.,\nThomas Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0047", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Stephens Smith, 9 July 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Smith, William Stephens\nDear Sir\nParis July 9. 1786.\nI wrote you last on the 16th. of June. Since that your favors of May 21. 21. and June 12. have come to hand. The accounts of the K. of Prussia are such that we may expect his exit soon. He is like the snuff of a candle; sometimes seeming to be out; then blazing up again for a moment. It is thought that his death will not be followed by any immediate disturbance of the public tranquillity; that his kingdom may be considered as a machine which will go  of itself a considerable time with the winding up he has given it. Besides this he has for some time employed his successor in his councils, who is endeavoring to possess himself of and to pursue his uncle\u2019s plan of policy. The connection which has long subsisted between the Van Staphorsts, the Grands, and this court is known to you. I think it probable that private sollicitations first suggested the late appointment and might be the real efficient cause of it. The ostensible one, and which has some reality too, is the accomodation of the lenders in Holland. It will doubtless facilitate the borrowing money there for this country, and multiply the partisans of the new alliance. The policy of this country is indeed wise. What would have been said a dozen years ago had any one pretended to foretell that in that short space of time France would get Holland, America and even England under her wing?\nWe have had here some strong altercations between the court and the parliament of Bourdeaux. The latter used a language which a British parliament would not have dared to use. The court was in the wrong and will have the wisdom and moderation to recede. The question is whether lands called Alluvions, on the river Garonne belong to the king or to the proprietors to whose soil they have been added.\nI have received by Dr. Bancroft the portable copying press. It is perfectly well made. Be so good as to present my compliments and thanks to Mr. Cavallo for his attention to it. To yourself I suppose you would rather I should present the money. This I will do the moment you will inform me of the sum. In your letter of May 21. you mention that you had paid the maker \u00a35\u201310. But a former letter gave me reason to believe you had to pay something to another person for a board or the box or something else. I will beg the favor of you at the same time to inform me what a pair of chariot harness will cost in London, plated, not foppish but genteel, and I will add the price, or not add it to the bill I shall send you, according as I shall find it when compared with prices here. Cannot you invent some commissions for me here, by way of reprisal for the vexations I give you? Silk stockings, gillets, &c. for yourself, gewgaws and contrivances for Madame? \u00e0 propos, All hail, Madame! May your nights and days be many and full of joy! May their fruits be such as to make you feel the sweet union of parent and lover, but not so many as that you may feel their weight! May they be handsome and good as their mother, wise and honest as their father, but more milky!\u2014For your old age I will compose a prayer thirty years hence.\nTo return to business (for I am never tempted to pray but when a warm feeling for my friends comes athwart my heart) they tell me that they are about altering Dr. Ramsay\u2019s book in London in order to accomodate it to the English palate and pride. I hope this will not be done without the consent of the author, and I do not believe that will be obtained. If the booksellers of London are afraid to sell it I think it can be sold here. Even the English themselves will apply for it here. It is very much esteemed by those who have read it. The French translation will be out in a short time. There is no gutting in that. All Europe will read the English transactions in America, as they really happened. To what purpose then hoodwink themselves? Like the foolish Ostrich who when it has hid it\u2019s head, thinks it\u2019s body cannot be seen. I will beg the favor of you to prevail on Mr. Dilly to send me 50. copies by the Diligence. We shall see by the sale of these what further number we may call for. I will undertake to justify this to the author. They must come unbound. It will be necessary at the same time to put into some of the English papers the following advertisement. \u2018The bookseller, to whom Dr. Ramsay\u2019s history of the revolution of S. Carolina was addressed for sale, having been advised that the executing that commission would expose him to the actions of certain persons whose conduct in America, as therein represented, is not in their favor, the public are hereby notified that they may be furnished with the said work either in the original English, or well translated into French, by writing to Froull\u00e9, libraire au quai des Augustins \u00e0 Paris, and franking their letters. An opportunity of sending it to London occurs every week by the Diligence.\u2019 Send me a paper or two with this advertisement in it.\nTo put an end to your trouble I will wish you a good night. I beg your pardon, I had forgot that you would have it without my wishes: I bid you therefore a simple Adieu, with assurances of my friendship & esteem,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0049", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Abb\u00e9 Gibelin, 10 July 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gibelin, Abb\u00e9\nSir\nParis July 10. 1786.\nOn receiving information from the foreign officers that paiment was not made of their interest for the year 1785. I wrote to the board of treasury at New York. I have the honour to inclose you an extract of a letter I have just received from them, by which you will perceive that their funds were not in a condition for making that paiment in the moment of receiving my letter, but that they would be attentive to make it as soon as it should be in their power. Their orders will come to Mr. Grand, who will take care to give notice to all the persons interested to apply for their monies as soon as he shall be enabled to pay it. I have the honour to be Sir your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0050", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Paul Jones, 10 July 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jones, John Paul\nSir\nParis July 10. 1786.\nAn opportunity having occurred of writing to America and to England by a person leaving Paris to-day, I have been unable sooner to answer the letter with which you honoured me two days ago. On recurring to the letter of the Board of treasury it becomes more evident to me that it does not empower me to settle the sum to which you are entitled; and that their meaning as to the arrangement they desire me to take with you respected only the sum which they naturally supposed your expences had obliged you to apply out of the whole mass of 181,039\u20b6\u20131\u201310 for which their order was. So that the want of power to make any settlement which shall be final, as well as my incompetence to it forbid my doing any thing more than receive the balance to which your own claims do not extend. This seems, by the account which you have been so obliging as to send me, to be 112,172\u20b6\u20132\u20134 which I will desire Mr. Grand to recieve whenever you shall be so good as to notify to me your wish to pay it. I have the honour to be with very sincere esteem and respect Sir your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0051", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Paul Jones, 10 July 1786\nFrom: Jones, John Paul\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nParis, July 10th, 1786.\nAfter what you mentioned to me before your favor of this date, respecting the imperfect powers you have received from the Board of Treasury, I did not expect you to make a settlement with me that should be final for the prize money I have recovered. But as I have produced, and still offer you proofs to support the charges I have made, I naturally flattered myself and I still hope you will do me the favor to receive and transmit them to Congress with your sentiments. This becomes the more necessary to me at present, because from what Dr. Bancroft tells me of the application to the Court of Denmark, it will be necessary for me to continue in Europe for some time longer, and to take your advice on some farther steps to obtain an answer from that government.\nWith respect to the balance of the prize money I have recovered, you may if you please give an immediate order on me for the amount, or I will pay it into your own hands. I have the honor, &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0052", "content": "Title: [From Thomas Jefferson to John Ledyard, 10 July 1786]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ledyard, John\n[Paris, 10 July 1786. An entry in SJL under this date reads: \u201cLedyard. Sun the cause of magnetic attraction.\u201d Not found. See Ledyard to TJ, 7 July 1786.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0053", "content": "Title: [From Thomas Jefferson to Maupin, 10 July 1786]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Maupin\n[Paris, 10 July 1786. An entry in SJL under this date reads: \u201cMaupin. To buy his works.\u201d Not found. See Maupin to TJ, 4 and 20 July 1786.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0054", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Paradise, 10 July 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Paradise, John\nDr Sir\nParis July 10. 1786.\nI am honoured with your letter by Dr. Bancroft inclosing one from Dr. Burney for which I return you my thanks, and now trouble you with one to that gentleman. I have had with Dr. Bancroft much conversation on your subject. We concur in proposing  to you a short trip to Paris, and in thinking it will relieve your health, and place you in a situation to decide on your plans more according to the dictates of your own judgment. He is lodged at the Place Louis XV. We could find for you lodgings in the same quarter, and there would only be the fine walk of the Champs Elys\u00e9es between us. I should certainly spare nothing to make your time agreeable, and perhaps the Doctor and myself could aid you in your determination. The necessary expence of the journey would be small, as would be the residence of a single person here without a family. Mr. Trumbull is setting out for this place and would be an agreeable companion. You are the best and only judge however of it\u2019s expediency. I shall be happy in every occasion of serving you, and of testifying the sincerity of the esteem with which I have the honour to be Dear Sir your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0055", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Lucy Ludwell Paradise, 10 July 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Paradise, Lucy Ludwell\nDear Madam\nParis July 10. 1786.\nI have duly received the favour of your letter by Doctr. Bancroft and am sensible of the honour of the confidence you are pleased to repose in me. I wish it were in my power, more than it is, to promote those measures which the interests of your family seem to require. I have taken the liberty of writing to Mr. Paradise on the subject, a liberty greater than perhaps could be justified. Were my right to interfere to be measured by my good wishes, it would indeed be boundless. Dr. Bancroft and myself think that would Mr. Paradise take a flying trip to this place we could aid him in his determinations as to what is best to be done. It is not too late for the present season; the expence of the journey to him, coming as a single person, would be small, and perhaps might be compensated by your care at home. I submit this proposition to your better judgment. If you approve it, you will of course give it the weight of your influence. I pray you to present my respect to Miss Paradise and to be assured of the esteem with which I have the honor to be Dear Madam your most obedient and most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0056", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to David Ramsay, 10 July 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ramsay, David\nSir\nParis July 10. 1786.\nI am honoured with your letter of May 3. and obliged by your kind notice of what I had written on the subject of my own state. If I have any merit from it, it is in being fully sensible of it\u2019s imperfections.\u2014It is time you should hear something of a much more important work, that written by yourself. The translation and printing go on slowly. I do not think they are half finished. The Marquis de Chastellux thinks it well translated. The circumstance which renders the delay more interesting to you is that the twelvemonth\u2019s credit which the bookseller has for the money to be paid you, counts from the time of publication. I had no idea that the interval between the commencement and completion of the work would have been so long. Dilly being afraid to sell your book in London, and Dr. Bancroft informing me he was about to gut it in order to accomodate it to the English pride and palate, I have written to Colo. Smith to endeavor to prevent it\u2019s being done till your consent can be obtained. It has been read in the original, in it\u2019s present state, by many here and is highly esteemed. I am of opinion we can sell it here, even to the English themselves, as the Diligence furnishes a weekly conveyance from here to London which will not add above 6d. to the price. I have therefore desired Colo. Smith to send 50. copies here, and to advertize in the London papers the address of the Bookseller here who will furnish them, and the conveyance by which they may be obtained. We shall see by the sale of these whether we may hope to sell the rest of the impression here. I should be sorry that any circumstances should occasion the disguising those truths which it equally concerns our honour and the just infamy of our enemies to have handed down to posterity in their true light. I thank you for your undertaking as to the plants I wrote for, and venture to repeat my sollicitations of your attention to them. I have the honour to be with the most perfect respect, Sir, your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0057", "content": "Title: [From Thomas Jefferson to Rayneval, 10 July 1786]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Rayneval\n[Paris, 10 July 1786. An entry in SJL under this date reads: \u201cM. de Reyneval. Passport for 24 doz. and a pipe of wine.\u201d Not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0058", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 11 July 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nParis July 11. 1786.\nOur instructions relative to the Barbary states having required us to proceed by way of negotiation to obtain their peace, it became our duty to do this to the best of our power. Whatever might be our private opinions, they were to be suppressed, and the line marked out to us, was to be followed. It has been so honestly, and zealously. It was therefore never material for us to consult together on the best plan of conduct towards these states. I acknolege I very early thought it would be best to effect a peace thro\u2019 the medium of war. Tho\u2019 it is a question with which we have nothing to do, yet as you propose some discussion of it I shall trouble you with my reasons. Of the 4. positions laid down in your letter of the 3d. instant, I agree to the three first, which are in substance that the good offices of our friends cannot procure us a peace without paying it\u2019s price, that they cannot materially lessen that price, and that paying it, we can have the peace in spight of the intrigues of our enemies. As to the 4th. that the longer the negotiation is delayed the larger will be the demand, this will depend on the intermediate captures: if they are many and rich the price may be raised; if few and poor it will be lessened. However if it is decided that we shall buy a peace, I know no reason for delaying the operation, but should rather think it ought to be hastened. But I should prefer the obtaining it by war. 1. Justice is in favor of this opinion. 2. Honor favors it. 3. It will procure us respect in Europe, and respect is a safe-guard to interest. 4. It will arm the federal head with the safest of all the instruments of coercion over their delinquent members and prevent them from using what would be less safe. I think that so far you go with me. But in the next steps we shall differ. 5. I think it least expensive. 6. Equally effectual. I ask a fleet of 150. guns, the one half of which shall be in constant cruise. This fleet built, manned and victualled for 6. months will cost 450,000\u00a3 sterling. It\u2019s annual expence is 300\u00a3 sterl. a gun, including every thing: this will be 45,000\u00a3 sterl. a year. I take British experience for the basis of my calculations, tho\u2019 we know, from our own experience, that we can do, in this way, for pounds lawful, what costs them pounds sterling. Were we to charge all this to the Algerine war it would amount to little more than we must pay if we buy peace. But as it is proper and necessary that we should establish a small marine force (even were we to buy a peace from the Algerines,) and as that force laid up in our dockyards would cost us  half as much annually as if kept in order for service, we have a right to say that only 22,500\u00a3 sterl. per ann. should be charged to the Algerine war. 6. It will be as effectual. To all the mismanagements of Spain and Portugal urged to shew that war against those people is ineffectual, I urge a single fact to prove the contrary where there is any management. About 40. year ago, the Algerines having broke their treaty with France, this court sent Monsr. de Massac with one large and two small frigates, he blockaded the harbour of Algiers three months, and they subscribed to the terms he dictated. If it be admitted however that war, on the fairest prospects, is still exposed to incertainties, I weigh against this the greater incertainty of the duration of a peace bought with money, from such a people, from a Dey 80. years old, and by a nation who, on the hypothesis of buying peace, is to have no power on the sea to enforce an observance of it.\nSo far I have gone on the supposition that the whole weight of this war would rest on us. But 1. Naples will join us. The character of their naval minister (Acton), his known sentiments with respect to the peace Spain is officiously trying to make for them, and his dispositions against the Algerines give the greatest reason to believe it. 2. Every principle of reason tells us Portugal will join us. I state this as taking for granted, what all seem to believe, that they will not be at peace with Algiers. I suppose then that a Convention might be formed between Portugal, Naples and the U.S. by which the burthen of the war might be quotaed on them according to their respective wealth, and the term of it should be when Algiers should subscribe to a peace with all three on equal terms. This might be left open for other nations to accede to, and many, if not most of the powers of Europe (except France, England, Holland and Spain if her peace be made) would sooner or later enter into the confederacy, for the sake of having their peace with the Pyratical states guarantied by the whole. I suppose that in this case our proportion of force would not be the half of what I first calculated on.\nThese are the reasons which have influenced my judgment on this question. I give them to you to shew you that I am imposed on by a semblance of reason at least, and not with an expectation of their changing your opinion. You have viewed the subject, I am sure in all it\u2019s bearings. You have weighed both questions with all their circumstances. You make the result different from what I do. The same facts impress us differently. This is enough to make me suspect an error in my process of reasoning tho\u2019 I am not  able to detect it. It is of no consequence; as I have nothing to say in the decision, and am ready to proceed heartily on any other plan which may be adopted, if my agency should be thought useful. With respect to the dispositions of the states I am utterly uninformed. I cannot help thinking however that on a view of all circumstances, they might be united in either of the plans.\nHaving written this on the receipt of your letter, without knowing of any opportunity of sending it, I know not when it will go; I add nothing therefore on any other subject but assurances of the sincere esteem and respect with which I am Dear Sir your friend & servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0060", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Mary Barclay, 11 July 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Barclay, Mary\nMr. Jefferson has the honour of presenting his respects to Mrs. Barclay and of informing her that by a letter from Mr. Barclay dated the 10th. of June, he learns he was then arrived in good health at Mogadore in Marocco, that he was received with distinguished attention and honour, by orders from the emperor, that the Governor of Marocco with a guard of 30 men had been sent to  escort him to the city of Marocco, to which place he was immediately to set out, and there he would see the emperor.\nThere had long been some little matters of account whereon Mr. Jefferson was indebted to Mr. Barclay. He repeatedly desired to know them but Mr. Barclay\u2019s occupations would not permit him to examine them; on the last application Mr. Barclay said he would leave the account with Mrs. Barclay. Mr. Jefferson has been long intending to do himself the honour of seeing Mrs. Barclay at St. Germain\u2019s, but has hitherto been unable. He still proposes that pleasure. But without awaiting that he would be obliged to Mrs. Barclay to let him know the sum he is indebted to Mr. Barclay, which he will take care to remit to her. He wishes her much health and happiness.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0061", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to St. John de Cr\u00e8vecoeur, 11 July 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cr\u00e8vecoeur, Michel Guillaume St. John de\nSir\nParis July 11. 1786.\nI have been honored with a letter from M. Delisle Lt. Gl. au bailliage de Ca\u00ebn, to which is annexed a postscript from yourself. Being unable to write in French so as to be sure of conveying my true meaning, or perhaps any meaning at all, I will beg of you to interpret what I have now the honour to write.\nIt is true that the United states, generally, and most of the separate states in particular, are endeavoring to establish means to pay the interest of their public debt regularly, and to sink it\u2019s principal by degrees. But as yet their efforts have been confined to that part of their debts which is evidenced by certificates. I do not think that any state has yet taken measures for paying their paper money debt. The principle on which it shall be paid I take to be settled, tho\u2019 not directly yet virtually, by the resolution of Congress of June 3. 1784., that is that they will pay the holder or his representatives what the money was worth at the time he received it, with an interest from that time of 6. per centum per annum. It is not said in the letter whether the money received by Barboutin was Continental money, or Virginia money; nor is it said at what time it was received. But that M. Delisle may be enabled to judge what the 5398 dollars were worth in hard money when Barboutin received them, I will state to you what was the worth of one hard dollar both in Continental and Virginia money through the whole  of the years 1779. and 1780. within some part of which it was probably received.\nContinental money\nVirginia money\nJan.\u20079\nJan. \u20078\nFeb. 10\nFeb. 48\nFeb. 11\nMar. 10\nMar. 50\nMar.\u20072\nApr. 16\nApr. 60\nApr.\u20073\nMay 20\nMay 60\nMay 10\nJune 20\nJune 65\nJune 23\nJuly 22\nJuly 65\nAug.\u20078\nAug. 22\nAug. 70\nSep. 28\nSep. 24\nSep. 72\nNov. 22\nOct. 28\nOct. 73\nFeb.\u20072\nNov. 36\nNov. 74\nMar. 18\nDec. 40\nDec. 75\nThus you see that in Jan. 1779. 7 dollars and 72 hundredths of a dollar of Continental paper were worth one dollar of silver, and at the same time 8. dollars of Virginia paper were worth one dollar of silver: &c. After Mar. 18. 1780. Continental paper received in Virginia will be estimated by the table of Virginia paper.\u2014I advise all the foreign holders of paper money to lodge it in the office of their Consul for the state where it was received, that he may dispose of it for their benefit the first moment that paiment shall be provided by the state or Continent.\u2014I had lately the pleasure of seeing the Coun[tess] d\u2019Houditot well at Sanois, and have now that of assuring you of the perfect esteem and respect with which I have the honor to be Dear Sir your most obedient humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0063", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Paul Jones, 11 July 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jones, John Paul\nDear Sir\nParis July 11. 1786.\nI am perfectly ready to transmit to America any accounts or proofs you may think proper. No body can wish more that justice may be done you, nor is more ready to be instrumental in doing whatever may ensure it. It is only necessary for me to avoid the presumption of appearing to decide where I have no authority to do it. I will this evening lodge in the hands of Mr. Grand the original order of the board of treasury, with instructions to receive from you the balance you propose to pay, for which he will give you a receipt on the back of the order. I will confer with you when you please on the affair of Denmark, & am with very great esteem Dr. Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0064", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lef\u00e9vre, Roussac & Cie., 11 July 1786\nFrom: Lef\u00e9vre, Roussac & Cie.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLisbon, 11 July 1786. Enclose an invoice for 140 bottles of wine of different sorts, shipped five days ago, on the ship Fran\u00e7ois l\u2019Union, Capt. Jn. Vollet, and consigned to Achard Fr\u00e8res, Rouen, for TJ\u2019s account. Their charge of 68,400 reis is calculated at 432 reis for 3 livres; have drawn 60-day sight draft, for 450 livres, on TJ to the order of De Brissac & Paulet. They have exercised the utmost care in selecting these wines; trust TJ will be satisfied; and that he will feel confident in using their services in the future.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0065", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from De Pinto, 11 July 1786\nFrom: Pinto de Sousa Coutinho, Luis, Chevalier de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\n\u00e0 Londres Ce llme. Juillet 1786\nUne digr\u00e9tion de quelques jours \u00e0 La Campagne m\u2019a Empech\u00e9 d\u2019avoir L\u2019honneur de vous remercier plus t\u00f4t, Monsieur, du present estimable que Le Collonel Smith m\u2019a remis de v\u00f4tre part. Permetez  Monsieur, que je vous temoigne toute m\u00e0 reconnoissance, et que je vous assure en m\u00eame tems, que je conserverois toujour v\u00f4tre Livre comme une marque pretieuse de v\u00f4tre amiti\u00e9, et de v\u00f4tre soubvenir \u00e0 mon Egard.\nJ\u2019ait L\u2019honeur d\u2019etre avec autant de Consideration que de respect Monsieur V\u00f4tre tres heumble et tres obeissant Serviteur,\nLe Chr. De Pinto", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0069", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmund Randolph, 12 July 1786\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRichmond July 12. 1786.\nMany unforeseen accidents, and particularly a long indisposition have occasioned the delay, which has occurred in the acknowledgment of your friendly attention in the present of books.\nSince the receipt of them, your favor concerning the capitol came to hand; after the most painful anxiety at the tardy movement of the plan to Virginia. We are at length relieved by its arrival. A council of directors was immediately called, and with some difficulty the plan was carried thro! But I am exceedingly afraid that we have committed some blunder even now. I directed Mr. Dobie, our superintendant, and an adept in draughtmanship, to furnish me with a narrative of our proceedings in technical language. When completed, it shall be forwarded. At present, however, I will give you some imperfect idea of it.\u2014The plan sent to you was a mere assay; that adopted by us was very different. When your plan was examined, it was conceived, that without adhering to precisely the same front, it would be enough to follow the same proportions. By this doctrine we were rescued from a great embarrassment, for the lowland interest and a strong party of the upland, in the assembly, are labouring to stop the progress of the building. To pull up all that had been done, would have been to strengthen the opposition. We have therefore resolved to pursue your plan in every respect, except the extension of front. By this means we have been obliged to remove only one side wall and a few partition walls.\nThe apparent scarcity of cash has excited a great clamour for paper money: an expedient very acceptable to those who are in debt, or are unwilling to purchase the precious metals by labour. But the firmness of Madison and Mason will, I trust, defeat the attempt to emit it. Mr. Henry intends to resign the government, and wishes to be a member at the next session. His politics are not known, but are supposed not to run vehemently against paper money.\nThe James river canal goes on rapidly and promises full success. But the subscribers are so delinquent in the necessary advances, that, I fear, our work may be stagnated.\nI am on the point of departing from this unwholesome place to breathe the mountain air; without which I could not survive the summer.\nBelieve me to be my dear sir with the greatest sincerity yr. friend & serv:,\nEdm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0071", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Jay, 14 July 1786\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nNew York 14th. July 1786\nSince my last to you of 16 Ult: I have been honored with your Letters of 23d. and a joint one from you and Mr. Adams of 25th. April.\nConsidering the Importance of our Commerce with Portugal, it gives me Pleasure to learn that a Treaty with that Kingdom was nearly concluded. Until our Affairs shall be more perfectly arranged we shall treat under Disadvantages, and therefore I am not surprised that our Negociations with Britain and Barbary are unpromising. To be respectable abroad it is necessary to be so at Home, and that will not be the Case until our public Faith acquires more Confidence, and our Government more Strength.\nWhen or how these great Objects will be attained can scarcely be conjectured. An Uneasiness prevails through the Country and may produce eventually the desired Reformations, and it may also produce untoward Events. Time alone can decide this and many other Doubts, for Nations like Individuals are more frequently guided by Circumstances, than Circumstances by them.\nI am not charged to communicate to you any Instructions, though I have Reason to think that some will be ready by the Time the next Packet will sail. Nor have I any very interesting Intelligence to transmit. The british Government at New Brunswick have lately given Uneasiness to Massachusetts by extending their Jurisdiction farther than the Treaty will warrant; and from the present State of our Indian Affairs, there is Reason to apprehend Trouble with them. They appear dissatisfied with their late Cessions to us, and it is not improbable that they will give Interruption to our Surveyors. How far these People may be instigated by our Neighbours is not decided; but the Asperity observable in the british Nation towards us, creates Suspicions that they wish to see our Difficulties of every kind encrease and accumulate. Indeed I fear that other European Nations do not regard us entirely without Jealousy. There are some little Circumstances which look as if the Dutch regret our having found the Way to China, and that will doubtless be more or less the Case with every Nation with whose commercial Views we may interfere. I am happy in reflecting that there can be but little Clashing of Interests between us and France, and therefore that she will probably continue disposed to wish us well and do us good, especially if we honestly fulfil our pecuniary Engagements with her. These Engagements however give me much Concern. Every Principle and Consideration of Honor, Justice and Interest call upon us for good Faith and Punctuality, and yet we are unhappily so circumstanced that the Monies necessary for the Purpose are not provided, nor in such a Way of being provided as they ought to be. This is owing not to any Thing wrong in Congress, but to their not possessing that Power of Coercion without which  no Government can possibly attain the most salutary and constitutional Objects. Excuses and Palliations, and Applications for more Time make bad Remittances; and will afford no Inducements to our Allies or others to afford us similar Aids on future Occasions.\nI herewith send a Packet for you from Mr. Hopkinson, and the public Papers. The latter will inform you of the Death of Genl. Greene. This is a serious Loss to his Country as well as his Family, and is universally and justly lamented.\nWith great Esteem & Regard I have the honor to be &c.,\nJohn Jay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0072", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Bondfield, 15 July 1786\nFrom: Bondfield, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nBordeaux, 15 July 1786. Has shipped on board the Comte d\u2019Artois, Capt. Stephen Gregory, 50 cases of arms, numbered 1 to 50, from the manufactory at Tulle, addressed to the governor of Virginia for the account of that state; lists papers enclosed. The governor must return an \u201cespecially authenticated\u201d certificate to cancel Bondfield\u2019s bond for the safe delivery of the arms. Has drawn draft in favor of M. Ladurantic, payable 29 July, for his expenditures. \u201cI have given uncommon attention to have the Cases most securedly packt that should they be exposed by unforeseen Events to wet or Damps I am perswaided the Coats I have put on them will preserve them against all Accidents. I met with difficulty to obtain permission to ship them. Arms and all warlike Stores are prohibited to be sent out of the Kingdom and cannot be shipt without a special permission from the Governor or Intendant of the Province. Both being absent the Subdelegate was apprehendsive.\u201d Suggests that TJ procure a general order for future shipments. Has shipped sundry articles for Francis Eppes to the care of Charles Carter of Shirley, on James River; encloses an account for this shipment, amounting to 119 l. 18s. 9d. together with one for wine forwarded to TJ on 24 June, amounting to 498 1. for which he will draw on TJ in accordance with TJ\u2019s instructions. Inquires whether, in case of failure of direct conveyance to Virginia, future arms could be sent to Philadelphia. Has communicated the resolutions of the committee held at Berni to \u201cthe Trade of this City, Rochfort, Rochelle and Bayonne.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0073", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Carmichael, 15 July 1786\nFrom: Carmichael, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMadrid 15 July 1786\nI received a few days ago the Letter which your Excellency did me the honor to write me the 20th Ulto. inclosing Letters for Messrs. Lamb and Randall. To the Former I have transmitted your Letters. The Latter I suppose you will have seen long before this can reach you and from him you will have learnt more than I wished or chose to put on paper. I am happy to find that two of my bills have been paid. I take the Liberty of inclosing to your Excellency a protest of one twice protested and which I renewed in consequence of your advice on that particular Affair. It is incomprehensible to me that my bills should be protested for want of advice. Such Letters take not three minutes, but I see that I am to be distressed, If it is possible to distress me in my pecuniary arrangements. It is not possible in this Country. I dare say my conduct has inspired confidence and tomorrow If I asked 50 thousand dollars or a larger Sum I could obtain it without hesitation or difficulty. Mr. Grand is possibly in advance for the United States and doth not chuse to make further Advances. If this is the Case I ought to be advised; and in that case I should draw no more on him or any other in Europe, but wait patiently for remittances and in the mean time rely on my own personal credit here. Your Intelligence from America and from Doctor Franklin operates as a Cordial on my spirit and I firmly beleive has retarded the attacks of the bile which generally Torment me at this Season of the year here.\nI am sorry to learn that our Treaty with Portugal encounters more difficulties than I thought it would, after your communication to me on that Subject.\n[This Country has signed its peace with Algiers, but there are still arrangements to be made that require Time patience and Address. I send you a letter which I received from thence this Moment, as I have not time to copy it you will please to return it to me. I wish not to derogate from the merit or services of any one, But justice to myself and still more to the interests and honor of our Country oblige me to say, that our peace with the Barbary States could have been negotiated here with much less Expence, with much less Noise and with a greater probability of success than  in the mode adopted by Congress. A Negotiation with Algiers is not yet to be regarded as desperate. It is a question of calculation. Whenever our Republic will act and think for themselves, They will do what they please, until that period, we shall be the partridge and its young ones. We shall never be respected until we respect ourselves. As you may not possibly have heard from Mr. Barclay since his arrival in Africa I inclose you copies of a Letter which I received from his Excellency the Ct. de Florida Blanca with extracts from those received from the Agent of Spain in Morrocco and from a Minister of the Emperor which I intreat you to forward to Congress by the first occasion. As few opportunities from hence offer for the transmission of my dispatches I make no comment on the Nature of these Letters as I am persuaded you will at once see the good faith and candour with which this Ministry acts on our behalf. This Court will observe the same Conduct with respect to the Barbary powers in General, The moment it can efficaciously interfere.] I mention nothing of the Foreign or even Interior politics of this court, because I have remarked that in your answers to my letters, you appeared not disposed to enter into any observations on such Subjects. Mr. Randall whom I beg leave to recommend to your Notice will have given you a map which I obtained with much difficulty here. I am happy to hear that Mr. Barclay has forwarded some of the books you wished to have and which I have sought for in Villadolid Sarogassa and Valencia in vain. I have several in hand that I have procured by accident and which I mean to send by the first safe conveyance directly to Paris. I have promised a letter to Mr. Galves who goes Minister to Berlin and I beg you for political as well as personal reasons to shew that Gentleman every mark of Attention and civility. Altho\u2019 I have not the honor to be personally known to you, I flatter myself that you will not hesitate to attend to my introduction of any one to your acquaintance Coming from hence, because I do assure you that I will never take that Liberty, without a view of obtaining Friends or shewing civilities to those who have been friends to our Country here.\nI have the honor to be With the greatest respect Your Excys Most Obedt. & Humble Sevt,\nWm. Carmichael", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0074", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Lamb, 15 July 1786\nFrom: Lamb, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nAlicant July 15th. 1786\nI received Your Excellency\u2019s letters of the 20th. ultimo and finde by them that Mr. Randall had not then come to Paris. By Mr. Randall I Stated the exact Situation of our affaires at Algiers and Sent forward a Duplicate of the Same to Congress; the Demands at Algiers no Doubt will be Great. My health by no means will admitt of undertakeing the Journey Your Excellency points out. I Daresay my indisposition will be a Suffitient excuse. If it is not, in Duty to my Self of necessity have no further pretentions to this bussiness and begg that my Reasonable accounts may be Settled. It will Take Sum time to collect my accounts. I am under bonds at Barcelona for the money I extracted for the purposes of Algiers. I left the Vessel in the Spanish Servis, when I Left Algiers, as I wrote, and She now is here under Quaranteen and cannot Yeot be come at, not Doubting but I Should have gone back to Algiers left maney things there, but as soon as may be will collect all, and my accounts. When that is Done I hope I Shall be Settled with in Europe as that was promised before I left America. My letter of Credite will be returned to Your Excellencys Orders. I have Drawn as I have Advised. I have letters Daited Algiers the 11th. July 1786 then no more of our Vessels were Taken. It is highly necessary that Sum Orders Should be Given on Account of our unfortunate people in Algiers. I have presumed to Supply them with upwards of Eight hundred heard Dollars for their passed Expences and Cloathing.\nWith Due Respect Your Excellencys most Obedient Hmbl Servt.,\nJohn Lamb", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0075", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Adams, 16 July 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon July 16. 1786\nLast night Mr. Randal arrived with yours of the 9th. If the Prussian Treaty arrives to you, I think you will do well to Send Mr. Short with it to the Hague and Exchange it with Thulemeier, and get it printed in a Pamphlet Sending a Sufficient Number to you and to me. If it comes to me and you approve, I will Send Some one or go myself.\nThe Chevr. De Pinto\u2019s Courier unfortunately missed a Packet by one Day, which obliged him to wait a month at Falmouth for another. The Chevalier was greatly chagrined at the Delay. He is much obliged for your Notes, and I Should be more so for another Copy, having Sent mine to my Brother Cranch, who writes me that your Argument in favour of American Genius, would have been much Strengthened, if a Jefferson had been Added to a Washington, a Franklin and a Rittenhouse. I wrote you lately that the Queen of Portugal had ordered her Fleet cruising in the Streights to protect all Vessells belonging to American Citizens equally with those of her own Subjects against the Algerines.\nBoylstons Vessell Arrived in Boston, with Sugars, and he expects another Vessell hourly, with which he will go again to France. He desires me, to express his obligations to you and the Marquis, for your former Assistance. Coffin Jones has Sent a Vessell to L\u2019Orient, with another Cargo of oil. The French Government would do well to encourage that Trade. If they do not, it will go elsewhere. It is in vain for French or English to think, that Sperma C\u00e6ti oil cannot find a Market but in their Territories. It may find a Market in every City that has dark nights, if any one will do as Boylston did, go and shew the People its qualities by Samples and Experiments. The Trade of America in oil and in any Thing else will labour no longer, than public Paper is to be sold under Par. While a Bit of Paper can be bought for five shillings that is worth twenty, all Capitals will be employed in that Trade, for it is certain there is no other that will yeild four hundred Per Cent Profit, clear of Charges and Risques.\nAs soon as this lucrative Commerce shall cease We shall see American Capitals employed in sending all where it will find a Market, that is all over Europe if France does not wisely monopolise it as she may, if she will. Inclosed is an oration of Dr. Rush.\nI am my dear Sir, your most obedient\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0077", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Cambray, 16 July 1786\nFrom: Cambray (Cambrai), Comte de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nCh\u00e2teau de Villers aux Erables, 16 July 1786. Has just returned from a journey and received TJ\u2019s letter enclosing the extract of a letter from the commissioners of the treasury; has never doubted the good faith of the United States in regard to their obligation to the foreign officers; attributed the delay in meeting them to an \u201cimpossibilit\u00e9 momentan\u00e9e, telle qu\u2019on en voit des exemples dans tous les Governemens\u201d; is sorry TJ was absent when he called on him in the spring.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0079", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Lafayette, with Enclosure, 17 July 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nDear Sir\nParis July 17. 1786.\nI have now the honour of inclosing to you an estimate of the Exports and Imports of the United states. Calculations of this kind cannot pretend to accuracy, where inattention and fraud combine to suppress their objects. Approximation is all they can aim at. Neither care nor candour have been wanting on my part to bring them as near the truth as my skill and materials would enable me to do. I have availed myself of the best documents from the customhouses which have been given to the public; and have been able to rectify these in many instances by information collected by myself on the spot in many of the states. Still remember however that I call them but approximations and that they must present some errors as considerable as they were unavoidable.\nOur commerce divides itself into European and West Indian. I have conformed my statement to this division.\nOn running over the catalogue of American imports, France will naturally mark out those articles with which she could supply us to advantage; and she may safely calculate that after a little time shall have enabled us to get rid of our present incumbrances and of some remains of attachment to the particular forms of manufacture to which we have been habituated, we shall take those articles which she can furnish on as good terms as other nations, to whatever extent she will enable us to pay for them. It is her interest therefore, as well as ours, to multiply the means of paiment. These must be found in the catalogue of our Exports, and among these will be seen neither gold nor silver. We have no mines of either of these metals. Produce therefore is all we can offer. Some articles of our produce will be found very convenient to this country for her own consumption. Others will be convenient as being more commerciable in her hands than those she will give in exchange for them. If there be any which she can neither consume, nor dispose of by exchange, she will not buy them of us, and of course we shall not bring them to her.\u2014If American produce can be drawn into the ports of France, the articles of exchange for it will be taken in those ports, and the only means of drawing it hither is to let the merchant see that he can dispose of it on better terms here than any where else. If the market price of this country does not in itself offer this superiority, it may be worthy of consideration whether it should be obtained by such abatements of duties, and even by such other encouragements as  the importance of the article may justify. Should some loss attend this in the beginning, it can be discontinued when the trade shall be well established in this channel.\nWith respect to the West India commerce, I must apprise you that this estimate does not present it\u2019s present face. No materials have enabled us to say how it stands since the war. We can only shew what it was before that period. New regulations have changed our situation there much for the worse. This is most sensibly felt in the Exports of fish and flour. The surplus of the former, which these regulations throw back on us, is forced to Europe, where, by increasing the quantity, it lessens the price; the surplus of the latter is sunk; and to what other objects this portion of industry is turned, or turning, I am not able to discover. The Imports too of Sugar and Coffee are thrown under great difficulties. These increase the price; and being articles of food for the poorer class (as you may be sensible on observing the quantities consumed) a small increase of price places them above the reach of this class, which being very numerous, must occasion a great diminution of consumption. It remains to see whether the American will endeavour to baffle these new restrictions in order to indulge his habits; or will adapt his habits to other objects which may furnish emploiment to the surplus of industry formerly occupied in raising that bread which no longer finds a vent in the West Indian market. If instead of either of these measures, he should resolve to come to Europe for coffee and sugar, he must lessen equivalently his consumption of some other European articles in order to pay for his coffee and sugar, the bread with which he formerly paid for them in the West Indies not being demanded in the European market. In fact the catalogue of Imports offers several articles more dispensible than coffee and sugar. Of all these subjects, the Committee and yourself are the most competent judges. To you therefore I trust them with every wish for their improvement, and with sentiments of that perfect esteem and respect with which I have the honour to be, Dear Sir, your most obedient and most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson\nEnclosureEstimate of the Exports of the United States of America.\nTo EuropeLouis\nTo West IndiesLouis\nTotalLouis\nFish\nFish-oil\nFish-bones\nSalted meats\nLive-stock\nButter, cheese\nFlour, Bread, 660,000 barrels\nWheat, 2,210,000 bushels\nIndian corn, Pulse\nRice, 130,000 barrels\nIndigo\nTobacco, 87,000 hogsheads\nPotash, 20,000 barrels\nPeltry\nFlax-seed\nHemp\nIron, Copper\nTurpentine &c. 60,000 barrels\nTimber, Lumber\nShips 300\nMiscellanies\nestimate of the imports of theunited states of america.\n              From Europe and Africa.\n                Woollen cloths of every description.\n                Linens of every description.\n                Gloves. Shoes. Boots. Sadlery, and other things\n                Silks. Gold and Silver lace Jewellery.\n                East India goods.\n                Porcelaine. Glass. Earthen ware.\n                Silver. Copper. Brass. Tin. Pewter. Lead. Steel.\n                Upholstery. Cabinet work. Painter\u2019s\n                Cheese. Pickles. Confitures. Chocolate.\n                Medicinal drugs. Snuff. Bees-wax.\n                Books. Stationary.\n                Mill-stones. Grindstones. Marble.\n                Sail cloth. Cordage. Ship chandlery.\n                Ivory. Ebony. Baywood. Dyewood.\nFrom the West Indies.\nSalt. 500,484. bushels@ 24. sous.\nFruits\nMolasses. 3,645,464. gallons@ 24. sous.\nLouis\nlivres\nsous\nGinger Pimenta.\nSkins\nIvory. Turtle shell.\nLignum vitae. Sarsaparilla.Fustic. Annettas.\nLogwood.\nMahogany.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0080", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Banister, 18 July 1786\nFrom: Banister, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nJuly 18th. 1786\nI wrote you last Month by the Portsmouth, enclosing authentick Papers in explanation of Mr. Mark\u2019s agency for your Friends in paris. I have this Moment applied to Mr. Black on this Subject and I think his explanations will all be made out against an opportunity again occurs of paying my respects to you by letter. I think Mr. Mark means well and will do in the end what is incumbent on him as a Trustee, should any contrary indications turn up, I shall immediately give you notice. I have not heard of Jack for a long time. I wish he may be well in Body, and improving  in Mind. I wish to hear from you when business permits. I am with the most perfect esteem Dr. Sir, your Friend & Servant,\nJ Banister", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0081", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Carmichael, 18 July 1786\nFrom: Carmichael, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMadrid 18 July 1786\nI have just received the inclosed Letters from Mr. Lamb which I forward by the same Courier to whom I intrusted my last for Your Excellency. Mr. Lamb writes me that his health not permitting him to journey by land he has resigned his commission and means immediately to close his public accompts. The Ct. D\u2019Expilly and Another Agent of Spain employed at Algiers and at Tunis are now here. The first is much attached to me and the Other I shall cultivate and thro\u2019 their means be enabled to obtain intelligence with respect to the situation of Affairs on the Barbary Coast and make such Insinuations as yourself and Mr. Adams may judge proper for the Public interest. Whatever may be the decision of Congress I think it necessary to induce the Algerines to beleive that the United States are more disposed to be at peace than at war with them. Their Minister of Marine desires peace with us, and appears apprehensive of seeing American Cruisers in the Mediterranean. I have ways of cultivating his Friendly disposition and exciting his apprehensions. The Ct. Expilly informed me of a circumstance that marks Strongly the Rancor of the British in all parts of the world to us. I omitted mentioning it to you, because I wished to have previously an exact detail of the Transaction in writing from the Ct. himself. He tells me that after Mr. Lambs departure from Algiers, the British Consul at Barcelona Mr. Gregory advised Mr. Logie Consul at Algiers, that the Spanish papers procured by Mr. Lamb for his Vessel were not regular, that Mr. Lamb had taken with him 80000 Ps. &c. and that the Dey might seize the vessel as American property. Mr. Logie immediately communicated this information to the Dey; The Vessel having been sent at the Ct. D\u2019Expillys desire to Tunis on public business. The Dey replied that he had permitted the American Officers to Land, that they were gone away and as he supposed, had taken their money with them, That the vessel was now under his protection and Concluded by telling the Consul to mind his  own business and not intermeddle in future with what did not concern him. This Conduct of the British Consuls must arise from the Court, for their private Characters are good and they are men of Liberal and humane principles. As soon as the Treaty is published I will send you a copy of it. D\u2019Expilly will return in a few weeks to Algiers to terminate the ransom of the Slaves and to aid the Neapolitan and Portuguese envoys in their Negotiation, The Success of which is doubtful. These Pirates will have Russia and the Emperor on their hands, as in the last cruise They have taken a Russian vessel worth 80000 Ps. and a Tuscan ship with forty Prisoners. The Russian Minister at this court, to whom I gave the first information of this capture, tells me that he will write to the Dey as a Pacha of the Turkish Empire and inclose him a copy of the Article of their Treaty with the Port, demanding an immediate restitution of the Vessel and People with damages. He added that he is sure of the approbation of his Sovereign, who will be pleased to see one of her Ministers writing in a haughtv State to a Power that all Europe courts at present. When shall we be in a situation to do this? [The Chevalier de Bourgoyng Secretary to the French Embassy at this Court is now at Paris. He will probably wait upon you in my name, to take your Commands for me. I should be sorry that you should not have the pleasure of his acquaintance. I believe there is no foreigner better informed of the Situation of this Country in all respects than he is. He is the most intimate friend I have had in this Country and will take a pleasure in giving you every information that he can do with propriety and I know you will not ask more.] I have this moment received a Letter for Mr. Lamb which I suppose to be from you and shall forward it this night to Alicant.\nI have the honor to be, with Great respect, Your Excys. Most Obedt. Hble. Servt.,\nWm. Carmichael\nP.S. I have just remarked your card of the 7th July which escaped my attention when I wrote the Above. The Letter inclosed is from Mrs. Lamb advising me that by her husbands direction she had drawn upon me for 500 Stg. I forward the Letter for his advice, he has left Money in my Bankers hands here But of which I never chose to have the disposition. You will please to excuse this manner of adding to my Letter.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0082", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Lamb, 18 July 1786\nFrom: Lamb, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nAlicant. July 18th. 1786\nJuly 15th. I forwarded to Your Excellency a letter of which this is realy a duplicate as my first may not come to hand. I find Your Excellency had not received my letters I wrote by Mr. Randall. In them I Gave an Exact Account of Algiers as I could collect whilst I Stayed in that place. And likewise how we were Situated their, and Sent Duplicates of the Same to Congress, and by safe opertunityes, one Via Cales under cover to Mr. Gardoqui, Directly to new york, and Mr. Randall writes me of the 20th. June Bourdeaux that he hath forwarded the other Imediately to Philidelphia, So that thier is not the least Doubt of Congress haveing a full account of all my Proceedings as I were present my Self, for I can add nothing to the account I have Given to Your Excellencys neither to Congress were I present. I have forwarded a Coppy of all my letters to Congress, since I have been on this business, at the time I wrote to Excellencys. My Indisposition will not permitt me to undertake the Journey that Your Excellencys have pointed out. Therefore I am under the necessity to begg a Settlement of my Reasonable Accounts Since I have been on this Journey, and Returne the letter of Credite to Your Excellencys Orders. I had Commensed an acquaintance with one of the princaple officers at Algiers, and from him I had Greate Expectations of a Settlement with that Regency by next Season; Or at least to have the last price for Our Unfortunate people, and what they would have for a peace, and to Strive for hostile proceedings to sease for one Year so that Congress might have more time to prepare, and supposed that in case I brought to pass the above which I had every Incouragment of, it would at least be worth the Expences we have allread been at. These were my reasons and these my Prospect and in consequence of the same thought best to Porsevear, and Exibeted as Soon as I possible Could, to ministers and Likewise to Congress, as I well knowed, how far Short the Apropiation was for the peace and that none Could be Added to  it by Gentelmen abroad. It is my Opinion that it is out of the Power of the united States to force those people to a compliance of a peace; and to have them Going on in the maner they Do it is not so well. To buy a peace will no Doubt cost a considerable Sum, but however notions of a Strong navy hath Given the preference to a purchase &c.\nI am Sencable that Your Excellencys have received maney letters from Gentelmen on my mission, and I think they wrote without consideration as in fact when they wrote they knowed nothing of the matter. A coppy hath been Sent to Your Excellency from algiers or rather forwarded from Madrid. The Gentelman whome wrote that letter knowd nothing of my business in Algiers and of Course Could not write the Truth. I find Some of the Sentances in his letter, speaking of my Business, is intirely false; it is necessary to have Sum order given on account of our people in Algiers. They were Stripped of their cloathing and had maney necessary Debts against them when I came to Algiers. Out of humanity, I paid for their Cloath and the rest of their obligation I paid, looking on them but Reasonable, and they amounted with what money I left to Upwards of Eight hundred heard Dollars, leaving Sum money with them; now they write me it is Allmost out and verey Soon they will be in a verey miserable Condition indeed.\nI am with Due Respect Your Excellency Most obedient Hmbl. Servt.,\nJohn Lamb", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0085", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Maupin, 20 July 1786\nFrom: Maupin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\na paris ce 20 juillet 1786.\nJe ne voudrois pas moins que faire le bien de toutes les nations, et quelque grande que soit cette entreprise, je n\u2019en desespere point a l\u2019egard des Etats unis de l\u2019Amerique, si, apr\u00e8s la lecture de mes differens ouvrages, Votre Excellence juge a propos de les faire passer a sa nation.\nJ\u2019ai deja eu l\u2019honneur d\u2019offrir a Votre Excellence tous les \u00e9claircissemens qui d\u00e9pendoient de moi, et je lui reitere les m\u00eames offres, non seulement par zele, mais encore par reconnoissance de la marque d\u2019estime qu\u2019elle a bien voulu m\u2019accorder, en faisant prendre les trois ouvrages que je lui avois annonc\u00e9s. J\u2019y en ai ajout\u00e9 un quatrieme, qui me paroit necessaire a tous les pays, mais qui l\u2019est encore bien plus particulierement a un pays nouveau, ou toutes les plantations de la vigne, a quelques unes pr\u00e8s peut etre, sont encore a faire.\nTous les proced\u00e9s ou moyens, que j\u2019ai propos\u00e9s dans ces ouvrages, sont faits, j\u2019ose le dire, Monsieur, pour produire partout les plus grands biens, mais pour cela, je ne le sais que trop, il est necessaire qu\u2019ils soient distingu\u00e9s, et que mes diff\u00e9rens projets obtiennent, dans tous les Gouvernemens, toute l\u2019attention et la faveur qu\u2019ils peuvent meriter.\nC\u2019est dans cette vue et cette esperance seule, Monsieur, que je me suis determin\u00e9 a notifier mes decouvertes a tous les Ministres etrangers, et en particulier a Votre Excellence par la premiere lettre que j\u2019ai eu l\u2019honneur de lui adresser avec les deux \u00e9crits qui y etoient joints.\nJ\u2019ai temoign\u00e9 dans cette lettre, Monsieur, que je desirois surtout que le Gouvernement d\u2019Amerique, en s\u2019aidant s\u2019il le juge a propos, des lumieres des autres, voulut bien aussi s\u2019aider principalement des siennes. J\u2019en ai donn\u00e9 plusieurs raisons; mais comme j\u2019attache a cette particularit\u00e9 ou pr\u00e9caution, une si grande importance que, sans elle, je regarde comme generalement impossibles les differens genres de biens que je voudrois procurer a tous les pays, j\u2019ai cru devoir en faire connoitre la necessit\u00e9 a Votre Excellence par le memoire imprim\u00e9 que j\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de lui adresser, et que je la suplie de faire passer sous les yeux de son Gouvernement.\nCet ecrit, quoique pol\u00e9mique, ou plutot parce qu\u2019il est pol\u00e9mique, contient sur mes differentes d\u00e9couvertes, des analyses et des details qui, a mon avis, peuvent en etre regard\u00e9s comme la demonstration.\nJ\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019etre avec un profond respect Monsieur Votre tres humble et tres obeissant serviteur,\nMaupin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0087", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Madame de Tott, 20 July [1786]\nFrom: Tott, Sophie Ernestine, MMe de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nA Ch\u00e2ville ce 20 Juillet. [1786]\nMad. de Tott a Re\u00e7u avec bien de La Reconnoissance Le Charmant petit Livre que Monsieur Jefferson a eu La bont\u00e9 de lui envoyer; elle n\u2019est pas encore en \u00e9t\u00e2t de L\u2019entendre, mais elle va Redoubler de z\u00e8le pour R\u00e9pondre aux soins Obligeants de Monsieur Jefferson. Elle Le Supplie d\u2019agr\u00e9er mille Compliments et ses Remerciments Les plus Sinc\u00e8res.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0088", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Bowdoin, 22 July 1786\nFrom: Bowdoin, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBoston July 22d. 1786.\nI had the pleasure of your Letter of the 8th. February, and thank your Excellency for the information contained in it.\nThe young Gentleman, who will do himself the honour of waiting upon you with this Letter, is Mr. Appleton, a Son of the Intendent of the United States loan office in this Town. He is in the mercantile line, and has conducted with reputation.\nThe Father, a very worthy character, expressing a desire that his Son might be introduced to you, I have the honour of writing by him for that purpose; and am with great esteem, Sir, Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obedient Humble Servant,\nJames Bowdoin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0089", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Francis Eppes, 22 July 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Eppes, Francis\nParis, 22 July 1786. \u201cYour letters of April 11th, and Mr. Lewis\u2019s of March 14th, come to hand the 29th of June. I perceive they were to  have come by Colonel Le Maire, but I hear nothing of his arrival. I had fondly flattered myself to receive my dear Polly with him, an idea which I cannot relinquish whatever be the difficulties.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0090", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to the Governor of Virginia, 22 July 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Governor of Virginia\nSir\nParis July 22. 1786\nAn opportunity offering at a moment\u2019s warning only to London, I have only time to inform your Excellency that we have shipped from Bourdeaux fifteen hundred stand of arms for the state of Virginia of which I now inclose the bill of lading. A somewhat larger number of cartouch boxes have been prepared here, are now packing, and will go to Havre immediately to be shipped thence. As soon as these are forwarded I will do myself the honour of sending you a state of the expenditures for these and other objects. The residue of the arms and accoutrements are in a good course of preparation. I have the honour to be with sentiments of the highest respect Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient and most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0091", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Abigail Adams, 23 July 1786\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon july 23. 1786\nMr. Trumble will have the honour of delivering this to you. The knowledge you have of him, and his own merit will ensure him a favourable reception. He has requested a Letter from me, and I would not refuse him, as it gives me an opportunity of paying my respects to a Gentleman for whom I entertain the highest esteem, and whose portrait dignifies a part of our room, tho it is but a poor substitute for those pleasures which we enjoy\u2019d some months past.\nWe console ourselves however by the reflection which tends to mollify our grief for our [depar]ted Friends; that they are gone to a better Country, an[d to a] Society more congenial to the benevolence of their minds.\nI Supposed Sir that Col. Smith was your constant correspondent, and that his attention, left me nothing to inform you of. This Country produced nothing agreeable and our own appears to be takeing a Nap, as several vessels have lately arrived without a scrip, from any creature. By one of the papers we learn that Col. Humphries was safely arrived.\nPerhaps neither of the Gentlemen may think to acquaint you, that the Lords of the admiralty have orderd home Captain Stanhopes Ship, and calld upon him for a justification of his conduct to Govenour Bowdoin, that having received what he offerd as such, they voted it not only unsatisfactory, but his conduct highly reprehensible. As such they have represented it to his Majesty, and Captain Stanhope will not be permitted to return to that Station again. Thus far we must give them credit.\nI suppose you must have heard the report respecting Col. Smith\u2014that he has taken my daughter from me, a contrivance between him and the Bishop of St. Asaph. It is true he tenderd me a son as an equivilent and it was no bad offer. But I had three Sons before, and but one daughter. Now I have been thinking of an exchange with you Sir. Suppose you give me Miss Jefferson, and in some [fu]ture day take a Son in lieu of her. I am for Strengthening [the] federal union.\nWill you be so good as to let petite apply to my shoe maker for 4 pr. of silke shoes for me. I would have them made with straps, 3 pr. of summer silke and one pr. blew sattin. Col. Trumble will deliver you a guiney for them. Whenever I can be of service to you here, pray do not hessitate to commission me. Be assured you confer a favour upon your Humble Servant,\nA Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0092", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Banister, Jr., 24 July 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Banister, John, Jr.\nSir\nParis July 24. 1786.\nI received yesterday your favor of the 16th. inst. I had expected you here every day for some time, which was the reason why I had not forwarded to you the inclosed letters which have been some days in my hands. I am sorry you are stopped on the road by ill health. With respect to the expediency of your return to America, no person can be so good a judge as yourself. Your  object in coming to Europe was the reestablishment of your health. You best know in what degree this has taken place. Judging from your letters I am afraid it is not mended in any great degree. If it be merely as it was, you will judge of the preponderance of the other arguments for and against your remaining in Europe. I think you were better while in England. Perhaps the climate of that country was friendly to your health, or, which is more probable, perhaps the physicians of that country, the best in the world, could be of service to you. Might it be better therefore for you to pass some time there before you return ultimately to your own country? In the mean while you could take the advice of your father on the subject. On these things it would be presumption in me to offer advice. No body can judge so well as yourself, to whom all the circumstances are known on which a decision depends. If I can be useful in any plan which you may adopt, command me with freedom, being with much sincerity Dear Sir your friend & servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0093", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Boyetet, 24 July 1786\nFrom: Boyetet, Edouard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nRue nre Dame des Victoires N. 12. A Paris Le 24 Juillet 1786.\nJe ne Puis Refuser aux Sollicitations d\u2019une maison honnete de St. Quentin, les d\u00e9marches n\u00e9c\u00e9ssaires pour lui faire obtenir Justice, et Je les dirige avec d\u2019autant plus de confiance vers vous Monsieur, que Je Suis persuad\u00e9 que vous Sentir\u00e9s qu\u2019un des premiers moyens d\u2019etablir entre les deux nations les liaisons de commerce dont leurs int\u00e9r\u00e9ts Respectifs les rendent Susceptibles, comme on S\u2019en occupe, c\u2019est d\u2019assurer la plus grande \u00e9xactitude et ponctualit\u00e9 dans les engagemens Reciproques.\nJ\u2019ai L\u2019honneur de vous remettre cy Joint, Monsieur, La note que cette maison m\u2019a fourni. Mr. Le duc de la Vauguyon, par \u00e9gard et consideration pour le Congr\u00e9s, a fait Suspendre les d\u00e9marches qu\u2019elle avoit fait faire a Madrid, pour obliger Mr. Barclai, Son d\u00e9biteur a payer, mais ce n\u2019a et\u00e9 que dans la Confiance que la lettre de Change qu\u2019elle tireroit sur Mr. Champion, correspondant de Mr. Barclai a L\u2019orient, Seroit pay\u00e9e comme il l\u2019avoit offert. Cette Traite a et\u00e9 protest\u00e9e et la promesse est Rest\u00e9e sans \u00e9ffet. Il est facheux qu\u2019un homme, qui a la Confiance du Congr\u00e9s,  donne lieu a des plaintes de Cette nature, mais il le Seroit encore plus pour Cette maison, que l\u2019employ dont il est Revetu put le Soustraire au payement de ses engagemens, ou au moins lui fournir les moyens de l\u2019eluder.\nCest de Rechef avec la plus grande confiance que J\u2019ai L\u2019honneur de Vous adresser les representations de cette maison, et que Je me Flate que Vous Voudr\u00e9s bien lui procurer la Justice qu\u2019elle demande.\nJe Suis avec Respect Monsieur Votre tr\u00e9s humble et tr\u00e9s obeissant Serviteur,\nBoyetet\nCommissre. genl. du Commerce", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0094", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Andr\u00e9 Limozin, 24 July 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Limozin, Andr\u00e9\nSir\nParis July 24. 1786.\nI have taken the liberty to desire the Sieur de Presolle to send to your address some packages of cartouch boxes for the state of Virginia. I will beg the favor of you to receive and forward them by some vessel going into James river. Your draft on me for charges shall be paid on sight. I have the honor to be with much respect Sir your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0095", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Dumoulin de Seille & Son, 24 July 1786\nFrom: Dumoulin de Seille & Son\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nat Royan in the Saintonge 24. July 1786.\nWe have the honour to present you our most humble Respects, and Beseech you to take in Consideration that we take the Liberty to Inform you.\nBeing Corespondents of the Consuls of different foreign nations which trade in the harbours of Bordeaux, Rochefort, and other Neighbouring Places Exporting of it the Provisions and Marchandises fit for their Maintenance, and our advantageous Situation to the Intrance of the garonne Ablening us to give our Cares and helps to foreign and National vessels, as also to their Captains which Dwell there, we should think to fail to the Respect owing to the united states which you represent, if we Did not request the honour to offer you our services for the Same Subject, and understanding that there are not any traders in these provinces who are Instituted By your Power, to Interest themselves in the Behalf of the People of your Nation in the Circunstances which Concern trade to the Difficultys to which one might be Exposed, and particularly those of Shipwrecke and running a ground.\nTo these Causes, we ask you to grant us the post of vice Agent or Consul in this Place if you find us worthy of it, which we shall fulfil with all the Zeal and Exactitude that your trust Can require, if our offers don\u2019t appear Indiscreet to you, and Agree to the Welfare which may Insue for the Nation, we Beseech you to honour us with a satisfactory Answer.\nWe have the honour to be with the ustmost respect Sir your Excellency\u2019s most humble and Respectful Servants,\nDumoulin De Seille father and son\nVice Consul of the Denmarck Norwege and Islande", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0096", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Stockdale, 24 July 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Stockdale, John\nSir\nParis July 24. 1786.\nI must beg the favor of you to send me the books underwritten. There is a stage coach established between London and Paris, which comes once a week. I do not know from what house in London it comes, but you will readily learn on enquiry. They not only bring passengers but take in small packages also. This I think will be the best means of conveyance. I pray you therefore to avail me of it, and am Sir your very humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson\nHomeri Ilias. Greek. 2. vols. folio. The edition of Foulis, Glasgow.\nHomeri Odyssea, Greek. 2. vols. folio. The edition of Foulis, Glasgow\nSchrevelii lexicon. A new edition in large octavo, containing besides the Greek and latin part, a part in Latin and Greek, and another with the Greek roots.\nMc.Intosh and Capper\u2019s voiages. The smallest edition.\nAndrews\u2019 history of the late war. The numbers after 24. I have 24 nos. complete.\nAndrews\u2019 history of the war. Another copy complete.\nSoule\u2019s histoire des troubles de l\u2019Amerique. I have the two first volumes; if any more be come out, I shall be glad to receive them; or whenever they do come out.\nBell\u2019s Shakespeare. The nos. since 25. I have 25. numbers. On fine paper.\nMonthly and Critical reviews since those I have received.\nJeffery\u2019s historical chart.\nPriestly\u2019s biographical chart, with 2. of the pamphlets, the one I received with mine wanting several leaves.\nEvans\u2019s map of the middle colonies.\nSend the above books unbound, all of them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0097", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Eliza House Trist, 24 July 1786\nFrom: Trist, Eliza House\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nPhiladelphia July 24th 1786\nI cannot review the time that has elapsed since the receipt of your obliging and kind favor by Messrs. Fitzhughs without feeling a mortification at the negligence and ingratitude which the delay seems to accuse me. Shortly after it came to hand I was prevailed on by my friend Mrs. Simms of Alexandria to accompany her return from a visit to her friends in this quarter. This trip with my indisposition which of late has had few intermissions and being ignorant of private oppertunities which I wou\u2019d have preferd to writing by post are the pleas by which I must defend my self. If the real sentiment of my heart cou\u2019d be disclosed I shou\u2019d not fear an acquittal. It has never accused me of insensibility to the favors and friendship which I have experienced and if I had less of this Virtue I cou\u2019d not be particularly impress\u2019d with the marks of kind attention which your goodness has condescended to bestow on me. Surrounded by multitudes and immersed in business, the favor has a peculiar title to my gratitude. \u201cThe ways of Heaven are dark and intricate puzzled in mazes and perplex\u2019d with  errors.\u201d I fancy your situation will verify [terrestially?] the poets observation. I wish for your own sake as well as that of your friends that you had compleated your embassy. I fear we shall be too long deprived of your society. My inclination is good if I dared to take the liberty to advise you to make your stay in that country as short as possible. There is a great difference betwixt a servant and a Slave, tho the public dont seem to be allways sensible of the distinction. I am happy to find your sentiments of your own country unchanged. We have great reason to be satisfied with what nature has done for us, and if we knew the value of the blessings we have within our reach, we shou\u2019d be a happy people. We hourly experience the bad effects of refinement, which a connection with foreign countries has been the means of introducing among us. We have accumulated our wants and lessen\u2019d the means of satisfying them, in fact we are very poor and very proud. But thank God the industrious will allways find a support by seeking it in the bosom of the earth which offers its treasures to every hand that will dig for them. I have but lately return\u2019d from my trip to Alexandria. I had not the satisfaction of seeing any of my Virginia friends except Mr. Mercer. I wish\u2019d very much to have seen your little daughter but the distance was so great I cou\u2019d not make it practacable to get there. I am told she has a great aversion to going to france, which I suppose will prevent her friends from gratifying your desire with respect to a reunion with her in Europe. My health was much benefited by my jaunt as well as my spirits which have been more depress\u2019d since my return to my native country owing in a great measure to want of active employment. It is well for us that our necessities oblige us to exert our selves. I have found occupation to be a most salutary restoritive to a diseased mind but I have too little resolution to force my mind to do what my inclination is repugnant to. I very sensibly feel my obligation to you for your kind attention to the interest of my son more particularly as you must be so much engaged in matters which wou\u2019d exclude such objects from less generous and benevolent minds and I speak the literal truth when I say this very unexpected mark of your friendship has seldom been in my thoughts without tears of gratitude being at the same time in my eyes. I fear Browses relations live at too great a distance from London for you to have executed your kind intention towards us, but as chance may perhaps some time or other afford you an opportunity of being serviceable to us, I will mention to you that Hore Browse Trist, Uncle to my Son and whom he was named after, resides  at his Seat about a mile from Totnes Devonshire. Almost all of his other relations live in that country. There is a distant relation, Richd. Trist, in London. My Husband while in that city made his house his home. He then lived in Arundel street Strand. If you shou\u2019d ever visit England again and cou\u2019d meet with Richd. Trist he wou\u2019d be able to inform you more particularly of Browses relations. I have heard Mr. Trist mention an Uncle he had by the name of Earl who lived about twenty miles out of London. His Estate is in St. Kitts. I have little expectation of ever receiveing any favors of the family. The death of my Husband they probably may think has dissolved the connection with me but my Son has a better claim to their notis. I flatter my self he never will discredit his family. I have received several letters from Mr. Trists Sister Mrs. Champernowne, both before and since his death which are as friendly and affectionate as I cou\u2019d expect. She tells me that what she writes is the sentiments of the whole family. I can not expect them to feel as much interested in my welfare as if I had been personally acquainted with them. They very likely never heard my name mention\u2019d except by their Brother. The part of the country they live in has very little intercourse with this place and few or none of my friends have ever been in their company. From Mrs. Champernowne I learn that the Mother of Mr. Trist who died in the year 84 left by will \u00a31000 in trust, the interest during his life to be drawn by him for the education of his children and the whole after his death to be divided among his children. I have not yet had a copy of the gift and am at a loss as to the most proper steps to be taken by me as Guardian of my Son for obtaining it and applying it to his benefit. Indeed the information I have received of the matter is very imperfect. Shou\u2019d it happen in your way to learn any thing concerning it so that you cou\u2019d advise me on the occasion I need not repeat how gratefull I shou\u2019d be for the favor. As Mr. Trists Brothers are without male children it is possible Browse may take of further donations as they happen to die, if not succeed as heir. Hore Browse Trist is the Eldest of them. He is at present in possession of an estate of 3000 pr. An. As far as I can learn 1000 of that income came by the Mother but a certain sum of it to be apropriated to the portioning the younger children. I can not tell wether it is intail\u2019d but the estate by the Father is intail\u2019d on the Male heir. The present possessor H.B.T. never was married, is pretty far advanced in years and exceedingly emaciated with chronic deseases. The second son Browse Trist is a Clergyman, has been married several years and has three  daughters. Nicholas Trist my late Husband is the next. James who was the youngest died in 82 by a fall from his Horse after having been Rector of Torbryan 2 Weeks, a living supposed to be worth 1500 pr. An. in the Gift of the elder Brother. He inherits it from an Uncle by the name of Nicholas Trist who died in 82 intestate after the death of James Browse who was Rector of Woodleigh, was presented by his Brother to the living of Torbryan. There are 3 sisters. Mrs. Champernowne is a Widdow with one child, a daughter. Maud is married to a Gentleman of the law by the name of Taylor, the other to a Mr. Hilby. All I believe live in Totnes. There is an old Lady widdow to a counsellor by the name of Taylor. She is a sister to old Mr. Trist, is very rich, and the family have great expectations from her. I am quite at a loss about any matter in that country. Mr. Trist in his Will does not make any mention of property in England but desires all he possesses may be divided between his Wife and child. But the commandant who is a frenchman agreeable to the laws of that country seems to have confined his will to the property on the Mississippi annexing an inventory, so that with respect to his property in England if he had any he died intestate. I fear I have trespassed on your patience by the repetition of what can not amuse you. I wish I had it in my power to afford you entertainment but I am quite out of the way of hearing or knowing any thing worthy to be noted. Deaths and marriages are frequent enough but not among the Great. Mr. Willson the lawyer lost his Lady about 3 months ago in a consumtion, a loss indeed for she was an amiable Woman and has left a family of small children. I hear Mr. Randolph the Attorney has lately lost a child God son to our friend Madison who is now with us. He intends shortly for N. York. He no doubt will write you from there and will be better able to inform you what the great ones are doing than I can. Every now and then we hear of an Honble. Gentleman geting a wife or else we shou\u2019d not know there existed such a Body as Congress. I suppose you have had official accounts of the marriages that have taken place among the members of that August Body. My Brother Sam has lately bowed at the altar of Hyman with a young lady by the name of Conroe. Their marriage was rather or quite Clandestine for it was not known by any of the family for 2 Weeks. I dont know their motives for keeping it a secret. Her family had no objection to the connection and ours cou\u2019d have none. I think it wou\u2019d have been more prudent to have postponed the matter a little longer. Business at this time is very dull. My Mother has been in the country some  time. Browse is well and improves in his learning equal to my most sanguine wishes. If his Masters dont flatter at present he is reading Ovid and Ceasar. I put him the last Winter to learn french at nights but it was more than he cou\u2019d attend to. I was afraid to crowd his memory with more than it can bear; at the same time I am anxious that he shou\u2019d not lose any time. I am ignorant what wou\u2019d be the best plan for me to persue and those who I advise with differ so much in opinion that I am quite embarras\u2019d for fear of doing too much. I perhaps err on the opisite side.\u2014I had thrown my pen aside with an intent to have copied and of course curtail\u2019d this tedious epistle. But Mr. Madison has just inform\u2019d me that he sets out for N. York to morrow Morning. As I dont wish to lose the oppertunity as he has promised to forward it I send it defective as it is accompanied with the best wishes of our whole family for your health and happiness. And believe me to be with unfeigned regard & respect Your much Obliged friend,\nEliza Trist\nI forgot to mention the Death of General Green in the state of Georgia. His Death was sudden, occasioned by a Stroke of the Sun.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0099", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Ledyard, 27 July 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ledyard, John\nSir\nParis July 27. 1786.\nThe Baron de Grimm spoke to me on Sunday last on the subject of your affairs. He said you had desired him to transact with you thro\u2019 me, to which he should have had no objection, but that he had informed the Empress from the beginning that it was with the M. de la fayette he was negotiating the matter and that therefore he should not be justified in treating it with any other person. On the receipt of your letter this morning, knowing that the Marquis  would leave town tomorrow for two months, I instantly wrote to him to let him know nothing would be done with any other person during his absence, and prayed him to see Baron Grimm before he left town as well to get for you a present supply as to know explicitly whether you are to look for a continuance of it. As soon as I receive his reply I will send it to you. I am sorry it is not in my power to send you your book. Very soon after I received it from you I lent it to Madame de la fayette, who has been obliged to lend it from hand to hand and has never returned it. I am Sir your very humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0100", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from St. Lambert, 27 July [1786]\nFrom: St. Lambert, Jean Fran\u00e7ois, Marquis de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\neaubonne 27 juillet [1786]\nUn petit voiage que j\u2019ai fait, monsieur, a retard\u00e9 Le plaisir que j\u2019ai eu de recevoir Votre Lettre et ma r\u00e9ponse. Je crois que Votre r\u00e9publique vient de rendre un des plus grands services qu\u2019on puisse rendre \u00e0 L\u2019humanit\u00e9; c\u2019est aux peuples qui commencent \u00e0 etablir La raison; elle trouve trop de prejug\u00e9s \u00e9tablis ch\u00e9s Les peuples anciens, ce n\u2019est que le Tems, Le progr\u00e8s Des lumieres, et L\u2019exemple qui peuvent y ramener peu \u00e0 peu Le regne de Cette malheureuse raison; Vos republiques nous instruisent, monsieur, et Vos institutions feront peut\u00eatre un jour ch\u00e9s nous ce que Les philosophes anglois et Les notres n\u2019ont fait que nous faire esperer.\nIl seroit tr\u00e9s utile que L\u2019acte de Votre assembl\u00e9e fut imprim\u00e9 en europe Dans toutes Les langues, ce seroit aux papiers publics \u00e0 le r\u00e9pandre, mais il ne faut pas Le confier aux n\u00f4tres, ils Le tronqueroient, ils L\u2019altereroient, ou ne L\u2019imprimeroient pas. Le courier de L\u2019europe et la gazette de Leide, celle des deux ponts pourroient rendre ce service.\nDeux choses surtout m\u2019ont plu beaucoup dans cet acte, 1\u00b0 Le mot de Libert\u00e9 religieuse au Lieu de le mot de Tol\u00e9rance qui me deplait infiniment, car pour avoir Le droit de Tolerer il faut avoir celui d\u2019empecher. 2\u00b0 C\u2019est de dispenser tous Les citoiens de donner de L\u2019argent au ministre choisi par d\u2019autres. Ce moien est excellent  pour empecher \u00e0 jamais Le clerg\u00e9 d\u2019etre un corps et un corps redoutable, il aura peu de tete et peu d\u2019argent.\nMde. d\u2019houdetot est tr\u00e9s sensible \u00e0 Votre souvenir, recev\u00e9s mes remerciemens et L\u2019assurance de La veneration que Vous m\u2019inspir\u00e9s.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0101", "content": "Title: [From Thomas Jefferson to John Stockdale, 27 July 1786]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Stockdale, John\n[Paris, 27 July 1786. An entry in SJL under this date reads: \u201cStockdale. 2d copy Mc.Intosh\u2019s travels for M. fayette.\u201d Not found. See TJ to Stockdale 24 July 1786.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0102", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Boyetet, 28 July 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Boyetet, Edouard\nSir\nParis July 28. 1786.\nI have been honored with your letter of the 24th. inst. asking my interference on behalf of the house of les Srs. Veuve Samuel Joly l\u2019ain\u00e9 et fils of St. Quentin, on account of a bill of exchange drawn in their favor by Mr. Barclay the American consul for France on M. Champion. The desire of doing what would be agreeable to you, as well as what would be just would have engaged me to have concurred in lessening the disappointment of that house, had it been in my power. But I must observe to you that Mr. Barclay, as Consul general of the United states, is in no wise dependant on me, nor subject to my controul in any thing relative to his office, and moreover that this transaction is not relative to his office, but is altogether of a private nature. I cannot presume to conjecture what may be the cause of this disappointment; whether Mr. Barclay has objections to the bill, whether the application for it was at a time and place when he could not pay it, or whether his correspondent has wrongfully refused to answer his draught. But from the worth of Mr. Barclay, with which I am well acquainted, and which has recommended him to the very high esteem of Congress, I am persuaded that there is no need to apply to any person but himself to obtain the paiment, if it be just, and a compensation for any delay which may have been injurious. I  shall be happy to find an occasion wherein I may more effectually execute your wishes and testify the", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0103", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Stephen Cathalan, Jr., 28 July 1786\nFrom: Cathalan, Stephen, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nMarseilles the 28th. July 1786\nI have received in due time the two Letters you favoured me with, the 31th. May and 22 June Past, inclosing a Copy of the resolution made by the Farmers General on the Subject of Tobacco and a copy of the treaty between them and Mr. Morris for a large quantity of that commodity.\nI have communicated those Pieces to the Marchants interested in the American trade and to the Person appointed here by the Farmers for the Purchase of Tobacco, who had no advice of that late regulation, which is now public being printed in our Journal de Provence; I have observed to that Gentleman that this regulation being made on account of the treaty with M. Morris which is only for the Northern Ports of France, is not for Marseilles or Cette [S\u00e8te], where is a Large Manufacture, and that those Ports being placed high up in the Mediterranean, the American Vessels cannot venture in that Sea without running the risk of being taken by Barbarian Pirates, and in Sending here tobacco in French or neutral vessels, the Freight and charges are dearer a third more than shipping that article for the northern Ports of France, the voyage being great dill longer.\nI have also advised my american Friend and having Advice of a Parcel of 200 Blls. of Flour and only 20 hogsh. Duty of Tobacco for experiment which I daily expect to my adress, I have resolved to writte by this Post to the Farmers general a Letter on that Subject, of which you will find here inclosed a Copy, and if you approve it\u2019s contents, I will be much obliged to you to protect it with your credit.\nYou will see that I go in with you for the benefit of that article, and in all occasions, when it has been in my Power, I have acted as much as I could, and have wished for the wellfare and prosperity of the united states of america.\nI have the honor to be with respect Sir Your most obedt. humble Servant, Per Procuration of my Father,\nStephen Cathalan Junr.\nThis Letter will be deliver\u2019d to you by Sir John Lambert, as your direction at Paris is not in your Letters.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0104", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Paradise, 28 July 1786\nFrom: Paradise, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon July 28. 1786.\nYour very obliging letter gave me inexpressible satisfaction; as it afforded me convincing proofs of my holding that rank in your friendship, which it has ever been my ardent wish to enjoy. I entirely concur with your Excellency and with the inestimable Doctor Bancroft in opinion, that a trip to Paris would be productive of many good consequences. I thought so when the Doctor was in England, and mentioned it to Mrs. Paradise, more than once. But alas! my dear Sir, this trip, trifling as the expence may be with which it will be attended, I am at present totally unable to take, being, to speak the plain truth of the matter, literally \u1f00\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2. There are indeed friends, and not few, who would willingly and cheerfully assist me; but a very worthy Gentleman, with whom I have lived in habits of the strictest intimacy for these twenty years and upwards, has some time ago in a manner forced upon me the loan of one hundred and fifty pounds, which it has not yet been in my power to reimburse; and the thoughts of my being dependant upon him, though he has never given me the slightest cause to feel the dependance, are so exquisitely tormenting to me, that for the future I am determined (and Heaven and Earth will bear me witness, that what I am going to say comes from my very heart) sooner to starve and become an \u03ad\u03bb\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd K\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u039f\u1f30\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c3\u03af \u03c4\u03b5 \u03a0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9, than apply to a friend, be he ever so dear to me, for pecuniary assistance. I have, however, at last received two letters from my Steward, one dated the 22d. of April, the other the 26th. of the same month, in both of which he informs  me that he has shipped on board a Vessel called the George and commanded by Captain Walter Wallace, forty four hogsheads of tobacco; that he would be able to send fifteen or twenty hogsheads more by the first good ship that should sail after the George; and that the George was to sail the 1st. of June. As soon then as this blessed George arrives, and no words can express with what anxiety we expect it, I shall be able to raise some supplies from my merchant, and then will set off for Paris without delay; for I really long to have one more interview with your Excellency before I leave Europe, as it is on you and you alone that all my hopes depend. Doctor Burney, who was with me a few days ago, desired me to acquaint you, that in consequence of the letter with which he has been honoured by you he went to Kirkman\u2019s to enquire what state the double harpsicord was in, which he had bespoken for you; and though he found it on the stocks, he was informed that it would be near a fortnight before it could be played on in the way of trial. This being the case the Doctor will postpone his answer to your Excellency\u2019s letter till it is finished, and ready for Mr. Walker\u2019s Machinery, with whom he will have a conference previous to the instruments being placed in his hands; the result of which shall be communicated to you, as well as the Doctor\u2019s opinion of the comparative excellence of French and English organs. He went out of Town the day after I had the pleasure of seeing him, for about a fortnight, and begged that these particulars may be communicated to you as a preface to the letter which he shall write at his return. My Wife and daughters join with me in every good wish to you and your amiable family. I beg to be remembered with the sincerest affection to Doctor Bancroft, and have the honour to be with the greatest respect Dear Sir your most obliged humble Servt.,\nJohn Paradise", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0105", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Charles Thomson, 30 July 1786\nFrom: Thomson, Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nNew york July 30. 1786.\nI have received your letter of the 10 of May and am happy in the opportunity of being serviceable to you or any of your friends. I shall with pleasure honor the draughts of Mr. Watson or Mr.  Eveleigh and take care of and forward the seeds and plants as you desire. While on this subject I shall beg leave to mention a circumstance I have heard touching the introducing the native plants of one country into another. The late Duke of Argyle being fond of gardening and desirous of having some of the indigenous plants of America engaged a captain of a vessel on whom he had conferred some favours, to go, on his arrival in America, into the woods and after raking off the leaves to scrape or pare off about a quarter of an inch deep of the surface of the earth, put it into hogsheads and bring it to him. When it arrived he had a bed prepared in his garden and spread the American earth over it to the same depth it was pared off from the native soil. The consequence was, as I have been informed, that there came up next year a number of plants, many of which were quite new in that country, and undescribed by any botannical writer.\nOn the 8th. of this Month I acknowledged the receipt of your favour of the 22d. of April and troubled you with an account of a singular phenomenon that appeared in our sky on the night of the 1st. at the same time with a Northern light. I wrote also to you on the 6th. of April and acknowledged the receipt of yours of the 8 Oct. I hope my letters have got safe to hand. With the greatest esteem and affection I am Dr. Sir your sincere Friend & Servt.,\nChas. Thomson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0107", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Carmichael, 31 July 1786\nFrom: Carmichael, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMadrid 31 July 1786\nSince I had the honor of conveying to you the communications made to me by the Ct. de Florida Blanca respecting the Mission of Mr. Barclay in Morrocco I have received the inclosed Letter for your Excellency from that Gentleman, the contents of which are known to me. I do not know what Congress may decide with regard to the other Barbary states, But I am persuaded that in our actual circumstances negotiation will cost us less than Armaments, altho\u2019 I desire to see the commencement of a Military marine. I have hinted that it might be possible to draw in the Italian Powers in case that hostile measures should be adopted by the States, to contribute in some measure to defray the immense expence that these Armaments must occasion. I beg leave to recommend to your Excellencys Consideration this circumstance. I flatter myself that I have acquired the Confidence of the Corps Diplomatic from Italy to this Court and I think, or I should not mention to you, that I may be of some use to inspire sentiments and to sketch the outlines of projects advantageous to our Interests, should Congress decide to arm instead of negotiating, or should that Body conclude it best to negociate fortiter in re sauviter in modo. The Court of Spain has conducted itself so generously in \n our Affair with the Emperor of Morrocco, I have so many reasons to be assured of the King and Minister\u2019s desire to serve us in promoting our accommodation with the other Barbary powers, That If my advice could have the Least weight, I should counsel our Ministers to sollicit the good offices of his C. M. to further the views of the States on this head. I will stake my reputation on the best endeavours of Spain and forfeit all confidence if the Ct. de Florida Blanca doth not act as effecaciously as circumstances will permit him to effect what he hath already promised me. You Sir ought to know our present Situation, particularly with G.B. I have just learned positively what I suspected long ago that the British Ministry would accomodate their Disputes with respect to the Mosquito shore with Spain. This has been done to the Satisfaction of this Court. Campo at London has the merit of this sort of convention, Tho\u2019 the Minister of G.B. here has had the whole trouble. I have not seen the articles of this arrangement, but I know that the British are to evacuate the Mosquito shore and that they think themselves recompensed by cessions more extensive in another quarter. [I had almost determined not to write you on foreign politics. But when I reflect that you represent my country and that all positive information that you may receive with respect to what occupies the Attention of a great part of Europe cannot be displeasing to you but the Contrary, I cannot refrain from observing that] the Accommodation between this Court and that of Naples as proposed by France, will not be accepted. At the same time permit me to ask you in what State our Treaty is with Naples. I have a sure channel to convey such Insinuations as may be thought proper to the Persons who have the influence most important there. Mr. Lamb\u2019s bad State of health, it seems, doth not permit his speedy return to America. There is little appearance that either Naples or Portugal will make their peace with the Regency. Our Treaty meets with Obstacles much greater than you apprehended with Portugal. Permit me to tell you that there is a great probability that the Ambassador of that Nation here will be appointed first Minister, that the Chevalier Pinto is of another party, [that This Ambassador has offered in case Congress sent a Minister to Portugal, to engage the Queen to insinuate that it would please her to have me nominated and this he constantly repeats to me. For which I can give you no other reason than that I am on the best footing with a Lady who has the care of the Infanta Carlotta daughter of the Prince of Asturias now established in portugal.] The Ct. de F. B. has been indisposed for some time. This is a  public Misfortune but still more to me personally. Mr. Barclay mentions to me that the English are in disgrace in Morrocco. If your powers from Congress are so extensive as to admit Mr. Barclays negotiating in Barbary, If even you can conjointly with Mr. Adams take upon you what certainly I would do [unknown and unprotected as I am] to consult the Public Interest without orders, You will Allow that gentleman to make overtures, in order to prevent hostilities and at least to give time to Congress to adopt such measures as they may Juddge proper. Be assured that all that I can do to second the operations of a man proper to be employed as he is, I shall do chearfully. [I have no late news from America and shall be Obliged to you for all information that you may have received from thence. Altho I have not the honor to be personally known to you, I beg your Excellency to be perswaded that I have no other Ambition than to be esteemed by those whom the Suffrages of their Country and their own merit have entitled to universal esteem. My only cause of discontent is that I have preferred the respectability of my representation and what I thought the honor of my country in a crisis, where that representation was necessary, to my personal interests. But I have more than enough to leave this country without exposing myself either personally or in a public character. Of this I wish Messrs. Grand to be persuaded. They are the first persons who ever protested a bill of Exchange drawn by me a public Servant of Congress, and they ought to remember that perhaps I was the first Person that was the means of procuring them commissions which raised their house from its former Obscurity. Mr. George Grand also ought to remember that in Consideration of my Attachment to his family and from respect to the Advice of a friend whom I venerate I did not expose him for having dared to break the Seal of Letters addressed to me from a charg\u00e8 des affairs of America. I have all the proofs that I could wish on this Subject. Hitherto I have treated with lenity a person to whom I never gave any provocation Because I respected his friends and connections. I am sorry to trouble you with similar details, but I feel and I speak too often after my feelings and never more than when I have the honor to Assure you of the great regard and Esteem of Dr. Sir Your Excellencys Obliged & Humble Servt.,\nWm. Carmichael]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0108", "content": "Title: Thomas Barclay to the American Commissioners, July 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: American Commissioners\nGentlemen\nMogadore July 1786\nI wrote you from Morocco under date of the 16th. As I do not know when that Letter is likely to reach you, I trouble you now with a Copy of it, and as I shall set out in a few days for Tangiers, I defer until my arrival in Europe being particular. I am Gentlemen, Your most obedt. humble servt.,\nThos Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0110", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Abb\u00e9 Morellet, [1 August 1786]\nFrom: Morellet, Abb\u00e9\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nmardi. [1 Aug. 1786]\nMr. Mazzei m\u2019a demand\u00e9 de renvoyer \u00e0 Monsieur jefferson une correction qu\u2019il a faite dans certains calculs de son ouvrage. Voicy les feuilles que j\u2019ai rec\u00fces et dont j\u2019ai profit\u00e9 pour corriger la traduction.\nJ\u2019espere que monsieur jefferson veut bien s\u2019occupper de finir la carte. Je prens la libert\u00e9 de lui faire observer qu\u2019il est essentiel que le graveur ait fini sa besogne au moins vers le commencement ou le milieu d\u2019octobre afin qu\u2019on ait le tems d\u2019envoyer la planche \u00e0 paris et d\u2019en tirer le nombre d\u2019exemplaires necessaires pour accompagner le livre c\u2019est \u00e0 dire 1500. On ne peut pas mettre l\u2019ouvrage en vente plus tard que la fin de novembre. Il n\u2019est pas possible que le livre se passe de la carte. D\u2019apr\u00e8s cela je prie Monsieur jefferson de faire son arrangement avec le graveur de maniere qu\u2019on lui renvoye la planche aussi t\u00f4t qu\u2019elle sera grav\u00e9e. Il n\u2019est pas moins important d\u2019empecher qu\u2019on ne tire des epreuves de la carte en angletterre car si l\u2019on renvoyoit la planche us\u00e9e les cartes ni le livre ne se vendroient plus icy que tr\u00e8s difficilement. Je sal\u00fce tr\u00e8s respectueusement Monsieur jefferson en le remerciant de la jolie carte enlumin\u00e9e qu\u2019il m\u2019a envoy\u00e9e.\nL\u2019 A. Morellet", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0112", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 1 August 1786\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMount Vernon Augt. 1st. 1786.\nThe letters you did me the favor to write to me on the 4th. and 7th. of Jany. have been duly received.\nIn answer to your obliging enquiries respecting the dress, attitude &c. which I would wish to have given to the Statue in question, I have only to observe that not having a sufficient knowledge in the art of sculpture to oppose my judgment to the taste of Connoisseiurs, I do not desire to dictate in the matter; on the contrary I shall be perfectly satisfied with whatever may be judged decent and proper. I should even scarcely have ventured to suggest that perhaps a servile adherence to the garb of antiquity might not be altogether so expedient as some little deviation in favor of the modern custom, if I had not learnt from Colo. Humphreys that this was a circumstance hinted in conversation by Mr. West to Houdon. This taste, which has been introduced in painting by West, I understand is received with applause and prevails extensively.\nI have taken some pains to enquire into the facts respecting the medals of the Cincinnati, which Majr. L\u2019Enfant purchased in France. It seems that when he went to Europe in 1783 he had money put into his hands to purchase a certain number, and that conceiving it to be consonant with the intentions of the Society, he purchased to a still greater amount\u2014insomuch that a Committee of the General Meeting, upon examining his Account reported a balance due to him of Six hundred and thirty dollars which report was accepted. This money is still due, and is all that is due from the Society of the Cincinnati as a Society. General Knox has offered to pay the amount to Majr. L\u2019Enfant, but as it has become a matter of some public discussion, the latter wished it might remain until the next General Meeting, which will be in May next.\u2014In the meantime Genl. Knox (who is Secretary General) has, or will  write fully on the Subject to the Marquis de la Fayette, from whom he has had a letter respecting the business.\nWe have no news of importance and if we had, I should hardly be in the way of learning it; as I divide my time between the superintendance of opening the navigations of our rivers and attention to my private concerns.\u2014Indeed I am too much secluded from the world to know with certainty, what sensation the refusal of the British to deliver up the Western posts, has made on the public mind.\u2014I fear the edge of its sensibility is somewhat blunted.\u2014F\u0153deral measures are not yet universally adopted. New York, which was as well disposed a State as any in the Union is said to have become in a degree antif\u0153deral. Some other States are, in my opinion, falling into very foolish and wicked plans of emitting paper money.\u2014I cannot however give up my hopes and expectations that we shall\u2019ere long adopt a more liberal system of policy. What circumstances will lead, or what misfortunes will compel us to it, is more than can be told without the spirit of prophecy.\nIn the meantime the people are industrious, \u0153conomy begins to prevail, and our internal governments are, in general, tolerably well administered.\nYou will probably have heard of the death of Genl. Greene before this reaches you, in which case you will, in common with your Countrymen, have regretted the loss of so great and so honest a man. Genl. McDougall, who was a brave soldier and a disinterested patriot, is also dead. He belonged to the Legislature of his State, the last act of his life, was (after being carried on purpose to the Senate) to give his voice against the emission of a paper currency. Colo. Tilghman, who was formerly of my family, died lately and left as fair a reputation as ever belonged to a human character.\u2014Thus some of the pillars of the revolution fall. Others are mouldering by insensible degrees. May our Country never want props to support the glorious fabrick!\nWith sentiments of the highest esteem and regard, I have the honor to be Dear Sir Yr. Most Obed. & very Hble. Serv.,\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0114", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lafayette, 2 August [1786]\nFrom: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy Dear Sir\nMalesHerbes August the 2d [1786]\nI Have spoken with Baron de Grimm who, it Seems, Has No Notion to Continue the Monthly 25 guineas, and says He Has taken no other Engagement But to advance that sum once\u2014for you must know, Between You and me that the 25 guineas exceeding this Sum Have Been delivered under his Name on my Account, which of course the Empress will Reimburse if She Accepts of the proposal. In the mean while Baron de Grimm advises our friend Ledyard not to Throw a way Any other opportunity that might offer.\nInclosed is a letter from Mr. Littlepage, and also a small Bill of exchange which Mr. Grand will Be more able than you or me to Have paid and forwarded to Mr. Livingston the one for whom I sent You a Letter. At the same time that I would be very sorry to meddle in an affair of that Nature, I would think myself very much to Blame, Was I to throw away dispatches and Monney sent to me to be forwarded, the more so as I don\u2019t know if they Contain Any thing Relative to that dispute. Adieu, Your sincere friend,\nLafayette", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0115", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Andr\u00e9 Limozin, 2 August 1786\nFrom: Limozin, Andr\u00e9\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMost Honored Sir\nHavre de Grace 2nd August 1786\nI have duely received the two Letters your Excellency hath honored me with; the 7 Packages for the Virginias States are in my Stores, but I have not heard a Single word from Messrs. Robt.  and Anthy. Garvey of Rouen about the parcells your Excellency hath consignd to their care to be forwarded to them, which is not astonishing because the Chief of that house is but very seldom at home, therefore punctuality, cant be expected as if the Master was looking upon his business.\nI must observe your Excellency that it is impossible to dispatch the Seven Packages of Army\u2019s or Soldiers Furnitures, without you obtain leave from the Minister which the French Call Passeport. We have at present the American Ship the George & Patty Washington, Captn. Joseph Foulke, loading here for Baltimore; I suppose your Excellency would not wish that I should Ship on board of him the Seven here above mentioned Packages Soldjers Furnitures. I have the pleasure to inclose your excellency two large parcells arrived yesterday from Williamsburg under my Covert. I am most respectfully Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient & very Humble Servant,\nAndre Limozin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0116", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jean-Armand Tronchin, 2 August 1786\nFrom: Tronchin-Labat, Jean Armand\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\n\u00e0 Paris le 2e. Aoust 1786.\nJ\u2019ay re\u00e7u hier au soir la lettre dont vous m\u2019avez honor\u00e9 le m\u00eame jour avec les 7 ffos. qu\u2019elle contenoit. Je vais faire parvenir le tout \u00e0 Messeigneurs du Conseil de Gen\u00e8ve qui seront bien reconnoissans des \u00e9gards que vous avez eu, Monsieur, \u00e0 leur r\u00e9quisition; et la famille de Mr. Gallatin bien contente d\u2019aprendre son existence et la position avantageuse dans la quelle il se trouve.\nCe jeune homme a re\u00e7u l\u2019\u00e9ducat\u00efon la plus soign\u00e9e, at s\u2019il fait souche dans v\u00f4tre Pays, j\u2019esp\u00e8re qu\u2019elle lui donnera comme dans le mien des hommes de m\u00e9rite.\nJ\u2019ay l\u2019honneur d\u2019etre avec la reconnoissance la plus parfaite de vos bons offices et les sentimens de respect et de la plus haute estime Monsieur Votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s Obeissant serviteur,\nTronchin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0117", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from G. K. van Hogendorp, 2 August 1786\nFrom: Hogendorp, G. K. van\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy Dear Sir\nLeyden August the 2 1786\nAs I am informed of your returning from London to Paris I venture to send you this letter, whose content any one at the Post house might know, for I care not the whole world\u2019s knowing how much I do esteem and belove you.\nYour Friend, Mr. William Short, has a right to expect from me a letter respecting our Constitution, which on my word is ready, and that up in my writing-box these six months past. Why? You must hear and judge me. I now study the law, and will within two months, after a seven month\u2019s stay at this University, be able to correct many faults and to add many important points in my letter. This reason alone would do, I think, but, dear Sir, I have an other one not less valuable. In former times, my letter as it now lies before me, would give your friend some pleasure, and by this way to myself likewise. But now, among dangerous civil dissensions, this very letter cannot be too cautiously written, not with a mind to hide truth in equivocal terms, I think too freely, in spite of any persecution, for concealing my real sentiments, but I want to express my mind with so much perspicuity and so concisely that it cannot be misconstrued. For you ought to know, my respectable friend, that though a friend to liberty, my principles do not agree with many who call themselves by the same denomination. I am writing a Dissertation De ratione Subsidii f\u0153deratis debiti, and take the freedom to desire your answering without any delay the following Queries.\nWhich are at present the general interests of the United States?\nWhat is the extent of the Congress\u2019s power in managing them?\nWhich are the expences of Congress?\nWhich the revenues.\nIn which way do the particular states contribute to the general expences?\nAre general duties, to be levied by Congress, still expected to be acquiesced to by the States?\nBut if besides this you should know any thing relative to the matter I treat, be so kind as to add it to your answers.\nYour Notes on Virginia have been read by a few men of understanding who got both instruction and amusement by the lecture.\nHow does your health, my dear Sir, and when will both your time and your inclination allow you a turn through Holland; for  if you don\u2019t come very soon to me, you\u2019ll oblige me to set out for Paris in order to see you.\nI embrace you very heartily. Yours for ever,\nvan Hogendorp\nA short but authentic account of the present state of the Bank of North America would be very acceptable to me.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0120", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Schweighauser & Dobr\u00e9e, 5 August 1786\nFrom: Schweighauser & Dobr\u00e9e\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nNantes 5. August 1786\nIn hopes of obtaining from you the justice which has been so long denied us, we beg leave to inclose copy of the letter our late Partner and parent Mr. J. D. Schweighauser wrote to Congress the 30. Novr. 80 which will give you ample informations of our claims for our advances for the Continental frigate Alliance to which we join copy of the resolve which it produced. Mr. Johnson persisted in his refusal of examining our accounts as no longer Auditor general and Dr. Franklin refused the payment of them as not having been examined by this gentleman. We repeatedly sollicited that he would name a committee for that purpose but to elude satisfying us he would not adopt this measure.\nWe have since laid these accounts and their vouchers before Tho. Barclay Esqr. who has seen every one of them and is perfectly convinced as was Dr. Franklin himself of their exactness. Permit us earnestly to request as an act of justice and friendship that you would put us in the way of obtaining our payment and to assure you of our acknowlegement and gratitude. We have still a parcel of arms &ca. on hand belonging to Congress which our co-partners in the house of Puchelberg & Co. in L\u2019Orient have laid an attachment on, to assure them and us our due or at least part of it for we know not the value of them and not being yet authorized to sell them they are of no utility to us and we fear that warehouse rent of them will absorb one day their whole amount which without that will be greatly reduced by the want of having them cleaned which permission we have so often vainly sollicited. If you could give us directions to sell them it would be securing to the States a value which is now daily diminishing and will by further delays be absolutely eat up.\nWe submit the whole to your justice and have the honor to be respectfully; your Excellency\u2019s &c.\nSchweighauser & Dobree", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0121", "content": "Title: [To Thomas Jefferson from John Banister, Jr., 6 August 1786]\nFrom: Banister, John, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Pons, 6 Aug. 1786. Entered in SJL as received 12 Aug. 1786. Not found; but see TJ to John Banister, 14 Aug. 1786.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0122", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Achard Fr\u00e8res, 7 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Achard Fr\u00e8res\nGentlemen\nParis August 7. 1786.\nI have been duly honored with your favor of the 2d. instant, and thank you for your attention to the wine forwarded for me by Messrs. le freres Roussac. I expect every moment to receive a proper order to the Douane of Rouen to permit these wines to pass on to Paris free of duty, which order shall accompany this letter, or be sent directly to the officers of the Douane at Rouen. I will beg the favour of you to forward the wine by water, addressed to me at Paris at the grille des champs elys\u00e9es, notifying me of any expence you may incur which shall be paid to your order. I have the honour to be with sentiments of much esteem Gentlemen your most obedient humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0123", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Anthony Garvey, 7 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Garvey, Anthony\nSir\nParis Aug. 7. 1786.\nSome time in the month of June I sent by one of the vessels which pass between this place and Rouen a box containing the model of a house made in plaister. This box was directed to the Governor of Virginia, to your care at Rouen, and to the care of Mr. Limousin at Havre. Mr. Limosin writes me word it is not come to his hands.\nFearing it may be stopped at Rouen, without your having notice of it, I take the liberty of asking your enquiries after it, and to send it on to Mr. Limosin, by water, and under the strictest charge to the porters to handle it gently, lest it should be broke.\nA mercantile house in Lisbon has sent me some wines to the address of Messrs. Achards freres at Rouen, which are arrived at Rouen. I expect to forward herewith an order to the Douane to suffer them to pass free of duty. I do not know that there will be any difficulty in procuring them to be forwarded, but if there should, any assistance which you will be so good as to give will oblige Sir Your very humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0124", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Ferdinand Grand, 7 August 1786\nFrom: Grand, Ferdinand\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nParis Le 7 aout 1786.\nJe vous prie d\u2019agr\u00e9er mes excuses du retard des comptes que vous m\u2019av\u00e9s fait l\u2019honneur de me demander et que diff\u00e9rentes occupations pressantes m\u2019ont fait diff\u00e9rer. Vous les trouver\u00e9s Monsieur, cy joints, Savoir\nLe compte des Etats Unis sold\u00e9 au 31 mars 1786 par \u2112.22447. 14. que me restoient dues \u00e0 cette \u00e9poque.\nLe Votre, Monsieur, au d\u00e9bit duquel j\u2019apper\u00e7ois qu\u2019on a port\u00e9 divers articles qui concernent les Etats Unis et qui devront sans doute en \u00eatre retranch\u00e9s.\nEnfin celui des objets pay\u00e9s des fonds de L\u2019Etat de Virginie.\nVeuill\u00e9s, Monsieur, avoir la bont\u00e9 de marquer sur ces deux derniers comptes les articles qui doivent \u00eatre ajout\u00e9s au d\u00e9bit de celui des Etats Unis. Il sera facile alors de les Solder au moyen des fonds que j\u2019ai re\u00e7us de Monsieur Jones et j\u2019aurai l\u2019honneur de vous transmettre ensuite la notte de ce qui restera au cr\u00e9dit des Etats Unis, ainsi que vous le d\u00e9sir\u00e9s. Je vous demande pardon de la peine que je vous donne par cet examen.\nJe Suis avec une consid\u00e9ration respectueuse, Monsieur, Votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s obt. Serviteur,\nGrand", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0125", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Macarty, 7 August 1786\nFrom: Macarty, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nL\u2019orient 7th. Augst. 1786\nI have just finish\u2019d the delivery of 750 Hhds. Tobacco to the Farmers General, in consequence of the Decission of the Committ\u00e9. But to my great surprise, their Director here pretends to pay only 34.\u20b6 10s for the first quality of Virginia Tobacco 34.\u20b62s. for the second quality and 33.\u20b610s. for the 3d. quality, those prices being far less, than Mr. Morris\u2019s contract, and less than we expected from the spirit of the Decission. I have therefore refused to recieve payment at those prices altho I am in great want of the money.\nAt this rate we shall lead our friends again into an error, which may be fatal to some and injure the commercial connections between the two countries.\nI have thought it my duty to lay before your Excellency a Sketch of the Reception and manner the Director proposes paying, and take the Liberty to request your influence to have the matter ascertain\u2019d for the Security of our Tobacco Trade.\nI cannot help observing to your Excellency that the Director here has offer\u2019d, and continues to offer, even a much less price and other Conditions to some persons who have small quantitys. This appears contradictory to the Intentions of Government. Every Individual having, undoubtedly, a right to the same favour. I have the Honor to be with the greatest Respect Your Excellencys Most Humble and obedt. Servant,\nWm. Macarty\nNote of Tobacco Delivered to the Farmers General\n[Wei]ght tobo. 36\u20b610.\nHhds. first quality of Virginia W.F.\nNet @\ndo. Second do.\ndo.3ddo.\ndo. first quality Maryland\ndo. second do.\nHhds. weighing", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0126", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 8 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nParis Aug. 8. 1786.\nYour favour of July 16. came duly to hand by Mr. Trumbul. With respect to the whale oil, tho\u2019 this country has shewn a desire  to draw it hither, and for that purpose have reduced the duties to about four guineas on the English ton, yet I do not see a probability of a further reduction at this moment. It has been much pressed, and I expect every day to receive a final determination. Should it not be obtained now we have reason to expect some years hence an abatement of one third, as a promise was given to the people that the imposition of 10. sous per livre should not be renewed at the expiration of the term for which it was laid on, which will be about half a dozen years hence. I inclose you copies of letters received from Mr. Carmichael, O\u2019Brian, and Lamb. Be so good as to say what answer we shall give the last about his settlement. Shall we undertake the settlement? If so, where shall it be done? I will join in any thing you please as to this. Taking for granted, from a message delivered by Mr. Trumbul, that you are now in Holland, I will only add a request to send me some copies of the ratified treaty with Prussia (which will be I hope in both languages), and assurances of the sincere esteem and respect with which I have the honour to be Dear Sir your most obedt. humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0127", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Bondfield, 8 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bondfield, John\nSir\nParis Aug. 8. 1786.\nI have now before me your several favors of May 27. June 10. 24. and July 15. I know of no appointment of agents in the ports of Rochfort, Rochelle or Bayonne, made by Mr. Barclay, nor, till the receipt of your letter did I know that you had been so kind as to extend your cares to those ports. In consequence of this, I had inclosed a copy of the order of Council of Berny to a Mr. Louis Alexander, with whom I had had a correspondence on another occasion. I am sensible of the inconveniencies which attend the want of arrangement in the department of our commerce here. This is owing to the load of business before Congress which prevents their concluding a system of consular establishment which they have under contemplation. We expect this daily, which is the reason Mr. Barclay has, not made arrangements finally. Your bill for the disbursements on account of arms was paid on sight. I have not applied for a license to export arms, because I am solliciting a general  regulation on that subject. The wine is come to hand, and the cost of it shall be paid when you please. We find the red wine excellent. The Grave is a little hard. I am much obliged by your attention to the several objects public and private with which I have troubled you, and am with great respect & esteem, Sir, Your most obedient humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0128", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Stephen Cathalan, Jr., 8 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cathalan, Stephen, Jr.\nSir\nParis Aug. 8. 1786.\nI have been duly honoured with your favor of July 28. I have in consequence thereof re-considered the order of council of Berny, and it appears to me to extend as much to the Southern ports of France as to the Western, and that for tobacco delivered in any port where there is no manufacture, only 30. sols per quintal is to be deducted. The farmers may perhaps evade the purchase of tobacco in a port inconvenient to them by purchasing the whole quantity in other ports. I shall readily lend my aid to promote the mercantile intercourse between your port and the United states whenever I can aid it. For the present it is much restrained by the danger of capture by the pyratical states. I have the honor to be with much respect, Sir, your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. If very good Frontignac wine can be procured at Marseilles I would be obliged to you for six dozen bottles, the price of which I will pay on your bill.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0129", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Andr\u00e9 Limozin, 8 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Limozin, Andr\u00e9\nSir\nParis Aug. 8. 1786.\nI am honoured with your favor of the 2d. inst. but of the two packages that you mentioned as accompanying it, only one came to hand. The other should have contained seeds from America. I mention this, that if it escaped your notice when you forwarded the other, you may be so kind as to do it now, or if it was forwarded you may advise me how to trace it. I have written to Mr. Garvey to ask his enquiries after the box sent in June to his and your care.\nWith regard to the passport for the cartridge boxes for Virginia, I would observe to you that having lately shipped a number of muskets from Bourdeaux for Virginia, they asked only a bond that they should be carried to America, and that proofs should be sent from thence that they were actually for the use of that country. This bond being given they permitted the arms to be exported. I should rather give a like bond as to the cartouch-boxes than ask a passport from the minister. I will be obliged to you therefore to ask whether this would be sufficient. If it would, and they will be so good as to send me a form of a bond, satisfactory to them, I will sign it. If nothing but a passport will do, and you will be so kind as to write me again, I will endeavor to obtain one. Mr. Mazzei, of whom I once wrote to you, asks an answer to a letter with which he took the liberty of troubling you. I have the honour to be with much respect & esteem, Sir, your most obedient humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0130", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Paradise, 8 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Paradise, John\nDear Sir\nParis Aug. 8. 1786.\nI have been honoured with your favour of July 20. and it\u2019s duplicate of July 28. I am glad you concur in the opinion that a trip to Paris will be adviseable as I shall be happy in the pleasure of your company here and in every occasion of serving you. Perhaps you will find it convenient to come on the return of Dr. Bancroft whom you will have seen in London before this. We have obtained a regulation here obliging the farmers general to buy, from such individuals as offer, 15,000 hhds. of tobacco a year at 34.\u20b6 36.\u20b6 and 38.\u20b6 the quintal, according to it\u2019s quality. If you could send your tobacco here in a French vessel it might obtain you that price which I apprehend to be more than is given in London. A port where there are manufactories of tobacco would be best, as there would be an abatement of 1\u20b6-10s the quintal in any other port. I have lately received a letter dated May 12. 1786. from my friend Colo. Madison of Orange to whom I had written on your affairs. It contains the following paragraph. \u2018Doctr. Bancroft\u2019s application in favor of Mr. Paradise, inclosed in your letter, shall be attended to as far as the case will admit; though I see not how any relief can be obtained. If Mr. Paradise stands on the list of foreign creditors, his Agent here may probably convert his securities into money without any  very great loss, as they rest on good funds, and the principal is in a course of paiment. If he stands on the domestic list, as I presume he does, the interest only is provided for, and, since the postponement of the taxes, even that cannot be negociated without a discount of ten per cent at least. The principal cannot be turned into cash without sinking three fourths of it\u2019s amount.\u2019\nThe question, you see then, is whether you be considered as a citizen or a foreigner? In mind I know you to be zealously a citizen, but in body, the law will consider you as a foreigner; because that has not only prescribed that the oath of fidelity shall be taken, but that it shall be taken before some magistrate in the country. This you have never had an opportunity to do. As you are therefore subject to any loss which the character of a foreigner might bring on you, so you ought to avail yourself of any benefit which it may bring. Mrs. Paradise\u2019s being born a citizen, saves the estate from confiscation. Your being a foreigner entitles you to prompt paiment of the debt due to you. I would therefore press you strongly to avail yourself of this circumstance and to instruct your agent to claim paiment for you as a foreigner. He may safely apply to Mr. Madison (of Orange) for advice, and cannot obtain better advice. Get paiment as a foreigner first, and then reward our country by becoming it\u2019s citizen. Present me affectionately to Mrs. and Miss Paradise and be assured of the esteem with which I have the honour to be Dear Sir your friend & servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0131", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Lef\u00e9vre, Roussac & Cie., 8 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lef\u00e9vre, Roussac & Cie.\nGentlemen\nParis Aug. 8. 1786.\nYour favors of the 1st. and 11th. of July came safely to hand. The wine you sent to the care of Messrs. Achards is arrived at Rouen. Your bill was presented to me three days ago, was accepted and shall be duly paid. When Mr. Pecquet was here I asked him if he would send me some very good Malvoisie de Madeire. He told me that by attending the sales of wine, after decease, he could purchase what was old and fine, and at a reasonable price. I therefore desired him [to do so.] Perceiving by your letter that there are only 30. bottles of Malvoisie de Madeire in the parcel sent, I will beg [the favor of you] to send me six dozen bottles more of that kind of wine of what is old and good. [Your] kind offer of service has induced me to take the liberty [of giving] you this trouble; I  have the honour to be with sentiments of much esteem & respect Gentlemen your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0132", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to St. Lambert, 8 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: St. Lambert, Jean Fran\u00e7ois, Marquis de\nMr. Jefferson has the honour of presenting his compliments to Monsieur le marquis de St. Lambert, and of thanking him for his very excellent translation of the act of the Virginia assembly. An opportunity having occurred, before the receipt of it, of forwarding the act to some foreign courts where it was thought it would be well received, Mr. Jefferson had been obliged to print copies from a translation prepared for the Encyclopedie. He shall endeavor as soon as possible to avail the public of the better one of M. de St. Lambert. He begs leave to present to him, and also through him to Madame la Comtesse d\u2019Houditot the homage of his respects.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0133", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Dumoulin de Seille & Son, 8 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dumoulin de Seille & Son\nGentlemen\nParis Aug. 8. 1786.\nI am duly honoured with your favor of July 24. and sensible of the kind offer of services therein made to the United states of America. With respect to the appointment of vice-consuls and agents that power rests at present with Mr. Barclay the Consul general of the United states for France. Having appointed Mr. Bondfeild at Bourdeaux, I beleive Mr. Barclay has not made any appointment for Royan. Should any occasion arise, I will take the liberty of asking your friendly offices to the citizens of the United states whom I may hereafter know to be under difficulties at your port, and have the honour of being with sentiments of much  esteem and respect Gentlemen Your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0136", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Paul Bentalou, 9 August 1786\nFrom: Bentalou, Paul\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBayonne August the 9th 1786\nAfter a Long and Tedioux passage of seventy seven Days from Baltimore, I Embrace this first Opportunity To forward your Excellency The Inclosed from Mr. James McHenry, and if Deprived of the Honour of Delivering it my self, I am happy of having in my power, to offer you, the favourable Opportunity of the Brigantine The Heart-Wig Capn. Richd. Barry; which is to sail from this port in the Course of this Month; and above all My Most Devoted Zeal To fulfill such Orders as you may be pleased to Intrust me with and which I\u2019ll be proud to Receive at the House of My Correspondents here Messrs. Pre. & Leon Batbedat.\nAlthough I had the Honour of being Introduced to your Excellency at Williamsburg, while I Remained in that place, with the Troop of Dragoons, of Late Pulasky\u2019s Legion, which I had the Honour to Command; I Can not presume that My Little Individual should be Reminded; but as I flatter my self that before I Depart from my Native Land, it will be in My power to Go to Paris; I shall be happy to have the honour Granted of Paying My Due Respects and Receive Orders from the Minister of a Contry which I have adopted, that I had the Honour to serve and for which I\u2019ll never Cease to be Devoted in My Little Capacity, Glorying My self of being one of its Best Citizens.\nYour Excellency\u2019s Benevolence is so well known that I am Imboldened to Intreat your Patronage, in Order to Obtain a permission from the french Ministry for Mrs. Bentalou, who hath accompanied me in this voyage, to keep her Little Negro-Boy, while she Remains in the Kingdom, which will not Exceed Eighteen Month! and I\u2019ll be Ready to Give security if Required for the Complyance thereof. The boy is between Eight or Nine years Old, not only very usefull to Mrs. Bentalou here, as at sea when she\u2019ll Return to America but her feelings would be very much Hurt was she Obliged to send him back and Expose him to be used Ill by a Captain if not spoiled out of her sight by the Bad Example of sailors. But I am In hopes that the Request will be Granted if Made by the American Embassador, for an american Lady and when Considered that the youth is Incapable of Causing what the Law will wisely prevent; Mrs. Bentalou adds her Entreaty to Mine, and Reposing Our selves on your Condescendence, I have the Honour to assure you the Right you have to Expect from my Duty My Most Unbounded Devotion which a Multitude of Considerations oblige me to be of your Excellency The Most Obedient & Most Humble servant,\nPaul Bentalou", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0137", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jean Jacques B\u00e9rard & Cie., 9 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jean Jacques B\u00e9rard & Cie.\nGentlemen\nParis Aug. 9. 1786.\nMr. Lewis of New-York informed me by a letter which came in the French packet which left New York the 11th. of May and [arrived] at L\u2019orient about the 20th. of June, that he had by the same packet sent me a pipe of Madeira wine addressed to your  care. I trust it has arrived safely and must sollicit your attention to it, and to be so good as to have it brought on to Paris. I imagine it will be best to send it round by water to Havre or Rouen, to the care of Mr. Limozin at the former place or Messrs. Garvey at the latter. I shall be very thankful for your goodness on this occasion, and will pay to your order on sight whatever expences you may incur. I have the honour to be with great respect Gentlemen Your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0138", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Pierre Dessin, 9 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dessin, Pierre\nSir\nParis Aug. 9. 1786.\nHaving desired my friend Colo. Smith in London to procure me some chariot harness, plated, and to send them on to Paris by the Diligence, I have taken the liberty of desiring him, in case that the master of the Diligence cannot send them on to the Douane at Paris, to direct an application to be made to you at Calais. I take the liberty of asking you, in case of any difficulty, to be so good as to have them plumbed, and to give your acquit \u00e0 caution in order that they may come on, under an assurance that I will immediately have your acquit \u00e0 caution returned to you, so that you shall have no other trouble with it but the signing it. I take for granted you received duly those which you had been so kind as to give for me before, and which were immediately redeemed here. Your favour on this occasion will much oblige Sir Your most obedient humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0139", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to the Governor of Virginia, 9 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Governor of Virginia\nSir\nParis Aug. 9. 1786.\nI have duly received the honour of your Excellency\u2019s letter of May 17. 1786. on the subject of Captn. Greene supposed to be in captivity with the Algerines. I wish I could have communicated the agreeable news that this supposition was well founded, and I should not have hesitated to gratify as well your Excellency as the worthy father of Capt. Greene by doing whatever would have been necessary for his redemption. But we have certainly no such prisoner at  Algiers. We have there 21. prisoners in all. Of these only 4. are Americans by birth. Three of these are captains, of the names of O\u2019Brian, Stephens and Coffyn. There were only two vessels taken by the Algerines, one commanded by O\u2019Brian, the other by Steevens. Coffyn, I beleive, was a supercargo. The Moors took one vessel from Philadelphia, which they gave up again with the crew. No other captures have been made on us by any of the pyratical states. I wish I could say we were likely to be secure against future captures. With Marocco I have hopes we shall; but the states of Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli hold their peace at a price which would be felt by every man in his settlement with the tax gatherer. I have the honor to be with sentiments of the highest respect, Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. Aug. 13. 1786. I have this morning received information from Mr. Barclay that our peace with the Emperor of Marocco would be pretty certainly signed in a few days. This leaves us the Atlantic free. Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli however, remaining hostile, will shut up the Mediterranean to us. The two latter never come into the Atlantic; the Algerines rarely, and but a little way out of the streights. In Mr. Barclay\u2019s letter is this paragraph. \u2018There is a young man now under my care, who has been a slave some time with the Arabs in the desert. His name is James Mercier, born at the town of Suffolk, Nansemond county Virginia. The king sent him after the first audience, and I shall take him to Spain.\u2019 On Mr. Barclay\u2019s return to Spain he shall find there a letter from me to forward this young man to his own country, for the expences of which I will make myself responsible.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0140", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Paul Jones, 9 August 1786\nFrom: Jones, John Paul\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nParis, August 9th, 1786.\nAs it now appears by the reply I have just received from Mr. Adams, dated London the 17th of last month, which I had the honor to communicate to you, that his letter to the Baron de Waltersdorff, respecting my prizes delivered up to the English at Bergen in Norway, in the year 1779, by the court of Denmark, has not been answered; and as the Baron de Waltersdorff is now gone to the West Indies, and Mr. Adams advises me in his letter, to apply to the Danish Minister at his court; it now becomes my duty to ask your advice and assistance in the steps that remain to be pursued, to obtain a compensation from the government of Denmark for those prizes.\nAnd in order to give you the necessary information on this subject, I here subjoin some extracts from the papers left in my hands by Mr. Franklin, to wit:,\nNo. 1. Extract of a letter from Monsieur Duchezaulx, Consul of France, to M. Caillard, Charge des affaires du Roi \u00e1 Copenhagen, dated \u00e1 Berghen en Norvege le 14 July 1779.\n    \u201cLes deux dites prises sont consid\u00e9rables; elles etoient arme\u00e9s en guerre et en marchandises, et les commandants pourvus de commissions aux Lettres de Marque; savoir L\u2019Union de Londres, du port de 400 tonneaux arm\u00e9 de 22 canons de 6, et 4 livres de balle, plusieurs pierriers et autres armes; charg\u00e9 de cables, cordage, et toile a voile, enfin tout ce qu\u2019il faut en ce genre pour le gr\u00e9ment de sept Batiments de guerre, avec plusieurs autres effets, destin\u00e9s pour Quebec; et le Betsey de Liverpool, du port de 350 tonneaux arm\u00e9 de 20 canons de 6, et de 2 de 9 livres de balle, 12 pierriers et autres armes, charg\u00e9 de fleur de farine, b\u0153uf, et lard sal\u00e9s, et autres provisions et marchandises destin\u00e9s pour la Nouvelle York, et la Jamaique. Les deux cargaisons peuvent \u00eatre \u00e9valu\u00e9es au moins un million de livres.\u201d\nNo. 2. Extract from a letter written by the Consul of France, before mentioned, to Dr. Franklin, minister of America at the court of France, dated \u00e1 Berghen le 26 Oct. 1779.\n    \u201cl m\u2019est douloureux au de la de toute expression, d\u2019avoir a vous informer aujourdhui, que les deux prises the Betsey and the Union, ont et\u00e9 ces jours ci restitu\u00e9es aux Anglais, en vert\u00fb d\u2019une r\u00e9solution eman\u00e9e du Roi de Danemark: R\u00e9solution injuste et contraire au droit des gens.\u201d\nNo. 3. Extract from the same letter.\n\u201cLa valeur de ces deux prises que l\u2019on vous enleve injustement, est au moins de 40,000l sterling, ind\u00e9pendamment des Frais et l\u2019argent debours\u00e9 par les banquiers M. M. Danekert and Krohn, dont je vous remettrai le compte.\u201d\nNo. 4. Extract of a letter from all the American officers in Norway to Dr. Franklin, minister of America in France, dated Bergen, Jan. 4th, 1780.\n\u201cThe Brigantine Charming Polly, which arrived 14 days after us, was likewise delivered up in the same manner.\u201d\nNo. 5. Extract of a letter from the same officers to Dr. Franklin, dated at Bergen, April 11th, 1780.\n\u201cOur expenses while on board the ships, were paid by the English Consul; and those since, by the King of Denmark; which enables us to proceed without drawing bills upon France. We have also the protection of the Danish flag till our arrival in France.\u201d\nAfter my return here from L\u2019Orient, you remember I was prevented, by circumstances, from pursuing the application to the Court of Denmark, in person. The bills I had received were not yet payable, and I thought it would be necessary for me to go to America in the spring, to deposit the prize-money received from this government, in the Continental treasury; so that I was prevented from going to the Court of Denmark. And there being no Danish minister here, nor expected here during the winter, you remember your having approved of my deputizing Dr. Bancroft to solicit the Court of Denmark, through the Danish minister in London; and that you was so obliging as to join me in requesting Mr. Adams to support that application.\nBut as experience has now shewn that this method is slow and uncertain; and as the late order of the Board of Treasury respecting the prize-money I have recovered, makes my return to America, on that account, at present unnecessary; I presume the best thing I can do will be to proceed to Copenhagen, and there make application to that court. If you approve of this, it would be useful for me to have a letter from the Count de Vergennes to the Baron de la Houze, minister of France at the Danish Court, directing him to support my reclamation. The interference of this government may be asked for with propriety, because the King had the gallantry to support under the flag of America, the squadron I commanded in Europe. It is also to be wished that I could carry letters with me from the Danish minister at this court, and it is therefore very unlucky that he is now absent at the waters. If you think fit to write to him, I can at the same time, obtain and forward a letter from  his particular friend the minister of the Duc de Wertemburg; which may have a very good effect. I am persuaded that the Count de Vergennes, on my own application to him, would immediately give me a proper letter to the Baron de la Houze; but it will be more official to obtain it through your application, which I therefore request.\nAs I flatter myself that the Danish Court is still disposed to make a compensation, it is necessary for us now to determine on the lowest sum to be accepted. Doctor Franklin, in his letter to me from Havre, says the result of his letter to a broker in London was, that those Quebec ships were worth 16 or 18 thousand pounds each. I have reason to believe that the two ships delivered up, with their cargoes and armament, worth a greater sum. And besides, you will observe that the brigantine Charming Polly, was also delivered up. I cannot judge of the value of this last prize; and perhaps it may be necessary for me to write to Bergen to obtain information. I am, with respect, &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0141", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Francis Lewis, 9 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lewis, Francis\nSir\nParis Aug. 9. 1786.\nI am now to acknowlege the receipt of your favors of May 9. and 11. and to return you many thanks for the ready attention you were pleased to pay to my request for the Madeira wine. Your bill for 1075\u20b6-10s has been presented and paid. I have not yet heard from Monsr. Berard & Co. but I take for granted the wine arrived by the same packet with the letter, and that they are taking measures to forward it to me. I shall be happy in any occasion of shewing you how sensible I am of your kindness, and the sentiments of esteem and respect with which I have the honor to be Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0142", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Stephens Smith, [10] August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Smith, William Stephens\nDear Sir\nAn opportunity will offer by Mr. Bullfinch of acknowleging the receipt of your favours of July 5. and 18. and as I mean by the same hand to write my American letters, the number of these obliges me to abridge with you. I therefore make this previous declaration that there shall be neither prayer nor compliment in this letter, nothing but a simple tho\u2019 sincere proffer of respect to Madame, which I desire to place here that I may not have to repeat it at the end of my letter. The things she desired will be ready to go by Mr. Bullfinch. Petit tells me he has transgressed her orders as to the cambrick by buying at a smaller price a better cambric than he could get at the place she named or any where else at the price desired. I wish he may be right, and that the execution of this commission may encourage her to continue her custom to us. I say, to us, being like other commanders in chief, willing to gobble up the credit due to the actions of my inferior officers.\u2014But I forget myself and am writing about other people\u2019s business, when I had previously determined to write about my own only: to be absolutely selfish.\u2014Imprimis. I have desired Mr. Grand to send me a letter of credit on his correspondent in London for 100. or 120. guineas, which I shall receive to-day and will inclose herein. This will cover your advances for me heretofore, and extend to other objects which I will explain.\nMr. Paradise and Dr. Burney are having a harpsichord made for me at Kirkman\u2019s. I must impose on you the trouble of taking the charge of paying for it and of ordering it\u2019s transportation from Kirkman\u2019s shop to Havre or Rouen to the care of Mr. Limozin at the former place, or Messrs. Garvey at the latter. I could wish the copying press from Woodmason to come at the same time, because I can have them covered by the same Passport, whereas if they come separate, I shall be obliged to sollicit two, and of course to feel disagreeably twice instead of once.\n    I will beg the favor of you to procure me a pair of Chariot harness, plated, of about 15. guineas price, which you say will get them handsome without being tawdry: also a harness for what is called here a Cabriolet, and we call a chaise or chair. It is for a single horse; and the traces of this must be fixed with spring swivels. I believe that is the name of the irons fixed at the end of the trace in this form  like those to a watch-chain. These  harness I would have with breast plates, not collars. I have seen here some, the pads and other ornaments of which were somewhat octagonal, as thus  and thus  and thus  &c. What think you of them? They appeared to me handsome, but it is you and not me who are to judge on this occasion. I would be obliged to you to send these by the diligence which comes weekly from London to Paris. They must be directed to me, which will facilitate their entrance at Calais; but I am not sure that it will ensure their coming on to Paris. Perhaps the owner of the diligence can take measures for their coming on to the Douan of Paris from whence I can easily obtain them; or, at the worst, I think that Monsr. Dessin at Calais will have them plumbed and give his acquit \u00e0 Caution for me, as he did once before. I am not able to tell you from what part of London this Diligence comes; but there is but one there where seats can be taken weekly for Paris.\nI send herewith a map, to be engraved by Samuel Neele engraver No. 352. near Exeter change, strand, with whom I spoke on the subject when in London. I shewed him the map, not then quite finished. He told me he would engrave it, in the best manner possible for from 20. to 25. pounds sterling. I must beg the favour of you to engage him to do it. Should he ask a few guineas more, I shall not stand about it. But nothing must be wanting in the execution, as to precision, distinctness, exactness, the form of his letters, and whatever else constitutes the perfection of a map. He told me it would take him six weeks. In fact the plate must be here by the middle of October, at which time the work will appear for which it has been constructed.\nStill another commission about maps. Don Lopez, after a long residence in S. America, and infinite pains and expence on it\u2019s topography, made a map of that country, on 12. sheets, with a precision which qualifies it even to direct military operations in that country. The government of Spain at first permitted the map, but the moment they saw one of them come out, they destroyed the plates, seized all of the few copies which had got out and on which they could lay their hands, and issued the severest injunctions to call in the rest and to prevent their going abroad. Some few copies escaped their search. A friend has by good management procured me one, and it is arrived safe through all the searches that travellers are submitted to. Does Mr. Faden know anything of this map? Would he wish to publish it? If he will undertake to publish an accurate copy of it, I will send it to him, asking in return half a dozen copies for Congress, for it\u2019s bureaus, and for myself. I expect  the copy I have has cost me from ten to twenty guineas. I have not yet received the account. This is more than half a dozen will be worth when they come to be in possession of the public.\nOne more request, that you will be so good as to send me copies of the joint letters written by Mr. Adams and myself to Congress while I was in London.\nHave I been as good as my word? After the small deviation into which Mrs. Smith led me (for beauty is ever leading us astray) have I written one syllable which has any thing but self in view? That I may not break my promise at last I will conclude here with assurances of the perfect esteem with which I have the honour to be Dear Sir your friend & servt.,\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. The engraver must absolutely have always before his eyes Hutchin\u2019s map of the Western country, Schull\u2019s map of Pennsylvania, Fry and Jefferson\u2019s map of Virginia, and Mouzon\u2019s map of N. Carolina. The two former I send herewith for him. The two latter I will be obliged to you to desire Faden to furnish him, which he will place against some of the new maps to be furnished him. The reason why there is an absolute necessity for the engraver to have these maps before him is that in many instances he will not be able to make out the letters of the manuscript map; he must in those cases have recourse to the maps abovementioned which are the basis of the M.S. map.\u2014Send me if you please from Woodmason three reams of copying paper and proportionable supply of ink powder. Let it come with the harpsichord.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0143", "content": "Title: Jefferson\u2019s Suggestions for Republishing the Cruz Cano Map of South America, [ca. August 1786]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nObservations for the republication of the map of South America by Don Juan de la Cruz Cano.\n    The same scale should be preserved, and the Spanish names of places. The title, marginal explanations &c. may be in Spanish or English, as shall be thought best. The original is on 8 sheets of paper, numbered as below. Measuring the geographical part I   find that it may be comprehended in a parallelogram 4. feet wide and 6.f. 1.Inch high. That is to say from Cape Blanco to Cape Saint Roque, those being the most Westwardly and Eastwardly points, and in the same parallel of 5\u00b0 S. Lat: and from Cape horn to Cape de la Vela, the most Southernly and Northernly points, and nearly in the same meridian. It may then be put into 4. sheets of the size of those of the original, that is in half the space, and yet the same scale preserved. They must be thus arranged. No. 1. 3. in one sheet; 2. 4. in another; 5. 7. in a third; 6. 8. in a fourth as is seen above.\n    But I should like it better in 3. sheets, to wit 1. 3. in one; 2. 4. in another; and 5. 6. 7. 8. in a third sheet. This third sheet must be 38 I. by 30. I. Because this map is too large ever to be hung up as a single one: and for an Atlas it is more convenient to put 5. 6. 7. 8. into one sheet, getting rid of the margin. But if it be insisted to make two equal maps of it, then arrange them as first proposed, but place the graduations of latitude and longitude in the two Southern sheets close by the geographical outlines, so that those who chuse it, may paste the two bottom sheets together, and cutting off what is without the graduation, reduce it to the size of one sheet. In this case the scales and explanations, now in the S.W. corner of No.\n    7. must be put in No. 6. 8. between the outlines of the coast and the graduated lines. The plans of Lima, and of the Angostura, can be put into the N.E. corner of No. 2.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0144", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Ferdinand Grand, 10 August 1786\nFrom: Grand, Ferdinand\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nParis le 10 aout 1786.\nJ\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de vous envoyer la lettre de cr\u00e9dit de \u00a3120. que vous desiri\u00e9s Sur Mr. Louis Teissier que j\u2019ai pr\u00e9venu que vous  tireri\u00e9s cette Somme, Monsieur, en divers appoints. D\u2019apr\u00e8s cet avis qu\u2019il aura re\u00e7u, peut \u00eatre ne sera-t-il pas n\u00e9cessaire que vous lui Fassi\u00e9s pr\u00e9senter ma lettre et vos traitt\u00e8s Sur lui, \u00e0 compte de cette Somme, Suffiroient. Dans ce cas, veuill\u00e9s me la renvoyer, mais je vous prie de faire la dessus ce qui vous sera le plus commode.\nM. Leroy de l\u2019acad\u00e9mie des Sciences m\u2019a dit que M. Charpentier, M\u00e9chanicien dans la cour du Louvre, seroit peut \u00eatre l\u2019homme de tous le plus propre pour l\u2019ex\u00e9cution de la Machine \u00e0 copier. C\u2019est lui qui a mont\u00e9 la grande Lentille de Mr. De Trudaine.\nJe Suis avec une consid\u00e9ration respectueuse, Monsieur, Votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s obt. Serviteur,\nGrand", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0145", "content": "Title: John Lamb to the American Commissioners, 10 August 1786\nFrom: Lamb, John\nTo: American Commissioners\nAlicante August 10th. 1786\n    Finding my self unable to Imbark and Desiring to have my Decleration forwarded as soon as possible according to your Excellency orders; have sent the vessel to give the earlyst notice. She sailed the nineth of this Curt. with Every Transaction, together with my last orders from Your Excellencys. The vessel is insured and Doth not sail at publick expence. I should be glad if I could here if Mr. Randall had arived and had Delivered to your Excellency my Declaration which I forwarded by him: at the reception of your Excellencys last orders to me. I Stated my Situation in Two letters one of the 15th July and the other of the 18th. Ditto, hope they have come safe to hand. I am with Due Respect Your Excellencys Most Obednt. Hmbe Servant,\nJohn Lamb", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0146", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Abb\u00e9 Morellet, [10 August 1786]\nFrom: Morellet, Abb\u00e9\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\njeudy [10 Aug. 1786]\nEn recevant le dernier billet que vous m\u2019aves fait l\u2019honneur de m\u2019ecrire lorsque vous m\u2019aves envoy\u00e9 la carte que vous aves pris la peine de faire j\u2019\u00e9tois oblig\u00e9 de sortir au moment m\u00eame et je n\u2019ai pas eu le tems de vous parler de cette m\u00eame carte. Je repare aujourd\u2019hui cette omission. Je ne doute point que votre travail ne donne beaucoup de prix \u00e0 n\u00f4tre edition. Une bonne carte est la chose la plus essentielle pour une description de pays aussi bien faite que celle que vous voules bien permettre que je rende publique mais par cette raison m\u00eame il est bien essentiel que la carte soit pr\u00eate pour la fin de l\u2019automne. Vous pouves seul prendre les moyens necessaires pour la prompte execution puisque vous connoisses le graveur que vous en charges. Il fera plus pour vous que pour un libraire francois et s\u2019il falloit que le mien traitat directement avec lui ce seroit un embarras dont nous ne nous tirerions point. Je sens pourtant fort bien qu\u2019il faut que les frais soient faits ou du moins rembours\u00e9s par le libraire qui vendra la traduction. C\u2019est aussi l\u2019engagement que je contracte pour lui envers vous en vous suppliant de vouloir bien faire l\u2019avance de la petite somme que le graveur exigera et dont vous seres rembours\u00e9 sur les premiers produits de la vente de l\u2019ouvrage. Je suis oblig\u00e9 d\u2019ailleurs de faire au libraire quelque avance car il a fort peu de fonds et sans cela je ne l\u2019aurois pas determin\u00e9 \u00e0 se charger de ma traduction. Mais comme l\u2019ouvrage enrichi d\u2019une bonne carte sera certainement recherch\u00e9 nous aurons bientot retir\u00e9 nos avances et nous aurons eu le plaisir de publier un ouvrage utile. J\u2019ai eu l\u2019honneur de vous ecrire qu\u2019il falloit que la planche nous fut envoy\u00e9e aussi tot qu\u2019elle seroit grav\u00e9e. C\u2019est le seul moyen de la donner au public \u00e0 un prix raisonnable car s\u2019il falloit faire tirer et faire venir d\u2019angletterre les cartes elles m\u00eames jamais nous ne sortirions de cet embarras nous serions \u00e0 la merci du graveur anglois et le livre avec la carte reviendroient \u00e0 un prix exorbitant. Je ne puis trop insister sur ce point sur lequel je vous supplie de vous expliquer clairement et positivement avec le graveur anglois en lui confiant votre carte manuscrite. J\u2019attens avec beaucoup d\u2019impatience un jour de libert\u00e9 ou je puisse aller vous rendre mes devoirs dans la solitude que vous embelliss\u00e9s par tous les moyens que pline employoit lorsqu\u2019il disoit qu\u2019il n\u2019\u00e9toit jamais moins seul que quand il etoit seul. Agr\u00e8es mes tr\u00e8s humbles respects.\nJ\u2019oubliois de vous faire observer que lorsque la planche aura fourni le nombre d\u2019exemplaires necessaire \u00e0 notre edition elle vous reviendra pour en faire l\u2019usage que vous trouveres convenable \u00e0 moins que vous ne veuillies nous la laisser pour en traiter avec quelque geographe et pour etre par l\u00e0 m\u00eame en etat de la vendre dans l\u2019ouvrage \u00e0 un prix plus modique.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0147", "content": "Title: Thomas Barclay to the American Commissioners, 11 August 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: American Commissioners\nGentlemen\nDAralbeyda 11th. Aug. 1786.\nI arrived here today and shall Continue my Journey to Tangiers Early in the morning. The Plague being at Constantina occasions a Rigorous Quaranteen of 40 days (from Barbary) in Spain.\u2014I shall therefore Endeavor to get into Ceuta which being in the hands of the Spaniards is an Exception to the above remark and I think the Quaranteen from thence is only twelve days.\nThe Treaty shall be forwarded with all Expedition as soon as I arrive in Europe, and in the mean time I am Gentlemen Your very Obed. Serv.,\nThos. Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0149", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Andr\u00e9 Limozin, [11 August 1786]\nFrom: Limozin, Andr\u00e9\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMost Honored Sir\n[Havre de Grace 11th. August 1786]\nI am indebted to your Excellency\u2019s most honored Favor, of the 8th inst. Our Customhouse officers will not admitt the Shipment for America of the Cartridges boxes you have consigned me, unless I shew them an order from the Minister. Therefore I must beg of your Excellency to procure me such voucher, and to let me know if I could dispatch them by the way of Baltimore.\nI have not as yet received any Letters from Mr. Mazzei, and I wish your Excellency could recollect in what time your Excellency hath mentionned him to me.\nI have received no accounts as yet from Messrs. Garvey about what your Excellency forwarded them.\nI have the honor to remain with the highest regard Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient & very humble Servant,\nAndr\u00e9 Limozin\nMy letter of the 2nd. inclosed two large parcells which I looked upon as papers directed to my Care, from a Mr. Oster French Consul at Richmond and if your Excellency found only one my Letter must have been opend in the post office.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0150", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, 11 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir\nParis Aug. 11. 1786\nI wrote you last on the 9th. of July and since that have recieved yours of the 16th. of June with the interesting intelligence it contained. I was entirely in the dark as to the progress of that negociation, and concur entirely in the views you have of it. The difficulty on which it hangs is a sine qua non with us. It would be to deceive them and ourselves to suppose that an amity can be preserved while this right is witheld. Such a supposition would argue not only an ignorance of the people to whom this is most interesting, but an ignorance of the nature of man, or an inattention to it.  Those who see but half way into our true interest will think that that concurs with the views of the other party. But those who see it in all it\u2019s extent will be sensible that our true interest will be best promoted by making all the just claims of our fellow citizens, wherever situated, our own, by urging and enforcing them with the weight of our whole influence, and by exercising in this as in every other instance a just government in their concerns and making common cause even where our separate interest would seem opposed to theirs. No other conduct can attach us together; and on this attachment depends our happiness.\nThe king of Prussia still lives, and is even said to be better. Europe is very quiet at present. The only germ of dissension which shews itself at present is in the quarter of Turkey. The Emperor, the Empress, and the Venetians seem all to be pecking at the Turks. It is not probable however that either of the two first will do any thing to bring an open rupture while the K. of Prussia lives.\nYou will perceive by the letters I inclose to Mr. Jay that Lambe, under the pretext of ill health, declines returning either to Congress, Mr. Adams or myself. This circumstance makes me fear some malversation. The money appropriated to this object being in Holland, and having been always under the care of Mr. Adams, it was concerted between us that all the draughts should be on him. I know not therefore what sums may have been advanced to Lamb. I hope however nothing great. I am persuaded that an Angel sent on this business, and so much limited in his terms, could have done nothing. But should Congress propose to try the line of negociation again, I think they will perceive that Lamb is not a proper agent. I have written to Mr. Adams on the subject of a settlement with Lamb. There is little prospect of accomodation between the Algerines and the Portuguese and Neapolitans. A very valuable capture too, lately made by them on the Empress of Russia, bids fair to draw her on them. The probability is therefore that these three nations will be at war with them, and the possibility that, could we furnish a couple of frigates, a convention might be formed with those powers, establishing a perpetual cruize on the coast of Algiers which would bring them to reason. Such a convention, being left open to all powers willing to come into it, should have for it\u2019s object a general peace, to be guarantied to each by the whole. Were only two or three to begin a confederacy of this kind, I think every power in Europe would soon fall into it except France, England, and perhaps Spain and Holland. Of these there is only England who would give any real aid to the Algerines. Marocco, you perceive, will be at  peace with us. Were the honour and advantage of establishing such a confederacy out of the question, yet the necessity that the U.S. should have some marine force, and the happiness of this as the ostensible cause for beginning it, would decide on it\u2019s propriety. It will be said there is no money in the treasury. There never will be money in the treasury till the confederacy shews it\u2019s teeth. The states must see the rod; perhaps it must be felt by some one of them. I am persuaded all of them would rejoice to see every one obliged to furnish it\u2019s contributions. It is not the difficulty of furnishing them which beggars the treasury, but the fear that others will not furnish as much. Every rational citizen must wish to see an effective instrument of coercion, and should fear to see it on any other element but the water. A naval force can never endanger our liberties, nor occasion bloodshed; a land force would do both. It is not in the choice of the states whether they will pay money to cover their trade against the Algerines. If they obtain a peace by negociation they must pay a great sum of money for it; if they do nothing they must pay a great sum of money in the form of insurance; and in either way as great a one, and probably less effectual than in the way of force.\u2014I look forward with anxiety to the approaching moment of your departure from Congress. Besides the interest of the Confederacy and of the State I have a personal interest in it. I know not to whom I may venture confidential communications after you are gone. Lee I scarcely know, Grayson is lazy, Carrington is industrious but not always as discreet as well meaning yet on the whole I believe he would be the best. If you find him disposed to the correspondence engage him to begin it. I take the liberty of placing here my respects to Mrs. Monroe and assurances of the sincere esteem with which I am Dear Sir your friend & servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0152", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Richard Cary, 12 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cary, Richard\nDear Sir\nParis Aug. 12. 1786.\nYour favor of Dec. 22. 1785. came to hand eight days ago. I had taken the liberty of recalling myself to your memory by a letter I wrote on the 4th. of May, by Monsr. La Croix, by whom I sent you a copy of the new English edition of Linnaeus\u2019s finding. You are willing to enter into a botanical commerce, by an exchange of roots, plants and seeds. I accede to it cheerfully, and will undertake to send you whatever you desire in that way. As soon as the season permits I shall send you what I saw on your list in Mr. Mazzei\u2019s hands, that is to say, if I can find an opportunity, for that is the  only difficulty against which I cannot provide. I will pray you in like manner to send me the articles noted hereon, that is to say, the plants. Havre would be the best port to send them to, where Monsieur Limozin will receive and forward them. Next to that is Lorient where Mr. Cairnes an American merchant will take care of them. To send them to any other port will be throwing them away, and I repeat it that Havre is much preferable to Lorient. These articles are intended for persons here, fond of botany, whose friendship I esteem, and whom I am desirous to oblige. You know how grateful offices of this kind are to amateurs. With respect to the method of packing, they give me the following directions which they pray may be observed literally. Take fresh moss, spread a layer of it, two inches thick, in the bottom of the box, lay on that a layer of plants, each labelled with sheet lead, or with wood on which the name is engraved (and not merely marked with ink). If the roots are of any size, they should be wrapped in moss particularly, then a layer of moss an inch thick, then one of plants, and so on till the box is well filled, observing to finish with moss. My promise to communicate their wishes literally will apologize for my doing it to you who would have known so well what to do, without this information. These plants should leave Virginia before Christmas.\nEurope is so quiet that it furnishes nothing new. I shall therefore conclude with assurances of the esteem with which I am Dr. Sir your friend & servt.,\nTh: Jefferson\n* Andromeda arborea\n\u2007the Gloster hiccory\n* Azalea nudiflora\n\u2007Laurus Benzoin\n* Azalea viscosa\n* Magnolia glauca\n\u2007Acer Pensylvanicum\n* Kalmia latifolia\n\u2007Cornus florida\n* Kalmia angustifolia\n\u2007Ceanothus americana\n\u2007Nyssa\n\u2007Cupressus disticha\n\u2007Ptelea trifoliata\n\u2007Cupressus thyoides\n\u2007Ptelea pinnata\n\u2007Clethra\n\u2007Populus heterophylla\n\u2007Campanula perfoliata\n* Quercus phellos\n\u2007Campanula americana\n\u2007Quercus virginiana of Millar\n\u2007Geranium maculatum\n* Rhododendron maximum\n\u2007Geranium gibbosum\n\u2007Rhus copallinum\n\u2007Guilandina Bonduc\n\u2007Viburnum acerifolium\n\u2007Halesia tetraptera\n\u2007Viburnum nudum\n\u2007Itea\n* Bignonia sempervirens\n\u2007Juglans cinerea\n\u2007\u2007(yellow jasmine)\nThose marked * are desired in greater quantities and particularly in plants. The others to be in plants where the plant succeeds tolerably, and seeds of the whole or as many as can be got will be desireable. The reason of desiring plants is that they may be sooner enjoyed.\nI send you some seeds of Ranunculus, Broccoli and Cauliflower and bulbs of the tulip. Having thought it best to put off getting the articles till the bearer of this was setting out, they have disappointed me of Carnations, Auricules, Tuberoses, Hyacinth and Belladonna lillies which I had ordered. The Arno pink seed can of course only be sent you by Mazzei from Florence if he should ever go there. The Alpine strawberry I expect you have got from Mr. Eppes. Muskmelons, such as are here, are worse than the worst in Virginia. There is not sun enough to ripen them, and give them flavor. The caper bush would require a better opportunity than the present. Therefore I have not enquired whether it can be got here. I do not know what the Nut bearing pine is. I have no Millar\u2019s dictionary here. You must therefore always give the Linnean names. Send me your list so that I may receive it by the latter end of summer, and I will send out the articles [by] the October packet. To what I have formerly written for, be so good as to add some cones of the Pinus foliis ternis of Clayton, which I want for the Duke de la Rochefoucault. Adieu.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0153", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to the Governor of Virginia, 12 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Governor of Virginia\nSir\nParis Aug. 12. 1786.\nI had the honour of addressing your Excellency on the 9th. inst. in answer to your\u2019s of May 17. on the subject of Capt. Greene; and on the 22d. of July, I wrote you that 1500 stand of arms were then shipped at Bourdeaux, and some cartouch boxes were on their way to Havre. The arms went on board the ship Comte d\u2019Artois Capt. Gregory bound to Richmond and addressed to your Excellency according to the bill of lading inclosed in my letter of July 22. The Cartouch boxes with their accoutrements were 2000 in number and are safely arrived at Havre in the care of Mr. Limozin, but no vessel has as yet occurred by which they can be sent. These articles are paid for, and your funds at this place stand in the following form, nearly.\nReceived from Laval & Wilfelsheim\nLodged in Mr. Grand\u2019s hands by Mr. Barclay\nPaid towards the bust ofM. de la Fayette\ntowards Genl. Washington\u2019sstatue\nfor Arms\nfor drawings and models of the public buildings\nBalance on hand\nI now receive advice that 18. cases more of arms are delivered to Mr. Bondfield at Bourdeaux. Mr. Barclay is at present at Marocco, and it is incertain whether he will return to America directly or by the way of Europe. The M. de la Fayette has been some time gone into the South of France for the summer. But I shall spare no pains in seeing that your intentions relative to the arms shall be completely fulfilled and as expeditiously as possible; and that to the extent directed by the assembly, not doubting but that funds will be lodged in time to comply with my engagements. I have taken the liberty of placing in your account an article of 715\u20b6\u20139 paid for the directors of the public buildings in pursuance of instructions from Messrs. Buchanan and Hay. It simplified my accounts, and I thought would be easily settled on their part by their paying to your order that sum in Virginia. However, if it is preferred, they can remit the sum to me, and I shall transfer it to a separate account.\nI have the honor to be, with sentiments of the most perfect esteem and respect Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0154", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, 12 August 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhilada. Aug: 12th. 1786\nMy last of the 19th. of June intimated that my next would be from N. York or this place. I expected it would rather have been from the former which I left a few days ago, but my time was so  taken up there with my friends and some business that I thought it best to postpone it till my return here. My ride through Virga. Maryd. and Pena. was in the midst of harvest. I found the crops of wheat in the upper parts of the two former considerably injured by the wet weather which my last described as so destructive in the lower parts of those States. The computed loss where I passed was about one third. The loss in the Rye was much greater. It was admitted however that the crops of both would have been unusually large but for this casualty. Throughout Pena. the wheat was unhurt, and the Rye very little affected. As I came by the way of Winchester and crossed the Potowmac at Harpers Ferry I had an opportunity of viewing the magnificent scene which nature here presents. I viewed it however under great disadvantages. The air was so thick that distant objects were not visible at all, and near ones not distinctly so. We ascended the mountain also at a wrong place, fatigued ourselves much in traversing it before we gained the right position, were threatened during the whole time with a thunder storm, and finally overtaken by it. Had the weather been favorable the prospect would have appeared to peculiar advantage, being enriched with the harvest in its full maturity, which filled every vale as far as the eye could reach. I had the additional pleasure here of seeing the progress of the works on the Potowmac. About 50 hands were employed at these falls or rather rapids, who seemed to have overcome the greatest difficulties. Their plan is to slope the fall by opening the bed of the river, in such a manner as to render a lock unnecessary, and by means of ropes fastened to the rocks, to pull up and ease down the boats where the current is most rapid. At the principal falls 150 hands I was told were at work, and that the length of the canal will be reduced to less than a mile, and carried through a vale which does not require it to be deep. Locks will here be unavoidable. The undertakers are very sanguine. Some of them, who are most so, talk of having the entire work finished in three years. I can give no particular account of the progress on James River, but am told it is very flattering. I am still less informed of what is doing with North Carolina towards a canal between her and our waters. The undertaking on the Susquehannah is said to be in such forwardness as to leave no doubt of its success. A negociation is set on foot between Pena. Maryd. and Delaware for a canal from the head of Chesapeak to the Delaware. Maryd. as I understand heretofore opposed the undertaking, and Pena. means now to make her consent to it a condition on which the opening of the Susquehannah within the limits of Pena. will  depend. Unless this is permitted the opening undertaken within the limits of Maryland will be of little account. It is lucky that both parties are so dependent on each other as to be thus mutually forced into measures of general utility. I am told that Pena. has complied with the joint request of Virga. and Maryland for a Road between the head of Potowmac and the waters of the Ohio and the secure and free use of the latter through her jurisdiction. These fruits of the Revolution do great honour to it. I wish all our proceedings merited the same character. Unhappily there are but too many belonging to the opposite side of the account. At the head of these is to be put the general rage for paper money. Pena. and N. Carolina took the lead in this folly. In the former the sum emitted was not considerable, the funds for sinking it were good, and it was not made a legal tender. It issued into circulation partly by way of loan to individuals on landed security, partly by way of payment to the public creditors. Its present depreciation is about 10 or 12 per Ct. In N. Carolina the sums issued at different times has been of greater amount, and it has constantly been a tender. It issued partly in payments to military creditors, and latterly in purchases of Tobacco on public account. The Agent I am informed was authorized to give nearly the double of the current price, and as the paper was a tender, debtors ran to him with their Tobacco and the Creditors paid the expence of the farce. The depreciation is said to be 25 or 30 per Ct. in that State. S. Carolina was the next in order. Her emission was in the way of loans to individuals, and is not a legal tender. But land is there made a tender in case of suits, which shuts the courts of Justice, and is perhaps as great an evil. The friends of the emission say that it has not yet depreciated, but they admit that the price of commodities has risen, which is evidently the form in which depreciation will first shew itself. New Jersey has just issued \u00a330,000 (dollar at 7/6). in loans to her Citizens. It is a legal tender. An addition of \u00a3100,000 is shortly to follow on the same principles. The terror of popular associations stifles as yet an overt discrimination between it and specie; but as this does not operate in Philada. and N. York where all the trade of N.J. is carried on, its depreciation has already commenced in those places and must soon communicate itself to N.J. New York is striking \u00a3200,000 (dollr. at 8s) on the plan of loans to her citizens. It is made a legal tender in case of suits only. As it is but just issuing from the press, its depreciation exists only in the foresight of those who reason without prejudice on the subject. In Rhode Island \u00a3100,000 (dolr. at 6s.) has lately been issued in  loans to individuals. It is not only made a tender, but severe penalties annexed to the least attempt direct or indirect to give a preference to specie. Precautions dictated by distrust in the rulers, soon produced it in the people. Supplies were witheld from the Market, the Shops were shut, popular meetings ensued, and the State remains in a sort of convulsion. The Legislature of Massts. at their last session rejected a paper emission by a large majority. Connecticut and N. Hampshire also have as yet foreborne, but symptoms of the danger it is said begin to appear in the latter. The Senate of Maryd. has hitherto been a bar to paper in that State. The clamor for it is now universal, and as the periodical election of the Senate happens at this crisis, and the whole body is unluckily by their constitution to be chosen at once, it is probable that a paper emission will be the result. If in spite of the zeal exerted against the old Senate a majority of them should be reelected, it will require all their firmness to withstand the popular torrent. Of the affairs of Georga. I know as little as of those of Kamskatska. Whether Virga. is to remain exempt from the epidemic malady will depend on the ensuing assembly. My hopes rest chiefly on the exertions of Col. Mason, and the failure of the experiments elsewhere. That these must fail is morally certain; for besides the proofs of it already visible in some states, and the intrinsic defect of the paper in all, this fictitious money will rather feed than cure the spirit of extravagance which sends away the coin to pay the unfavorable balance, and will therefore soon be carried to market to buy up coin for that purpose. From that moment depreciation is inevitable. The value of money consists in the uses it will serve. Specie will serve all the uses of paper. Paper will not serve one of the essential uses of specie. The paper therefore will be less valuable than specie.\u2014Among the numerous ills with which this practice is pregnant, one I find is that it is producing the same warfare and retaliation among the States as were produced by the State regulations of commerce. Massts. and Connecticut have passed laws enabling their Citizens who are debtors to Citizens of States having paper money, to pay their debts in the same manner as their Citizens who are Creditors to Citizens of the latter States are liable to be paid their debts.\u2014The States which have appointed deputies to Annapolis are N. Hampshire, Massts., R. Island, N.Y., N.J., Pena., Delaware and Virga. Connecticut declined not from a dislike to the object, but to the idea of a Convention, which it seems has been rendered obnoxious by some internal conventions which embarrassed the Legislative Authority. Maryd. or rather her Senate  negatived an appointment because they supposed the measure might interfere with the plans or prerogatives of Congress. N. Carolina has had no Legislative meeting since the proposition was communicated. S. Carolina supposed she had sufficiently signified her concurrence in a general regulation of trade by vesting the power in Congress for 15 years. Georgia\u2014\u2014Gentlemen both within and without Congress wish to make this meeting subservient to a plenipotentiary convention for amending the Confederation. Tho\u2019 my wishes are in favor of such an event, yet I despair so much of its accomplishment at the present crisis that I do not extend my views beyond a Commercial Reform. To speak the truth I almost despair even of this. You will find the cause in a measure now before Congress of which you will receive the details from Col. Monroe. I content myself with hinting that it is a proposed treaty with Spain, [in] one article of which she shuts the Mississippi for twenty five or thirty years. Passing by the other southern States, figure to yourself the effect of such a stipulation on the assembly of Virginia already jealous of northern policy and which will be composed of about thirty members from the western waters; of a majority of others attached to the western country from interests of their own, of their friends, or their constituents and of many others who though indifferent to the Mississippi will zealously play off the disgust of its friends against federal measures. Figure to yourself its effect on the people at large on the western waters who are impatiently waiting for a favorable result to negociation with Guardoqui and who will consider themselves as sold by their Atlantic brethren. Will it be an unnatural consequence if they consider themselves as absolved from every federal tie and court some protection for their betrayed rights? This protection will appear more attainable from the maritime power of Britain than any from any other quarter; and Britain will be more ready than any other nation to seize an opportunity of embroiling our affairs. What may be the motive with Spain to satisfy her self with a temporary occlusion of the Mississippi at the same time that she holds forth our claim to it as absolutely inadmissible is matter of conjecture only. The patrons of the measure in Congress contend that the Minister who at present governs the Spanish Councils means only to disembarrass himself at the expence of his successors. I should rather suppose he means to work a total separation of interest and affection between the western and eastern settlements and to foment the jealousy between the eastern and southern states. By the former the population of the western country it may be expected will be checked and the  Mississippi so far secured; and by both the general security of Spanish America be promoted. As far as I can learn the assent of nine states in Congress will not at this time be got to the proposed treaty. But an unsuccessful attempt by six or seven will favor the views of Spain and be fatal I fear to an augmentation of the federal authority if not to the little now existing. My personal situation is rendered by this business particularly mortifying. Ever since I have been out of Congress I have been inculcating on our assembly a confidence in the equal attention of Congress to the rights and interests of every part of the republic and on the western members in particular, the necessity of making the Union respectable by new powers to Congress if they wished Congress to negociate with effect for the Mississippi. I leave to Col. Monroe the giving you a particular account of the Impost. The Acts of Penna. Delaware and N. York must be revised and amended in material points before it can be put in force, and even then the fetters put on the collection by some other States will make it a very awkward business.\u2014Your favor of 25th. of April from London found me here. My letter from Richmd. at the close of the Assembly will have informed you of the situation in which British debts stand in Virga. Unless Congress say something on the subject I do not think any thing will be done by the next Session. The expectations of the British Merchants coincide with the information I had received, as your opinion of the steps proper to be taken by the Assembly do with those for which I have ineffectually contended. The merits of Mr. P. will ensure every attention from me to his claim as far as general principles will admit. I am afraid that these will insuperably bar his wishes. The Catalogues sent by Mr. Skipwith I do not expect to receive till I get back to Virga. If you meet with \u201cGr\u00e6corum Respublic\u00e6 ab Ubbone Emmio descript\u00e6,\u201d Lugd. Batavorum, 1632, pray get it for me.\nMy trip to N.Y. was occasioned chiefly by a plan concerted between Col. Monroe and myself for a purchase of land on the Mohawk. Both of us have visited that district, and were equally charmed with it. The soil is perhaps scarcely inferior to that of Kentucky, it lies within the body of the Atlantic States, and at a safe distance from every frontier, it is contiguous to a branch of Hudson\u2019s River which is navigable with trifling portages which will be temporary, to tide-water, and is not more than ten, 15 or 20 miles from populous settlements where land sells at \u00a38 and \u00a310 per Acre. In talking of this Country sometime ago with General Washington he considered it in the same light with Monroe and  myself, intimating that if he had money to spare and was disposed to deal in land, this is the very spot which his fancy had selected out of all the U.S. We have made a small purchase, and nothing but the difficulty of raising a sufficient sum restrained us from making a large one. In searching for the means of overcoming this difficulty one has occurred which we have agreed that I should mention to you, and which if you should think as we do is recommended by the prospect of advantage to yourself as well as to us. We mention it freely because we trust that if it does not meet your sanction you will as freely tell us so. It is that the aid of your credit in your private capacity be used for borrowing say four or five thousand louis more or less on the obligation of Monroe and myself with your suretyship, to be laid out by Monroe and myself for our triple emolument; an interest not exceeding six per cent to be paid annually and the principal within a term not less than eight or ten years. To guard against accidents a private instrument might be executed among ourselves specifying all necessary covenants. We have not taken the resolution of submitting this plan without well examining the expediency of your becoming a party to it as well as the prospect of its succeeding. There can certainly be no impropriety in your taking just means of bettering your fortune. Nor can we discover any in your doing this on the Mohawk, more than on James River. For the prospect of gain by the rise of the land beyond the interest of the money we calculate on the present difference of price between the settled and vacant land far beyond any possible difference in the real value. The former as has been noted sells for eight or ten pounds per acre. The latter distinguished only by its being a little higher up the river and its being uninhabited was bought by us for one dollar and a half and there is little doubt that by taking a larger quantity, still better bargains may be got. This comparative cheapness proceeds from causes which are accidental and temporary. The lands in question are chiefly in the hands of men who hold large quantities and who are either in debt or live in the city at an expence for which they have no other resource or are engaged in transactions that require money. The scarcity of specie which enters much into the cheapness is probably but temporary also. As it is the child of extravagance it will become the parent of economy which will regain us our due share of the universal medium. The same vicisitude which can only be retarded by our short lived substitutes of paper will be attended also by such a fall in the rate of exchange that 3 money drawn by bills from Europe now and repaid a few years hence will probably save one years interest at  least and I will only add that scarce an instance has happened in which purchases of new land of good quality and in good situations have not well rewarded the adventurers. With these remarks which determine our judgments, we submit to your better one the project to which they relate.\u2014Wishing you every possible happiness I remain Dr. Sir your affectionate friend & Servt.,\nJs. Madison Jr.\nMrs. House and Mrs. Trist desire to be particularly remembered to yourself and Miss Patsy. I left with Col. Monroe letters for you both from Mrs. T. which will probably go by the same packet with this.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0155", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Abb\u00e9 Morellet, [12 August 1786]\nFrom: Morellet, Abb\u00e9\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nce samedi [12 Aug. 1786]\nRien n\u2019est plus juste et plus raisonnable que ce que vous me mandes au sujet de la carte. Ce que je vous ai ecrit \u00e0 ce sujet n\u2019etoit que dans la supposition que vous n\u2019eussies aucun autre usage \u00e0 faire de la carte que pour une edition francoise mais puisque vous faites imprimer votre ouvrage en anglois soit \u00e0 londres soit \u00e0 paris il faut bien que la planche fournisse aux deux editions et que vous vous la reservies. Je reconnois aussi dans les facilit\u00e9s que vous voules bien donner \u00e0 mon libraire toute votre bont\u00e9. J\u2019aurai l\u2019honneur d\u2019aller vous en remercier incessamment, agr\u00e9es mes tr\u00e8s respectueuses civilit\u00e9s.\nL\u2019abb\u00e9 Morellet", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0156", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to the Commissioners of the Treasury, 12 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Commissioners of the Treasury\nGentlemen\nParis Aug. 12. 1786.\nYour favor of May 9. came to hand on the 25th. of June. I immediately communicated to the foreign officers the inability of the treasury at that moment to provide paiment of the interest due them, with assurances of your attention to them in the first possible moment. I communicated to Commodore Jones also your order for the balance in his hands. As he was entitled to a part of the money he had received, and it was reasonable to suppose he must have been living here on that resource, so that he could not be expected to pay the whole sum received, I desired him to state his account against that fund as he thought just himself, to pay me the balance on account, reserving to you a full right to discuss the propriety of his charges, and to allow or disallow them as you pleased, so that nothing that passed between us, should either strengthen or weaken his claims. He accordingly rendered me the account which I now inclose, balance 112,172.\u20b62.4. He desired me at the same time to forward to you the papers No. 1.-12, which will shew the objections and difficulties he had to encounter, and which could have been obviated by no body else. There certainly was no other person whose knowledge of the transactions so well qualified them to negotiate this business, and I do suppose that this fund would have lost some of it\u2019s capital articles in any other hands. This circumstance, with the real value of this officer, will I doubt not, have their just influence in settling his claims. There is no doubt but that he has actually expended the money charged to have been expended. Without this supply Mr. Grand would have been in advance for the U.S. according to a rough estimate which I make 42,281.\u20b616, besides 24,437.\u20b611 which, on the failure of the federal funds here, and on being apprised of Mr. Grand\u2019s advances, I had ventured to order him to take, from a sum of money lodged in his hands for the state of Virginia for the purchase of arms. This liberty was taken in order that he might honour the draughts of Mr. Carmichael and Mr. Dumas, pay certain foreign officers who had not yet been paid pari passu with their brother officers, and answer my demands also. These two sums, amounting to 66,719.\u20b67 were first to be replaced and left a balance of 45,452.\u20b615.8. Tho\u2019 you had proposed to leave this in my hands for the calls of the diplomatic establishments in Europe, I ventured to have it paid with the residue of the mass into Mr. Grands hands, to avoid giving him umbrage and lessening his dispositions to advance hereafter, and also because it would have been very insecure in my house which stands on the outline of the city, separated from all others by a considerable interval, and therefore exposed to robbery. The insurance in this situation would have been worth much more than Mr. Grand\u2019s commission on it. From this detail you will perceive that there remains in hand about enough to answer the demands of the diplomatic establishment in France, Spain, England, and Holland for a quarter of a year from this date, which I have instructed Mr. Grand to apply solely to that purpose.\nCommodore Jones will set out shortly for Copenhagen to settle the demand against that court, which done, he will return to America to close the matters which have been confided to him.\nI have the honor to be with sentiments of the highest esteem and respect, Gentlemen, Your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0157", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 13 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nParis Aug. 13. 1786.\nThe inclosed came to hand this morning. Mr. Carmichael you observe, and Mr. Barclay suppose something may yet be done at Algiers. It remains for us to consider whether the conduct of the Dey of that country leaves any room to hope that any negotiator can succeed without a great addition to the price to which we are confined? And should we think in the negative, yet whether the expences of Mr. Barclay\u2019s going there may not be compensated by additional information, by the possibility that he may get at their ultimatum, by the importance of possessing Congress of this ultimatum, that knowing their ground, they may not suspend a decision. Spain having made it\u2019s peace with Algiers, we may see whether their interference can count as money, as it has done at  Marocco. Hostilities too may possibly be suspended or slackened a while longer. These are all chances on which I acknolege I build very little; yet as nothing weighs against them but the expence of Mr. Barclay\u2019s journey, they might be tried. If you are of that opinion, send me the necessary papers for Mr. Barclay ready signed by you, and I will sign them and forward them.\u2014There is lodged in Mr. Grand\u2019s hands money enough to support the diplomatic establishment of our country in Europe three months, on which your draughts and Colo. Smith\u2019s shall be honoured if you think proper to make them. I am with sincere esteem Dear Sir, your friend & servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0158", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Madame de Gr\u00e9goire, 13 August 1786\nFrom: Gr\u00e9goire, Marie Th\u00e9r\u00e8se de Lamotte Cadillac de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonseigneur\nparis le 13 aoust 1786\nLa dame de Gregoire Reclame, ch\u00e8s les Etats unis, une Concession de terre faite par le Roy Louis. 14. \u00e0 antoine de lamotte Cadillac son Grand pere, elle se transporta a londres, pour faire Cette Reclamation, il luy fut dit par Mr. Eliot, au Bureau du departement de L\u2019Amerique, que par la ligne tir\u00e9e, qui separe Aujourdhuy, les Anglais, des Etats unis, cette terre se trouve etre ches ses derniers. Mr. le Docteur Franklin, auquel la dame de Gregoire presenta ses titres, luy Repondit, que sa demande \u00e9toit juste, qu\u2019il faloit presenter un Memoire, a Mr. hankoke Gouverneur, et \u00e0 Mr. de Letombe, Consul de france, et qu\u2019il se chargeoit de leur faire parvenir le tout, Ce qu\u2019il fit. La dite Dame obtint de Mr. le Comte de Vergennes Ministre une lettre de Recommandation, pour une affaire qui luy parut si juste, qu\u2019il Envoya \u00e0 Mr. Marbois, et apres luy, \u00e0 Mr. Otto, son Envoy\u00e8 Resident \u00e0 Newyork, lequ\u2019el devoit la Notifier \u00e0 Mr. de letombe, et par interim \u00e0 Mr. toscan, Residant a Boston.\nLa Dame de Gregoire, voyant que Mr. de letombe et toscan, ne mettent pas toute la vigilance, dont ils sont charg\u00e8s par le Ministre \u00e0 Cette affaire, et que depuis trois ans, on luy dit toujours, que la Multiplicit\u00e9 des affaires, empeche les Congr\u00e8s de s\u2019en occuper, \u00e0 Resolu de passer la Mer, et de s\u2019y Rendre. Comme Mr. de la fayette luy veut beaucoup du Bien, et qu\u2019il desire que la dite dame Rentre dans une Reclamation si juste, luy \u00e0 tres fort Conseill\u00e9, de s\u2019y  transporter, et luy \u00e0 donn\u00e9, des lettres de Recommandation, pour this excelincy james Baudouin Governoris has nuti of Massachuset, Bay Boston, et pour the honorable major general Knix Secretariat har \u00e0 Newyork, et la en meme tems press\u00e8e de se Rendre aupres de votre Excellence, pour la supplier de vouloir bien aussi, luy donner, qu\u2019elque lettre, affin que prompte justice luy soit faite. Comme la dame de Gregoire S\u00e7ait avec toute la terre, qu\u2019e l\u2019humanit\u00e8, la Bienfaisance, et toutes les vertus morales, siegent ches vous, elle ose esperer, que vous ne luy Refuser\u00e8s pas cette Grace, et elle ne Cessera de faire des voeux pour la sant\u00e8 et prosperit\u00e8 de votre Exellence\nMadame De Gregoire N\u00e8e De Lamotte Cadillac", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0160", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, 13 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jay, John\nSir\nParis Aug. 13. 1786\nThe inclosed letter from Mr. Barclay, and one from Mr. Carmichael, of which I send you extracts, are come to hand this morning, which is in time for them to go by the same gentleman who carries my letter of the 11th. I observe what Mr. Carmichael says on the subject of the Portuguese treaty, and am sorry it meets with difficulties. I doubt however whether he ascribes them to their true cause, when he supposes they are occasioned by M. del Pinto\u2019s being of a party opposed to that of the minister at Madrid. The cause is not proportioned to the effect. The treaty between  France and England has lately been thought to have become stationary. This is conjectured from the rigour of the custom houses, much increased by late orders, as also from some other circumstances. The overtures between England and Portugal are animated in proportion; and in the same degree I suspect that the latter lessens her care about us. If her wines were to become superfluous at the English market she wished and hoped to find a great one with us, open to receive them. M. del Pinto\u2019s courier, which carried the treaty to Falmouth, arrived a few hours too late for the Lisbon packet boat. This lost a month in the conveiance, and that month, by producing new prospects, has been critical. There is not a want of probability that del Pinto himself will succeed to the deceased minister in Portugal. This would be favourable to our treaty, and fortunate for us in proportion to the value of a connection with that nation. He is sensible, candid, and has just ideas as to us, and favourable dispositions towards us.\nI expect that Mr. Adams is at this moment at the Hague, as he intended there to take leave of that court, and, at the same time, to exchange the ratifications of the Prussian treaty. But I send on to London copies of the inclosed, in hopes he will speedily be returned there. I shall propose to him that we consider whether the conduct of the Dey of Algiers leaves any hope that any negotiator whatever could obtain his peace without a prodigious addition to the price we had thought of? If we conclude on the negative, still it will remain to decide Whether the expence of Mr. Barclay\u2019s going there may not be compensated by additional information, by the possibility that he might find their ultimatum, and the advantage of relieving the mind of Congress from all suspence by possessing them of this ultimatum. The peace of Spain too being concluded, it is to be seen whether their interference can weigh as money. It has done so at Marocco. But Algiers is a fiercer power. I have the honour to be, with sentiments of the highest respect & esteem, Sir, Your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0161", "content": "Title: [From Thomas Jefferson to John Stockdale, 13 August 1786]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Stockdale, John\n[Paris, 13 Aug. 1786. An entry in SJL under this date reads: \u201cStockdale J. inclosing Dr. Priestly\u2019s pamphlet.\u201d Neither the letter nor the  pamphlet has been found; the latter may have been one of Priestley\u2019s annual defenses of unitarianism, and it was possibly a French translation of the pamphlet; TJ received Stockdale\u2019s letter of 8 Aug. on 13 Aug.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0162", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Wythe, 13 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Wythe, George\nDear Sir\nParis Aug. 13. 1786.\nYour favors of Jan. 10. and Feb. 10. came to hand on the 20th. and 23d of May. I availed myself of the first opportunity which occurred, by a gentleman going to England, of sending to Mr. Joddrel a copy of the Notes on our country, with a line informing him that it was you who had emboldened me to take that liberty. Madison, no doubt, informed you of the reason why I had sent only a single copy to Virginia. Being assured by him that they will not do the harm I had apprehended, but on the contrary may do some good, I propose to send thither the copies remaining on hand, which are fewer than I had intended, but of the numerous corrections they need, there are one or two so essential that I must have them made, by printing a few new leaves and substituting them for the old. This will be done while they are engraving a map which I have constructed of the country from Albemarle sound to Lake Erie, and which will be inserted in the book. A bad French translation which is getting out here, will probably oblige me to publish the original more freely, which it neither deserved nor was ever intended. Your wishes, which are laws to me, will justify my destining a copy for you. Otherwise I should as soon have thought of sending you a horn-book; for there is no truth there that is not familiar to you, and it\u2019s errors I should hardly have proposed to treat you with.\nImmediately on the receipt of your letter, I wrote to a correspondent at Florence to enquire after the family of Tagliaferro as you desired. I received his answer two days ago, a copy of which I now inclose. The original shall be sent by some other occasion. I will have the copper plate immediately engraved. This may be ready within a few days, but the probability is that I shall be long getting an opportunity of sending it to you, as these rarely occur. You do not mention the size of the plate but, presuming it is intended for labels for the inside of books, I shall have it made of a proper size for that. I shall omit the word \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c2\u03bf\u03c2, according to the license you allow me, because I think the beauty of a motto is to condense  much matter in as few words as possible. The word omitted will be supplied by every reader.\nThe European papers have announced that the assembly of Virginia were occupied on the revisal of their Code of laws. This, with some other similar intelligence, has contributed much to convince the people of Europe, that what the English papers are constantly publishing of our anarchy, is false; as they are sensible that such a work is that of a people only who are in perfect tranquillity. Our act for freedom of religion is extremely applauded. The Ambassadors and ministers of the several nations of Europe resident at this court have asked of me copies of it to send to their sovereigns, and it is inserted at full length in several books now in the press; among others, in the new Encyclopedie. I think it will produce considerable good even in these countries where ignorance, superstition, poverty and oppression of body and mind in every form, are so firmly settled on the mass of the people, that their redemption from them can never be hoped. If the almighty had begotten a thousand sons, instead of one, they would not have sufficed for this task. If all the sovereigns of Europe were to set themselves to work to emancipate the minds of their subjects from their present ignorance and prejudices, and that as zealously as they now endeavor the contrary, a thousand years would not place them on that high ground on which our common people are now setting out. Ours could not have been so fairly put into the hands of their own common sense, had they not been separated from their parent stock and been kept from contamination, either from them, or the other people of the old world, by the intervention of so wide an ocean. To know the worth of this, one must see the want of it here. I think by far the most important bill in our whole code is that for the diffusion of knowlege among the people. No other sure foundation can be devised for the preservation of freedom, and happiness. If any body thinks that kings, nobles, or priests are good conservators of the public happiness, send them here. It is the best school in the universe to cure them of that folly. They will see here with their own eyes that these descriptions of men are an abandoned confederacy against the happiness of the mass of people. The omnipotence of their effect cannot be better proved than in this country particularly, where notwithstanding the finest soil upon earth, the finest climate under heaven, and a people of the most benevolent, the most gay, and amiable character of which the human form is susceptible, where such a people I say, surrounded by so many blessings from nature, are yet loaded with misery by  kings, nobles and priests, and by them alone. Preach, my dear Sir, a crusade against ignorance; establish and improve the law for educating the common people. Let our countrymen know that the people alone can protect us against these evils, and that the tax which will be paid for this purpose is not more than the thousandth part of what will be paid to kings, priests and nobles who will rise up among us if we leave the people in ignorance.\u2014The people of England, I think, are less oppressed than here. But it needs but half an eye to see, when among them, that the foundation is laid in their dispositions, for the establishment of a despotism. Nobility, wealth, and pomp are the objects of their adoration. They are by no means the free-minded people we suppose them in America. Their learned men too are few in number, and are less learned and infinitely less emancipated from prejudice than those of this country. An event too seems to be prospering, in the order of things, which will probably decide the fate of that country. It is no longer doubtful that the harbour of Cherbourg will be completed, that it will be a most excellent one, and capacious enough to hold the whole navy of France. Nothing has ever been wanting to enable this country to invade that, but a naval force conveniently stationed to protect the transports. This change of situation, must oblige the English to keep up a great standing army, and there is no king, who, with a sufficient force, is not always ready to make himself absolute.\u2014My paper warns me it is time to recommend myself to the friendly recollection of Mrs. Wythe, of Colo. Taliaferro and his family and particularly of Mr. R. T. and to assure you of the affectionate esteem with which I am Dear Sir your friend & servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0163", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Banister, with a Note to Anne Blair Banister, 14 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Banister, John,Banister, Anne Blair\nDear Sir\nParis Aug. 14. 1786.\nYour favor of May 12. 1786. came to hands a few days ago, and I am to thank you for the trouble you have taken in the affair respecting Mr. Mark. When he shall have delivered you the state he had promised, you will have the goodness to forward it. The health of your son is not yet established. He had proposed to come and try for some time the climate of Paris, and set out from Bourdeaux with that view. He had a relapse however at Libourne which prevented his pursuing his journey to this place. From thence he wrote me that he had found so little benefit from the climates of Europe that he thought it would be better for him to return to Virginia, and asked my advice on the subject. As I had not seen him since he was first at Paris, I thought himself alone the only competent judge; but as, when here, he seemed to be almost in perfect health, and that this had been obtained while he was in England, I suggested to him the expediency of a visit to that country, before his return, to see whether it\u2019s climate or it\u2019s physicians might not have again the same happy effect. I think he will accordingly go there. I have a letter from him dated Pons the 6th. inst. by which he informs me he is well enough to be on his way to Nantes. Europe is in a state of quiet at present. We are always in expectation of the K. of Prussia\u2019s death. Some think that will be the signal of war. I suppose that before this our peace is signed with Marocco. But Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli are still hostile. Nothing but force, or a very great sum of money will procure us the peace of Algiers. They come little however into the Atlantic, and Tunis and Tripoli not at all.\nI am with sincere esteem Dear Sir your friend & servt.,\nTh: Jefferson\nMr. Jefferson\u2019s compliments to Mrs. Bannister. It is a great gratification to him that, at such a distance of time and place, she yet recollects him. His daughter is well, and returns her thanks for Mrs. Bannister\u2019s notice. Mr. Jefferson will be very happy on his return to his native country, to renew an acquaintance which he has always held among the most precious of those he has ever made. In the mean time he begs her to be assured of his most perfect esteem and respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0164", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Franklin, 14 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Franklin, Benjamin\nDear Sir\nParis Aug. 14. 1786.\nI received your favor of March 20. and much satisfaction from it. I had been alarmed with the general cry that our commerce was in distress, and feared it might be for want of markets. But the high price of commodities shews that markets are not wanting. Is it not yet possible however that these high prices may proceed from the smallness of the quantity made, and that from the want of labourers? It would really seem as if we did not make produce enough for home consumption, and of course had none superfluous to exchange for foreign articles. The price of wheat for instance shews it is not exported, because it could not at such a price enter into competition at a foreign market with the wheat of any other nation.\nI send you some packets which have been put into my hands to be forwarded for you. I cannot send your Encyclopedie by the same conveyance, because it is by the way of England. Nothing worth reading has come from the press I think since you left us. There are one or two things to be published soon, which being on the subject of America, may be grateful to you, and shall be sent.\nEurope enjoys a perfect repose at present. Venice and the two empires seem to be pecking at the Turks, but only in such a degree as may keep alive certain pretensions for commencing war when they shall see the occasion fit. Whether this will be immediately on the death of the K. of Prussia remains to be seen. That event must happen soon. By the little attention paid by this country to their land army it would seem as if they did not apprehend a war on that element. But to the increase and arrangement of their navy they are very attentive. There is no longer a doubt but that the harbour of Cherbourg will be completed, will be a most excellent one and capable of containing the whole navy of France. By having two outlets, vessels may enter and sally with every wind, while in  the opposite ports of England particular winds are necessary.\u2014Our peace with Marocco is probably signed by this time. We are indebted for it to the court of Spain. Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli will continue hostile according to present appearances.\nYour friends here, within the circle of my acquaintance, are well, and often enquire after you. No interesting change that I recollect has taken place among them. Houdon has just received the block of marble for Genl. Washington\u2019s statue. He is married since his return. Trumbul, our young American painter is come here to have his Death of Montgomery and Battle of Bunker\u2019s hill engraved. I will beg leave to place here my friendly respects to young Mr. Franklin and assurances of the esteem and regard with which I have the honour to be Dear Sir your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0165", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Plowden W. Garvey, 14 August 1786\nFrom: Garvey, Plowden W.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRouen the 14 August 1786\nWe received the letter your Excellency honored us witn 7 current only yesterday, the one it enclosed for Messrs. Achard was immediately delivered, and we told them if we could be of any Service in helping or giving dispatch to the Wine for you, we were willing to do it, wishing on all occasions to shew the respect we have for your Excellency.\nThe Box containing the Model of a House is in our Store; had we known who it came from, or to whom to send it, should long er this have sent it to Mr. Limozin of Havre. It is to be loaded this evening, our expences Shall be taken on him. We are on all your Commands with respect and very true regard sir Your Excellency\u2019s most humble and very obedient Servants\nby procn. de Rt. & At. Garvey\nPlowden W. Garvey", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0166", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Francis Hopkinson, 14 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hopkinson, Francis\nDear Sir\nParis Aug. 14. 1786\nYour favours of Mar. 8. 28. and May 1. have come to hand since the date of my last which was of May 9. That of Mar. 8. begins with these words. \u2018I cannot at present lay my hands upon your last but recollect it was of an old date.\u2019This seems to imply a charge of my being behind-hand in the epistolary account. Turning to my epistolary ledger I find our account since my arrival in Europe to stand thus.\nMy letters are of\nYours are of\nJuly 6.\nApril 20.\nJuly 8.\nJuly 23.\nJan. 3.\nMay. 9.\nMar. 8.\nMay 1.\nAfter the present then I shall still be a letter in your debt. One would think that this balance did not justify a scold. The manner of curing the Essence d\u2019Orient is, as you are apprised, kept secret here. There is no getting at it therefore openly. A friend has undertaken to try whether it can be obtained either by proposing the partnership you mention, or by finding out the process. You shall have the result of these endeavors. I think I sent you in January the 5th. and 6th. volumes of the Bibliotheque physico-\u0153conomique, which are the last published. I have for yourself and Dr. Franklin the 17th. and 18th. livraisons of the Encyclopedie, and expect the 19th. will come out very soon. These will form a respectable package and shall then be forwarded. I will send, as you propose, copies of my Notes to the Philosophical society, and the City library as soon as I shall have received a map which I have constructed for them, and which is now engraving. This will be a map of the country from Albemarle sound to Lake Erie, as exact as the materials hitherto published would enable me to make it, and brought into a single sheet. I have with great impatience hoped to receive from some of my friends a particular description of the Southern and Western limits of Pennsylvania. Perhaps it might still come in time if you could send it to me in the moment almost of your receiving this. Indeed it would be very desirable if you could only write me an answer to these two queries, viz. How far Westward of F. Pitt does the Western line of Pennsylvania pass? At what point of the river Ohio does  that line strike it? Should this arrive even after they shall have begun to strike off the map, I can have the plate altered so as that the latter copies shall give that line right. Mr. Rittenhouse will have the goodness to furnish you answers to these queries. Could you prevail on him to answer this also, When will the Lunarium be done?\u2014I envy your Wednesday evenings entertainments with him and Dr. Franklin. They would be more valued by me than the whole week at Paris.\u2014Will you be so good as to send me a copy of a Botanical book published by some person in the country not far from Philadelphia, whose name I have not heard? It is a description of the plants of Pennsylvania. I have nothing new to communicate to you either in the arts or sciences. Our countryman Trumbul is here, a young painter of the most promising talents. He brought with him his Battle of Bunker\u2019s hill and Death of Montgomery to have them engraved here, and we may add, to have them sold; for, like Dr. Ramsay\u2019s history, they are too true to suit the English palate. He returned last night from examining the king\u2019s collection of paintings at Versailles, and acknoleges it surpassed not only every thing he had seen, but every idea he had ever formed of this art. I persuade him to fix himself here awhile, and then proceed to Rome. My daughter is well and joins me in respects to her and your common mother, to your lady and family also, as well as to our friends of the other house, meaning Mr. Rittenhouse\u2019s. Be assured yourself of the perfect esteem with which I am Dear Sir your friend and servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0167", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to David Humphreys, 14 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Humphreys, David\nDear Sir\nParis Aug. 14. 1786.\nI wrote you on the 7th. of May, being immediately on my return from England; and have lately received your favor of June  5. and thank you for the intelligence it contains. Every circumstance we hear induces us to beleive that it is the want of will, rather than of ability, to furnish contributions which keeps the public treasury so poor. The Algerines will probably do us the favour to produce a sense of the necessity of a public treasury and a public force on that element where it can never be dangerous. They refuse even to speak on the subject of peace. That with Marocco I expect is signed before this time; for which we are much indebted to Spain.\nYour friend Mr. Trumbul is here at present. He brought his Bunker\u2019s hill and Death of Montgomery to have them engraved here. He was yesterday to see the king\u2019s collection of paintings at Versailles, and confesses it surpassed every thing of which he even had an idea. I persuade him to stay and study here, and then proceed to Rome.\u2014Europe is yet quiet, and so will remain probably till the death of the K. of Prussia which is constantly expected. Whether this will be the signal of war or not, is yet to be seen. The two empires and Venice keep alive certain pretensions which may give colour to the commencement of hostilities when they shall think the occasion good. This country is much more intent on sea than on land preparations. Their harbour of Cherbourg will be completed and will hold their whole navy. This is putting the bridle into the mouth of England. The affairs of the United Netherlands have so long threatened civil war, that one ceases almost to believe any appearances. It must be confessed they cannot be stronger. Your friends here are well. La Comtesse d\u2019Houditot asks kindly after you. The public papers continue to say favourable and just things of your poem. A violent criticism of Chastellux\u2019s voiages is just appearing. It is not yet to be bought. I am labouring hard with the assistance of the M. de la fayette to get the general commerce of the U.S. with this country put on a favourable footing, and am not without some hopes. The Marquis is gone into Auvergne for the summer. The rest of the beau monde are also vanished for the season. We give and receive them you know in exchange for the swallows.\u2014I shall be happy to hear from you often, and to hear that you are engaged usefully to your country and agreeably to yourself, being with the most real esteem Dear Sir Your sincere friend & servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0168", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Paul Jones, 14 August 1786\nFrom: Jones, John Paul\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nParis August 14th. 1786\nI send you herewith the Rolls of the Bon-Homme-Richard and Alliance; with Copys of the other Papers in French respecting the Prize-Money of the Squadron I commanded. They are numbered from 1 to 23, and I have left them open for your inspection. I rely on the good effect of your Observations that will accompany them, with the Papers in your Hands, to Congress, and have no doubt but that my conduct will in consequence be approved. The second set of Papers are not yet finished, but will be ready in a few days so as to be forwarded by the next good opportunity, with the second set of the Papers in English now in your Hands.\nI have the honor to be, with very great esteem and respect, Dear Sir, your most obedient and most humble Servant,\nJ Paul Jones", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0170", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Zachariah Loreilhe, 14 August 1786\nFrom: Loreilhe, Zachariah\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nL\u2019Orient August 14th. 1786\nHaving been advised by Mrs. Barclay of the safe arrival of Mr. Barclay at Magadore the 10th. of June last and of the Distinguished honour he met there by order of the Emperor, I made Monsieur Thevenard, Chef Descadre and Commandant in this Port, acquainted with it, Knowing the Esteem he Entertains for Mr. Barclay and the great Interest he takes in every thing that concerns the honour and Prosperity of the United Estates, and he has made it his request that I wou\u2019d present his Compliments to your Excellency and to inform you that he has received this account with the greatest Satissfaction, and with his Wishes that Mr. Barclay\u2019s Mission may end to the honour and advantage of the United Estates of which he will be happy to be Informed. I have the  honour of offering you a continuation of my best services, I remain with great respect sir your most obedt. humble servt.,\nZ: Loreilhe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0171", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Champagne, 15 August 1786\nFrom: Champagne, Gaspard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nChalons, 15 Aug. 1786. Transmits a statement of the Chevalier de Borre, dated 16 Mch. 1786, that a man named Champagne had left him in Charleston in 1778; that the said Champagne presumably went to Savannah where he kept a shop; that the shop was looted and the owner wounded by the British; that he is said to be dead. The present \u201cChampagne\u201d asks \u201cMonsieur j\u2019iemesomme\u201d to look into this matter since it refers to family business and the right of succession and settlement.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0172", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lucy Ludwell Paradise, 15 August 1786\nFrom: Paradise, Lucy Ludwell\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon Charles St. August the 15th. 1786\nI had the honour to receive your Excellency\u2019s kind and friendly letter of the 29th. of May, for which I return you a thousand thanks. The present situation of our affairs is truly distressing, as a debt of such an enormous size is not easily discharged. The Ship we expected arrived a few weeks ago, and brought only 44 Hogshd. of tobacco. I say only 44 as it is not enough to pay the creditors and at the same time to support the family. The very valuable library we had has at different times been sold, and the last of them were disposed of about a month ago. Mr. Paradise received your Excellencys letter, and likewise the letters for the gentlemen in Virginia, for which he told me, he was greatly obliged to you, and that had he had money he would have set out immediately on receiving your kind invitation. He has told me and our dear friend  Dr. Bancroft that he would positively go in the Spring and take his family with him. There are many months to the Spring, therefore if he could be advised, and prevailed upon to go in October, and he would go, I think it would be the wisest action he ever did. The merchant we have now got, is a very proper one, as he is perfectly acquainted with all my relations and likewise with our property. His name is Gist and he lives in America Square Crutched friers. To this gentleman if I was Mr. Paradise I would lay open the whole of the debt I owed, and ask him if he would become the only creditor. I mean by that, if he would advance the whole of the money that would be necessary to pay all the creditors. I am of opinion he would, and then Mr. Paradise could go very easily in October; For the longer he stays here the greater the distresses he must necessarily draw himself and his family into. This letter will be delivered into your Excellencys hand by Mr. Voss a very amiable honest and good young gentleman and a native of Virginia. He has promised to deliver it to you himself and if it will not be intruding upon your precious moments, he will bring me your Excellencys Answer at his return. The truly kind and friendly part you take in my affairs I never shall forget, as long as I live, and I beg you will believe me when I assure you that if there is an thing in this World I can be of service to you, or your amiable daughters, you have only to let me know it, and I will do it to the utmost of my poor abilities, And remain Your Excellencys Most Obliged humble Servant,\nLucy Paradise\nP.S. I beg no mention may be made of this letter to Mr. P.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0174", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Andr\u00e9 Caron, 16 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Caron, Andr\u00e9\nMonseigneur\nparis ce 16. aoust 1786. Rue des moulins Butte St. Roch No. 9.\nLe Nomm\u00e9 andr\u00e9 Caron a Et\u00e9 Embarqu\u00e9 le 10 Juillet. 1780. Sur La fr\u00e9gate L\u2019arielle \u00e0 L\u2019orient, Command\u00e9 par Le Commodor paul Jones. Il est rest\u00e9 Sur cette fregate Jusqu\u2019au 4 avril 1781., Epoque a la quelle Monsieur Le Comte de la touche L\u2019a fait debarqu\u00e9, Etant arriv\u00e9 \u00e0 philadelphie, pour Le Transfer\u00e9 sur L\u2019hermione; de l\u00e0, fait pass\u00e9 sur Le Vaisseau du Roy Le Conqu\u00e9rant, apr\u00e8s avoir promis, et m\u00eame Monsieur Le Chevalier de La Luzerne pour lors Ambassadeur a philadelphie, que L\u2019on auroient fait pass\u00e9 entre Les mains du Major G\u00e9n\u00e9ral de L\u2019arm\u00e9e ce qu\u2019il revenoient de nos mois.\nLe supliant Etoit Embarqu\u00e9 Sur La fr\u00e9gate L\u2019arielle comme caporal des Volontaires \u00e0 la paye de 36.\u20b6 par mois, ce qui fait en tout huit mois 24 jours, Ensemble 316.\u20b6 16. Il n\u2019a \u00e9t\u00e9 pay\u00e9 que de Deux mois, il revient 244. 16. dont il n\u2019a pas encore Touch\u00e9 un Sols.\nIl a L\u2019honneur de se retirer vers vous, Monseigneur, pour vous prier de vouloir Bien ordonn\u00e9 qu\u2019il soit pay\u00e9.\nIl ne cessera de prier Le Seigneur pour La Conservation de Vos jours pr\u00e9cieux. Et a L\u2019honneur d\u2019etre avec un tres profond respect, Monseigneur, Le plus humble et Le plus soumis de Vos Serviteurs,\nA. Caron", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0175", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Paul Jones, 16 August 1786\nFrom: Jones, John Paul\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nParis August 16th. 1786\nHaving no Roll of the Ariel in my Possession, I am unable to determine the legality of the claim expressed in the Paper you did me the Honor to send for my opinion. The Papers of that Frigate were deposited in the Admiralty at Philadelphia, I think, in April or May 1781, and I remember that some arrangement with Mr. Holker was spoke of by the Board, for the Wages due to the Marines; who being French subjects were claimed by the Chevalier de La Luzerne and sent to join Monsieur des Touches at Rhode Island. As this happened in the moment when paper Money was going out of circulation, perhaps the Men have not been paid? The truth can only be known by writing to America, unless you think fit to consult the Count de la Touche, with whom they embarked at Philadelphia for Rhode Island.\nI am, Sir, with great esteem & respect, Your most obedient and most humble Servant,\nJ Paul Jones", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0177", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Ledyard, 16 August 1786\nFrom: Ledyard, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLondon August 16th 1786\nWhenever I have occasion to write to you I shall not want to say so much on the score of Gratitude, that if I do not tire you with  the Repetition of my thanks, I shall at least do injustice to the other Parts of my Letters unless you will be so good as to accept of a single honest heartfelt Thank You for the whole. In that case I shall always proceed to plain narration.\nThe same Sir James Hall that made me the remarkable visit at St. Germains is my friend here. I have arrived most opportunely indeed. An English Ship sails in three days for Nootka Sound. I am introduced by Sir James Hall to the Merchants who welcome me to a passage there and as one of them goes himself thank me for my comp[any.] I shall go on board to morrow. An Officer of Capt. Cooks goes also. He is highly pleased at my accompanying them. Sir J. Hall presented me with twenty Guineas Pro Bono Publico.\u2014I bought two great Dogs, an Indian pipe and a hatchet. My want of time as well as more money will prevent my going otherwise than indifferently equipped for such an Enterprise; but it is certain I shall be more in want before I see Virginia. Why should I repine? You know how much I owe the aimiable La Fayette, will you do me the honor to present my most grateful thanks to him?\u2014If I find in my Travels a mountain as much above the Mountains as he is above ordinary men I will name it La Fayette.\u2014I beg the honor also of my compliments to Mr. Short who has also been my friend and like the good Widow in Scripture cast in not only his mite but more than he was able, to my assistance. Adieu.\nI have the honor to be Sir your most grateful and most Obedt huml Servt.,\nJohn Ledyard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0178", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 16 August 1786\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nEdinburgh August 16 1786\nI am afraid by delaying so long a time to answer your letter I have deservedly forfeited the advantages which might be derived from such a correspondence, but still hope that as I wish to make amends for my fault your goodness will incline you to forgive it. By the reestablishment of my health in great measure, a removal to the continent has become unnecessary, at least before the time which is generally thought sufficient here for the completion of an academical education is elapsed. The first winter of my abode in Edinb. I turned my attention to the languages and Mathematics only, being allmost entirely ignorant of both on my arrival; since however I have been engaged in more intellectual pursuits, and have tasted of the exquisite pleasure which the mind derives even from the first insight into Philosophy. I have all along felt a particular attachment to the Study of Natural History, and the two summers of my residence here have made it the chief object of my attention; the necessary instructions to enable me to read with advantage on the subject I have received from Dr. Walkers lectures, who is no less famous for his extensive information with respect to this science than the enthusiastic pleasure which he takes in propagating the knowledge of it. As yet I have entered on no pursuit immediately relating to my intended profession, being convinced that to begin at my time of life the investigation of intricate points of law, before a proper foundation had been laid to proceed on by an intimate acquaintance with history and Mathematics would not only be fruitless but tend to create an unwillingness to prosecute farther a subject which exhibited at first view such apparently insurmountable difficulties. It is my intention to attend this winter the lectures on Natural philosophy and civil history, perhaps likewise on Anatomy, for I have a great desire to obtain some knowledge of the structure of the human body, but am uncertain whether it would not be more advantageous to defer it some time yet. Your advice not only on that particular but the whole course of my education  would be extremely acceptable, and shall be implicitly followed. My Brother and my self are to spend the next year I believe in France, but will remain some months at a provincial town to get a little acquainted with the language before we shall have the honor of seeing you at Paris. He and Mr. And. Randolph desire to be remembered to you. My compliments to Miss Jefferson. Your leisure time, if you have any from your important function, cannot be employed where it will be more thankfully received than in writing to Your most obedt. humble servt.,\nT. M. Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0179", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Vergennes, 16 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Comte de\nSir\nParis Aug. 16. 1786.\nI take the liberty of repeating what I had the honor of mentioning to your Excellency yesterday, that, by order of the state of Virginia, a contract has been made in France for 3400. stand of arms, as many cartouch boxes with their accoutrements, and that I am yet to purchase as much gunpower, gunflints and Cartridge paper as will, with the arms and cartouch boxes, employ the sum of 180,000 livres, to which this purchase is directed to extend in the whole. I am now to ask the favor of a permission to export these articles from the port of Bourdeaux, except the Cartouch boxes which, being made at Paris, will be exported from Havre.\nPermit me here also to ask the letter to his majesty\u2019s minister at Copenhagen to support the application of the Chevalier Paul Jones to that court for satisfaction for the prizes taken by him, carried into a port of Denmark, and delivered by the order of that court to the English.\nI have the honour to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem & respect, your Excellency\u2019s most obedient and most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0180", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Brissot de Warville, 16 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Brissot de Warville, Jacques Pierre\n                    I have read with very great satisfaction the sheets of your work on  the commerce of France and the United states which you were so good as to put into my hands. I think you treat the subject, as far as these sheets go, in an excellent manner. Were I to select any particular passages as giving me particular satisfaction, it would be those wherein you prove to the United states that they will be more virtuous, more free, and more happy, emploied in agriculture, than as carriers or manufacturers. It is a truth, and a precious one for them, if they could be persuaded of it. I am also particularly pleased with your introduction. You have properly observed that we can no longer be called Anglo-Americans. That appellation now describes only the inhabitants of Novas Scotia, Canada, &c. I had applied that of Federo-Americans to our citizens, as it would not be so decent for us to assume to ourselves the flattering appellation of Free-Americans.\n                    There are two passages in this work on which I am able to give you information. The first is in page 67 \u2018ils auront le coton quant ils voudront se livrer \u00e0 ce genre de culture,\u2019 and the note \u2018l\u2019on voit dans la baie de Massachusets &c.\u2019 The four Southernmost states make a great deal of cotton. Their poor are almost entirely clothed in it in winter and summer. In winter they wear shirts of it, and outer clothing of cotton and wool mixed. In Summer their shirts are linnen but the outer clothing cotton. The dress of the women is almost entirely [made of] cotton manufactured by themselves, except the richer class, and even many of these wear a good deal of home-spun cotton. It is as well manufactured as the calicoes of Europe. Those 4. states furnish a great deal of cotton to the states North of them, who cannot make it, as being too cold.\u2014There is no neighborhood in any part of the United states without a water-grist-mill for grinding the corn of the neighborhood. Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, abound with large manufacturing mills for the exportation of flour. There are abundance of saw-mills in all the states. Furnaces and forges of iron, I believe in every state, I know they are in the nine Northernmost. There are many mills for plating and slitting iron, and I think there are many distilleries of rum from Norfolk in Virginia to Portsmouth in New Hampshire. I mention these circumstances because your note seems to imply that these things are only in the particular states you mention.\n                    The second passage is page 101. and 102. where you speak of the \u2018ravages caus\u00e9s par l\u2019abus des eaux de vie\u2019 which seems, by the note in page 101. to be taken on the authority of Smith. Nothing can be less true than what that author says on this subject; and  we may say in general that there are as many falshoods as facts in his work. I think drunkenness is much more common in all the American States than in France, but it is less common there than in England. You may form an idea from this of the state of it in America. Smith saw every thing thro\u2019 the medium of strong prejudice. Besides this he does not hesitate to write palpable lies, which he was conscious were such.\u2014When you proceed to form your table of American exports, and imports, I make no doubt you will consult the American traveller, the estimates in which are nearer the truth than those of Ld. Sheffield and Deane, as far as my knowlege of the facts enables me to judge. I must beg your pardon for having so long detained those sheets. I did not finish my American dispatches till the night before last, and was obliged yesterday to go to Versailles. I have the honour to be with very great respect, Sir, your most obedient & most humble servant,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0181", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Samuel Adams and John Lowell, 17 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, Samuel,Lowell, John\nDear Sir\nParis Aug. 17. 1786.\nThis will be delivered you by a Madame de Gregoire a lady of this country who goes to America to sollicit from the state of Massachusets a claim which she has to certain lands in the province of Maine. These lands had been long in the occupation of her family under a grant from the crown of France, while it held the colony of Acadie. Subsequent events threw this territory under the British government, and lastly within the lines ceded by that government to the United states. As her claim stands on singular ground, the indulgence can do little injury as a precedent which may be extended to it either in consideration of her just right, or in proof of our dispositions to favor her nation, and to bind it\u2019s individuals to us by every possible tie, as well as it\u2019s government. On the footing of the acquaintance I have had the honor of having  with you, I presume to recommend her to your patronage, and to ask for her your counsel and assistance, so far as justice, or motives of sound policy may authorize you to yield them. I take this liberty with the more good will as it gives me an opportunity of recalling myself to your recollection, and of renewing to you assurances of the perfect esteem and respect with which I have the honour to be, Dear Sir, your obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0182", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Carmichael, 17 August 1786\nFrom: Carmichael, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nSt. Ildefonso 17th. Augt. 1786\nI had the honor to transmit on the 15th. July to your Excellency a copy of a note to me from his Excy. The Ct. of Florida Blanca dated the 13th. Dto. inclosing Extracts of a Letter from the Spanish Consul General in Morrocco and of one from the Principal Minister of his M.M. relative to Mr. Barclay\u2019s negociation. On the 11th. Inst. I received a note from the Ct. of F.B. with a copy of the Treaty in Spanish which I forwarded to Mr. Jay vi\u00e2 France, by the Last Post. The Ct. of F.B. having requested me to return the Copy he sent me for my perusal, I had not time to make out a second for my own use, and as I perceived by a Letter which I lately sent you from Mr. Barclay and which that Gentleman left open for my perusal, that all but one Article of his propositions had been accepted, I do not so much regret my want of time to transcribe a copy for you. I think it however proper to submit to your perusal the Translation of a Letter from his Marroccan Majesty to the Consul General of Spain, which proves the Essential Services that the Interference of his C.M. hath rendered the U.S. on this occasion. It is as follows.\n\u201cGracias \u00e1 Dios uno solo, no hay fuezza ni pedor sino en Dios. (L.S.) Al Consul Espanol. Par al que signe el verdadero Camino. Despues nos ha llegado esta tu Carta, y sobre lo que nos escribes a cerca de los Americanos, Elles se han presentado, y trayeon del Rey Carlos una carta y en atencion a ella lo hemos concedido quanto han pretendido firmando los Tratados de par que nos pidieron y hemos aceptado, y a qui te embiamos una copia de Ellos para que la mandos al Rey de Espa\u00f1a, y tu quando estes prento para venir \u00e0  neustra presencia, notificando, para embiarte los Caballos que han de acompanar y Salud. A onze dias de la Luna de Ramadan ano de 1200 (que correspondeci a 8 de Julio 1786).\u201d\nYesterday morning I received the inclosed Letter from Mr. Barclay, which your Excellency will receive by a Courier dispatched from hence to the Ct. d\u2019Aranda and the Chevalier Del Campo. This Messenger carries the ratification of the Convention relative to the Mosquito Shore signed the 14th. of July by the Latter and the Marquis of Carmarthen. I have in my possession an extract of this Convention, but as I presume Mr. Adams must have already furnished you with a copy of it, I forbear transmitting it. It has given great satisfaction here. The King manifested in a particular manner to the British Minister the pleasure the conclusion of this Affair gave him. It seems to be the System of G.B. to court Spain, and their Minister here is well qualified to execute their plans. On the 14th. of June a Treaty was signed between Spain and Algiers. It is not however yet ratified owing to the bad State of health of the Ct. of F.B. I have sent to Mr. Jay a copy of this Treaty. I have such a firm reliance on the repeated promises of the Ct. de F.B. from the experience of this Minister\u2019s punctuality and regard to his word in all the Transactions that I have had with him during my mission here, that I think I can safely assert that we may depend on the best offices of this court whenever it may be judged proper to renew our overtures to Algiers. [I beg you to have the goodness to charge one of your Servants with the Delivery of the inclosed Letters. If you chuse to be acquainted with two Amiable Ladies, you may avail yourself of this opportunity. They are from Mr. Celesia The Genoese Minister at this Court. We live together at this Residence and he will with pleasure write to these Ladies in favor of a Republican.] His republic is doing what its limited finances will permit it to protect its Commerce. I am told That the King of Sardinia is doing the Same. The Portuguese and Neapolitan Envoys have gone to Algiers. Their Success is problematical. If I was informed of the Obstacles attending our Treaty with Portugal, I flatter myself that I might be of some Utility. It is not improbable that the Portuguese Ambassador at this court will be nominated Minister of State. I tell you before hand that he is Antigallican. I beleive he is of a party opposed to the Chevalier Pinto. [He has offered repeatedly to me, In case the Treaty should take place, to procure an intimation from the Queen that my Nomination would be agreable to her Majesty.] I am assured by what ought to be good  authority that the Affairs of the Court of Naples are in a good train. This appears to want Confirmation. I write freely and fully to you and I hope you will have the same confidence with respect to your Excellency\u2019s Most Obedt. & Humble Sert.,\nWm. Carmichael\nP.S. Mr. Lamb is at Alicant, he has sent the vessel he purchased to America.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0183", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Dangirard & De Vernon, 17 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dangirard & De Vernon\nThere appears to be due to Mark & co. for Messrs. de Vernon & Danguard\nPrincipal\nInterest to Dec. 31. 1785\nPrincipal in livres\nInterest to Dec. 31. 85\nFrom the treasury of the United States\nFrom the treasuryof Virginia\nBesides this, Mark & co. have received from the treasury of the U.S. the interest on 48917/90D from the respective dates at which the sums were placed therein up to the 31st. Dec. 1784. amounting to 1550 Dollars or 8137\u20b610s. As to the 4691 7/90 Dollars = 24,628\u20b64s due from the U.S. it bears an annual interest of 281.46 Doll. = 1477\u20b613s which appears to have been regularly paid. As to the 1823\u00a3-5s-4d = 32,818\u20b616s principal and 632\u00a3-16s = 11,390\u20b68s. interest due from the state of Virginia, I know not the reason why the whole interest and a part of the principal have not been paid; as it appears by the letter of Mr. Bannister and other information I have received that the principal of that debt is in a course of paiment. The whole will probably be  discharged in a very few years. I would advise Messrs. Danguard and DeVernon to execute a power of Attorney in the form I send them, leaving a blank for the attorney\u2019s name. That I will send to Mr. Bannister praying him to insert the name of some trust-worthy attorney. This will authorize that attorney to call Messrs. Mark Nephew & co. to account, and in the mean time stay the paiment of any more money to them. If Mark, nephew & co. have not made themselves citizens of any of the American states, this matter will be determined summarily before Mr. Oster the French consul residing in Virginia; but if Mark has made himself a citizen, it must be decided in the courts of justice of the country, in which case it may require a couple of years to settle it. The power of attorney, of which I send a form, must be signed by Messrs. Danguard & de Vernon before a Notary, and there must be a certificate that the person is a Notary, which certificate must be signed by the Prevot de Marchands of Paris with the seal of his office. Besides this, these gentlemen should draw up a full state of their case, and prepare authentic vouchers to support it, and send them to their attorney.\nTh: Jefferson\nEnclosure\nKnow all men by these presents that we [here insert the name of Messrs. Danguard & de Vernon] subjects of his most christian majesty the king of France, and inhabitants of the said kingdom, have constituted and appointed of thecommonwealth of Virginia our lawful attorney, for us and in our names to sue for, recover, and receive all sums of money or other property of ours in the hands of Messrs. Marc. nephew & co. as also to sollicit from the Loan Office of the United states of America and from the Loan office of the commonwealth of Virginia all sums of money lodged in either of them, in our own names, or in the names of Marc nephew & Co. or in any other name in our behalf, and all sums of interest due or to become due thereon; and for such monies or other property recovered or received from the said Marc nephew & co. or from either of the said loan offices to give sufficient acquittances on our behalf: and we hereby confirm whatever our said attorney shall do by virtue of this power as fully as if done by ourselves; hereby revoking all former powers given to the said Marc, nephew & co. or to any other person touching the premises. In witness whereof we have hereto set our hands and seals at Paris in the kingdom of Francethis dayof 1786.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0184", "content": "Title: [From Thomas Jefferson to R. & A. Garvey, 17 August 1786]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Garvey, Anthony,Garvey, Richard\n[Paris, 17 Aug. 1786. An entry in SJL, under this date and immediately below the entry for the (missing) letter to Andr\u00e9 Limozin of this date, reads: \u201cGarvey. do.\u201d Not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0185", "content": "Title: [From Thomas Jefferson to Andr\u00e9 Limozin, 17 August 1786]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Limozin, Andr\u00e9\n[Paris, 17 Aug. 1786.An entry in SJL under this date, partly illegible, reads: \u201cLimozin [Introduct]ion of Bassville and Morrises.\u201d Letter not found; but see Bassville to TJ, 18 Aug., and Limozin to TJ, 2 Sep. 1786.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0187", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Hugon de Bassville, 18 August 1786\nFrom: Bassville, Nicolas Joseph Hugon de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nparis le 18 aout 1786\nJ\u2019ai recu hier Le paquet que vous avez eu La bont\u00e9 de M\u2019envoier. J\u2019avais oubli\u00e9 de vous demander un passeport qui nous est absolument  n\u00e9c\u00e9ssaire pour sortir du Roiaume, j\u2019esp\u00e8re que vous voudrez bien me le faire passer \u00e0 abbeville ou nous serons, jusqu\u2019au 12 7bre, avec les lettres de recommandation pour les Ministres, de la part de Mr. de Vergennes.\nIl faut que le passeport soit pour Mrss. Morris, pour moi, pour un valet de chambre et un domestique.\nJ\u2019ai Lhonneur d\u2019etre tres respectueusement Monsieur Votre tres humble et tres obeissant serviteur,\nHugon De Bassville", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0188", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to De Blome, 18 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Blome, Otto, Baron von\nSir\nParis Aug. 18. 1786.\nDr. Franklin, during his residence at this court, was instructed by Congress to apply to the court of Denmark for a compensation for certain vessels and cargoes taken from the English during the late war by the American squadron under the command of Commodore Paul Jones, carried into a port of Denmark, and, by order of the court of Denmark, redelivered to the English. Dr. Franklin made this application through the Baron de Walterstorf, at that time charged with other matters relative to the two countries of Denmark and the United states of America. Baron de Waltersdorf, after having written to his court, informed Dr. Franklin that he was authorized to offer a compensation of ten thousand guineas. This was declined, because it was thought that the value of the prizes was the true measure of compensation, and that that ought to be enquired into. Baron de Waltersdorf left this court some time after, on a visit only, as he expected, to Copenhagen, and the matter was suffered to rest till his return. This was constantly expected, till you did me the honour of informing me that he had received another destination. It being now therefore necessary to renew our application, it is thought better that Commodore Paul Jones should repair in person to Copenhagen. His knowlege  of the whole transaction will best enable him to represent it to that court, and the world has had too many proofs of the justice and magnanimity of his Danish majesty to leave a doubt that he will order full justice to be done to those brave men who saw themselves deprived of the spoils, won by their gallantry, and at the hazard of their lives, and on whose behalf the justice and generosity of his majesty is now reclaimed.\nI am now, Sir, to ask the favor of you to communicate this application to your court, to inform them that Commodore Paul Jones, who will present himself to them, is authorized to sollicit and arrange this matter, and to ask your good offices with his Majesty and his ministers, so that the representations of Mr. Jones may find their way to them, which we are assured is all that is necessary to obtain justice.\nI have the honour to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem and respect, Sir, your most obedient and most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0189", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Jay, 18 August 1786\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nNew York 18th. August 1786\nMy last to you was dated the 14th. of last Month, since which I have received and laid before Congress your several Letters of 12th. 22d. 23d. two of 27th. and one of 31st. May last, with the Papers enclosed with them.\nIt has happened from various Circumstances, that several Reports on foreign Affairs still lay before Congress undecided upon. The want of an adequate Representation for long Intervals, and the Multiplicity of Business which pressed upon them when that was not the Case, has occasioned Delays and Omissions which however unavoidable are much to be regretted. It is painful to me to reflect that altho\u2019 my Attention to Business is unremitted yet I so often experience unseasonable Delays and successive Obstacles in obtaining the Decision and Sentiments of Congress, even on Points which require Dispatch. But so it is, and I must be content with leaving nothing undone that may depend upon me.\nThe consular Convention is now as it has long been, under the  consideration of Congress, and I have Reason to hope they will soon enable me to send you full Instructions on that Subject.\nI have long thought and become daily more convinced that the Construction of our f\u0153deral Government is fundamentally wrong. To vest legislative, judicial and executive Powers in one and the same Body of Men, and that too in a Body daily changing its Members, can never be wise. In my Opinion those three great Departments of Sovereignty should be for ever separated, and so distributed as to serve as Checks on each other. But these are Subjects that have long been familiar to you and on which you are too well informed not to anticipate every Thing that I might say on them.\nI enclose a late Ordinance of Congress for Indian Affairs, and their Requisition for the ensuing Year. Those Subjects have consumed much Time. They are however important ones and the Attention of Congress to them could not with Propriety have been postponed.\nI have advised Congress to renew your Commission as to certain Powers. Our Treasury is ill supplied; some States pay nothing and others very little. The Impost not yet established. The People generally uneasy in a certain Degree, but without seeming to discern the true Cause, vizt., want of Energy both in state and f\u0153deral Governments. It takes Time to make Sovereigns of Subjects.\nI am, Dr. Sir, with great Esteem & Regard, &c.\nJohn Jay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0191", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from the Abb\u00e9s Arnoux and Chalut, 19 August [1786]\nFrom: Arnoux, Abb\u00e9,Chalut, Abb\u00e9\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nPassy 19 Aoust [1786]\nLes Abb\u00e9s Chalut et Arnoux pr\u00e9sentent Leurs civilit\u00e9s \u00e0 Monsieur Jefferson: ils auront l\u2019honneur de se rendre \u00e0 son invitation Lundi prochain 21 du Courant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0192", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Andr\u00e9 Limozin, 19 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Limozin, Andr\u00e9\nSir\nParis Aug. 19. 1786.\nI have duly received your favor of the 14th. inst. Had Congress made appointment of Consuls regularly in the several ports, the difficulty would not have happened which is the subject of your letter. But their other business has as yet prevented the final completion of arrangements for that department. In the mean while we must conduct the business as well as we can, the Agents in the several ports undertaking to act where there is no legal opposition made. In the present case I suppose that Mr. Ruilon will make opposition, and therefore I have taken the advice of an eminent Avocat au parlement as to the matter. He says that application must be made to the Amiraut\u00e9 who are authorized to decide as to the person who shall take possession of the effects of the deceased Mr. Robertson. He thinks they will not give possession to the son because of his minority, but that they will give it to you as having the substantial, tho\u2019 not the formal appointment to take care of all matters in which a citizen of the United states is interested. It is a better authority than M. Ruilon can shew, as I presume. You do not mention on what pretensions he has taken possession. I should therefore advise your application to the Amiraut\u00e9, having no authority to act in it myself. I have the honour to be with much respect Sir your most obedient humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0193", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Macarty, 19 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Macarty, William\nSir\nParis Aug. 19. 1786.\nOn the receipt of your letter of the 7th. inst. I called on one of the Farmers general who is of my acquaintance, and asked from him explanations of the reasons for the low prices offered for tobacco. He said they considered themselves as bound to purchase the quantities directed by the order of Berny, and at the prices therein ordered, which quantities they apportioned among the ports according to their wants, allotting certain quantities to be bought weekly or monthly, that when greater quantities offered they thought themselves at liberty to buy them, at a lower price if the holder would take it, that this was done by a previous contract. I gave him an extract of the letter, and he promised to enquire into it, and to use his influence that justice should be done you.\nIf you made an express contract for the prices you mention, without doubt you will be held to them. If you did not make a contract, I think it as certain you will be entitled to the prices fixed by the government. Should they refuse justice I am told you may have redress by application to a court on the spot, or to a tribunal at Paris which takes cognisance of whatever relates to the farms. But I beleive also that the Committee, who proposed this regulation, are authorised to take cognisance of all infractions of it. As soon as I obtain an answer from the farmer general I will do myself the pleasure of communicating it to you. I am with much respect Sir your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0194", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Monroe, 19 August 1786\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nNew York Augt. 19. 1786.\nMy last advis\u2019d you of the progress of Spanish negotiation. Until that time the reference of Jay\u2019s letter to a committee was, I believe, the point at which it rested; but to enable you to form a satisfactory opinion of the object of that letter I transcribe you only operative paragraph in it. \u201cI take the liberty therefore of submitting  to the consideration of Congress whether it might not be adviseable to appoint a committee with power to instruct and direct me on every point and subject relative to the proposed treaty with Spain.\u201d You are to observe his only ultimata were respecting the Mississippi and the boundaries; the committee, consisting of a member from Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and myself, kept it about two months and at length two of them reported that they be discharged, the letter referred to a committee of the whole and himself ordered to attend. It was agreed to with this alteration that he attend Congress to explain the difficulties stated in his letter and to lay before them a state of the negotiation. He accordingly came and being aware objections would be made to his entering into debate, produced a long written speech which he read by virtue of his office and which was in substance as follows. France against our right of the navigation of the Mississippi and, in case of a variance with Spain upon that point, against us. Well to be on good terms with Spain therefore on that account as well as to avail ourselves of her influence in the councils of Portugal, the Italian States and the Barbary Powers, as also in those of France herself. That Great Britain would rejoice to see us at variance with Spain, and therefore would foment dissentions between us that in case this treaty failed, Spain, mortified and disappointed in the eyes of all Europe would enter into engagements with Britain (or in resentment) so as to exclude us from her ports. For these reasons and fully to obtain the confidence and good wishes of that power, as also her good services in the lines abovesaid, he thought it wise to forebear the use of the navigation of Mississippi for twenty-five years or thirty, if necessary, as a condition to obtain at the same time the following liberal articles as the basis of a commercial treaty.\u20141. All commercial regulations shall be reciprocal, Spanish merchants in the ports of [America] and American merchants in those of Spain and the Canaries to have the rights of native merchants of the two countries. 2. To establish consuls in their respective countries. 3. The bona fide manufactures and productions of both parties, tobacco excepted, to be admitted in the ports aforesaid in the vessels of both parties upon the same footing as if they were their own manufactures and productions; and further that all such duties and imposts as may mutually be thought necessary to lay on them by either party shall be regulated on principles of exact reciprocity by a tariff to be form\u2019d within one year after the ratification of this treaty, and in the mean time they shall severally pay in the ports of each other  those of natives only. 4. Masts and timber for the navy to be bought, provided they be as cheap as in other countries. This was the amount of his communications as to the project which he urged our adopting by all the arguments he could think of, such as, we cant obtain the use, and therefore of no consequence; we must now decide; must terminate in accomodation, war, or disgrace, the last the worst, the second unprepar\u2019d for, the first the preferable course; that we should avail ourselves of the moment or Britain would; therefore no time to lose with others of the same kind. This subject hath, since the above communication, engaged the attention of Congress for ten days past. The delegates of Massachusetts who are his instruments on the floor moved in committee to repeal his ultimata with a view of suffring him to proceed at pleasure, and upon this point hath the debate turn\u2019d. It hath been manifest they have had throughout seven states and we five. They, to Pennsylvania inclusive, and Delaware being absent, the rest against him. We deny the right in seven states to alter an instruction so as to make it a new one but they will proceed, be that as it may, the treaty in that event be form\u2019d and soon presented for ratification. To prevent this we have told them we would give notice to the secretary of the incompetency of his powers as also to the resident of Spain to justify Congress in refusing to ratify, if they should chuse it. In this state it remain\u2019d without any new proposition untill yesterday, being friday. We stated however in the close of the day that we would agree that a treaty be form\u2019d upon the following conditions. That exports be admitted thro the Mississippi, paying at New Orleans a duty of two and half per cent ad valorem to Spain, to be carried thence in Spanish American and French bottoms. That imports be prohibited in that line. If this should be adopted we propose to change the scene of negotiation and to carry it to Madrid, to take it out of the present and put it into yours and Adams\u2019s hands. We fear however and with too much reason that this will fail. Nothing could have been more unfortunate than even the agitation of this subject. It hath lessen\u2019d the ground on which we stood and given Spain hopes she had no reason to calculate on. What prospects to the general interest might be calculated on as resulting from the deliberations of the convention at Annapolis must be diminished. In short the measure strikes me as every way highly injurious. I am sorry to inform you that our affairs are daily falling into a worse situation, arising more from the intrigues of designing men than any real defect in our system or distress of our affairs. The same party who advocate this  business have certainly held in this city committees for dismembering the confederacy and throwing the states eastward the Hudson into one government. As yet this business hath not gone far but that there should be a party in its favor, and a man, heretofore so well respected but in my opinion so little known, engag\u2019d in it is to me very alarming. Congress have again requir\u2019d money for the insuing year, including that part of the principal of the foreign loans that becomes due in that time. All the States except New York and Pena. have acceded to the impost to the acceptation of Congress, the former hath granted the revenues accruing from it but hath not made the collectors so amenable to Congress as the system requires and the other states have done; and Pena. hath granted the impost but suspended its operation untill all the states shall have granted the supplemental funds. A committee is appointed to attend the legislature of Pena. on this subject, and recommendation pass\u2019d to the Executive of New York to convene the legislature to take the said system again into consideration. They meet in the usual term in the fall or commencment of the winter. They have pass\u2019d an ordinance regulating the coin. I have been appriz\u2019d of the arrival of the Encyclopedie at Baltimore upon the cover of a letter address\u2019d from Mr. Mazzai, forwarded thence here, but have not heard in whose ship or under whose care it is except from your letter. I have since my last received yours of the 10. of May. Your late communications on the commercial subject have given great satisfaction to Congress. We hope the monopoly of our tobacco in hands of the farmers general will ultimately be abolish\u2019d. The services of Monsr. La Fayette are acknowledg\u2019d with gratitude by Congress. I shall leave this after the first of Octr. for Virginia, Fredricksburg. Believe me I have not relinquish\u2019d the prospect of being your neighbour. The house for which I have requested a plan may possibly be erected near Monticello. To fix there and to have yourself in particular with what friends we may collect around for society is my chief object, or rather the only one which promises to me with the connection I have form\u2019d real and substantial pleasure, if indeed by the name of pleasure it may be call\u2019d. I inclose you some letters for yourself and Miss Patsy to whom be so kind as make my best respects. I am Dear [Sir] very affectionately yr. friend & servant,\nJas. Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0198", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Paul Jones, 21 August 1786\nFrom: Jones, John Paul\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nParis Aug. 21st, 1786.\nI am much obliged by the letter you sent me from the Count de Vergennes to Baron de la Houze, with your own to the Baron de Blome. An indisposition, that has confined me close for three days, has prevented me from observing to you sooner, that Dr. Franklin, in the letter he wrote me from Havre, says, the offer made by the Baron de Waltersdorff was ten thousand pounds sterling. As you have misapprehended the amount of that offer, I take the liberty to return your letter to the Baron de Blome, praying you to alter the word five with your own hand. I should be glad to be favored with your opinion whether I ought to accept of any sum less than what was offered to Dr. Franklin? It is very improbable that a less sum will be offered by the Danish ministers; but supposing them less favorably disposed now than formerly, it is necessary for us to be determined beforehand.\nI have the honor to be, &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0201", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Mirabeau, [21 August 1786]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Mirabeau, Honor\u00e9 Gabriel Riquetti, Comte de\n\u2018Il n\u2019est pas un pays sur la terre, je n\u2019en excepte pas les nouvelles republiques Americaines, ou il suffise \u00e0 un homme de pratiquer les vertus sociales pour participer \u00e0 tous les avantages de la societ\u00e9.\u2019 Lettre de M. le comte de Mirabeau sur M. de Cagliostro pa. 48.\nA person who esteems highly the writings and talents of the Count de Mirabeau, and his disposition to exert them for the good of mankind takes the liberty of inclosing him the original and a translation of an act of one of the legislatures of the American republics, with which the Count de Mirabeau was probably not acquainted when he wrote the above paragraph. It is part of that general reformation of their laws on which those republics have been occupied since the establishment of peace and independance among them. The Count de Mirabeau will perhaps be able on some occasion to avail mankind of this example of emancipating human reason.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0202", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Robert Robertson, 21 August 1786\nFrom: Robertson, Robert\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMost Honored Sir\nHavre de Grace 21st. August 1786.\nI take the freedom to beg your Excellency\u2019s assistance. I had the misfortune to Loose my father commander of a very Large ship call\u2019d LeCouteulx upon her passage from Norfolk to Havre de Grace. My father was one of the oldest Captains out of Philadelphia. If you have made any stay in that place, his name, his  Caracter and fortune, will be wellknown to Your Excellency. I am turnd out of the ship as if I was a common sailor by the merchant to whom the ship is consign\u2019d. I cant get neither Victels, nor Wages, nay even one single part of my own Cloathes, because they were in the Same Trunk as those of my father, who had Tobacco and staves in the said ship on his account, and of which the Same merchant has taken possession without my Consent.\nI thought Decency and the Respect to Such a good father requird that I should mourn for him. I have in consequence got a black mourning Suit, but being without money and that merchant refusing to supply me with some I cant pay its amount altho of no great consequence.\u2014It is impossible to discribe to Your Excellency how I have been us\u2019d by that merchant, who promisd me at first very fair things, but at last us\u2019d me very ill. I have applyd to The american Agent Andrw. Limozin Esqr. who hath done much in the behalf of the american Nation, but he Saith, he is not properly entitled to assist me in Such Occasion. Therefore I am oblig\u2019d to trouble your Excellency and to beg his assistance.\nI remain with the highest Regard Your Excellency\u2019s Very humble & most Obedient servant,\nRobert Robertson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0204", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Richard, 22 August 1786\nFrom: Richard, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\n22 August 1786\nI have the honour to inform your Excellency that the Packet from Lorient will sail without fail the 1st. September, for New York.\nThe Duties on Pot ash are very considerable and a mitigation would much encourage the Importation. On a parcell of 32 Casks sold lately at Rouen was paid\nDroits de Romaine sur 10995 \u2114. brut a 7s.6d & 10s p. \u2114.\nOctroy sur Id. a 22s & 10s p. Livre et acquit\nThe value was \u00a33800 so that the duties amount to near 84%. Spermaceti Candles are prohibited but as the Importation of Oil is favourd, it is to be wish\u2019d that the Importation of Candles might be allowd. M. Barrett has a parcell arrivd at Havre, which can not be landed. I have the honour to be Respectfully Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obedient Servant,\nJohn Richard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0205", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Sarsfield, 22 August 1786\nFrom: Sarsfield, Guy Claude, Comte de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nRennes le 22 aout 1786 qui est mon adresse constante de quelque lieu que J\u2019ecrive\nJe vous prie, Monsieur, D\u2019avoir la bont\u00e9 de faire passer cette lettre a M. Adams que la Gazette m\u2019a appris Etre actuellement a La Haie avec une destination pour L\u2019Espagne. Il faut que les ordres qu\u2019il a recus aient ete bien pressans car Sa lettre alaquelle Je repons n\u2019a pas plus de Six semaines de datte: Je souhaite qu\u2019il retourne en angleterre, car Je n\u2019irai Surement pas le Chercher a Madrid.\nJ\u2019ay vu avec grand plaisir cette occasion de me rappeller a l\u2019honneur de votre Souvenir. Je serois tres aise que mon Sejour dans cette Province put me mettre aport\u00e9e De vous etre bon a quelque Chose ou a vos amis. Il est vray que Je vais passer 2 a 3 mois dans une Campagne fort retir\u00e9e mais Je serai a Brest du 20 au 30 7bre Et Rennes dans le mois de novembre Et Je pourois peut etre quelque chose par lettres.\nJ\u2019ay l\u2019honneur d\u2019Etre avec un tres Sincere attachemt. Monsieur Votre tres humble et tres obeist Servitr,\nSarsfield", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0208", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Stephens Smith, 23 August 1786\nFrom: Smith, William Stephens\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr. Sir\nLondon August 23d. 1786.\nI replyed fully to yours of the 9th. Ulto. on the 18th. of the same sinee which I have not had the pleasure of hearing from you. Mr. Dilley informs me the Books are shiped agreable to the inclosed Bill of Lading accompanied with the account ammounting to \u00a325/14.0 sterg. I have also the honor of forwarding a Copy of a Letter received this morning from Mr. Barclay at Morocco of the 26th. of June. Mr. Adams not having returned from the Hague, I have forwarded a Copy to Mr. Jay by the way of Boston, and being convinced that observations on this subject, from me to you, are unnecessary, I shall only subscribe myself your Excellency\u2019s most Obedt. & very Humble Servt.,\nW. S. Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0209", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from St. Victour & Bettinger, 24 August 1786\nFrom: St. Victour & Bettinger\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nParis le 24 aout 1786\nNous avons l\u2019honneur de vous remettre cy joint copie du Certificat expedi\u00e9 par l\u2019officier d\u2019artillerie en residence a la Manufacture de Tulle en datte du 14 Juillet dernier pour 18 caisses contenant 540 Fusils a 27.\u20b6 10 piece prix du Roy, compris les frais d\u2019emballages et de transport montant a 14850.\u20b6\nNous y joignons copie de la lettre de M. John Bondfield de Bordeaux en datte du 15 de ce mois, par laquelle il nous accuse la reception de l\u2019expedition de 18 caisses contenant 540 fusils mentionn\u00e9s au Certificat de M. Dubois Descordal: no.\nNous vous prions, Monsieur, de vouloir bien nous faire passer le montant de cette livraison; nous remettrons a la Personne qui en sera charg\u00e9e, la quittance de M. Bettinger autoris\u00e9 a cet effet ainsi que l\u2019original du certificat qui prouve l\u2019expedition et la lettre de M. John Bondfield qui constate la reception.\nNous avons l\u2019honneur d\u2019etre avec un tres respectueux attachement Monsieur Vos tres humble et tres obeissants Serviteurs,\nBettinger ET Compagnie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0210", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Pierre Dessin, 24 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dessin, Pierre\nSir\nParis Aug. 24. 1786.\nOn the receipt of your letter I sent to the Douane to inquire for your other acquit \u00e0 caution, and I this moment receive from thence the inclosed paper which they assure me will indemnify you. I should not have failed to have sent you both as soon as I arrived here, but the person who had brought the other articles said he was responsible for the return of the acquit \u00e0 caution and would not trust to me to send it. I am Sir your most obedient and most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0211", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Lafayette, 24 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nDear Sir\nParis Aug. 24. 1786.\nYour other friends here being so much better qualified to give you the transactions of this metropolis during your absence, it would be presumption in me to touch on them. I assume therefore the office of your correspondent for American affairs, in the discharge of which I may stand a chance to communicate to you details which you cannot get in the ordinary course of your correspondence, and which the interest you are so good as to take in our affairs will sometimes render agreeable to you. My letters and papers from America come down to the 16th. of July. The impost then wanted the accession of New York only; but another difficulty had started up. Three or four of the states had coupled together the impost and the Supplementary funds, so as that neither could take place till all the states had granted both. Pennsylvania was of this number, and tho\u2019 desired by Congress to suffer the impost to be established unconnected with the Supplementary funds, they have refused; saying that should the interest of the foreign debt get into a course of regular paiment separately from that of the domestic one, the other states will be the less ready to provide for the latter. Some of the other states have hereupon provided the supplementary funds. It remains to see whether it will be easiest to get all the states to do this, or to prevail on Pennsva. to recede. All the states have come into the Virginia proposition for a Commercial convention, the deputies of which are to agree on the form of an Article for giving to Congress the regulation of their commerce. Maryland alone has not named deputies, conceiving that Congress might as well propose the article. They are however for giving the power, and will therefore either nominate deputies to the Convention or accede to their measures. Massachusets and N. Hampshire have suspended their navigation acts. The English encroachments on the province of Maine become serious. They have seised vessels too on our coast of Passimaquaddy, thereby displaying a pretension to the exclusive jurisdiction of the bay of Fundi which separates Nova Scotia and Le Maine, and belongs as much to us as them.\u2014The Spaniards have not yet relinquished the fort of the Natches, and our arrangements with them hang on a great obstacle, indispensable with us, and of which they are unjustly and unwisely tenacious. The Indians, both Northern and Southern within our boundaries have made peace, except the Creeks, who have made a formidable attack on  Georgia. Scattering parties of the Northern Indians too have killed some people at Kentuckey. They are unacknowleged however by their nations. I observe that Sam. Adams is not elected president of the Senate. I cannot conjecture the reason of this. General Sullivan is made president of N. Hampshire. Generals Greene, McDougal and Williamson are dead.\u2014There have been for some time 12. states present in Congress. By a letter from Mr. Barclay of July 16. I expect our peace with Marocco is signed. For this we are indebted to the honest offices of Spain. Your letter to some friend in Boston inclosing M. de Calonne\u2019s of Nov. 19. 1785. on the subject of whale oil is printed at length in our papers. Your name is to it, but not that of the person to whom addressed, nor any date. It will do you just service there: the only question is whether it may not disarm you here. I have as yet not heard a tittle from M. de Calonnes on the subject of our commerce. I have received for you from London Andrew\u2019s history of the war and Capper\u2019s travels. McIntosh\u2019s is not to be bought, the whole edition being exhausted. Our Madeira will be in Paris to-day or tomorrow. I shall be able to have a small copying press completed for you here in about three weeks. Must it wait your return or will you have it sent to you?\u2014Adhering to my promise of saying nothing to you of what I know so imperfectly as the affairs of this country, I shall conclude with assurances of the sincere esteem and respect with which I have the honor to be Dear Sir your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0212", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Robert Robertson, 24 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Robertson, Robert\nSir\nParis Aug. 24. 1786.\nMr. Limozin having been so kind as to write to me on your subject, I consulted with an advocate here, and informed Mr. Limozin by letter of the 19th. inst. that an application from him  to the Admiralty was thought the most adviseable measure; and that the admiralty would probably put him into possession of your father\u2019s property. It will then be in his power to pay your reasonable expences. Matters of this kind belonging altogether to Mr. Barclay and the Consular department, I can only advise, having myself no authority to require any thing from the government.\nI have the honour to be Sir Your most obedient humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0214", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Hugon de Bassville, [25 August 1786]\nFrom: Bassville, Nicolas Joseph Hugon de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur De j\u00e9fferson aura La Bont\u00e9 de faire demander \u00e0 Mr. le Comte de Vergennes, des Lettres de recommandation pour les Ministres de france \u00e0 La haye, et dans toutes les Cours de L\u2019allemagne, pour Mrs. Morris de philadelphie, qui sont accompagn\u00e9s par Mr. de Basseville de L\u2019acad\u00e9mie de Lyon.\nSi Mr. de j\u00e9fferson \u00e0 La bont\u00e9 de nous donner des Lettres particulieres pour Rouen et le havre, nous les recevrons a paris h\u00f4tel d\u2019orleans r\u00fce de richelieu.\nQuant au paquet de Lettres de Versailles ou autre qui arriverait apres notre d\u00e9part Mr. de jefferson pourrait l\u2019envoier \u00e0 Mr. de Basseville poste restante \u00e0 abbeville jusqu\u2019au 10 7bre.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0215", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Hugon de Bassville, 25 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bassville, Nicolas Joseph Hugon de\nSir\nParis Aug. 25. 1786.\nI have now the honor to inclose to you a letter of introduction to Mr. Dumas, who is charged with the affairs of the United states at the Hague. I have therein desired him to present yourself and the two Mr. Morrises to the French ambassador, which, on  reflection I thought was a more proper step for me, than that thro\u2019 the channel of M. de Vergennes. I inclined to it too the more readily, knowing that Mr. Dumas is particularly honoured with the esteem of the Ambassador of France at the Hague, and as it gave me an opportunity of stating myself your right to these attentions. I have the honour to be with sentiments of esteem & respect Sir Your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0218", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to G. K. van Hogendorp, 25 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hogendorp, G. K. van\nDear Sir\nParis Aug. 25. 1786.\nYour favour of the 2d. instant has been duly received, and I employ the first moment which has been at my disposal to answer it. The author of the part of the new Encyclopedie which relates to Political oeconomy having asked of me materials for the article Etats-unis, and stated a great number of questions relative to them, I answered them as minutely and exactly as was in my power. He has from these compiled the greatest part of that article. I take the liberty of inclosing you one of these as it will give you all the details to which your letter leads, as exactly as it is in my power to furnish them. I can even refer you to the passages which answer your several questions.\nWhat is the extent of the Congress\u2019s power in managing the interests of the U. States? The 6th. and 9th. articles of the Confederation define their powers. Those which it is thought they still need you will find indicated in this pamphlet pa. 29. 30. and in page 31.b. their powers of coercion?\nQu. Which are the expences of Congress?\nAns. pages 42.b. and 43.b.\nQu. Which the revenues?\nAns. As yet they have no standing revenues; they have asked standing revenues as shall be noted under a subsequent question. In the mean time they call annually for the sums necessary for the federal government. See pages 43. 44.\nQu. In which way do the particular states contribute to the general expences?\nAns. Congress once a year calculate the sum necessary the succeding year to pay the interest of their debt, and to defray the expences of the federal government. This sum they then apportion on the several states according to the table page 44.a. and the states thereon raise each it\u2019s part by such taxes as they think proper.\nQu. Are general duties, to be levied by Congress, still expected to be acquiesced to by the states?\nAns. See page 30.a. New York the only state which had not granted the impost of 5. per cent, has done it at a late session; but has reserved to herself the appointment of the collectors. Congress will not receive it upon that condition. It is beleived that New York will recede from the condition. Still a difficulty will remain. The impost of 5. per cent not being deemed sufficient to pay the interest of our whole debt foreign and domestic, Congress asked at the same time (that is in 1783) supplementary funds to make good the deficiency. Several of the states have not yet provided those supplementary funds. Some of those which have provided them have declared that the Impost and Supplementary fund shall commence only when all the states shall have granted both. Congress have desired those states to uncouple the grants, so that each may come into force separately as soon as it is given by all the states. Pennsylvania has declined this, saying that if the impost be granted alone, as that will do little more than pay the interest of the foreign debt, the other states will be less urgent to provide for the interest of the domestic debt. She wishes therefore to avail herself of the general desire to provide for foreign creditors in order to enforce a just attention to the domestic ones. The question is whether it will be more easy to prevail on Pennsylvania to recede from this condition or the other states to comply with it. The treaties with the Indians have experienced a greater delay than was expected. They are however completed, and the Surveyors are gone into that country to lay out the land in lots. As soon as some progress is made in this, the sale of lands will commence, and I have a firm  faith that they will in short time absorb the whole of the certificates of the domestic debt.\nThe Philadelphia bank was incorporated by Congress. This is perhaps the only instance of their having done an act which they had no power to do. Necessity obliged them to give this institution the appearance of their countenance, because in that moment they were without any other resource for money. The legislature of Pennsylvania however passed an act of incorporation for the bank, and declared that the holders of stock should be responsible only to the amount of their stock. Lately that legislature has repealed their act. The consequence is that the bank is now altogether a private institution and every holder is liable for it\u2019s engagements in his whole property. This has had a curious effect. It has given those who deposit money in the bank a greater faith in it, while it has rendered the holders very discontented, as being more exposed to risk, and has induced many to sell out, so that I have heard (I know not how truly) that bank stock sells somewhat below par. It has been said 7\u00bd per cent; but as the publication was from the enemies of the bank, I do not give implicit faith to it.\u2014With respect to the article (Etats unis) of the Encyclopedie now inclosed I am far from making myself responsible for the whole of the article. The two first sections are taken chiefly from the Abb\u00e9 Raynal, and they are therefore wrong exactly in the same proportion. The other sections are generally right. Even in them however there is here and there an error. But on the whole it is good; and the only thing as yet printed which gives a just idea of the American constitutions. There will be another good work, a very good one, published here soon by a Mr. Mazzei who has been many years a resident of Virginia; is well informed, and possesses a masculine understanding. I should rather have said it will be published in Holland, for I believe it cannot be printed here.\u2014I should be happy indeed in an opportunity of visiting Holland; but I know not when it will occur. In the mean time it would give me great pleasure to see you here. I think you would find both pleasure and use in such a trip. I feel a sincere interest in the fate of your country, and am disposed to wish well to either party only as I can see in their measures a tendency to bring on an amelioration of the condition of the people, an increase in the mass of happiness. But this is a subject for conversation. My paper warns me that it is time to assure you of the esteem & respect with which I have the honour to be Dear Sir your most obedient humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0219", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to De Vernon, 25 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Vernon, M. de\nce 25me. Aout 1786.\nPar les papiers que M. de Vernon a eu la bont\u00e9 de me remettre il me semble que le tresor du Congr\u00e9s lui devoit 4691 7/90 Dollars de principal, et 281. Dollars d\u2019interet au fin de l\u2019ann\u00e9e pass\u00e9e; et que le tresor de l\u2019etat de Virginie lui devoit 1823\u00a3.5s.4d. principal et 632\u00a3.16s. interet au meme jour. Ces sommes valent ensemble 70,315 livres tournois. Pour determiner la valeur du papier-monnoie on a cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 quel prix, en argent blanc, ce papier-monnoie a et\u00e9 achet\u00e9 et vendu \u00e0 chaque ann\u00e9e et \u00e0 chaque mois de l\u2019an. On a fix\u00e9 ladessus une table des vrais valeurs selon laquelle on paie tout le monde. La valeur des effets en papier de M. de Vernon ayant et\u00e9 regl\u00e9e par cette table, il n\u2019y a aucun moyen de la changer.\nM. Jefferson croit qu\u2019il seroit mieux de laisser les lettres de procuration en blanc, et de prier M. Bannister d\u2019y mettre le nom d\u2019un procureur sur lequel on peut conter. Il se chargera de faire cette priere \u00e0 M. Bannister et aussi pour qu\u2019il continue d\u2019y surveiller luimeme. M. Jefferson se chargera toujours de faire passer les lettres, instructions &c. de M. Vernon.\nM. Jefferson a l\u2019honneur de souhaiter le bon jour \u00e0 M. de Vernon et de lui renouveller l\u2019offre de ses services.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0220", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to St. John de Cr\u00e8vecoeur, 26 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cr\u00e8vecoeur, Michel Guillaume St. John de\nDear Sir\nParis Aug. 26. 1786.\nI have duly received the honour of your letter of the 20th. inst. Mr. Barclay has been long gone to Marocco, with which power he was by his last letter about signing a treaty of peace. This must apologize for your not having heard from him. If you will inform me to whom (in Paris) the 55\u20b6 \u201316s can be paid I will order it to be paid.\u2014I have letters and papers from America to July 16. They inform us of the deaths of Generals Greene, McDougal and Williamson, also that Genl. Sullivan is President of N. Hampshire. S.  Adams is no longer president of the Senate of Massachusets. I cannot conceive the reason of this. The Creeks have made a formidable invasion of Georgia. Some scattered Indians have done mischeif at Kentucke; they are however disavowed by their tribes. The Commercial Convention is likely to take effect and will prepare an article for giving Congress a power over our Commerce. John Collins is Governor of Rhode island, Huntingdon of Connecticut. N. Hampshire and Massachusets have suspended their navigation acts. This being every thing material of our American news, and your other friends here in a better situation to give you what relates to this country, I shall only add assurances of the esteem with which I have the honor to be Dear Sir your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0221", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from V. & P. French & Nephew, 26 August 1786\nFrom: V. & P. French & Nephew\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr. Sir\nBordeaux 26 August 1786\nMr. J. Banister Junr. of Petersbourg Virginia on his departure some time ago gave us a small bill dated the 27 Ulto. for \u00a3240 Tours. on you which we Kept by us untill now, that our occasions of making remittances to our Bankers Tourton & Ravel make it necessary and we pray you to accept and pay it in course. Mr. Banister thought convenient to ride to Paris for the benefit of his health making easy journeys, passing thro\u2019 Rochefort, La Rochelle, Nantes &c., Towns he seemed curious to see and we recommend him to our friends in each. He is a worthy young fellow meriting esteem wherever he goes. He has, tis hoped, ere now arrived safe in Paris, or will shortly and give us pleasure to hear. His letter on his leaving this we enclose you, also the copy of one we wrote to the Minister Mr. De Calonne concerning one of the american Traders to our address, the Contents of which is literally true, to which we beg leave to refer you. The minister made no reply to it, and if you will be so obliging to solicite one, the act will be meritorious in itself, serve your Country man and Confer obligation on Dr. Sir, Your obedt. humble Servts.,\nV. & P. French & Nephew", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0222", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 27 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nParis Aug. 27. 1786.\nYour favour of July 31. was lately delivered me. The papers inform me you are at the Hague, and, incertain what stay you may make there, I send this by Mr. Voss who is returning to London by the way of Amsterdam. I inclose you the last letters from Mr. Barclay and Mr. Carmichael, by which we may hope our peace with Marocco is signed, thanks to the good offices of a nation which is honest, if it is not wise. This event with the naval cruises of Portugal will I hope quiet the Atlantic for us. I am informed by authority to be depended on, that insurance is made at Lorient, on American vessels sailing under their own flag, against every event, at the price usually paid for risks of the sea alone. Still however the most important of our marts, the Mediterranean, is shut. I wrote you a proposition to accept Mr. Barclay\u2019s offer of going to Algiers. I have no hope of it\u2019s making peace; but it may add to our information, abate the ardor of those pyrates against us, and shut the mouths of those who might impute our success at Marocco and failure at Algiers to a judicious appointment to the one place and an injudicious one at the other. Let me hear from you as soon as possible on this, and if you accede to it send me all the necessary papers ready signed. I inclose you the article \u2018Etats Unis\u2019 of one of the volumes of the Encyclopedie, lately published. The author, M. de Meusnier, was introduced to me by the D. de la Rochefoucault. He asked of me information on the subject of our states, and left with me a number of queries to answer. Knowing the importance of setting to rights a book so universally diffused and which will go down to late ages, I answered his queries as fully as I was able, went into a great many calculations for him, and offered to give further explanations where necessary. He then put his work into my hands. I read it, and was led by that into a still greater number of details by way of correcting what he had at first written, which was indeed a mass of errors and misconceptions from beginning to end. I returned him his work and my details; but he did not communicate it to me after he had corrected it. It has therefore come out with many errors which I would have advised him to correct, and the rather as he was very well disposed. He has still left in a great deal of the Abb\u00e9 Raynal, that is to say a great deal of falsehood, and he has stated other things on bad information. I am sorry I had not another correction of it. He has paid me for my trouble, in the true coin of his country, most unmerciful  compliment. This, with his other errors, I should surely have struck out had he sent me the work, as I expected, before it went to the press. I find in fact that he is happiest of whom the world sais least, good or bad.\u2014I think if I had had a little more warning, my desire to see Holland, as well as to meet again Mrs. Adams and yourself, would have tempted me to take a flying trip there. I wish you may be tempted to take Paris in your return. You will find many very happy to see you here, and none more so than, Dear Sir, your friend and servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0223", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Banister, Jr., 27 August 1786\nFrom: Banister, John, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nNantes August 27th 1786\nI arrived here some days since after a very leisurly ride along the sea coast which lies between this and Bordeaux, in which I have made it my business to acquire every information respecting the productions manufactures and commerce of this part of France. The objects of manufacture are numerous but they are in a state of infancy almost inconceivable. I am however of opinion that when our commerce has acquired a little more stability; we, particularly in Virginia, shall find a market for many of our raw materials at present in no estimation. This will lay open numberless resources to the possessors of lands in America of which they have at present no idea. Our wool and cotton, for instance, require little labor in cultivating, and are in no kind of estimation because no one has ever made trial of them in foreign markets. I mention these as instances where twenty others might be adduced of much more immediate consequence. Since my arrival here I have been again unwell which will lengthen my stay. Could my health permit I should relish greatly my fathers plan of my passing some time in Italy and I still have some hopes as I am certainly better than when I left England. Accept Dear Sir my warmest acknowlegment for your friendly offers of which I shall ever entertain the highest sense. I am with the greatest respect Yours,\nJno. Banister Junr.\nP.S. Be pleased to direct to the care of Mr. Carnes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0224", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Zachariah Loreilhe, 27 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Loreilhe, Zachariah\nSir\nParis Aug. 27. 1786.\nI am honoured with your letter of the 14th. instant on the subject of Mr. Barclay. I have received one from him of the 16th. of July. He expected to sign our treaty with Marocco in a few days. The interest which M. de Thevenard takes in whatever relates to us is a proof of his goodness; and I consider it as fortunate that the port, to which so great a proportion of the American commerce comes, should be under the care of a person so friendly disposed to our nation. It is good for both countries to cherish a connection commercial, political, and social.\u2014I undertook to have the picture of Genl. Washington copied for M. Thevenard. I engaged Mr. Houdon to find a good hand to execute it and to superintend it himself. I have put off answering your letter two or three days that I might be enabled to inform M. de Thevenard that the picture is finished. I received this information myself last night, and therefore I will beg the favor of you to communicate it to him, and to ask him by what conveyance he would wish me to send it. By rolling it up we might get it into a smaller and lighter box, but a painting sustains some injury by being rolled, as it is apt to crack. His orders shall be implicitly followed, and I shall be happy to receive them as soon as convenient to him. I have the honour to be with much respect Sir your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0225", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Lucy Ludwell Paradise, 27 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Paradise, Lucy Ludwell\nDear Madam\nParis Aug. 27. 1786.\nI am honoured with your letter of the 15th. inst. by Mr. Voss. I concur with you in opinion that it is for Mr. Paradise\u2019s interest to go as soon as possible to America, and also to turn all his debts into one which may be to Mr. Gist or any other: upon condition that the person giving him this credit shall be satisfied to receive annually his interest in money and shall not require consignments of tobacco. This is the usual condition of the tobacco merchants. No [burthen] can be more oppressive to the mind or fortune, and long experience has proved to us that there never was an instance  of a man\u2019s getting out of debt who was once in the hands of a tobacco merchant, and bound to consign his tobacco to him. It is the most delusive of all snares. The merchant feeds the inclination of his customer to be credited till he gets the burthen of debt so increased that he cannot throw it off at once. He then begins to give him less for his tobacco and ends with giving him what he pleases for it, which is always so little that let the demands of the customer for necessaries be reduced ever so low in order to get himself out of debt, the merchant lowers his price in the same proportion so as always to keep such a balance against his customer as will oblige him to continue his consignments of tobacco. Tobacco always sells better in Virginia than in the hands of a London merchant. The confidence which you have been pleased to place in me induces me to take the liberty of advising you to submit to any thing rather than to an obligation to ship your tobacco. A mortgage of property, the most usurious interest, or any thing else will be preferable to this. If Mr. Paradise can get no single money lender to pay his debts, perhaps those to whom he owes might be willing to wait on his placing in the hands of trustees in London whom they should approve, certain parts of his property, the profits of which would suffice to pay them within a reasonable time. Mr. Voss was in hopes of seeing Mr. Paradise here. I shall not fail to give him such information as my knowlege of the country to which he is going may render useful; nor of availing myself of every occasion of rendering him, yourself and family every service in my power, having the honour to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem & respect, Madam, your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0226", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 27 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nDear Sir\nParis Aug. 27. 1786.\nI am honoured with your favour of the 16th. instant, and desirous, without delay, of manifesting my wishes to be useful to you, I shall venture to you some thoughts on the course of your studies which must be submitted to the better advice with which you are surrounded. A longer race through life may have enabled me to seise some truths which have not yet been presented to your  observation. A more intimate knowlege of the country in which you are to live and of the circumstances in which you will be placed, may enable me to point your attention to the branches of science which will administer the most to your happiness there. The foundations which you have laid in languages and mathematics are proper for every superstructure. The former exercises our memory while that and no other faculty is yet matured, and prevents our acquiring habits of idleness; the latter gives exercise to our reason, as soon as that has acquired a certain degree of strength, and stores the mind with truths which are useful in other branches of science. At this moment then a second order of preparation is to commence. I shall propose to you that it be extensive, comprehending Astronomy, Natural philosophy (or Physics) Natural history, Anatomy, Botany and Chemistry. No inquisitive mind will be content to be ignorant of any one of these branches. But I would advise you to be contented with a course of lectures in most of them, without attempting to make yourself completely master of the whole. This is more than any genius, joined to any length of life is equal to. You will find among them some one study to which your mind will more particularly attach itself. This then I would pursue and propose to attain eminence in. Your own country furnishes the most aliment for Natural history, Botany and Physics, and as you express a fondness for the former you might make it your principal object, endeavouring however to make myself more acquainted with the two latter than with other branches likely to be less useful. In fact you will find botany offering it\u2019s charms to you at every step, during summer, and Physics in every season. All these branches of science will be better attained by attending courses of lectures in them; you are now in a place where the best courses upon earth are within your reach, and being delivered in your native language, you lose no part of their benefit. Such an opportunity you will never again have. I would therefore strongly press on you to fix no other limitation to your stay in Edinburgh, than your having got thro this whole circle. The omission of any one part of it will be an affliction and a loss to you as long as you live. Besides the comfort of knowlege, every science is auxiliary to every other. While you are attending these courses you can proceed by yourself in a regular series of historical reading. It would be a waste of time to attend a professor of this. It is to be acquired from books, and if you pursue it by yourself, you can accomodate it to your other reading so as to fill up those chasms of time not otherwise appropriated. There are portions of the day too when the mind should be eased. Particularly  after dinner it should be applied to lighter occupations. History is of this kind. It exercises principally the memory. Reflection also indeed is necessary, but not generally in a laborious degree. To conduct yourself in this branch of science you have only to consider what aeras of it merit a general and what a particular attention, and in each aera also to distinguish between the countries the knowlege of whose history will be useful, and those where it suffices only to be not altogether ignorant. Having laid down your plan as to the branches of history you would pursue,.the order of time will be your sufficient guide. After what you have read in Antient history, I should suppose Millot\u2019s digest would be useful and sufficient. The histories of Greece and Rome are worthy a good degree of attention. They should be read in the original authors. The transition from Antient to modern history will be best effected by reading Gibbons, then a general history of the principal states of Europe, but particular ones of England. Here too the original writers are to be preferred. Kennet published a considerable collection of these in 3. vols. folio but there are some others, not in his collection, well worth being read. After the history of England, that of America will claim your attention. Here too original authors, and not compilers, are best. An author who writes of his own times, or of times near his own, presents in his own ideas and manner the best picture of the moment of which he writes. History need not be hurried, but may give way to the other sciences; because history can be pursued after you shall have left your present situation, as well as while you remain in it.\nWhen you shall have got thro\u2019 this second order of preparation, the study of the law is to be begun. This, like history, is to be acquired from books. All the aid you will want will be a catalogue of the books to be read, and the order in which they are to be read. It being absolutely indifferent in what place you carry on this reading, I should propose your doing it in France. The advantages of this will be that you will at the same time acquire the habit of speaking French which is the object of a year or two, you may be giving attention to such of the fine arts as your taste may lead you to, and you will be forming an acquaintance with the individuals and character of a nation with whom we must long remain in the closest intimacy, and to whom we are bound by the strong ties of gratitude and policy; a nation in short of the most amiable dispositions on earth, the whole mass of which is penetrated with an affection for us. You might, before your return to your own country, make a visit to Italy also.\nI should have performed the office of but half a friend were I to confine myself to the improvement of the mind only. Knowlege indeed is a desireable, a lovely possession, but I do not scruple to say that health is more so. It is of little consequence to store the mind with science if the body be permitted to become debilitated. If the body be feeble, the mind will not be strong. The sovereign invigorator of the body is exercise, and of all the exercises walking is best. A horse gives but a kind of half exercise, and a carriage is no better than a cradle. No one knows, till he tries, how easily a habit of walking is acquired. A person who never walked three miles will in the course of a month become able to walk 15. or 20. without fatigue. I have known some great walkers and had particular accounts of many more; and I never knew or heard of one who was not healthy and long lived. This species of exercise therefore is much to be advised. Should you be disposed to try it, as your health has been feeble, it will be necessary for you to begin with a little, and to increase it by degrees. For the same reason you must probably at first ascribe to it hours the most precious for study, I mean those about the middle of the day. But when you shall find yourself strong, you may venture to take your walks in the evening after the digestion of the dinner is pretty well over. This is making a composition between health and study. The latter would be too much interrupted were you to take from it the early hours of the day, and habit will soon render the evening\u2019s exercise as salutary as that of the morning. I speak this from my own experience, having, from an attachment to study, very early in life, made this arrangement of my time, having ever observed it, and still observing it, and always with perfect success. Not less than two hours a day should be devoted to exercise, and the weather should be little regarded. A person not sick will not be injured by getting wet. It is but taking a cold bath, which never gives a cold to any one. Brute animals are the most healthy, and they are exposed to all weather, and of men, those are healthiest who are the most exposed. The recipe of those two descriptions of beings is simple diet, exercise and the open air, be it\u2019s state what it will; and we may venture to say that this recipe will give health and vigor to every other description.\u2014By this time I am sure you will think I have sermonized enough. I have given you indeed a lengthy lecture. I have been led through it by my zeal to serve you; if in the whole you find one useful counsel, that will be my reward and a sufficient one. Few persons in your own country have started from as advantageous ground as that whereon you will be placed. Nature  and fortune have been liberal to you. Every thing honourable or profitable there is placed within your own reach, and will depend on your own efforts. If these are exerted with assiduity, and guided by unswerving honesty, your success is infallible: and that it may be as great as you wish is the sincere desire of, Dear Sir, your most affectionate humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. Be so good as to present me affectionately to your brother and cousin.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0228", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Zachariah Loreilhe, 28 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Loreilhe, Zachariah\nSir\nParis Aug. 28. 1786.\nYour favor of the 23d. came to hand yesterday. Mr. Barclay had contracted for the delivery of the arms for Virginia at the port  of Bourdeaux, and, if I mistake not, had charged Mr. Bondfeild there with the receipt of them. On this presumption, as soon as I was informed of their arrival at Bourdeaux I desired [Mr.] Bondfeild to ship them from thence directly to Virginia. He has accordingly sent the first parcel of 1500. and has received 500 more to be forwarded immediately. I imagine this to be the least expense of course. I thank you however for your kind offers of service in this business, and shall not fail to avail the public of them whenever occasion shall offer. I had the honour of writing you yesterday on the subject of a picture for M. Thevenard, and have now that of being with the most perfect respect Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0230", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lafayette, 30 August 1786\nFrom: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLuneville August the 30th 1786\nI Have been Honoured with your welcome favour of the 24th just as I Had set down at Luneville with an Intention to write to you, and give you an account of my Round about journey, which shall be at an End By the 20th of the Next Month.\nIn an official, and a private letter June the 16th, General Knox acknoledged the Receipt of our letters inclosing a Note from Count d\u2019Estaing and Says He Has laid them Before Congress.\nMy intelligences from Mount Vernon are dated May the 10th and the 23d, and June the 8th and are Expressive of Hopes that Matters will soon take a favourable turn in the federal Constitution.\nBy a letter dated June the 16th, Mr. Jay says that the Spaniards do not Consider themselves as positively Engaged By Count de Florida Blanca\u2019s letter to me Respecting the limits. But as the Count Has Been pleased to approve the Whole tenor of it with His own Hand, in presence of Count de Montmorin, the Matter May Be easily Explained to Mr. Gardoqui\u2014Besides Which the friendly Conduct of the Spanish Court with Respect to the Algerines Cannot fail to obtain the Gratitude of the United states, and at the same time to Convince the Spanish Envoy that far from Receding  from the positive Engagement taken with me to Adopt the English limits His Catholic Majesty Means to Give further proof of His good dispositions.\nGeneral Parsons writes to me on His Return from the Banks of the Ohyo, and Gives me Very Good Reasons to Make New orleans a free, or a french port. I keep the Above Mentioned Papers for you But do not send them by post as they are too Voluminous.\nI also keep for Your perusal some intelligences from England full of the Mischievous intentions of Great Britain Against the trade, the federal Union, the Navigation, and the peace of America. They are But a Confirmation of what we already know, and the Informant Advises Very spirited Measures to be taken Against that Haughty, and ill designing Nation.\nIn the Mean While that I send you my old Intelligences I most Heartily thank you for the later ones you Have Been pleased to impart. I Confess I am very partial to the domestic debt, and altho\u2019 Policy Urges the payement of the foreign one, altho\u2019 National Honour calls for it, I Cannot lament a few Months delay, provided it Gives the Means to attend to a debt very Sacred too, Very Urging, the domestic debt in which so many Valuable Men, Gallant Soldiers, patriotic Citizens Wholly depend for the Subsistence of their families.\nIn a late letter of a private Nature, Gnl. Knox Has Acquainted me with the Sad, and so much to Be lamented Account of the death of our friend General Greene. It is a Great loss for the United states to which He Has Been an Useful servant, and I May add a Great Ornament. I Have personally lost a friend, and Heartily Mourn for Him. Gnl. McDougall Had faithfully and ably served during the Revolution. He Had a friendship to me and when Ever Any of My Good Brother Soldiers are Mowed By the Sword of Death, it seems to me I feel the Blow. Poor Greene! His last letter was particularly affectionate to me, particularly Expressive of His Concern in the affairs of His Country.\nI Request You will keep for me the letter to which You allude. It is possible, as there is no date, nor direction, that it Has Been Made by an Unfriendly Hand on purpose to set me up as a Man Blinded By partiality. I will see it at once, when we are together. I Have not Heard Any thing, as yet from M. le noir Respecting some favourable dispositions of the Ministry, which were to be digested before they are officially Announced.\nI am sorry, My dear Sir, not to Have Been in Paris to Welcome Mr. Trumbul and offer Him what little Services May lay in My  power. I Requested Mde. de tess\u00e9 to invite Him to Chaville, Hoping she May Assist Him in His Visits to the french Artists, or french Cabinets. I Earnestly Hope He will not Be Gone Before the 20th of September. It will Be a Sincere Satisfaction for me to see a Gentleman who does Honour to America, whose family and person I Have a Great Regard for, and whose talents are Employed, in the very way I wanted. Be pleased to present My Compliments to Him and tell him I hope and wish to see Him before He goes. I think it would Be well to print Count de Florida Blanca\u2019s letter to me in American papers. Had it Been done sooner, the people would Have Conceived a Better opinion of the friendly dispositions of Spain in their Behalf, and Spain would Have found Herself more Engaged. Motives of personal delicacy Have prevented me from Recommending the Measure which would Have Had an air of Vanity. But I think it is not a Bad one and is a further proof of the Efforts of the french ambassador at that court in favour of America.\nThere is a Most Severe Criticism popping out Against our friend Chastelux, the author of which is M. de Warville Whom you will know. As you have probably Read the Book I Need not add any Comments.\nBe so kind as to keep for me what you Have Been pleased to gather. I would also like to Have a large press, Besides the Small one.\nI Have Been on the Road Very Agreably Employed in perusing Again your Notes on Virginia. While I Had the Pleasure Once more to Admire your Sentiments, Very Similar to mine, on the Spoken of dictator ship in the Year 1781, I Could not Help Regretting that I was not Enabled to give a public testamonie of my opinion on that Head, which would Have Conspicuously taken place in Case the dictatorship Had Been offered for the Campaign to the Commander of the Army in Your State, or in the less pleasing opportunity that would Have offered, Had an Unfortunate Capture at Charlotteville so strangely Situated me as to Make me the instrument to Call a Conventi[on].\nAdieu, My dear Sir. Remember me Most Respectfully to Miss Jefferson. My Compliments wait on Mr. Short, with every Sentiment of affection and Respect I have the honour to be Yours,\nLafayette\nI Beg You will send the Inclosed to Clel. Smith By a safe Hand as I answer to some intelligences He gave me Respecting British and irish affairs.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0231", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Barclay, 31 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Barclay, Thomas\nMy Dear Sir\nParis Aug. 31. 1786.\nThe incertainty of getting a letter to you while on the other side of the Mediterranean prevented my writing to you and the rather as no circumstance occurred which rendered it necessary for Mr. Adams and myself to make any change in our plan. The instructions given you having been jointly agreed on, and being, before this, executed, I have no matter, even now, for an official letter. I have written to Mr. Adams a proposition to avail ourselves of your kind offer to go to Algiers, where, as you will have heard before you receive this, Mr. Lambe\u2019s efforts have failed. Mr. Adams having gone to the Hague to exchange the ratifications of the Prussian treaty, and to take his leave of their high-mightinesses, which he had never yet done, will occasion a delay in the conveiance of my letter. I expect an answer however shortly and you shall immediately know what it is. In the mean time I think it so probable he will concur with me, that I would wish you to remain in Spain till you receive a definitive letter on the subject. Having, as I before mentioned, nothing official to write you, I will acknolege the receipt of your letters from Madrid Apr. 10. Cadiz May 23. and 26. Mogadore June 10. Marocco June 26. and July 16 and proceed to give you such news as I imagine will be interesting to you. And first of all Mrs. Barclay and your family are in good health. I have American letters and papers to the 16th. of July. The impost is not yet given by N. York in an admissible form; when they shall have given it as they should do it will remain for the two or three states who have coupled together the impost and supplementary funds to uncouple them. Pennsylvania, one of these, has refused to do this, saying that if they permit the Impost to take effect alone, the other states seeing the foreign debts provided for, will be less likely to grant the supplementary funds on which the domestic debts are principally to rely. The Commercial convention proposed by Virginia  takes place. It\u2019s object is to prepare an article for defining the powers which Congress shall have over our Commerce. Maryland, thinking Congress itself might as well propose this article, did not name members to the Convention, but as she was a friend to the main object she will probably either name members, or accede to what the Convention shall do. The purchases of Indian lands are completed, and treaties made with them. Some lawless individuals among them have committed hostilities at Kentuckey; but they are disavowed by their nations. The Creeks alone, as a nation, have commenced war in a more serious form. As they are between the Spaniards and us, it has been much believed that they were spirited on by the Spaniards. I have a different opinion of the wisdom of that nation. Because if the Spaniards really apprehend danger to their possessions from us at some future day, and from that apprehension might wish us annihilated, they must be sensible we cannot be annihilated. They have therefore but one or two plans to follow, either to prevent our growth, by making open and eternal war on us, or to cultivate our friendship and endeavor to bind us by ties of gratitude. The former plan is neither consistent with their spirit, nor could it possibly succeed. It would only hasten the events it would propose to prevent or retard. Conciliation then is the most probable plan; it is the most likely to have effect, and I think, from the conduct of that court towards us, it is the plan they have adopted. The instigating the Indians to make war on us therefore, is inconsistent with this plan. It would be at the same time impotent and irritating and, in my judgment, I clear them of it.\u2014The Assembly of Pensylva. has refused to repeal the law which had taken away the charter of the bank. Promotions are Telfair Governor of Georgia, Collins of Rho. isld. S. Huntington of Connecticut and Genl. Sullivan of N. Hampshire. Remarkeable deaths are Generals Greene, McDougal and Williamson, Mrs. Wilson and Mrs. Clarkson, the former the wife of the member of Congress, the latter of the Gentleman who came to France in 1784.\u2014To these we must add in Europe the death of the k. of Prussia. The council here have ordered the Farmers general, during their contract with Mr. Morris, to purchase over and above that, 12, or 15,000 hhds. of tobacco from individual merchants who shall bring it in French or American vessels, at 38.\u20b6 36.\u20b6 and 34.\u20b6 the quintal for 1st. 2d. and 3d. qualities.\u2014Expecting shortly to address you again I close here with my compliments to Colo. Franks and assurances to yourself of the perfect esteem with which  I have the honour to be, Dear Sir, your most obedient humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0232", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Stephens Smith, 1 September 1786\nFrom: Smith, William Stephens\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLondon Septr. 1st. 1786.\nI have the honor of forwarding to your Excellency a Copy of a Letter I received this day from Mr. Barclay at Morrocco dated the 16th. of July ulto. I have sent a Copy to Mr. Jay and shall forward a duplicate by the next Vessel. I am your Excellency\u2019s most Obedt. Humble Servt.,\nW. S. Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0233", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Ezra Stiles, 1 September 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Stiles, Ezra\nSir\nParis Sep. 1. 1786.\nI am honoured with your letter of May 8. That which you mention to have written in the winter preceding never came to hand. I return you my thanks for the communications relative to the Western country. When we reflect how long we have inhabited those parts of America which lie between the Alleghaney and the ocean, that no monument has ever been found in them which indicated the use of iron among it\u2019s aboriginal inhabitants, that they were as far advanced in arts, at least, as the inhabitants on the other side the Alleghaney, a good degree of infidelity may be excused as to the new discoveries which suppose regular fortifications of brick work to have been in use among the Indians on the waters of the Ohio. Intrenchments of earth they might indeed make; but brick is more difficult. The art of making it may have preceded the use of iron, but it would suppose a greater degree of industry than men in the hunter state usually possess. I should like to know whether General Parsons himself saw actual bricks among the remains of fortification. I suppose the settlement of our continent is of the most remote antiquity. The similitude between it\u2019s inhabitants and those of the Eastern parts of Asia renders it probable that ours are descended from them, or they from ours. The latter is my opinion, founded on this single fact. Among the red inhabitants of Asia there are but a few languages radically different. But among our Indians the number of languages is infinite which are so radically different as to exhibit at present no appearance of their having been derived from a common source. The time necessary for the generation of so many languages must be immense.\u2014A countryman of yours, a Mr. Lediard who was with Capt. Cook on his last voiage, proposes either to go to Kamschatka, cross from thence to the Western side  of America, and penetrate through the Continent to our side of it, or to go to Kentucke, and thence penetrate Westwardly to the South sea. He went from hence lately to London, where if he found a passage to Kamschatka or the Western coast of America he would avail himself of it; otherwise he proposed to return to our side of America to attempt that route. I think him well calculated for such an enterprize, and wish he may undertake it. Another countryman of yours, Mr. Trumbul, has paid us a visit here, and brought with him two pictures which are the admiration of the Connoisseurs. His natural talents for this art seem almost unparalleled. I send you the 5th. and 6th. vols. of the Bibliotheque physico-oeconomique, erroneously lettered as the 7th. and 8th. which are not yet come out. I inclose with them the article \u2018Etats unis\u2019 of the new Encyclopedie. This article is recently published, and a few copies have been printed separate. For this twelvemonth past little new and excellent has appeared either in literature or the arts. An Abb\u00e9 Rochon has applied the metal called platina to the telescope instead of the mixed metal of which the specula were formerly composed. It is insusceptible of rust, as gold is, and he thinks it\u2019s reflective power equal to that of the mixed metal. He has observed a very curious effect of the natural chrystals, and especially of those of Iceland; which is that lenses made of them have two distinct focuses, and present you the object distinctly at two different distances. This I have seen myself. A new method of copying has been invented here. I called on the inventor, and he presented me a plate of copper, a pen and ink. I wrote a note on the plate, and in about three quarters of an hour he brought me an hundred copies, as perfect as the imagination can conceive. Had I written my name, he could have put it to so many bonds, so that I should have acknoleged the signature to be my own. The copying of paintings in England is very inconceivable. Any number may be taken, which shall give you the true lineaments and colouring of the original without injuring that. This is so like creation, that had I not seen it, I should have doubted it.\u2014The death of the K. of Prussia, which happened on the 17th. inst. will probably employ the pens, if not the swords of politicians. We had exchanged the ratifications of our treaty with him. The articles of this which were intended to prevent or mitigate wars, by lessening their aliment, are so much applauded in Europe that I think the example will be followed. I have the honour to be with very sincere esteem, Dear Sir, your most obedt. humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0235", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Paul Bentalou, 2 September 1786\nFrom: Bentalou, Paul\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBayonne the 2d. of Sepber. 1786.\nI should be wanting to the feelings of Gratitude with which I am Impressed, was I to Miss the first opportunity to acknowledge the Receipt of the Letter your Excellency Hath been Pleased, to Honour me with, the 25th Ulto and add my Respectfull Thanks, for the Informations you have been so Condescending as to give me on the Subject of Mrs. Bentalou\u2019s Negro Boy! She sympathizes Warmly with me, in Sentiments of the Deepest Impressions for your Kind Benevolence.\nI should not have Disturbed your Excellency any further on any  Subject, Was it not for the Conviction in which I am, and every merchant in this free port is; that We are all Indebted to your Publick Character, for the Salutary Measures, Adopted by the Committee held at Berni the 24th of May Last, for the Revisal of the Farmers Generals Contract for Tobacco; we understood that the Report of said Committee, which you was pleased to Transmit here, Entitled Every American Merchant, to Claim of the farmers, the price Agreed by their Contract! In Consequence of which, I Requested My friends here Messrs. Pre. & Leon Batbedat, to offer the parcel I have Got on Hand, to their Agents in this port; but to Our Great surprise, they Made a Refusal of it! Saying that they had Orders to the Contrary. If we don\u2019t mistake the Interpretation of the Report, we Think we have a Right to Compel them; but it is Difficult for an Individual, to find out, in what Manner he is to proceed, in Order to have Justice Done him. Your Excellency\u2019s Oppinion on the Matter, would be a Direction, for any Other Citizen of the united-states, who May be Under My present predicament, as also for the Merchants of this an Other freeports, who may Receive Consignments from the United states.\nThe Brigantine Heart-wig; which Conveyance I had the honour to offer you by My Preceding! will sail by the Last of Next week; your silence on that subject, Induces Me to Think, that you had no Orders to Give me for that favourable Opportunity. In order Not to Take any more of your Excellency\u2019s Time, by any succeeding Letter I have the Honour to Inform you now, that I Intend to set off for Bordeaux, by the Last of Next week, where I Expect a ship, the Maryland, which in a short Time after her arrival, will sail again for Baltimore. Therefore, if it so happens, that you should have any Orders, to Intrust me with! be Pleased to honour me with them at my friend\u2019s there, Mr. Pre. Changeur, Rue Rousselle, and I will Think My self happy, and in the Line of My Duty, to fulfill with Zeal, what-ever Can be in My power, in My Little Capacity.\nHaving the Honour to subscribe My self Of your Excellency The Most Obedient & Most Humble Servant,\nPaul Bentalou", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0236", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Andr\u00e9 Limozin, 2 September 1786\nFrom: Limozin, Andr\u00e9\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMost Honored Sir\nHavre de Grace 2nd Septembr 1786.\nI am indebted to the two Letters your Excellency hath honored  me with the 17th and 19th ultimo. I have given hint of the Contents of the first to the young Robertson, who ever since he received that and which your Excellency wrote to him, promised to call again upon me, but never did it before this day to make again more and more complaints on Mr. Ruelon\u2019s behavior towards him. I am not all surprised about it, because such is the Case with almost all the American Ships which come here with Tobacco belonging to the Contract of Mr. Robt. Morris. He refuseth to allow no other Liquor to drink to the Sailors of the Ship Le Couteulx but water, when they are even working from Morning to night, and he hath got liberty from the Admiralty to lodge and confine in the gaol those who refuse to work because it is customary to give them a Small allowance of Spirit, when the owners dont give them Small Rum or Small Syder to drink and some of these poor People are confined, because they have no body whose protection they are intitled to claim for their defense. I am told that they are to remain there so long as the Ship sails, and after that they will have the liberty to look out for some other Ship. Such behavior is quite contrary to the instructions and orders sent to me by Mr. Thoms. Barclay, which I am not intitled to comply with. I am indeed very sory to see these Poor fellows vexed, and they think that I refuse to assist them in their distress. I had the misfortune to be yesterday on the way for some Mercantile business when your Second was brought to my House by Mr. Bassville. I did my self the honor to call this day at his Lodgings to have the honor to pay him my visit and likewise to both Mr. Robt. Morris\u2019s sons. But I was informed that they arrived in this Town the 31st August in the Evening and had left it this Morning very early towards 6 oClock. Thus I was very much disapointed to be Deprived of the pleasure to make their acquaintance and to shew them the most particular regard I pay to your recommendation.\nBeing this day very busy I have desired the young Robertson to call tomorrow upon me and I should look out to see how to procure him justice, for he complains sadly how ill he is used.\nHaving received no answer from your Excellency to my Letter of the 11th instt. I am afraid it did not reach you therefore take the freedom to send a Copy of it.\nI remain with the highest regard Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient & very Humble Servant,\nAndre Limozin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0238", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Carmichael, 4 September 1786\nFrom: Carmichael, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nSn. Ildefonso 4th Septr. 1786\nSince I had the honor to inform your Excellency of the Success of Mr. Barclays mission of which I was advised by his Excy. the Cte. de Florida Blanca, The Treaty of this Court with Algiers has been ratified by his Catholic Majesty. This ratification was signed the 27th. Ulto. The Ct. D\u2019Expilly will set out for Algiers in a few weeks with the presents given on this occasion to the Dey and the principal Officers of the Regency. The ransom of the Spanish Prisoners is left for a distinct negotiation. There are also some arrangements to be taken with the Bey of Mascara or Constantine that demand patience and money.\nI am assured by the Cts. de Florida Blanca and D\u2019Expilly that until we have a treaty with the Port, It will answer no purpose to Attempt a Negotiation with Algiers. On the 23d Ulto. The Dutch Ambassador signed a Memorial addressed by order of the States to this Court against the Navigation of the Vessels of the Phillippine company by the Cape of Good hope.\nI beleive it was presented on Tuesday last. I have a copy of  it. The objections are founded on the 5th Article of the Treaty of Munster, confirmed by the 34th Article of the Treaty of Utrecht, and a memorial presented to the Court of G.B. by the Marquis de Pozo Bueno in name of Philip the Vth. the 26th of April 1724. The States of Holland seem to have been rather dilatory in taking up this business. The Philippine Company was established 14 Months ago and one of its vessels has actually been well received at the Cape of good Hope. I have some reason to beleive that ulterior propositions have just been sent to Mr. Gardoqui on the Subject of the Obstacles to our Treaty with this Country. But as I am kept in the Dark with respect to the progress of the Negotiation, I cannot without much impropriety attempt to speak to the Minister on this Subject. The plan proposed by the Court of Versailles for a reconciliation between this and that of Naples seems to encounter difficulties. Unless this reconciliation takes place, the Rupture will be Attended with much Eclat and perhaps Important consequences. By the best Intelligence I can procure, I think it highly probable that the Imperial Courts are preparing to execute their projects with the Ottoman Empire. I should deem it a particular favor if you would favor me with any Intelligence on this Subject. I also would be glad to know whether the Dutch have sollicited the Court of G. B. to support their remonstrances against the Navigation by the Rout abovementioned. The desire of Information on these Subjects may appear to you rather singular in my situation; But this Information will serve me as a Line to guide me to other Intelligence. I have been repeatedly asked here whether we are advanced in a negotiation with Naples? I do not know what to answer. I beg you to excuse the freedom with which I address you and beleive me With great respect & Esteem Your Excellencys Most Obedt Humble Sert,\nWm. Cermichael", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0239", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Zachariah Loreilhe, 4 September 1786\nFrom: Loreilhe, Zachariah\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nL\u2019Orient Septr. 4th. 1786\nOn the first Instant I received the letter your Excellency honoured me with the 27th. Ulto. on the Subject of a Picture for Mr. Thevenard which I Should have done myself the honour of answering the Same day but Mr. Thevenard being detained in his bed by a fitt of Sickness I could not comunicate to him the content of it untill the day following. I am desired by Mr. Thevenard to return you his thanks for your kind attention in procuring him the Picture of General Washington, and to request it of you that you will be so obliging as to order it to be put in a long Box properly conditioned that the Painting may not Sustain any Injury, and to forward it as Soon as possible by the Mesagerie.\nYesterdays post brought me your honoured letter of the 28th. past which Informs me that my Services will not be wanted at Bordeaux in the Shipping the arms for Virginia which Mr. Barclay had contracted for, Mr. Bondfield having been charged by your Excellency with that Commission. When Mr. Barclay wrote me from Magadore on this Business he did not intend that by employing me any additional expence Should be incured to the State of Virginia. I was to transact it at his desires without making any charges for my trouble or expence against Said State; when ever I Can be usefull to Congress or to any particular State I Shall think myself happy to devote my time and Service to them.\nI Shall Set out for Bordeaux in a very few days, Some family affairs requiring my presence at Bergerac. If I can be of any Service to your Excellency at either place, I Shall think myself highly honoured by receiving your Commands, which Shou\u2019d occasion offer I beg you will address them at Bergerac.\nI have the honour to be with great respect your Excellency most humble & most obedient Servant,\nZ: Loreilhe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0240", "content": "Title: [To Thomas Jefferson from Badon, before 5 September 1786]\nFrom: Badon, Capt.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Before 5 Sep. 1786. Entry in SJL under this date reads: \u201cBadon pere. Ancien capitaine d\u2019infanterie \u00e0 Montpellier.\u201d Not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0241", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Banister, Jr., 7 September 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Banister, John, Jr.\nDear Sir\nParis Sep. 7. 1786.\nYour favour of Aug. 27 came duly to hand. Since that I have received the inclosed letters for you. I am glad to hear you think yourself so much better as to open a prospect of your visiting Italy. Such a trip will certainly furnish you pleasing reflections through life. About the first of the next month I shall accompany the court to Fontainebleau and after a short stay there, make a tour to Lyons, Toulon, Marseille &c. the canal of Languedoc, Bourdeaux &c. to Paris. This will be more agreeable and more useful than lounging six weeks at Fontainebleau. Should your plans lead you to Paris I hope it will be before my departure. I have letters from America to the middle of July, but they give nothing interesting except the deaths of Generals Greene and McDougal. I should be glad to hear from you before I leave this place, as it will be a satisfaction to me to know your plan, and to render you any service I can, being with sincere esteem Dear Sir Your friend and servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0243", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Pierre Dessin, 9 September 1786\nFrom: Dessin, Pierre\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nCalais le 9 7bre. 1786.\nLe duplicata de L\u2019acquit \u00e0 Caution que vous avez e\u00fb la bont\u00e9 de m\u2019Envoyer par L\u2019honneur de votre Lettre du 24 ao\u00fbt, Op\u00e9re parfaitement bien ma d\u00e9charge. En cons\u00e9quence Je vous remercie de votre attention, et vous prie de vous en rapporter entierement \u00e0 mes Soins pour toutes les Commissions dont Il vous plaira me charger.\nJe suis avec un parfait d\u00e9vouement, et le plus profond respect Monsieur Votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s ob\u00e9issant serviteur,\nPierre Dessin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0244", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Abb\u00e9 Morellet, [9 September? 1786]\nFrom: Morellet, Abb\u00e9\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSamedi [9 Sep.? 1786]\nJ\u2019ai rec\u00fb Monsieur avant hier votre morceau. Je l\u2019ai traduit hier et j\u2019apprens ce matin ou plutot je vois en recevant des feuilles de l\u2019imprimeur que l\u2019endroit auquel ce changement est relatif est tir\u00e9 ainsi que deux feuilles suivantes qu\u2019on a tir\u00e9es toutes \u00e0 la fois parce qu\u2019on en avoit accumul\u00e9 plusieurs. Je ne vois plus de moyen d\u2019employer ce que vous m\u2019envoy\u00e9s qu\u2019en le mettant en postscriptum ou addition \u00e0 la fin du volume. Je vous l\u2019envoye en attendant, pour que vous jugies si j\u2019ai bien saisi votre id\u00e9e. J\u2019ai \u00e9t\u00e9 forc\u00e9 aussi d\u2019adoucir l\u2019endroit des theologiens dans la crainte de nos censeurs qui me refuseroient la permission d\u2019imprimer des choses trop claires. Vous etes bien heureux d\u2019etre citoyen d\u2019un pays libre et de pouvoir travailler vous m\u00eame comme vous faites \u00e0 etendre sa liberte. Ayes la bont\u00e9 de me faire parvenir l\u2019original anglois de l\u2019acte de tol\u00e9rance afin qu\u2019il trouve sa place \u00e0 l\u2019article ou vous trait\u00e9s si bien ce sujet dont il me paroit que l\u2019imprimeur s\u2019approche beaucoup apr\u00e8s m\u2019avoir fait languir si longtems. Agr\u00e9es mes tr\u00e8s humbles respects et les sentimens que vous merit\u00e9s de tous ceux qui aiment et admirent les talens et les vertus employ\u00e9s \u00e0 faire le bonheur des hommes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0245", "content": "Title: Thomas Barclay to the American Commissioners, with Enclosure, 10 September 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: American Commissioners\nGentlemen\nTangier 10th. September 1786.\nI am at present waiting for a fair wind to embark for Ceuta to avoid the quaranteen in Spain, and I embrace the Delay occasion\u2019d by the Strong Easterly Winds that have prevail\u2019d for some time, to reply to the Queries with which you honour\u2019d me at parting. You put them respecting the Barbary States generally but as my business has been with the Emperor of Morocco only, I shall confine myself to what relates to his Dominions, and will state the answers in the order you put the Queries.\nCommerce. The articles exported from this country are the Gums arabic, Sandrach and Senegal, Bees-wax, Copper in Blocks, Morocco Leather, Almonds, Dates, Figs and Walnuts, and Lemmons and Oranges might be had, was there wood in the Country to make Cases to pack them in. Great quantities of olive oil and oil of Argan (a fruit somewhat resembling an olive) are exported particularly to Marseilles, where it is used in making Soap. Mules are exported to Surinam and to other parts of America both on the Continent and among the Islands. Many of these animals passing from Constantina to Mogadore by land, being a journey of 1000 miles. Elephants teeth, Gold Dust and Ostrige feathers are brought from the Southward by the People who trade as far as to the River Nigre, and are sold and shipped at Mogadore the most Southerly Port in the Empire except Santa Cruis, from which last place the Emperor has forbid any foreign Trade to be pursued, and from Mogadore and Daralbeyda the export of wheat is very great. Morocco imports from Spain, Portugal, and Italy, several of the  manufactures of these Countries, particularly Silks, Linnens, and woolen Cloths. With England and Holland the trade is more general and comprehends not only the same kind of Goods, but a variety of others such as Iron ware of various sorts, including tools made use of by Workmen, Tin ware, Steel, Iron in bars, Copper Utencils, Ship Chandlery, and Cordage for the repairing Dificiencies in merchant Vessels; Wine and Spirituous Liquors for the use of the Christians may be Imported from any part of the World Duty free, but the use is forbidden to the Mahometans; nor is there any thing in the Country sold by measure but Grain. They import Rice from the Levant which is of an inferior quality to the American Rice, and I believe a little of this article might answer and perhaps the Consumption increase, but this is conjecture for there is no answering for the taste of the Moors. Flour they have much cheaper than the price at which we coud supply them. They raise a good deal of Tobacco themselves, and some pretty good about Fez and Mequinez, none of it however is equal to our\u2019s but the Consumption of American tobacco wou\u2019d be confin\u2019d to the Europeans and consequently it wou\u2019d not prove of much consequence. Furs are not used here and they want neither fish nor oil, provisions of all kinds are Cheap and their Seacoast furnishes them with abundance of fish for common uses. And their Ramadan or Lent does not permit the use of Fish more than of Flesh, being a strict abstinence from all kind of food or Drink for about sixteen hours of the twenty four. There is no demand for tar or turpentine. Each Merchant ship brings as much as is likely to be wanted for the voyage, and the Emperor is supply\u2019d from the Baltic. Ship timber wou\u2019d certainly be a most agreeable object to the Emperor, but he is the only person in his Dominions who wou\u2019d purchase it, and the price wou\u2019d be made by himself, he was anxious to know whether we had that article in America. Ready built Ships, that is, Frigates properly fitted out for sea and arm\u2019d, wou\u2019d prove the most acceptable article that cou\u2019d be sent to him, but his making a purchase of any wou\u2019d depend on the opinion he had of the value. He some time ago encouraged the building of one at Genoa and when she arrived at one of his Ports, He rejected her on account of the price.\nThe Duties of Goods imported with a few exceptions is a tenth part of the Goods. Foreign Hides pay 3 Dollars and Iron and Steel four Dollars p. quintal. Cochineal and Alkermes are monopolized by the Emperor, and sold at a great advance in the price. The former is used in Dying the Morocco Skins and the latter in Dying the caps such as the soldiers and many of the inhabitants wear.  Ostrige feathers are a monopoly in the hands of a Jew at Mogadore without whose permission none can be exported. Offences committed against the interest of the Revenue are punish\u2019d by fine impos\u2019d by the Emperor sometimes with great severity, never with less than the crime deserves. All countries pay the same Duties but the King will sometimes favor an Individual by the remission of part of the ordinary Duties in return for some service, or as a mark of his approbation. The Moors are not their own carriers, nor is there any trading Vessels under the Colours of the Emperor. From this short state it will appear that few of the articles produced in Morocco are wanted in our parts of America, nor cou\u2019d any thing manufactur\u2019d here find a sale there except a little Morocco leather, which is very fine and good and the consumption of it in the Empire almost incredible. They make some Gold and Silk thread at Fez and in various parts of the Country coarse and fine stuff for Alhaigues, a good many Carpets, some coarse Linnen and a Great many red woolen Caps, and these articles I think compose the whole of their manufactures, which from the unskilfulness of the people who work at them, the Leather excepted, are too Dear for Exportation. Still this Country holds out objects to the Americans, sufficient to make a treaty of Peace and commerce a matter of consequence. Our Trade to the Mediterranean is render\u2019d much the securer for it, and it affords us Ports where our ships may rest if we shou\u2019d be engaged in a European War, or in one with the other Barbary States. Our Vessels will certainly become the Carriers of Wheat from Morocco to Spain, Portugal and Italy, and may find Employment at times when the navigation of our own country is stop\u2019d by the winter Season, and we shall resume our old mule trade from Barbary to Surinam and possibly to some of the West India Islands. With respect to the prices of the exports of this country I will add a list of them together with one of the Duties.\nPorts. I will enlarge a little on this subject by giving you a General Idea, not only of the best ports in the Empire, but of all that are of any consequence omitting Waladia Azamoz and some others which, in no Degree, in my opinion, deserve to be ranked in the number. I will begin with the most Southerly which is the only one of them which I have not seen.\nSanta Cruz. Is the only Seaport in Sus, and is situated about Ninety miles to the Southward of Mogadore, and six from the western extremity of Mount Atlas, being between the end of that mountain and the sea, from which it is distant half a mile. It is placed on the declivity of a Hill and cannot be injur\u2019d by any  shipping. There are no Fortifications nor any Guns mounted except two for signals. The Road for Vessels is open but the anchoring good, being a hard sandy Bottom, and the depth of water so gradual that ships may anchor in such as suits them best. There are about Two Thousand Houses in the Town and the Trade was very considerable until the Emperor order\u2019d the Port to be shut up. It was the mart for all the Commodities of Tafila and Suz, and is the thoroughfare through which the Inhabitants of the Sea Coast pass to those Kingdoms, or to the Sahara. The trade is now remov\u2019d toMogadore. A Town built by order of the present Emperor containing two thousand Houses and Eleven thousand Inhabitants as appears by an account taken previous to a Distribution of Corn being made a few months ago by order of the Emperor. About a mile from the Shore runs a tongue of Land called the Island of Mogadore, and between the Land and the Island the Ships anchor and may pass in safety if they draw no more than fifteen feet water. Some say sixteen feet. The Island proves a considerable Shelter for them, but a strong southerly or southwest wind incommodes them much, occasioning a swell in the Channell which is sometimes dangerous. The Bottom is hard and rocky and it is necessary to put Buoys to the cables to prevent them from Cutting. The Town is defended by Two Batteries, one of 9 Iron and 33 Brass cannon, 20 of which are fine Spanish Guns left at Gibraltar, in the last seige, the other of either five or six Iron guns and 20 Brass, and 33 more may be mounted. On a rock to the Northward of the Town is a Battery of ten guns, and on the main Land to the southward, one of 16. Another for ten Guns is now building and on the Island are five little forts of five Guns each. The Moors consider Mogadore as a strong place though some people think that all the Batteries being of Stone is a great disadvantage. Many of the Guns, all of which are about eighteen pound cannon, are yet unprovided with carriages. But the Town being a place much esteem\u2019d by the Emperor, He is doing every thing in his Power to strengthen and improve it. The number of Guns actually mounted is 118 or 119.\nSafia. This town is situated on the side of a Hill, about 2 miles from the southerly point of Cape Cantin. It was once a place of importance, but is now decaying fast, and at present the inhabitants are interdicted from all foreign trade. The anchoring ground is very good in water which varies in depth from 25 to 40 fathoms, but there is little Shelter (indeed almost none) and if it blows hard, as it sometimes do\u2019s in winter, ships must put out to sea for security. The Principal fortification is founded on a Rock, and capable of  mounting a Great number of Cannon, there are three iron and five Brass Guns mounted of about 18 pound Shot. The Brass Guns were made at Constantinople and ten or twelve small Guns lye unmounted. It is a place of little Strength as it now stands, and is reduced from 4000 Houses which it is said to have contain\u2019d to about eight hundred.\nMasagan. Was one of the strongest places in Barbary, when in the hands of the Portuguese about eithteen years ago. The Emperor learning that orders were come from Lisbon that the Town shou\u2019d be evacuated, and the fortifications destroy\u2019d, marched with a considerable Army and a train of Artillery, and while the Inhabitants were executing the instructions from their Court, bombarded the place, so that between the two parties it was left in a state of Desolation. Of 1500 houses, it retains about 400 of the meanest that were most easily repair\u2019d. The Ruins, however shew that it was a place of Consequence. Ships of any Draught of water may lye at some Distance from the Town, the Soundings being gradual and the anchoring Ground good. But there is no shelter and if it blows hard the Ships must run out to sea.\nDaralbeyda. Is at present remarkable for the great export of Wheat which has taken place there within twelve months, and which has amounted perhaps to half a Million of Bushells. It is a poor place, containing four or five hundred miserable Huts. The anchoring ground is good in some parts, with a sandy Bottom, in twelve fathom water, in other parts the Bottom is Stoney and rocky and in winter it is dangerous.\nRabat. Is built on the Banks of the Buragrag where that River enters the sea, and divides it from Sal\u00e8 which is on the opposite shore at about a mile Distance. Rabat contains about 2500 Houses, and is one of the best looking Towns I have seen in Barbary. The entrance into the River is much obstructed by a Bank of sand which runs across the mouth of it, and which is constantly shifting. At ordinary Tides vessels drawing 8 feet water may pass and at spring Tides those of twelve, but sometimes loaded vessels in the River are oblig\u2019d to remain there three or four months for a passage out, which they can only have by the shifting of the sands. There are three forts at this place, one on a point which commands the entrance of the River of 10 Guns, and two on the sea shore, one of which is of eight, and the other intended for 16 Guns, of which three only are mounted. There is also a Castle or Fort without Guns upon the Hill on which the Town is built.\nSal\u00e8. Is Built on an Eminence on a point of the Burregreg, at it\u2019s  entrance into the Ocean opposite to Rabat. It is defended towards the sea by a Battery of 8 pieces of Cannon, and is surrounded by a double Wall. The streets are narrow and dirty and the Houses mean, the number being about 2500. As the Navigation is in common with Rabat what has been said in the last article need not be repeated. This place which has been long famous for its depredations against the Christians, seems to be declining fast, but the same observation was made on it some centuries ago.\nMamora. Is situated on a high rock on the southern side of the River Cebu, a mile above its entrance into the sea and where the River is about a half a mile broad. It was formerly a place of considerable importance, but is now in the last stage of Desolation. There are the remains of two fortifications almost intire, and which seem to be built since the Town has been destroy\u2019d. One of them is near the sea shore and on the declivity of the Rock, once mounted 12 Guns, and at present has three of Brass and one of Iron mounted. The other Fort stands higher up, was once of the same strength with the former but is now without Guns. The remains of the walls, ditches and Defences, shew that this was once deem\u2019d a place of consequence, though a Bar runs across the mouth of the River that prevents the entrance of large Vessels as the Portugueze experienced in an expedition which they made against it in the year 1515.\nLaracha. Is a strong place but not of considerable extent situated on the Top and Declivity of a Hill facing the port where the ships lye. It is a Bar harbour with a narrow Channell sufficient for one Vessell to pass, and ships bound in must keep the shore, as a seaman wou\u2019d term it, close on board on the starboard hand. At common tides there are 12 feet water on the Bar, and in spring tides Depth sufficient for any Vessel which can lye safe in the Port, well Defended from any winds and where 60 or 80 sail may take the Ground in soft mud without Injury. The Channell is defended by three forts. The one farthest from the Town of 8 Guns, the next of 9, and the other of three, and every vessel going into the Harbour must pass along close by these Guns. On the entrance into the Harbour is a pile of Batteries rais\u2019d over each other in three stories. Each Battery consisted of 20 Guns, but the only ones mounted are 16 Brass of about 16 pound ball which Guns are in the middle Battery. This pile has an Air of Great strength, but part of the middle Battery having sunk near 2 feet, I think the whole work must be greatly weaken\u2019d by this misfortune. On a parallel with this middle Battery runs a small one of three Guns, on an Angle one of eleven, and below nearly on a level with the sea, one of nine;  so that the number of Batteries are nine, and that of the Guns, if all were mounted wou\u2019d be 103, but of these perhaps 50 are wanting. There are, however, a considerable number of Guns scatter\u2019d about without carriages, and from appearances there seems to be little apprehensions of a necessity of using any. The last attack on this place was made by the French in 1768 or 1769, when they forced their way in Boats under the cover of their ships into the harbour, with a Design to destroy the shipping, but the Tide going out, left them a prey to the Moors who never make prisoners on such occasions. I think the French lost 413 men being about one half of their whole number, the rest remaining on board the ship and the Emperor order\u2019d their heads to be sent to Morocco, where he paid 2 Ducats a piece for about 200 that were preserv\u2019d for him. I saw ten or twelve Moors at Laracha who assisted in repelling this Invasion and who spoke of it with great seeming pleasure. The people suppos\u2019d the French were come to possess themselves of the Country, and took up arms very generally to oppose them. A strong Citadel once commanded the Harbour. It is situated on a Hill with a Ditch surrounding a part of it, but it is tumbling to Ruins. The inside of the walls contain nothing but narrow alleys across which a great number of low arches are turn\u2019d, the use of which I cou\u2019d neither learn nor conjecture, and a great many miserable Huts.\nArzilla. Is a little wall\u2019d Town that has seen better days. The houses in number two or three hundred, are going fast to decay, as well as the fortifications. The walls have been strong and are encompassed with a Ditch. There are three or four guns mounted, and on a fort which lyes some distance from the town, six or eight, over one of the Gates is the Arms of Spain. A Reef or ledge of Rocks runs along the coast, but it is broken so as small vessels may pass in, and large ones may anchor on the outside in ten fathom water, but there is neither Port nor Shelter.\nTangiers. Is one of the most ancient Cities in Barbary, it has undergone many revolutions and was once a place of splendor and commerce. The whole Country distinguishing itself from the name of the City.\nThe King of Portugal took it in 1471, and in 1662 it was deliver\u2019d to Charles the Second of England as part of his Wifes Dowry, and it was by that Monarch improv\u2019d at an expence of two millions Sterling. In 1684 it was Destroy\u2019d and abandon\u2019d by the English. The Mole where a first rate Man of War cou\u2019d ride in safety, was with incredible labor destroyed. The fortifications and walls were not only blown up, but the ruins tumbled into the  Harbour. In short in about 6 months, the English made a considerable progress in the destruction of the Port, which has since remain\u2019d in the quiet possession of the Moors. The town is placed on the right hand side of the entrance into the Bay on a Hill two miles from the sea and about 5 miles distant from an opposite point on which a Battery of ten guns is placed. The form of the Bay is that of the third part of a Circle, and the number of Houses in the Town about 800, said to be half as many as were in it when the English had possession. At present small vessels may come in, and lye ashore on a soft Beach, without Danger. But large ones must anchor at a Distance in the Bay, and in case of blowing weather put to sea for safety. The Batteries here are, one almost level with the sea, and consisting of 13 Guns of 12 or 14 pound ball, the rest are on the Hill vizt. One of 9 Brass Guns, of about 24 pound shot cast in Portugal and three more may be mounted. A second of 12 new iron Guns of 24 pound shot, cast in England, and seven more may be mounted, and another of seven Iron Guns, of 12 or 14 pound shot; exclusive of these are two little Batteries of two Guns each. The Battery which was situated on the top of the Hill near the Castle where the Basha resides, and which contain\u2019d 18 Guns of 16 pound ball, was totally destroy\u2019d about twelve months ago by the blowing up of the Magazine where the Emperor\u2019s powder was stor\u2019d. All the fortifications are going to Decay and seem very unequal to a Contest of any consequence. Tangiers is about 7 miles from Cape Spartel and consequently may be said to be within the Streights leading to the Mediterranean.\nTetuan\u2014Is situated to the eastward of Ceuta, which lyes between Tangier and that place, but being in the hands of the Spaniards (as well as Melilla and Pe\u00f1on de Velez) does not come under my notice. Tetuan lies on the River Marteen, about 5 miles from the Mediterannean sea, the Custom House at Marteen being about half way between the City and the sea. Across the mouth of this river also runs a Bar on which there is only six feet water, and as there is little tide here, the depth never exceeds 8 feet, and seldom is so much. Vessels must therefore lighten on the outside of the Bar, and can then pass up the Bay and River three miles to the Custom House, and from thence to Town. No boats, but small ones with fruit can go, owing to the shallowness of the River. The Town is built on a Hill, at the foot of a Mountain, and has only one fort or Citadel flank\u2019d with four towers, and mounting 20 Cannon to defend it. The Houses are said to be about two thousand five Hundred, and the Inhabitants exclusive of Jews twenty thousand. But  the estimation a few years ago was Double this number. No Christian is permitted to enter the City, and therefore this account of it depends on the Veracity and Knowledge of some jews, who visited me at my encampment near it. On the River Marteen, within half a mile of the Mediterannean, is a square Castle, at which Five Guns of sixteen pound ball are mounted.\nFrom this view of the ports belonging to the Emperor, it will be seen that none of them are good, that Laracha is the best, next to which are I think Sal\u00e8 and Tetuan, but I believe the place from whence I write, might, with great abilities and Industry, and at a great Expence, be made a most valuable seaport. I think also that Masagan might be made a place of great Importance.\nNaval force. The whole naval force of this Country consists of ten Frigates carrying 170 Guns, which at present are employ\u2019d in this manner,\n1. at D\u2019aralbeyda of 18 Guns, six pound ball.\n4. Sail\u2019d from Laracha for Daralbeyda of 16 Guns to Load Corn and Barley for the Emperor to Distribute among his Subjects.\n1. at Laracha of 22 Guns\n6 pound Shot\n1. at Do. of 14 do.\n1. at Do. of 12 do.\n4 pound do.\n2. gone to Constantinople, with presents of Salt Petre and Silver, to the Grand Seignier, of 20 Guns each.\nThis is the State of the Emperor\u2019s fleet at present, and the five frigates, which are to take in Grain at D\u2019aralbeyda are those the Commodore inform\u2019d me some time ago were to go on a Cruize. His Ten half Galleys which I saw at Marteen are laid up on shore irrecoverably perish\u2019d. He has however given orders for building some Galleys and half Galleys, two of which are on the Stocks here. The number of seamen Employ\u2019d is about 798 men, and 1000 apprentices and he can increase the number as much as he pleases by ordering his Governors to put others on board his Vessels. A few days ago he made a general request to all the foreign Consuls, that each of their Nations shou\u2019d send ten Seamen to improve his people in the Art of Navigation, promising to pay each person who will come half as much more as he receives in his own Country. He has not any Treaty of Peace with Russia, Hamburg, Dantzic or Malta, but he wrote some days ago to the sea Ports that he was not at Hostilities with any Nation whatever except the United States. The resources for encreasing his Navy are not internal, at least they depend chiefly on his Neighbours. He has a good deal  of small live oak and Corkwood, which last is esteem\u2019d very good Wood, when cut in a proper time and season\u2019d and the properties of the former are well known. The Prizes that are brought in, also furnish Timber for building and are broke up for that purpose. The Rigging, Sail Canvas, Anchors, Ship Chandlery, Tar, Pitch and Turpentine, are furnish\u2019d by Holland, England, and Sweden, and His Frigates are often repair\u2019d at Gibraltar without any expence to Him, and one return\u2019d from thence since we left Morrocco, the fitting out of which cost the British seven thousand pounds Sterling. The season for cruizing is in the summer or rather from April to September, and the Grounds, to the Northward as far as the Coast of Portugal, to the Westward off the Canary, and Western Islands, and in the Mediterannean, His frigates are in good order and his Seamen neither very excellent nor despicable.\nPrisoners. There are not any Prisoners or Christian Slaves in the Empire of Morocco, except Six or Seven Spaniards, who are in the Sahara or Desert, and which, the Emperor is endeavouring to procure that they may be deliver\u2019d to their Country. This Part is not in Strict obedience to the King, though govern\u2019d by his Son Abder-hammon, from whom it is somewhat difficult to procure the release of Europeans that are cast away in those parts, and his Majesty has no way to get them but by encouraging the Southern Traders to purchase and bring them to Morocco, or to prevail on his Son to send them. And here it will be doing a piece of justice to the Emperor which he well Deserves to say that there is not a man in the World who is a greater Enemy to Slavery than He is. He spares neither money nor pains to redeem all who are so unfortunate as to be cast away, whom he orders to be fed and cloth\u2019d, untill they are return\u2019d to their Country. The Venetian Consul told me that the King being some time ago posses\u2019d of Sixty Christians the Consul had a commission sent to him to redeem them, at an expence of 1000 Dollars each, but when his Majesty was applied to, he answer\u2019d that he woud not sell them, but that the Grand master of Malta (with whom he was not at Peace), having liberated some Moors these Christians shou\u2019d be deliver\u2019d up as a Compliment to him. At another time his majesty made a purchase of Moorish Slaves, who were in the possesion of the Christian Powers, on the Coast of the Mediterranean for which he paid 160 thousand Dollars, without shewing any regard to which of the Barbary States they belonged and set them all at liberty without any condition whatever. The Expence of redeeming Slaves in the days of the  Muley Ishmael and Muley Abdallah was about 1000 Dollars a Head or three Moors for 1 Christian.\nTreaties. I do not think there is any danger of the present Emperor\u2019s breaking any of his Treaties intentionally, or in matters of Consequence. He sometime ago however settled the Duty on the export of Barley by treaty with the British and soon after increas\u2019d it. The English Merchants at Mogadore intended representing this matter to the Emperor, and did not Doubt but it wou\u2019d be put to right. He said not long ago that if an European Vessel took on board any of his Subjects, who went on a pilgrimage to Mecca and landed them any where but in his Dominion He wou\u2019d go to war with the nation to whom the Vessel belong\u2019d, and on being told that there was nothing in any of the treaties to prevent a European Vessel from doing this, He reply\u2019d, if that was the case, He wou\u2019d not break the peace, but it wou\u2019d be a Peace without friendship. When this Emperor dies, there will probably be g[reat] Contentions, and I suppose treaties will avail little either at Sea or Land until these contentions are adjusted.\nLand Forces. The Grandfather of the present King rais\u2019d an army of 100,000 Negros from whose Descendents, the Army has ever since been recruited. But these Standing forces at different times and for various reasons have been reduced to the number 14767, four thousand of whom are station\u2019d at Morocco and the remainder in Seven Regiments in the different Provinces. Their pay including the maintenance of a Horse is one Ducat p. month, 10 Fanegas of Wheat, 14 of Barley, and 2 Suits of Cloaths annually and the King frequently makes distributions among their families, and whenever he sends any of them on particular business, such as Conducting foreigners through the Country, they are well paid. At the Commencement of a Campaign, He generally gives them ten Ducats, and at the end of it five and it is His Inclination and endeavours to keep them Satisfy\u2019d. All his Male Subjects are born Soldiers, and in case of Necessity, all who are able, are oblig\u2019d to attend him in the field. I suppose the Emperor has fifty thousand Horses and Mules distributed through his Dominions, which he recalls when he pleases and places at pleasure in the hands of others. These are all consider\u2019d as obliged to take the field at a moments warning, and I have often heard, and I believe it to be true that in a few weeks, shou\u2019d an Invasion from the Christians be dreaded (the fear of which is always accompanied by an Idea that they come to take possession of the Country) the Emperor cou\u2019d bring into the field two hundred thousand men. But  I doubt much whether He cou\u2019d equip half the number. The Strength of this Country certainly lyes in his Land Forces, on their own Ground which wou\u2019d ever prove formidable in case of an invasion. Both regular troops and Militia are extremely expert in manuv\u2019ring on horseback, at skirmishing, at sudden attacks and at sudden retreats, but I apprehend they wou\u2019d cut but a bad figure in an open field against European troops. On this subject I can only add that when the Emperor wants soldiers, He orders such of the Bashas to join him as he thinks proper with the number of men wanted. The present Emperor has not had much occasion to call forth the Strength of His Country. In 1774, He went against Millila with 80,000 Militia, which I think was the greatest Draught he ever made.\nRevenue. The amount of this article is very fluctuating, and uncertain. It consists of the following articles.\nDuty on Exports which varies according to the will of the Emperor.\nDuty on Imports which is in the same State, but at present taking them generally is 10 p. Cent.\nTax of 10 p. Cent on all the Grain us\u2019d in the Country, on the Cattle and other moveable Property, which however is rated so much in favour of the proprietors that it does not produce one half the value.\nTax on each City according to its abilities.\nTax on Tobacco brought into the Cities of little consequence being farmed at 3000 Dollars \u214c annum.\nFines on the Bashas or other public Officers for offences of any kind.\nFines for Smugling Goods which are arbitrary.\nFines impos\u2019d on Towns or Provinces for revolting, quarreling with each other, or for offences commited by Individuals when the offenders are not discover\u2019d.\nProperty, which falls into the hands of the Emperor at the Death of any Public Officer whose account with the public is unsettled.\nProportion of Prizes made at Sea.\nProfit on Cochineal and Alkermes.\nPresents from Foreign Nations and from his own Subjects.\nThere are a few other articles, such as coining money &c.; not worth enumerating nor does my knowledge of these which I have mention\u2019d enable me to write as particularly about each as I cou\u2019d wish. The sum of four Millions of Mexican Dollars is by many thought a high rate to State his annual revenue at, but Mogadore  and D\u2019aralbeyda will pay between them one million of Dollars in Duties for the last year, and I think the other places and other articles will certainly produce three times as much, though he receives no taxes from Tafilet and little from Sus.\nLanguage. The common Language spoken in the sea ports is the Moorish which is a Dialect of the Arabic, the difference either in speaking or writing between the two being very little. A Language is spoken in the mountains and in the eastern part of the Empire, called the Berebere (or as it is usually pronounced, the Breber) tongue, and the European language that is best known is the Spanish for all the Jews, who are very numerous, speak it. French, Italian, and English are pretty equally understood and rank after the Spanish.\nGovernment. The Government is that of Absolute Monarchy without limitation. The Emperor is the Supreme executive Magistrate, in whom is united all Spiritual and temporal Power, and his People hold their lives and property totally at his will and pleasure. The life of the meanest of his Subjects cannot be touch\u2019d, except in an emergency, but by his own order, or by the order of some Basha to whom he has deligated the power of life and Death, a power he rarely places out of his own hands. Criminals from the most distant provinces are sent to Morocco, where the King hears the Complaints against them, and as soon as he pronounces Sentence, it is executed on the Spot, and this is always at an audience. When we left Morocco no execution had taken place for four months. This Court does not depend in any degree on the Ottoman Porte, nor on any other Power whatever. But there is a strict friendship between the Grand Seignior and the Emperor, and as there is a possibility of a war between the Turks and Russians, the Emperor thinking it a kind of common cause, being between Christians and Muslemans has shewn his disposition lately to aid the Grand Seignior by sending him two twenty Gun frigates with Saltpetre and Silver to a very considerable amount.\nReligion. The Moors of the Empire of Morocco profess the Mahometan religion and obedience to the precepts of the Koran. But the Emperor holds the power of dispensing occasionally with such as he thinks propper. Thus the exportation of Corn which is prohibited by the Koran, is permitted by the King. With respect to their Piracies, I believe they do not proceed from any religious principle. It seems to be the general opinion that they took rise on the expulsion of the Moors from Spain in the reign of Phillip the 3d. when 700,000 were banish\u2019d from that Country\u2014that necessity  and revenge first instigated them to commit depredations on the Europeans, and their hands were strengthen\u2019d and hatred encreas\u2019d by the final Expulsion in the reign of Ferdinand and Isabell when 17000 families join\u2019d their friends on the Sea coast on this side of the Mediterannean. A Piratical War, begun against the Spaniards, was extended to the other Christian Powers, And all the Barbary States have been enabled to support this war from the Supplies given them by the Maritime Powers of Europe, many of which seem contending with each other which shall enable the Moors most to injure the Trade of their Neighbours.\nWhat I have said on this article, I give as the best information I can procure but it is not Satisfactory, and I am persuaded the Origin of these Depredations, of a much older date, for early in the Seventh Century the Spaniards made a Decent on the Town from which I write to revenge the Piracies commited by the People of this Country.\nCaptures. No American Vessel has been taken by the Emperor but one, which was commanded by Captain Irwin, and bound from Cadiz to Virginia. She lyes on the Beach at this place, and the Emperor order\u2019d the Basha to deliver her and the cargo to me, but as I understood she had been Insur\u2019d in Spain, I did not chuse to take her under my care. The Emperor has no Treaty with Russia, Germany, Hamburg, Dantzic or Malta. But there seems to be a Cessation of Hostilities with all the world. He had order\u2019d five frigates to be fitted for Sea, and I think it more than probable they were intended to Cruize against the Americans.\nHaving thus answer\u2019d the queries which you were pleas\u2019d to make. I shall at present conclude with the assurance of my being always with great respect and Esteem, Gentn. Your most obedt hble. Servt.,\nThos Barclay\nEnclosurePrices of Goods in Mogadore in June 1786.\nWheat 5 to 6 ounces the Sal\nDuty 1 Spanish milled Dollar and\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u20071 Barbary ounce \u214c fanega\nOlive Oil 34 Ounces \u214c Quintal\nDuty 2 Dollars 1 Ounce \u214c Quintal\nWool\u2007\u2007\u2007\u20075 Ducats \u214c Quintal\nDuty 2 Dollars\nElephants teeth 30 Ducats \u214c Do.\n\u2007Do. 4 Do.\nBees Wax 27 Ducats the great\n\u2007\u2007Quintl: of 150 pounds\nGum Arabic 10 Ducats\n\u2007o. 2 Do. & one ounce\n\u2007\u2007Senegal 14 Do.\n\u2007Do. the Same\n\u2007\u2007Sandrach 6\u00bd Do.\n\u2007\u2007Do. the Same\nCopper in Blocks 11 Do.\n\u2007\u2007\u20075 Dollars\nShelled Almonds 6 Do.\n1 Do. & one ounce\nMules for Exportation 30 to 35 Do.\n10 Dollars\nRed Morocco Skins as in quality,(about 10 Ounces \u214c Skin)\nDuty free\nCoins\nThe\nGold Ducat\n16 Ounces\nvalue nearly\n7/8 Sterg.\nSilver Do.\nThe ounce of 4 Blanquils\na Silver\ncoin worth nearly 5\u00be do.\nThe Blanquil of 24 Fluces.\nDo.\nvalue about 1\u00bd do.\nNote. when the Ducat is mention\u2019d in the prices of Goods the Silver Ducat is understood.\nWeights\n1\u00bc Mexican Dollars make one ounce\n16 ounces or 20 Dollars a Pound\n100 Pounds or 2000 Dollars the Small quintal\n15 Pounds or 3000 Do. the great Do.\nMeasure\nThe Condre or Cal\u00e0 2\u00bc of which make a french Aun, or 1\u00be an English Ell nearly. Measures for Liquids, none.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0246", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Adams, 11 September 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nGrosvenor Square Septr. 11. 1786.\nOn my Return from Holland on the Sixth instant I found your Favours of the 8. and 13. Aug. On my Arrival at the Hague The Exchange of Ratifications was made on the 8. of August with The Baron De Thulemeier, and I had it Printed. It is only in French. Copies shall be Sent you as soon as I can find an Opportunity. We were present at Utrecht at the August Ceremony of Swearing in their new Magistrates. In no Instance, of ancient or modern History, have the People ever asserted more unequivocally their own inherent and unalienable Sovereignty.\u2014But whatever Pleasure I might have in enlarging upon this Subject, I must forbear.\nThe Affair of Oil has taken a turn here. The Whale men both at Greenland and the southward, have been unsuccessful and the Price of Spermac\u00e6ti Oil, has risen above fifty Pounds a Ton. Boyston\u2019s ship arrived with two or three hundred Ton, and finding he could pay the Duties and make a Profit of five and twenty Per Cent, he sold his Cargo here, instead of going again to France as he intended. This Circumstance will oblige the French Court, or the French Merchants or both to take other Measures, or they will loose this Trade. The Price of Oil will rise in Boston, so much that I am afraid Mr. Barrett\u2019s Contract must be fullfilled at an immense Loss.\nAs to Mr. Lambs Settlement, I still think he had better embark forthwith for New York from Spain. If he cannot he may transmit to you and me his Account, and remit to us the Ballance in favour of U.S.\nMr. Barclays Proposal, of going to Tunis and Tripoli, I suppose appears to you as it does to me, from what We learned from the Ambassador from Tripoli in London, to be unnecessary, at least till We hear farther from Congress. It seems to me too, very unlikely that any Benefit will be had from a Journey to Algiers. I wish to see the Treaty with Morocco, and to know the Particulars of that Affair, first. At present I believe We are taken in, and that We shall be plagued with Demands for annual Presents. I confess, I have no Faith in the Supposition that Spanish Interference has counted for Money, or at least that it will pass long for it.\nIf however you are clearly in favour of sending Mr. Barclay to Algiers, I will make out a Commission, and send it to you, for your Signature, Signed by my self, because I would not set up my own Judgment against yours, Mr. Carmichaels and Mr. Barclays: but I confess, at present I cannot see any Advantage in it, but on the contrary Several Disadvantages. Mr. Randall is gone to Congress, and We may expect their further orders, e\u2019er long.\nWith Sincere Affection I am, dear sir, your Friend and servant,\nJohn Adams\nInclosed is a Project of an Answer to Mr. Lamb, if you approve it, you will sign and send it. J.A.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0247", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Abb\u00e9 Morellet, [11 September? 1786]\nFrom: Morellet, Abb\u00e9\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nLundi soir [11 Sep.? 1786]\nDepuis votre lettre du 9 que j\u2019ai rec\u00fce aujourd\u2019hui en revenant de la campagne je n\u2019ai pas perdu de tems pour satisfaire s\u2019il etoit possible le desir que vous avies de voir inser\u00e9e dans votre ouvrage l\u2019addition que vous me renvoyes mais vous jugeres vous m\u00eame de l\u2019impossibilit\u00e9 de faire cette insertion en jettant les yeux sur les feuilles que je vous envoye et qui sont tir\u00e9es au nombre de 4 toutes suivant celle o\u00f9 se trouve le morceau sur les coquilles sans compter une cinquieme qu\u2019on tiroit encore ce matin. De sorte qu\u2019il faudroit perdre et recommencer cinq feuilles. La raison de ce contre tems est que ce m\u00eame imprimeur qui a fait trainer pendant quatre mois l\u2019impression de 4 feuilles et \u00e0 qui je m\u2019etois plaint amerement de cette lenteur a tout \u00e0 coup press\u00e9 le travail et fait tirer toutes \u00e0 la fois 4 ou cinq feuilles qu\u2019il avoit toutes compos\u00e9es. Voil\u00e0 l\u2019etat des choses et l\u2019obstacle insurmontable que je vois \u00e0 faire ce que vous desiries: mais permettes moi de vous faire observer que l\u2019inconvenient auquel vous voulies remedier n\u2019existe plus. Le petit paragraphe de 25 \u00e0 30 lignes ou vous semblies presenter l\u2019opinion de Voltaire comme aussi raisonnable que toute autre se trouve retranch\u00e9; ainsi vous aures content\u00e9 Mr. Rittenhouse et j\u2019ose dire moi m\u00eame et vous n\u2019aures point de querelle avec nos naturalistes et quant \u00e0 l\u2019addition que vous m\u2019envoyes et que je trouve fort bonne si vous le juges convenable on la placera \u00e0 la fin avec\u2019 renvoi \u00e0 l\u2019endroit qu\u2019elle eclaircit.\nVotre observation sur le mot a knowledge of the first order est juste: cependant je vous dirai qu\u2019il s\u2019agit icy bien moins de l\u2019importance et de la dignit\u00e9 de la connoissance que de son caractere principal qui est d\u2019etre fond\u00e9e sur ce qu\u2019on a v\u00fb. Ce qui pourroit se dire de connoissances qui n\u2019ont nor value nor dignity. Le m\u00e9rite d\u2019une connoissance de ce genre est d\u2019etre la premiere d\u2019etre le 1er pas d\u2019apr\u00e8s lequel on en peut faire un second mais comme vous l\u2019expliques si bien non pas un troisieme parceque d\u00e8s lors on tombe dans le vague et dans le pays de l\u2019imagination.\nL\u2019acte de Tolerance est vraiment admirable mais je doute qu\u2019on nous permette de l\u2019imprimer. Je le tenterai pourtant. Il est vrai que c\u2019est un simple fait un recit de ce qui se passe en Amerique mais depuis que vous habites ce pays vous aves bien observ\u00e9 qu\u2019il y a des verit\u00e9s que nous n\u2019aimons pas qu\u2019on dise m\u00eame \u00e0 mille lieues de ch\u00e8s nous. Receves mes tr\u00e8s humbles respects.\nJe vous prie de me renvoyer les feuilles qui me servent pour me guider dans la distribution du manuscrit.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0248", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Putnam, [before 11 September 1786]\nFrom: Putnam, Benjamin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Portsmouth?, Va., before 11 Sep. 1786]. Visited Marseilles in 1783 in connection with his claim \u201cagainst Count d\u2019Arbaud, late governor of Guadeloupe, for a certain sloop, taken from me, together with her Cargo of Peas and 13. Negroes, estimated at 1130 half Joes\u201d; the claim was not decided by the admiralty of France because of the press of other business and because the admiralty wished to obtain information from Count d\u2019Arbaud; left his affairs in the hands of Matthew Ridley, then resident at Paris, who promised to assist him; Ridley wrote him later in 1783, from London, concerning a decree of the admiralty in regard to a schooner which had been condemned to his benefit, the schooner having been taken a year after the affair of the sloop occurred. At that time Ridley informed him that he had left Paris; that nothing had been decided about the sloop; but that the matter had been left in competent hands. Has not heard from Ridley since and does not believe he is in France. The suits for the schooner and the sloop were presented at the same time; in connection with the sloop, he had \u201cobtained Congresses demand on the Court of France, which Resolution accompanied by Letters of Mr. Wm. Bingham then Agent at Martinique and Cte. d Estaing then at the same Island were committed to the Charge of Mr. Gerard late Minister at the United States\u201d; Franklin had told him that he had never received the papers from Gerard but that he would try to obtain them; asks TJ to assist  him in his claim; supposes Barclay may be Ridley\u2019s successor; fears Ridley forgot him; thinks the claim may be decided and the money ready for him. His friends in Bordeaux will forward a letter to him by Capt. Blaney, of the ship Louisa, who brings this letter and will return to Virginia.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0251", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from C. W. F. Dumas, 12 September 1786\nFrom: Dumas, Charles William Frederick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nLa Haie, 12e. 7bre. 1786\nSi j\u2019ai diff\u00e9r\u00e9 de r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la Lettre dont Votre Excellence m\u2019a honor\u00e9 en date du 6 May \u00e0 son retour d\u2019Angleterre, ce n\u2019est point par n\u00e9gligence, mais par la nature m\u00eame et un concours de choses tant particulieres que publiques qui se passent ici, et dans lesquelles je suis tellement ou interess\u00e9 ou initi\u00e9, que je n\u2019ai pu, sans risquer de compromettre cette R\u00e9publique, ses Alli\u00e9s, moi-m\u00eame, et sans me rendre m\u00eame suspect d\u2019imprudence, \u00e9crire rien dans le lointain. D\u2019ailleurs je me flattois toujours, au milieu des troubles journaliers, de les voir terminer paisiblement. Outre cela, ma sant\u00e9 a \u00e9t\u00e9 fr\u00e9quemment d\u00e9rang\u00e9e; moi-m\u00eame avec ma famille, afflig\u00e9 de la perte d\u2019une Belle-fille fort aim\u00e9e de nous tous, morte inopin\u00e9ment \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e2ge de 24 ans, et laissant mon Beau-fils Veuf avec deux petits Enfants. Joignez \u00e0 cela, Monsieur, les embarras o\u00f9 me laisse toujours la Tr\u00e9sorerie des Etats-Unis, faute d\u2019ordre pour pouvoir toucher mes Arr\u00e9rages. Tout cela me fait esp\u00e9rer, que Votre Excellence me pardonnera ce long silence. Aujourd\u2019hui, que la paix interne de la R\u00e9publique paro\u00eet s\u2019\u00e9loigner encore, je ne veux plus diff\u00e9rer; [et je profite d\u2019un Courier que Mr. le Ms. de Verac d\u00e9pechera demain matin non seulement pour vous \u00e9crire la pr\u00e9sente, mais aussi pour le charger d\u2019un paquet s\u00e9par\u00e9, o\u00f9 Votre Excellence trouvera un Exemplaire d\u2019une Vie estim\u00e9e de Mr. Turgot, pour Elle, et un autre pour Mr. Franklin \u00e0 Philadelphie, que je La prie de vouloir bien lui acheminer promptement. J\u2019en ai ajout\u00e9 encore deux, l\u2019un pour Mr. Jn. Jay, et l\u2019autre pour Mr. Robert Morris.]\nLa Guerre civile vient enfin d\u2019\u00e9clater. L\u2019obstin\u00e9 Stathouder d\u00e9sesperant d\u2019engager, par toutes sortes d\u2019artifices, ses concitoyens dans quelques voies de fait [qui] lui donnassent au moins des pr\u00e9textes pour attenter \u00e0 leurs libert\u00e9s, leve enfin le masque, et se permet toutes celles que la fureur et la l\u00e2chet\u00e9 tyrannique peut sugg\u00e9rer. Votre Excellence pourra voir passablement par la Gazette de Leide, la plus v\u00e9ridique de toutes, ce qui se passe ici. Je n\u2019entrerai donc dans aucun d\u00e9tail. J\u2019ajouterai seulement, que toutes ces violences ont, non seulement augment\u00e9 prodigieusement la ha\u00eene et le nombre des Bourgeoisies patriotiques, mais aussi, ce qui est essentiel, rendu \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s unanime l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e de Leurs Noblesses et Grands Pensionnaires o\u00f9 personne n\u2019ose plus s\u2019opposer aux R\u00e9solutions vigoureuses qui s\u2019y prennent. Il y a apparence que celle de suspendre le Stathouder, Aggresseur de toutes ses fonctions dans cette Province, sera prise cette semaine. [Cinq villes,  savoir Dordrecht, Gouda, Schoonh\u00f6ven, Alkmar et Monnikendam sont d\u00e9j\u00e0 de cet Avis.] Et quant \u00e0 l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e des Etats-Generaux, o\u00f9 jusqu\u2019ici la pluralit\u00e9 des Membres, par des pratiques familieres \u00e0 une longue usurpation, a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e0 la d\u00e9votion du Stathouder, la division ne pourra manquer de s\u2019y mettre incessamment, par le parti que prennent leurs ma\u00eetres, notamment Overyssel, Groningue, Z\u00e9lande et Frise, d\u2019interdire, \u00e0 l\u2019exemple de la Hollande, aux troupes de leur r\u00e9partition de se laisser employer.\nAu moment o\u00f9 j\u2019\u00e9cris ceci, j\u2019apprends que le simulacre tronqu\u00e9 des pr\u00e9tendus Etats d\u2019Utrecht assembl\u00e9s dans la petite Ville subjugu\u00e9e d\u2019Amersfort, n\u2019ose plus insister aupr\u00e8s du Stathouder sur l\u2019envoi, concert\u00e9 avec lui, de troupes dans leur Province, et commence \u00e0 parlementer pour obtenir l\u2019intervention, ci-devant rejet\u00e9e avec d\u00e9dain, de la Hollande entre eux et la Ville d\u2019Utrecht. Je pr\u00e9vois que la Majorit\u00e9 tyrannique des Etats de Gueldre se verra bient\u00f4t r\u00e9duite \u00e0 la m\u00eame extr\u00eamit\u00e9. En attendant, leur moteur, le Stathouder, plein de terreur, se fait entourer dans son ch\u00e2teau du Loo par ce qu\u2019il a pu ramasser de troupes, et se rend de difficile acc\u00e8s, crainte de quelque Harmodius ou Aristogiton. De ce c\u00f4t\u00e9-ci les troupes r\u00e9gl\u00e9es les Corps Bourgeois francs, le Canon, les Munitions &c. de la Province d\u2019Hollande continuent de marcher pour couvrir Utrecht, o\u00f9 d\u2019ailleurs on est dispos\u00e9 \u00e0 se battre s\u2019il le faut \u00e0 toute outrance; tandis que le Stathouder et les Oligarches Gueldrois qui lui sont devou\u00e9s, n\u2019osent d\u00e9garnir les grandes villes du pays comme Nimegue, Arnhem, et Zutphen, des troupes qu\u2019ils y ont pour enbrider les Bourgeoisies.\nVoil\u00e0 le Tableau tr\u00e8s-racourci, mais fidele des Affaires internes de la R\u00e9publique. Celui que me fait Votre Excellence des termes o\u00f9 en sont les Etats-Unis vis-\u00e0-vis des Anglois, me plait autant pour le fond, que pour la maniere dont il est touch\u00e9. Car j\u2019ai \u00e9t\u00e9 et suis toujours d\u2019avis que la cordialit\u00e9 ne peut exister entre eux et nous, que lorsqu\u2019ils ne pourront plus pr\u00e9tendre \u00e0 aucune des sup\u00e9riorit\u00e9s qu\u2019ils s\u2019arrogent.\nJe prendrai dans peu la libert\u00e9 que Votre Excellence m\u2019a permise, de tirer sur Elle \u00e0 l\u2019ordre de Mrs. Nic. & Jb. van Staphorst, pour le Semestre de mon Salaire annuel de 13 cents Dollars, \u00e9chu le 19 Octobre prochain, la somme de 650 Dollars, ou 1625 florins courant d\u2019hollande, La priant de vouloir bien faire honneur \u00e0 ma Traite. Je suis avec un tr\u00e8s-grand respect,5 De Votre Excellence, Le tr\u00e8s-humble et tr\u00e8s-ob\u00e9issant Serviteur,\nC W F Dumas\nDes Amis m\u2019ont pri\u00e9 d\u2019acheminer les deux incluses pour Phila[delphie.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0252", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lef\u00e9vre, Roussac & Cie., 12 September 1786\nFrom: Lef\u00e9vre, Roussac & Cie.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nLisbonne. 12. 7bre. 1786.\nNous sommes honor\u00e9s de votre Lettre du 8. ao\u00fbt qui nous accuse la reception de la facture du petit envoi de vin que nous vous expedi\u00e2mes du montant duquel il est bien que vous ayez accueilli notre Traite; nous vous en remercions.\nPour nous conformer \u00e0 vos intentions, nous vous remettons ciinclus la facture des 6. douzaines bouteilles malvoisie de madere que vous Souhait\u00e9s, qui sont charg\u00e9es dans le navire fran\u00e7ais la Diligence, Cape. Denis, \u00e0 la consignation de Mrs. Achard freres et Cie. a Rouen qui auront Soin de vous les faire parvenir. Nous vous debitons du montant en Rs.48,850., faisant au change de 426. r\u00e8s pour 3\u20b6\u2014\u00a3344.3d. dont nous nous remboursons sur vous, Monsieur, en notre Traite \u00e0 60 Jours de date ordre M. Valeur de Lavisse que nous recommandons \u00e0 votre accueil.\nNous apprendrons avec beaucoup de plaisir que vous soyiez satisfait de ce vin ainsi que des qualit\u00e9s des precedents et lorsque nos Services pourront vous \u00eatre agreables et a vos amis, nous vous r\u00e9iterons qu\u2019ils vous sont entierement acquis. C\u2019est dans ces Sentimens que nous avons l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre avec des Egards bien distingu\u00e9s Monsieur Vos tr\u00e8s humbles et tr\u00e8s ob\u00e9issants Serviteurs,\nLe F\u00e9vre Roussac Et Cie\nP.S. Notre Signature Sociale est Lefevre Roussac et Cie. et non Roussac freres.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0253", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lewis Littlepage, 12 September 1786\nFrom: Littlepage, Lewis\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nWarsaw. 12th. September. 1786.\nYour silence upon the subject of the sum due from me to your Excellency upon the account of the State of Virginia, leaves too much room to apprehend some unforeseen embarrassment in the repayment of it to Mr. Henry. In consequence I have inclosed a bill of exchange to that amount to the Marquis de La Fayette, who will take up my bill in your Excellency\u2019s hands. I must at the same time intreat you, Sir, to accept an interest of six per cent upon the original sum, for the six months during which you have been deprived of it.\nShould you hereafter receive assurances of it\u2019s having been settled in Virginia, you will be kind enough to return an equivalent of the sum to the Marquis, to be remitted to me.\nWith the highest sense of my obligation to you Sir, and the most profound respect, I have the honor to be Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient and most humble Servant,\nLewis Littlepage", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0255", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Stephens Smith, 13 September 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Smith, William Stephens\nDear Sir\nParis Sep. 13. 1786.\nI had the honour of addressing you on the 9th. of August and since that have received yours of Aug. 23. I have not yet heard of Mr. Adams\u2019s return to London, nor when that may be expected if it has not already taken place. I have nothing public and proper for the post. A letter from Mr. Barclay dated at Mogadore in July shews he was on his return. I impatiently wait an answer from Mr. Adams as to the further instructions for him. This court sets out for Fontainebleau about the 10th. of Octob. I propose to go there at the same time, to stay there about a week, and then employ the rest of the time of their continuance there in making a tour into the South of France, as far as the canal of Languedoc which I have a great desire to examine minutely as at some future time it may enable me to give information thereon to such of our states as are engaged in works of that kind. This will take me six weeks. I would wish Mr. Paradise to be informed of this movement, as it may influence his.\nI inclose you a letter for Stockdale for some books, as also a list of others for Lackington, which I will pray you to send to him in the moment of receiving this, that my demand may be as little anticipated by others as possible. On you also I must put the trouble of paying Lackington and of contriving that his books and those of Stockdale may come in one package by the Diligence. Dr. Ramsay\u2019s book is much demanded here. Would it not be better that Mr. Dilley should send some copies by the Diligence as I proposed? As for those sent to Ostend I know no probability of their ever getting here unless Mr. Dilly has ordered them on from thence to Paris by some channel of conveyance with which he is acquainted. I know of none, have no correspondent or even acquaintance at Ostend, I therefore cannot intermeddle with them till delivered here. I am sensible my order from M. Grand on M. Tessier will fall short of it\u2019s objects. However if Mr. Tessier will be so good as to pay whatever may be requisite the moment he lets me know  the whole sum paid, I will send an order from Mr. Grand to cover it. Will you be so good as to direct your taylor to make me a couple of pair of breeches and two waist coats (Gilets double buttoned) of the same buff cotton which he made for me while in London. Dr. Bancroft will be so good as to bring them. I will also trouble you to call on the engraver and hurry him with my map, as the delay of it will be attended with extreme inconvenience. Trumbul left us three days ago. He will be a valuable recruit to you, as he will lighten the burthen of those numerous commissions which with great shame I impose on you. Present me affectionately to Mrs. Smith and be assured of the sincere esteem with which I am Dr. Sir your friend & servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0256", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Fran\u00e7ois Soul\u00e9s, 13 September 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Soul\u00e9s, Fran\u00e7ois\nSir\nParis Septemb. 13. 1786\nBefore the receipt of your favor of the 11th. inst. I had written the inclosed short notes on such parts of your work as I have yet been able to go over. You will perceive that the corrections are very trifling. Such as they are I will continue them, and forward them to you from time to time as I get along. I will endeavor also to answer such of the queries you propose in your letter as my memory will enable me to do with certainty. Some of them I shall be unable to answer, having left in America all my notes, memorandums &c. which might have enabled me to give you the information you desire. I have the honour to be with the most perfect esteem & respect Sir Your most obedient humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0257-0002", "content": "Title: I. Comments on Soul\u00e9s\u2019 Histoire, 3 August 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Soul\u00e9s, Fran\u00e7ois\nPa. 3. \u2018Si dans son institution chaque individu avoit droit au gouvernement de l\u2019etat, ou seulement ceux qui poss\u00e9doient une certaine etendue de terre.\u2019 This is a luminous idea, and worthy of being  a little more developed. It places the question between Gr. Britain and America in the simplest form possible. No Englishman will pretend that a right to participate in government can be derived from any other source than a personal right, or a right of property. The conclusion is inevitable that he who had neither his person nor property in America could rightfully assume a participation in its government.\nPa. 17. The seeds of the war are here traced to their true source. The tory education of the King was the first preparation for that change in the British government which that party never ceases to wish. This naturally ensured tory administrations during his life. At the moment he came to the throne, and cleared his hands of his enemies by the peace of Paris, the assumptions of unwarrantable right over America commenced; they were so signal, and followed one another so close as to prove they were part of a system, either to reduce it under absolute subjection and thereby make it an instrument for attempts on Britain itself, or to sever it from Britain so that it might not be a weight in the whig scale. This latter alternative however was not considered as the one which would take place. They knew so little of America that they thought it unable to encounter the little finger of Great Britain. M. de Soules has well developed this subject. He is best judge whether any thing more need be said on the subject.\nPa. 43. \u2018Si le ministere Anglais avoit eu la patience d\u2019attendre que ces marchandises fussent consomm\u00e9es &c.\u2019; Having seen and intimately known the positions of the Americans at that moment, I am certain that the conjecture would not have been verified. The determined resolution with which they met every effort of the Minister, whether made in the form of force, fraud or persuasion, gives us a moral certainty they would have been equally immoveable if tried in the way of privation here proposed.\nPa. 51. \u2018pour accorder quelque chose &c.\u2019 The substitution of Gage for Hutchinson was not intended as a favor, but by putting even the civil government in military hands was meant to shew they would enforce their measures by arms. See pa. 109 where Congress make it one of their grievances.\nPa. 78. A grand jury cannot be fewer than 12. nor more than 24. Some authors say it cannot be fewer than 13. nor more than 23.\nPa. 102. \u2018Plusieurs criminels &c.\u2019 Notwithstanding the laws the English made, I think they never inclined to carry a single person to be tried in England. They knew that reprisals would be made  and probably on the person of the governor who ventured on the measure.\nPa. 140. The fact that the English commenced hostilities at Lexington being proved beyond question by us and even acknowleged by the English, justice requires it should be plainly asserted, and left clear of doubt. Few of the facts, which history asserts and relies on, have been so well established.\nPa. 150. \u2018L\u2019humanit\u00e9 des Britons.\u2019 I doubt whether this is the character of the nation in general. But this history, and every one which is impartial must in it\u2019s relation of this war shew in such repeated instances, that they conducted it, both in theory and practice, on the most barbarous principles, that the expression here cited will stand in contradiction to the rest of the work. As examples of their Theory recollect the act of parliament for constraining our prisoners taken on the sea to bear arms against their fathers, brothers &c. For their practice, recollect their exciting the savages against us, insurrections of our slaves, sending our prisoners to the East Indies, killing them in prison ships, keeping them on halfrations and of the most unwholsome qualities, cruel murders of unarmed individuals of every sex, massacres of those in arms after they had asked quarter &c. &c.\nPa. 151. \u2018A ce que l\u2019on dit \u00e0 20,000 hommes.\u2019 It was of 22,000 men. I was in a situation to know the fact from Genl. Washington\u2019s own information.\n158. 1. 8. Strike out \u2018et probablement\u2019 and insert \u2018mais veritablement.\u2019 I remember the fact well and the leading persons of Connecticut, and particularly their delegates in Congress made no secret that their object was to over-awe N. York into it\u2019s duty.\n159. \u2018il fut resolu de la reduire [i.e. la Nouvelle York] en cendre.\u2019 This was proposed, and considered in Congress; but they refused to come to this resolution. Nor do I recollect that any other body resolved it.\n163. Doctor Franklin has been called by that title as early as 1760, within my own knowledge. I do not know how much longer.\nHis quality in France was that of Minister plenipotentiary, and not as Ambassador. We have never appointed an Ambassador. France offered to receive one.\nPa. 166. The English set fire to Charlestown. Qu. as to the number of their killed.\nPa. 180\u2013181. Gates was and still is an inhabitant of Virginia. He never lived in any other state.\nPa. 190. M. Arnold avoit form\u00e9 une entreprise &c. I never  understood that he formed this enterprise, nor do I believe he did. I heard and saw all General Washington\u2019s letters on this subject. I do not think he mentioned Arnold as author of the proposition; yet he was always just in ascribing to every officer the merit of his own works; and he was disposed particularly in favour of Arnold. This officer is entitled to great merit in the execution, but to ascribe to him that of the having formed the enterprize is probably to ascribe to him what belongs to Genl. Washington or some other person.\n209. \u2018et qu\u2019il ne leur fut plus permis de lever la milice &c.\u2019 They had formerly had a law on the subject of invasions and insurrections which was of a perpetual tenor. They altered this law by one which was to be in force for a certain term of years only. That term of years affluxed at this time, the altering law expired, and therefore the old one resumed it\u2019s vigour. It was very imperfect; yet they chose to act under the colour of that rather than without any colour of law.\n216. \u2018dont elles se plaignoient.\u2019 This seems to be the proper place to rectify a small error in the arrangement of facts, and to state the answer to the conciliatory proposition, which was in truth the first work of the assembly. I have not here the journals of the assembly, but there are certain circumstances which render it impossible for my memory to lead me astray. I was under appointment to attend the General Congress: but knowing the importance of the answer to be given to the conciliatory proposition, and that our leading whig characters were then with Congress, I determined to attend on the assembly, and tho\u2019 a young member, to take on myself the carrying thro\u2019 an answer to the proposition. The assembly met the 1st. of June. I drew, and proposed the answer and carried it through the house with very little alteration, against the opposition of our timid members who wished to speak a different language. This was finished before the 11th. of June, because on that day, I set out from Williamsburgh for Philadelphia and was the bearer of an authenticated copy of this instrument to Congress. The effect it had in fortifying their minds, and in deciding their measures renders it\u2019s true date important because only Pennsylvania had as yet answered the proposition. Virginia was the second. It was known how Massachusets would answer it; and that the example of these three principal colonies would determine the measures of all the others, and of course the fate of the proposition. Congress received it therefore with much satisfaction. The assembly of Virginia did not deliver the answer to Ld. Dunmore till late  in the session. They supposed it would bring on a dissolution of their body whenever they should deliver it to him, and they wished previously to get some important acts passed. For this reason they kept it up. I think that Ld. Dunmore did not quit the metropolis till he knew that the answer framed by the house was a rejection of the proposition, tho\u2019 that answer was not yet communicated to him regularly.\nPa. 231. \u2018Quelques centaines de blancs.\u2019 These were composed principally of Scotch merchants and factors, and some few English who had settled in the country. I doubt whether there was a single native among them. If M. Soul\u00e9s could therefore characterise more particularly who they were who joined Ld. Dunmore, it would be an agreeable act of justice to the natives.\nPa. 233. \u2018Les Americains qui avoit joint Milord Dunmore.\u2019 The same observation applies to this.\nPa. 245. \u2018Pendant l\u2019et\u00e9 le Congr\u00e9s general avoit et\u00e9 occup\u00e9 a dresser un plan pour former une confederation.\u2019 It is necessary to set to rights here a fact which has been mistaken by every person who has written on this subject. I will do it from a perfect recollection of facts, but my memory does not enable me to state the date exactly. I was absent from Congress from the beginning of January 1776. to the middle of May. Either just before I left Congress, or immediately on my return to it (I rather think it was the former) Doctor Franklin put into my hands the draught of a plan of confederation, desiring me to read it and tell him what I thought of it. I approved it highly. He shewed it to others. Some thought as I did; others were revolted at it. We found it could not be passed, and that the proposing it to Congress as the subject for any vote whatever would startle many members so much that they would suspect we had lost sight of a reconciliation with Great Britain, and that we should lose much more ground than we should gain by the proposition. Yet that the idea of a more firm bond of union than the undefined one under which we then acted might be suggested and permitted to grow, Dr. Franklin informed Congress that he had sketched the outlines of an instrument which might become necessary at a future day, if the ministry continued pertinacious, and would ask leave for it to lay on the table of Congress, that the members might in the mean time be turning the subject in their minds, and have something more perfect prepared by the time it should become necessary. This was agreed to by the timid members, only on condition that no entry whatever should be made in the journals of Congress relative to this instrument. This was to  continue in force only till a reconciliation with Great Britain. This was all that ever was done or proposed in Congress on the subject of a Confederation before June 1776, when the proposition was regularly made to Congress, a committee appointed to draw an instrument of Confederation, who accordingly drew one, very considerably differing from the sketch of Dr. Franklin.\nPa. 294. \u2018il est \u00e0 croire qu\u2019il y avoit quelque convention.\u2019 It is well known there was such a convention. It was never made a secret of on our part. I do not exactly recollect it\u2019s terms, but I believe they were what M. Soul\u00e9s states.\nPa. 301. \u2018La petite verole.\u2019 I have been informed by officers who were on the spot, and whom I believe myself, that this disorder was sent into our army designedly by the commanding officer in Quebec. It answered his purposes effectually.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0258", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Stockdale, 13 September 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Stockdale, John\nSir\nParis Sep. 13. 1786.\nYour letter of Aug. 8. with the books accompanying it came safely to hand, as did the reviews for August, and Priestly\u2019s pamphlet lately sent. I now trouble you for the books written below. I write by this post to Colo. Smith for a number of books from Lackington\u2019s catalogue for 1787. I wish those, with yours, could come in one parcel, as, coming separately, they occasion double trouble with the Custom houses. They will come best and speediest by the Diligence from the White bear Picadilly. Have you had an opportunity of sending the books I desired to Virginia? I am Sir Your very humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson\nLinnaeus on the sexes of plants. Eng. by Smith 8vo. Nicol.\nHutton\u2019s mathematical tables. 8vo.\nSchomberg on the maritime laws of Rhodes. 8vo.\nAn account of the present state of Nova Scotia. 8vo. Longman.\nSamwell\u2019s narrative of the death of Cook. 4to. Robinson.\nBrook Taylor\u2019s treatise on Perspective.\nto be sent in boards.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0259", "content": "Title: [From Thomas Jefferson to Mary Barclay, 14 September 1786]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Barclay, Mary\n[Paris, 14 Sep. 1786.Entry in SJL under this date reads: \u201cMrs. Barclay. No copy kept.\u201d Not found; TJ had received Barclay\u2019s letter of 11 Aug. on 13 Sep. 1786, and the missing letter must have reported this fact to her and may also have conveyed a letter from her husband.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0260", "content": "Title: [From Thomas Jefferson to Biron, 14 September 1786]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Biron\n[Paris, 14 Sep. 1786. Entry in SJL under this date reads: \u201cMarechal de Biron. [No cop. <pris> kept].\u201d Not found, but see Biron to TJ, 12 Sep. 1786.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0261", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Etienne Clavi\u00e8re, 14 September 1786\nFrom: Clavi\u00e8re, \u00c9tienne\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nrue Coqh\u00e9on h\u00f4tel DeLessert Paris le 14e. 7bre 1786.\nJe crois que l\u2019on peut poser en principe qu\u2019en Europe le Cultivateur  est dans une condition trop mis\u00e9rable pour tenir volontairement au travail de la terre. Do\u00f9 il suit que la Culture de toute production \u00e9trang\u00e9re \u00e0 la Classe des comestibles, comme le tabac et la garence ne convient pas \u00e0 l\u2019Europe: une Charue conduite \u00e0 regr\u00eat ne fertilise gu\u00e8res, et l\u2019Europe doit cependant songer avant tout \u00e0 se nourrir.\nJe crois de plus avoir entendu dire que le tabac et la garence \u00e9puisaient le sol: or l\u2019Europe n\u2019ayant qu\u2019un sol g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement \u00e9puis\u00e9, on ne doit \u00e0 plus forte raison lui demander que le n\u00e9cessaire.\nSi cet effet du tabac est Certain, il arrive sans doute qu\u2019en Virginie et dans le Maryland, qui produisent la plus grande partie du tabac Am\u00e9ricain, on n\u2019attend pas qu\u2019il ait \u00e9puis\u00e9 le sol et qu\u2019on en porte sans cesse la culture sur une terre nouvelle. Les Europ\u00e9ens n\u2019ont pas cette ressource, tandis que les Am\u00e9ricains auront encore longtems des terres vierges \u00e0 leur disposition.\nMais ce n\u2019est de ma part qu\u2019une conjecture. L\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat que vous prenez, Monsieur, \u00e0 l\u2019ouvrage, entrepris par Monsieur Brissot de Warville, me persuade que vous voudr\u00e9s bien nous donner, sur ce que je viens de vous exposer, les lumi\u00e8res qui nous manquent.\nLes rapports entre L\u2019Am\u00e9rique et l\u2019Europe doivent \u00eatre fond\u00e9s non sur des Syst\u00eames fantastiques, mais sur des Convenances solidement \u00e9tablies.\nTout ce que vous voudrez bien ajouter d\u2019important sur les tabacs Am\u00e9ricains, leur quantit\u00e9, celle de l\u2019exportation, et ce que vous pr\u00e9voyez de l\u2019avenir, r\u00e9lativement \u00e0 Cette plante, consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme production de L\u2019Am\u00e9rique, ne pourra que nous \u00eatre tr\u00e8s utile.\nAgr\u00e9ez, Monsieur, les assurances de ma v\u00e9n\u00e9ration, et que je me f\u00e9licite \u00e0 vos yeux d\u2019avoir v\u00fb un de ces hommes \u00e0 jamais c\u00e9l\u00e9bres qui ont le plus contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 la seule r\u00e9volution tout \u00e0 la fois utile et glorieuse, dont les hommes puissent se vanter, du moins entre Celles qui nous sont Connu\u00ebs.\nJ\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre, Monsieur Votre tr\u00e8s humble & tr\u00e8s Obeissant serviteur,\nE Claviere", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0262", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Ezra Stiles, 14 September 1786\nFrom: Stiles, Ezra\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nYale College Sept 14 1786\nI take the Liberty to inform you that, yesterday at the public anniversary Commencement in this University, the Senatus Academicus  did themselves the Honor to confer upon you the Degree of Doctor in Laws. We ask your Acceptance of it as a Token of the high Estimation and Respect we have for your literary Character, as well as for your Patriotism and Fidelity to the united [States.]\nOur Enemies are fomenting Discord among us and have succeeded to excite some Tumults and popular Insurrections. But there will be great Wisdom in Exercise both in Congress, the Legislatures and the executive Administrations, which will controll, rectify and regulate all Things. All will conspire to prepare the People at large to see the necessity both of Paying the Interest of the foreign Debt, and of Enlarging the Powers of Congress. Congress ought to and will grow up into a very powerful Senate; but it is impossible it should with all the Cessions of the People acquire a Power dangerous to liberty so long as Property in the United States is so minutely partitioned and transfused among the Inhabitants. I pray God to give Success to your Negotiations. Sorry I am that yourself and Dr. Adams must have the Mortification of seeing the National Faith of the United States in Reproach among the European Powers. Our Ingratitude to France and Holld. particularly is great and unpardonable. However national Patience and Forbearance on their side, will give us opportunity to feel the Possibility of being disagreeably coerced and at length to learn the Wisdom and Necessity of exerting ourselves. We know France can declare Naval Reprisal upon us\u2014this will br[ing] us to ourselves. But France will wisely procrastin[ate] such a Measure\u2014for she will surely obtain her Repayment without it. The Western Territory will so diminish our Debt that we shall in a few years recover our justly lost national Credit. Must we also Subsidize Algiers? Why do the European Nations suffer the pr\u00e6datory Wars of the Barb[ary] States? Delenda est Carthago. Algiers must be subu[ed.] In the mean Time we must expend \u00a3200,000 and subsi[dize] that piratical State. Peace with that and Morocco, may open a Mediterranian Commerce to us of \u00a3200,000 \u214c annum. Excuse my free Remarks. I have the Honor to be, Sir, Yr. most obedt. very hble servt.,\nEzra Stiles\nI have graduated this Commencement 83. Of these 51 Bachelors of Arts, 29 Masters of Arts; we conferred three Doctorates in Law on yourself, Dr. Mackennen, and Professor Williams of the University of Cambridge.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0266", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Stephens Smith, 18 September 1786\nFrom: Smith, William Stephens\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr. Sir\nLondon Septr. 18th. 1786.\nI have only time to enclose your Excellency a Copy of a Letter received yesterday from Mr. Barclay, and to acknowledge the receipt of your favour of the 9th. Ulto. by Mr. Bullfinch. The maps, occasioned by Mr. B\u2019s excurtion in the country after his arrival, did not reach me untill the 6th. inst. Mr. Neele took them in hand on the 7th. and will finish the plate within the period mentioned and for the sum agreed upon with you. The printing press was shiped before the receipt of yours, therefore it was not in my power to detain it for the harpsicord. I find Dr. Burney is not in town therefore must wait his arrival before any thing can be done in the musical Line. The Harness for Chariot and Cabriolet shall be forwarded, after they are compleat according to your taste. The form of the ornaments and the spring swivels, together with the breastplates shall also be attended to. And as much economy used in scathring the amount of your Bill, as possible, which I am already possessed of.\u2014If you will send the other map of 12 sheets which you speak of, I can get them done as you wish. I would now send you the Copy of the joint letters you request, but Mr. Adams has the Books in Grosr. square.\u2014Mrs. Smith is much obliged by the articles you sent her and desires her Compliments. Your letters for America I have dispatched, and find my time pass so agreably when engaged in executing your orders, that I must beg a continuance of them.\nW. S. Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0267", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Maria Cosway, [20 September 1786]\nFrom: Cosway, Maria\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nParigi Mercoled\u00ec Sera [20 Sep. 1786]\n[I hope?] you dont always judge by appearances [or it wo]uld be Much to My disadvantage this day, without [my] deserving it; it has been the day of contradiction, I meant to have had the pleasure of seing you Twice, and I have appeard a Monster for not having sent to know how you was, the whole day. I have been More uneasy, Than I can express. This Morning My Husband kill\u2019d My project, I had proposed to him, by burying himself among Pictures and forgeting the hours, though we were Near your House coming to see you, we were obliged to turn back, the  time being much past that we were to be at St. Cloud to dine with the Duchess of Kingston; Nothing was to hinder us from Coming in the Evening, but Alas! My good intention prov\u2019d only a disturbance to your Neighbours, and just late enough to break the rest of all your servants and perhaps yourself. I came home with the disapointment of not having been able to Make My appologies in propria Persona. I hope you feel my distress, instead of accusing me, the One I deserve, the other not. [We will] come to see you tomorrow Morning, [if nothing?] hapen to prevent it! Oh I wish you was well enough to come to us tomorrow to dinner and stay the Evening. I wont tell you what I shall have, Temptations now are too Cruel for your Situation. I only Mention my wish, if the executing them shou\u2019d be possible, your Merit will be grater or my satisfaction the More flatter\u2019d. I would Serve you and help you at dinner, and divert your pain after dinner by good Musik.\u2014Non so perche ho scritto tanto in una lingua che non m\u2019appartiene, Mentre posso scriver nella Mia, che lei intende tanto bene, non \u00f2 pensato all\u2019Amor proprio altrimenti non l\u2019avrei fatto, in qualunque Modo Mi creda sempre sua obligatissima serva, e vera Amica,\nMaria Cosway", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0268", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Fantin Latour, 20 September 1786\nFrom: Latour, Fantin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nGrenoble ce 20. 7bre. 1786.\nUn jeune homme \u00e0 qui ses parents ont Laiss\u00e9 une L\u00e9gitime De 8000 Livres, Desireroit se transporter avec Sa petite fortune dans Les \u00e9tats conf\u00e9d\u00e9r\u00e9s De L\u2019Am\u00e9rique pour y acqu\u00e9rir une propri\u00e9t\u00e9 et y respirer L\u2019air De La Libert\u00e9. Auri\u00e9s la Bont\u00e9, monsieur, De lui Donner Les Renseignemens et Les instructions n\u00e9cessaires pour cela?\nCette L\u00e9gitime ne Doit lui \u00eatre pay\u00e9e qu\u2019en Deux termes, quatre mille livres Dans trois ans, et Les quatre autres mille trois encore apr\u00e9s, c\u2019est \u00e0 Dire, Dans Six ans. Il voudroit cependant effectuer Son projet \u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, et son frere ne seroit peut-\u00eatre pas D\u2019humeur De Se Liquider envers lui avant L\u2019\u00e9ch\u00e9ance. Seroit il possible,  monsieur, De prendre Des arrangemens convenables \u00e0 cet \u00e9gard? Je vous Demande mille pardons, monsieur, si ma lettre vous D\u00e9range un seul instant De vos importantes occupations; je vous aurai une obligation infinie si vous Daign\u00e9s m\u2019\u00e9clairer De vos avis.\nJ\u2019ai L\u2019honneur D\u2019\u00eatre avec un profond Respect, Monsieur Votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s obeissant Serviteur,\nFantin Latourdemeurant cour De [Chaulne] grande r\u00fce \u00e0 g[renoble]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0269", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Charles Thomson, 20 September 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Thomson, Charles\nSir\nParis The 20 Septemr 1786\nThis will be handed you by a Gentleman of the Family of Lecoutoux who is going with his wife to Settle himself as a farmer in Someone of the middle States of America. As his Establishment will not be great, it is the more important that it be judiciously made. Being acquainted with his family, they have asked of me lettres of recommendations for him. Knowing no person better acquainted than yourself with the middlestates and with all the Circumstances and difficulties with Surround a new Settler, nor any one more disposed to perform those duties of humanity which we all owe the one to the other, I take the Libertey of introducing him to you, and praying that you will aid him with your information and Counsel, which I Shall Consider as an obligation Conferred on me. A dishability of my right hand which I hope will not be of Long Continuance obliges me to avail myself of the pen of another to assure you of the Sincere esteem and Friendship with which I have the honour to be dear Sir Your Most Obedient Most humble Servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0270", "content": "Title: [To Thomas Jefferson from Nathaniel Tracy, before 20 September 1786]\nFrom: Tracy, Nathaniel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Before 20 Sep. 1786. A letter, without indication of place or date, recorded in SJL as received on this date. Not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0273", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to C. W. F. Dumas, 22 September 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dumas, Charles William Frederick\nSir\nParis Septr. 22d. 1786\nI am honored with your letter of the 12th. of Septr. and condole with you very sincerely on the domestic loss you have sustained. The affairs of your Republic seem at present under a cloud which threatens great events. If the powers of the Stadtholder should be thereby reduced to such only as are salutary and the happiness of the people placed on a basis more within the command of their own will, it will be worth a great deal of blood. These struggles are a great sacrifice to the present race of men but valuable to their posterity. I sincerely wish the issue of this contest may give to the mass of the people that increase of happiness which alone can justify its being attempted.\nI thank you for the copy of Turgot\u2019s life, and will forward those directed to Mr. Jay, Dr. Franklin and Mr. Morris. I inclose you a copy of the Article Etas Unis of the new Encyclopedie lately published here. You will find in it some few errors of little consequence but many details new, exact and authentic.\nThe bill for six hundred and fifty dollars which you mention that you shall draw soon shall be duely honored.\nOur intelligence from America is very flattering. The price of produce and of labor is very high and that of foreign goods low. Of course those of the people may be happy who will confine themselves to such enjoyments as are proportioned to their condition of life. Our Governments are tranquil and proceeding with a steady pace in their improvements, particularly a [di]sposition to center in the hands of Congress all powers re[spec]ting our connection with foreign nations is becoming universal. It is better that improvements should be late when thereby all voices can be united in making them. I have the", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0275", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Bondfield, 23 September 1786\nFrom: Bondfield, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr. Sir\nBordeaux 23 Sept. 1786\nSince mine of the 5. August I am honor\u2019d with your favor of the 8th. I receiv\u2019d yesterday eighteen Cases Arms from the Manufactory Royal de Tulle No. 69 a 86 which with the other eighteen Cases are lodged in a dry Store waiting permission for their Exportation, which so soon as obtain\u2019d please to transmit to me.\nVessels with Tobacco for the Contract arrive frequently. They are the only ships we see from America. It is with concern I am obliged to unite in the General Cry against America for the Cruel retard in the remittances. Where inability is the cause necessity pleads the excuse. But debts due by men who are in great affluence and detain considerable Capitals Years without making the least return makes the load less supportable and deprives us from continueing or renewing any Commercial Operations, a Suspention to certain Branches of Trade is not prejudicial to America. The American States may be regarded on a very different footing than any of the European Powers. An introduction of Riches in few hands can only serve to give influence to a particular order of Cityzens without increasing her Husbandry and new Settlements and preserves thereby in Towns bordering on the Coast numbers of hands, that neither encrease population nor promotes the Establishment of Morals. The less influence the Commercial Spirit has on the Community for the first Century may possibly tend to its advantage.\nBy arrivals from New Orleans the Inhabitants of Louisianna appear apprehensive of troubles taking place in that neighbourhood  from the great increase of the Settlement at Kentucey and the inflexible opposition in the Spaniards to the free Navigation of the Mississipi.\nI have the honor to be with due Respects, Sir, your most Obedient Humble Servant,\nJohn Bondfield", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0276", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Stephens Smith, 23 September 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Smith, William Stephens\nDear Sir\nParis Septr. 23. 1786.\nBeing desired by a friend to procure him a copying press I take the liberty of putting the inclosed under cover to you and of requesting you to pay for it and have it sent as therein desired. I wish it may be in time to come with the other articles that it may not multiply my applications for passports. Be so good as to let me know whether Mr. Tessier has any hesitations about going beyond the extent of Mr. Grand\u2019s letter. If he has, though I do not know the exact sum that will be necessary I will send another letter of Credit at random. My dislocated wrist prevents my writing to you in my own hand. Present me affectionately to Mrs. Smith, to Mr. and Mrs. Adams and be assured of the sincere esteem with which I have the honor to be, dear Sir, your most obedient humble Servant,\nWshort For Th Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0277", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from La Rouerie, 25 September 1786\nFrom: La Rou\u00ebrie, Armand Charles Tuffin, Marquis de (Col. Armand)\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLa Rouerie 25 7bre. 1786.\nWhen your letter of June last came at la Rouerie, I was at the waters of Cautr\u00e9t where Mde. de la Rouerie died; it was sent to me a month after but my mind was far from being so tranquille as to take any interest whatever in things strangers to the loss I had  made. Now that the care of my fortune call on my immediate attention, I will have the honor to answer your letter.\nThe gentlemen of the board of treasury might without falling down a single line from the dignity in which they are elevated by their high station, have answered a letter from a gentleman of the army and besides a creditor of their sovereign.\nWhen Mr. Morris was minister of finances we have been well payed; he held his office from the honorable the Congress as the board of treasury hold it now; allso it is not on Congress that must fall the blame of the Bankruptcy, for there is no other word, proper to the circumstance, which we experience from the united states.\nI wishes more for your country, sir, than for my own interest, america had been more faithfull in her engagements; they were controuled in the infancy of her sovereignty, when she was much in trouble, when she was weak and wanted assistants; now that she has a sort of consistants, she is honest and grateful agreeable to her own ease. For my part I have too many private attachements in that country and too great an affection for her form of government, not to suffer a great deal by the diminishing of her first repute and you must know, sir, how much the several parts on which that repute was established, are faln in discredit.\nThis, sir, is the last letter I shall have the honor to write to you on the subject of our arrearages; I acknowlege that I am much indebted to you for the activity with which you have acted in that affaire. We are all persuaded of your sincerity and good will and we shall express with much pleasure these sentiments in all the proceedings which the conduct of the board of treasury does and will suggest to us.\nI have the honor to be with great respect your excellency\u2019s sir the most obdt. hble. servant,\nArmand M. de la Rouerie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0278", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Smith, [25 September 1786]\nFrom: Smith, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nL\u2019hotel Warsovie, Rue neuve des bons enfans, Monday night [25 Sep. 1786]\nI beg pardon of your Excellency for giving you but short notice of my departure. The fact is that the letter which I waited to determine me to go or stay arrived but to day. I shall therefore quit  Paris certainly Wednesday morning and if you have anythings to send shall esteem myself honored with the conveyance of them. At the same time I must thank your excellency for the civilities I have received from your hands. I am sorry that pressing circumstances prevent me from going by the way of Rouen. I shall be retarded upon enquiry two if not three days and much more fatigued than by the way of Calais. I had fixed upon chusing the former road and am obliged to cede to necessity and the zeal I had to serve my country by that means must change into regret. Perhaps we shall be made acquainted with the advantage of sending our rice to Havre when you yourself shall be better informed of its utility; and then the propositions coming from the best authority will have greater weight and be sooner followed. In some conversation your Excellency did me the honor of mentioning to me an Abb\u00e9 who was going to set up a boarding house. I took the liberty then of disapproving of the plan from the authority of Monsr. Mercier because I did not know the person nor his intentions in detail. Since, I have found that it is Monsr. L\u2019Abb\u00e9 Andr\u00e9, formerly my preceptor who with the meekness of the lamb in his exterior, I believe has not more guile. He was recommended to me by the president de Salaberri, at whose chateau I passed so much agreable time last winter, for a man of litterature and of worth. He has been French master to two or three of my American friends who have always spoke highly of him, so that if your Excellency should find any persons willing to adopt his plan under his direction you may safely say what I have written on his account.\nKnowing that your Excellency has received a dislocation I shall not require an answer in writing with out it is as well as I wish. If what is to be sent can be made up and delivered Tuesday night your Excellency will confer an additional favor upon those already bestowed upon your very humble and obed. sevt.,\nJames Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0279", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 26 September 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nParis Septr. 26th. 1786.\nMy last letter to you was dated the 27th. of August since which I have recieved yours of Sep. 11th. The letter to Mr. Lamb therein  inclosed I immediately signed and forwarded. In mine wherein I had the honor of proposing to you the mission of Mr. Barclay to Algiers, I mentioned that my expectations from it were of a subordinate nature only. I very readily therefore recede from it in compliance with your judgment that this mission might do more harm than good. I accordingly wrote to Mr. Barclay that he was at liberty to return to this place, to London or to America, as he should think best. I now inclose you copies of such letters from him, Mr. Lamb and Mr. Carmichael as have come to hand since my last to you. I have had opportunities of making further enquiry as to the premium of insurance at L\u2019Orient for Vessels bound to or from America, and I find that no additional premium is there required on account of the risque of capture by the Barbary States. This fact may be worth mentioning to American merchants in London.\nWe have been continually endeavoring to obtain a reduction of the duties on American whale oil; the prospect was not flattering. I shall avail myself of the information contained in your letter to press this matter further. Mr. Barrett is arrived here, and the first object for his relief is to obtain a dissolution of his former contract.\nI will thank you for some copies of the Prussian treaty by the first opportunity and take the liberty of troubling you to forward the packets of letters which Mr. Smith the bearer of this will have the honor of delivering to you. I beg the favor of you to present my most respectful compliments to Mrs. Adams, and to be assured yourself of the sentiments of sincere esteem & respect with which I have the honor to be dear Sir, Your most obedient & humble Servant,\nW Short for Th Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0280", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Barclay, 26 September 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nCadiz 26 Sepr. 1786.\nOn my arrival here yesterday I had the pleasure of Receiving your letter of the 31st. of last month. My being a little indisposed I shall only say at present that on Sunday Next I propose setting  out for Madrid where I will wait untill I hear from you and Mr. Adams. Mr. Franks will Immediately proceed with some letters which I wrote to you from Tangiers and Ceuta, and with several other Papers which will Close all the Matters that were put under my Care. In the mean time I am very much Dear Sir Your very obedt.\nThos. Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0281", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from C. W. F. Dumas, 26 September 1786\nFrom: Dumas, Charles William Frederick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nLa Haie 26e. 7br. 1786\nJe re\u00e7ois la faveur dont Votre Excellence m\u2019a honor\u00e9 en date du 25 Ao\u00fbt dernier par les mains de M.M. Morris et de Mr. De Basseville leur Mentor. Le grand respect que j\u2019ai pour Monsieur leur digne Pere, et la recommandation de Votre Excellence, feroient aller mon Zele, consacr\u00e9 \u00e0 tout ce qui tient aux Etats-Unis, \u00e0 des choses bien au-del\u00e0 des l\u00e9gers services qu\u2019ils me demandent. J\u2019aurai l\u2019honneur de les pr\u00e9senter demain matin \u00e0 Mr. l\u2019Ambassadeur de France. Ils paroissent d\u00e9termin\u00e9s \u00e0 partir demain au soir pour Amsterdam.\nJ\u2019avois remis le 23 un paquet pour le Congr\u00e8s sous l\u2019adresse de Votre Excellence \u00e0 l\u2019h\u00f4tel de France. Ce paquet, par une inadvertance qui m\u2019a fait beaucoup de peine, dont je suis n\u00e9anmoins prudent de dissimuler une grande partie, n\u2019a point \u00e9t\u00e9 emport\u00e9 par le Courier qu\u2019on a exp\u00e9di\u00e9. On cherche \u00e0 m\u2019en consoler, en me promettant qu\u2019on l\u2019enverra cette semaine encore par une autre occasion. En attendant, je joins ici la Gazette et Note incluse, que Votre Excellence voudra bien avoir la bont\u00e9 d\u2019ins\u00e9rer dans le dit paquet, lorsqu\u2019Elle l\u2019aura re\u00e7u.\nUn pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent Courier de France doit avoir fait remettre \u00e0 Votre Excellence un autre paquet, contenant 4 Exemplaires de la Vie de Mr. Turgot, dont Votre Excellence voudra bien agr\u00e9er un Exemplaire, et acheminer les 3 autres \u00e0 Leurs Excellences MM. Franklin, R. Morris, et Jn. Jay, selon l\u2019indication \u00e9crite en marge des frontispices.\nC\u2019est avec un tr\u00e8s vrai et grand respect que je suis De Votre Exc. Le tr\u00e8s-humble & tr\u00e8s-ob\u00e9issant serviteur,\nCWF Dumas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0282", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, 26 September 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jay, John\nSir\nParis Sep. 26. 1786\nThe last letters I had the honor of writing you were of the 11th. and 13th. of August. Since that I have been favored with yours of July 14th and Aug. 18th.\u2014I now inclose you such letters on the Barbary negociations as have come to hand since my last. With these is the copy of a joint letter from Mr. Adams and myself to Mr. Lamb. In mine of Augst. 13th. I mentioned that I had proposed it as a subject of consideration to Mr. Adams whether the mission of Mr. Barclay to Algiers might answer any good purposes. He is of opinion that it could not. I have therefore informed Mr. Barclay, who by this time is probably in Spain, that he is at liberty to return to this place, to London or America as he shall think proper. You will perceive by the letter from Mr. Carmichael that it is the opinion of the Counts de Florida Blanca and D\u2019Expilly that a previous treaty with the Ottoman Porte is necessary before one can be made with Algiers: such a treaty will require presents, not indeed as the price of their peace but such as are usually made in compliment to their ministers. But as it would be ineffectual towards opening to us the Mediterranean until a peace with Algiers can be obtained, there seems to be no reason for pressing it till there is a prospect of settlement with the Algerines.\nSince the death of the King of Prussia the Symptoms of war between the Porte and The Russians and Venetians have become stronger. I think it is the opinion of this court however that there will be no war shortly on the Continent. I judge this as well from other information as from the circumstance of a late reduction of their land force. All their military preparations seem to be against a naval war. Nevertheless their treaty with England has lately taken a sudden start: declarations have been exchanged between the Negociators in the nature of preliminaries to a definitive treaty. The particulars of these declarations are not yet certainly known.\nI was lately asked by the Imperial Ambassador whether I had received an answer on the subject of his proposition to renew our powers to treat with his Sovereign. A discrimination which they understand to have been made in America between the subjects of powers having treaties with us and those having none, seems to be the motive of their pressing this matter.\nIt being known that M. de Calonne the Minister of Finance for this country is at his wit\u2019s end how to raise supplies for the ensuing year a proposition has been made him by a dutch company to  purchase the debt of the United States to this country for twenty million of livres in hand. His necessities dispose him to accede to the proposition, but a hesitation is produced by the apprehension that it might lessen our credit in Europe and perhaps be disagreeable to Congress. I have been consulted hereon by the Agent for that company. I informed him that I could not judge what effect it might have on our credit and was not authorized either to approve or disapprove of the transaction. I have since reflected on this subject: If there be a danger that our payments may not be punctual, it might be better that the discontents which would thence arise should be transferred from a court of whose good will we have so much need to the breasts of a private company. But it has occurred to me that we might find occasion to do what would be grateful to this court and establish with them a confidence in our honor. I am informed that our credit in Holland is sound. Might it not be possible then to borrow there the four and twenty millions due to this country and thus pay them their whole debt at once. This would save them from any loss on our account; nor is it liable to the objection of impropriety in creating new debts before we have more certain means of paying them: it is only transferring a debt from one creditor to another, and removing the causes of discontent to persons with whom they would do us less injury. Thinking that this matter is worthy the attention of Congress I will endeavour that the negociation shall be retarded till it may be possible for me to know their decision, which therefore I will take the liberty of praying immediately.\nYou will have heard before this comes to hand that the parties in the United Netherlands have come to an open rupture. How far it will proceed cannot now be foreseen. I send you herewith the Gazettes of France and Leyden to this date, and have the honor of being with Sentiments of the most perfect esteem & respect, Sir, your most obedient & most Humble Servt.,\nTh Jefferson Test. W Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0283", "content": "Title: American Commissioners to John Lamb, [26 September 1786]\nFrom: American Commissioners\nTo: Lamb, John\nSir\nWe have recieved your two letters of the 15 and 18 July from Alicant and are sorry to learn that your indisposition discourages you from travelling by land or by sea.\nWe still think it most advisable both for your own interest and that of the United States, that you should return to Congress for their further instructions as soon as possible, and we again propose to you to embark from Spain by the first opportunity.\nCongress have never informed us of any promise made or encouragement given you, that you should be settled with in Europe, and we think it best you should settle with their board of Treasury. Nevertheless if you transmit to us your account, we will adjust it, as far as lies in us, subject to the revision of Congress. Your letter of credit we wish you to return to one of us, by the first opportunity, as you will not have occasion to draw again by virtue of it.\nMr. Randal is gone to New-york and it is our wish that you might be there with him, that Congress might have an opportunity of recieving from both together as much Information as possible, that you might mutually aid each other in settling your accounts.\nWe have the Honor &c.,\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0285", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jean Baptiste Le Roy, 28 September 1786\nFrom: Le Roy, Jean Baptiste\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\naux Galeries du Louvre ce 28 Septembre\nJe me proposois Monsieur d\u2019avoir L\u2019honneur de vous voir pour vous demander quelques \u00e9claircissemens sur un fait que M. Le Chevalier de Chatelux rapporte dans son voyage de L\u2019am\u00e8rique Septentrionale et qu\u2019il dit tenir de vous. Mais etant oblig\u00e9 d\u2019aller \u00e0 La Campagne J\u2019ai esp\u00e8r\u00e9 que vous me pardonneriez de vous en \u00e9crire, et que vous voudriez bien avoir la bont\u00e9 de satisfaire \u00e0 ce Sujet ma Curiosit\u00e9. Voici de quoi il est question: M. Le Chevalier de Chastelux dit dans ce voyage que dans la belle maison que vous avez Scu vous construire sur les montagnes qui sont \u00e0 l\u2019ouest de la Virginie vous avez fait une Observation singuli\u00e8re, c\u2019est que les vents venoient souvent de la partie de l\u2019ouest ou de l\u2019Ouest Nord Ouest tandis que dans la Virginie au dessous les vents qui regnoient en m\u00eame tems \u00e9toient de la partie Est, ou est Nord Est ou \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s. Or comme le vent d\u2019Ouest ou tenant de la partie de L\u2019Ouest est jusqu\u2019\u00e0 un certain point le vent alis\u00e9e des zones temp\u00e8r\u00e9es dans un certain tems de l\u2019ann\u00e9e il me paroit bien extraordinaire qu\u2019on ait en m\u00eame tems, dans la Virginie un Vent d\u2019Est ou tenant de la partie de L\u2019est. M. Le Chevalier de Chatelux semble annoncer que Si on continuoit \u00e0 abattre les bois qui s\u2019\u00e9tendent en Virginie jusqu\u2019au pied des Montagnes Le vent d\u2019est s\u2019y feroit sentir, cela pourroit \u00eatre, mais je doute fort que si on abattoit ces Montagnes ce vent continua au del\u00e0. Je crois bien plut\u00f4t, au contraire, qu\u2019alors le vent d\u2019ouest se feroit sentir En Virginie Et Je suis fort port\u00e9 \u00e0 croire que si dans la chaine des Montagnes dont Je viens d\u2019avoir L\u2019honneur de vous parler il y avoit quelques vall\u00e9es ou quelques gorges profondes \u00e0 travers lesquelles le vent put s\u2019\u00e9chapper on y \u00e9prouveroit ce vent d\u2019Ouest qu\u2019on n\u2019observe que sur le haut de ces Montagnes. Pardonnez Monsieur mon Indiscr\u00e9tion, mais vos connoissances profondes dans toutes les Sciences, La maniere dont vous les communiquez m\u2019ont fait esperer que vous excuseriez la libert\u00e9 que prend un homme fort d\u00e9sireux de s\u2019instruire de tous les ph\u00e9nomenes de cette partie Int\u00e9r\u00e9ssante de la physique du Gl\u00f4be dont il s\u2019est fort occup\u00e9. J\u2019ai \u00e9t\u00e9 si occup\u00e9 depuis le d\u00e9part de M. Franklin, Les communications sont si difficiles dans cette ville immense que c\u2019est bien  malgr\u00e9 moi Monsieur, Je vous assure, que Je n\u2019ai pas mieux profit\u00e9 de L\u2019honneur que J\u2019ai eu de vous conno\u00eetre chez ce Nestor de L\u2019Am\u00e9rique; mais c\u2019est avec grand plaisir que Je profite de cette Occasion de vous assurer des Sentimens distingu\u00e9s d\u2019estime que vous m\u2019avez Inspir\u00e9s et avec Lesquels J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre Monsieur Votre tr\u00e9s humble et tr\u00e9s ob\u00e9\u00efssant Serviteur,\nLE ROY de L\u2019Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0286", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Carmichael, 29 September 1786\nFrom: Carmichael, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMadrid 29th. Septr. 1786\nI received on the 17th. Inst. your Letter of the 22d. Ulto. I shall take such measures in future that you will be advised at an early period of the bills which I may have occasion to draw for my appointments. My Banker here has been too negligent in that particular, for I have generally intrusted to his Care letters of advice at the Time I signed my bills of Exchange. I know and feel for the Low State of the Finances of the States in Europe and I do assure you that Nothing but my desire to keep myself as independant as possible here, would induce me ever to draw without a certainty that my bills could be conveniently honored. The map I sent you cannot be purchased here. It was executed by order of Government and some copies given in presents to Foreign Ambassadors, when suddenly from Political Motives the Distribution and the Sale was forbidden. The Chevalier Bourgoyng can give you an ample detail on this affair. I hope one Day or other to see it in your house in Virginia. I wish it was of more durable materials, that it might remain a lasting proof of my sentiments of respect for the present proprietor. I should be ashamed to exhibit you an account of the prices demanded for several of the books in your Catalogue. To exonerate Myself from any blame in not having executed your Orders, I intreat you to speak to the Above-mentioned Gentleman who is conversant in these affairs. Besides the desire of knowing the situation in which we stand in Europe, I had particular motives with respect to Naples and Denmark which I will on another occasion explain to you in the manner you desire. Since I had the  honor to receive your Letter, I have taken the Liberty of expressing a wish to Mr. Lamb of having the original of the paper in question to be sent me by a safe conveyance. That Gentleman thinks without a peremptory order, He ought not to send it. All his Money Affairs were arranged here, before I received your Letter. I have pressed him in the most friendly manner to settle his Accounts, that is to send a State of them to your Excellency and Mr. Adams, so that being accountable for the balance whatever it may be, you might appropriate it agreable to the orders you may have or that you may receive from Congress. I have done this without Authority. But I have been actuated by public considerations and at the same time by private so far as they respect Mr. Lamb to whom I wish well. The inclosed Letters from Algiers contain the Last Intelligence I have received from thence. I should not send them to you, if I did not know you would make large Allowance for the prejudices of persons in their deplorable situation. Mr. Lamb corresponds with a person of some weight in that Regency. In my last Letter to him, I advised him to send this Correspondence to you. I could, when I please, either put a stop to or continue myself this Correspondence. But I wish not to Intermeddle with the Affairs of Others. At the Same time I think that No person unauthorized should continue a similar correspondence without your knowledge of the Nature of it. [I] Inclose you a printed copy of the Spanish Treaty with Algiers which I received from the Secretary of States Office. It is not as yet made public here. I also send you a copy of the memorial presented by the Dutch Ambassador, to which no answer has yet been given.\nThe Popes Nuntio took from me the Italian Copy of the act for religious freedom of the Assembly of Virginia and has sent it to Rome. Mr. Mattzei however has sent another copy in the same Language to my good Friend Mr. Celesia, at whose house yesterday we drank his health in Chiante. You will please to tell Mr. Mattzei that if he can prevail on Congress to provide for my old Friend Dumas and send me to the Hague where I shall be contented with 500 Stg. pr. Anm. in case there is a civil war, that I shall be much obliged to him, for I am heartily tired of doing little or nothing here in comparison of what I should wish to do. The Article Etats Unis has given much pleasure and I shall endeavour to have it Translated here. The Death of Gl. Cadwallader and Gl. Tilgman affects me much. Our Acquaintance and I may say friendship had subsisted more than 15 years. I know Telfair and Collins if they are the same who served in Congress in 1779, intimately  well. They are well meaning men. S. A. has something in view, or he experiences the fate of those who entirely trust to popularity for their support. At present it is confidently asserted that the Courts of Naples and Spain will be soon reconciled. I wish that these assertions may be well founded. In a little time I hope to have an opportunity of writing you more at my ease. In the mean time I intreat you not only to give me such intelligence as you may judge proper to communicate to me, but your Advice for what ought to be my conduct here as a Countryman and I would wish to flatter myself, as a friend. This you can do in the Manner you propose. It has been asserted to me by the British Consul General that after the Capture of the Algerine vessel under the guns of Gibraltar, Genl. Elliot informed the Portuguese Commodore that he would not permit him to sail, until he had received an Answer from his Court to the Dispatches he sent on this occasion. I can not vouch for the Truth of this Intelligence. But I know that the Above-mentioned Governor has taken every precaution to give satisfaction to the Algerines. I know that Mr. Barclay was at Tangiers the 26th. Ulto. But I have no Letters from him since his Arrival there. I forwarded your enclosures regularly. You will excuse the haste and consequently the Innacuracy with which this is written. I avail myself of a courier of the Cabinet. You will return me by the Same occasion the papers inclosed. I have no Letters from America except from Mr. Gardoqui the 30th. June.\nI have the honor to be With the greatest respect & Esteem Your Excys Obliged & Obedient Hble. Servt.,\nWm. Carmichael", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0287", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Madame de Tess\u00e9, 29 September 1786\nFrom: Tess\u00e9, Adrienne Catherine de Noailles, Comtesse de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\na Ch\u00e2ville ce 29 septembre\nLa Reconnoissance pr\u00e9sente mille hommages tr\u00e8s sensibles \u00e0 Monsieur Jefferson qui comble \u00e0 la fois Me. de Tesse des dons les plus pr\u00e9cieux. Le nouvel acte d\u2019ind\u00e9pendence m\u00e9dit\u00e9 dans des  jardins embellis par les productions de l\u2019heureuse Virginie eut rempli tous les voeux du sage epicure. La prose francoise de Mr. Short se perfectionne chaque jour. On le Remercie tr\u00e8s sensiblement de celle qu\u2019il a bien voulu adresser \u00e0 Chaville. Me. de Tott et Me. de Tess\u00e9 le supplient d\u2019\u00e9carter une mauvaise honte qui nuiroit \u00e0 ses progr\u00e8s et de leur mander si le mauvais tems n\u2019a point Rendu quelques souffrances \u00e0 Monsieur Jefferson.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0288", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Rayneval, with Enclosure, 30 September 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Rayneval\nSir\nParis Sept. 30th. 1786.\nDesirous that the circumstances relative to the bust of the Major General the Marquis de la fayette may not be disfigured or misrepresented by the writers of newspapers I take the liberty of submitting to your inspection the inclosed narrative of them. May I presume to ask either the order or the permission for its publication, either in the present form, if there be nothing improper in that, or with such alterations as you may think expedient.\nI have the honor to be with Sentiments of the most perfect esteem & respect, Sir\nEnclosure\nExtrait d\u2019une Lettre de Paris du 9 Octobre\n\u201cD\u2019apr\u00e8s les R\u00e9solutions de l\u2019Etat de Virginie, le C\u00e9l\u00e8bre Artiste Mr. Houdon a \u00e9t\u00e9 charg\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9x\u00e9cuter deux Bustes du Marquis de la Fayette, l\u2019un pour \u00eatre plac\u00e9 \u00e0 cot\u00e9 du G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Washington dans la Capitale de cet Etat, et l\u2019autre pour \u00eatre pr\u00e9sent\u00e9, au nom de la R\u00e9publique, \u00e0 la Ville de Paris par le Ministre-Pl\u00e9nipotentiaire des Etats-Unis. Cette C\u00e9r\u00e9monie eut lieu le 28. Septembre dernier de la mani\u00e8re la plus solemnelle. Mrs. les Pr\u00e9v\u00f4t des Marchands et Echevins s\u2019\u00e9tant rendus dans la Grande-Salle de l\u2019H\u00f4tel-de-Ville, l\u2019on y a introduit Mr. Short, Ancien-Membre du Conseil-d\u2019Etat de Virginie; Mr. Jefferson, Ministre-Pl\u00e9nipotentiaire des Etats-Unis, \u00e9tant retenu chez lui par les suites d\u2019une chute, Mr. Short a pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e le Buste, ainsi que les R\u00e9solutions de l\u2019Etat, et une Lettre de M. Jefferson dont voici la Copie.\u201d\nMessieurs\nLa R\u00e9publique de Virginie, en reconnaissance des services du Major-G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Marquis de la Fayette, a r\u00e9solu d\u2019\u00e9lever son Buste dans la Capitale de l\u2019Etat; et d\u00e9sirant placer un Monument pareil de son m\u00e9rite, et de l\u2019opinion de la R\u00e9publique, dans le Pays, Auquel Elle a l\u2019obligation de sa naissance, elle esp\u00e8re que la Ville de Paris voudra bien devenir d\u00e9positaire de ce second t\u00e9moignage de sa gratitude.  Charg\u00e9 par elle de l\u2019ex\u00e9cution de ses intentions, j\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de prier Mrs. les Pr\u00e9v\u00f4t des Marchands et Echevins, repr\u00e9sentant la Ville, d\u2019accepter ce Buste, et de le placer \u00e0 l\u2019endroit le plus honorable pour le Marquis et le plus satisfaisant pour les sentimens d\u2019une Nation Alli\u00e9e.\nC\u2019est avec un vrai plaisir, que j\u2019ob\u00e9is \u00e0 la Republique, en pr\u00e9sentant son juste hommage pour un caract\u00e8re, si grand dans les premiers d\u00e9veloppemens de sa vie, qu\u2019ils auraient honor\u00e9 la fin de telle vie que ce p\u00fbt \u00eatre. Notre Pays, couvert par une Arm\u00e9e peu nombreuse contre une beaucoup plus consid\u00e9rable, des talens qui ont feu suppl\u00e9er \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9paisement de nos moyens, des manoeuvres qui ont fini une longue Campagne par obliger nos Ennemis de s\u2019enfermer dans un Point marqu\u00e9 pour rendez-vous aux Alli\u00e9s et Conf\u00e9d\u00e9r\u00e9s, qui devoient se reunir contre eux, de mani\u00e8re qu\u2019un seul coup ait d\u00e9cid\u00e9 le sort d\u2019une Guerre, qui s\u2019\u00e9toit repandu\u00ebdans les quatre Parties du Monde, et pendant toute cette conduite l\u2019attention la plus sontenu\u00ebpour les Loix Civiles et les Droits des Citoyens. Tels sont les faits, qui eussent ajout\u00e9 \u00e0 la gloire des plus grands caract\u00e8res connus, et qui expliquent parfaitement la chaleur des sentimens, dont j\u2019ai en cette occasion l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre l\u2019organe.\nIl eut \u00e9t\u00e9 plus agr\u00e9able pour moi d\u2019avoir ex\u00e9cut\u00e9 cet Office en personne, d\u2019avoir m\u00e9l\u00e9 le tribut de ma reconnaissance particuli\u00e8re \u00e0 celle de mon Pays, et de pr\u00e9senter moi-m\u00eame \u00e0 votre honorable corps l\u2019hommage de mon respect: Mais, puisqu\u2019un accident grave me prive de remplir un devoir si cher, Mr. Short, ancien Membre du Conseild\u2019Etat de la Republique, aura l\u2019honneur de vous remettre cette Lettre avec les R\u00e9solutions de l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e-G\u00e9n\u00e9rale et de vous pr\u00e9senter le Buste: Il vous offrira aussi les sentimens de la v\u00e9n\u00e9ration etc.\n\u201cM. le Pelletier de Morfontaine, Conseiller-d\u2019\u00c9tat et Pr\u00e9v\u00f4t des Marchands, apr\u00e8s un Discours, qui excita une vive sensation, fit faire la lecture des R\u00e9solutions de l\u2019Etat, de la Lettre du Ministre Am\u00e8ricain et de celle de M. le Baron de Br\u00e9teuil, Ministre d\u2019Etat au D\u00e9partement de Paris, qui annon\u00e7oit l\u2019approbation du Roi: Et Mr. Ethis de Corny, Avocat et Procureur du Roi, pronon\u00e7a un Discours tr\u00e8s-int\u00e9ressant, en requ\u00e9rant la transcription des Pi\u00e8ces ci-dessus sur les R\u00e9gistres de la Ville, et l\u2019acceptation du Buste, qui fut plac\u00e9 dans la grande Salle de l\u2019H\u00f4tel-de-Ville, au bruit des applaudissemens et d\u2019une Musique militaire.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0289", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Richard Peters, 1 October 1786\nFrom: Peters, Richard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhilada. Oct. 1. 1786\nI hope your Friendship will induce you to excuse the Trouble I give you in negotiating a little Affair for me. I recieved 930 Dollars for a Captain Capitaine which has been lying in our Bank for a long Time as I could not pay it before I recieved a proper Power of Attorney from Mr. Capitaine to make a Settlement of his Accounts. Having now recieved it and got thro\u2019 the necessary Forms I have troubled you to find him out and pay him the Sum mentioned in the enclosed Bill taking his Reciept therefor of which I beg you will be pleased to inform me. Be assured of the most respectful and sincere Esteem with which I am Your obed hble Servt.,\nRichard Peters\nHe was Aid to the Marquis de la Fayette who will inform you of the Place of his Residence.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0290", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Stephens Smith, 1 October 1786\nFrom: Smith, William Stephens\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr. Sir\nLondon Octr. 1st. 1786.\nI have received yours of the 23d. ulto. The first printing press has been forwarded some time. Mr. Woodmason is disposed to consider himself free\u2019d from every obligation respecting the safe conveyance of his machine to Paris. He looks upon himself acquitted on presenting the Bill of lading, and receipt of the Captain. Upon this principle, the one is forwarded and payed for. I hope no inconvenience will arise to you, from the mode. I will endeavour to alter it hereafter.\u2014I suppose Mr. Stockdale has forwarded your Books. Homers Odesey and Iliad not being ready at the time, I have got them bound, and shall forward them, with your waist coats and breeches, by the diligence, if you think best, for I find Dr. Bancroft will not visit Paris for some time, and as the period of your excursion approaches fast, I shall expect further directions by the return of Post.\u2014The Harness is lodged with the master of the diligence and will proceed in the morning. I have got them made so that the Chariot and Cabriolet match, and I hope they may please you. I am apprehensive I execute your orders too rapidly. You wish the press, which your Letter to Mr. Woodmason demands, should be in time to come with the other articles. Every thing else is on the way to you already, except the harpsicord, which must remain in check, untill Dr. Burney returns from the Country. However I will now order everything from this period to my house, and when a Collection is great enough, they shall go together.\u2014You must not be so uneasy about money and Bills. Your Credit stands high, and I dare trust you if necessary. I should not be fond of putting Mr. Tessier\u2019s complisance to the test on money matters\u2014he is a merchant. Will you permit me, Sir, to beg you will send me a map of the United States, published at Paris in 1783. addressed to Dr. Franklin by Lattr\u00e9 No. 20 Rue St. Jacques. Mrs. Smith desires her Compliments and I have the honor to be with great respect Your Excellency most obedt. and obliged servt.,\nW. S. Smith\nN.B. We pray for your speedy recovery. Mr. A. is very anxious  to know how you hurt yourself. Will you enable me to answer him? Be pleased to send me the Chevalier Chastelux\u2019s Journal.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0291", "content": "Title: Thomas Barclay to the American Commissioners, 2 October 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: American Commissioners\nGentlemen\nCadiz 2d. Octr. 1786\nBy the Bearer Colonel Franks I do myself the honor to send you in a small Box the following Articles.\n1. A Book containing the original Treaty in Arabic between the Emperor of Morocco and the United States.\n2. Three translations of the Treaty in English to each of which is added a Translation of a Declaration made by Tahar Fennish by order of His Majesty in addition and explanation of the 10th. Article.\n3. A letter from the Emperor to the President of Congress.\n4. Translation of this Letter in English.\n5. Translation of the Emperor\u2019s Letter to the King of Spain.\n6. A Letter from Tahar Fennish to the Ministers at Paris and London and Translation.\n7. Signals agreed on by which the Moorish and American Vessels may distinguish each other at Sea.\n8. The answer to Queries which you put to me, dated Tangier 10th. September.\n9. An Account of some other particulars relative to this Country dated Tangier 13th. September.\n10. An Account of the proceedings relative to the Treaty dated Ceuta 18th September.\n11. Copy of a Commission given to Francis Chiappi of the City of Morocco until the pleasure of Congress shall be known and the Names of the Agents at Mogadore and Tangier.\nThese matters have been detained a considerable time from you by various Accidents, among which contrary Winds and stormy Weather were a Part. But I hope as all such impediments are removed you will receive them with the utmost Expedition.\nThe Original of the Declaration made by Mr. Fennish could not be placed in the same Book with the Treaty sealed by the Emperor, the Moorish Forms not permitting it, therefore Mr. Fennish wrote it in another Book which I had placed in his hands with a  Copy of the Treaty for examination in order that he might certify the verity of it, lest any accident should happen to the original, which Book with authenticated Copies of the other Papers remain in my hands. I am with great Respect, Gentn. your most obt. humb. Servt.,\nThos. Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0293", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jos\u00e9 da Maia, 2 October 1786\nFrom: Maia (Vendele), Jos\u00e9 da\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsegneur\nMontpellier 2 d\u2019Octobre de 1786\nJ\u2019ai une chose de tres grande consequence \u00e0 Vous communiquer; mais comme l\u2019etat de ma sant\u00e9 ne me permet pas de pouvoir avoir l\u2019honeur d\u2019aller Vous trouver \u00e0 Paris, je Vous prie de vouloir bien avoir la bont\u00e9 de me dire, si je puis avec suret\u00e9 Vous la communiquer par lettre; puisque je suis etranger, et par consequent peu instruit des usages du pays. Je Vous demande bien pardon de la libert\u00e9, que prends, et je Vous prie aussi d\u2019en adresser la reponse \u00e0 Mr. Vigarous Conseiller du Roy, et Professeur en medicine a l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier.\nJe suis avec tout le respect, Monsegneur, Votre tres humble, et obeissant serviteur,\nVendek", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0294", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Carmichael, 3 October 1786\nFrom: Carmichael, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy Dear Sir\nMadrid 3d. Octr. 1786.\nOn the 29th Ulto. I had the honor to address you by a courier which this Court dispatched to the Marquis del Campo at London. This courier hath not set off at the time expected, so that you will receive this with the one of the date Abovementioned. [This day yours of the 22d Septr. inclosing Letters for Messrs. Lamb and Barclay reached me. The former is still at Alicant and this Night I forward your Letter for him. The Latter arrived at Cadiz the 25th Ulto and as he informs me, is now on his way to this Capital; So that I shall keep your Letter until his arrival. Mr. Lamb continues to write me. I have pressed him to send the Account of his disbursements to yourself and Mr. Adams, in order that you may know what Money remains in his hands and that whatever its amount may be, it should remain at your disposition. I know that he continues to Correspond with the Minister of the Marine at Algiers and I think that whatever may be the resolution of Congress, the Algerines ought to think we wish to have peace with them, at the same time that we do not fear their hostilities. This is a correspondence that requires some address and if Mr. Barclay should remain here, I am persuaded he would execute your orders with precision. I believe Mr. Lamb extremely zealous for the Interests of his Country, But I cannot permit myself to say that He has the qualifications necessary for a Negotiator. He has displeased and is displeased with the French and Spanish Consul and Agent at Algiers and you can scarcely conceive the pain that these little minute circumstances have occasioned me. I beg you to Beleive that it is with pain I enter into the smallest details which if known can injure any one of my country men.] I write to you with Confidence, because I have long been taught to consider you as a disinterested True Republican. I return you once more my thanks for the Letter you had the goodness to write me the 22d. Augt. The temerity with which I tresspassed on your patience can only be excused by the extreme desire that I feel not to appear ignorant on points which ought to be known to all who have the honor to serve their Country, which ought indeed to be known by every Citizen of America. During the seven years that I have been employed here It would surprise and astonish you to see the contents of my official Information. In the Gazette of the Court, that is of Madrid, there has lately appeared an article of the flourishing State of their Marine. In All parts of this Peninsula, There are complaints of the ruinous situation of their Commerce, Altho\u2019 I know it is the Intention of the Minister to revive and extend it. The Affair of Naples appears once more attended with difficulties which originate from the King. G.B. is doing every thing in its power to alienate this Court from its Attachment to France. The Ct. D\u2019Expilly returns once more to Algiers. I have seen the work of the Marquis de Chastellux. I believe I was one of the first who gave a discription of the Natural Bridge which excited so strongly his Admiration. In the course of a Voyage which I undertook for my health to the Springs of Augusta County, I was induced to visit that as well as several other Natural Curiosities of the Country. On my return to Maryland I endeavoured to engage Mr. Peale a painter, to make the same tour, with the view of taking views of many remarkable situations which struck me, then in the full enjoyment of a Romantic enthusiasm. I spoke to him so feelingly of this wonderful Bridge that he was induced to ask me a copy of my notes containing the Impression it made on me, assuring me that these only would enable him to sketch the Object. I gave him a very hasty and incorrect copy and I soon after saw it printed in a Philadelphia newspaper. I have still my journal of this voyage. The impressions it made on me are so strong, that if ever I return to America, It is my Intention to sell my little property and to establish myself beyond the Allegany Mountains, where by all forgot I may pass the rest of my days Inoffensively for others, doing all the good in my power and vegetating and decaying like the Trees which surround me, Affording shade in their prime and in their decay manure to the Soil they cover. I think I had the honor to mention this Natural Bridge to the Marquis de Chastellux, then Chevalier, during my residence in Paris in 1776\u20137. If the Notes on Virginia are really in circulation, you will permit me to ask a copy for myself, another for the Ct. de Campomanes, which I wish should be presented to him in your name. You are not uninformed of his Literary Abilities nor of his patriotic sentiments. He has been ever and is my warmest friend here, On whose advise I can rely and on whose inclination to serve me I can depend. You will perceive that I write you with the freedom of an acquaintance; In Republics of a Democratical Nature like ours, The Talents the Lumieres of every citizen is an appenage of the Society at large. \u201cTheir Light is not to be hid under a Bushel.\u201d On this principle I demand at the same time your Indulgence and pardon. I enclose you a Letter from Mr. Celesia the Genoese Minister here to Mr. Matzei. I Do not know whether the Latter might not make a useful Voyage to Spain and whether his knowledge of the Cultivation of vines, might not enable him to make discoveries useful to America, The Latitude being nearly similar. At All Events He will be perfectly well received here. With real esteem & Respect I have the honor to be Your Excellencys Obliged & Most Obed. Sert.,\nWm. Carmichael", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0295", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Jay, 3 October 1786\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nOffice of foreign Affairs 3d. October 1786\nI have the Honor of transmitting you herewith enclosed the following Papers, Viz.\nNo. 1. a Copy of the Consular Convention signed by the french and american Plenipotentiaries.\nNo. 2. a Copy of the Act of Congress under which the american Plenipotentiary signed the same.\nNo. 3 a Copy of a Scheme of a Convention mentioned and referred to in said Act.\nNo. 4 a Copy of a Report on the said Convention.\nNo. 5 a Copy of an Act of Congress containing Instructions and giving Authorities to you on the Subject of the said Convention.\nThese Papers will possess you fully of the whole Business. I am persuaded that it will appear to you as it does to Congress, to be a delicate one, and to require delicate Management.\nThe original Scheme of the Convention is far from being unexceptionable, but a former Congress having agreed to it, it would be improper now to recede; and therefore Congress are content to ratify a Convention made conformable to that Scheme, to their Act of the 25th. Day of January 1782, provided a Clause limiting its Duration be added. It will be proper therefore to press on the Court, only such Objections to the Convention, as arise from its Departure from the Scheme. On making an accurate Comparison, such Departure will appear manifest to his Majesty; and there is Reason to expect from his Candor, that he will readily consent to remove the Objections occasioned by it.\nAs it certainly is wise to try the Merits of Institutions entirely new, by actual Experience, before Nations adopt them forever, the Propriety of rendering this Convention probationary in the first Instance, is unquestionable. Congress cannot therefore presume that his most Christian Majesty will object to a Clause for limiting its Duration. The Design of this Convention being for mutual and reciprocal Benefit and Convenience, it would be doing Injustice to his Majesty to suppose, that he would wish to provide for its existing longer than it should prove useful and satisfactory.\nIf after the Experience of a few Years, it should be found to answer the Purposes intended by it, both Parties will have sufficient Inducements to renew it, either in its present Form, or with such  Alterations and Amendments as Time, Experience and other Circumstances may indicate.\nWith great Respect and Esteem, I have the Honor to be &c.,\nJohn Jay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0296", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Stephens Smith, 4 October 1786\nFrom: Smith, William Stephens\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nLondon octr. 4th. 1786.\nMr. Adams wrote you on the 11th. ulto. by post, accompanied with an Answer to Mr. Lamb signed, the receipt of which is not yet acknowledged. I immagine he is waiting for your answer to that before he decides on the subject.\u2014The business of the Secretary has been long done, but whether it will be made use of I cannot yet discover. I am Sir your Excellency\u2019s most obedt Humble servt.,\nW. S. Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0297", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Maria Cosway, [5 October 1786]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cosway, Maria\nTh: Jefferson To Mrs. Cosway\nThursday [5 Oct. 1786]\nI have passed the night in so much pain that I have not closed my eyes. It is with infinite regret therefore that I must relinquish your charming company for that of the Surgeon whom I have sent  for to examine into the cause of this change. I am in hopes it is only the having rattled a little too freely over the pavement yesterday. If you do not go to day I shall still have the pleasure of seeing you again. If you do, god bless you wherever you go. Present me in the most friendly terms to Mr. Cosway, and let me hear of your safe arrival in England. Addio Addio.\nLet me know if you do not go to day.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0299", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from C. W. F. Dumas, 6 October 1786\nFrom: Dumas, Charles William Frederick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nLa Haie 6e. Octob. 1786\nJ\u2019ai re\u00e7u avec bien de la reconnoissance l\u2019estimable cadeau de l\u2019Essai sur les Etats unis, que Votre Excellence a eu la bont\u00e9 de m\u2019envoyer en date du 22 7br. Le t\u00e9moignage qu\u2019en rend Votre Excellence me le rend tr\u00e8s-pr\u00e9cieux. Je vois d\u2019ailleurs de combien son Auteur est redevable \u00e0 vos excellentes notes sur la Virginie. Je n\u2019ai pu encore que le parcourir superficiellement moi-m\u00eame, parce que des personnages \u00e0 qui je n\u2019ai rien \u00e0 refuser me l\u2019arrachent et se l\u2019arrachent: mais mon tour viendra le plut\u00f4t que je pourrai.\nVotre Excellence aura la bont\u00e9 de lire l\u2019incluse pour le Congr\u00e8s, et puis la garder avec les papiers annex\u00e9s, ainsi que ceux que j\u2019ai eu l\u2019honneur de Lui envoyer dans une pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente, pour les joindre au paquet annonc\u00e9, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 oubli\u00e9 ici par le dernier Expr\u00e8s, mais qu\u2019un autre, qu\u2019on m\u2019assure devoir d\u00e9pecher Lundi ou Mardi prochain, Lui apportera, pour exp\u00e9dier ensuite ce tout le plut\u00f4t le mieux ensemble, comme aussi les ci-jointes pour LL. EE. MM. Franklin et Morris. Votre Excellence verra par cette Lettre, sur le contenu de laquelle Elle peut faire fond, que rien n\u2019y est hazard\u00e9, ni exag\u00e9r\u00e9, que la Noble et interessante Cause de la Libert\u00e9 civile se plaide ici avec un succ\u00e8s toujours augmentant;\u2014And although the Struggle as Your Excellency very well says, would be worth a great deal of blood, yet happily there will be no occasion for it. Tyranny will be subdued without more than that of about 200 of their mercenary regulars, which has been really shed by their conquering the little defenceless City of Harlem alth\u00f2 they endeavour to disguise the loss by sparging the poor fellows having deserted.\nJe suis avec le plus respectueux d\u00e9vouement, De Votre Excellence le tr\u00e8s-humble et tr\u00e8s-ob\u00e9issant serviteur,\nC W F Dumas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0300", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thevenard, 6 October 1786\nFrom: Th\u00e9venard, Antoine Jean Marie\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nLorient le 6. Octobre 1786.\nJ\u2019ai re\u00e7\u00fb le Portrait du G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Washington par Detems apr\u00e9s La Lettre dont votre Exc\u00e9llence m\u2019a honor\u00e9 pour me l\u2019annoncer. Je ne doute pas qu\u2019il ne Soit aussi ressemblant \u00e0 ce grand homme, que L\u2019ex\u00e9cution de la Peinture en est parfaitte. Votre Exc\u00e9llence ayant bien Voul\u00fce prendre des pr\u00e9cautions, Soit pour le choix de L\u2019Artiste, qui \u00e0 fait cette Copie d\u2019apr\u00e9s Wright, Soit en priant M. Hudon d\u2019en inspecter le Travail. Ma Joye est extr\u00eame de posseder la ressemblance d\u2019un homme Immortel, de la devoir \u00e0 Vos bont\u00e9s et de pouvoir la Joindre \u00e0 celle que je poss\u00e9de, du Docteur Francklin, si c\u00e9lebre aussi \u00e0 tant d\u2019\u00e9gards et dont le Nom ne s\u2019effacera Jamais.\nMa reconnoissance est infinie des bont\u00e9s que v\u00f4tre Exc\u00e9llence m\u2019a accord\u00e9 dans cette Occasion. Il ne me reste plus qu\u2019\u00e0 vous prier, Monsieur, de vouloir bien me faire conno\u00eetre les frais en Argent qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 faits pour ce Portrait, afin que J\u2019en fasse aussit\u00f4t le remboursement.\nJe suis avec un attachement infini et bien du Respect De V\u00f4tre Exc\u00e9llence Le tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s ob\u00e9\u00efssant Serviteur,\nA. Thevenard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0302", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Macarty, 7 October 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Macarty, William\nSir\nParis Octr. 7th. 1786\nI took the liberty of troubling you when you were here with a pattern of my table-china. I now take that of sending you a list of the articles which I should be glad to have bought as nearly like the pattern as they can be found. Should you be able to find none but what is very different, preserving only the same colours  I would wish to receive only half the quantity written for; but the whole if it can be found to match tolerably. I would wish to recieve it by the roulier as I am in immediate want of it. Your bill on me for the amount shall be duely honored and many thanks for your kindness from Sir, your very humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson\n16. plats d\u2019entr\u00e9e portant 11. pouce de diametre.\n16. autres plats d\u2019entr\u00e9e portant 10. pouces et demi de diametre.\n18. plats d\u2019entremets portant 9 pouces et demi de diametre.\n4.\u2007 plats de r\u00f4t portant un pied deux pouces de longueur et 10. pouces et demi de largeur.\n4.\u2007 plats de r\u00f4t portant un pied de longueur et 9. pouces de largeur.\n12. comp\u00f4tiers.\n36. petits pots.\n4.\u2007 saladiers.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0303", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Franklin, 8 October 1786\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhilada. Oct. 8. 1786\nI obey with Pleasure the Order of the Philosophical Society, in transmitting to you the enclos\u2019d Proof of their Respect for you, and of the honour they have done themselves, in chusing you one of their Members.\nWith this you will receive several Diplomas for foreign Gentlemen in different Parts of Europe, which I imagine you may convey to them thro\u2019 the Ministers of different Courts residing at Paris; and hope you will excuse my giving you the Trouble. There are some also for Gentlemen in France.\nI have the honour to be with the highest Esteem, Sir, Your Excellency\u2019s most obedt. humble Servant,\nB. Franklin\nI send herewith the 2d Vol. of our Transactions, which please to accept.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0305", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Lamb, 10 October 1786\nFrom: Lamb, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nAlicante Octr. 10th 1786\nI have received your Excellency letter. I am not able to take passage by Sea nor land. I have been confined this three months.\nI am Exceeding Sorry that I cannot have a full Settlement in Europe. What I have wrote concerning it is real.\nThe letter of Credite I will return by the first safe hand. By post all my letters are broke. Therefore I think it will be unsafe by that method of Conveyance, but in the mean time Shall Draw no more. Your Excellencys Obedient Hmbl Servt.,\nJ: Lamb", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0306", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Lewis Littlepage, 10 October 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Littlepage, Lewis\nSir\nParis Octob. 10. 1786\nYour favor of July 12 did not come [to hand until the 3]d of Sep., a very few days after which I incurred the accident of a dislocated wrist which for some time interrupted my attention to affairs. I now receive that of Sep. 12 and am still able to write with the left hand only. In my first letter to the Governor of Virginia after your arrival in Paris I informed him of the circumstances which had prevented your execution of his wishes relative to the money. I communicated to him your information that your [.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.] in a settlement with you, and were therefore [.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.] fore a settlement of it [.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.] never, and will write again. The result was recommunicated to [\u2026] known to me. The Marquis de la Fayette offered me the bill you were so kind as to remit, but I declined receiving it till I should know that it would not be a double paiment. In the meantime I suffer no inconvenience, the state having a fund here. I beg you therefore to feel no uneasiness on that account, and to accept assurances of the respect with which I have the honour to be Sir Your most obedient and most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0307", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jean Chas, 11 October 1786\nFrom: Chas, Jean\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nrue st. thomas du Louvre no. 22. paris ce 11 8bre. 1786.\nJe vais donner au public par Souscription L\u2019histoire politique et philosophique des r\u00e9volutions d\u2019angleterre depuis la descente de jules cesar jusqu\u2019a La paix de 1783. Mon ouvrage contient La r\u00e9volution de L\u2019am\u00e9rique qui est le ph\u00e9nomene le plus extraordinaire, et Le plus interessant que nous offrent les annales du monde. J\u2019ai \u00e9puis\u00e9 toute La force de mon genre pour prouver que les colonies americaines avoient le droit de rompre les neuds qui les unissoient a La metropole, j\u2019ai examin\u00e9 leur origine, et leur anciene constitution. Je les ai suivies dans leurs travaux et leurs progr\u00e8s, j\u2019ai rendu compte des services qu\u2019elles ont rendues a  L\u2019angleterre, des injustices et de La tyranie par le gouvernement britanique, j\u2019ai develop\u00e8 les erreurs, la fausse politique, et les passions des ministres de georges, et j\u2019ai rendu un hommage sinc\u00e8re \u00e0 ces braves deffenseurs de La Libert\u00e9 americaine qui ont fond\u00e9, et consolid\u00e9 un empire nouveau qui va briller par sa sagesse, ses Loix et ses meurs. Je ne suis ni enthousiaste, ni flateur, ni courtisan, mais j\u2019aime La justice et La verit\u00e9.\nLa nation francoise connoit, monsieur, vos vertus et vos vastes coin\u00e9ssances: vous represent\u00e9s un etat que je respecte, que j\u2019admire, et que j\u2019honore. Je dois, monsieur, vous faire coinetre mon ouvrage avant qu\u2019il soit publie pour suprimer, retrancher, ou augmenter ce que vous trouver\u00e9s a propos. En remplissant un devoir si cher a mon coeur, je jouirai de cet avantage pr\u00e9cieux d\u2019obtenir votre suffrage, et votre estime. Daign\u00e9s donc, monsieur, me fixer le jour ou je pourois me rendre chez vous.\nJe suis avec respect, monsieur, votre tres humble et tres obeissant serviteur,\nChas Avocat", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0308", "content": "Title: [To Thomas Jefferson from De Langeac, 11 October 1786]\nFrom: Langeac, August Louis Joseph Fid\u00e8le Amand de Lepinasse, Comte de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[11 Oct. 1786. Entered in SJL as received 11 Oct. 1786. Not found; but see TJ to De Langeac, 12 Oct. 1786.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0309", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Maria Cosway, 12 October 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cosway, Maria\n[My dear] Madam\nParis Octob. 12. 1786.\nHaving performed the last sad office of handing you into your carriage at the Pavillon de St. Denis, and seen the wheels get actually into motion, I turned on my heel and walked, more dead than alive, to the opposite door, where my own was awaiting me. Mr. Danquerville was missing. He was sought for, found, and dragged down stairs. [We] were crammed into the carriage, like recruits for the Bastille, and not having [sou]l enough to give orders to the coachman, he presumed Paris our destination, [and] drove off. After a considerable interval, silence was broke with a  \u2018je suis vraiment afflig\u00e9 du depart de ces bons gens.\u2019 This was the signal for a mutual confession [of dist]ress. We began immediately to talk of Mr. and Mrs. Cosway, of their goodness, their [talents], their amability, and tho we spoke of nothing else, we seemed hardly to have entered into matter when the coachman announced the rue St. Denis, and that we were opposite Mr. Danquerville\u2019s. He insisted on descending there and traversing a short passage to his lodgings. I was carried home. Seated by my fire side, solitary and sad, the following dialogue took place between my Head and my Heart.\nHead. Well, friend, you seem to be in a pretty trim.\nHeart. I am indeed the most wretched of all earthly beings. Overwhelmed with grief, every fibre of my frame distended beyond it\u2019s natural powers to bear, I would willingly meet whatever catastrophe should leave me no more to feel or to fear.\nHead. These are the eternal consequences of your warmth and precipitation. This is one of the scrapes into which you are ever leading us. You confess your follies indeed: but still you hug and cherish them, and no reformation can be hoped, where there is no repentance.\nHeart. Oh my friend! This is no moment to upbraid my foibles. I am rent into fragments by the force of my grief! If you have any balm, pour it into my wounds: if none, do not harrow them by new torments. Spare me in this awful moment! At any other I will attend with patience to your admonitions.\nHead. On the contrary I never found that the moment of triumph with you was the moment of attention to my admonitions. While suffering under your follies you may perhaps be made sensible of them, but, the paroxysm over, you fancy it can never return. Harsh therefore as the medecine may be, it is my office to administer it. You will be pleased to remember that when our friend Trumbull used to be telling us of the merits and talents of these good people, I never ceased whispering to you that we had no occasion for new acquaintance; that the greater their merit and talents, the more dangerous their friendship to our tranquillity, because the regret at parting would be greater.\nHeart. Accordingly, Sir, this acquaintance was not the consequence of my doings. It was one of your projects which threw us in the way of it. It was you, remember, and not I, who desired the meeting, at Legrand & Molinos. I never trouble myself with domes nor arches. The Halle aux bleds might have rotted down before I should have gone to see it. But you, forsooth, who are  eternally getting us to sleep with your diagrams and crotchets, must go and examine this wonderful piece of architecture. And when you had seen it, oh! it was the most superb thing on earth! What you had seen there was worth all you had yet seen in Paris! I thought so too. But I meant it of the lady and gentleman to whom we had been presented, and not of a parcel of sticks and chips put together in pens. You then, Sir, and not I, have been the cause of the present distress.\nHead. It would have been happy for you if my diagrams and crotchets had gotten you to sleep on that day, as you are pleased to say they eternally do. My visit to Legrand & Molinos had publick utility for it\u2019s object. A market is to be built in Richmond. What a commodious plan is that of Legrand & Molinos: especially if we put on it the noble dome of the Halle aux bleds. If such a bridge as they shewed us can be thrown across the Schuylkill at Philadelphia, the floating bridges taken up, and the navigation of that river opened, what a copious resource will be added, of wood and provisions, to warm and feed the poor of that city. While I was occupied with these objects, you were dilating with your new acquaintances, and contriving how to prevent a separation from them. Every soul of you had an engagement for the day. Yet all these were to be sacrificed, that you might dine together. Lying messengers were to be dispatched into every quarter of the city with apologies for your breach of engagement. You particularly had the effrontery [to] send word to the Dutchess Danville that, in the moment we were setting out to d[ine] with her, dispatches came to hand which required immediate attention. You [wanted] me to invent a more ingenious excuse; but I knew you were getting into a scrape, and I would have nothing to do with it. Well, after dinner to St. Cloud, from St. Cloud to Ruggieri\u2019s, from Ruggieri to Krumfoltz, and if the day had been as long as a Lapland summer day, you would still have contrived means, among you, to have filled it.\nHeart. Oh! my dear friend, how you have revived me by recalling to my mind the transactions of that day! How well I remember them all, and that when I came home at night and looked back to the morning, it seemed to have been a month agone. Go on then, like a kind comforter, and paint to me the day we went to St. Germains. How beautiful was every object! the Port de Neuilly, the hills along the Seine, the rainbows of the machine of Marly, the terras of St. Germains, the chateaux, the gardens, the [statues] of Marly, the pavillon of Lucienne. Recollect too Madrid,  Bagatelle, the King\u2019s garden, the Dessert. How grand the idea excited by the remains of such a column! The spiral staircase too was beautiful. Every moment was filled with something agreeable. The wheels of time moved on with a rapidity of which those of our carriage gave but a faint idea, and yet in the evening, when one took a retrospect of the day, what a mass of happiness had we travelled over! Retrace all those scenes to me, my good companion, and I will forgive the unkindness with which you were chiding me. The day we went to St. Germains was a little too warm, I think, was not it?\nHead. Thou art the most incorrigible of all the beings that ever sinned! I reminded you of the follies of the first day, intending to deduce from thence some useful lessons for you, but instead of listening to these, you kindle at the recollection, you retrace the whole series with a fondness which shews you want nothing but the opportunity to act it over again. I often told you during it\u2019s course that you were imprudently engaging your affections under circumstances that must cost you a great deal of pain: that the persons indeed were of the greatest merit, possessing good sense, good humour, honest hearts, honest manners, and eminence in a lovely art: that the lady had moreover qualities and accomplishments, belonging to her sex, which might form a chapter apart for her: such as music, modesty, beauty, and that softness of disposition which is the ornament of her sex and charm of ours. But that all these considerations would increase the pang of separation: that their stay here was to be short: that you rack our whole system when you are parted from those you love, complaining that such a separation is worse than death, inasmuch as this ends our sufferings, whereas that only begins them: and that the separation would in this instance be the more severe as you would probably never see them again.\nHeart. But they told me they would come back again the next year.\nHead. But in the mean time see what you suffer: and their return too depends on so many circumstances that if you had a grain of prudence you would not count upon it. Upon the whole it is improbable and therefore you should abandon the idea of ever seeing them again.\nHeart. May heaven abandon me if I do!\nHead. Very well. Suppose then they come back. They are to stay here two months, and when these are expired, what is to follow? Perhaps you flatter yourself they may come to America?\nHeart. God only knows what is to happen. I see nothing impossible in that supposition, and I see things wonderfully contrived sometimes to make us happy. Where could they find such objects as in America for the exercise of their enchanting art?. especially the lady, who paints landscape so inimitably. She wants only subjects worthy of immortality to render her pencil immortal. The Falling spring, the Cascade of Niagara, the Passage of the Potowmac thro the Blue mountains, the Natural bridge. It is worth a voiage across the Atlantic to see these objects; much more to paint, and make them, and thereby ourselves, known to all ages. And our own dear Monticello, where has nature spread so rich a mantle under the eye? mountains, forests, rocks, rivers. With what majesty do we there ride above the storms! How sublime to look down into the workhouse of nature, to see her clouds, hail, snow, rain, thunder, all fabricated at our feet! And the glorious Sun, when rising as if out of a distant water, just gilding the tops of the mountains, and giving life to all nature!\u2014\u2014I hope in god no circumstance may ever make either seek an asylum from grief! With what sincere sympathy I would open every cell of my composition to receive the effusion of their woes! I would pour my tears into their wounds: and if a drop of balm could be found at the top of the Cordilleras, or at the remotest sources of the Missouri, I would go thither myself to seek and to bring it. Deeply practised in the school of affliction, the human heart knows no joy which I have not lost, no sorrow of which I have not drank! Fortune can present no grief of unknown form to me! Who then can so softly bind up the wound of another as he who has felt the same wound himself? But Heaven forbid they should ever know a sorrow!\u2014Let us turn over another leaf, for this has distracted me.\nHead. Well. Let us put this possibility to trial then on another point. When you consider the character which is given of our country by the lying newspapers of London, and their credulous copyers in other countries; when you reflect that all Europe is made to believe we are a lawless banditti, in a state of absolute anarchy, cutting one another\u2019s throats, and plundering without distinction, how can you expect that any reasonable creature would venture among us?\nHeart. But you and I know that all this is false: that there is not a country on earth where there is greater tranquillity, where the laws are milder, or better obeyed: where every one is more attentive to his own business, or meddles less with that of others: where  strangers are better received, more hospitably treated, and with a more sacred respect.\nHead. True, you and I know this, but your friends do not know it.\nHeart. But they are sensible people who think for themselves. They will ask of impartial foreigners who have been among us, whether they saw or heard on the spot any instances of anarchy. They will judge too that a people occupied as we are in opening rivers, digging navigable canals, making roads, building public schools, establishing academies, erecting busts and statues to our great men, protecting religious freedom, abolishing sanguinary punishments, reforming and improving our laws in general, they will judge I say for themselves whether these are not the occupations of a people at their ease, whether this is not better evidence of our true state than a London newspaper, hired to lie, and from which no truth can ever be extracted but by reversing everything it says.\nHead. I did not begin this lecture my friend with a view to learn from you what America is doing. Let us return then to our point. I wished to make you sensible how imprudent it is to place your affections, without reserve, on objects you must so soon lose, and whose loss when it comes must cost you such severe pangs. Remember the last night. You knew your friends were to leave Paris to-day. This was enough to throw you into agonies. All night you tossed us from one side of the bed to the other. No sleep, no rest. The poor crippled wrist too, never left one moment in the same position, now up, now down, now here, now there; was it to be wondered at if all it\u2019s pains returned? The Surgeon then was to be called, and to be rated as an ignoramus because he could not devine the cause of this extraordinary change.\u2014In fine, my friend, you must mend your manners. This is not a world to live at random in as you do. To avoid these eternal distresses, to which you are for ever exposing us, you must learn to look forward before you take a step which may interest our peace. Everything in this world is matter of calculation. Advance then with caution, the balance in your hand. Put into one scale the pleasures which any object may offer; but put fairly into the other the pains which are to follow, and see which preponderates. The making an acquaintance is not a matter of indifference. When a new one is proposed to you, view it all round. Consider what advantages it presents, and to what inconveniencies it may expose you. Do not bite at the bait of pleasure till you know there is no hook beneath it. The art of life is the art of avoiding pain: and he is the best pilot who steers clearest of the  rocks and shoals with which it is beset. Pleasure is always before us; but misfortune is at our side: while running after that, this arrests us. The most effectual means of being secure against pain is to retire within ourselves, and to suffice for our own happiness. Those, which depend on ourselves, are the only pleasures a wise man will count on: for nothing is ours which another may deprive us of. Hence the inestimable value of intellectual pleasures. Ever in our power, always leading us to something new, never cloying, we ride, serene and sublime, above the concerns of this mortal world, contemplating truth and nature, matter and motion, the laws which bind up their existence, and that eternal being who made and bound them up by these laws. Let this be our employ. Leave the bustle and tumult of society to those who have not talents to occupy themselves without them. Friendship is but another name for an alliance with the follies and the misfortunes of others. Our own share of miseries is sufficient: why enter then as volunteers into those of another? Is there so little gall poured into our own cup that we must needs help to drink that of our neighbor? A friend dies or leaves us: we feel as if a limb was cut off. He is sick: we must watch over him, and participate of his pains. His fortune is shipwrecked: ours must be laid under contribution. He loses a child, a parent or a partner: we must mourn the loss as if it was our own.\nHeart. And what more sublime delight than to mingle tears with one whom the hand of heaven hath smitten! To watch over the bed of sickness, and to beguile it\u2019s tedious and it\u2019s painful moments! To share our bread with one to whom misfortune has left none! This world abounds indeed with misery: to lighten it\u2019s burthen we must divide it with one another. But let us now try the virtues of your mathematical balance, and as you have put into one scale the burthens of friendship, let me put it\u2019s comforts into the other. When languishing then under disease, how grateful is the solace of our friends! How are we penetrated with their assiduities and attentions! How much are we supported by their encouragements and kind offices! When Heaven has taken from us some object of our love, how sweet is it to have a bosom whereon to recline our heads, and into which we may pour the torrent of our tears! Grief, with such a comfort, is almost a luxury! In a life where we are perpetually exposed to want and accident, yours is a wonderful proposition, to insulate ourselves, to retire from all aid, and to wrap ourselves in the mantle of self-sufficiency! For assuredly nobody will care for him who cares for nobody. But friendship is  precious not only in the shade but in the sunshine of life: and thanks to a benevolent arrangement of things, the greater part of life is sunshine. I will recur for proof to the days we have lately passed. On these indeed the sun shone brightly! How gay did the face of nature appear! Hills, vallies, chateaux, gardens, rivers, every object wore it\u2019s liveliest hue! Whence did they borrow it? From the presence of our charming companion. They were pleasing, because she seemed pleased. Alone, the scene would have been dull and insipid: the participation of it with her gave it relish. Let the gloomy Monk, sequestered from the world, seek unsocial pleasures in the bottom of his cell! Let the sublimated philosopher grasp visionary happiness while pursuing phantoms dressed in the garb of truth! Their supreme wisdom is supreme folly: and they mistake for happiness the mere absence of pain. Had they ever felt the solid pleasure of one generous spasm of the heart, they would exchange for it all the frigid speculations of their lives, which you have been vaunting in such elevated terms. Believe me then, my friend, that that is a miserable arithmetic which would estimate friendship at nothing, or at less than nothing. Respect for you has induced me to enter into this discussion, and to hear principles uttered which I detest and abjure. Respect for myself now obliges me to recall you into the proper limits of your office. When nature assigned us the same habitation, she gave us over it a divided empire. To you she allotted the field of science, to me that of morals. When the circle is to be squared, or the orbit of a comet to be traced; when the arch of greatest strength, or the solid of least resistance is to be investigated, take you the problem: it is yours: nature has given me no cognisance of it. In like manner in denying to you the feelings of sympathy, of benevolence, of gratitude, of justice, of love, of friendship, she has excluded you from their controul. To these she has adapted the mechanism of the heart. Morals were too essential to the happiness of man to be risked on the incertain combinations of the head. She laid their foundation therefore in sentiment, not in science. That she gave to all, as necessary to all: this to a few only, as sufficing with a few. I know indeed that you pretend authority to the sovereign controul of our conduct in all it\u2019s parts: and a respect for your grave saws and maxims, a desire to do what is right, has sometimes induced me to conform to your counsels. A few facts however which I can readily recall to your memory, will suffice to prove to you that nature has not organised you for our moral direction. When the poor wearied souldier, whom we overtook at Chickahominy with  his pack on his back, begged us to let him get up behind our chariot, you began to calculate that the road was full of souldiers, and that if all should be taken up our horses would fail in their journey. We drove on therefore. But soon becoming sensible you had made me do wrong, that tho we cannot relieve all the distressed we should relieve as many as we can, I turned about to take up the souldier; but he had entered a bye path, and was no more to be found: and from that moment to this I could never find him out to ask his forgiveness. Again, when the poor woman came to ask a charity in Philadelphia, you whispered that she looked like a drunkard, and that half a dollar was enough to give her for the ale-house. Those who want the dispositions to give, easily find reasons why they ought not to give. When I sought her out afterwards, and did what I should have done at first, you know that she employed the money immediately towards placing her child at school. If our country, when pressed with wrongs at the point of the bayonet, had been governed by it\u2019s heads instead of it\u2019s hearts, where should we have been now? hanging on a gallows as high as Haman\u2019s. You began to calculate and to compare wealth and numbers: we threw up a few pulsations of our warmest blood: we supplied enthusiasm against wealth and numbers: we put our existence to the hazard, when the hazard seemed against us, and we saved our country: justifying at the same time the ways of Providence, whose precept is to do always what is right, and leave the issue to him. In short, my friend, as far as my recollection serves me, I do not know that I ever did a good thing on your suggestion, or a dirty one without it. I do for ever then disclaim your interference in my province. Fill paper as you please with triangles and squares: try how many ways you can hang and combine them together. I shall never envy nor controul your sublime delights. But leave me to decide when and where friendships are to be contracted. You say I contract them at random, so you said the woman at Philadelphia was a drunkard. I receive no one into my esteem till I know they are worthy of it. Wealth, title, office, are no recommendations to my friendship. On the contrary great good qualities are requisite to make amends for their having wealth, title and office. You confess that in the present case I could not have made a worthier choice. You only object that I was so soon to lose them. We are not immortal ourselves, my friend; how can we expect our enjoiments to be so? We have no rose without it\u2019s thorn; no pleasure without alloy. It is the law of our existence; and we must acquiesce. It is the condition annexed to all our pleasures, not by us who  receive, but by him who gives them. True, this condition is pressing cruelly on me at this moment. I feel more fit for death than life. But when I look back on the pleasures of which it is the consequence, I am conscious they were worth the price I am paying. Notwithstanding your endeavors too to damp my hopes, I comfort myself with expectations of their promised return. Hope is sweeter than despair, and they were too good to mean to deceive me. In the summer, said the gentleman; but in the spring, said the lady: and I should love her forever, were it only for that! Know then, my friend, that I have taken these good people into my bosom: that I have lodged them in the warmest cell I could find: that I love them, and will continue to love them thro life: that if fortune should dispose them on one side the globe, and me on the other, my affections shall pervade it\u2019s whole mass to reach them. Knowing then my determination, attempt not to disturb it. If you can at any time furnish matter for their amusement, it will be the office of a good neighbor to do it. I will in like manner seize any occasion which may offer to do the like good turn for you with Condorcet, Rittenhouse, Madison, La Cretelle, or any other of those worthy sons of science whom you so justly prize.\u2019 \nI thought this a favorable proposition whereon to rest the issue of the dialogue. So I put an end to it by calling for my nightcap. Methinks I hear you wish to heaven I had called a little sooner, and so spared you the ennui of such a tedious sermon. I did not interrupt them sooner because I was in a mood for hearing sermons. You too were the subject; and on such a thesis I never think the theme long; not even if I am to write it, and that slowly and awkwardly, as now, with the left hand. But that you may not be discoraged from a correspondence which begins so formidably, I will promise you on my honour that my future letters shall be of a reasonable length. I will even agree to express but half my esteem for you, for fear of cloying you with too full a dose. But, on your part, no curtailing. If your letters are as long as the bible, they will appear short to me. Only let them be brim full of affection. I shall read them with the dispositions with which Arlequin in les deux billets spelt the words \u2018je t\u2019aime\u2019 and wished that the whole alphabet had entered into their composition.\nWe have had incessant rains since your departure. These make me fear for your health, as well as that you have had an uncomfortable journey. The same cause has prevented me from being able to give you any account of your friends here. This voiage to  Fontainbleau will probably send the Count de Moutier and the Marquise de Brehan to America. Danquerville promised to visit me, but has not done it as yet. De latude comes sometimes to take family soupe with me, and entertains me with anecdotes of his five and thirty years imprisonment. How fertile is the mind of man which can make the Bastille and Dungeon of Vincennes yeild interesting anecdotes. You know this was for making four verses on Mme. de Pompadour. But I think you told me you did not know the verses. They were these. \u2018Sans esprit, sans sentiment, Sans etre belle, ni neuve, En France on peut avoir le premier amant: Pompadour en est l\u2019epreuve.\u2019 I have read the memoir of his three escapes. As to myself my health is good, except my wrist which mends slowly, and my mind which mends not at all, but broods constantly over your departure. The lateness of the season obliges me to decline my journey into the South of France. Present me in the most friendly terms to Mr. Cosway, and receive me into your own recollection with a partiality and a warmth, proportioned, not to my own poor merit, but to the sentiments of sincere affection and esteem with which I have the honour to be, my dear Madam, your most obedient humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0310", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Jay, 12 October 1786\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr. Sir\nOffice for for. Affairs 12 Octr. 1786\nSince my last to you of the 18 Augt.\u2014\u2014\u2014I have received and laid before Congress the Letters you did me the Honor to write on the 18. July last.\nI have some Dispatches of Importance ready for you, but I prefer sending them by a Conveyance that will offer about ten Days hence.\nI enclose a certified copy of an Act of Congress for recalling Mr. Lamb, another Copy has been sent to Mr. Adams.\nAs the Dispatches above alluded to are particular, I shall at present only add an Assurance which I always make with Pleasure, Vizt. that I am with very sincere Esteem and Regard Dr Sr Your most ob. & hble servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0311", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to De Langeac, 12 October 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Langeac, August Louis Joseph Fid\u00e8le Amand de Lepinasse, Comte de\nSir\nParis Octr. 12th. 1786\nAn officer having some time ago left an opposition here against the payment of the rent due and to become due for the house, I asked information of some gentlemen of the diplomatic corps as well as at Versailles, of the manner in which I should conduct myself on such occasions. The result was that when an opposition should be made by an officer I was at liberty either to disregard it or to have the parties punished: but that when it should be asked by the party himself without the intervention of an officer, it would be expected that I should comply with it; or that it might become the subject of a complaint to my sovereign. Two persons having  applied without observing the proper form I took no notice of them, but continued to pay you the rents; but a third, of the name of Jacques De Veaux Meunier Platrier au dessus de la rue de Clichy, having asked me by letter to retain in my hands a sum for which he has brought suit against you, I consider myself as bound to comply with his request. I took the liberty therefore of expressing to you my wish that you could make such arrangement with him as would leave me at liberty to make my payments to yourself as usual. I would greatly prefer the paying these monies as they become due to yourself and unacquainted as I am with the laws of the country, it would be a great perplexity to me to be placed between opposing demands. As a proof of my wish to conform myself to your desire, I now enclose you an order on Mr. Grand for the quarter\u2019s rent which will become due the middle of this month, and I shall be happy if either a public order or private arrangement may relieve me from the obligation of complying with De Veaux\u2019s request at some future time.\nThe persons whom you shall send to examine the works of Carpentry in the basse-cour shall be recieved and I shall be happy in every occasion of satisfying you of the respect with which I have the honor to be Sir your most obedient humble Servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0312", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Monroe, 12 October 1786\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nNew York Octr. 12. 1786.\nSince my last I have receiv\u2019d yours of the 9. of July. I advis\u2019d you therein of the progress that had been made by Mister Jay in the Spanish negociation, that he had brought a project before Congress for shutting the Mississippi and not for opening it for the term of twenty five or thirty years combin\u2019d with some commercial stipulations, the latter to be the price of the former, although admitted they opened no new port nor admitted us into those now open upon better terms than those we now enjoyed. Since this project was presented, the negociation has been more with Congress to repeal the ultimata than with Spain to carry the instructions into effect. I inform\u2019d you of the proposition from Massachusetts for the repeal in Committee of the Whole. This was carried by Pennsylvania inclusive eastward, Maryland inclusive southward being  against it. Delaware was absent. In the house we mov\u2019d to postpone the report of the Committee in order to take up propositions to the following effect. That the negotiation as to the Mississippi and the boundaries be taken out of the hands of the Secretary and committed to Carmichael. The following points to be agreed on there and afterwards concluded here. 1st that New Orleans be made an entrepot for exports, that they be shipp\u2019d thence in the bottoms of America, Spain and France under the regulations of each party. 2d. That they pay at said port a duty of 2\u00bd pr. centm. ad valorem to the crown of Spain as a compensation for port duties. 3d. That imports be prohibited. 4th. That the instructions of Annapolis be reviv\u2019d as the basis of a treaty of commerce. 5th. That two additional commissioners be appointed with equal powers with the secretary to conclude the same. Upon this there was precisely the same division. The question was then taken on the report and carried by 7. states. Upon this the following proposition was mov\u2019d, \u201cis the repeal constitutionally carried by 7. states so as to give a new instruction materially different from the former\u201d and set aside by the previous question. We are told he will proceed, but of this have no certain information. It is extraordinary he should have taken up the subject of trade, as powers upon principles that applied to all nations alike had already been given under a commission which had at the time his were, near one year to run to form a treaty with Spain, which were not repeal\u2019d by these nor the subject mention\u2019d except by a distant implication. I do suspect the business rests for the present untill the new Delegates take their seats, in which case he will be govern\u2019d by circumstances. I suspect the point will ultimately be carried, but this is yet doubtful. I forgot above to mention the negotiation was to have been carried on in our propositions under the mediation of France. I sit out tomorrow for Virginia with Mrs. Monroe by land. My residence will be for the present in Fredericksburg. My attention is turn\u2019d to Albemarle for my ultimate abode. The sooner I fix there the more agreeable it will be to me. I should be happy to keep clear of the bar if possible and at present I am wearied with the business in which I have been engag\u2019d. It has been a year of excessive labor and fatigue and unprofitably so. What you find in the journals, especially the regulation of the coin, pass\u2019d upon the report of the Board of treasury without examination, or with very little. Our minds were generally at the time otherwise engag\u2019d. Mr. Madison and myself have been desirous if possible of forming an engagment for land in this State which would hereafter put us at ease. He promis\u2019d me  to advise you of it, and to tell you of our little plan. If it were an object with you to your property in my estimation a better opportunity cannot present itself. I shall write you more fully on my arrival home on many publick affairs, which at present I have not leasure for. Tell Short he has the friendship of the delegation and always will have it. No appointment of secretary of legation will take place to that court and if one did he would have the good wishes of our State. I am affectionately your friend and servt.,\nJas. Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0314", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Madame de Marmontel, [13 October 1786?]\nFrom: Marmontel, Marie Ad\u00e9laide Lerein de Montigny\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nce vendredi matin [13 Oct. 1786?]\nMd. de Marmontel a l\u2019honneur de faire mille compliments \u00e0 Monsieur De Gefferson et de le prevenir qu\u2019on donne aujourdhui aux variett\u00e9s amusantes Ruse contre Ruse; quelle y a une Loge et une place a lui offrir. Md. de Marmontel seroit ravie que cela put amuser Monsieur de Gefferson et lui procurer le plaisir de passer quelques moments avec lui. Si Monsieur Gefferson accepte la proposition de Md de Marmontel il demandera la loge de Mr. le Baron de Breteuil.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0315", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Trumbull, 13 October 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Trumbull, John\nDear Sir\nParis Oct. 13. 1786.\nNot knowing Mrs. Cosway\u2019s address, I take the liberty of putting the inclosed under your cover, and of begging you to deliver it personally. Your reward will be the visit it will occasion you. She promised to write to me. Be so good as to take charge of her letters, and to find private conveiances for them, or to put them under cover to Mr. Grand banker rue neuve des Capucins \u00e0 Paris. Or she will do the last herself. All letters directed to me are read in the post offices both of London and Paris.\nI duly received your favor dated Antwerp, and notwithstanding the little disappointment occasioned by a circumstance which Mrs. Cosway will explain to you, I was much entertained with it. It revived my inclination to travel, an inclination which always lies uppermost. My first wish was to see the places you described; my second to see in preference Italy, Greece &c. But god knows when I may be able to see either, or if ever. I intended to have visited the South of France this fall, but am prevented by this unlucky accident to my wrist which I cannot in the least use yet. We are now however satisfied that it is set, and that time alone is necessary for it\u2019s reestablishment. In the mean time the left hand is learning to perform the functions of the right. This however it does awkwardly and slowly. It is with pleasure it executes that of assuring you of the sincere esteem with which I have the honour to be Dear Sir your friend & servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0316", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Bondfield, 14 October 1786\nFrom: Bondfield, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nBordeaux, 14 Oct. 1786. Expects the \u201cIntendant General\u201d to arrive in a few days; will immediately procure clearance for the 34 cases now ready and any others which may arrive; will ship on the Commerce if she is still in port. Asks TJ to honor two drafts: one for 498 livres for articles shipped for his personal account; the other for 1,502 livres for his advances for shipping the arms for Virginia; will send a general account and draw for the balance when the transaction is completed. \u201cThe Contract Ships arrive but none others tho we have given every encouragement and have considerable funds on the other side that are greatly in retard.\u201d This discourages new speculation.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0317", "content": "Title: Form the Rhode Island Delegates in Congress, 14 October 1786\nFrom: Rhode Island Delegates\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nNew York 14th: of October 1786.\nIn compliance with the request of the Honourable the Corporation of the College at Providence in the State of Rhode Island, transmitted in their vote of the 7th. of September last. we take the liberty to inform your Excellency that the College under their direction was founded in the year 1764, and received the small endowments of which it is now possessed, solely, from the beneficence and contributions of individuals, the Government not being sufficiently impressed with an idea of the importance of Literature to afford its Patronage, or lend it any further assistance than that of granting it a Charter. With these small beginnings, however, at the commencement of the late war, the Corporation had the pleasure to see that beautiful Edifice, erected on the hill at Providence, and upwards of forty students matriculated, together with a large Latin School, as a necessary to supply it with Scholars.\nThe whole of the College endowments consisted of one Thousand Pounds Lawful money as a fund, with six Acres of Land adjoining it. At that period the young Institution was rapidly growing in reputation, as well as in number of Scholars, but on the arrival of the enemy in that State, in the year 1776 it was seized by the public for the use of Barracks and an Hospital for the American Army, and continued to be so occupied until a little before the arrival of  the Armaments of his Most Christian Majesty at Rhode Island when it was again taken out of the hands of the Corporation by an order of government, and delivered up to our Allies for the same uses to which it had been applied by the American Army; and they held it till their Army marched for the Chesepeak. To accommodate the Building to their wishes they made great alterations, highly injurious to the designs of its founders. This with the damages done to it by the Armies of both nations, while so occupied, subjected the Corporation to great expence to repair it; and that when the deranged state of our finances prevented us from making scarcely any advantage of the Interest of our little fund, in the State Treasury. Having, at their own expence made these repairs they applied first to the Legislature of the State, and afterwards repeatedly to Congress for some compensation, but have not been able to obtain the least. Thus circumstanced they think it their duty to solicit the patronage of his Most Christian Majesty, in the manner they have done in the memorial which accompanies this letter.\nWe have the pleasure to inform your Excellency that there are now upwards of fifty students belonging to the College, with flattering prospects of an increase. The aforegoing is a brief account of the origin and present state of the College at Providence. We only beg leave to add, that this Institution embraces in its bosom, and holds out equal priviledges to all denominations of Protestants. And its Corporation, agreeably to Charter, is, and must forever be composed of some of all Denominations of Christians.\nWe have the Honour to be Sir Your very Humble and most obedient Servants,\nJames Manning Nathan Miller", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0320", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Louis Guillaume Otto, 15 October 1786\nFrom: Otto, Louis Guillaume\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nNewyork le 15. 8bre. 1786.\nLe Congr\u00e8s ayant pris une resolution concernant notre convention Consulaire, il dependra desormais en grande partie de Votre Excellence que cette affaire soit termin\u00e9e \u00e0 la satisfaction des deux nations. J\u2019ai lieu de croire que Vous recevr\u00e9s par le paquebot qui Vous portera cette lettre des instructions qui y sont relatives et sans entrer dans aucun detail sur les vues du Congr\u00e8s je me borne \u00e0 Vous expliquer les raisons qui rendent la conclusion de cette affaire infiniment interessante pour les deux puissances.\nLe Commerce reciproque entre la France et les Etats unis commence \u00e0 reprendre quelqu\u2019activit\u00e9, et il augmentera \u00e0 mesure que le Contrat des fermiers generaux tirera vers sa fin. Les liaisons des Antilles Fran\u00e7oises avec la Nouvelle Angleterre sont deja tr\u00e8s considerables et l\u2019on a cont\u00e9 dans le Connecticut seulement plus de 400. Batimens exp\u00e9di\u00e9s dans une ann\u00e9e pour nos Colonies. Mais ce Commerce naissant se trouve sans cesse g\u00ean\u00e9 par les difficult\u00e9s que nos Armateurs eprouvent dans les ports Americains. La  dispersion des equipages leur est surtout infiniment desavantageuse. Nos matelots connoissant le peu de pouvoirs des Consuls s\u2019adressent tr\u00e8s souvent \u00e0 des Juges Americains pour faire annuller les engagemens pris en France et nos Capitaines sont oblig\u00e9s de les remplacer \u00e0 tr\u00e8s grands frais par des matelots etrangers qui profitent de l\u2019occasion pour demander des salaires exorbitans. Les Contrats faits dans les Chancelleries des Consuls se trouvent sans vigueur et sans execution et les Armateurs ne sont jamais surs de leurs propriet\u00e9s puisque les Consignataires, mal intentionn\u00e9s, tirant parti de la difference des loix et des formes ont soin de faire annuller par un Juge Americain les conventions faites en France conformement \u00e0 nos loix et \u00e0 nos usages. D\u2019ailleurs les delais et les longs detours de la Jurisprudence civile ne conviennent pas \u00e0 des Capitaines dont le sejour est limit\u00e9 et tr\u00e8s dispendieux. Tous ces inconveniens, Monsieur, ont singulierement decourag\u00e9 nos Negocians et l\u2019on peut \u00eatre certain que le Commerce entre les deux nations languira autant que les Consuls n\u2019auront pas les pouvoirs qui leur sont attribu\u00e9s par la convention. Vous av\u00e9s donn\u00e9 tant de preuves de Votre desir de faciliter les liaisons commerciales avec les Etats unis, que je vous parle de cet objet avec la confiance la plus entiere.\nTous les bons patriotes, Monsieur, voyent avec peine que le Congr\u00e8s n\u2019ait pas encore pu etablir le droit de 5. pour o/o. Quoique tous les Etats ayent actuellement fait des actes qui le lui accordent, ces actes se trouvent si diff\u00e9rens entre eux m\u00eames qu\u2019ils ne sauroient servir de base \u00e0 un reglement general.\nLa Convention Commerciale s\u2019est assembl\u00e9e \u00e0 Annapolis dans le Courant du mois dernier, mais ne se trouvant pas ass\u00e9s nombreuse pour entrer en mati\u00e8re elle s\u2019est born\u00e9e \u00e0 adresser aux differentes Legislatures un raport par lequel elle demande des pouvoirs plus etendus pour prendre en consideration tout ce qui peut interesser l\u2019harmonie et la consistance nationale des Etats unis. II n\u2019est pas bien certain que ces pouvoirs soient accord\u00e9s.\nVous trouver\u00e9s dans les gazettes, Monsieur, de longs details sur la revolte de plusieurs districts de la Nouvelle Angleterre. On y demande \u00e0 hauts cris la cessation des Cours de justice. Tout le monde croit que les seditieux n\u2019obtiendront rien et que ces commotions ne serviront qu\u2019\u00e0 fortiffier le Gouvernement et la Constitution.\nM. Monroe est sur le point de s\u2019en retourner en Virginie. Le Congr\u00e8s perd en lui un Membre tr\u00e8s assidu. Il sera probablement remplac\u00e9 par M. Madison.\nJ\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre avec le plus respectueux attachement Monsieur,  De Votre Excellence, le tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s obeissant serviteur,\nOtto", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0321", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Vergennes, with Enclosure, 15 October 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Comte de\nSir\nParis Octr. 15th. 1786\nI had the honor some time ago of asking from your Excellency by letter a permission to export from the Ports of Bourdeaux and Havre certain arms and accoutrements which I had had made for the State of Virginia, which request I now take the liberty to repeat. I beg leave to sollicit at the same time a passeport for the entrance of certain articles for my own private use, some of which are arrived and the others expected. A list of them I herein enclose.\nThe accident of a dislocated wrist has for some time past prevented me the honor of paying my respects to the King and to yourself at Versailles. The slowness of the cure seems likely to delay that honor for some time to come. I hope that this circumstance will apologize for my not attending on a court to which it is my duty and my desire to render at all times the homage of my most perfect respect.\nI have the honor to be with sentiments of the most profound esteem and respect, Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient and most humble Servant,\nTh: Jefferson\nEnclosure\nA List of articles for the private use and [\u2026] of M. Jefferson, Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States of America, for which a passeport is desired.\nFrom Marseilles.\n\u200772 bottles of Frontignac wine\nFrom Leghorn.\n\u200736 bottles of Cyprus wine\nFrom Lisbon.\n212 bottles of Malvoisie de Madeire\nFrom London.\n\u2007Harness for three horses\n\u2007Two copying-presses, with paper and appendages\n\u2007A Harpsichord\n    Th: Jefferson(Test: W Short sec.)", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0322", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Circello, 17 October 1786\nFrom: Circello\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nFontainebleau, 17 Oct. 1786. Informing TJ that, the day before, he had had his first audience with the king, queen, and royal family as ambassador of the king of the Sicilies.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0323", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from C. W. F. Dumas, 17 October 1786\nFrom: Dumas, Charles William Frederick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nLa haie 17 Oct. 1786\nLa D\u00e9peche ci-jointe, que Votre Excellence comme toujours lira avant de l\u2019acheminer avec mes pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes d\u00e9j\u00e0 re\u00e7ues et le paquet annonc\u00e9, qui partira enfin demain, me dispense de Lui r\u00e9p\u00e9ter ce \u00e0 quoi je n\u2019ai rien \u00e0 ajouter.\nMr. le Ms. De la Fayette m\u2019ayant fait l\u2019honneur de m\u2019\u00e9crire, pour me proposer de le mettre au fait des affaires de la R\u00e9publique, je crois ne pouvoir mieux remplir son desir qu\u2019en priant Votre Excellence de lui faire voir toutes mes D\u00e9peches susdites avec les Pieces annex\u00e9es. Je n\u2019oserois prendre cette Libert\u00e9, si je ne savois combien il fait de nos affaires les siennes, et son assiduit\u00e9 et intimit\u00e9 personnelle aupr\u00e8s de votre Excellence. [J\u2019aurai l\u2019honneur de lui \u00e9crire en cons\u00e9quence l\u2019ordinaire prochain.] Je dois pareillement r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 Mr. Short. Il voudra bien me faire cr\u00e9dit jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ce que j\u2019apprenne que la Commission dont il m\u2019a charg\u00e9 est remplie.\nVotre Excellence, en m\u2019apprennant que dans l\u2019Essai des Etats unis dont Elle m\u2019a r\u00e9gal\u00e9, il n\u2019y a que quelques erreurs de peu de cons\u00e9quence, m\u2019a laiss\u00e9 l\u2019app\u00e9tit ouvert pour avoir une petite note de ces erreurs. Puis-je, sans trop exiger, l\u2019esp\u00e9rer de la bont\u00e9 de Votre Excellence.\nJe suis avec grand respect, De Votre Excellence, Le tr\u00e8s-humble et tr\u00e8s-ob\u00e9issant serviteur,\nC W F Dumas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0324", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Charles Borom\u00e9e LeBrun, 17 October 1786\nFrom: LeBrun, Charles Borom\u00e9e\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nA Monsieur\nprevote \u00e0 Coutances le 17 8bre 1786\nMonsieur de jefferson ministre plenipotentiaire des etats unis de L\u2019amerique Septentrionale\nSupplie humblement Charles Borom\u00e9e leBrun procureur du Roi au Bailliage de coutances\nEt a L\u2019honneur de vous Exposer que jerome michel leBrun de Bellecour, son frere, auroit occup\u00e9 diff\u00e9rens postes dans les troupes des etats unis de l\u2019Amerique, que lors du decompte qui eut lieu en mil sept cent quatre vingt[\u2026] il auroit obtenu du congr\u00e8s six certificats montant \u00e0 cinq mille six cent quatre vingt huit piastres portant int\u00e9r\u00eat \u00e0 six pour cent. Le sieur lebrun de Bellecour apr\u00e8s que le trait\u00e9 de paix fut sign\u00e9, se disposoit \u00e0 repasser en france pour y revoir sa famille et satisfaire \u00e0 des obligations [que] son d\u00e9part avoit n\u00e9cessit\u00e9s. Il n\u2019a pu Executer ce projet [ayant] et\u00e9 assassin\u00e9 en janvier mil sept cent quatre vingt cinq dans les deserts qui s\u00e9parent le duch\u00e9 de Kentuke de la virginie. Le suppliant, inform\u00e9 que les certificats cydessus mentionn\u00e9s avoient et\u00e9 confi\u00e9s \u00e0 un sieur de coutures laM[\u2026] qui avoit repass\u00e9 en france, s\u2019est empress\u00e9 de les recouvrer a[ux] fins de faire honneur aux engagemens qui son frere avoit contract\u00e9s et que son etat l\u2019obligeoit de remplir.\nEn consequence un mandataire du suppliant est all\u00e9 le mois d\u2019aoust mil sept cent quatre vingt cinq ch\u00e8s M. g[rand] Banquier des \u00e9tats unis et y a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 lesdits certif[icats.] Examen fait d\u2019iceux on luy a pay\u00e9 la somme de [dix]huit cent quarante trois livres un sou. Le premier janvier de cette ann\u00e9e etant echu un arr\u00e9rage, [le] mandataire s\u2019est pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 au Bureau et m\u00eame y a [fait] jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ce jour differens voiages. La seule reponse [qu\u2019on] luy ait faite a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 qu\u2019on attendoit des ordres pour payer. Ce retardement que le suppliant ne p[ouvoit] pr\u00e9voir, fait qu\u2019il est poursuivi par nombre de cr\u00e9anciers auxquels il avoit promis de commencer \u00e0 [\u2026] en payment vers la fin du mois de janvier. Oblig\u00e9 de manquer \u00e0 sa parole le suppliant a \u00e9t\u00e9 personnellement inqui\u00e9t\u00e9; pour faire cesser les poursuites il ne luy [reste] d\u2019autre ressource que dans le placet qu\u2019il \u00e0 [l\u2019honneur] de pr\u00e9senter \u00e0 Votre Excellence.\n\u00c0 ce qu\u2019il vous plaise, Monsieur, Envoyer [\u2026] un ordre aux fins de recevoir de M. grand [la somme] de dix huit cent quarante trois livres un sol echue en janvier dernier. Le suppliant ne cessera de [\u2026] ses voeux, pour la prosperit\u00e9 des etats unis de l\u2019A[merique]  et la prolongation des jours d\u2019un ministre aussi [\u2026] et aussi eclair\u00e9.\nLeBrun", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0325", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from C. W. F. Dumas, 19 October 1786\nFrom: Dumas, Charles William Frederick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nLa haie 19 Oct. 1786\nJ\u2019espere que Votre Excellence a re\u00e7u les miennes du 6 et 17 de ce mois.\nJe laisse l\u2019incluse pour Mr. De La Fayette ouverte, afin que Votre Excellence la lise, et la remette. L\u2019Extrait de la m\u00eame est copi\u00e9 pour le Congr\u00e8s afin de lui completer aussi l\u2019id\u00e9e qu\u2019il faut avoir des affaires d\u2019ici, qui sont vraiment interessantes. Comme cela change \u00e0 chaque instant comme un verre \u00e0 facettes, il faudroit des voulumes s\u2019il falloit entrer dans les d\u00e9tails. Par exemple, je viens d\u2019apprendre de source qu\u2019\u00e0 Harlem 900 notables Bourgeois, le Secr\u00e9taire de la ville \u00e0 leur t\u00eate, viennent de pr\u00e9senter \u00e0 leur R\u00e9gence o\u00f9 ils supplient que l\u2019insens\u00e9 Str. soit \u00e0 jamais exclus et \u00e9loign\u00e9 de l\u2019administration d\u2019un Etat qu\u2019il rend si malheureux.\nJe suis avec grand respect de V.E. le tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s ob\u00e9issant serviteur,\nC W F Dumas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0326", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to De Corny, 20 October 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ethis de Corny, Louis Dominique\nSir\nParis Oct. 20. 1786.\nBy the first conveyance which shall offer I propose to report to the Governor of Virginia the manner in which the wish of the  state relative to the bust of the Marquis de La Fayette has been carried into execution, and of the friendly and flattering attentions paid by Messieurs le Prevot des Marchands et Echevins de Paris to them and to the character to which they desired to shew their gratitude. It would enable me to do this with more exactness could I obtain copies of the proceedings which attended the inauguration of the bust. Your goodness, already so often manifested in this business, encourages me to endeavor to obtain these thro\u2019 your intervention. I do it the rather as it furnishes me an occasion very grateful to my feelings, of returning to you at the same time my sincere thanks for the zeal with which you have seconded the views of the state, the readiness with which you have condescended to give me information in the course of the proceedings, and to secure by your influence the success of those proceedings. This friendly assistance in the discharge of a public duty has added to the many motives of private esteem and attachment with which I have the honour to be Sir Your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0327", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Plowden W. Garvey, 20 October 1786\nFrom: Garvey, Plowden W.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nRouen the 20 october 1786\nWe have the honor to advise your Excellency that we retired from on board the Adventure, Capn. Daman, arrived here from London one Case directed to you shipped by Mr. Woodmason \u214c order of Coll. Smith, one ditto containing Printed Books by Mr. Chs. Dilly. We got them Corded and Plumbed and sent them off yesterday to your address by Millard\u2019s Cart to deliver them in five days. He has got an Acquit a Caution No. 113 that prouves these effects were not opened here, you\u2019ll please to have it discharged at your Custom house and returned us.\nOur Common Worthy friend Mr. Barclay addressed us by a Ship now at Havre a Case of Books for your Excellency. We have given our friend there orders to retire and send it us, when here shall forward it to Paris, and advising the departure let you know what expences we have been at for that expedition.\nWe are with very great respect Sir Your Excellency\u2019s most huml. & very obedt. Servants, by procn. of R. & A. Garvey,\nPlowden W. Garvey\nThe bad weather and scarcity of Cart men retarded much the above Expedition.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0328", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Zachariah Loreilhe, 20 October 1786\nFrom: Loreilhe, Zachariah\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBergerac October 20th. 1786\nI have the honour of acquainting you that I have received a letter from Mr. Thos. Barclay dated the 3d. of October where in he Desires me to engage 200 Barrels of the best gun Powder, 100 thousand Flints, and 100 Reams of Cartrige Paper, and to look out for a Good stout Vessel to proceed with them to Richmond in Virginia. Mr. Barclay informs me also that if any difficulty shall arise either in procuring a Vessel for Richmond or in executing any other part of the order to acquaint your Excellency therewith; at present I See but one difficulty which is how I am to Pay for those articles. Therefore I must beg your Excellency will be so obliging as to Inform me if there is any Particular funds appropriated for this Purpose, and how I am to procure it. If this Difficulty is remouved, I make no Doubt but I will be able to Execute the order to the advantage and Satisffaction of the State of Virginia; however if any unforeseen difficultys should arise, depending on your Excellency\u2019s goodness I shall acquaint you with it to the End that they might be remouved.\nI have the honour to be with very great respect your Excellency most humble & most obedient Servant,\nZ. Loreilhe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0329", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Stael de Holstein, 20 October 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Sta\u00ebl de Holstein, Eric Magnus, Baron de\nParis, 20 Oct. 1786. This letter is almost identical with TJ\u2019s letter of this date to Vergennes, q.v. for note on enclosure and variations in the text.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0331", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Achard Fr\u00e8res, 21 October 1786\nFrom: Achard Fr\u00e8res\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nRouen 21 8ber. 1786.\nWe have received the Passeport your Excellence has been so good as to send us. Your two Cases are on Board of the Diligence L\u2019Adelaide and we hope they will Come Safe in the hands of your Excellence.\nHere inclosed is a note of our Expences which have been paid to us by the Master of the Diligence to whom we beg of your Excellence to reimburse them.\nWe are most respectfully Your Most obedient Humble Servants,\nAchard Brothers & Co.\nP.S. Your Excellence will be pleased to give orders that the aquit \u00e0 Caution No. 115 be Sent back to us, which is made on purpose to avoid any duties to your Excellence.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0333", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Stephens Smith, 22 October 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Smith, William Stephens\nDear Sir\nParis Oct. 22. 1786.\nHow the right hand became disabled would be a long story for the left to tell. It was by one of those follies from which good cannot come, but ill may. As yet I have no use of that hand, and as the other is an awkward scribe, I must be sententious and not waste words. Yours of Sep. 18 and 22. and Oct. 1. and 4. have been duly received, as have been also the books from Lackington and Stockdale, and the second parcel from Dilly. The harness is at the Douane of Paris, not yet delivered to me. Dilly\u2019s first parcel of books, and the first copying press are arrived at Rouen. You see how much reason I have to say \u2018well done thou good and faithful  servant.\u2019 With Chastellux\u2019 voiages and Latr\u00e9\u2019s map I took a great deal more trouble than was necessary, such as going myself to the book shop when a servant might as well have gone &c. merely from a desire to do something in return for you, and that I might feel as if I had done something. You desire to know whether the 2d. order for copying paper and ink was meant to be additional to the former? It was, but I had now rather not receive the paper because I have found a better kind here. The ink I shall be glad of. The twelve sheet map I shall send by the first good opportunity: and hope ere long to receive the plate of mine from Mr. Neele. I will trouble you to have the inclosed note to Jones delivered. Will you undertake to prevail on Mr. Adams to set for his picture and on Mr. Brown to draw it for me? I wish to add it to those of other principal American characters which I have or shall have: and I had rather it should be original than a copy. We saw a picture of Sr. W. Raleigh at Birmingham, and I do not know whether it was of Mr. Adams or yourself I asked the favor to get it for me. I must pray your taylor to send me a buff Casimir waistcoat and breeches with those of cotton, and of my shoemaker to send me two pr. of thin waxed leather slippers. Things of this kind come better by private hands if any such should be coming within any reasonable time. The accident to my wrist has defeated my views of visiting the South of France this fall. Present me very affectionately to Mrs. Adams and Mrs. Smith. I hope the former is very well, and that the latter is, or has been very sick, otherwise I would observe to you that it is high time. Adieu. Yours affectionately,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0334", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 23 October 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nParis Octr. 23d. 1786\nYour favor of Sept. the 11th. came to hand in due time and since that I have recieved the copies of the Prussian treaty you were so kind as to send me. I have recieved a short letter from Mr. Barclay dated Cadiz Septr. 25th. only announcing his arrival there and that he should proceed immediately to Madrid. At this  latter place he would meet my letter informing him that we did not propose any thing further with the Piratical states at this time. The inclosed extract of a letter from Mr. Carmichael also mentions Mr. Barclay\u2019s arrival at Cadiz. A letter from Mr. Carmichael some time ago informed me that a bill had been drawn on him by Mrs. Lamb in America, by order as she said of Mr. Lamb; This gentleman not proposing to proceed either to New-York, London, or Paris to settle his accounts, I desired Mr. Carmichael, if any money remained yet in the hands of Mr. Lamb\u2019s banker at Madrid, to obstruct it\u2019s going out until he could give us information. His answer was that it was all withdrawn by Mr. Lamb. By some means or other I omitted to mention these circumstances to you at the time. I mention them now to explain the reasons of Mr. Carmichael\u2019s touching on that subject in the inclosed. We may now hourly expect from Mr. Barclay a copy of the preliminary treaty with Morocco. Is it your opinion that the definitive one should be executed through his agency, or that of Colo. Franks or of any other person? I beg you to present my most friendly respects to Mrs. Adams and to be assured yourself of the esteem and attachment with which I have the honor to be Sir, your most obedient humble Servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0335", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from C. W. F. Dumas, with Enclosures, 23 October 1786\nFrom: Dumas, Charles William Frederick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nLa haie 23e. Octobre 1786\nJe profite d\u2019un Courier que M. l\u2019Ambassadeur se propose d\u2019exp\u00e9dier demain ou apr\u00e8s-demain \u00e0 sa Cour, pour faire parvenir \u00e0 Votre Excellence et par Elle au Congr\u00e8s les deux Pieces ci-jointes, que j\u2019ai traduites pour Lui et pour Mr. l\u2019Ambassadeur, qui les fait pareillement passer \u00e0 sa Cour. Vous verrez, et s\u2019il vous plait Mr. le Ms. De la Fayette aussi, par l\u2019une de ces Pi\u00e8ces, que les Etats d\u2019Hollande persistent avec vigueur dans l\u2019assertion de leur Souverainet\u00e9,  et dans l\u2019autre le d\u00e9but de la sentence d\u2019un insens\u00e9 prononc\u00e9e par toute la nation: car l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 de cette vive \u00e9tincelle va se communiquer \u00e0 la ronde de ville en ville, et consigner son objet fl\u00e9tri \u00e0 l\u2019univers et la post\u00e9rit\u00e9. En attendant, une Commission secrete ici s\u2019occupe des moyens de procurer du soulagement aux parties souffrantes dans les Provinces de Gueldre et d\u2019Utrecht, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ce qu\u2019ils puissent avoir la satisfaction et le d\u00e9dommagement qui leur sont d\u00fbs.\nVotre Excellence aura d\u00e9j\u00e0 vu par le Suppl\u00e9ment No. 84 de Leide, qu\u2019on a fait des intelligences agr\u00e9ables qu\u2019Elle m\u2019a fait parvenir dans deux de ses Lettres un usage discret appropri\u00e9 aux circonstances de ce pays, o\u00f9 si l\u2019on laissoit faire des t\u00eates trop chaudes, tout seroit en combustion et g\u00e2t\u00e9.\nJe suis avec grand respect De Votre Excellence le tr\u00e8s-humble et tr\u00e8s ob\u00e9issant serviteur,\nC W F Dumas\n  Enclosure I (Extract of a letter from New York, July 6)\nUne des preuves, que ce Pays-ci jouit actuellement d\u2019un des plus grands bonheurs dont une R\u00e9publique soit susceptible, s\u00e7avoir d\u2019une tranquilit\u00e9 parfaite, c\u2019est qu\u2019il n\u2019y a pas de Nouvelles \u00e9clatantes \u00e0 mander ici. Le Commerce est sur un pi\u00e9 fort avantageux pour l\u2019Amerique. Le Prix des Productions de la Terre, ainsi que celui de la main d\u2019oeuvre, est fort haut. Les Marchandises, import\u00e9es de l\u2019Etranger, sont au contraire \u00e0 un taux fort bas. Ainsi ceux d\u2019entre le Peuple, qui s\u00e7avent se contenter de leur situation, en se bornant aux jouissances proportion\u00e9es \u00e0 leur man\u00ecere d\u2019\u00eatre, ne peuvent que vivre heureux sous un Gouvernement doux et juste. La tranquilit\u00e9 regne dans tous les Etats; et les diff\u00e9rentes Assembl\u00e9es font des progr\u00e8s, lents \u00e0 la v\u00e9rit\u00e9, mais s\u00fbrs et non interrompus, pour se perfectionner de plus en plus. Les dispositions y augmentent particuli\u00e8rement pour concentrer dans les mains du Congr\u00e9s tous les pouvoirs, qui ont rapport \u00e0 nos liaisons avec les Puissances Etrang\u00e8res; et la conviction devient tous les jours plus universelle, qu\u2019une R\u00e9publique F\u00e9d\u00e9rative ne S\u00e7aurait subsister longtems sans un lieu commun, qui ne portant point de pr\u00e9judice \u00e0 l\u2019ind\u00e9pendence individuelle de chacun de ses Membres, en forme n\u00e9anmoins une Puissance unique \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de l\u2019Etranger. La Jalousie, si naturelle dans cette esp\u00e8ce de Gouvernement, a d\u2019abord emp\u00each\u00e9, qu\u2019on n\u2019\u00e9cout\u00e2t cette v\u00e9rit\u00e9, quoique g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement sentie: Mais, \u00e0 mesure que le tems et l\u2019exp\u00e9rience font m\u00fbrir la r\u00e9flexion, (ce qui d\u2019ailleurs est l\u2019avantage d\u2019un tel Gouvernement) on revient de ces pr\u00e9jug\u00e9s; et l\u2019on y porte rem\u00e8de. Ce rem\u00e8de n\u2019est pas promt; mais c\u2019est un petit sacrifice, si, par la lenteur de l\u2019am\u00e9lioration, celle-ci en devient plus unanime: Et dans toute Republique l\u2019on ne peut que regarder comme Ennemis du bien-\u00eatre commun ceux, qui veulent redresser les abus ou corriger les erreurs avec pr\u00e9cipitation et par violence.\u2014Quant au Trait\u00e9, qui se n\u00e9gocie depuis si longtems avec l\u2019Angleterre, l\u2019on ne pr\u00e9voit point, qu\u2019il soit port\u00e9  bient\u00f4t \u00e0 conclusion. Les Anglais ne peuvent (\u00e0 ce qu\u2019il par\u00f4it) oublier, qu\u2019ils ont \u00e9t\u00e9 nos ma\u00eetres: Ils pr\u00e9tendent nous dicter les conditions d\u2019un commerce r\u00e9ciproque sur un pi\u00e9, qui leur convient \u00e0 eux seuls; et ils persistent dans ce dessein avec une assurance que bien des gens ici regardent comme une insulte. Ainsi, malgr\u00e9 la conformit\u00e9 de Langue et de Moeurs, l\u2019antipathie Nationale, bien loin de diminuer, s\u2019enracine toujours plus profond\u00e9ment; et un jour l\u2019on pourra voir renouveller l\u2019example, qu\u2019on trouve assez souvent dans l\u2019Histoire ancienne, de Colonies devenues ennemies irr\u00e9conciliables de leur M\u00e8re-Patrie: Les animosit\u00e9s entre Souverains sont temporaires; elles s\u2019adoucissent, elles changent selon les circonstances: Celles entre Peuples ne meurent jamais; et l\u2019on a tout \u00e0 craindre d\u2019une Nation aigue, qui influe directement sur les mesures de l\u2019Administration. Heureusement, la Guerre n\u2019est pas de notre int\u00e9r\u00eat. La Paix et l\u2019Amiti\u00e9 du Monde entier est la plus sage Politique que nous puissions suivre; et d\u00e8s-\u00e0-pr\u00e9sent nous nous r\u00e9jouissons de poss\u00e9der l\u2019affection des Puissances les plus respectables de l\u2019Europe.\n  Enclosure IIC. W. F. Dumas to John Jay\nMonsieur\nLahaie 23e. Oct. 1786\nJe me h\u00e2te de faire parvenir \u00e0 Votre Excellence la suite des transactions vraiment int\u00e9ressantes qui ont lieu autour de moi. Monsieur l\u2019Ambassadeur de France les trouv\u00e9 si bien telles qu\u2019il m\u2019a pri\u00e9 de lui pr\u00eater tout ce que j\u2019en ai de ma traduction, depuis Janvier 1785 o\u00f9 commen\u00e7a son Ministere ici, afin de les faire toutes copier pour son propre usage. Votre Excellence trouvera ci-joint:\nLa R\u00e9solution de L.N. et G.P. pour casser le serment clandestin que pr\u00eatoient les Gardes du Corps au Prince d\u2019Orange.\nL\u2019Adresse de 923 les plus notables Citoyens de Harlem, qui va \u00eatre suivie de celles de la plupart des villes \u00e0 la ronde, pour donner le d\u00e9menti le plus eclattant \u00e0 une Assertion inconsid\u00e9r\u00e9e.\nUne R\u00e9solution notable de Ziricz\u00e9e oppos\u00e9e \u00e0 une R\u00e9solution provinciale.\n3 Gazettes de Leide o\u00f9 sont une Lettre excellente et touchante des Etats de Groningue aux Etats de Gueldre, Le commencement d\u2019une longue lettre du Prince d\u2019Orange aux Etats Generaux remplie de ses griefs et principes ordinaires rep\u00e9t\u00e9s. J\u2019y ajoute un article de N.York ins\u00e9r\u00e9 sur de bonnes intelligences, esp\u00e9rant que Votre Excellence l\u2019approuvera. Je la prie de conserver ces Gazettes pour les ranger avec celles dont les paquets lui parviennent par vaisseaux d\u2019Amsterdam.\nJe suis avec grand respect", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0336", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Francis Eppes, 23 October 1786\nFrom: Eppes, Francis\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr. Sir\nEppington October 23d. 1786\nYour favours of 22d. of April and 22d. of July were handed me on the twentieth inst. The agent of Farell & Jones has long since been with me on the subject of their demand against Mr. Wayles\u2019s Estate. I have been pretty plain with the gentleman and cant help acknowledging I have been rather bitter in some of my expresions on the sales of our tobacco but really their conduct on that occasion has been so iniquitous I lose all patience whenever I think of it. As to Carys demand I know its just and ought to be immediately paid. Mrs. Nicks\u2019s demand I know nothing of however its extraordinary as long as I lived in Charles City that no application shou\u2019d ever been made to me.\nI have had several applications from the agent of Kippen & Co. but have declined giving any answer but shall now inform them of good intentions towards them. You must not expect that this debt and your proportion of Mr. Wayles\u2019s can be paid out of your crops. When ever the time arrives for their being paid a sale must take place. When I informd you that what was already sold wou\u2019d pay all your debts except your proportion of Mr. Wayles\u2019s I knew nothing of the amount of Kippen & Co. debt. I am sorry you appear disappointed at Polly\u2019s not being sent but your letters in which you positively direct she shou\u2019d be sent arriv\u2019d too late in the Summer to comply with your directions respecting the ship and the time she was to leave Virginia. You may assure yourself of seeing [her] next summer. She and all of us are well and unite in our best wishes for yourself and Patsey. Betsy is much oblig\u2019d for present of Anchovies oil &c. I have just received Mr. Bondfields letter informing me of those articles and 4 boxes of claret which he sent in April 1785 to the care of Mr. Beal in Wmsburg. However if he has received them he has not been polite enough to give information of them. I shall immediately send to Wmsburg. and to Portsmouth. I must return you my thank for the Claret and hope soon to drink your health in a bottle of it. I am with much esteem Dr. Sir Your Most Obdt.,\nFrans. Eppes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0337", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, 23 October 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jay, John\nSir\nParis Oct. 23. 1786.\nIn a letter of Jan. 2. I had the honor of communicating to you the measures which had been pursued here for the improvement of the commerce between the U.S. and France, the general view of that commerce which I had presented to the C. de Vergennes, the circumstance of the renewal of the farms which had obliged me to press separately and in the first place, the article of tobacco, and that which had also brought forward that of whale oil: and in my letters of May 27. and 31. I informed you of the result on the first of these articles. During the course of these proceedings a Committee had been established for considering the means of promoting the general commerce with America, and the M. de la Fayette was named of that committee. His influence in obtaining that establishment was valuable, but his labors and his perseverance as a member of it became infinitely more so. Immediately after the committee of Berni, of which my letter of May 27. gave an account, we thought it expedient to bring the general subject of the American commerce before the Committee; and as the members were much unacquainted with the nature and value of our Commercial productions, the Marquis proposed that in a letter to him as a member I should give as particular details of them as I could, as a ground for the committee to proceed on. I did so in the letter, a copy of which I have now the honour to inclose. The committee were well disposed, and agreed to report not only the general measures which they thought expedient to be adopted, but the form of the letter to be written by the Minister of finance to me, for the communication of those measures. I have received his letter this morning and have now the honour to inclose it. I accompany it with the one proposed by the committee, of which you will perceive that it is almost a verbal copy: it furnishes a proof of the disposition of the king and his ministers to produce a more intimate intercourse between the two nations. Indeed I must say that, as far as I am able to see, the friendship of the people of this country towards us is cordial and general, and that it is a kind of security for the friendship of ministers who cannot in any country be uninfluenced by the voice of the people. To this we may add that it is their interest as well as ours to multiply the bands of friendship between us. As the regulations stated in the minister\u2019s letter are immediately interesting to those concerned in our commerce, I send printed copies of it to the seaport towns of  France. We may consider them as an ultimate settlement of the conditions of our commerce with this country: for tho the consolidation of ship duties and the encouragements for the importation of rice are not finally decided, yet the letter contains a promise of them so soon as necessary facts shall be known. With a view to come at the facts relative to the two last objects, I had proposed whenever I should receive the final decision now inclosed, to avail myself of the pause which that would produce, in order to visit the seaport towns with which we trade chiefly and to collect that kind of knowlege of our commerce, and of what may be further useful to it which can only be gathered on the spot, and suggested by one\u2019s own inspection. But the delay which has attended the obtaining the final determination has brought us to the entrance of winter, and will oblige me to postpone my journey to the spring. Besides the objects of public utility which induce me to make a tour of this kind, that of health will oblige me to pay more attention to exercise and change of air than I have hitherto done since my residence in Europe: and I am willing to hope that I may be permitted at times to absent myself from this place, taking occasions when there is nothing important on hand nor likely to arise.\nThe assistance of the M. de la Fayette in the whole of this business has been so earnest and so efficacious that I am in duty bound to place it under the eye of Congress, as worthy their notice on this occasion. Their thanks, or such other notice as they should think proper, would be grateful to him without doubt. He has richly deserved and will continue to deserve it whenever occasions shall arise of rendering service to the U.S. These occasions will continually occur. Tho the abolition of the monopoly of our tobaccoes can not be hoped under the present circumstances, changes are possible which may open that hope again. However jealous too this country is of foreign intercourse with their colonies, that intercourse is too essential to us to be abandoned as desperate. At this moment indeed it cannot be proposed: but by watching circumstances, occasion may arise hereafter, and I hope will arise. I know from experience what would in that case be the value of such an auxiliary.\nI have the honour to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem & respect Sir your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0338", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lafayette, [23 October 1786]\nFrom: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[23 October 1786]\nInclosed, my dear sir, I Send You the arr\u00eats du Conseil about Wines. While you are printing Mr. de Calonne\u2019s letter, Could you not Have it on two Columns, the one in English. It will be better translated By Mr. Short than By our News paper printers, and prove Convenient to such of our friends who Cannot well Read french. Let me have twenty Copies.\nOur last Evening\u2019s Conversation, together with the Neopolitain ideas Have Raised into my Head a plan of which I will speak to You to Morrow. It is to propose myself as a Chief to the Antipiratical Confederacy. I will ask of Sum of Monney from Naples, Portugal, Rome, Venice, and some German towns, Naval stores, and Sea Men from America, a treaty with Maltha, a Harbour in Sicily, and keep up two or three fifties, six large Frigats, and a Number of smaller Vessels filled with Marines to Board the privateers. There will be alwais two thirds of the squadron out, and one third Refitting, and should a land opportunity offer the King of Naples will lend some Regiments.\nThe devil of it will Be to make it Agreable to this ministry that I should meddle with the War.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0339", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 27 October 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nParis Oct. 27. 1786.\nI formerly had the honour of mentioning to you the measures I had taken to have our commerce with this country put on a better footing; and you know the circumstances which had occasioned the articles of whale oil and tobacco to be first brought forward. Latterly we got the committee, which had been established for this purpose, to take up the other articles, and on their report the King and council have come to the decisions explained in the inclosed letter from M. de Calonnes to me. The abandonment of revenues raised on articles of importation shews a friendly disposition. I have had thro this business a most zealous, and powerful auxiliary in the M. de La fayette, by whose activity it has been sooner and better done than I could otherwise possibly have expected. Tho you are free to shew the inclosed letter as you please, I would wish it to be kept out of the public papers two or three months. I am Dear Sir your affectionate friend & servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0340", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, 27 October 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jay, John\nSir\nParis Oct. 27. 1786.\nBy a confidential opportunity to London I had the honour of writing to you on the 23d. instant, and of inclosing you the original letter of Monsieur de Calonnes to me on the subject of our commerce. As it is probable however that the French packet which is to sail from Lorient the 1st. of the next month will sooner reach you, I inclose some printed copies of the same letter by that conveiance, and have the honour to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem and respect, Sir Your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0341", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Jay, 27 October 1786\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr. Sir\nNew York 27th. October 1786\nI wrote you a few Lines by the last french Packet mentioning the Letters I had received from you, and that by another Conveyance you would receive particular and important Dispatches from me.\nThose Dispatches relate to the Consular Convention; they begin with a Letter from me of the 3d. Inst. which, among other Matters, enumerates the Number of Papers annexed to it.\nAfter those Dispatches were completed it was accidentally and seasonably discovered, that the Entry of the Scheme of the Convention in the Books of this Office was erroneous. As in forming my Report I considered this Scheme as really being what it appeared to be from that Entry, correspondent Errors naturally took place in the Report.\nOn making that Discovery I wrote a Letter to the President of Congress dated the 9th. Instant, a Copy of which you will find to be the last Paper which forms the Packet herewith enclosed. On that Letter Congress were pleased to direct me to take Order, which is in other Words saying, that they approve of the Opinion given in the last Paragraph of the Letter.\nWe learn from the Charg\u00e9 des Affaires of France that a Treaty is concluded for us with Morocco. We are anxious to be ascertained of the Fact, and to receive a Copy of it, that positive and accurate Information on the subject may be published. It is long since we heard that a Treaty with Portugal was likewise concluded, but it has not yet arrived, nor are we advised of the Reasons which retard its Conveyance.\nIn my Opinion you and Mr. Adams should have Commissions to treat with the Emperor and some other Powers, but it so happens that more domestic Objects divert the Attention of Congress in a considerable Degree, from their Affairs abroad.\nThe inefficacy of our Government becomes daily more and more apparent. Our Credit and our Treasury are in a sad Situation, and it is probable that either the Wisdom or the Passions of the People will produce Changes.\nA Spirit of Licentiousness has infected Massachusetts, which appears more formidable than some at first apprehended; whether similar Symptoms will soon mark a like Disease in several other States, is very problematical.\nThe public Papers herewith sent contain everything generally  known about these Matters. A Reluctance to Taxes, an Impatience of Government, a Rage for Property, and little Regard to the Means of acquiring it, together with a Desire of Equality in all Things, seem to actuate the Mass of those who are uneasy in their Circumstances; to these may be added the Influence of ambitious Adventurers, and the Speculations of the many Characters who prefer private to public good, and of others who expect to gain more from Wrecks made by Tempests, than from the Produce of patient and honest Industry. As the Knaves and Fools of this World are forever in Alliance, it is easy to perceive how much Vigour and Wisdom a Government from its Construction and Administration should possess, in Order to repress the Evils which naturally flow from such copious Sources of Injustice and Evil.\nMuch I think is to be feared from the Sentiment which such a State of Things is calculated to infuse into the Minds of the rational and well intentioned. In their Eyes the Charms of Liberty will daily fade, and in seeking for Peace and Security, they will too naturally turn towards Systems in direct Opposition to those which oppress and disquiet them.\nIf Faction should long bear down Law and Government, Tyranny may raise its Head, or the more sober part of the People may even think of a King.\nIn short, my Dr. Sir; we are in a very unpleasant Situation. Changes are Necessary, but what they ought to be, what they will be, and how and when to be produced, are arduous Questions. I feel for the Cause of Liberty and for the Honor of my Countrymen who have so nobly asserted it, and who at present so abuse its Blessings. If it should not take Root in this Soil little Pains will be taken to cultivate it in any other.\nThis Letter will be carried to London by the Revd. Mr. Provost, who will with his own Hands deliver it to Mr. Adams with one from me, requesting him to convey to you by some trusty Hand.\nI have the Honor to be with great Respect & Esteem &c.,\nJohn Jay\nP.S. I also enclose Copies of three Acts of Congress Vizt. of 16. 20. and 21. Inst.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0342", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to David Ramsay, 27 October 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ramsay, David\nDear Sir\nParis Oct. 27. 1786.\nI mentioned to you in a former letter that as the booksellers in London were afraid to sell your book there, I would have some copies brought here, advertising in the London papers that they could be furnished weekly from hence by the Diligence. 50 copies are just arrived, and 50 more are on the way. The translation will come from the press in a few days.\nHaving observed the immense consumption of rice in this country, it became matter of wonder to me why so few ships come here with that article from S. Carolina and Georgia. The information I received on my first enquiries was that little Carolina rice came here because it was less clean and less good than what is brought them from the Levant. Further enquiry however has satisfied me of the inexactitude of this information. The case is  as follows. About one half the rice consumed in France is from Carolina. The other half is chiefly from Piedmont. The Piedmont rice is thought by connoisseurs to be best au gras, the Carolina rice best au lait. Yet the superior whiteness of the latter is so much more pleasing to the eye as to compensate with many purchasers it\u2019s deficiency in quality. Carolina rice sells at Havre by wholesale at 22, 23, and 24 livres the French quintal, the livre being 10d sterling and the French quintal 109 \u2114. the English. At the approach of Lent it rises to 27 livres. It is retailed in Paris at from 6 to 10 sous the French pound according to it\u2019s quality, being sorted. Piedmont rice sells always at 10 sous (5d sterling) the pound. In the wholesale it is 3 or 4 livres the quintal dearer than Carolina rice. This would supplant that of Piedmont if brought in sufficient quantity, and to France directly. But it is first carried and deposited in England, and it is the merchant of that country who sends it here, [drawing] a great profit himself, while the commodity is moreover subjected to the expences of a double voiage. You will perceive by the inclosed letter that the government here is disposed to encourage it\u2019s importation. I think they will receive it duty free, or under a very light duty, barely sufficing to indicate the quantity imported. When I compare the price of this article here with what it is in London or Charlestown, I cannot help hoping the difference will be sufficient to draw to this country immediately what it\u2019s consumption would call for. It must come to Havre or Rouen and must arrive there in time to reach Paris by the 1st of February, that is to say a month before the Careme, as most persons lay in their provision of rice during that period. This condition is so indispensible that it certainly loses it\u2019s sale if it arrives later. I send you some specimens of the different kinds of rice as sold here. If by making known these details, you think the intercourse between our country and this may be improved, I am sure you will take on yourself the trouble of doing it, nobody being more sensible than you are of the motives both moral and political which should induce us to bind the two countries together by as many ties as possible of interest and affection. [I cannot pretend to affirm that this country will stand by us on every just occasion. But I am sure, if this will not, there is no other on earth that will. I am with very great esteem Dear Sir your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0345", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Maria Cosway, [30 October 1786]\nFrom: Cosway, Maria\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[London, 30 Oct. 1786]\n[How I wish I?] could answer the Dialogue! But I hon[estly think my hear?]t is invisable, and Mute, at this moment more than usual[l it is?] full or ready to burst with all the variety of Sentiments, wh[ich] a very feeling one is Capable of; sensible of My loss a[t] separating from the friends I left at Paris, I have hardly time to indulge a shamisly tribute; but My thoughts Must be contrasted by the joy of Meeting my friends in London. It is an excess which Must tear to peices a human Mind, when felt. You seem to be Such a Master on this subject, that whatever I may say will appear trifelling, not well express\u2019d, faintly represented * * * but felt. Your letter could employ me for some time, an hour to Consider every word, to every sentence I could write a volume, but I could wish that my selfishness was not reproching to Me, for with difficulty do I find a line but after having admired it, I recolect some part concerns Me. Why do you say so Many kind things? Why present so many opportunities for my feeling undeserving of them, why not leave me a free consolation in admiring a friend, without the temptation [.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.] to my Vanity? I wish your heart [.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.] for it is too good. It expands to the Objects he [.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.] too Much of his own, and blinds the reality of its demerit. Ma cosa fo! Che scrivo tanto Inglese, Mentre posso scrivere nella Mia lingua, e rendermi un poco Meno imbrogliata, non sapevo cosa facevo, la vorrei riscrivere. Ma non gli voglio Mandare il primo foglio, le prime righe scritte al mio arrivo a Londra, siano le consequenze qual si voglia, Oh Sir se la Mia Corrispondenza valesse la sua quanto sarebbe perfetta! Non posso che esprimere la mia riconoscenza nella sua Amicizia. Mi perdoni se i suoi Comandi non furono ubbiditi, riguardo il tempo limitatomi per leggere la sua lettera Fu uno dei Miei primi piaceri il trovarla e non potei resistere all desiderio di leggerla subito, anche a costo di comettere un Atto di disabidienza. Mi perdoni, il delitto lo Merita. Il nostro viaggio \u00e8 stato felice, la Mia salute perfettamente ristabilita, il tempo buono eccettuato quei giorni precedenti alla nostra partenza da Parigi, la Compagnia di Mr. Trumbull [simpatica?] e piacevole. Ma Londra, l\u2019ing[rata citt\u00e0? \u2026] tra la nebbia e il fummo, la tristezza par [\u2026]gra in ogni cuore, se si deve giudicare dalle fisonomie che s\u2019incontrano; bisogna che ritorni il piu presto possibile alle mie Occupazioni per non sentire il rigore della Malinconia che inspira questo ingrato Clima, il ni Compagnia di amici che piacciono, esercitando un poco  le belle arti, si pu\u00f2 spesso evitar la tristezza, se qualcosa Manca alla perfetta felicit\u00e0. Tutto \u00e8 tranquillo, quieto, e tristo, non ci son Campane che suonano per annunziarci qualche festa, uffizzio, o gala, anche quando richiamano un Deprofundis s\u2019accompagna con la speranza che quel anima passata a Miglior Vita gode quelle quiete beata, che il Mondo non accorda Mai a pieno: qui si sente la notte una voce ad ogni Ora che c\u2019annunzia che \u00e8 passata, ci soviene che non torna piu, e ci lascia spesso con la Mortificazione che l\u2019abbiamo persa. Non ci son Monasteri ore son rinchiusi religiosi i quali a tutte le ore pregano per noi, e per chi non prega, quanti son persi, o nelle strade, o all gioco, nel vizzio, e l\u2019Ozzio. [.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.] come a Cominciato, a scriv[ere; le sue lettere] non saranno Mai abbastanza lunghe, quando [\u2026] nelle sere lunghe del\u2019inverno che li rimane qualche Momento non Occupato, lo Sacrifichi a Me, a Mandarmi Sue Nuove. Mi par Mill\u2019Anni di ricevere una lettera dalla Man dritta, gli deve esser Molto scomodo scrivere con la Manca. Questo Sacrifizio Sar\u00e0 ricevuto con tanta gratitudine, che dando fede alle promesse fatteci per le buone azzioni, invocher\u00f2 per la sua ricompensa.\nMio Marito gli fa Mille Complimenti, la prego presentar i Nostri a Mr. Short, a Monr. D\u2019ancherville quando lo vede. Non Mi scorder\u00f2 Mai della sua attenzione per nai. Qualche volta Mentoveremo il Meditato giro l\u2019anno venturo, se a Parigi, se in Italia. Molte cose ponno impedirne l\u2019esecuzione, Ma anche Maggior impossibilit\u00e0 Son State esercitate. Accetti i Miei auguri per la sua salute e felicit\u00e0 e Mi creda la Sua Molto obligata ed affma. Amica.\nMaria Cosway\n[On verso of address cover:] pray half of me with Madme D[e Corny \u2026] always when you are with her. I [\u2026] very Much, and shall be happy to be [\u2026] remembered to her by you.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0347", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Zachariah Loreilhe, 30 October 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Loreilhe, Zachariah\nSir\nParis Octr. 30th. 1786\nThe order which you have received from Mr. Barclay for the purchase of gun-powder and other military items for the State of Virginia, was proper, and I believe the funds here would suffice to pay for them, though I have not lately enquired into their amount. But there is a circumstance of which Mr. Barclay is not apprized which will render it proper to defer the purchase till the spring of the year. At that time I shall take the liberty of writing to you and of availing the State of your willingness to execute the order.\nI have the honor to be Sir, your most obedient humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0348", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Macarty, 30 October 1786\nFrom: Macarty, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLorient 30th Octr. 1786.\nI have procured some Dishes, petits Pots and Compotiers exactly like the patren and they will be sent off imediately. I cannot find any others that will answer. Should you want any larger Dishes, Soup Turiens, Sauce Boats or plates in plenty they can be had.\nI am very Respectfully Your most obedt. Sert.,\nWm. Macarty", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0350", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Chastellux, [October 1786]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Chastellux, Fran\u00e7ois Jean de Beauvoir, Chevalier de\nTh: J. to M. De Chastellux\nAmong the topics of conversation which stole off like so many minutes the few hours I had the happiness of possessing you at Monticello, the Measure of English verse was one. I thought it depended, like Greek and Latin verse, on long and short syllables arranged into regular feet. You were of a different opinion. I did not pursue this subject after your departure, because it always presented itself with the painful recollection of a pleasure which, in all human probability, I was never to enjoy again. This probability like other human calculations, has been set aside by events: and we have again discussed, on this side the Atlantic, a subject which had occupied us during some pleasing moments on the other. A daily habit of walking in the Bois de Boulogne gave me an opportunity of turning this subject in my mind and I determined to present you my thoughts on it in the form of a letter. I for some time parried the difficulties which assailed me in attempting to prove my proposition: but at length I found they were not to be opposed, and their triumph was complete. Error is the stuff of which the web of life is woven: and he who lives longest and wisest is only able to wear out the more of it. I began with the design of converting you to my opinion that the arrangement of long and short syllables into regular feet constituted the harmony of English verse: I ended by discovering that you were right in denying that proposition. The next object was to find out the real circumstance which gives harmony to English poetry and laws to those who make it. I present you with the result. It is a tribute due to your friendship. It is due to you also as having recalled me from an error in my native tongue, and that too in a point the most difficult of all others to a foreigner, the law of it\u2019s poetical numbers.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0352", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jean Durival, with Enclosure, 1 November 1786\nFrom: Durival, Jean\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nA fontainebleau le per. Novembre 1786.\nUn \u00e9crivain, Monsieur, occup\u00e9 d\u2019un ouvrage monn\u00e9taire, m\u2019a adress\u00e9 le M\u00e9moire cy-joint, et m\u2019a engag\u00e9 \u00e0 avoir l\u2019honneur de  vous le communiquer en vous priant de vouloir bien lui procurer quelques lumieres sur les monnoyes fabriqu\u00e9es ou en circulation dans les Provinces Unies de l\u2019Am\u00e9rique Septentrionale. Si vous pouvez, Monsieur, concourir aux vu\u00ebs louables de l\u2019auteur monn\u00e9taire dont il s\u2019agit, je vous serai tr\u00e8s oblig\u00e9 de vouloir bien ajouter vos appostilles \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 du petit nombre d\u2019articles de son M\u00e9moire et de me le renvoyer pour le lui rendre.\nJe profite avec empressement de cette occasion pour vous assurer du tr\u00e8s parfait attachement avec lequel J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre, Monsieur, Votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s ob\u00e9issant serviteur,\nDurival\nEnclosure\nExtrait du Courier de L\u2019Europe du 14 mars 1786. No. 21. vol. 19 page 167.\nEtats unis de L\u2019Amerique 30. Xbre. 1785\nLe Congr\u00e8s vient de faire frapper des Espe\u00e7es de cuivre, qui sont actuellement en circulation; D\u2019un cot\u00e9 on lit \u00e7es mots Libertas et justitia, qui entourent les lettres U.S. pla\u00e7\u00e9es en Chifre dans le centre, les quelles signifient united States, (Etats unis), Sur le Revers on voit un sole\u00efl levant Environn\u00e9 de treize etoiles, avec cette inscription autour, constellatio nova.\nOn desireroit Savoir Si, Comme l\u2019annon\u00e7e le Courier de L\u2019Europe dans le paragraphe cy-dessus Coppi\u00e9, le Congr\u00e8s a Reellement fait fabriquer Des Espe\u00e7es De cuivre a son coin?\nSi ces Espe\u00e7es, sont comme celles de fran\u00e7e, Divis\u00e9es en Sols, demi sols et quart de Sols; quelle est enfin leur Division, leur d\u00e9nomination, et la valeur pour la quelle elles ont cours? quel peut estre le diametre de la principale de ces Espe\u00e7es, et de chacune de ses Subdivisions?\nSi l\u2019on avoit un Exemplaire de l\u2019ordonnance qui en a autoris\u00e9 la fabrication, et la circulation, on Desireroit d\u2019En avoir une Coppie, ou la communication, on auroit soin de la rendre avec la plus grande Exactitude.\nLe Congr\u00e8s n\u2019ayant jusques a present fait frapper aucunes Espe\u00e7es d\u2019or et d\u2019argent, on desireroit savoir pour quelle valeur, a peu pr\u00e8s, les Espe\u00e7es d\u2019or, et d\u2019argent, d\u2019angleterre, de fran\u00e7e, d\u2019Espagne, du portugal et de la hollande sont admises communement dans la \u00e7irculation.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0353", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Antoine-F\u00e9lix Wuibert, 1 November 1786\nFrom: Wuibert, Antoine-F\u00e9lix\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nPhiladelphie lr. 9bre. 1786.\nSix Semaines apr\u00e8s mon arriv\u00e9e chez moi, J\u2019ay Re\u00e7u, avec bien du plaisir, Vos deux Lettres de Mai et Juin derniers, dont il a plut \u00e0 Votre Excellence m\u2019honnorer. Dans la derniere etaient incluses quelqu\u2019autres Lettres de ma famille de tout quoy Je Vous fais mes tr\u00e8s Sinc\u00e8res remerciments.\nPar Votre derniere Comme dans la pr\u00e9miere, Je Reconnais que Vous avez bien Voulu avoir la Complaisance d\u2019Intervenir; en mon nom, en Ce qui me Concerne en parts-de-prises, montant \u00e0 la Somme de 2044.\u20b6 argent de france, que Je ne peux, en Honneur! Consid\u00e9rer que Comme un acompte d\u2019une plus forte part ou Somme et \u00e0 raison du poste que J\u2019occupais \u00e0 bord du B. H. Richard pendant toute la Campagne de 1779, Sous Les yeux du Commodore P. Jones.\nDepuis ma Lettre du Cap fran\u00e7ais \u00e0 Votre Excellence, J\u2019ai et\u00e9 Instruit par mon Pere d\u2019une Supercherie aussi malhonn\u00eate qu\u2019injuste de la part d\u2019un nomm\u00e9 Chamillard qui a touch\u00e9 la plus grande partie de mes parts-de-prises en Se donnant le titre de premier Commandant de Volontaires; Ce que J\u2019avance ici, Monsieur, est un fait, d\u00e9couvert et reconn\u00fb par un des plus Honnetes Hommes de l\u2019Univers, C\u2019est Notre Digne Commodore. Il a Eu la Complaisance de prot\u00e9ger mes interets Vis-\u00e0-Vis du Commissaire, mais, le Sr. Clou\u00ebt, ne Jugeant pas \u00e0 propos de redresser l\u2019Erreur \u00e0 mon pr\u00e9judice, l\u2019a Laiss\u00e9 toujours Subsister: peu apr\u00e8s Notre Commodore avertit Charitablement ma famille d\u2019un proced\u00e9 aussi detestable de la part de Ce Chamillard, qu\u2019injuste de Celle du Sr. Clou\u00ebt: de Sorte que Je regarde cette affaire Jusqu\u2019aujourd\u2019huy Comme tr\u00e8s-imparfaite.\nSur L\u2019avis du Commodore par la Lettre de mon pere, J\u2019Eus l\u2019Honneur d\u2019Envoyer ma plainte en 2ta. [duplicata] \u00e0 Mr. Le Maal. De Castries Les 4. et 8. mai dernier; jusqu\u2019\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent J\u2019ignore Si Ce ministre les a re\u00e7\u00fbes, Car Il y a plus d\u2019Infid\u00e8les dans les Cours que dans Les provinces. Ma plainte est Sous deux Couverts, le premier J\u2019ai Ecris \u201cPour Vous Seul Monseigneur\u201d Le Second est direct\u00e9 Comme de Coutume. Je me Suis Servi de cette methode, parceque Les Commis ne Sont pas aussi Honn\u00eates que de raison et que Chamillard, pour Couvrir Son Escroquerie, peut S\u2019Etre procur\u00e9 quelque protecteur ou Protectrice dans les Bureaux. Si Cette plainte a Eu le bonheur de tomber entre Les mains du Mar\u00eachal, Je Compte Sur Sa Justice, Car Il a la reputation d\u2019Etre tr\u00e8s d\u00e9licat  Sur le point d\u2019Honneur: quoiqu\u2019il en Soit, J\u2019aimerais beaucoup mieux debattre pareille Cause ici, en Am\u00e9rique! qu\u2019en France, o\u00f9 Il faut un front-d\u2019airain et une Langue-Dor\u00e9e pour reussir dans tout Ce qu\u2019on Entreprend g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement.\nPermettez, Je Vous prie, Monsieur, de me reclamer de la Continuation de Vos bont\u00e9es \u00e0 mon Egard, au Cas que le Ministre de la Marine Daigne me rendre Justice. En Cons\u00e9quence de quoy et re\u00e7evant ma L\u00e9gitime part-de-prise, Je Serais au Comble de la Joye que Vous Voulussiez me l\u2019Envoyer Comme Vous l\u2019avez deja fait en partie. Puisse Votre Excellence mettre le Comble \u00e0 Ses bont\u00e9es, en pr\u00e9levant et abandonnant \u00e0 mon pere une Somme de 600.\u20b6 Je Dis Six Cent Livres argent de france au dessus et en outre de Celle de 400.\u20b6 qu\u2019il a deja re\u00e7\u00fb; C\u2019est tout Ceque Je peux faire actuellement, Je Verrai a mieux faire par la Suite. L\u2019argent dur est tr\u00e8s rare ici et J\u2019en ai grand besoin pour faire [face aux] Circonstances impr\u00e9vu\u00ebs et fr\u00e9quentes dans un pays o\u00f9 Il n\u2019y a qu\u2019un papier Courrant. Mon Pere injustement me fait des Reproches, Je ne puis qu\u2019y faire, Je ne suis pas le maitre des Evenemens et des affaires: Je Serais au Comble de la Joye de pouvoir Vivre chez Lui, mais l\u2019Exp\u00e9rience que J\u2019ay aujourdhuy de la Morgue fran\u00e7aise et le D\u00e9gout que J\u2019ay pour son Gouvernement, me faira Vivre pour toujours en Am\u00e9rique: C\u2019est un parti pris et dont Je m\u2019applaudis tous Les Jours.\nDepuis que le Comptrolleur-g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la Pennsylvanie a accept\u00e9 mon Certifficat de paye de la guerre derniere, l\u2019Interet annuel me m\u00eat \u00e0 meme de Vivre avec Satisfaction, et tel qu\u2019un Homme Sage doit Vivre, Je S\u00e7ais me passer de beaucoup de choses depuis dix Ans. Actuellement Je me porte bien, \u00e0 l\u2019Exception de ma Jambe gauche qui est encore un peu Enfl\u00e9e, mais Cet Hiver y mettra bon ordre et J\u2019Espere que Je reverray encore une fois les pays-indiens qui ont pour moi plus de Charmes que les grandes Villes du monde.\nDaignez, Monsieur, Agr\u00e9er Les Voeux les plus fervents que J\u2019adresse au Ciel pour L\u2019accomplissement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de Vos desirs et l\u2019Heureuse Conservation de Votre Personne.\nJ\u2019ay L\u2019Honneur d\u2019Etre avec un profound Respect Monsieur De Votre Excellence Le plus Humble & plus Obeissant Serviteur,\nColonel Wuibert, Cincinnatus", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0355", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Bondfield, 2 November 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bondfield, John\nSir\nParis Novr. 2d. 1786\nI have now the honor to inclose you the passeport for two thousand five hundred stand of arms, powder and other articles purchased and to be purchased for the State of Virginia. This passeport is to serve as well for what you have received as for what you will receive hereafter till its amount is satisfied. You will observe they are to pass free of all duty, but whether this will entitle us to have the duties already paid, remitted to us, you will have the goodness to see. Notwithstanding constant sollicitation I have not been able to obtain the passeport sooner, owing I suppose to the delay of the bureaux. Considering that the winter is now set in, I refer it to your better judgment, whether it might not be more advisable to defer the shipment of these articles till the spring of the ensuing year.\nI have the honor to be Sir, your most obedient humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0356", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Calonne, 2 November 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Calonne, Charles Alexandre de\nSir\nParis Novr. 2. 1786\nI have been honored with your Excellency\u2019s letter of October the 22d. wherein you communicate to me the regulations which His Majesty the King has been pleased lately to establish in favor of the commerce between his subjects and the Citizens of the United States. I availed myself of the first occasion of conveying this information to Congress, who will recieve with singular satisfaction this new proof of His Majesty\u2019s friendship, and of his willingness to multiply the ties of interest and of intercourse between the two nations. Favors are doubly precious which, promoting the present purposes of interest and of friendship, enlarge the foundations for their continuance and increase. The part which your Excellency has been pleased to take in the establishment of these regulations merits and meets my sincere thanks, and add a title the more to those sentiments of profound esteem and respect with which I have the honor to be your Excellency\u2019s most obedient and most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0357", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Andr\u00e9 Limozin, 2 November 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Limozin, Andr\u00e9\nParis, 2 Nov. 1786. This letter is almost identical with TJ\u2019s letter to John Bondfield of this date, q.v., with the exception that it encloses passports for \u201ctwo thousand four hundred cartouch boxes and accoutrements which will be the amount of the whole purchase when it shall be completed.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0358", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from C. W. F. Dumas, 3 November 1786\nFrom: Dumas, Charles William Frederick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nLa haie 3e. Nov. 1786\nVos pr\u00e9cieuses Notes sont actuellement entre les mains d\u2019un Lecteur qui sait vraiment lire, qui me remercie toutes les fois que nous nous voyons de l\u2019avoir ragout\u00e9 par ce morceau, parce qu\u2019il ne paroissoit depuis longtemps que de la cr\u00eame fouett\u00e9e. Il me fait des excuses de ce qu\u2019il lit lentement, parce que cette Lecture m\u00e9rite de n\u2019\u00eatre pas faite en courant: Que maintes lignes y ont cout\u00e9 autant  d\u2019ann\u00e9es de travail et de recherches, et qu\u2019il lui faut autant de jours pour les savourer.\nPermettez que je pr\u00e9sente \u00e0 Mr. le Ms. de la Fayette les assurances de mon respect. Je suis avec tout celui qui vous est si justement d\u00fb, De Votre Excellence, le tr\u00e8s-humble et tr\u00e8s obeissant serviteur,\nC W F Dumas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0359", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Lafayette, 3 November 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nDear Sir\nParis Novr. 3d. 1786\nI have recieved your favor of the second instant. The reason for my importing harness from England is a very obvious one. They are plated, and plated harness is not made at all in France as far as I have learnt. It is not from a love of the English but a love of myself that I sometimes find myself obliged to buy their manufactures. I must make one observation with respect to the use I make of my privilege. The minister of France in America has an unlimited privilege as to things prohibited as well as dutied. One third at least of the articles of consumption in his family must be foreign; not a twentieth part of those consumed in my family here are foreign; of course the loss of duties on that side the Atlantic is the triple of what it is on this. I have been moderate in my applications for passeports hitherto and I shall certainly continue to be so.\nI shall be happy to know of your arrival in town and am with sincerity your affectionate friend & servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0362", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Martha Jefferson, 4 November [1786]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph),Randolph, Martha Jefferson\nMy Dear Patsy\nSaturday Nov. 4. [1786]\nTwo of your country-women, Mrs. Barrett and Mrs. Montgomery, will dine with me tomorrow. I wish you could come and dine with them. If you can obtain leave let me know in the morning and I will come for you between one and two o\u2019clock. You must come dressed. Adieu my dear Patsy your\u2019s affectionately,\nTh: J.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0363", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Vergennes, 4 November 1786\nFrom: Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Comte de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nfontainebleau le 4 Novembre 1786\nJ\u2019ai fait exp\u00e9dier, Monsieur, comme vous l\u2019avez demand\u00e9, un Passeport de franchise pour quelques parties de vins \u00e9trangers qui doivent vous arriver des Ports de Marseille, Livourne et Lisbonne, pour votre usage et la consommation de votre maison \u00e0 Paris. J\u2019y  ai fait comprendre le Clavecin qui vous vient de Londres, quoique cet objet de pur agr\u00e9ment, ne puisse pas \u00eatre rang\u00e9 dans la classe des articles usuels et de consommation. J\u2019aurois desir\u00e9, Monsieur, pouvoir y faire employer aussi les harnois de fabrication angloise venant de Londres. Mais cet article est r\u00e9put\u00e9 Marchandise de contrebande, dont l\u2019introduction dans le Royaume, au cas pr\u00e9sent, ne peut pas \u00eatre admise.\nQuant aux presses \u00e0 copier que vous attendez pareillement d\u2019Angleterre, je va\u00efs en \u00e9crire \u00e0 M. le Garde des Sceaux qui a la direction G\u00e9n\u00e9rale de la Librairie, pour juger, si l\u2019entr\u00e9e de ces machines peut \u00eatre autoris\u00e9e sans inconv\u00e9nient.\nD\u00e8s que le passeport contenant les quatre autres articles cydessus, sera rev\u00eatu des formalit\u00e9s de r\u00e8gle en finance, j\u2019aurai l\u2019honneur de vous l\u2019adresser.\nJ\u2019ai celui d\u2019\u00eatre tr\u00e8s parfaitement, Monsieur, Votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s obeissant Serviteur,\nDe Vergennes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0364", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Bondfield, 6 November 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bondfield, John\nSir\nParis Novr. 6th. 1786.\nYour favor of the 28th. of October came to hand the day before yesterday. In the mean time your two bills had been presented; the smaller one drawn on my private account I had paid on sight; under the larger one I had written an acceptance and I think an order to Mr. Grand to pay it. I went immediately to Mr. Grand\u2019s; the bill had not been presented for payment and they assured me that by the usage of merchants in this country, the acceptor of a bill of exchange is bound to pay it; that it is no longer a debt of the drawer but of the acceptor, and that it would be personally dishonorable to me, were I to countermand the payment. Under this information I could not undertake to stop the payment. I have therefore only to lament that your letter did not arrive before I had paid the one bill of exchange and accepted the other, as I should have been happy to have done any thing I could to have guarded against a payment of the money, likely to be injurious to you.\nI have the honor to be Sir your most obedient humble Servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0365", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to St. John de Cr\u00e8vecoeur, 6 November 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cr\u00e8vecoeur, Michel Guillaume St. John de\nSir\nParis Novr. 6th. 1786.\nCongress have as yet come to no resolution as to the general redemption of paper money. That it is to be redeemed is a principle of which there is no doubt in the mind of any member of Congress, nor of any citizen of the United States. A Resolution of Congress taken in a particular case, which stood on the same ground on which the general one will stand, founds a presumption amounting nearly to certainty that they will pay to the holder of every bill what it cost him, or the persons whom he represents, at the time of recieving it, with an interest from that time of 6. \u201cCent. They have of course established no rules of evidence as to the time of recieving the money. I think however that it would be advisable for M. de Lisle, or the representatives of Pelcerf to establish the time at which the money was recieved by the affidavits of such persons as know it. Those of disinterested persons would be best; but if there is no disinterested person acquainted with the fact, they will do well to take the affidavits of persons interested. It is probable that this kind of testimony will be admitted. At any rate it can do no harm. No particular form nor no terms of art are requisite for these affidavits. It will suffice if they state facts substantially and that the oath be administered by some person who by the laws of the country in which it is administered, is authorized to administer an oath.\nI have the honor to be Sir your most obedient humble Servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0367", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jean Durival, 7 November 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Durival, Jean\nSir\nParis Novr. 7th. 1786\nI am honored with your letter of the 1st. inst. inclosing enquiries on the subject of the coins of the United States. Some time during the last year Congress decided that the Spanish milled Dollar should be their money unit, and that their coins should be in a decimal progression above and below that. Some intermediate coins will also be doubtless made for convenience and indeed they determined that their smallest copper coin should be the two hundredth part of a dollar. They did not determine how much pure silver their money unit should contain, nor establish the proportion between their silver and gold coins. No other resolutions were entered into, nor has any thing been done to effectuate these. What is said therefore on this subject in the Courier de l\u2019Europe is entirely fable, unless the compiler of that paper has recieved information of a later date than the middle of August, which is the date of my last letters. I do expect that Congress will some time soon complete their system and resolutions on this subject, and carry them into effect.\nI have the honor to be with sentiments of the highest respect, Sir, your most obedient & most humble Servant,\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. I omitted to observe that most of the gold and silver coins of Europe pass in the several States of America according to the quantity of precious metal they contain.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-10-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0372", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Paradise, 10 November 1786\nFrom: Paradise, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon Novr. 10th. 1786.\nDoctor Burney has just this moment been with me to acquaint me that the harpsicord that was bespoken for you has been finished by Kirkman a considerable time, and is now in the hands of Mr. Walker, who is affixing to it his Celestini stop, upon a new construction, according to your Excellency\u2019s wish and idea. The Doctor has been in daily expectation ever since his arrival in town, of hearing from Mr. Walker that the instrument was ready for trial, with his new machine for the celestini stop. He has postponed writing to you till he could speak to all the particulars belonging to this harpsicord, which he is ambitious should be as complete as possible. He intends calling again to-morrow upon Mr. Walker in order to see what forwardness it is in, and if finished, will give you an account of it by the next post. I hope soon to have the happiness of seeing you. Mrs. Paradise and my daughters join with me in every good wish to you and your amiable family, and I have the honour to be with the greatest respect Yr. most faithful and obligd. hble. servt.,\nJohn Paradise", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0375", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Anthony Garvey, 11 November 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Garvey, Anthony\nSir\nParis Novr. 11th. 1786\nThis will be handed you by Colo. Blackden, heretofore an officer in the American army and at present engaged in trade. He passes by the way of Rouen with a view to collect some information relative to the commerce which may be carried on between the United States and that part of France. He is a man of merit and as such I take the liberty of introducing him to your acquaintance. If you can be useful to him in procuring the information he desires, I shall be obliged to you. I have the honor to be Sir, your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0376", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Stephens Smith, 11 November 1786\nFrom: Smith, William Stephens\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon Novr. 11th. 1786.\nInclosed is Mr. Jones\u2019s answer to your Question. I have given to Mr. Stockdale 4 Vols. of Pope\u2019s Iliad and Odysey, which were not ready in time for the last parcel. They will accompany those last ordered from Stocke. The Compendio del Vocabolerio degli Accademici della Crusca for Mr. Short at 13/6 and Cicero on old age, I think for you, price \u2159.\u2014I forward Lackingtons list of the books sent you. Those omitted in your original list were not to be had.\nChastellux\u2019s Voyages and Latre\u2019s map I have received, and shall take the earliest oppertunity to request Mr. Woodmason to separate the paper from his package, but I am rather apprehensive, you will have to take it for the present. I should have waited on Mr. Neele this morning to have seen whether your plate is finished, that I might have embraced this oppertunity by Mr. Derby to have sent it, but I have been tormented with politicans and their long winded story\u2019s and they have scarcely left me time to answer yours of the 22d. ulto.\u2014I will endeavour to surprize Mr. Adams, soon, and forward your wishes about his picture, but at present he is so much engaged in writing to me that it is impossible for him to spare a morning.\u2014Your buff Casimir waistcoat and breeches must also remain in check, for during a general mourning such as at present overshadow\u2019s the Kingdom, in consequence of the departure of the Princes Amelia, Taylors are allowed by some act or other double price for their work. As I send the Cotton pairs, by this conveyance, it is pretty clear you cannot want, therefore shall wait untill the Lads will work cheaper. As you was not particular in the discription of your Buff, I have ordered them of the same kind you had made when here. I still possess the memorandum about the picture at Birmingham, and shall endeavour to obtain it for you.\nThe Slippers shall be made agreable to your directions and forwarded by a private hand as Mr. Shorts note by the last post requests. As I go to leave this Letter I will call at Mr. Neel\u2019s, and if the plate is finish\u2019d endeavour to forward it. Mrs. Adams is very well, and Mrs. Smith has been a little indisposed but is now much better. I thank you. I have answered Mr. Mazzei\u2019s Questions about Anderson and the F\u0153dera. You will find the latter spoken of, by Monsieur LeClerc in his 16th. Volume of his Bibliotheque Choisie.\u2014I have now only to assure you of the respect with which I am dr. Sir Your obliged Humble Servt.,\nW. S. Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0377", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Banister, 12 November 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Banister, John\nDear Sir\nParis Novr. 12th. 86.\nYour favor of July the 18th came duly to hand. Monsr. De Vernon, thinking it necessary that an immediate stop should be put to the reciept of monies by Mr. Mark on account of their house, has given me the inclosed power of attorney which is left blank in hopes that you will be so good as to fill it up with the name of some proper person on whose integrity and punctuality confidence can be placed. It is accompanied by a letter from Mr. Mark containing a state of the company\u2019s affairs. They desire that the attorney whom you shall appoint may press an immediate recovery of their monies so far as they are in the hands of Mr. Mark and secure to them those lodged in the public funds.\nI have a letter from your son about a week ago. He has been for some time past at Nantz; he has had a small attack of his disorder lately but when he wrote me he was so far recovered as to be about setting out for this place; where I hope to see him within a few days. I am with very sincere esteem, dear Sir, your friend & servant,\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. The want of an opportunity of sending this letter till now, gives me the pleasure of informing you that your son arrived in Paris about a fortnight ago in as good health as he ever was and that appearances are very flattering that he will continue so.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0378", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, with Enclosure, 12 November 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas,Pintard, John Marsden\nTo: Jay, John\nSir\nParis Nov. 12. 1786.\nIn a letter which I had the honor of writing you on the 26th. of  Sep. I informed you that a Dutch company were making propositions to the Minister of finance here to purchase at a discount the debt due from the U.S. to this country. I have lately procured a copy of their memoir, which I now inclose. Should Congress think this subject worthy their attention, they have no time to lose, as the necessities of the minister, which alone has made him listen to this proposition, may force him to a speedy conclusion. The effect which a paiment of the whole sum would have here, would be very valuable. The only question is whether we can borrow in Holland, a question which cannot be resolved but in Holland. The trouble of the trial, and expence of the transaction would be well repaid by the dispositions which would be excited in our favor in the king and his ministers. I have the honor to be with sentiments of most perfect esteem and respect Sir Your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh. Jefferson\nEnclosure Memorial\nThe United States have borrowed a large sum of money from France for which they pay an interest untill they reimburse it at the rate of Six per cent per annum. It is not known whether the periods of this reimbursement are fixed or whether they are left to the convenience of the Ud. States; the quota of this sum is also unknown. It is supposed that it cannot be less than Twenty four Millions and that the period of reimbursement is not near. It is thought that the two nations consider their mutual benefit and upon this supposition an arrangement of the debt of the Ud. States is proposed, which appears to suit the interest of both these powers.\nOn the part of France, the want of money to facilitate its reimbursements and improvements should induce her to fix a certain price for the actual return of so large a sum.\nOn the part of the Ud. States the scarcity of money which they experience and the want of it which the natural extension of their situation occasions must render every measure precious that will bring into circulation the sum they have borrowed; and under such a form that this circulation will take place as well in the Ud. States as elsewhere.\nThis mode offers of itself. It consists in converting the American debt in Bills payable to the bearer in sums from Five Hundred to a Thousand French Livres and annexing dividends to these Bills for receiving the interest in such places as shall be agreed and fixed on. It is by no means to be doubted but that Commerce and the Europeans who would settle in the Ud. States would carry there great number of these Bills which would probably be reimbursed there. The Ud. States would find two great advantages from this operation. The first by acquiring in their circulation at home, a paper which by the full credit it would have, would answer all the purposes of cash. Secondly, being  able to pay at home a part of the debt and the interest, and to reduce it by degrees, by means of the purchase of lands with these Bills payable to the bearer; for the speculators in land could pay for them in this way with advantage, both on account of their being able to procure these Bills in Europe on better terms than specie, and that it would particularly suit the Ud. States to encourage the exchange of uncultivated lands which they have to sell for Bills which they must reimburse and which in the mean time cost them an annual interest.\nThese instances will serve to prove the great benefit which France would procure for the Ud. States by converting the credit she has given them into Bills payable to the Bearer which might be brought into circulation.\nWith respect to the benefit France would reap, it is very probable that she might dispose of all these bills at once, to a company who would take them up in consideration of some sacrifice and facilities that are customary in transactions of such magnitude. It must be observed here that this arrangement is determined upon the presumption as far as the nature of the case will admit, that this debt is recoverable.\nIt will therefore follow that France will obtain for the purposes of government a speedy return of a sum of money which will proportionably lessen the loan that may be otherwise necessary.\nOn the first reflection it might appear that France ought not to sell her debt with the Ud. States especially on terms favorable to the purchasers but on condition of not being obliged to guaranty the same against accidents which may render it doubtful, as this might occasion a distrust against the credit of the Ud. States which might be prejudicial to them, and which would be impolitic on the part of France and inconsistent with the reciprocal friendship between her and the Ud. States. This objection will be removed by France continuing to be guaranty for the payment of the Bills with interest. This guaranty therefore is not only necessary to the success of the proposed arrangement, but the dignity of France also requires it; less hazard will attend this, than the risk that attended the losing the sum lent to aid a revolution which she judged important; the solvability of the Ud. States depending upon their independance, France ought not to expect any premium for guarantying the solvability, the basis of which it is her interest to support. Should the removal of this objection be opposed by observing that the speedy benefit of Twenty Millions is not of sufficient consideration to determine France to make a change when she would not thereby free herself at least from risk with the Ud. States, We answer that the Advantage of restoring these Twenty Millions into circulation and thereby preventing the borrowing of this sum, is not the only one.\nThe Ud. states are not yet free from all apprehension of danger: there appear some difficulties between them and England with regard to fulfilling the treaty of peace. The policy as well as the inclinations of the Ud. States require their firmness in every thing they have to transact with that power. They may therefore be under the necessity of demanding further pecuniary aid. The circumstances that may render this necessary may likewise render it difficult to obtain, especially  should they defer asking them untill these circumstances are made public. This arrangement then may facilitate this aid; should it require promptness and should it be impolitic or too hazardous to seek it elsewhere than in France, she may then grant it without being obliged to increase her taxes, by means of the actual product of her debt. If this consideration has any weight, it follows that the proposed arrangement should be delayed as short as possible. The English funds fall, which can only be attributed to the apprehensions that a dangerous contest may be occasioned by the refusal of the Court of London to evacuate the Forts.\nThe proposed arrangement requiring His Majesty\u2019s Arret, the following sketch of one is offered.\nSketch of an Arret. Lewis &c.\u2014Upon representation made unto us that the sum we have lent to the Ud. States our dear Allies, will not be reduced untill a distant period; and that by turning our debt into negociable bills they will enter immediately into circulation and will afford the said States advantageous opportunity of discharging the same, both by means of removing the necessity of remitting to Europe the necessary funds for the payment of the interest and capital of part of their debt represented by the bills which their circulation shall have brought among them, as also by the opportunities that this circulation may offer of exchanging lands for these bills which will thereby give a new spring to the cultivation which the Ud. States desire to extend and accelerate, and upon being assured that such an operation would really produce those advantages to the Ud. States without the least inconveniency which suggested the measure, especially by guarantying the payment of said bills to the possessors, we have therefore &c. &c.\nAnother preamble. Lewis &c.\u2014Ever considering what may be advantageous to the Ud. States and facilitate to them the means of extracting themselves from a debt which they have been obliged to contract as well with us, as with other powers and particularly their liberation from the loan of the year  the period of reimbursement being near at hand, we have conceived that it will be a fresh proof of our good will, by giving a form to this loan which will bring it into circulation by making it negotiable. It appears to us that by converting this sum of  into bills payable to the bearer to the amount of  Livres each with terms of interest payable at fixed places, we should furnish the Ud. States with a simple mode of reimbursing successively within themselves and without any distress these bills which will be thrown into commerce. In operating this conversion, we have thought it incumbent on our justice, the dignity of our crown and our affection for our dear allies, to guaranty the Security and the payment of these bills with their interest. This guaranty will moreover afford a fresh proof of the value we fix on preserving our alliance with the Ud. States. We have been the more inclined to adopt this advantageous method for the Ud. States as it is perfectly reconcileable with the interests of our subjects with the circumstances and disposition we are in to free our State by degrees of all its debts and charges. For these reasons &c. &c.\nThe Articles of the Arret will have in view. (1st) To create Bills  payable to the bearer to the amount of the sum lent to the Ud. States in the year  the first period of whose reimbursement falls in  which Bills shall each be of  and Amounting to  Numbers from No. 1 to No.  agreable to the model annexed to the Arret. (2dly) To fix the periods of reimbursement and the number of Bills which shall be reimbursed at each period, this must be determined by lot. The reimbursements to be made in Paris, Amsterdam, Philadelphia, Boston, New York, Charleston, with Bankers who shall be appointed. (3dly.) The Numbers of Bills which by lot are to be reimbursed shall be published four months before the date of the reimbursement by means of the public prints most generally known in Europe and America. (4th) To determine where the Lots shall be drawn. This would appear to be most proper in one of the cities of the Ud. States. (5th) Untill the reimbursements, the bills shall draw an annual interest of 6 percent which shall be paid every year commencing from  in the cities marked out in the  article and by the Bankers to be appointed. This payment shall have effect on presentation of the original bill to which shall be annexed the dividends of interest agreable to the model &c. (6th) The reimbursed Bills shall be withdrawn as being extinguished as also the interest not due. The Bankers who shall have paid them shall account for the same with the Ud. States by representing them, and these shall successively forward the list to His Majestys Ambassador to serve as a discharge for His Majesty guaranty, in proportion as the Ud. States shall reimburse them.\nN.B. It appears indispensable to prevent counterfeits and remove all obstacles in the way of the circulation of the bills that they be stamped by the Ambassador of the Ud. States, an operation which as well as the others mentioned in the arret, only to be announced in concert with the Ud. States.\nFaithfully translated from the Original by\nJohn Pintard.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0379", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Zachariah Loreilhe, 12 November 1786\nFrom: Loreilhe, Zachariah\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nBergerac, 12 Nov. 1786. Informing TJ that he had written a letter on 20 Oct. asking information about the purchase of powder, flints, and cartridge paper for the state of Virginia, but that he has had no reply thereto.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-12-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0380", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Smith, 12 November 1786\nFrom: Smith, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLondon Novr. 12. 86.\nI quitted Paris in great haste to arrive here time enough to embark for Charleston but have been detained three weeks longer than I expected. I have now the honor of adressing your Excellency in behalf of my nephew Mr. Thomas Smith, for whom I beg the favor of your countenance and protection. He is young, and I believe prudent, but let him be ever so much so, he will find your Excellency more capable of garding him than himself. Besides that being at Paris he cannot dispense with the duty of paying his respects to a dignified character who has conferred many favors on his uncle and who represents his country there with much credit and applause.\nMy nephew is at Paris to inquire of some physicians the best situation in France for his complaint. Wherever he goes, he will probably want the assistance of your excellency in procuring him such acquaintances of his own rank as may contribute to the restoration of that health he seeks after, by causing him to pass his time agreably and advantageously; which will be conferring a singular favor upon him and increase the obligations of Sir your Excellency\u2019s most obedt. humble sevt.,\nJames Smith\nP.S. If it be not too much trouble, I would request that my particular compliments may be presented to Mr. Shaw.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0381", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jean Baptiste Le Roy, 13 November 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Le Roy, Jean Baptiste\nSir\nParis Nov. 13. 1786.\nI received the honour of yours of Sep. 18. a day or two after the accident of a dislocated wrist had disabled me from writing. I have waited thus long in constant hope of recovering it\u2019s use. But finding that this hope walks before me like my shadow, I can no longer oppose the desire and duty of answering your polite and learned letter. I therefore employ my left hand in the office of scribe, which it performs indeed slowly, awkwardly and badly.\nThe information given by me to the Marquis de Chastellux, and alluded to in his book and in your letter, was that the sea breezes  which prevail in the lower parts of Virginia during the summer months, and in the warm parts of the day, had made a sensible progress into the interior country: that formerly, within the memory of persons living, they extended but little above Williamsburg; that afterwards they became sensible as high as Richmond, and at present they penetrate sometimes as far as the first mountains, which are above an hundred miles farther from the sea coast than Williamsburg is. It is very rare indeed that they reach those mountains and not till the afternoon is considerably advanced. A light North-Westerly breeze is for the most part felt there, while an Easterly, or North Easterly wind is blowing strongly in the lower country. How far Northward and Southward of Virginia this Easterly breeze takes place, I am not informed. I must therefore be understood as speaking of that state only, which extends on the sea coast from 36\u00bd to 38\u00b0 of latitude.\nThis is the fact. We know too little of the operations of Nature in the physical world to assign causes with any degree of confidence. Willing always however to guess at what we do not know, I have sometimes indulged myself with conjectures on the causes of the ph\u00e6nomena above stated. I will hazard them on paper for your amusement, premising for their foundation some principles believed to be true.\nAir, resting on a heated and reflecting surface, becomes warmer, rarer and lighter: it ascends therefore, and the circumjacent air, which is colder and heavier, flows into it\u2019s place, becomes warmed and lightened in it\u2019s turn, ascends and is succeeded as that which went before. If the heated surface be circular, the air flows to it from every quarter, like the rays of a circle to it\u2019s center. If it be a zone of determinate breadth and indefinite length, the air will flow from each side perpendicularly on it. If the currents of air flowing from opposite sides be of equal force, they will meet in equilibrio at a line drawn longitudinally thro the middle of the zone. If one current be stronger than the other, the stronger one will force back the line of equilibrium towards the further edge of the zone, or even beyond it: the motion it has acquired causing it to overshoot the zone, as the motion acquired by a pendulum in it\u2019s descent causes it to vibrate beyond the point of it\u2019s lowest descent.\nEarth, exposed naked to the sun\u2019s rays, absorbs a good portion of them; but being an opaque body, those rays penetrate to a small depth only. It\u2019s surface, by this accumulation of absorbed rays, becomes considerably heated. The residue of the rays are reflected  into the air resting on that surface. This air then is warmed 1. by the direct rays of the sun. 2. by it\u2019s reflected rays. 3. by contact with the heated surface. A Forest receiving the sun\u2019s rays, a part of them enter the intervals between the trees, and their reflection upwards is intercepted by the leaves and boughs. The rest fall on the trees, the leaves of which being generally inclined towards the horizon, reflect the rays downwards. The atmosphere here then receives little or no heat by reflection. Again, these leaves having a power of keeping themselves cool by their own transpiration, they impart no heat to the air by contact. Reflection and contact then, two of the three modes beforementioned of communicating heat, are wanting here, and of course the air over a country covered by forest must be colder than that over cultivated grounds. The sea being pellucid, the sun\u2019s rays penetrate it to a considerable depth. Being also fluid, and in perpetual agitation, it\u2019s parts are constantly mixed together; so that instead of it\u2019s heat being all accumulated in it\u2019s surface, as in the case of a solid opaque body, it is diffused thro\u2019 its whole mass. It\u2019s surface therefore is comparatively cool, for these reasons, to which may be added that of evaporation. The small degree of reflection, which might otherways take place is generally prevented by the rippled state of it\u2019s surface. The air resting on the sea then, like that resting on a forest, receives little or no heat by reflection or contact; and is therefore colder than that which lies over a cultivated country.\nTo apply these observations to the ph\u00e6nomena under construction.\nThe first settlements of Virginia were made along the sea coast, bearing from South towards the North, a little Eastwardly. These settlements formed a zone in which, tho every point was not cleared of it\u2019s forest, yet a good proportion was cleared and cultivated. This cultivated earth, as the sun advances above the horizon in the morning, acquires from it an intense heat, which is retained and increased through the warm parts of the day. The air resting on it becomes warm in proportion and rises. On one side is a country still covered with forest: on the other is the ocean. The colder air from both of these then rushes towards the heated zone to supply the place left vacant there by the ascent of it\u2019s warm air. The breeze from the West is light and feeble; because it traverses a country covered with mountains and forests, which retard it\u2019s current. That from the East is strong; as passing over the ocean wherein there is no obstacle to it\u2019s motion. It is probable therefore that this Easterly  breeze forces itself far into, or perhaps beyond the zone which produces it. This zone is, by the increase of population, continually widening into the interior country. The line of equilibrium between the Easterly and Westerly breezes is therefore progressive.\nDid no foreign causes intervene, the sea breezes would be a little Southwardly of the East, that direction being perpendicular to our coast. But within the tropics there are winds which blow continually and strongly from the East. This current affects the courses of the air even without the tropics. The same cause too which produces a strong motion of the air from East to West between the tropics, to wit, the Sun, exercises it\u2019s influence without these limits, but more feebly in proportion as the surface of the globe is there more obliquely presented to it\u2019s rays. This effect, tho\u2019 not great, is not to be neglected when the sun is in, or near, our summer solstice, which is the season of these Easterly breezes.\nThe Northern air too, flowing towards the equatorial parts to supply the vacuum made there by the ascent of their heated air, has only the small rotatory motion of the polar latitudes from which it comes. Nor does it suddenly acquire the swifter rotation of the parts into which it enters. This gives it the effect of a motion opposed to that of the earth, that is to say of an Easterly one. And all these causes together are known to produce currents of air in the Atlantic, varying from East to North East as far as the 40th. degree of Latitude. It is this current which presses our sea breeze out of it\u2019s natural South Easterly direction to an Easterly and sometimes almost a North Easterly one.\nWe are led naturally to ask where the progress of our sea breezes will ultimately be stopped? No confidence can be placed in any answer to this question. If they should ever pass the Mountainous country which separates the waters of the Ocean from those of the Missisipi, there may be circumstances which might aid their further progress as far as the Missisipi. That Mountainous country commences about 200 miles from the sea coast, and consists of successive ranges, passing from North East to South West, and rising the one above the other to the Alleghaney ridge, which is the highest of all. From that, lower and lower ridges succeed one another again till, having covered in the whole a breadth of 200 miles from South East to North West, they subside into plain, fertile country, extending 400 miles to the Missisipi, and probably much further on the other side towards the heads of it\u2019s Western waters. When this country shall become cultivated, it will, for the reasons before explained, draw to it winds from the East  and West. In this case, should the sea breezes pass the intermediate mountains, they will rather be aided than opposed in their further progress to the Missisipi. There are circumstances however which render it possible that they may not be able to pass those intermediate mountains. 1. These mountains constitute the highest lands within the United States. The air on them must consequently be very cold and heavy, and have a tendency to flow both to the East and West. 2. Ranging across the current of the sea breezes, they are in themselves so many successive barriers opposed to their progress. 3. The country they occupy is covered with trees, which assist to weaken and spend the force of the breezes. 4. It will remain so covered; a very small proportion of it being capable of culture. 5. The temperature of it\u2019s air then will never be softened by culture.\n    At present I suppose the currents of air between the Atlantic and the Western heads of the Missisipi may be represented as in the following diagram of a horizontal section of that country. \n    But that when the plane country on both sides of the Missisipi shall be cleared of it\u2019s trees and cultivated, the currents of air will be in the following directions. \nWhether, in the plane country between the Mississipi and Alleganey mountains Easterly or Westerly winds prevail at present, I am not informed. I conjecture however that they must be Westerly, as represented in the first diagram: and I think, with  you Sir, that if those mountains were to subside into plane country as their opposition to the Westerly winds would then be removed, they would repress more powerfully those from the East, and of course would remove the line of equilibrium nearer to the sea-coast for the present.\nHaving had occasion to mention the course of the Tropical winds from East to West, I will add some observations connected with them. They are known to occasion a strong current in the ocean in the same direction. This current breaks on that wedge of land of which Saint Roque is the point; the Southern column of it probably turning off and washing the coast of Brazil. I say probably because I have never heard the fact and conjecture it from reason only. The Northern column, having it\u2019s Western motion diverted towards the North and reinforced by the currents of the great rivers Orinoko, Amazons and Tocantin, has probably been the agent which formed the gulph of Mexico, cutting the American continent nearly in two in that part. It re-crosses into the ocean at the Northern end of the gulph, and passes, by the name of the Gulph stream, all along the coast of the United States to it\u2019s Northern extremity. There it turns off Eastwardly, having formed, by it\u2019s eddy at this turn, the banks of New found land. Thro\u2019 the whole of it\u2019s course, from the gulph to the banks, it retains a very sensible warmth. The Spaniards are at this time desirous of trading to their Philippine islands by the way of the Cape of good hope: but opposed in it by the Dutch, under authority of the treaty of Munster, they are examining the practicability of a common passage thro\u2019 the Streights of Magellan, or round Cape Horn. Were they to make an opening thro the isthmus of Panama, a work much less difficult than some even of the inferior canals of France, however small this opening should be in the beginning, the tropical current, entering it with all it\u2019s force, would soon widen it sufficiently for it\u2019s own passage, and thus complete in a short time that work which otherwise will still employ it for ages. Less country too would be destroyed by it in this way. These consequences would follow. 1. Vessels from Europe, or the Western coast of Africa, by entering the tropics, would have a steady wind and tide to carry them thro\u2019 the Atlantic, thro America and the Pacific ocean to every part of the Asiatic coast, and of the Eastern coast of Africa: thus performing with speed and safety the tour of the whole globe, to within about 24\u00b0. of longitude, or 1/15 part of it\u2019s circumference, the African continent, under the line, occupying about that space. 2. The gulph of Mexico, now the most dangerous navigation in  the world, on account of it\u2019s currents and moveable sands, would become stagnant and safe. 3. The gulph stream on the coast of the United States would cease, and with that those derangements of course and reckoning which now impede and endanger the intercourse with those states. 4. The fogs on the banks of Newfoundland, supposed to be the vapours of the gulph stream rendered turbid by cold air, would disappear. 5. Those banks, ceasing to receive supplies of sand, weeds and warm water by the gulph stream, it might become problematical what effect changes of pasture and temperature would have on the fisheries. However it is time to relieve you from this lengthy lecture. I wish it\u2019s subject may have been sufficiently interesting to make amends for it\u2019s details. These are submitted with entire deference to your better judgment. I will only add to them by assuring you of the sentiments of perfect esteem and respect with which I have the honor to be Sir your most obedient and most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson\n   This ingenious and probable conjecture I find in a letter from Dr. Franklin to yourself published in the late volume of the American Philosophical Transactions.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0382", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from [Madame de La Rochefoucauld?], 13 November [1786?]\nFrom: Enville (Anville, Danville), Louise Elisabeth de La Rochefoucauld, Duchesse d\u2019\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMd. La Dsse. d\u2019Enville a touss\u00e9 depuis quatre heures jusqu\u2019a cinq Et demie sans discontinuer, En suite Elle a dormi par intervalle Et Elle avoit un peu de fievre ce matin.\nMde. de chabot a eu hier un acc\u00e9s qui a dur\u00e9 jusqu\u2019a deux heures du matin, malgr\u00e9 cela elle a eu assez de calme Et meme des moments  de Sommeil, Elle a touss\u00e9 Et crach\u00e9 moderement. Elle Est tranquille dans ce moment cy.\nMr. le Duc de La Rochefoucauld a bien dormi, a peu touss\u00e9. Son pied va bien.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0384", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 14 November 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nParis Nov. 14. 1786.\nThe house of Le Coulteux, which for some centuries has been the wealthiest of this place, has it in contemplation to establish a great company for the fur trade. They propose that partners interested one half in the establishment should be American citizens, born and residing in the U.S. Yet if I understood them rightly they expect that that half of the company which resides here should make the greatest part, or perhaps the whole of the advances, while those on our side the water should superintend the details. They had at first thought of Baltimore as the center of their American transactions. I have pointed out to them the advantages of Alexandria for this purpose. They have concluded to take information as to Baltimore, Philadelphia and N. York for a principal deposit, and having no correspondent at Alexandria, have asked me to procure a state of the advantages of that place, as also to get a recommendation of the best merchant there to be adopted as partner and head of the business there. Skill, punctuality, and integrity are the requisites in such a character. They will decide on their whole information as to the place for their principal factory. Being unwilling that Alexandria should lose it\u2019s pretensions, I have undertaken to procure them information as to that place. If they undertake this trade at all, it will be on so great a scale as to decide the current of the Indian trade to the place they adopt. I have no  acquaintance at Alexandria or in it\u2019s neighborhood. But believing you would feel an interest in it from the same motives which I do, I venture to ask the favor of you to recommend to me a proper merchant for their purpose, and to engage some well informed person to send me a representation of the advantages of Alexandria as the principal deposit for the fur trade.\nThe author of the Political part of the Encyclopedie methodique desired me to examine his article \u2018Etats unis.\u2019 I did so. I found it a tissue of errors. For in truth they know nothing about us here. Particularly however the article \u2018Cincinnati\u2019 was a mere Philippic against that institution: in which it appeared that there was an utter ignorance of facts and motives. I gave him notes on it. He reformed it as he supposed and sent it again to me to revise. In this reformed state Colo. Humphreys saw it. I found it necessary to write that article for him. Before I gave it to him I shewed it to the Marq. de la fayette who made a correction or two. I then sent it to the author. He used the materials, mixing a great deal of his own with them. In a work which is sure of going down to the latest posterity I thought it material to set facts to rights as much as possible. The author was well disposed: but could not entirely get the better of his original bias. I send you the Article as ultimately published. If you find any material errors in it and will be so good as to inform me of them, I shall probably have opportunities of setting this author to rights. What has heretofore passed between us on this institution, makes it my duty to mention to you that I have never heard a person in Europe, learned or unlearned, express his thoughts on this institution, who did not consider it as dishonourable and destructive to our governments, and that every writing which has come out since my arrival here, in which it is mentioned, considers it, even as now reformed, as the germ whose developement is one day to destroy the fabric we have reared. I did not apprehend this while I had American ideas only. But I confess that what I have seen in Europe has brought me over to that opinion: and that tho\u2019 the day may be at some distance, beyond the reach of our lives perhaps, yet it will certainly come, when, a single fibre left of this institution, will produce an hereditary aristocracy which will change the form of our governments from the best to the worst in the world. To know the mass of evil which flows from this fatal source, a person must be in France, he must see the finest soil, the finest climate, the most compact state, the most benevolent character of people, and every earthly advantage combined, insufficient to prevent this scourge from rendering existence  a curse to 24 out of 25 parts of the inhabitants of this country. With us the branches of this institution cover all the states. The Southern ones at this time are aristocratical in their disposition: and that that spirit should grow and extend itself is within the natural order of things. I do not flatter myself with the immortality of our governments: but I shall think little also of their longevity unless this germ of destruction be taken out. When the society themselves shall weigh the possibility of evil against the impossibility of any good to proceed from this institution, I cannot help hoping they will eradicate it. I know they wish the permanence of our governments as much as any individuals composing them.\u2014An interruption here and the departure of the gentleman by whom I send this obliges me to conclude it, with assurances of the sincere respect and esteem with which I have the honor to be Dear Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0385", "content": "Title: Thomas Barclay to the American Commissioners, 15 November 1786\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: American Commissioners\nG entlemen\nEscurial 15th. Novr. 1786\nI came here a few days ago to deliver a letter from the Emperor of Morocco to the King, which I put into the hands of the Count de Florida Blanca, acknowleging the Sense I had of his Attentions and thanking him with great sincerity on the Part he had taken in our business at Morocco. He seemed very much pleased with our success and smiling replied \u201cNow that we have happily finished this Treaty, we will see what we can do with others for you.\u201d I am persuaded that this Minister is extremely well disposed to serve our Country, and I doubt not but this Court will greatly strengthen our endeavours with the Barbary Powers. It is the decided opinion  of the Count D\u2019Espilly that nothing ought to be attempted with Algiers at present and that you should begin with the Porte. He proposes setting out for Africa some time hence and promises a continuation of his good offices. He remarked that if we could capture one Algerine Cruizer it would greatly facilitate a Treaty. But this mode of negociating would I think prove more expensive than any other and it ought to be our last Resort. I am informed by a letter from Mr. Chiappi of Mogadore that a vessel is arrived there, the master of which Reports, that on his Passage from Lisbon he saw an Algerine Frigate of 40 guns and four Xebecks, and that the people who were on board one of them informed him they were going to cruise on the Coast of America. But I cannot give entire Credit to the Account as the Season of the year is far advanced, and we have not heard that any of the Algerine Cruisers have passed the Streights of Gibraltar, within which I hope the Portuguese Squadron will keep them, this being all that may be expected from them. To-morrow I shall return to Madrid and from thence to Alicant from whence I shall give you as clear an Account of Mr. Lamb\u2019s situation as Circumstances will admit of. I believe there are some Effects belonging to the United States at Corunna worth looking after, it is some Years since in Consequence of a Letter from Mr. Morris, I endeavoured to recover them. I shall take all the information I can of their Value and if it appears clearly that they are worth so much Attention, I will return to France by that place, if not I shall go as soon as possible home by the shortest Rout. I am with great Respect Gentlemen, your most obt. humble servt,\nThos. Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0387", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Maria Cosway, [17 November 1786]\nFrom: Cosway, Maria\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nCosa vuol dir questo silenzio? O aspettata la posta con tanta Ansiet\u00e0, ed ecco che ogni volta arriva senza apportarmi alcuna lettera da Parigi, veramente sono inquieta, temo che sia indisposizione o che il braccio st\u00e0 peggio, penso a Mille cose alla volta fuor che i miei amici si sieno gi\u00e0 scordati di me; se medita di farmi un altro gran regalo di una lunga lettera, la supplicher\u00f2 di mandarmele piu corte, ma piu spesse. Non o piu pazzienza di aspettare e mi rischio di prender la penna senza esser sicura se devo lagnarmi, se devo rimproverare, se devo implorar la pazienza, raccontar la mia mortificazione, e inquietudini di questo disapuntamento, forse una lettera e per istrada, intanto mi lagner\u00f2 perche tanto ritarda ad arrivare. [.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.]ndo false, non senza [.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.] non apportano che delle consequenze che spesso ci fanno dispiacere, si suol pensare con sodisfazione alle ecclenti qualita delle persone per le quali si \u00e0 della stima, della nostra felicit\u00e0 in poterne gustare il valore, e provare il piacere che un anima sensibile sente nell\u2019-Amicizia, e cos\u2019\u00e8 la vita, privata di questo sentimento? Ma quando ci allontaniamo, passata la pena della separazione, si vive in continua inquietudine, non si riceve lettere si immagina mille disgrazzie, se qualche accidente accade, non si pu\u00f2 accorrere con soccorso o consolazione, ne riceverne informazioni.\nIl tempo qui e molto cattivo, malinconico, tristo. Molti de miei Amici, sono in campagna, sicche passo il mio tempo con quei pochi che ci sono, in dipingere, suonare l\u2019arpa, il cimbalo e cantare, in questo modo lei mi dir\u00e0 non si pu\u00f2 che esser contenti, l\u2019approvo anch\u2019io, ma non so c\u2019e qualcosa di tanto pesante in quest\u2019aria, che tutto quel che fo mi par [\u2026] dissipar la [noia \u2025\u2025] ancora che per  [.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.] che c\u2019impone questo clima si starebbe [.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.] Night Thoughts, avanti al fuoco, e quando l\u2019immaginazione e ben riscaldata, si potrebbe andar a raffreddarsi in un fieume. Non credo che neppur gli Dei sarebbero testimonij di questa stravaganza, tanto l\u2019aria e cupa dalla nebbia e fummo, che impedisce i celesti abitatori di penetrar i loro sguardi fino alle debolezze umane di quest\u2019isola.\nAvr\u00e0 inteso parlare dell sussurro che a fatto in questi. giorni Lord G. Gordon. La Morte della Principessa Amelia, per novit\u00e0 non e tempo di mandargliene, ne empier\u00f2 un altra lettera. Quando cominciai questa pensai di [non] dir che tre parole, ma insensibilmente sono arrivata fin qui senza neppur sapere cosa o detto, ma quando le donne cominciano a parlare e difficile il trattenerle, ancorche abbino l\u2019avvertenza che dicono degli spropositi. O veduto piu volte Mr. & Mrs. Paradise ed o il piacere di parlar di lei spesso con loro. Sar\u00e0 sempre un infinita sodisfazione il mentovar il nome d\u2019una persona che stimo, e questa la prova la sua vera amica,\nMaria Cosway\nRicevo in questo momento due lettere da Parigi, ma non da lei.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0389", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Ralph Izard, 18 November 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Izard, Ralph\nSir\nParis Nov. 18. 1786.\nI have received your favor of the 1st. July and congratulate you Sincerely on the marriage of your second daughter. Besides the happiness which will be felt by Mrs. Izard and yourself in the establishment of your daughters so much to your mind, I am in  hopes the public will derive advantage also from it as it leaves an obstacle the less to your devoting your services to them. I have been in constant hope of your being fixed at the Hague which (with the convenience of the European post) would make us neighbors.\nSoon after my arrival here the minister passed the arrets allowing certain articles of provision to be carried from the U.S. to the French islands. Such was the humour of the merchants against it that it required all the firmness of the minister not to retire from the measure, and it was even thought at times that it might endanger his place. The circumstances convinced me that it was not the moment for attempting the regulation of our trade with their West Indies. This must lie by till the clamour against the first indulgence has subsided and their benefit to France become manifest from experience. In the mean time I have been endeavoring to get our commerce with France put on a proper footing. The inclosed letter will inform you of the progress made in that. [\u2026] the duties on most of our productions imported here [\u2026] are still unfinished. I have in vain tried [\u2026] to find out the duties paid on these articles in the several ports. In hopes of accomplishing this, as well as for the sake of my health I shall set out soon to make the tour of the seaports. With respect to rice however I am persuaded it is already received on very favorable terms. The consumption of that article in this country is immense, and the whiteness of the Carolina rice makes it gain ground daily. I think the whole of that article which you make could find vent here. Hitherto they have received it from the London merchants who pocket the difference between what you receive and 30. livres the French hundred, the common price here. We are endeavoring to get Honfleur made a free port in hopes it may become the deposit for rice, instead of Cowes. Supposing the want of correspondents here might be one reason why the rice of S. Carolina is not sent here immediately, I have advised a Mr. Barrett to turn his attention to this article. He is connected with the Le Coulteux, which for centuries has been the richest house in France. He has shewed me a circular letter he has written on the subject, one of which I think he addresses to you. The sum allowed to be drawn in the moment of shipping is certainly not very tempting. However he is an honest man, will do you justice, and if it becomes an object, the house will see their interest in admitting larger draughts. I much wish to see this branch of commerce opened between this country and us directly. It will be a strong link of connection the more with the only nation on earth on whom we can solidly rely  for assistance till we can stand on our own legs. Morocco has made peace with us. Algiers will not. I am with sincere esteem Dr. Sir your affectionate humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0393", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Dorcas Montgomery, 19 November 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Montgomery, Dorcas\nMadam\nParis Nov. 19. 1786.\nYour friendly offer on the subject of my daughter, which I this moment receive, merits and meets my warmest thanks. I have unfortunately but a choice among difficulties and disagreeable things for her. Of the plans practicable in my situation I have been obliged to adopt that which presented the fewest objectionable circumstances.  She is at present engaged in courses of French drawing &c. in which she has yet made a progress by no means sufficient. I am unwilling therefore to interrupt these and the rather as neither her nor my return to America are ever considered as very distant, tho\u2019 I fix no time. These considerations induce me to think it best for her to continue her present pursuits. Otherwise I should have been happy in confiding her to so good hands for shewing her those countries which of all others I have ever thought most worthy of being seen. I have therefore to repeat my thanks to you for your goodness, and according to your desire I inclose your letter, which, while you prohibit me from mentioning it to others, shall ever be remembered by him who has the honour to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem & respect, Madam, your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. I am in hopes your departure will not be so sudden but that I may have the honour of your company to dinner on Thursday next.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0394", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Martin Oster, 19 November 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Oster, Martin\nSir\nParis Nov. 19. 1786\nI have lately recieved the inclosed letter from a Mr. Warneck who stiles himself the brother of an officer of that name who died in Virginia. Not doubting Sir that you will be better acquainted than I am with the nature of what he requires and what may best suit his purpose, I have taken the liberty of inclosing you his letter and begging the favor of you to do in this case what your acquaintance with the laws of the two countries may make you suppose necessary. I hope you will be so good as [to] excuse this freedom on my part and be assured Sir of [those] sentiments with which I have the honor to be your most obedient humble Servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0395", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to \u2014\u2014 Wernecke, 19 November 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Wernecke, Wilhelm Ludwig\nSir\nParis Nov. 19. 1786.\nI have received the favor which you did me the honor to address me on the subject of your brother deceased in Virginia. As the French Consul who resides there will [\u2026] in his power [\u2026] to do what may be necessary for in This instance, I have inclosed him your letter and noted my request to him to interest himself in it. As soon as [I am able to give you] any information on the subject I will communicate it to you with very great pleasure. In the mean [time] I have the honor to be Sir Your most obedient humble Servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0396", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Stockdale, 20 November 1786\nFrom: Stockdale, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPicadilly London 20th. Novr. 1786.\nI received your Order \u214c favor of Coll. Smith, which is nearly ready and will be sent of from London in about three days. I shall esteem it as a great favor if you\u2019ll be so kind as to send me the History of Sandford and Merton, in French, which I am this Instant Inform\u2019d is Just Translated by Mr. Berquin, the Author of the Childrens Friend. I beg pardon for the Liberty taken, as I am very anxious for a Copy (the Original being my own Publication), having no friend in Paris beside the Duke of Dorset, Mr. Stone his Secretary, and yourself. Should there be any difficulty, I think Mr. Stone will willingly convey it to me. Some time past two French Gentlemen call\u2019d upon me, with a Copy of your Minutes of Virginia, with a View to have it Printed, but I inform\u2019d them that I had some reason to believe that a New Edition was coming out with corrections by the Author, and Coll. Smith Inform\u2019d me that a large Map was engraving for the Work. I have some doubts wether it would pay the expences, at same time have a Wish to Publish it, with your Name, as I am convinced it is a Work of great Merit. I have spoken to Mr. Adams and Coll. Smith on the Subject who wish much to see the Work Published in England.  I have the honor to be with great Respect, sir, Your much oblig\u2019d & very hble. Servt.,\nJohn Stockdale", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0397", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Trumbull, 20 November 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Trumbull, John\nDear Sir\nParis Nov. 20. 1786.\nI begin to write a little with my right hand but with much pain. I can therefore only acknolege the receipt of your letter from London, and pray you to deliver the inclosed. My hand mends so slowly that I am advised by the faculty to go to the waters of Aix in Provence. If I do you will hear from me. I am with sincere esteem Dr. Sir Your friend & servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0398", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jos\u00e9 da Maia, 21 November 1786\nFrom: Maia (Vendele), Jos\u00e9 da\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsegneur\n\u00e0 Monpellier 21 de 9bre. de 1786\nJe viens de recevoir l\u2019honeur de Votre lettre de 16 d\u2019Octobre, et je suis extrem\u00e9ment fach\u00e9 de ne l\u2019avoir pas re\u00e7u plutot; mais il m\u2019a fallu rester en campanhe jusqu\u2019\u00e0 present par raport \u00e0 ma sant\u00e9: et puisque je vois, que mes informations Vous parviendront assur\u00e9ment, je vais avoir l\u2019honeur de Vous les communiquer.\nJe suis Bresilien, et Vous savez, que ma malheureuse patrie gemit dans un affreux esclavage, qui devient chaque [jour] plus insupportable depuis l\u2019epoque de Votre glorieuse independence, puisque les barbares Portugais n\u2019epargnent rien pour nous rendre malheureux decrainte que nous suivions Vos pas; et comme nous conno\u00ee\u00e7ons, que ces usurpateurs contre la loi de la nature, et de l\u2019humanit\u00e9 ne songent, que \u00e0 nous accabler, nous nous sommes decid\u00e9s \u00e0 suivre le frappant exemple, que Vous venez de nous donner, et par consequence \u00e0 briser nos chaines, et \u00e0 faire revivre notre libert\u00e9, qui est tout\u00e0fait morte, et accabl\u00e9e par la force, qui est le seul droit, qu\u2019ont les Europ\u00e9ens sur l\u2019Amerique. Mais il s\u2019agit d\u2019avoir une puissance, qui donne la main aux Bresiliens, attenduque l\u2019Hispanle ne manquera pas de se joindre \u00e0 Portugal; et malgr\u00e9 les avantages, que nous avons pour nous defendre, nous ne pourrons pas le faire, ou du moins il ne seroit pas prudent de nous hazarder sans etre surs d\u2019y reussir. Cela pos\u00e9, Monsegneur,  c\u2019et Votre nation, que nous croyons plus propre pour donner du secours non seulement parceque c\u2019est elle, qui nous a donn\u00e9 l\u2019exemple, mais aussi parceque la nature nous a fait habitants du meme continent, et par consequence en quelque fa\u00e7on compatriotes; de notre part nous sommes pre[ts] \u00e0 donner tout l\u2019argent, qui sera necessaire, et \u00e0 temoigner en tout temps notre reconnoissence envers nos bienfaisants.\nMonsegneur, voila \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s le precis de mes intentions, et c\u2019et pour m\u2019acquiter de cette commition, que je suis venu en France; puisque je ne pouvois pas en Amerique sans donner des soup\u00e7ons \u00e0 ceux qui en s\u00e7ussent, c\u2019est \u00e0 Vous maintenant \u00e0 juger s\u2019elles peuvent avoir lieu, et dans le cas, que Voulussiez en consulter Votre nation, je suis en etat de Vous donner toutes les informations, que Vous trouverez necessaires.\nJe l\u2019honeur d\u2019etre avec la consideration la plus parfaite Monsegneur Votre tres humble, et tres obeissant serviteur,\nVendek", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0399", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Achard Fr\u00e8res, 22 November 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Achard Fr\u00e8res\nGentlemen\nParis Nov. 22. 1786.\nI have now the honor to inclose you the acquit \u00e0 caution for the two cases of wine. They arrived only two days ago which has occasioned the delay of returning you this paper. I return you many thanks for your services and have the honor to be gentlemen your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0401", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Colonia, 22 November 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Colonia, Pierre Joseph de\nMercredi 22me Novembre. 1786.\nIl est arriv\u00e9 \u00e0 la Douane de Paris pour Monsieur Jefferson ministre plenipotentiaire de l\u2019Amerique un harnois \u00e0 trois chevaux  qu\u2019il a fait venir d\u2019Angleterre pour son usage particulier. Pour le retirer de la Douane il faut un ordre de Monsieur le Controleur General. Si Monsieur de Colonia voudroit bien l\u2019obtenir et le lui faire passer Monsieur Jefferson lui en auroit beaucoup d\u2019obligation. Il ne demande pas un exemption des droits. Ce pourroit occasionner des d\u00e9lais, qui seroient incommodes, entant qu\u2019il est sur le point de faire une voiage.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0403", "content": "Title: [To Thomas Jefferson from Brissot de Warville, 23 November 1786]\nFrom: Brissot de Warville, Jacques Pierre\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Orl\u00e9ans, 23 Nov. 1786. Recorded in SJL as received 24 Nov. 1786. Not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0404", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Ledyard, 25 November 1786\nFrom: Ledyard, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLondon Novr. 25th. 1786\nMy friend, my brother, my Father\u2014I know not by what title to address you\u2014you are very very dear to me. Embrace the dear Marquis La Fayette for me: he has all the virtues of his country without any of its little foibles. I am indeed a very plain man, but do not think that mountains or oceans shall oppose my passage to glory while I have such friends in remembrance\u2014I have pledged myself\u2014difficulties have intervened\u2014my heart is on fire\u2014ye stimulate, and I shall gain the victory. Thus I think of you\u2014thus I have thought of you daily\u2014and thus I shall think of you <untill it ceases to be a virtue to think\u2014with regard to myself this cannot be the case while either of you exist>. After all the fair prospects that attended me when I last wrote\u2014I still am persecuted\u2014still the slave of accident and the son of care. The Ship I embarked in was seized by the Custom house and is this day exchequered. If a small subscription now begun in London by Sr. Joseph Banks and Doctr. Hunter will enable me to proceed you will probably hear from me  at Hamburgh: if I arrive at Petersbourg you most certainly will. You see the course I was purs[u]ing to fame reversed and I am now going across Siberia as I had once before intended from Paris this time twelve month\u2014what a Twelve months! I do defy fortune to be more malicious during another. I fear my subscription will be small: it adds to my anxiety to reach those dominions where I shall not want money\u2014I do not mean the dominions that may be beyond death: I shall never wish to die while you the Marquis and Mr. Barclay are alive:\u2014Pray Sir if that dear and genuine friend of mine is any where near you, do Me the honour to present me sur mes genoux devant lui\u2014J\u2019adore son coeur genereux. May I beg to be presented to Mr. Short, to Commodore Jones and to Colo. Franks if with you: <a present je pense comme lui de la gouvernement de cet pays ici\u2014tout est un cabal meme dans leur [\u2026]us\u2014heureusment pour moi j\u2019entend bien a don[ner] des coups du poins, and have litteraly been obliged to thrash 5 or 6 of these haughty turbulent and very insolent people: one of them at the theatre where I assure you one is still more liable to insult than in the streets even>. I have just parted with Colonel Smith: he is well and is trying also to do something for me. I hear you have not been very well lately, tho now better\u2014take care of your health for the sake of our Country and for his sake who begs the honor to subscribe himself with all possible respect & esteem Sr. your most humble & most obedt. servant,\nJno Ledyard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0405", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, 25 November 1786\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRichmond Novr. 25th. 1786.\nThe inclosed letter did not get to my hands till very lately though it was covered by one from Mrs. Carr dated Aug: 21. I conferred a few days ago with Mr. Wythe on the subject of your Nephew in Williamsburg, and had the pleasure of receiving the most favorable account of his capacity, his diligence and his disposition. He is now in the College and enjoys the advantage of Mr. Wythe\u2019s valuable patronage and instructions. Mr. Wythe assures me that he is an excellent Latin Scholar, and from the Greek classics which he has read and is reading, he must shortly merit the same character in the latter language. I have communicated to  Mr. Wythe the plan of education which you wished t[o b]e pursued, and can count with perfect assurance on every attention on his part which the most zealous friendship to you and a particular affection to your Nephew can inspire. The evidence in favor of your younger Nephew is of the negative kind only, no late information having been received concerning him. Mr. D. Fitzhugh is here a member of the Assembly. He has not yet put into my hands the small sum which I was authorized to receive. He intimated to me a few days ago that he regretted the delay, and that he had a prospect of shortly putting an end to it. This letter goes by Mr. Chevalier who sets out tomorrow morning for N.Y. where he takes the packet on the 15th. prox. I do not include any public matters, because I expect to bring them down to a later period in a letter which will reach N.Y. in time for the same conveyance. Ad[ie]u.\nJs. Madison Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0406", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Chenier de St. Andr\u00e9, 26 November 1786\nFrom: St. Andr\u00e9, Chenier de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nRue Culture St Gervais. Dimanche 26 9bre. 1786.\nMr. Chenier de St. Andr\u00e9 a l\u2019honneur de pr\u00e9senter ses complimens \u00e0 monsieur jefferson. Il le prie d\u2019etre persuad\u00e9 que ce n\u2019est ni par n\u00e9gligence ni par oubli qu\u2019il a pass\u00e9 si long-Tems sans aller le voir, et le remercier de ses politesses. Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 un mois \u00e0 la campagne; il n\u2019en est pas revenu bien portant; et il loge dans le quartier de Paris le plus \u00e9loign\u00e9 de Monsieur jefferson. Il compte partir pour Nice dans huit jours. Il espere avant ce Tems-la aller savoir des nouvelles de la Sant\u00e9 de Monsieur jefferson, et si son bras est entierement r\u00e9tabli.\nIl le prie d\u2019agr\u00e9er les assurances de sa parfaite consid\u00e9ration.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0409", "content": "Title: [To Thomas Jefferson from Henry Champion, for Zachariah Loreilhe, 27 November 1786]\nFrom: Champion, Henry\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[L\u2019Orient, 27 Nov. 1786. Recorded in SJL as received 30 Nov. 1786. Not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0410", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Maria Cosway, [27 November 1786]\nFrom: Cosway, Maria\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHo scritto due volte senza aver ricevuta una lettera da lei doppo la prima quale trovai all mio arrivo qui, e quale mi prometteva il piacere d\u2019una piu frequente corrispondenza: Ogni giorno di posta o aspettato con inquietudine. Temo che il suo braccio sia peggio, ma anche questo non l\u2019impedirebbe scrivermi. Prendo questa occasione di mandarli due linee per domandarli se a ricevute le mie lettere, per pregarla di mandarmi sue Nuove, e per ricordarli che sono piena di stima. Sua sincera ed affma. Amica,\nMaria Cosway", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0411", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Duler, 27 November 1786\nFrom: Duler, Jean Baptiste\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nReville, Normandy, 27 Nov. 1786. Has considered for two months the possibility of appealing for aid; was introduced to TJ, in Charlottesville, by John Walker about three years before; but, Congress having sent TJ to Europe shortly thereafter, was deprived of strengthening the acquaintance. Sailed from France in 1778 with a cargo for America; was cast away on the eastern shore of Virginia; salvaged most of the cargo, selling part of it to the natives and part to the army  stationed near Philadelphia; lost three small vessels and cargo, purchased for the return trip, to the enemy and was left with a parcel of paper money and $7,200 in loan office certificates \u201cwhich remain still in nature, and intirely useless.\u201d Unable to recoup his fortunes in America, he returned to Bordeaux, then proceeded to \u201cthis Province of Normandy Expecting to find some means of getting my life by the mutual trade that is going to take place between France and England\u201d; again had the bad fortune to be cast away and \u201coblig\u2019d to throw my Self in the Sea, and Swim a Shore to Save my life.\u201d Asks TJ to assist him in getting employment which will provide subsistence for himself, his wife, and two daughters; does not ask pecuniary aid, \u201cbut only for work in some offices house or Bureau\u201d; had he been \u201cbrought up in any handy Craft trade,\u201d would not trouble TJ with this petition.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0412", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Stephens Smith, 28 November 1786\nFrom: Smith, William Stephens\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLondon, 28 Nov. 1786. Requests that TJ obtain letters of introduction from his friends in Paris for James and Nathaniel Hayward, of Charleston, S.C., who expect to reside for some time in Dijon in order to acquire a knowledge of the language; has made the same request of Lafayette. They are \u201cyoung Gentlemen of Character and Fortune\u201d who will \u201cdo honour to your Introduction\u201d; if they go to Paris they will present themselves to TJ.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0413", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Madame de Tott, 28 November 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Tott, Sophie Ernestine, MMe de\nParis Nov. 28. 1786\nI profit, Madam, of the permission which your goodness has induced you to give me, and commence the pleasing office of studying with you the rythm of Homer. For this purpose I have committed to writing the few rules of Greek prosody which must be indispensably known. Those in the first page should be fixed in the memory: what follows need only be read once. If you do not find them sufficiently intelligible, I will have the honor of explaining them to you when I shall do myself that of waiting on you in Paris.\nIf from the nature of my office I may assume to myself just so much merit as to claim your acceptance of the best edition extant of your divine countryman Homer, which is sent me from London, I shall be extremely gratified. Permit me then, Madam, to ask this favour in his name as well as my own. Besides the beauty of the  type, it has the particular merit of being without a single typographical error. To so perfect an edition then of so charming a poet, allow me to add so charming a reader, and oblige by this further proof of your goodness him who has the honour to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem and respect, Madam, your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0415", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Bondfield, 29 November 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bondfield, John\nSir\nParis Novr. 29. 1786\nI have the honor of inclosing you a copy of a letter from the Count de Vergennes. It will shew you that such orders have been given by the Controller general as leave a free exportation to the articles for which I lately forwarded you the passeports. I am Sir, with the most perfect consideration your very humble Servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0416", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Maria Cosway, 29 November 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cosway, Maria\nParis Nov. 29. 1786.\nMy letters which pass thro\u2019 the post office either of this country or of England being all opened, I send thro\u2019 that channel only such as are very indifferent in their nature. This is not the character, my dear madam of those I write to you. The breathings of a pure affection would be profaned by the eye of a Commis of the poste. I am obliged then to wait for private conveiances. I wrote to you so long ago as the 19th. of this month by a gentleman who was to go to London immediately. But he is not yet gone. Hence the delay of which you express yourself kindly sensible in yours of the 17th. instant. Could I write by the post, I should trouble you too often: for I am never happier than when I commit myself into dialogue with you, tho\u2019 it be but in imagination. Heaven has submitted our being to some unkind laws. When those charming moments were present which I passed with you, they were clouded with the prospect that I was soon to lose you: and now, when I pass the same moments in review, I recollect nothing but the agreeable passages, and they fill me with regret. Thus, present joys are damped by a consciousness that they are passing from us; and past ones are only the subjects of sorrow and regret. I am determined when you come next not to admit the idea that we are ever to part again. But are you to come again? I dread the answer to this question, and that my poor heart has been duped by the fondness of it\u2019s wishes. What a triumph for the head! God bless you! May your days be many and filled with sunshine! May your heart glow with warm affections, and all of them be gratified! Write to me often. Write affectionately, and freely, as I do to you. Say many kind things, and say them without reserve. They will be food for my soul. Adieu my dear friend!\nP.S. No private conveiance occurring I must trust this thro\u2019 the post-office, disguising my seal and superscription.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0419", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Adams, 30 November 1786\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nGrosvenor Square Nov. 30th. 1786\nBy Dr. Gibbon a young Gentleman of Philadelphia whom I beg Leave to introduce to you, I have the Honour to send you a few more Copies of the Prussian Treaty; and to inclose in this, a Resolution of Congress of September 26. annulling Mr. Lambs Commission and Instructions. Mr. Jay desires me to transmit it to him, and although I hope Mr. Lamb is on his Passage to New York or already arrived there, it is proper to send it along to Mr. Carmichael who will be so good as to convey it, if Mr. Lamb should not be departed. The favour of transmitting it to him let me ask of you.\nYou ask me in your last Letter my opinion who should be sent  to exchange the Treaty with Morocco? I am content that either Mr. Barclay or Mr. Franks should go, or to leave it to Mr. Barclay to go in Person or send Mr. Franks as you shall judge best. But I wonder the Treaty has not arrived, to you.\nDont be allarmed at the late Turbulence in New England. The Massachusetts Assembly had, in its Zeal to get the better of their Debt, laid on a Tax, rather heavier than the People could bear; but all will be well, and this Commotion will terminate in additional Strength to Government.\nWith great and Sincere Esteem, I have the Honour to be, Sir your most obedient and humble Servant,\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0422", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Jay, 1 December 1786\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nOffice for foreign Affairs 1st. Decemr. 1786\nThe Frigate called the South Carolina, belonging to that State, assisted Spain at the Reduction of Providence and the Bahama Islands. To obtain Compensation for which Congress, at the Instance of the State, have directed Application to be made to the Court of Madrid. The Prince of Luxemburgh is it seems interested in the Frigate, and in the expected Compensation. The Delegates of South Carolina think his Influence if exerted would conduce much to the Success of the Application. Your Endeavors to obtain his Aid and Support are requested, and I have the Honor of transmitting to you herewith the Papers relative to that Transaction under an unsealed Cover, directed to Mr. Carmichael, to whom be pleased to forward them, and from Time to Time to give him such Advice and Intelligence, as may facilitate the Execution of his Instructions on this Subject.\nWith great Esteem & Regard I have the Honor to be &c.,\nJohn Jay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0423", "content": "Title: [From Thomas Jefferson to the Ambassadors of Portugal and Russia, 1 December 1786]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ambassadors of Portugal and Russia\n[Paris, 1 Dec. 1786. An entry in SJPL under this date reads: \u201cRussie & Portugal. Ambassadors. A combined operation against the Barbary powers.\u201d Neither letter has been found, but see TJ\u2019s plan of operation against the Barbary states, following.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0424-0003", "content": "Title: II. Proposed Confederation against the Barbary States, [ca. October 1786]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nPropositions pour une operation combin\u00e9e entre les puissances en guerre avec les Etats Barbaresques.\n10. Que les differentes puissances en guerre avec les Etats Barbaresques (ou deux ou plusieurs d\u2019elles) forment une confederation, pour diriger leurs operations contre ces Etats, commencant par les Algeriens.\n20. Que par la suite toute puissance qui desireroit d\u2019entrer dans cette confederation y soit admise, les puissances contractantes se reservant le droit de prescrire les conditions de cette admission, suivant les circonstances qui existeront alors.\n30. Que l\u2019objet de cette confederation soit d\u2019obliger les Etats Barbaresques (et sans presens ou prix quelquonque) \u00e0 une paix perpetuelle avec les puissances confeder\u00e9es, lesquelles se garantiront mutuellement la dite paix.\n40. Que les operations pour obtenir cette paix de la part des Etats Barbaresques soient une croisiere etablie constament sur leurs cotes, avec des forces navales dont on conviendra en formant la confederation. L\u2019on propose qu\u2019elles ne soient pas assez considerables pour etre une veritable g\u00e9ne pour une des parties contractantes. L\u2019on croit que six fregates avec autant de corvettes ou chebecs, dont une moitie seroit en croisiere tandis que l\u2019autre seroit en relache, rempliroient l\u2019objet que l\u2019on se propose.\n50. Que les forces navales que l\u2019on Jugera necessaires soient fournies par les parties contractantes, suivant la quote-part qui doit etre determin\u00e9e lors de la confederation. L\u2019on espere que chaque puissance contribuera en telle proportion que les circonstances peuvent Justifier.\n60. Comme le manque d\u2019harmonie et d\u2019accord entre des officiers de differentes nations entraine souvent le mauvais succ\u00e8s des operations, les parties contractantes doivent considerer, et d\u00e9terminer s\u2019il n\u2019est pas \u00e0 propos que chaque puissance fournisse sa quote-part en argent, pour etre emploi\u00e9 \u00e0 armer et \u00e0 entretenir une flote de la force dont on sera convenue.\n70. Les difficult\u00e9s et longueurs qui se rencontreroient dans la conduite de ces operations, si elles etoient dirig\u00e9es par les puissances separement, eloign\u00e9es comme elles sont les unes des autres, font na\u00eetre une question, s\u2019il ne seroit pas plus avantageux pour elles  de donner des pleins pouvoirs \u00e0 ce sujet \u00e0 leur Ambassadeur ou Ministre \u00e0 une m\u00eame cour, et qui formeroient un conseil pour mettre ce plan \u00e0 execution, et o\u00f9 la voix de chaque membre seroit compt\u00e9e en proportion de la quote-part fournie par son souverain; la majorit\u00e9 des voix estim\u00e9es de cette maniere determineroit toutes les questions. L\u2019on propose la Cour de Versailles pour le lieu d\u2019assembl\u00e9e de ce conseil, \u00e0 cause de sa proximit\u00e9 de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e, et parceque toutes les puissances qui entreront probablement dans cette confederation y sont represent\u00e9es.\n80. Afin d\u2019eviter \u00e0 ce conseil la fatigue de sollicitations pour des places, et en meme tems assurer aux parties que leurs contributions seront uniquement emploi\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019objet auquel elles sont destin\u00e9es, l\u2019on n\u2019etablira pour ledit conseil aucune place de commis, secretaire, &c. avec appointemens ou emolumens, et il n\u2019y aura d\u2019emploi lucratif que pour les personnes \u00e0 bord des batimens.\n90. Lorsque la Regence d\u2019Alger aura et\u00e9 reduite \u00e0 faire la paix avec les Puissances contractantes, si les autres Etats Barbaresques refusent de discontinuer leurs pirateries, la confederation dirigera ses operations contre eux, ou successivement ou contre tous \u00e0 la fois, suivant qu\u2019il paroitra plus avantageux.\n100. Si cette conf\u00e9deration etoit contraire \u00e0 des trait\u00e9s actuellement existans entre une ou plusieurs des parties contractantes et quelquesuns des Etats Barbaresques, ces puissances auroient la libert\u00e9 de se retirer de la conf\u00e9deration lorsqu\u2019elle dirigeroit ses operations contre lesdits Etats.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0425", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Philippe-Denis Pierres, 1 December [1786]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pierres, Philippe-Denis\nParis 1er. Decembre [1786]\nDans les changemens que je propose de faire, Monsieur, dans mon livre, il y a deux conditions qui me genent. 1.\u00b0 de deranger les pages aussi peu que possible. 2.\u00b0 que les feuilles change\u00e9s peuvent etre substitu\u00e9es commodement dans les livres reli\u00e9s au lieu des feuilles qu\u2019il y trouvent. Voyant donc l\u2019impossibilit\u00e9 de mettre dans les quatres pages tout ce que j\u2019ai desir\u00e9 et du meme caractere,  j\u2019aimerais mieux de le faire d\u2019un caractere plus petit, ainsi que le tout peut etre compris dans les quatres pages, et c\u2019est ce Monsieur que je vous prierai de vouloir bien me faire faire. J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019etre avec le plus grand respect Monsieur votre tres humble et tres-ob\u00e9issant serviteur,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0426", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jean Chas, 2 December 1786\nFrom: Chas, Jean\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nrue St. thomas du Louvre N. 22.paris ce 2. xbre. 1786.\nJe soumets a votre examen, et a votre censure L\u2019histoire de La revolution de L\u2019amerique qui fait partie de mon histoire philosophique, et politique des revolutions d\u2019angleterre; je vous observe que le manuscrit que je vous envoye est un original dont je n\u2019ai point conserv\u00e9 de copie, ainssi je viendrai Le retirer. Lorsque vous en aur\u00e9s fait La lecture, vous aur\u00e9s La bont\u00e9 de me fixer le jour ou je pourai avoir L\u2019honneur de vous voir.\nJe m\u2019estime fort heureux, monsieur, de pouvoir rendre un hommage public au courage et aux vertus d\u2019un peuple que j\u2019admire, et que je respecte. Vous honor\u00e9s La nation americaine par votre patriotisme, et vos talens; jug\u00e9s de mon empressement a entretenir une relation aussi interessante, et aussi pr\u00e9cieuse.\nVous trouver\u00e9s quelques fautes dans mon manuscrit, elles seront corrig\u00e9es. Je vous envoye aussi le prospectus de mon ouvrage. Il ne faut point oublier que je traite L\u2019histoire en philosophe.\nJe suis avec respect, monsieur, votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s obeissant serviteur,\nChas\navocat", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0427", "content": "Title: [To Thomas Jefferson from C. W. F. Dumas, 2 December 1786]\nFrom: Dumas, Charles William Frederick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[The Hague, 2 Dec. 1786. Immediately after the entry in SJL recording the receipt of Dumas\u2019 letter to TJ of 1 Dec. 1786, q.v., there  is the following (also under 10 Dec.): \u201cdo. cover of letter to Mr. Jay of Dec. 2.\u201d This probably referred not to a covering letter to TJ\u2014none is recorded in Dumas\u2019 Letter Book and none has been found\u2014but merely to an address cover. The letter of Dumas to Jay of 2 Dec., with a postscript of 6 Dec., thus enclosed informed him that \u201cMr. De R[ayneval] me paro\u00eet toujours sympathiser assez bien avec nos amis sur les principes g\u00e9n\u00e9raux du syst\u00eame adopt\u00e9\u201d; that a second conference was held and Dumas\u2019 \u201cEsprit familier\u201d tells him that the duties of the Captain-General and the prefect Captain-General were worked out, the question of military duties was raised and the baleful effect of these last successfully brought to Rayneval\u2019s attention; on the 24th of November a memoir had been drawn up dealing with the duties of Stadtholder. Dumas translated this and gave it to Rayneval on the 25th. He encloses a copy. Rayneval was to make a r\u00e9sum\u00e9 of the memoir, with additional observations of his own, finally discussing it with its authors and showing his fundamental agreement with them. All these dispatches he was to send on the 29th to Versailles. \u201cLe zele \u00e9clair\u00e9\u201d with which Rayneval went about this makes one hope for the best. Dumas assumes that the Prussian Court will urge the Stadtholder to cooperate as much as possible, or it will abandon him. More particularly he should try to make the majority of the people in Gelderland accept mediation, but he should work at this \u201cnon en apparence, mais de bonne foi.\u201d Neither G[oertz] nor Th[ulemeier] seem suited to this. The latter has lost his hold on the republicans here, and the former is completely discredited not only here but in the King\u2019s eyes as well. In the meantime mediation proceedings in regard to Utrecht should be undertaken soon.\u2014Will the planning of military duties be turned over to the Captain-General? Before William III (\u201cdont les Hollandais n\u2019aiment pas la M\u00e9moire\u201d) the Captain-General had no such power, but nevertheless misused whatever power he did have. Some people say \u201cRien de cela ne seroit arriv\u00e9 sans la R\u00e9volution Am\u00e9ricaine.\u201d (6 Dec.). Today the Deputies of the Council of war of the Bourgeoisie of Amsterdam are arriving with their speech of approval: on Saturday there were 12,000 arrivals with many more to follow. The speeches of other towns and cities continue to come in showing that only a little clique was against their Royal Highnesses. The ambassador waits only for this speech and Dumas\u2019 translation in order to hurry a messenger off with it to the King. The messenger will also take the present dispatch which is enclosed (FC in Rijksarchief, The Hague, Dumas Papers; photostats in DLC; this letter is among those from Dumas to Jay listed as missing in Dipl. Corr. 1783\u201389, iii, 541).]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-02-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0428", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Abigail Adams Smith, 2 December 1786\nFrom: Smith, Abigail Adams\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLondon December 2d 1786.\nMrs. Smith presents her Compliments to Mr. Jefferson and is very sorry to trouble him again upon the Subject of the Corsetts, but not having received them, She fears Mademoisell Sanson has  not been so punctual as she promised. If Mr. Jefferson will permit Petit to inquire after, and forward them by an early opportunity, Mrs. S. will be much obliged.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-04-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0430", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Madame de Doradour, 4 December 1786\nFrom: Doradour, Comtesse de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nau chateau de Sarlant par Issoir En auvergnne ce 4 xbre 1786\nJe r\u00e9pond Monsieur sur le champ \u00e0 votre lettre. Je suis dezoll\u00e9e de l\u2019accident que vous av\u00e9s eprouv\u00e9. Il faut que la chute que vous av\u00e9s faite aye \u00e9t\u00e9 bien viollente. Que j\u2019aurois desirois etre a paris pour pouvoir vous tenir quelque fois compagnie. Ma qualit\u00e9 de votre compatriote m\u2019aures donn\u00e9s des droits Monsieur a vous servir  de garde malade et j\u2019aurois jouie avec delices de cette avantage. Je ferrai l\u2019impossible pour m\u2019y rendre cette hivers. Sy vous recev\u00e9s ma lettre avant votre depart pour aix je vous demande en grace Monsieur de me donner de vos nouvelles. Je suis fort inquiete d\u2019imaginer que vous alles voyager dans une mauvaise saison. Je vous suplie donc, sy vous ne pouv\u00e9s pas ecrire, de me faire dire un mot par celui de vos gens qui sauras e[crire]. Cela m\u2019est indifferent pourveu que je sois instruite de votre etat. Le tems n\u2019y l\u2019elloignnement ne dim[inueront] jamais Monsieur le sincere attachement que je vous est vou\u00eb. Mon Mari ne mas point laiss\u00e9e ignor\u00e9e l\u2019interest que vous lui av\u00e9s marques. Je trouve un avantage considerable dans l\u2019acquisition qu\u2019il a fait qui est celle Monsieur d\u2019avoir toujours le droit de reclamer vos bontees; ayant des proprietes en amerique je veut esperer que vous me traiteres comme votre compatriote que vous ne m\u2019oublires pas et que vous daignneres vous resouvenir que je vous demande avec instances de vos nouvelles ainsi que d\u2019\u00eatre persuad\u00e9 Monsieur de l\u2019attachement avec lequel j\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre votre tres humble et tres obeissante servante,\nMille chose je vous prie de ma part a Melle votre fille.\nDubourg Doradour", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0432", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Macarty, 5 December 1786\nFrom: Macarty, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nL\u2019orient 5th. Decemr. 1786.\nI have the honour to inclose you a note of the Chinia, which was omitted. I hope it is safe arrived, and am very Respectfully Sir Your most obedt Sevt.,\nWm. Macarty", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0433", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Stephens Smith, 5 December 1786\nFrom: Smith, William Stephens\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr. Sir\nLondon Decr. 5th. 1786.\nInclosed are the Copies of the Letters which you requested in one of yours. I have no tolerable excuse to offer for not sending them before and I cannot yet tell a\u2014\u2014without a qualm of conscience. Mrs. Smith I suppose is disposed to open a Corespondence, as she requests me to forward a note addressed to you. I am too Gallant a H\u2014\u2014d to enquire of the contents, as it is sealed. I also send those parts of newspapers which will explain to you the Commotion in the Eastern Continent, and the rising of the Commercial Convention, without entering on business. The papers sent by Mr. Jay I suppose will inform you of the expectation of a General Indian War and that Congress are raising troops on that ostensible Ground and for that ostensible reason. How they mean to employ 2 Companies of Dragoons of 120 Rank and File in this service I am not yet informed. Be pleased to put the question to our freind the Marquis and ask him if he was going against Indians in what manner he would employ this Horse, or whether he would not exchange them for 60 Virginia rifle men.\u2014I am apprehensive you are out of  all patience with Mr. Neele. I was with him the day before yesterday, and desired that when it was finished (which will be in the course of the week) that he would send it to me, with a Letter containing the reasons why so much more time has been expended than (at first) he supposed necessary, which I proposed forwarding to you. I send you one pr. of Slippers, the other will appear by the next conveyance. Your Buff-cotton Vest and Breeches, I sent by a young Bostonian some time past. The Bearer Dr. Gibbons conveys the Casemier. Not having any Letters on my file unanswered, I shall not trouble you further. I am with my usual respect & esteem Your Excellency\u2019s most. obedt. Humble Servt.,\nW. S. Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-06-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0434", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Wilt, Delmestre & Co., 6 December 1786\nFrom: Wilt, Delmestre & Co.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nM L\u2019Orient le 6. Decbre. 1786.\nVotre Silence \u00e0 la Lettre que nous eumes l\u2019honneur de vous addresser le 8. du Mois dernier relativement au refus que nous font les Bureaux des fermes de nous faire jouir de la reduction des Droits sur les huiles de Poisson que vous a annonc\u00e9 Mr. le Controleur G\u00e9n\u00e9ral par sa Lettre en date du 22. Octobre, nous fait craindre, Monsieur, que des inter\u00eats plus importants vous ont fait perdre de vue l\u2019objet de notre Lettre. Cependant, charg\u00e9s d\u2019une partie considerable d\u2019huile de Baleine, de Spermacety et de Morue, nous nous voyons \u00e0 la veille d\u2019etre oblig\u00e9 de c\u00e9der aux pr\u00e9tentions des Agents de la ferme g\u00e9nerale, affin de pouvoir vendre pour faire face aux Traites que nos amis de l\u2019Amerique ont fait sur nous pour le montant de ces m\u00eames huiles. Ainsi, Monsieur, nous venons vous suplier de nouveau de daigner avoir egard \u00e0 notre expos\u00e9 et nous honorer d\u2019une reponse.\nNous sommes avec respect Monsieur Vos tres humbles Serviteurs,\nWilt Delmestre & co.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0436", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Gelhais, 7 December 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gelhais, M.\n\u00c0 Paris ce 7. Xbre 1786.\nJ\u2019ai re\u00e7u la lettre, Monsieur, que vous m\u2019avez fait l\u2019honneur de m\u2019\u00e9crire au suj\u00e9t de la demande de Monsr. Friguet directeur de la regie generale \u00e0 Meaux contre M. le Comte de Langeac.\nPour la forme, je ne puis pas recevoir ici un Huissier ou autre Officier quelconque de la Justice; mais quand il aura et\u00e9 constat\u00e9 \u00e0 la justice du pays et decid\u00e9 par elle que la demande de M. Friguet est juste et doit \u00eatre pay\u00e9e, si vous aurez de la complaisance de m\u2019envoyer sous enveloppe une copie duement legalis\u00e9e de cette decision  je me ferai un devoir de m\u2019y pr\u00eater en payant a M. Friguet leS loyers de la maison que je tiens de M. de Langeac quand ils seront echus jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la concurrence de la somme decret\u00e9e. J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019etre, Monsieur votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s obeissant Serviteur,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-07-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0437", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Abraham Walton, 7 December 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Walton, Abraham\nSir\nParis Dec. 7. 1786\nThe Marquis de la Fayette happened to be out of town when I received the honor of your letter. This circumstance has occasioned the delay of my answer. I now inclose you his letter to the Bishop of Orleans. He desires me also to inform you that he had recommended you to the Marquis du Crest, Chancellor to the D. d\u2019Orleans, now at Orleans, who is therefore prepared to receive you, should you think proper to wait on him. As you are pleased to ask my opinion as to the courses of lectures worthy your attention, I take the liberty of giving it, that there being no professors of botany or chemistry, it will be more advantageous to you to apply your whole time to the French language than to lectures in any other branch of science; if you could have an opportunity there of learning Italian or Spanish, either of these would well merit to divide your time with the French. I expect within about a fortnight to go to the South of France to try whether the mineral waters there can restore to me the use of my hand. I shall probably be absent two or three months. If I can render you any service before my departure, I beg you to command it, as I shall be happy in finding an occasion of being useful to you. I have the honor to be Sir your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0438", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Hilliard d\u2019Auberteuil, with Enclosure, 8 December 1786\nFrom: Hilliard d\u2019Auberteuil, Michel Ren\u00e9\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nRue des foss\u00e9s mr. le prince No. 35. Monsieur\nCe 8e. decembre 1786\nDes circonstances qui me reduisent \u00e0 contracter diverses obligations envers Mr. Le marquis de La fayette, ne me permettent pas de me livrer \u00e0 tout le plaisir que j\u2019aurais \u00e0 lui donner des \u00e9loges publics; je craindrais qu\u2019ils ne fussent attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 des motifs qui ne sont pas dans mon coeur. Je suivais mon penchant en louant son courage en 1781, et ayant besoin de lui en 1786, je me reduis au silence.\nCependant je desirerais repandre en Amerique et en france quelques vers qui me semblent exprimer la reconnaissance qu\u2019on lui doit, et je ne crois pas pouvoir mettre mon secret en de meilleures mains que celles de votre excellence.\nQue mes vers soient connus si vous les trouvez convenables au Sujet, mais que l\u2019auteur demeure ignor\u00e9 de Mr. de la Fayette lui m\u00eame.\nJe travaille toujours \u00e0 achever l\u2019histoire de la revolution de l\u2019amerique Septentrionale, elle remplira quatre volumes, et Mr. de la fayette m\u2019a fait esperer que vous voudriez bien ajouter les materiaux que vous avez \u00e0 ceux que j\u2019ai rassembl\u00e9s depuis douze ans.\nJe serai toujours tr\u00e8s flatt\u00e9 de rendre mes devoirs \u00e0 votre excellence et je suis avec un profond respect Monsieur Votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s obeissant serviteur,\nHilliard D\u2019auberteuilauteur des Essais historiques et politiques sur la revolution de l\u2019amerique.\nEnclosure\nInscription\npour \u00eatre Grav\u00e9e sur l\u2019airain aux murs de l\u2019hotel de ville de Paris.\nHommage rendu par les \u00e9tats de l\u2019Amerique au Marquis de la Fayette dans le sein de sa patrie. \u201cL\u2019Amerique Brisait le joug de l\u2019Angleterre, et preferait aux fers le fleau de la guerre, alors que La Fayette apui des malheureux lui porta le premier un secours genereux; suivant \u00e0 dix sept ans le char de la victoire, bravant l\u2019amour, les pleurs, heros n\u00e9 pour la gloire, il partit de la france et traversa les mers, pour remplir de son nom Boston et l\u2019univers.  L\u2019amiti\u00e9, la sagesse \u00e0 Washington le lient, vainqueurs et vertueux, leurs triomphes s\u2019allient, et pour les consacrer, Mars et la libert\u00e9, ont dedi\u00e9 ce marbre \u00e0 l\u2019immortalit\u00e9.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0440", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to St. John de Cr\u00e8vecoeur, 8 December 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cr\u00e8vecoeur, Michel Guillaume St. John de\nDear Sir\nFriday Dec. 8.\nHaving this moment finished reading the New York papers, I send them to you. As soon as you are done with them I shall be glad to receive them again, as Mr. Short has not read them. Mr. and Mrs. Marmontel come to take a dinner with me the day after tomorrow. (Sunday.) I wish the good Countess D\u2019Houdetot may be disengaged for that day and would be so friendly as to come also. We dine at three o\u2019clock. I do not ask you, because a person (Mr. P. M.) will come with Monsr. Marmontel, who is I believe disagreeable to you. Nevertheless of this you are the best judge; you know I shall be happy to see you if the party will be agreeable to you. Will you be so good as to make the proposition to the Countess and to send me her answer? Bon soir, your\u2019s affectionately,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0441", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Duler, 8 December 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Duler, Jean Baptiste\nSir\nParis Dec. 8. 1786.\nThe circumstance had escaped me of my having had the honor  of being made known to you by Mr. Walker at Charlottesville. However I should not have been the less ready, had it been in my power, to have aided you in procuring emploiment in some bureau here. But a stranger as I am, unconnected and unacquainted, my sollicitations on your behalf would be as ineffectual as improper. I should have been happy to have been able to render you this service, as I am sincerely concerned at the circumstance which has placed you in need of it.\nAs to the paper money in your hands, the states have not yet been able to take final arrangements for it\u2019s redemption. But as soon as they shall have got their finances into some order, they will surely pay for it what it was worth in silver at the time you received it, with an interest. The interest on Loan office certificates is I think paid annually in all the states; and in some of them they have begun to make paiments of the principal. These matters are managed for foreigners by the Consul of their nation in America, where they have not a private friend to attend for them. I have the honour to be with much respect Sir your most obedt. humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0442", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Ezra Stiles, 8 December 1786\nFrom: Stiles, Ezra\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nYale College Decr. 8. 1786.\nAt our public Commencement 13th. Septr. last, the Reverend the Corporation of this College conferred upon yourself the Degree of Doctor in Laws. Immediately after, I journeyed to Albany, Ft. Edward, and Lake George, and was absent from home about six Weeks. Before my Departure I wrot a Letter to you advising this Transaction, and left it with my Family to forward by the first Opportunity. But it has been neglected. You will be pleased to accept this as a Token of our Respect and Honor for one of the first Literary Character in the Republic of Letters. We esteem ourselves highly honored in enrolling your Name in the Catalogue of this University. Hereafter I will do myself the Honor of transmitting to you the Diploma of your Doctorate.\nI sent you last Spring the Drawing of some curious antique Fortifications at the Confluence of Muskinghum River with the Ohio. I expected that Dr. Wales would have delivered it to you in  person at Paris. But when he left Port l\u2019Orient without proceeding to Paris, he forwarded it to you from thence.\nIn my Journey I visited the medical Springs near Balltown 12 or 14 m. North of Schenectady, at Saratoga 12 m. beyond, and that at New Lebanon about 25 m. SE from Albany on the Line between the States of Massachts. and N York and 6 m. W. from Pittsfield. The Latter was not in Taste different from common spring water. The Tastes of the two former were alike, saline, very acidulous and astringent, and as disagreeable as a solution of Epsom Salts. I immersed a Fahr: Pocket Thermometer about 12 or 15 minutes in each and found the Mercury to stand at 53 and 54, when the Temperature of the external Air was 76. Immersed in Hudsons River the stood at 54. I immersed it in Lebanon Springs and it stood at 71 when in the external Air it was 65. So the last was warmer than the external Air. All three springs were very ebullient or incessantly boiling\u2014a boiling caused, not by Heat, but by Protrusion from the subterraneas fountain. There are about a dozen of these saline Springs (from which Salt has been procured) on the Banks of a Ravine at Saratoga, within about 100 Rods. The upper Saratoga Spring is in a Rock or incrusted Concretion in a conica[l] form 8 feet in the horizontal Diameter of the Base and 4 f. high, with a hollow Perforation in the manner of a Millstone thus \n            This Protuberance seems to have been formed or grown in a Tractofages from a muriatick Despusmation of the mineral Waters.\nVery seldom does the Water overflow the Top. Ordinarily the Water is stationary within nine Inches of the Top. Neither is there any Hole on the side of this Rock, nor any Discharge at or near the Bottom from whence there is any apparent Evacuation or Discharge of the internal water. And altho\u2019 Gallons are daily drawn out from the Hole in the summit, there is no Diminution of the Altitude of the Water. A fine attenuated volatile and pungent Vapor incessantly, but invisibly exhales from the Perforation. In this probably the essential Efficacy consists, For where the Water is transported in well closed glass or wooden Vessels to any distance, it ever  looses its Virtue or Efficacy entirely. These Waters have been tried chemically, but I have not the Experiments.\nCol. Humphreys, who was a Member of our Assembly the last Session, and by the Assembly appointed Colonel to command the Connectt. Quota of about 180 or 200 Troops for the Defence of the Frontiers against Indian Incursions, has obliged me with the two Volumes of the American Travels of the Marquiss de Chattelux. I have just finished Reading them with great Pleasure and Entertainment. They have afforded me a most delicious and exquisite satisfaction. The Observations on our Country political, physical or natural, military, historical, literary and characteristics made by so ingenious, sagacious learned and patriotic a Foreigner, are highly informative. I am surprized that a Stranger should enter so deeply and judiciously into the genius, Manners, Laws, and political Institutions of our Country. Will you be pleased to make my most Respectful Compliments to that illustrious Nobleman and General, and beg him to accept my Thanks for the Honor he has done us by his Pen and his Arms; even tho\u2019 I might not in every Thing concur with some of his critical and learned Remarks, particularly on the wonderful Pont-naturel. Wishing you every Blessing, I am, Dear Sir, with the greatest Esteem & Respect, Yr obedt very hble servt.,\nEzra Stiles", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0443", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Stockdale, 8 December 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Stockdale, John\nSir\nParis Dec. 8. 1786.\nI have sent by the Diligence the three first numbers of Sandford et Merton, being all which has yet appeared. A number comes out every month, and it will be nine months before the whole will be out. You shall receive them as they appear, and always by the Diligence unless you would prefer any other channel of conveyance. I am Sir your very humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0447", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to R. & A. Garvey, 11 December 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Garvey, Anthony,Garvey, Richard\nSir\nParis Dec. 11. 1786.\nI have now the satisfaction to return you the Acquit a caution No. 113 you were so kind as to enter into for me. The copying press being a prohibited article, has occasioned a considerable delay in obtaining it from the Douane. It was not till yesterday I was able to withdraw your acquit a caution. I thank you for the trouble you  have taken herein and am Sir your most obedt. & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0450", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from St. John de Cr\u00e8vecoeur, [13 December 1786]\nFrom: Cr\u00e8vecoeur, Michel Guillaume St. John de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nWednesday Morn. [13 Dec. 1786]\nI dined Yesterday with M. le Couteulx and asked him the question you desired I shou\u2019d, concerning the fate of such letters as might arrive at the House the day preceding that of the Packet\u2019s Sailing. His answer was, that after the Mail shou\u2019d be closed and carried on board, a Private Box wou\u2019d [be] kept by the Captn. for the reception of such late Letters, and that There was not the least danger of their being opened.\u2014I saw Yesterday the good duke of Harcourt, who Told me that as soon as he has received the final answer from the Farmers General, he will open the Matter of Honfleur To the Ministers and pursue this Important objet untill it is accomplish\u2019d. He thinks that he cannot possibly meet with any Very great difficulties and depends much on his Influence.\u2014In 3 or 4 days Mr. Le Couteulx is to make the Report of our Committee to Mr. de Villedeuille. Wou\u2019d you be so Kind as To Send me by the bearer your Notes on Virginia and your Map, which I will Carefully return.\nI am Your Very Humble Servant,\nSt. John De Cr\u00e8vecoeur", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0451", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Jay, 13 December 1786\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nOffice for foreign Affairs 13th. Decemr. 1786\nSince closing my Dispatches to you of the 1st. Inst. I learn from the Consul of France, that the Prince of Luxemburgh was only the ostensible owner of the South Carolina Frigate, and that she in reality belonged to the King of France, who was entitled to a fourth of her Prizes and Profits. This Information induces me to think, that it would be adviseable to converse on the Subject with the Count de Vergennes previous to any Application to the Prince. Those Dispatches will explain this Letter.\nWith great Respect and Esteem I have the Honor to be &c.,\nJohn Jay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0452", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Andr\u00e9 Limozin, 13 December 1786\nFrom: Limozin, Andr\u00e9\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLe Havre, 13 Dec. 1786. The small box which was to have gone with Mr. De la Croix arrived after he left; asks permission to send the box by a vessel about to sail for Norfolk and asks to whom it should be consigned there; will appreciate learning whether the observations in his letter of 1 Dec. met with TJ\u2019s approbation.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-13-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0453", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Wythe, 13 December 1786\nFrom: Wythe, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nGW TO TJ\nWilliamsburgh 13 decemb. 1786\nBy the letter, which i lately received from you, i find myself indebted further for that kind attention to me, to prove which you never suffer an opportunity to pass unheeded. I am endeavouring to satisfy the inquiry of the Tagliaferris, near Florence, about their emigrant kinsman, according to Mr. Fabbroni\u2019s desire. At present i incline to think that this person was he whom Buchanan, rerum scoticarum lib. xiii. c. 41, mentions calling him \u2018Laurentium Taliferreo, virum probum et doctum, e puerii regiis,\u2019 and that one of his posterity, rather than himself, was founder of the virginian family, for the year 1500, or between it and 1515, was the time when this Laurence was in Scotland. Peter Carr attends the professors of natural and moral philosophy and mathematicks, is learning the french and spanish languages, and with me reads Aeschylus and  Horace, one day, and Herodotus and Cicero\u2019s orations the next; anc moreover applies to arithmetic. The pleasure, which he gives me, will be greater, if you approve of the courses, or will recommend another. I think him sensible and discreet, and in a fair way of being learned, to which one great encouragement, both of him and many others of our youth, is the specimen of its ability which they admire in one of their countrymen in another quarter of the globe. His notes on Virginia, whatever he writes, says, or thinks, is eagerly sought after; and this not by youth alone. His sentiments are most earnestly desired on the grand subject of the inclosed act by the oldest (except one) of the commissioners appointed by it, who supposes that he cannot be directed so well by any other luminary. You must have advanced money for me. Let me know the amount; and whether by a draught on a merchant in London, or in what other manner i shall discharge it. On these terms (but not else) i wish you to send to me Polybius and Vitruvius. Adieu.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0454", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Bartram, 14 December 1786\nFrom: Bartram, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nAt My Garden Near Philad. December 14th 1786\nI recievd Your favour of January 27 with Lennaeus Systema vegetabilium \u214c favour Mr. Bingham which I acknowledg as a perticular favour\u2014pleas to Excep of My harty thanks. I have Made frequent enquirey after vessels Bound to the Ports Mentionen in Your Letter without Success. I Conclude its Not Prudent to Send a Large quantity as I dont know of any Convenient opertunity at this time. I have pact up a small Box of Seeds pleas to Except of as a present. From Your Asured. Friend to Serve,\nJohn Bartram\nN.B. Catalogue of Seeds is Naild up in the box as I thought it the Safest way. Dear Sir if You should have any orders for American Seeds or plants for the future I shall Chearfully Comply, if opertunity will permit.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0455", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Elizabeth Wayles Eppes, 14 December 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Eppes, Elizabeth Wayles\nDear Madam\nParis Dec. 14. 1786.\nI perceive indeed that our friends are kinder than we have sometimes supposed them, and that their letters do not come to hand. I am happy that yours of July 30. has not shared the common fate. I received it about a week ago, together with one from Mr. Eppes announcing to me that my dear Polly will come to us the ensuing summer. Tho\u2019 I am distressed when I think of this voiage, yet I know it is necessary for her happiness. She is better with you, my dear Madam, than she could be any where else in this world, except with those whom nature has allied still more closely to her. It would be unfortunate thro\u2019 life both to her and us, were those affections to be loosened which ought to bind us together, and which should be the principal source of our future happiness. Yet this would be too probably the effect of absence at her age. This is the only circumstance which has induced me to press her joining us.\u2014I am sorry the garden seeds were so little attended to by the Mr. Fitzhughs. I fear that several other little parcels sent at different times from London, from Bourdeaux, &c. may have never reached you. I am obliged to cease writing. An unfortunate dislocation of my right wrist has disabled me from writing three months. I have as yet no use of it, except that I can write a little, but slowly and in great pain. I shall set out in a few days to the South of France to try the effect of some mineral waters there. Assure Mr. and Mrs. Skipwith of my warm affections. Kiss the little ones for me. I suppose Polly not to be with you. Be assured yourself of my sincere love and esteem, Your\u2019s affectionately,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-14-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0457", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Jay, 14 December 1786\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr. Sir\nOffice for for: Affairs 14 Decr. 1786\nMy last to you was dated the 27 October by the Way of London, since which I have been honored with yours of the 11 and 13 August.\u2014They both arrived the 23 Novemr. last but Congress not having made a house since the 7th. of that Month, they have not yet been officially communicated.\nThe Information relative to Sr Guy Carlton\u2019s Instructions is in direct Opposition to Intelligence I have received on the same Subject from Persons in London who have Opportunities of knowing the Truth, and whose Credit is unquestionable. It is possible however that they may have been either accidentally or designedly decieved. A Variety of Considerations and some Facts afford Room for Suspicions, that there is an understanding between the Insurgents in Massachusetts and some leading Persons in Canada, but whether with or without the Consent or Connivance of the british Government, is still to be ascertained. There is so much Evidence of their having sent Emissaries to Quebec, and of Propositions made to and received by them from a Character of Distinction there, that I am induced to think there is at least some Truth in it. A Report has also circulated that the Insurgents have Money, and pay not only for supplies and ammunition, but also for personal services. This Fact is as yet supported by slender Proof, so much so that my Judgment remains undecided and in suspence about it. Intimations have been given that the People of Vermont are less and less anxious to be admitted into the Confederacy, and that they rather incline to a Connection of some kind or other with Britain than with us. This also remains to be proved. Two Circumstances however give it some Appearance of Probability, Vizt. It is said and believed that they talked with Sr Guy Carlton during the War, and they know that by remaining separate from the States, they will also remain uncharged with our Debts.\nAn Idea that may do Mischief has been very incautiously dropped where it should never have entered, that the Interests of the Atlantic and Western Parts of the United States are distinct, and that the growth of the latter tending to diminish that of the former, the western People have Reason to be jealous of the northern. If Britain  really means to do us Harm she will adopt and impress this Idea.\nYou will perceive from the public Papers, that the Government of Massachusetts has behaved with great Moderation and Condescension towards the Insurgents, more so than in my Opinion was wise. Obsta Principiis always appeared to me to be a Maxim very applicable to such Cases. Those Malcontents undoubtedly mean more than the Redress of the Grievances which their Leaders complain of, and there is little Doubt but that those Leaders have more extensive Views than their Followers suspect. During the Winter they may perhaps continue quiet, but if during the Course of it they should be able to bring their Affairs into system and either obtain or be promised foreign Countenance and aid, they will probably give us Trouble in the Spring. These People bear no Resemblance to an English Mob\u2014they are more temperate, cool and regular in their Conduct\u2014they have hitherto abstained from Plunder, nor have they that I know of committed any outrages but such as the accomplishment of their Purpose made necessary. I hear to Day that some of their Leaders in one of the Counties have certainly been taken by a Party of Horse from Boston.\nIn my Letter of the 27. October I enclosed a Copy of an Act of Congress, authorizing you to settle the Affairs of\u2014\u2014\u2014Schweighauser, and directing the Board of Treasury to furnish you with the necessary Information. I presume therefore that such part of your Letter of the 11th. Augt as relates to that Matter, will be referred to the Board, and that the Commissioners according to Order will collect and transmit to you the Intelligence in Question. My sentiments respecting the Discussion of this Matter with the Court, perfectly correspond with yours.\nThe Situation of our captive Countrymen at Algiers is much to be lamented, and the more so as their Deliverance is difficult to effect. Congress cannot command Money for that nor indeed for other very important Purposes. Their Requisitions produce little, and Government (if it may be called a Government) is so inadequate to its objects that essential alterations or essential Evils must take place. I hope you have received the order of Congress for Mr. Lambs Recall\u2014another Copy of it is herewith enclosed.\nIt seems probable that the Delays of Portugal proceed from the Cause you suggest. We hear the Treaty between France and Britain will be concluded. If so, many Consequences will doubtless result from it to us as well as to Portugal. Some suspect that France and England will pursue similar Systems of colonial Commerce with us. Of this however some Doubts remain on my Mind. This Country  is still exceedingly out of Humour with Britain, and Every commercial Privilege we have from France, beyond what Britain admits, encreases it and strengthens our Predilection for France. It appears to me, that the Court is not sufficiently apprized of the Expediency of having a discreet, liberal minded Minister here. It is important to both Countries that France should have none but exact and candid Representatives from hence\u2014and altho that may possibly be the Case in general at present, yet there is some Evidence of one of their Consuls having written, that we suspect their sincerity in promoting our Peace with Barbary. Such Communications may tend to illustrate the Penetration and Intelligence of the writer, but I have no Reason to think them warranted by Facts, nor conducive to mutual Confidence. We know that european commercial Nations never rejoice to see a Rival at peace with those Pirates, but we nevertheless think that France has more Inducements to do us good than Evil, especially on that and such occasions. If our Government could draw forth the Resources of the Country which, notwithstanding all appearances to the contrary, are abundant, I should prefer War to Tribute, and carry on our Mediterranean Trade in Vessels armed and manned at the public Expence. I daily become more and more confirmed in the Opinion, that Government should be divided into executive, legislative and judicial Departments. Congress is unequal to the first, very fit for the second, and but ill calculated for the third. So much Time is spent in Deliberation, that the Season for action often passes by before they decide on what should be done, nor is there much more Secrecy than Expedition in their Measures.\u2014These Inconveniences arise not from personal Disqualifications, but from the Nature and Construction of the Government.\nIf Congress had Money to purchase Peace of Algiers or redeem the Captives there, it certainly would according to their present Ideas be well to lose no Time in doing both. Neither Pains nor Expence, if within any tolerable Limits, should be spared to ransom our fellow Citizens, but the Truth is that no Money is to be expected at present from hence, nor do I think it would be right to make new Loans, until we have at least some Prospect of paying the Interest due on former ones. Our Country is fertile, abounding in useful Productions, and those Productions in Demand and bearing a good Price, yet Relaxation in Government and Extravagance in Individuals, create much public and private Distress, and much public and private Want of good Faith.\nThe public Papers will tell you how much Reason we have to  apprehend an Indian War, and to suspect that Britain instigates it. In my Opinion our Indian Affairs have been ill managed. Details would be tedious. Indians have been murdered by our People in cold Blood and no satisfaction given, nor are they pleased with the avidity with which we seek to acquire their Lands. Would it not be wiser gradually to extend our Settlements, as want of Room should make it necessary, than to pitch our Tents through the Wilderness in a great Variety of Places, far distant from each other, and from those Advantages of Education, Civilization, Law, and Government which compact Settlements and Neighbourhood afford? Shall we not fill the Wilderness with white Savages, and will they not become more formidable to us than the tawny ones who now inhabit it?\nAs to the Sums of Money expected from the Sale of those Lands, I suspect we shall be deceived, for at whatever price they may be sold, the collection and payment of it will not be easily accomplished. I have the Honor to be &c.,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0458", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Eliza House Trist, 15 December 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Trist, Eliza House\nDear Madam\nParis Dec. 15. 1786.\nI have duly received your friendly letter of July 24. and received it with great pleasure as I do all those you do me the favor to write me. If I have been long in acknowleging the receipt, the last cause  to which it should be ascribed would be want of inclination. Unable to converse with my friends in person, I am happy when I do it in black and white. The true cause of the delay has been an unlucky dislocation of my wrist which has disabled me from writing three months. I only begin to write a little now, but with pain. I wish, while in Virginia, your curiosity had led you on to James river. At Richmond you would have seen your old friends Mr. and Mrs. Randolph, and a little further you would have become acquainted with my friend Mrs. Eppes whom you would have found among the most amiable women on earth. I doubt whether you would ever have got away from her. This trip would have made you better acquainted too with my lazy and hospitable countrymen, and you would have have found that their character has some good traits mixed with some feeble ones. I often wish myself among them, as I am burning the candle of life without present pleasure, or future object. A dozen or twenty years ago this scene would have amused me. But I am past the age for changing habits. I take all the fault on myself, as it is impossible to be among a people who wish more to make one happy, a people of the very best character it is possible for one to have. We have no idea in America of the real French character. With some true samples, we have had many false ones.\u2014I am very, very sorry I did not receive your letter three or four months sooner. It would have been absolutely convenient for me while in England to have seen Browse\u2019s relations, and I should have done it with infinite pleasure. At present I have no particular expectation of returning there. Yet it is among possible events, and the desire of being useful to him would render it a pleasing one. The former journey thither was made at a week\u2019s warning without the least previous expectation. Living from day to day, without a plan for four and twenty hours to come, I form no catalogue of impossible events. Laid up in port, for life, as I thought myself at one time, I am thrown out to sea, and an unknown one to me. By so slender a thread do all our plans of life hang!\u2014My hand denies itself further, every letter admonishing me, by a pain, that it is time to finish, but my heart would go on in expressing to you all it\u2019s friendship. The happiest moments it knows are those in which it is pouring forth it\u2019s affections to a few esteemed characters. I will pray you to write to me often. I wish to know that you enjoy health and that you are happy. Present me in the most friendly terms to your mother and brother, and be assured of the sincerity of the esteem with which I am, Dear Madam, your affectionate friend & humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0459", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from St. John de Cr\u00e8vecoeur, 16 December 1786\nFrom: Cr\u00e8vecoeur, Michel Guillaume St. John de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nParis 16th. Xre. 1786\nAgreable to what I Told you last Wednesday I Saw Yesterday morning the Duke of Harcourt, To whom I most particularly Explained the Motives which had hitherto obliged you to decline Solliciting from the Government the Freedom of Honfleur. Here follows his answer.\n\u201cI am Conscious that on many accounts that Freedom will be at least as usefull to us as to The americans; but as the nature of our Government does not admit of Publick debates on such national Subjects as might Tend to Enlighten our Rulers, the only ressource left in that Case is to ask. From what Mr. de Villedeuil Intendant of Rouen and the Mar\u00e8chal de Castries have [told me] They desire that it may be done, but they can\u2019t well bring the Matter in Council untill the First demand has been made on the part of the Americans by their ambassadeur.\u2014As soon as Mr. Jefferson has Taken that Step I will Cheerfully follow it, and make use of all my Influence.\u201d\nI beg you to believe that what few Steps I have Taken in this Matter have been urged by the desire of doing what I Thought might be usefull, and not in consequence of any Presumptuous Motives; I was Encouraged beside by the Friendship the duke honord me with, and by the Knowledge I had of his being Extremely desirouse To unite some part of the american Trade with the Province he Governs, of which he is a Native. I am with great Respect Sir Your very Humble Servt,\nSt. John De Crevecoeur", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0460", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Andr\u00e9 Limozin, 16 December 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Limozin, Andr\u00e9\nSir\nParis Dec. 16. 1786.\nYour favor of Dec. 13. is this moment put into my hands. I will be obliged to you to send the box (which was to have gone by La  Croix) by the Le Couteulx to Norfolk. I have no correspondent in Norfolk, and will therefore beg the favor of you to address it to yours at that place, with a request that he will forward it to a Colo. Richard Cary near Hampton (to whom, if I recollect rightly, it is addressed). Hampton is only across the river from Norfolk.\nI will take this opportunity of acknowleging the receipt of yours of Dec. 1. inclosing your observations on M. de Calonne\u2019s letters. Those observations are judicious and exact, and shall be put to good use whenever opportunity will permit. I beg you to accept my thanks for the attention you paid to these subjects, and for the information conveyed to me by your remarks, and have the honor to be with much respect, Sir, your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0461", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 16 December 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nParis Dec. 16. 1786.\nAfter a very long silence, I am at length able to write to you. An unlucky dislocation of my right wrist has disabled me from using my pen for three months. I now begin to use it a little, but with great pain; so that this letter must be taken up at such intervals as the state of my hand will permit, and will probably be the work of some days. Tho\u2019 the joint seems to be well set, the swelling does not abate, nor the use of it return. I am now therefore on the point of setting out to the South of France to try the use of some mineral waters there, by immersion. This journey will be of 2. or 3. months.\u2014My last letters to you were of Apr. 25. and May 29. the latter only a letter of recommendation. Yours of Jan. 22. Mar. 18. May. 12. June 19. and Aug. 12. remain unacknowleged.\nI inclose you herein a copy of the letter from the Minister of finance to me, making several advantageous regulations for our commerce. The obtaining this has occupied us a twelvemonth. I say us, because I find the M. de la Fayette so useful an auxiliary that acknowlegements for his cooperation are always due. There remains still something to do for the articles of rice, turpentine and shipduties. What can be done for tobacco when the late regulation  expires, is very incertain. The commerce between the U.S. and this country being put on a good footing, we may afterwards proceed to try if any thing can be done to favour our intercourse with their colonies. Admission into them for our fish and flour is very desireable. But unfortunately both these articles would raise a competition against their own.\nI find by the public papers that your Commercial Convention failed in point of representation. If it should produce a full meeting in May, and a broader reformation, it will still be well. To make us one nation as to foreign concerns, and keep us distinct in Domestic ones, gives the outline of the proper division of powers between the general and particular governments. But to enable the Federal head to exercise the powers given it, to best advantage, it should be organised, as the particular ones are, into Legislative, Executive and Judiciary. The 1st. and last are already separated. The 2d should also be. When last with Congress, I often proposed to members to do this by making of the Committee of the states, an Executive committee during the recess of Congress, and during it\u2019s sessions to appoint a Committee to receive and dispatch all executive business, so that Congress itself should meddle only with what should be legislative. But I question if any Congress (much less all successively) can have self-denial enough to go through with this distribution. The distribution should be imposed on them then. I find Congress have reversed their division of the Western states, and proposed to make them fewer and larger. This is reversing the natural order of things. A tractable people may be governed in large bodies; but in proportion as they depart from this character, the extent of their government must be less. We see into what small divisions the Indians are obliged to reduce their societies. This measure, with the disposition to shut up the Missisipi give me serious apprehensions of the severance of the Eastern and Western parts of our confederacy. It might have been made the interests of the Western states to remain united with us, by managing their interests honestly and for their own good. But the moment we sacrifice their interests to our own, they will see it better to govern themselves. The moment they resolve to do this, the point is settled. A forced connection is neither our interest nor within our power.\u2014The Virginia act for religious freedom has been received with infinite approbation in Europe and propagated with enthusiasm. I do not mean by the governments, but by the individuals which compose them. It has been translated into French and Italian, has been sent to most of the courts of Europe, and  has been the best evidence of the falshood of those reports which stated us to be in anarchy. It is inserted in the new Encyclopedie, and is appearing in most of the publications respecting America. In fact it is comfortable to see the standard of reason at length erected, after so many ages during which the human mind has been held in vassalage by kings, priests and nobles; and it is honorable for us to have produced the first legislature who has had the courage to declare that the reason of man may be trusted with the formation of his own opinions. I shall be glad when the revisal shall be got thro\u2019. In the criminal law, the principle of retaliation is much criticised here, particularly in the case of Rape. They think the punishment indecent and unjustifiable. I should be for altering it, but for a different reason: that is on account of the temptation women would be under to make it the instrument of vengeance against an inconstant lover, and of disappointment to a rival.\u2014Are our courts of justice open for the recovery of British debts according to the Septennial act? The principles of that act can be justified; but the total stoppage of justice cannot. The removal of the negroes from New York would only give cause for stopping some of the last paiments, if the British government should refuse satisfaction, which however I think they will not do.\nI thank you for your communications in Natural history. The several instances of trees &c. found far below the surface of the earth, as in the case of Mr. Hay\u2019s well, seem to set the reason of man at defiance. Another Theory of the earth has been contrived by one Whitford, not absolutely reasonable, but somewhat more so than any that has yet appeared. It is full of interesting facts; which however being inadequate to his theory, he is obliged to supply them from time to time by begging questions. It is worth your getting from London. If I can be useful to you in ordering books from London you know you may command me. You had better send me the duplicate volume of the Encyclopedie. I will take care to send you the proper one. I have many more livraisons for you and have made some other inconsiderable purchases for you in this way. But I shall not send them till the spring, as a winter passage is bad for books. I reserve myself till that time therefore to give you an account of the execution of your several commissions, only observing that the watch will not be finished till the spring and that it will be necessary for me to detain her some time on trial, because it often happens that a watch, looking well to the eye, and faithfully made, goes badly at first on account of some little circumstance which escapes the eye of the workman when he puts  her together and which he could easily rectify.\u2014With respect to the proposition about the purchase of lands, I had just before made the experiment desired. It was to borrow money for aiding the opening of the Patowmac, which was proposed to me by Genl. Washington. I had the benefit of his name, and the foundation of a special act of assembly. I lodged the papers in the hands of Mr. Grand to try to obtain money on loan at 6. per cent. assuring him that the securities should be made compleatly satisfactory to the lenders. After long trial he told me it could not be done; that this government has always occasion to borrow more money than can be lent in this country; that they pay 6. percent per annum in quarterly paiments, and with a religious punctuality; that besides this they give very considerable douceurs to the lenders; that every one therefore would prefer having his money here rather than on the other side the Atlantic, where distance, want of punctuality, and a habitual protection of the debtor would be against them. There is therefore but one way in which I see any chance of executing your views. Monied men sometimes talk of investing money in American lands. Some such might be willing to ensure an advantageous investiture by interesting trust-worthy characters in the purchase, and to do this might be willing to advance the whole money, being properly secured. On this head no satisfaction should be wanting, which I could give them; and as persons with these views sometimes advise with me, I shall be attentive to propose to them this plan. I consider it\u2019s success however as only possible, not probable.\nWhen I wrote you by the Fitzhughs I informed you I had lent them 600 livres; but after this I received notice of their bill on me in favor of Limozin for 480 livres which I paid in December 1785. so that the sum I would wish you to receive from them is 1080 livres.\u2014The bickerings between Russia and the Porte are again patched up by this court. Those between Spain and Naples never looked towards war. The only danger was that Naples might throw itself into the arms of the house of Austria. This court is labouring at a reconciliation. It will probably end in a settled coolness between the two kings, father and son, and the former withdrawing from all interference with the affairs of Naples: while the latter will keep himself clear of new connections. There have been serious fears of a rupture of the equilibrium by a shifting of Prussia into the Austrian scale. This country will certainly support the patriotic party in Holland, even at the expence of a war. It is rather beleived the new king of Prussia will not go so far in favor of the Stadholder, tho much interested for him. This is the only  germ at present, the development of which can produce war. I am Dear Sir with sincere esteem your friend & servant,\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. Since writing the above I have received the deficient volume of the encyclopedie for you. The price of Buffon\u2019s plates coloured are\nOiseaux. 1008. Plates in 42 quires\n630 livres\nQuadrupedes 27. quires\nThey cannot be bought uncoloured separate from the text.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0462", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Carmichael, 17 December 1786\nFrom: Carmichael, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMadrid 17 Decr. 1786\nI have the honor to inclose your Excellency two Letters which Mr. Barclay requested me to forward by the 1st. safe opportunity. None having offered until the present, the Return of the Duke of Vauguyon to Paris, you will find them of an old date.\nMr. Barclay wrote me the 20th. from Alicant. Before his arrival Mr. Lamb had gone to Minorca. He is therefore much at a loss with respect to his future proceedings, and I think it is probable he will soon return to France; unless he should receive Letters from you, that may direct his conduct. The Cte. D\u2019Expilly is now at Carthagena on his way to Algiers, to which place he will be accompanied by the Envoys of Naples and Portugal. The Ambassador from the Latter to this court assures me that he has no expectation of concluding a peace with the Regency. The Cte. D\u2019Expilly has promised me to continue his Attention to our Prisoners during his Stay at Algiers and I have also engaged the Consul of Spain who remains there on his return to take care of them. Advances have been made for their support, which ought to be refunded. I have no Letters from Congress, the Cte. de Florida Blanca tells me that he hopes the Treaty will soon be concluded. Mr. Gardoqui writes me to the same purpose. I am told the English Commercial Treaty with this Country goes on Slowly. The difference between this court and that of Naples still subsists,  altho many efforts have been made to reconcile the Father and Son. The Abrupt departure of the French Ambassador occasions various conjectures. All that I know with certainty on the Subject is, that he presented a Letter from his Sovereign to this, advising that his Ambassador having asked a Cong\u00e9 for six weeks for his private affairs he had granted it to him. The Cte. de Florida Blanca, on being questioned, answered to the purport just mentioned. The situation of our Affairs having taken another turn during the residence of this Ambassador, than what they were in the time of his Predecessor the Ct. de Montmorin, it has not been in my power without forwardness on my part to see him so often as I had occasion to see the Latter. He has always treated me politely and I have endeavoured as far as circumstances would permit to show Him those proofs of attachment which are particularly due from me to his Nation. He has ever expressed a great desire of cultivating your acquaintance and I suppose he will now have an opportunity. His Son the Prince of Carency engages to send this to your Excellency. He is a promising young Nobleman. Indeed the Family attachment of this great house does honor to the Individuals which compose it, and I fear there are very few similar Examples in high Life. An Article which I saw in the Gazette of Paris some time ago, gives me some uneasiness for your health. I have forwarded to Congress the answer of this Court to the Memorial of the Dutch Ambassador, of which I sent you Copy. I think the reflections, which accompanied this answer, convincing. I continue to receive from the Ct. de F.B. every proof that I can wish in my little sphere, of his desire to promote a good Understanding between our respective Countries. He is no Stranger to the difficulties which Congress encounter, and I seize every occasion of removing any impressions which such Information might make on him. With Sincere Wishes for your health and happiness I have the honor to be Your Excys. Obliged & Obedt. Hble. Servt.,\nWm. Carmichael\nP.S. Since writing the preceeding, the Portuguese Ambassador has pressed me to hint, that the present moment is favorable to push our Treaty with his Court. I answered generally that I was not well informed on what it now stood to give my opinion. I therefore merely repeat this for your Information. He also insinuated that we might make mutual arrangements for repressing the piracies of the Barbaresque Powers. I am &c.\nW.C.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0463", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Charles Thomson, 17 December 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Thomson, Charles\nDear Sir\nParis Dec. 17. 1786\nA dislocation of my right wrist has for three months past disabled me from writing except with my left hand, which was too slow and awkward to be employed but in cases of necessity. I begin to have so much use of my wrist as to be able to write, but it is slowly and in pain. I take the first moment I can however to acknowlege the receipt of your letters of Apr. 6. July 8. and 30. In one of these you say you have not been able to learn whether, in the new mills in London, steam is the immediate mover of the machinery, or raises water to move it? It is the immediate mover. The power of this agent, tho\u2019 long known, is but now beginning to be applied to the various purposes of which it is susceptible. You observe that Whitehurst supposes it to have been the agent which, bursting the earth, threw it up into mountains and vallies. You ask me what I think of his book? I find in it many interesting facts brought together, and many ingenious commentaries on them. But there are great chasms in his facts, and consequently in his reasoning. These he fills up by suppositions which may be as reasonably denied as granted. A sceptical reader therefore, like myself, is left in the lurch. I acknolege however he makes more use of fact than any other writer of a theory of the earth. But I give one answer to all these theorists. That is as follows: they all suppose the earth a created existence. They must suppose a creator then; and that he possesed power and wisdom to a great degree. As he intended the earth for the habitation of animals and vegetables is it reasonable to suppose he made two jobs of his creation? That he first made a chaotic lump and set it into rotatory motion, and then waiting the millions of ages necessary to form itself, that when it had done this he stepped in a second time to create the animals and plants which were to inhabit it? As the hand of a creator is to be called in, it may as well be called in at one stage of the process as another. We may as well suppose he created the earth at once nearly in the state in which we see it, fit for the preservation of the beings he placed on it. But it is said we have a proof that he did not create it in it\u2019s present solid form, but in a state of fluidity,  because it\u2019s present shape of an oblate spheroid is precisely that which a fluid mass revolving on it\u2019s axis would assume. But I suppose that the same equilibrium between gravity and centrifugal force which would determine a fluid mass into the form of an oblate spheroid, would determine the wise creator of that mass, if he made it in a solid state, to give it the same spheroidical form. A revolving fluid will continue to change it\u2019s shape till it attains that in which it\u2019s principles of contrary motion are balanced; for if you suppose them not balanced, it will change it\u2019s form. Now the same balanced form is necessary for the preservation of a revolving solid. The creator therefore of a revolving solid would make it an oblate spheroid, that figure alone admitting a perfect equilibrium. He would make it in that form for another reason, that is, to prevent a shifting of the axis of rotation. Had he created the earth perfectly spherical, it\u2019s axis might have been perpetually shifting by the influence of other bodies of the system, and by placing the inhabitants of the earth successively under it\u2019s poles, it might have been depopulated: whereas being Spheroidical it has but one axis on which it can revolve in equilibrio. Suppose the axis of the earth to shift 45.\u00b0 Then cut it into 180 slices, making every section in the plane of a circle of latitude, perpendicular to the axis. Every one of these slices, except the equatorial one would be unbalanced, as there would be more matter on one side of it\u2019s axis than on the other. There could be but one diameter drawn through such a slice which would divide it into two equal parts. On every other possible diameter the parts would hang unequal. This would produce an irregularity in the diurnal rotation. We may therefore conclude it impossible for the poles of the earth to shift, if it was made spheroidically, and that it would be made spheroidal, tho\u2019 solid, to obtain this end. I use this reasoning only on the supposition that the earth has had a beginning. I am sure I shall read your conjectures on this subject with great pleasure, tho\u2019 I bespeak before hand a right to indulge my natural incredulity and scepticism. The pain in which I write awakens me here from my reverie and obliges me to conclude with compliments to Mrs. Thomson, and assurances to yourself of the esteem and affection with which I am sincerely Dear Sir your friend & servt.,\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. Since writing the preceding, I have had conversation on the subject of the steam mills with the famous Boulton, to whom those of London belong, and who is here at this time. He compares the  effect of steam with that of horses in the following manner. 6 horses, aided with the most advantageous combination of the mechanical powers hitherto tried, will grind six bushels of flour in an hour; at the end of which time they are all in a foam, and must rest. They can work thus 6. hours in the 24, grinding 36. bushels of flour, which is 6. to each horse for the 24 hours. His steam mill in London consumes 120 bushels of coal in 24 hours, turns 10. pr. of stones, which grind 8 bushels of flour an hour each, which is 1920 bushels for the 24. hours. This makes a peck and a half of coal perform exactly as much as a horse in one day can perform.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-17-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0464", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Trumbull, 17 December 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Trumbull, John\nDear Sir\nI wrote you a letter above a month ago, which should have been delivered by Colo. Blackden, who was to have left Paris for London the next day. But he is still at Paris, and that letter, with this, will be delivered by another hand. It covers one to Mrs. Cosway. I am now to trouble you for the widow and the orphan, and I appeal to your charity for pardon. As a further plea for it, I will assure you you cannot serve two more deserving objects. Nicholas Trist, a British officer, married the daughter of Mrs. House in Philadelphia, and had by her an only son. He died in the year 1783, at his settlement near the Natchez on the Missisipi, leaving his wife guardian to his son. His mother, in England, died the year following either not knowing of his death, or not altering her will, in which she had bequeathed 1000\u00a3, the interest to him annually during his life for the education of his children, and at his death the principal to be divided equally among his children. Of course this belongs wholly to his son. My petition to you is that you will procure for me the copy of this clause of the will, and find out who and where are the executors. For the expences I will beg you to apply to Colo. Smith. But you must have some indications to begin your enquiries. I can give you only the following. 1. I conjecture the mother to have lived near Totness in Devonshire, because it is said almost all the family lived in that neighborhood. 2. For the same reason I conjecture that a Mrs. Champernoune resides there, a sister of Mr. Trist, who has written very friendly letters to his widow, and who gave her notice of this legacy. 3. Mr. Hore Browse  Trist, uncle to the deceased Mr. Trist, after whom he named his son, lives at his seat a mile from Totness. He has an estate of 3000\u00a3 a year. So if you should be obliged to resort to him for information, he will be easily found. 4. There was a Mr. Richard Trist of Arundel street, Strand, London, a distant relation of the deceased, and whose house he made his home when in London. If he be living, he can probably give all the necessary information. Should your enquiries bring you into the presence of any of the family, be so good as to inform them that the widow of Mr. Trist is a rare pattern of goodness, prudence and good sense; that the son is a beautiful boy of 10 or 11 years of age, of the sweetest dispositions possible, and of the most promising talents. As yet the mother has been able to supply the calls of his education, which she has conducted judiciously and carefully: but as he advances, the expences will increase, while her means will be diminishing, for she is left in very straightened circumstances. The family is rich. Should any of them be disposed to know any further of Mrs. Trist or her son, if they will be so kind as to write to me, I will give them all the information they may desire. I am enabled to do this from a very intimate acquaintance with them, and their situation, and from letters from Mrs. Trist, with whom I correspond constantly, and for whom I have a great friendship. After repeating my prayers that you will forgive this trouble, I conclude with assurances of the esteem with which I am Dear Sir your friend & servant,\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. After writing the above I received yours of Novr. 29. in time to inclose one herein for Mrs. Cosway.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0467", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Andr\u00e9 Limozin, [19 December 1786]\nFrom: Limozin, Andr\u00e9\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMost Honored Sir\nAgreable to the directions your Excellency hath favord me with the 16th of this Month, I have Shipp\u2019d on board Le Couteulx, John Lymburn Master, not only the Small Box but that containing the model in Plaister for the Capitol of Virginia; in consequence whereof I have the Honor to inclose your Excellency the two Bills of Lading for the two Boxes; I have consignd them to M. Le Bailly in Norfolk to whom I gave hint of your directions how these two Boxes were to be forwarded at Richmond. My disbursments for the Box containing the model in plaister amount to 22 Lvres,  4d. as \u214c annexed noted, for which I have charged your Excellencys Account Debtor.\nI am Surely very happy to hear that the observations I took the Freedom to address to your Excellency meet with his approbation. I shall at times do all what lays in my power to deserve your Friendship and to convince you that I am with as much attachement as with the highest regard, Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient & very Humble Servant,\nAndre Limozin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-19-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0468", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Stockdale, 19 December 1786\nFrom: Stockdale, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nKind Sir\nPiccadilly London 19th. Decr. 1786.\nI have this Instant your\u2019s of the 8th. Inst., and Yesterday Sandford and Merton, for which I return you my very sincere thanks, for the great favor that you have done me, as the immediate procuring of this Work was of great consequence to me. I am afraid it will be deem\u2019d an encroachment on good Nature, to request the favor of having sent by the first dilligence the friend of Youth by Mr. Berquin, a Work now publishing. I believe the conveyance by the dilligence will be the most certain. As I do not intend to take this liberty in future, I beg you will excuse it. I received your former Letter with an Order for the Beauties of Shakespeare after the Box was packt up and was of course stopt untill I got them bound, which owing to a combination among the Journeyman Bookbinders I could not get done as soon as I could wish. But it was Yesterday sent by the Dilligence, which I hope you\u2019ll receive, before you go on your long Journey. I shall be happy to hear from you and to execute any Commands I may be favourd with, from whatever point of the World you may be in. I am sir with great Respect Your much oblig\u2019d & very humble Servant,\nJohn Stockdale\nP.S. Mr. S. will thankfully receive the remainder of the Volumes of Sandford and Merton as they come out by the Dilligence. The Post going out I am not able to send the list of the Books, but they are all sent that you have Order\u2019d.\nJS", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0470", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Colonia, 20 December 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Colonia, Pierre Joseph de\nce 20me. Xbre. 1786.\nMonsieur Jefferson a eu l\u2019honneur de recevoir de Monsieur le comte de Vergennes un passeport pour des armes qu\u2019il doit expedier pour l\u2019etat de Virginie. Son agent l\u2019ayant present\u00e9 au Receveur et Directeur \u00e0 Bourdeaux d\u2019ou cet envoi devoit etre fait, ils lui ont dit qu\u2019on ne pouvoit pas en admettre l\u2019expedition sans que le passeport soit sign\u00e9 de Monsieur le Controleur general. Monsieur Jefferson prend la libert\u00e9 de prier Monsieur de Colonia de vouloir bien lui procurer la signature de Monsieur le Controleur general au passeport qu\u2019il a l\u2019honneur de lui envoyer. L\u2019experience qu\u2019il a eu de la complaisance et de la bont\u00e9 de Monsieur de Colonia sur une autre occasion l\u2019enhardit de s\u2019adresser \u00e0 lui encore pour cet objet. Il a l\u2019honneur de lui presenter ses compliments.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-20-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0471", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Stephens Smith, 20 December 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Smith, William Stephens\nParis Dec. 20. 1786.\n\u2018Not having any letters on my file unanswered, I shall not trouble you further.\u2019\u2014Is this you?\u2014Did you count 10. distinctly between the origin of that thought, and the committing it to paper? How could you, my dear Sir, add reproach to misfortune with a poor cripple who but now begins to use his pen, a little, and that with so much pain that it is real martyrdom? However I believe I am even with you by the constant tangle in which I keep your head with my commissions. The harpsicord, Mr. Adams\u2019s and Sir. Walter Raleigh\u2019s pictures, the map and some other trifles are still on your files, if I mistake not. I must acknolege the receipt of the cotton and cloth waistcoats and breeches, a pr. of slippers, one of the copying presses and Dilly\u2019s second cargo of books. For these I must give you my thanks, and particularly for the copies of the joint letters which came in good time.\u2014I had first viewed the Eastern disturbances as of little consequence. A letter afterwards received had represented them as serious. But Mr. Adams\u2019s puts me to rights again. Congress raising troops in the Eastern states alone, to make war against the Shawanese is a new idea. I suppose those governments asked it. I hope however the troops will not be necessary, and that the good sense of the people will be found the best army. I write to Mrs. Smith. You are too much a man of honour to pry into that secret. My wrist forbids my adding more than assurances of the sincere esteem with which I am Dr. Sir your friend and servt.,\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. I send the map of S. America for which I will pray you to take arrangements with Faden or any other. He is the best. For his gain he will wish to make the map large. For that of the public and for their convenience I wish to debarrass it of all useless margins.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0472", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Abigail Adams, 21 December 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nDear Madam\nParis Dec. 21. 1786.\nAn unfortunate dislocation of my right wrist has for three months deprived me of the honor of writing to you. I begin now to use my pen a little, but it is in great pain, and I have no other use of my hand. The swelling has remained obstinately the same for two months past, and the joint, tho I beleive well set, does not become more flexible. I am strongly advised to go to some mineral waters at Aix in Provence, and I have it in contemplation.\u2014I was not alarmed at the humor shewn by your countrymen. On the contrary I like to see the people awake and alert. But I received a letter which represented it as more serious than I had thought. Mr. Adams however restores my spirits; I believe him and I thank him for it. The good sense of the people will soon lead them back, if they have erred in a moment of surprize.\u2014My friends write me that they will send my little daughter to me by a Vessel which sails in May for England. I have taken the liberty to tell them that you will be so good as to take her under your wing till I can have notice to send for her, which I shall do express in the moment of my knowing she is arrived. She is about 8. years old, and will be in the care of her nurse, a black woman, to whom she is confided with safety. I knew your goodness too well to scruple the giving this direction before I had asked your permission. I beg you to accept assurances of the constant esteem with which I have the honor to be Dear Madam your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0473", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from S. J. Neele, 21 December 1786\nFrom: Neele, S. J.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLondon No. 352 Strand Decr. 21st. 1786\nAgreeable to Col. Smith\u2019s Order I now send you the Plate of the Map of Virginia &c. with the Original Maps Drawing and a Proof. As there is in it a very great Number of Words you will, I naturally suppose upon inspecting it critically find some Corrections necessary; I could have wished to have inserted them myself, but as your Receipt of the Plate renders that impracticable, they must consequently be done by one of the Map Engravers at Paris.\nThe Drawing was unfortunately made on a Paper much too soft, so that, (after it was rubbed down on the Wax prepared on the Plate to receive its Impression previous to tracing), in taking it off, some Parts of its surface tore away, and remained on the Wax, and of course obliterated the Drawing in those Parts.\nIn consequence of this accident, you will find in the body of the Map two Names unfinished and a few on the Coast to the Eastward of Delaware Bay, all of which, as well as every other necessary Correction may be made in a few Hours. Col. Smith has expressed his Approbation of the Engraving, I therefore flatter myself it will likewise meet with yours and be a means of securing your future Favors, which will add to the Obligation already confered on Sir Yours (with much respect),\nS. J. Neele", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-21-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0474", "content": "Title: [To Thomas Jefferson from Abraham Walton, 21 December 1786]\nFrom: Walton, Abraham\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nOrl\u00e9ans, 21 Dec. 1786. Thanks TJ for his letter of 7 Dec. and asks him to thank Lafayette for his letters of introduction to the local bishop and the Marquis du Crest; has dined with the latter three or four times. There are no masters of Italian or Spanish at Orl\u00e9ans; continues to study French, and reads nothing but French; amuses himself as formerly with dancing and fencing; hopes \u201cthe Waters may have the desired Effect.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0476", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Wythe, 22 December 1786\nFrom: Wythe, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nGW TO TJ\nWilliamsburgh 22 Decemb 1786\nLest a letter, which, a few days ago, i wrote to you, should not come to your hands, i now write this, to entreat, that you will let us have your thoughts on the confederation of the american states, which is proposed to be revised in the summer following. I mentioned  in that letter, that Peter Carr was attending the professors of natural and moral philosophy, and mathematics, learning the french and spanish languages, and with me reading Herodotus, Aeschylus, Cicero, and Horace; and that i wished to know if you approved of the course, or would recommend any other. Farewell.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0477", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Brissot de Warville, 23 December 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Brissot de Warville, Jacques Pierre\nParis Dec. 23. 1786.\nI return you, Sir, the paper wherein is inserted the letter under my name, with many thanks for the perusal of it. If the two columns whereon it is printed are not useful to you, I would venture to ask you for them: because the publication is not only without authority, but is surreptitious and mutilated to answer its purposes of a particular interest, and I would wish to make some observations on it to Congress in order to bring it under their notice.\nThe price of tobacco in Virginia at the public warehouses, that is to say in the port ready for shipping, was before the war on an average of one year with another about [18 livres?] the English hundred for the best quality and 15. for the worst. Since the war it has fluctuated from those prices up to the double of them. I believe we may fairly conjecture it will settle generally at the medium of the two, that is to say, about 27. livres for the best and 22 1. for the worst. I have the honor to be with sentiments of great respect & esteem Sir, your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0479", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Francis Hopkinson, 23 December 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hopkinson, Francis\nDear Sir\nParis Dec. 23. 1786.\n  My last letter to you was dated Aug. 14. Yours of May 27. and June 28. were not then received, but have been since. I take the liberty of putting under your cover another letter to Mrs. Champ\u00e9s as also an enquiry after a Dr. Griffiths. A letter to M. le Vieillard from the person he had consulted about the essence d\u2019Orient will convey to you the result of my researches into that article. Your spring block for assisting a vessel in sailing cannot be tried here, because the Seine, being not more than about 40 toises wide, and running swiftly, there is no such thing on it as a vessel with sails. I thank you for the volume of the Phil. trans. which came safely to hand, and is in my opinion a very valuable volume and contains many precious papers. The Paccan nut is, as you conjecture, the Illinois nut. The former is the vulgar name South of the Patowmac, as also with the Indians and Spaniards, and enters also into the Botanical name which is Juglans Paccan. I have many volumes of the Encyclopedie for yourself and Dr. Franklin: but as a winter passage is bad for books, and before the spring the packets will begin to sail from Havre to New York, I shall detain them till then. You must not presume too strongly that your comb-footed bird is known to M. de Buffon. He did not know our panther. I gave him the stuffed skin of one I bought in Philadelphia and it presents him a new species, which will appear in his next volumes. I have convinced him that our deer is not a Chevreuil: and would you believe that many letters to different acquaintances in Virginia, where this animal is so common, have never enabled me to present him with a large pair of their horns, a blue and a red skin stuffed, to shew him their colour at different seasons. He has never seen the horns of what we call the elk. This would decide whether it be an elk or a deer. I am very much pleased with your project on the Harmonica and the prospect of your succeeding in the application of keys to it. It will be the greatest present which has been made to the musical world this century, not excepting the Piano forte. If it\u2019s tone approaches that given by the finger as nearly only as the harpsichord does that of the harp, it will be very valuable. I have lately examined a Foot-bass newly invented here, by the celebrated Krumfoltz. It is precisely a Piano forte about 10. feet long,  18 inches broad and 9. I. deep. It is of one octave only, from Fa to Fa. The part where the keys are, projects at the side in order to lengthen the levers of the keys, thus It is placed on the floor, and the harpsichord or other piano forte is set over it, the foot acting in concert on that while the fingers play on this. There are three unison chords to every note, of strong brass wire, and the lowest have wire wrapped on them as the lowest in the piano-forte. The chords give a fine, clear, deep tone, almost like the pipe of an organ.\u2014Have they connected you with our mint? My friend Monroe promised me he would take care for you in that. Or perhaps the establishment of that at New York may have been incompatible with your residence at Philadelphia. A person here has invented a method of coining the French ecu of 6. livres so as to strike both faces and the edge at one stroke, and makes a coin as beautiful as a medal. No country has ever yet produced such a coin. They are made cheaper too. As yet he has only made a few to shew the perfection of his manner. I am endeavoring to procure one to send to Congress as a model for their coinage. They will consider whether, in establishing a new mint, it will not be worth while to buy his machines, if he will furnish them. A dislocation of my right wrist, which happened to me about a month after the date of my last letter to you has disabled me from writing 3. months. I do it now in pain and only in cases of necessity or of strong inclination having as yet no other use of my hand. I put under your cover a letter from my daughter to her friend. She joins me in respects to your good mother, to Mrs. Hopkinson and yourself, to whom I proffer assurances of the esteem with which I am Dear Sir your sincere friend & servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0480", "content": "Title: [To Thomas Jefferson from Francis Coffyn, 24 December 1786]\nFrom: Coffyn, Francis\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Dunkirk, 24 Dec. 1786. Recorded in SJL as received 27 Dec. 1786. Not found, but it must have related to the report that Coffyn made to Cr\u00e8vecoeur about the accessibility of the port of Honfleur to American trading vessels; see Brissot to TJ, 27 Dec. 1786; Ducrest to TJ, 27 Dec. 1786.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0481", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Maria Cosway, 24 December 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cosway, Maria\nParis Dec. 24. 1786.\nYes, my dear Madam, I have received your three letters, and I am sure you must have thought hardly of me, when at the date of the last, you had not yet received one from me. But I had written two. The second, by the post, I hope you got about the beginning of this month: the first has been detained by the gentleman who was to have carried it. I suppose you will receive it with this.\nI wish they had formed us like the birds of the air, able to fly where we please. I would have exchanged for this many of the boasted preeminencies of man. I was so unlucky when very young, as to read the history of Fortunatus. He had a cap of such virtues that when he put it on his head, and wished himself anywhere, he was there. I have been all my life sighing for this cap. Yet if I had it, I question if I should use it but once. I should wish myself with you, and not wish myself away again. En attendant the cap, I am always thinking of you. If I cannot be with you in reality, I will in imagination. But you say not a word of coming to Paris. Yet you were to come in the spring, and here is winter. It is time therefore you should be making your arrangements, packing your baggage &c. unless you really mean to disappoint us. If you do, I am determined not to suppose I am never to see you again. I will believe you intend to go to America, to draw the Natural bridge, the Peaks of Otter &c., that I shall meet you there, and visit with you all those grand scenes. I had rather be deceived, than live without hope. It is so sweet! It makes us ride so smoothly over the roughnesses of life. When clambering a mountain, we always hope the hill we are on is the last. But it is the next, and the next, and still the next. Think of me much, and warmly. Place me in your breast with those who you love most: and comfort me with your letters. Addio la mia cara ed amabile amica!\nAfter finishing my letter, the gentleman who brought yours sent me a roll he had overlooked, which contained songs of your  composition. I am sure they are charming, and I thank you for them. The first words which met my eye on opening them, are I fear, ominous. \u2018Qua l\u2019attendo, e mai non viene.\u2019", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0482", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Maury, 24 December 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Maury, James\nDear Sir\nParis Dec. 24. 1786.\nYour favor of the 17th. of Sep. came to hand a few days after a dislocation of my right wrist had disabled me from writing. I only begin to write a little now, and that with pain. Your second letter of Dec. 10. is now received. I should be happy if any arrangements as to my tobacco could produce advantage to you, but having entirely abandoned the management of my affairs to my friends in Virginia, I do not venture to give any orders from here relative to them. I doubt too whether English prices for tobacco would be such as are given here, say 14. or 15.\u00a3 sterl. a hhd. for such tobacco as mine. Your good mother\u2019s interesting herself on the subject of my daughter is flattering to me, as it is a proof I still retain a share in her friendship. I still continue to esteem most those whom I knew earliest in life. Will you be so good as to take the trouble to inform her that my daughter is indeed in a convent, but in one where there are as many protestants as Catholics, where not a word is ever said to them on the subject of religion, and where they are as free in the profession and practice of their own religion as they would be in their own country. It is a house of education only, where the menial offices for the scholars are performed by nuns, who retire at certain hours to perform their own religious rites unseen by the scholars. With this information I will ask the further favor of you to tender to your mother my most friendly respects. I have written to Mr. Adams by the present conveyance, and taken the liberty of making you known to him. My compliments attend on Mrs. Maury and I have the honour to be with much esteem Dr. Sir your friend & servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-24-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0483", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Ezra Stiles, 24 December 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Stiles, Ezra\nSir\nParis Dec. 24. 1786\nI feel myself very much honored by the degree which has been conferred on me by the Senatus Academicus of Yale college, and I beg leave through you, Sir, to express to them how sensible I am of this honor, and that it is to their and your indulgence, and not to any merit of my own that I am indebted for it.\nThe commotions which have taken place in America, as far as they are yet known to me, offer nothing threatening. They are a proof that the people have liberty enough, and I would not wish them less than they have. If the happiness of the mass of the people can be secured at the expence of a little tempest now and then, or even of a little blood, it will be a precious purchase. Malo libertatum periculosam quam quietam servitutem. Let common sense and common honesty have fair play and they will soon set things to rights.\nThe bickerings between Russia and the Porte are quieted for the moment. The coolness between the Kings of Spain and Naples will remain, but will have no other consequence than that of the former withdrawing from interference with the affairs of the latter. The present King of Prussia pushes the interests of the Stadholder more zealously than his uncle did. There have been fears that he might throw himself into the Austrian scale, which would greatly derange the European balance. This country is firm in support of the patriotic party in the United Netherlands.\nWe have made an advantageous treaty with Marocco, but with Algiers nothing is done. From what I learn of the temper of my countrymen and their tenaciousness of their money, it will be more easy to raise ships and men to fight these pirates into reason, than money to bribe them. I wish that something could be done in some form or another to open the Mediterranean to us. You will have seen that France is endeavoring to relieve and encourage our commerce with her.\nThe arts and sciences offering nothing new at this moment worth communicating to you I shall only add assurances of the respect and esteem with which I have the honor to be Dear Sir your most obedt. & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0486", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Brissot de Warville, 25 December 1786\nFrom: Brissot de Warville, Jacques Pierre\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nParis ce 25 Xbr. 1786.\nJe vous remercie bien sincerement des instructions que vous av\u00e8s bien voulu me donner pour Le tabac, et Je vous fais passer ci inclus La gazette americaine que vous desir\u00e8s. J\u2019avois dessein de faire usage de la Lettre qu\u2019on vous y prete; mais puisqu\u2019elle n\u2019est ni autentique ni exacte, Je vous aurois une grande obligation de m\u2019en faire passer une copie avec Les Corrections. Je m\u2019en servirois pour L\u2019ouvrage que je continue de faire imprimer sur Les Etats unis, avec toutes Les restrictions que vous voudri\u00e8s bien m\u2019indiquer. Je suis avec respect Monsieur votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s obeissant serviteur,\nBrissot de Warville", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-25-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0487", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to C. W. F. Dumas, 25 December 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dumas, Charles William Frederick\nSir\nParis Dec. 25. 1786.\nA dislocation of my right wrist has for upwards of three months prevented me the honour of writing to you. I begin to use it a little for the pen, but it is with great pain. To this cause alone I hope you will ascribe that I have to acknolege at one time the receipt of so many of your letters. Their dates are Sep. 12. 26. Oct. 6. 17. 19. 23. Nov. 3. 17. Dec. 1. and there is one without  a date. They were communicated to the M. de la fayette according to your desire, and those to Mr. Jay have been forwarded from time to time as private conveiances occurred, except some of the last for which no such conveiance has occurred till now, a gentleman is setting out for London and from thence for N. York.\nWe receive news from America of collections of the people in three or four instances in the Eastern states, demanding delays in the proceedings of the courts of justice. Those states, as you know, depended before the war chiefly on their whale oil and fish. The former was consumed in London, but being now loaded there with heavy duties, cannot go there. Much of their fish went up the Mediterranean, now shut to us by the pyratical states. Their debts therefore press them, while the means of paiment have lessened. The mobs however separated, without a single injury having been offered to the person or property of any one, nor did they continue 24. hours in any one place. This country has opened a market for their whale oil, and we have made a good treaty of peace with Marocco, but with Algiers we can do nothing.\u2014An American paper has published a letter as from me to the Count de Vergennes, on the subject of our productions of tobacco and rice. It is surreptitious and falsified, and both the true and untrue parts very improper for the public eye. How a newswriter of America got at it, is astonishing, and with what views it has been altered. I will be much obliged to you if you will endeavor to prevent it\u2019s publication in the Leyden gazette.\nThe following question I take the liberty of proposing to you confidentially. This country wants money in it\u2019s treasury. Some individuals have proposed to buy our debt of 24. millions at a considerable discount. I have informed Congress of it, and suggested to them the expediency of borrowing this sum in Holland if possible, as well to prevent loss to this country, as to draw all their money transactions to one point. But could they borrow the money in Holland? I would be obliged to you for your opinion on this question, as it would decide me in pressing this matter further on Congress, or letting it drop. It will readily occur to you that the answer should come through the hands of your Ambassador here alone. The pain in which I write, obliges me, after many thanks for the interesting details of transactions in your country, to assure you of the esteem and respect with which I have the honor to be, Sir, your most obedient and most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0488", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Buchanan and William Hay, 26 December 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Buchanan, James,Hay, William\nGentlemen\nParis Dec. 26. 1786.\nIt is with no small degree of surprize and vexation that I have this moment received from M. Limozin of Havre, the inclosed bill of lading for the Model of the Capitol, by which it appears that it has been shipped a few days ago. This model went out of my hands about the last of May or first of June, and would get to Havre in about 10. days, where I suppose it has lain neglected in a warehouse 6 months while there were tobacco ships constantly returning to Virginia. I had not an idea but that you had been in possession of it ever since the month of August. I hope you will be sensible that this extraordinary delay has been in no manner owing to me; and I still flatter myself it will arrive before the workmen can recommence their labours in the spring.\nI have the honour to be with much respect, Gentlemen, your most obedient & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0490", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Richard Cary, 26 December 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cary, Richard\nDear Sir\nParis Dec. 26. 1786.\nIn a letter of May 4. I mentioned to you that I had sent you an edition of the English Linneaus by M. de la Croix. The box got to Havre after his departure, so that the not carrying it was not imputable to him. My correspondent at Havre never informed me of this, and I supposed you had received the book when the inclosed bill of lading came to my hands by which it appears to have been sent off only a few days ago. I have now forgot what was in the box, but I think there were some few books for other persons. Doubtless each was directed to the person for whom it was destined, and I will beg of you to have them delivered according to their address. In my letter of Aug. 12. I desired you to send plants for me either to Havre or Lorient. I must correct that and pray them to come to Lorient only, to the care of Monsieur Limozin. The packets which have heretofore plied between Lorient and N. York,  will after February ply between Havre and N. York. This I think will be my best means of sending you any thing, because I can address to the care of the Virga. delegates at N. York, from whence I presume there are weekly conveiances to Norfolk. I am with great esteem Dr. Sir your friend & servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0491", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Fantin Latour, 26 December 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Latour, Fantin\nMonsieur\nParis 26me Xbre. 1786.\nL\u2019accident d\u2019un poignet demis m\u2019a empech\u00e9 jusques ici l\u2019honneur de repondre \u00e0 votre lettre du 20me 7bre. La personne qui se propose de s\u2019etablir en Amerique fera bien de vendre sa legitime, qui n\u2019est payable qu\u2019a 3. et 6. ans pour de l\u2019argent comptant: de placer cet argent chez un banquier connu: de passer en Amerique et d\u2019y rester au moins un ans avant de faire un acquisition. Quand il l\u2019aura fait il peut recevoir la bas de l\u2019argent comptant pour ses billets d\u2019echange, et il y gagnera un peu. Peutetre qu\u2019il feroit encore mieux d\u2019y passer premierement, et de voir si le pa\u00efs est \u00e1 son gr\u00e9 avant de vendre sa legitime, et de charger un ami de cette operation s\u2019il trouve que le pa\u00efs lui convient. J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019etre avec bien de respect Monsieur votre tres humble et tres-obeissant serviteur,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0492", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jos\u00e9 da Maia, 26 December 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Maia (Vendele), Jos\u00e9 da\nMonsieur\nParis Dec. 26me. 1786.\nJ\u2019attends \u00e0 tout moment de faire une voiage dans les provinces meridionelles de France. J\u2019avois tard\u00e9 de repondre a votre lettre du 21me 9bre. en attendant que je pourrois vous annoncer le moment de mon depart, et le jour et le lieu auquel je pourrois avoir l\u2019honneur de vous rencontrer. Mais jusques ici ce moment n\u2019est pas decid\u00e9. Mais j\u2019aurai surement l\u2019honneur de vous en faire part, et de demander un rendezvous ou \u00e0 Montpelier ou en sa voisinage. En attendant j\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019etre avec bien de respect Monsieur votre tres humble et tres obeissant serviteur,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0493", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Brissot de Warville, [26 December 1786]\nFrom: Brissot de Warville, Jacques Pierre\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nCe Mardi une heure [26 Dec. 1786]\nM. Le Marquis du Crest etoit sur le point d\u2019aller au rend\u00e8s vous que vous avi\u00e9s bien voulu lui indiquer, Lorsqu\u2019une affaire pressante et Imprevue, L\u2019a forc\u00e9 de rester. Il me Charge de vous en faire ses excuses, et de Vous temoigner tous ses regrets. Il aura L\u2019honneur de Vous demander un autre Jour.\nJe profite de cette occasion pour Vous envoier Le Volume des transactions philosophiques de philadelphie, et la Bouteille de vin de provence que Je vous prie de Vouloir bien gouter. Il n\u2019a que deux ans. S\u2019il plait aux americains Les persones qui Le fabriquent pourront en envoier en Amerique et retirer en echange de merrein [merrain] &c.\nAgr\u00e9es, Monsieur, Les sentimens d\u2019estime et d\u2019atachement respectueux avec Lequel J\u2019ai L\u2019honneur d\u2019etre, Monsieur Votre tr\u00e9s humble et obt. Serviteur,\nBrissot de: Warville\n P.S. M. Claviere a re\u00e7u des Nouvelles de M. Le Marquis de la fayette relativement au memoire que Je vous ai remis hier. M. De la fayette doit vous en entretenir \u00e0 son retour qui est prochain et se concerter avec vous.\nVoul\u00e9s Vous bien accepter L\u2019exemplaire d\u2019un ouvrage que J\u2019ai fait en faveur des Genevois Il y a 3 ans et qui vous donnera quelqu\u2019i[d\u00e9e] de Leurs afaires.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0494", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Barclay, 27 December 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Barclay, Thomas\nDear Sir\nParis Dec. 27. 1786.\nColo. Franks arrived some days ago with the Marocco treaty, and with your dispatches. I am persuaded they will give great satisfaction to Congress, and do you honor in their eyes. Colo. Franks waits for his baggage which he hourly expects. He will then proceed to London and from thence to New York. He carries  duplicate ratifications of the treaty from me, which being also signed by Mr. Adams, one will be sent on to Congress, the other returned thro\u2019 Mr. Carmichael or yourself to Fennish.\nI think your general authority from Congress to settle all their European accounts is sufficient to justify a settlement with Mr. Lambe, without any order from us; and I am in hopes you will have made the settlement without waiting authority from us. I write however to Mr. Adams to join me in adding the weight of our desires, if that will avail. Mr. Lamb has importuned us for a settlement of his accounts where he is. He must therefore be in readiness, and as far as it shall depend on me I shall confirm the settlement he shall make with you. Congress have annulled his powers and required him to repair immediately to them. He will be sensible from this that there is some dissatisfaction on their part at his proceedings, and doubtless will wish to go there, and justify himself in their opinion and in that of his country. I have received authority to settle the affair between the U.S. and Schweighauser. Being very much uninformed in it I shall await your return. For American news I must refer you to Mr. Carmichael, a dislocation of my right wrist making it still painful to me to write. It recovers so slowly that I am much disposed to take the advice of my Surgeon and try some mineral waters in Provence. In this case I shall return circuitously by Bourdeaux, Nantes and Lorient. I may perhaps have the pleasure of meeting with you on the way. My departure being incertain, the time of my return is equally so. I expect to be absent from hence two or three months. I have the pleasure to inform you that Mrs. Barclay and your family are well, and of assuring you of the sincere esteem and respect with which I have the honour to be Dear Sir your most obedient & most humble servt,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0495", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Brissot de Warville, 27 December 1786\nFrom: Brissot de Warville, Jacques Pierre\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nM Paris 27 Xbre. 1786\nOn ne peut pas trop tot mettre les fers au feu, Vu la Lenteur avec Laquelle Les afaires s\u2019expedient ici. D\u2019apr\u00e8s La conversation que J\u2019ai eue L\u2019honneur d\u2019avoir avec Vous, et une autre que J\u2019ai eue ensuite avec M. de Crevecoeur, J\u2019ai determin\u00e9 M. Le Marquis du  Crest \u00e0 choisir pour Le Prince un Ingenieur qui allat \u00e0 Honfleur. Mais Il faut que Les Americains aient un representant \u00e0 cette visite qui aide L\u2019Ingenieur de ses Lumieres, dans le raport que cette affaire aura avec les Americains. Il n\u2019apartient qu\u2019\u00e0 vous, et \u00e0 M. Le Marquis de la fayette Le protecteur du commerce americain de le choisir. Ce meme Capitaine Coffin dont J\u2019ai vu La Lettre adress\u00e9e \u00e0 M. de crevecoeur ne pourait il pas convenir.\nCroi\u00e9s que dans mon particulier Je ferai tout ce qui dependra de moi pour accelerer L\u2019execution du projet. Aussitot Le proc\u00e8s-verbal fait, Je dresserai Le Memoire pour Le Gouvernement.\nSi vous desiri\u00e9s encore quelque renseignement de moi Je suis \u00e0 vos ordres, et Je vous prie de me croire avec estime et respect Monsieur Votre tr\u00e9s humble et tr\u00e9s obeissant serviteur,\nBrissot de: Warville\nP.S. M. Le Mis. du crest ecrit \u00e0 M. Le Marquis de la fayette La meme Lettre qu\u2019\u00e0 vous.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0496", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Ducrest, 27 December 1786\nFrom: Ducrest, Charles Louis, Marquis\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nParis 27 Xbre. 1786\nJe vois avec plaisir, Monsieur, par une lettre du Capitaine Coffin Am\u00e9ricain, en date du 21 Xbre. qu\u2019apr\u00e8s avoir examin\u00e9 le port d\u2019Honfleur, il le trouve tr\u00e8s susceptible de devenir un port pour tous les Vaisseaux Marchands venant des Etats unis. Pour ach\u00e9miner en cons\u00e9quence le projet que Vous m\u2019avez Communiqu\u00e9 \u00e0 cet \u00e9gard, le pr\u00e9mier pas qu\u2019il y ait \u00e0 faire est de constater par des hommes experts. 1\u00b0. L\u2019\u00e9tat actuel du port d\u2019Honfleur, de la quantit\u00e9 d\u2019eau qu\u2019il contient dans les diff\u00e9rentes mar\u00e9es, de la navigation de la Seine aux environs. 2\u00b0. D\u2019estimer ce qu\u2019il faudroit faire pour l\u2019aggrandir, le rendre encore plus s\u00fbr, et en faire le rendez-vous g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la navigation am\u00e9ricaine. C\u2019est sur le proc\u00e8s verbal qui offrira le r\u00e9sultat de ce travail que nous pourrons fonder les demandes \u00e0 faire au Gouvernement; mais pour lui donner toute la Sanction Convenable, il me semble qu\u2019il faut appeller \u00e0 ce travail deux personnes dont l\u2019une soit choisie Par S. A. P. et l\u2019autre Par les Am\u00e9ricains. Je Consens de tout mon Coeur \u00e0 y envoyer aux D\u00e9pens du Prince, un de Ses ingenieurs, et je vous prie de Vouloir bien de Votre C\u00f4t\u00e9 m\u2019indiquer la personne vers\u00e9e dans cette partie qui constatera les choses pour les Am\u00e9ricains. Aussit\u00f4t que votre  choix me sera connu, je m\u2019empresserai de prendre les Moyens pour faire faire promptement cette visite.\nJ\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre, avec un tr\u00e8s-sinc\u00e8re attachement, Monsieur, votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s ob\u00e9\u00efssant serviteur,\nMis. Ducrest.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0497", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to the Georgia Delegates in Congress, 27 December 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Georgia Delegates\nGentlemen\nParis Dec. 27. 1786.\nI am now to acknolege the honour of your letter of Aug. 21. and to thank you for the attention you were so good as to shew to my application. I delivered a copy of your letter to the Count de Vergennes, who appeared satisfied. I had before been assured by a gentleman from Georgia that Genl. Oglethorpe had no possessions there. This however had only authorised me to suggest it as a [possibility.]\nI have the honor to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem and respect Gentlemen your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-27-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0498", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to M\u00e9zi\u00e8res, 27 December 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: M\u00e9zi\u00e8res, Chevalier de\nParis 27me Xbre 1786.\nMonsieur Jefferson a l\u2019honneur de faire passer \u00e0 Monsieur le Chevalier de Mezieres la reponse qu\u2019il vient de recevoir de Messieurs les delegu\u00e9s de Georgie au Congr\u00e8s \u00e0 la lettre qu\u2019il leur avoit ecrit, les priant de s\u2019interresser aupr\u00e8s de l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e de Georgie pour M. le Chevalier de Mezieres. Il a l\u2019honneur de lui presenter ses compliments.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0500", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jan Ingenhousz, 28 December 1786\nFrom: Ingenhousz, Jan\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nVienna Dec. 28. 1786\nAs I can make no doubt, but you will sometimes meet with a favourable oportunity of some traveller to forward this parcel,  directed to Dr. Franklin, containing three books, and six copies of a pamphlet, of which the author begs you the favour of accepting a copy which accompanies the parcel, and will be delivred to you by Mr. Barrois le jeun, I hope you will, in regard to our venerable old friend, excuse my taking this liberty, to which I am engaged not by choice but by necessity; as I do not know, by what other means I could possibly forward the parcel in a safe and expeditious way, so that the expenses of the freight should not exceed the value of the contents.\nThe parcel left to your care by Dr. Franklin, when setting out for America, came to hand, for which I beg you to accept my gratefull acknowledgment.\nA few days ago I received from him a copy of the II volume of the American Philosophical transactions with two very affectionate letters, the one in writing, the other printed in that volume. It was conveyed to me by the chancery of state and was probably put in hands of the Imperial Ambassadour at Paris, who does me the pleasure of forwarding to me every parcel, which is not too big to be carryed by the court messenger who sets out once a month.\nDr. Franklin used to send me now and then some American newspapers, which I am fond of to read. If he should by a good opportunity send some of them recommended to your care, I beg you to send them to his excellency Count de Mercy, if the parcel does not exceed the bulk of a book in 8\u00b0 of a moderate size.\nI am very respectfully Sir Your most obedient humble Servant,\nJ. Ingen Housz\nP.S. Mr. Grand le Banquier pourroit peutetre avoir quelque bonne occasion d\u2019envoyer le paquet a Mr. Franklin.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-28-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0501", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from the Rev. James Madison, 28 December 1786\nFrom: Madison, Rev. James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nWilliamsburg. Decr. 28th. 1786\nHaving just heard of Monsr. Quesnay\u2019s Departure for France I have requested the Favor of him to take Charge of the Shells mentioned in a former Letter. I thought they would probably be acceptable to you, especially whilst in Paris, where the Science of Natural History has so many able Votaries. Monsr. Buffon in his celebrated Epoques speaks of Shells found in the highest Parts of  this Country, and so do you in your Notes. I will not pretend to controvert the Method you suggest of accounting for their Existence\u2014but I have designedly sent a small Collection of similar Shells, taken from that immense Bed which you know lies within the Vicinity of this Place, and indeed traverses the whole low Country. You will thus be enabled to compare them together and see whether their Similarity or other Properties do not point out an Identity of Cause in their Formation.\u2014At all Events you will probably consider them as of some Importance in the History of the Earth. If so, I shall be happy in affording you the least Gratification by transmitting them to you.\nWe have nothing new here in the literary World. You have probably seen the 2d. Vol. of the American Phil. Transactions. Tho\u2019 they may not give the European World the highest Idea of our Progress I am well pleased that we have such a Repository of Facts.\nIn a Letter, received the other day from the President at Yale College Connecticut, there is the following Paragraph\u2014\u201cNear New Lebanon, 18 Miles East of Albany, now lives an Indian about 50, who for near two Years past, has been gradually whitening. It began on his Breast, and has transfused itself throughout the whole Body to the Extremities. Above half his Hands and Fingers and half his Feet and Toes are yet of the Indian Colour and his Face pied. The Skin on the other Parts is become a clear English White with English Ruddiness. The Complexion and Colour of his Skin is even clearer and fairer than most white Persons with whom he has been compared. He has had no Sickness but has continued all the while in good Health.\u201d\u2014The Fact being so well authenticated, I thought it worth your Perusal. I know the Albinos are found among the Indians, especially the southern, as well as I recollect Buffon, but I doubt whether this gradual Conversion, together with the Ruddiness acquired, be mentioned by any one. It differs remarkably in the last particular from what the poor Black experiences.\u2014It seems as if Nature had absolutely denied to him the Possibility of ever acquiring the Complexion of the Whites.\nI have lately imported the Phil: Transactions of the London Society for 3 or 4 years past, in which I find a particular Account of some of the curious astronomical Discoveries you were so obliging as to communicate to me. Would the Transactions of the royal Academy at Paris be a valuable Acquisition to us? If so, we would import them annually.\nI am happy to inform you that your nephew is studious, and promises to make a valuable Man. As far as my Assistance can be  advantageous to him, it shall not be wanting. I hope the best supporters to our Republic will go forth from our University, and that with the Assistance of Science, Time will only serve to give her more and more Stability. Sure I am, and I believe you will rejoice to hear it, that the Spirit of Republicanism is infinitely more pure as well as more ardent in the rising Generation than among any other Class of Citizens.\nYou see from this how little we have here that is worth sending to you across the Atlantic. If however this letter be the Means of inducing you to continue a Correspondence so advantageous to me, and which I value so much, I shall think myself fortunate in sending it.\nI am Dr. Sir with the sincerest Respect & Esteem Yr. Servt. & Friend,\nJs. Madison\nYour Book is read here, by every one who can get a View of it, with the greatest Avidity.\u2014I flatter myself you would favour our University with some Copies, and I have not yet relinquished the Hope.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-29-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0503", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Vaughan, 29 December 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Vaughan, Benjamin\nSir\nParis dec. 29. 1786.\nWhen I had the honour of seeing you in London, you were so kind as to permit me to trouble you sometimes with my letters and particularly on the subject of Mathematical or philosophical instruments. Such a correspondence will be too agreeable to me, and at the same time too useful, not to avail myself of your permission. It has been an opinion pretty generally received among philosophers that the atmosphere of America is more humid than that of Europe. Mr. de Buffon makes this hypothesis one of the two pillars whereon he builds his system of the degeneracy of animals in America. Having had occasion to controvert this opinion of his as to the degeneracy of animals there, I expressed a doubt of the fact assumed that our climates are moister. I did not then know of any experiments which might authorize a denial of it. Speaking afterwards on this subject with Dr. Franklin, he mentioned to me the observations he had made on a case of magnets made for him by Mr. Nairne in London. Of these you will see a detail in the 2d. vol. of the American Philosophical transactions, in a letter from Dr. Franklin to Mr. Nairne, wherein he recommends to him to take up the principle therein explained, and endeavor to make an Hygrometer, which, taking slowly the temperature of the Atmosphere, shall give it\u2019s mean degree of moisture, and enable us thus to make with more certainly a comparison between the humidities of different climates. May I presume to trouble you with an enquiry of Mr. Nairne whether he has executed the Doctor\u2019s idea? And if he has to get him to make for me a couple of the instruments he may have contrived. They should be made of the same peice, and under like circumstances, that sending one to America, I may rely on it\u2019s indications there compared with those of the one I shall retain here. Being in want of a set of magnets also, I would be glad if he would at the same time send me a set, the case of which should be made as Dr. Franklin describes his to have been, so that I may repeat his experiment. Colo. Smith will do me the  favor to receive these things from Mr. Nairne and to pay him for them.\n    I think Mr. Rittenhouse never published an invention of his in this way, which was a very good one. It was of an hygrometer, which like the common ones was to give the actual moisture of the air. He has two slips of mahogany about 5 I. long, \u00beI. broad and 1/10 I. thick, the one having the grain running lengthwise, and the other crosswise. These are glued together by their faces, so as to form a peice 5 I. long, \u00beI. broad and \u2155 I. thick, which is stuck, by it\u2019s lower end, into a little plinth of wood thus [Fig. 1] presenting their edge to the view. The fibres of wood you know are dilated but not lengthened by moisture. The slip therefore whose grain is lengthwise, becomes a standard, retaining always the same precise length. That which has it\u2019s grain crosswise, dilates with moisture and contracts with the want of it. If the right hand peice above represented be the cross grained one, when the air is very moist, it lengthens and forces it\u2019s companion to form a kind of interior annulus of a circle on the left thus [Fig. 2] When the air is dry, it contracts, draws it\u2019s companion to the right, and becomes itself the interior annulus, thus [Fig. 3] In order to shew this dilatation and contraction, an index is fixed on the upper end of the two slips: a plate of metal or wood is fastened to the front of the plinth so as to cover the two slips from the eye. A slit, being nearly the portion of a circle, is cut in this plate so that the shank of the index may play freely through it\u2019s whole range. On the edge of the slit is a graduation, so that the instrument shews somewhat thus [Fig. 4] The objection to this instrument is that it is not fit for comparative observations, because no two peices of wood being of the same texture exactly, no two will yeild exactly alike to the same agent. However it is less objectionable on this account than most of the substances used. Mr. Rittenhouse had a thought of trying ivory: but I do not know whether he executed it. All these substances not only vary from one another at the same time, but from themselves at different times. All of them however have some peculiar advantages, and I think this on the whole appeared preferable to any other I had ever seen. Not knowing whether you had heard of this instrument, and supposing it would amuse you I have taken the liberty of detailing it to you. I beg you to be assured of the sentiments of perfect esteem and respect with which I have the honor to be Sir your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0504", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Peter Carr, 30 December 1786\nFrom: Carr, Peter\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHon\u2019d. Sir\nWilliamsburg Decembr. 30. 86.\nA Ship being about to sail for Paris: I embrace the oppertunity of informing you (by Her) of my situation, and progress in Literature, since I wrote you last.\u2014I left the grammar school in April last; In consequence of a polite and Friendly invitation given me by Mr. Wythe, to go through a course of reading with him; And as He thought it improper to begin in the middle of a course of Lectures, I defer\u2019d it untill October last which was the commencement of a new course.\u2014Here I attend the Professors of Moral and Natural philosophy, Mathematicks and Modern Languages and Mr. Wythe has invited me to attend His Lectures on Law.\u2014With respect to Modern Languages I have read French mostly, the want of a Spanish dictionary has retarded my advancement in that language.\nMr. Bellini has prevailed on me to begin Italian as he thinks by the time you can send me a Spanish dictionary, I may be a tolerable Master of that language, also that it will greatly facilitate my progress in Spanish. I received from you last Spring a trunk of books, at same time a letter for both of which you receive my greatfull thanks.\u2014I am now reading with Mr. Wythe the ancient history which you advised; am likewise reading the Tragedies of Aschylus, which as soon as I have finished I shall take up Aristophanes. You also advise me to read the works of Ossian, which I have done and should be more pleased with them if there were more variety. We have had very flattering accounts of my brother Sam lately. Dabney by the direction of Mr. Madison is at the Academy in prince Edward. My Mother and the family were well a few days ago; I also have the satisfaction to inform you Polly is well. Remember me Affectionately to my Cousin and believe me to be with due respect, Your affectionate Nephew,\nPeter Carr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0505", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, 31 December 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jay, John\nSir\nParis dec. 31. 1786\nI had the honor of addressing you on the 12th. of the last month, since which your favor of Oct. 12. has been recieved, inclosing a copy of the resolution of Congress for recalling Mr. Lamb. My letter by Mr. Randall informed you that we had put an end to his powers and required him to repair to Congress. I lately recieved a letter from him dated Alicant Oct. 10. of which I have the honour to inclose you a copy: by which you will percieve that the circumstance of ill health, either true or false, is urged for his not obeying our call. I shall immediately forward the order of Congress. I am not without fear that some misapplication of the public money may enter into the causes of his declining to return. The moment that I saw a symptom of this in his conduct, as it was a circumstance which did not admit the delay of consulting Mr. Adams, I wrote to Mr. Carmichael to stop any monies which he might have in the hands of his Banker. I am still unable to judge whether he is guilty of this or not, as by the arrangements with Mr. Adams, who alone had done business with the bankers of the U.S. in Holland, Mr. Lambe\u2019s draughts were to be made on him, and I know not what their amount has been. His draughts could not have been negociated if made on us both, at places so distant. Perhaps it may be thought that the appointment of Mr. Lambe was censurable in the moment in which it was made. It is a piece of justice therefore which I owe to Mr. Adams to declare that the proposition went first from me to him. I take the liberty of inclosing you a copy of my letter to Mr. Adams of Sep. 24. 1785. in which that proposition was made. It expresses the motives operating in my mind at that moment, as well as the cautions I thought it necessary to take. To these must be added the difficulty of finding an American in Europe fit for the business and willing to undertake it. I knew afterwards that Dr. Bancroft (who is named in the letter) could not, on account of his own affairs, have accepted even a primary appointment. I think it evident that no appointment could have succeeded without a much greater sum of money.\nI am happy to find that Mr. Barclay\u2019s mission has been attended with complete success. For this we are indebted unquestionably to the influence and good offices of the court of Madrid. Colo. Franks the bearer of this will have the honor to put into your hands the original of the treaty with other papers accompanying it. It will  appear by these that Mr. Barclay has conducted himself with a degree of intelligence and good faith, which reflects the highest honor on him.\nA copy of a letter from Capt. Obryan to Mr. Carmichael is also herewith inclosed. The information it contains will throw farther light on the affairs of Algiers. His observations on the difficulties which arise from the distance of Mr. Adams and myself from that place, and from one another, and the delays occasioned by this circumstance are certainly just. If Congress should propose to revive the negotiations, they will judge whether it will not be more expedient to send a person to Algiers who can be trusted with full powers: and also whether a mission to Constantinople may not be previously necessary. Before I quit this subject, I must correct an error in the letter of Capt. Obryan. Mr. Lambe was not limited, as he says, to one hundred, but to two hundred dollars a piece for our prisoners. This was the price which had been just paid for a large number of French prisoners, and this was our guide.\nThe difference between Russia and the Porte seems patched up for the present. That between Spain and Naples is not yet healed, and probably will not be cordially. But it does not lead to war. It will probably end in a settled coolness, and the King of Spain\u2019s ceasing to interfere with that government. The mediation of this court I suppose has been excited by the fear that Naples might throw itself into the other scale of the European balance. This has been much feared from the new king of Prussia. Such a weight as this shifted into the scale of the Emperor, Russia and England would spread a cloud over the prospects of this kingdom. Of the possibility of the event, you will be so much better informed by Mr. Dumas, that it would be going out of my province to take up more of your time with it. The Packets at Lorient have orders to go to Havre, from which place they will ply after the month of February. This will enable me to resume that channel of correspondence with you, as I can always send a confidential servant by the diligence in twenty-four hours to that place, to put my letters into the hands of our agent there, who will find a passenger or other trusty person to take charge of them, without their going into the post-mail. Through passengers and the same agent your letters to me may be safely conveyed, unopened. I inclose you the Leyden and French gazettes to this date. In the latter you will find an authentic copy of the treaty between France and England. I am also desired to send you the papers in the case of Andr\u00e9 Caron, praying that justice may be done him. I have the honour to be  with the most perfect esteem and respect, Sir, your most obedient and most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0506", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to La Valette, 31 December 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: La Valette, Charles Fran\u00e7ois Chand\u00e9on, Chevalier de\nDear Sir\nParis dec. 31. 1786.\nI must beg your pardon for having been so long in answering your note, but it has not been in my power to do it sooner. I send you by the bearer five hundred and forty livres, which I think you said was the sum due you from M. La Fleury, and I will beg of you in return M. La Fleury\u2019s note to be assigned to me, constituting me his creditor instead of yourself, together with the letter of his hommes d\u2019affaires engaging the paiment out of the interest due to La Fleury from the United states. I shall be happy to have news of your health and whether you have missed your fever yet. I am with very sincere esteem and respect Dr. Sir Your most Obedt. & most humble servt.,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0507", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David S. Franks, December 1786\nFrom: Franks, David Salisbury\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Paris] Dec. 1786.. Chateaumont, the gentleman Carmichael wished to be presented to TJ, could call this afternoon if convenient to TJ. Franks\u2019 trunks have not yet arrived but he will be ready to leave as soon as they are received; hopes it will be only two or three days.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0508", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David S. Franks, [December 1786]\nFrom: Franks, David Salisbury\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nI wished Your Excellency to have accepted of the Moorish Coins as a very small mark of the Attachment which I have allways had for you and when I presented them it was with that Intention.  Besides I owe you two hundred Livres which you kindly lent me at a time when I very much wanted it and for which tho\u2019 I can repay you I shall not think myself quit of the obligation. I shall have the pleasure of seeing you when we will Settle and at the same time I may have an opportunity of assuring you how much I am my dear Sir Your Excellency\u2019s most obt. & obliged Sert.,\nDavd. S. Franks\nI have retaind the money having opend the packet sent. Mr. Chateaumont lives at the Hotel de Valois Rue Vantadour.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0510", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from La Rochefoucauld, [1786?]\nFrom: La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Fran\u00e7ois Alexandre Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric, Duc de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMardi matin. [1786?]\nLe Duc de la Rochefoucauld est bien f\u00e2ch\u00e9 de ne pouvoir pas se rendre Vendredi \u00e0 l\u2019invitation de Monsieur Jefferson; il estengag\u00e9  pour ce jour l\u00e0 \u00e0 un diner de famille; il aura l\u2019honneur d\u2019aller chercher Monsieur Jefferson quelque matin, et delui demander m\u00eame s\u2019il le permet quelques \u00e9claircissemens sur la Description de la Virginie.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-10-02-0511", "content": "Title: Petition of an Impostor, with Jefferson\u2019s Comments, [1786?]\nFrom: Smith, Thomas,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nTo his Excll the Honorable Minister of the Unaited State of America\nThe petition of Thos. Smith a Native of America, Humbly Sheweth\nThat whereas Your Excellencys Petitioner, is in this City of Paris Coming from a Slavery, where I being Tuoo years, and a half, taken under, the American colours bound from Lisbon, to America, and remain a Prisoner, a Board an Algerin Galeotta during the aforementioned space of time, Being afterward retaken bay the Fregate of Matra, I Landing in Carthagena, where I Coming in this Contry in order to Facilitate the return in to America.\nAnd being entirely destitute, of money, and Likewise of Cloathing too in some measure, and being sensible, of Your Paternal affection, and Clemency towards, the Native of America, Presume to present this addres to Your Excellency to implore relief, which if your will Graciously be pleased to grant, Your bounty will be Receiv\u2019d whith the deepest sencs, of gratitud, and your Petitioner as in duty bound shall forever Pray for Your Excellencys health, and happiness.\nThos. Smith\n[Memorandum by TJ on verso:]\nThere was no such person in Obrian\u2019s roll.\nHe did not know the name of the brig calling her Polly.\nHe could not speak English but very broken.\nHe said at first he was an American from Chastown, then a French neutral born in Canada (because I objected to his dialect).\nI observed \u2018Smith\u2019 was no French name. He said he was of German extraction.\nHe had a pretended pass from a pretended John Lidderdale Consul of England at Carthagena. But the pass was in no form, broken English and in the same hand writing with this paper, which sets out by saying it is written in Paris.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "03-15-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-12-02-0736", "content": "Title: Enclosure II: Extrait de la depeche de Monsieur le comte de Vergennes \u00e0 Monsieur le Marquis de Verac, 15 March 1786\nFrom: Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Comte de\nTo: V\u00e9rac, Charles Olivier de Saint-Georges, Marquis de\nExtrait de la depeche de Monsieur le comte de Vergennes \u00e0 Monsieur le Marquis de Verac, Ambassadeur de France (\u00e0 la Ha\u00efe) du 15. Mars 1786.\nLe roi concourera autant qu\u2019il sera en son pouvoir au succ\u00e8s de la chose, et vous inviterez de sa part les patriotes \u00e0 lui communiquer leurs vues, leur plan et leurs envieux. Vous les assurerez que le roi prend un inter\u00eat veritable \u00e0 leurs personnes, comme \u00e0 leur cause, et qu\u2019ils peuvent compter sur sa protection. Ils doivent y compter d\u2019autant plus, Monsieur, que nous ne dissimulons pas que si Monsieur le Stadhoulder reprend son ancienne influence le systeme Anglois ne tarderoit pas \u00e0 prevaloir, et que notre alliance deviendroit un etre de raison. Les Patriotes sentiront facilement que cette position seroit incompatible avec la dignit\u00e9 comme avec la consideration de sa Majest\u00e9. Mais dans le cas, Monsieur, o\u00f9 les chefs des Patriotes auroient \u00e0 craindre une scission, ils auroient par devers eux le temps suffisant pour ramener ceux de leurs amis que les Anglomanes ont \u00e9gar\u00e9s, et preparer les choses de maniere que la question de nouveau mise en deliberation soit decid\u00e9[e] selon leurs desirs. Dans cette hypothese, le roi vous authorise \u00e0 agir de concert avec eux, de suivre la direction qu\u2019ils jugeront devoir vous donner, et d\u2019employer tous les moyens pour augmenter le nombre des partisans de la bonne cause.\nIl me reste, Monsieur, \u00e0 vous parler de la suret\u00e9 personelle des patriotes. Vous les assurerez qu\u2019en tout etat de cause, le roi les prend sous sa protection immediate, et vous ferez connoitre partout o\u00f9 vous le jugerez necessaire que sa Majest\u00e9 regarderoit comme une offense personelle tout ce qu\u2019on entreprendroit contre leur libert\u00e9. Il est \u00e0 presumer que ce langage tenu avec energie en imposera \u00e0 l\u2019audace des Anglomanes, et que Monsieur le Prince de Nassau croira courir quelque risque en provoquant le ressentiment de sa Majest\u00e9.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0436-0004", "content": "Title: III. Notes Comparing Carolina Rice with that of Piedmont, [ca. September 1786]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nLes deux seules qualit\u00e9s de Riz actuellement en usage en france, sont, le Riz de Caroline, et celui de Piemont.\nLe Riz de Caroline, a une consommation en france d\u2019un tiers plus considerable que le Riz de Piemont.\nLe Riz de Caroline est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement plus blanc que celui de Piemont. Il seduit parla le g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des acheteurs qui ne s\u2019arretent qu\u2019a la vue.\nLes Connoisseurs trouvent dans le Riz de Piemont plus de qualit\u00e9 pour manger au gras et celui de Caroline pour manger au lait, mais toujours est-il que le Riz de Caroline a un plus grand d\u00e9bit parceque beaucoup de monde sans avoir \u00e9gard a la nature des  autres especes se contente du plus blanc, que les marchands dailleurs ont leur inter\u00eat d\u2019entretenir Cette pr\u00e9ferance, parceque le Riz de Caroline coutant moins que celui de Piemont et se vendant aussi cher audetail il en resulte pour eux plus de profit et une facilit\u00e9 a vendre.\nLe Riz de Caroline se vend au Havre en gros de 22.\u20b6 \u00e0 24.\u20b6 le quintal. Il monte \u00e0 l\u2019approche du Car\u00eame a 27.\u20b6 quant il nen arrive pas par sur abondance. A Paris il se vend presentement par Baril de 30. a 32.\u20b6; en payant comptant et prenant de grandes parties comme 100, ou 200, Bariques peut \u00eatre en obtiendroit-on de quelques maisons a 28.\u20b6 le Cent, mais toutes ne pourroient faire cet avantage. Au d\u00e9tail ce m\u00eame Riz se vend 8 et 10s. la livre dans le premier choix, la 3me. sorte s\u2019obtiendroit a 6s.\nLe Riz de Piemont ne se tient g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement pas par tous les \u00e9piciers. Il se vend courament 10s. la livre au detail. Comme il se d\u00e9bitte aux amateurs de cette qualit\u00e9, il se vend rarement moins et on ne peut en obtenir comme du Riz de Caroline a toutes sortes de prix, il se vend en gros g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement 3 ou 4\u20b6 de plus par cent que le Riz de Caroline, C\u2019est a dire 33.\u20b6 quant l\u2019autre se vend 30.\u20b6\nLe Riz du levant est connu a Paris, mais il ny est pas estim\u00e9 et on ne le vendroit pas en tems de paix que les autres belles qualit\u00e9s abondent a bas prix. Le Riz de levant est fort Sale, ordinairement remplit de poussiere et de paille, par ce motif rebut\u00e9 et actuellement invendable.\nIl est venu aussi pendant la guerre du Riz du Brazil, par le Portugal, mais en tems de Paix le prix et la qualit\u00e9 de celui de Caroline se fait preferer.\nOn peut regarder le Riz de Caroline comme une marchandise d\u2019exportation d\u2019amerique pour france devant y avoir un debit assur\u00e9 et constant attendu la Convenance par son plus bas prix sur tous les Riz connus et le prix de 20. a 21.\u20b6 est celui qu\u2019on doit toujours esperer amoins d\u2019abondance \u00e9xtraordinaire.\nRice must be at Paris by the 1st. of February, that is to say a month before the commencement of the Careme, because people lay in their provision during that term. This is essential.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-11-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0600", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Francis Eppes, 11 April 1786\nFrom: Eppes, Francis\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nEppington April 11th. 1786\nTheir appears to be some strange fatality attending our correspondance. The last letter I have received from you was dated in may and even in that there is no mention made of several of my letters writen in the fall and winter before that date. In my two last I gave you my opinion very fully with respect to Polly\u2019s trip to France and as there is great reason to suspect they never reach\u2019d I have only to inform you that I think it impossible she shou\u2019d ever reach France even if you insisted on its being attemted. It has been frequently mention\u2019d to her and the situation it throws her into satisfies me that the scheme is impracticable. Betsy and all the children are at present from home on a visit to the Hors du Monde Family. They are all very well. Polly is in as high health as ever you saw her. She was attemting a letter to you when I left Mr. Skipwiths but as it was unfinish\u2019d I thought it wou\u2019d be better to keep it until the next opportunity. This will be handed you by Colo. Le Maire who will also bring you a long letter from Colo. Lewis inclosing you an account of Keys transactions as well as of Charles Ballow\u2019s (your new Steward) for the last year Colo. Lewis has been so very particular in his letter respecting your affairs that my saying any thing on the subject wou\u2019d be superfluous. I am with every wish for your health & happyness Dr Sir Your Friend,\nFrans. Eppes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "04-18-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0601", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Lucy Necks, 18 April 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Necks, Lucy\nMadam\nLondon April 18. 1786.\nI received the honor of your letter of yesterday, and in consequence thereof send you eight guineas. I mentioned to you that the settlement of Mr. Wayles\u2019s affairs remained entirely with Mr. Eppes and Mr. Skipwith the acting executors. They alone possess the evidences of his debts and paiments, and they also alone know what is due, and to whom. I think it possible, and even probable, that the money you suppose due to you has been paid in Virginia, tho without your knowlege. If not, it must have been for want of a person there authorized to receive it after the death of Mr. Wayles: for I know that in the course of the year following that event his executors paid every debt they could come at the knowlege of, excepting two or three which were so great as necessarily to require time. Be this however as it will, your situation induces me to make paiment of the sum sent herewith, of which I will give notice to Mr. Eppes and Mr. Skipwith, who, if it has not been already paid, will, I am confident, approve of it. I have the honour to be with much respect Madam Your most obedient humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0602", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Martha Jefferson Carr, 5 May 1786\nFrom: Carr, Martha Jefferson\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Brother\nYour letter of Aug. 20. came to hand some time in Feby. and releived me from much anxiety as I had had Alarming accounts of your Ill state of health, and even a report of your Death had prevail\u2019d here. I was sorry to find your spirits ware so much depressed but hope A resignation to the devine will with the assistance of time (that Salve for every Sorrow) will restore your mind to Serennity and chearfullness. I have Intended to pay a visit to  the family at Eppington for a month past, but have been prevented by Mrs. Eppeses attendence on Poor Mrs. Skipwi[th] who has had A long Illness and from the last Account I received am apprehensive she will not recover. Your Dear Girl was well ten days ago, but Such has been my situation that it has never been in my power to see her since I parted with you, tho I promis myself that pleasure as soon as Mrs. Eppes returns home. I hear she is quite averse to going to France and very much afraid they will fool her and carry her there, you may remember her Old phrase.\u2014My gratitude will not suffer me any longer to remain Silent. I must thank you for your goodness to my boys. Heaven grant they may merrit it. Peter had a severe Illness in Willmsburg last fall and for change of Air spent the vacation which took place Immediately after his Illness with us. He seems a good deel pleased with his restoreation to Mr. Maurys favour and his Situation in his family, and left me with many promises of deligence. Dabney is quite well agane.\u2014I have never seen Sam Since I parted with him at Monticello tho I Expect him this summer. His Uncle writes me A favourable account of him. Jenny Cary Injoys a much better state of health than she did some time ago. Her frinds do not seem to be alarm\u2019d at her present situation and there may perhaps be no cause for I have fears that tho her complaints are slight they are such as will at last terminate in a Consumption. I heard from Mr. Bollings family last week. They ware well. They removed last Summer to Chsterfeild. Jack is settle at Fairfeilds and is Marrid to A daughter of the late Colo. William Kennon, with whome I beleive you ware Acquainted. I some time ago came across Mr. Bernerd Moors Bond for the money Ariseing from the Sale of Mr. Carrs Law Books, and as I thought ten or twelve years a sufficient length of time to credit I put it into an Attorneys hands, first to Ask for the Money, and if he could not get it so, then to bring a Sute. His answer is that he has settled it with you. As I am Susspicious that this is only to Shuffle of[f th]e matter shall be glad if you will in your next Satisfy me. You say not a word of your return, shall we ever see you in Virginia agane. Adieu my Dear Brother and beleive me to be Yours Affectionately\nM Carr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0603", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Francis Eppes, 23 May 1786\nFrom: Eppes, Francis\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nEppington May 23d 1786\nYour favour of Dec. 11 came to hand a few days ago. Those sent by the Mr. Fitzhughs of August 30th. and September 22d. are not yet arrived. I am sorry you are so desirous of having Polly sent to you as I am certain nothing but force will now bring it about. We have try\u2019d every argument we are capable of in order to enduce to agree to it. I have told her you wou\u2019d meet her in Philadelphia and that I wou\u2019d accompany her to that place. This however had no affect except distressing her. She is in tears when ever its mentiond. I shall not send her until I hear farther from you unless Mr. Berkley shou\u2019d call for her. I will then wait on him and diliver her up to his care.\nI wrote you the first of April by Colo. Le Maire who promisd to diliver the letters with his own hands. I hope you will get those letters as they contain a state of Keys transactions as well as those of your present Steward for the last year. I have copys of each which I shall keep until you return. I am much pleas\u2019d to hear that we are likely to be in Friendship with Emperor Morocco and most sincearly wish the other Barbary powers cou\u2019d be prevaild on to treat on such terms as America wou\u2019d be able to pay. In my letter by Colo. Le Maire I forgot to mention that your bill of scantling is in part executed and that what remains now undone will be finish\u2019d by next Winter. We are much pleas\u2019d to heare that your health is likely to be reestablishd and Patsy continues well. We are all in perfect health and join in affection to you both. I am Dr Sir Your Friend,\nFrans. Eppes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-23-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0605", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Ferdinand Grand, 23 August [1786]\nFrom: Grand, Ferdinand\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nWednesday 23d Augt. [1786]\nM. Grand presents his Respects to M. Jefferson and has the honour to acquaint him that his Letters for Madrid reached him only when the post for Spain was already gone. The friend at Madrid to whom he used to forward Mr. Jefferson\u2019s Letters desired himself to be excused from lending his Cover to any more Such letters and warned at Same time, M. Grand that this caution availed nothing to prevent letters being opened; which Mr. Grand very well knows to be the Case, both here and in Spain. He begs therefore that Mr. Jefferson would be so good as to send him word how he is to send his parcels. If there is any thing which absolutely requires Secrecy, they are not to be trusted to the Post.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-26-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0606", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Madame de Lafayette, 26 [August 1786]\nFrom: Lafayette, Marie-Adrienne-Fran\u00e7oise de Noailles, marquise de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nChaville ce Samedy 26 [Aug. 1786]\nJ\u2019ai donn\u00e9 a Mde. De tess\u00e9, monsieur, Lesperance de voir un de ces jours, mademoiselle votre fille a Chaville, et cette esperance Lui fait un extr\u00eame plaisir. Elle m\u2019a charge de vous Le dire, et en m\u00eame tems de vous demander que ce soit mardy prochain, parcequ\u2019elle doit aller voir dans Lapr\u00e8s midy jouer Les eaux du Parc de Versailles, ce qui se voit rarement, et est veritablement un tr\u00e8s beau Spectacle. Si vous \u00eates oblig\u00e9 ce jour La d\u2019aller Le matin a Versailles, je vous demanderois La permission damener ici Mademoiselle votre fille, en m\u00eame tems que La mienne, car je retourne a Paris Lundy; nous reviendrions a Ch\u00e2ville, Le mardy matin, vous nous y rejoindri\u00e9s, de Versailles pour diner, et nous irions Lapr\u00e8s midy tous ensemble voir jouer Les eaux. Lexecution de ce projet, me combleroit de joye, et vous seri\u00e9s bien bon et bien aimable, de Lapprouver, et dobtenir Le consentement de mademoiselle Jefferson. Toutes Les occasions de La voir me sont precieuses, votre amiti\u00e9 pour Mr. De La fayette, me donne quelques droits a Lui demander La Sienne, et je ne negligerai Surement pas de Les reclamer. Receves je vous en supplie, monsieur, Mille complimens de Mde. De tesse, et agr\u00e9es Lassurance, de tous Les sentimens avec Lesquels j\u2019ai lhonneur detre, votre tres humble et tr\u00e8s obeissante servante\nNoailles de la Fayette", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "08-31-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0607", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Francis Eppes, 31 August 1786\nFrom: Eppes, Francis\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nEppington August 31st. 1786\nI have now to acknowledge the receipt of your letter by the Mr. Fitzhugh\u2019s of August 30th. 1785. It came to hand 17th of last June accompanyed with a packet of Gardin seeds which I declind taking after knowing its contents. The postage amounted to \u00a312. I am much concerned you shou\u2019d put yourself to any expence on my account and beg in future you will not give your self sutch unnecessary trouble. So far from desiring Colo. Le Mare to mention any sutch thing to you I assure upon my honour I never even thought of it. Your letters arriveing so late and the necessary ceremony of enoculating Isabel has affectually prevented our sending Polly this spring. However you may rest assurd she shall come the next spring. There is a ship which sailes every year from James River (calld the Harrison). She generally takes her departure about the last of may or first of June. The captain whose name is Kerr is much of a Gentleman and I am certain will pay every possible attention. The Ship is the property of Messrs. Donald & Burton of London. She is a fine ship and in every respect agreeable to your wishes. She has a Mediterranean Pass and is neither too old or too new having made only three voiges. I give you this early inteligence that you may be prepar\u2019d to meet her either in London or at whatever place she may and in France. I shall write you several letters on this subject in order as much as possible to insure your hearing of the time Polly will leave Virginia.\nI set off on the 15th. of September for the Mountain. As soon as I return will write you and give you the best information of matters there. In my last I mentiond your bill of scantling was in part executed and that the rest wou\u2019d be finishd next fall. The tutor I wrote you to procure for me was a man or Woman not younger than forty and capable of teaching our girls French English erethmatick and musick. From what you mention of the expectations and the dissatisfied dispositions of the French I have got the Gentleman with home I make my dealings to send to Briton for one and I expect he will be here early in the spring. I am very happy to hear that your health is reestablishd and that Patsy continues well. Seeing you once more at our habitation wou\u2019d add much to my happiness. However I begin to dispare of experienceing that pleasure and if it ever happens it apeares as if the time was a great distance. We are all well and join in best wishes for the health &  happiness of you & yours. I am with sincere esteem Dr Sir Your Friend & servt.,\nFrans. Eppes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "10-30-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-15-02-0608", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Francis Eppes, 30 October 1786\nFrom: Eppes, Francis\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nEppington October 30th. 1786\nYou will with this recieve a box containing about a bushel of the cones and seeds of the Virginia Magnola which I wish sincearly may arrive in good order. They are directed to the care of our Friend Fulwar Skipwith who will forward them to you. The Murtle and ceederberries shall be sent as soon as they can be procurd. The ceederberries I have an abundance of on my own plantation. You may herefore be certain of recieving them. As to the Murtle I am not so certain of them as I have already faild two falls which has been the cause of my not sending the Magnola and ceeder berries as I then thought it wou\u2019d be most agreeable to you to forward them all at one time. I must now thank you for you[r] present of chess Men. They are very handsome. I shall endevour to recover what little knowledge I had of the game which for want of practice I have almost forgot. Polly and the rest of the Family are all well and join in their best affections to you & Patsy. I am Dr Sir Your Friend,\nFrans. Eppes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "05-22-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0693", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Martha Jefferson Carr, 22 May 1786\nFrom: Carr, Martha Jefferson\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Brother\nEppington May 22. 1786.\nMr. Eppes has this morning received yours of Dec. the 11. and poor Dear Polly has been in tears, tho after much ado she is so far pacified as to wipe her eyes and set down to write to you. We have endeavoured to amuse her by every little account of what children look upon to be Luxurys, and tell her they are to be found in France, but to all She turns a deef Ear. Her avertion to going is such that I am sure no arguments will prevaile on her to give her consent, and her Apprehentions of being decoyed and carryed there will prevent I think any Scheem of that kind takeing place. I did not think a child of her age capable of so warm an Affection as I find she is, by her attatchment to Mrs. Eppes, I have been with her now near a fort-night and can not Ingreatiate myself so far as\n to prevaile on her to accompany me on a visit to her Aunt Bolling, her constant answer is that she can not leave her Aunt Eppes. Upon the whole it is my Opinion she can not be carryed without compultion and with a child of her sensibility and timidity what may be the Consequence of such a method we must leave to your own judgment. Mrs. Eppes is Extreemly Anxous for her Improvement and pays the greatest attention to her, She is a Sweet Girl, reads and Sews prettily and dances gracefully. That good ladie is so much unhinged by the recept of yours today that she is not in a situation to write by this Oppertunity, tho Says she has once written to you very fully on the Subject and concludes that her letter has not reached you or that the Multiplicity of business you are engaged in has prevented your acknowledgeing the recept of it. I inclosed to Mr. Madison A letter to you and one to Patsy dated May 1. in which I Answered all the kind inquires contained in yours of August 22 with regard to my family. Nancy is with me and desires her love to you and Patsy as dos all the little ones of this family. Give mine to Patsy and tell her she must Excuse my not writeing to her now as I have so lately written her a long letter. I must repeat my question when Shall we see you in Virginia. Aduei my Dear Brother may happyness ever attend you, and beleive me to be with Sincere Affection Yours\nM Carr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "11-03-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0694", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Mary Barclay, 3 November 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Barclay, Mary\nDear Madam\nParis Nov. 3. 1786.\nMr. Aop applied to me on the subject of a dividend of prize money assigned to Mr. Barclay, which, as I informed him, can only be paid in America. It has since occurred to me that Mr. Barclay might perhaps have relied on this in part for your particular use during his absence. If so, and any inconvenience should arise from the disappointment, I beg you to be so friendly as to communicate it to me, as I shall take a real pleasure in accomodating you with such sums as you may have need of. In doing this I pray you to have no scruples. I shall be happy to hear how yourself and your daughter do. Indeed, on the presumption that your health is reestablished I will flatter myself with your coming to dine with us on Sunday the 5th. inst. You will meet Mrs. Barret and\n Mrs. Montgomery here. The exercise will be good for your health and the company for your spirits. I am with much esteem Dr. Madam your most obedient & most humble servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1786", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/02-01-02-0020", "content": "Title: Memorandum Books, 1786\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n              Gave Etrennes to the servants of the two Introducteurs des Ambassadeurs and of the Secretaire des Introducteurs 72f.\n              Pd. Goldsmith for books 28f10.\n              Gave etrennes to the facteurs des gazettes @ 3f = 18f.\n              Pd. the Ct. de Langeac a quarter\u2019s rent 1875f.\n              Pd. Bazin for Surtout de dessert & figures for Mrs. Adams 264\u20b6\u201317\u20136.\n              Pd. Gouyon horse hire 300f.\n              Pd. hire of Piano forte 12f.\n              Pd. chair hire at Versailles 1f4.\n                Pd.\u2005Etrennes at do. as follows\u20b6\u2005Ct. de Vergennes\u2019 valet de chambre96\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003his Suisse24\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003his livery men24Mr. Reyneval\u2019s porter24 Salle des Ambassadeurs.\u2005 Suisse 24   Coffeemen\u2003\u2003 48   240  \n              Pd. Madme. Mayard for ruffles 84f.\n              Acceptd. Houdon\u2019s bill in favr. of Dr. Franklin & assigned to\u2003\u2003for 2400f at 30. days sight on account of the state of Virginia.\n              Pd. Genen the taylor 376f\u2003gar\u00e7on 3f.\n              Recd. of Mr. Grand for the state of Virginia 5000f as lent by that state to the U. S. for my salary &c.\n               Paid Marc.\u2003\u2003\u2003\u20b6\u2003  \u2003\u2003\u2002kitchen expences. Jan.\u2002 1.\u20148432\u201316   9\u20141571\u201315   other houshold exp. 1\u20148154\u201314   9\u20141532\u201315   postage 1\u2014812\u201310   9\u2014152\u2002  kitchen furniture 70\u20133   houshold utensils 18\u20133   wine 34\u2013  Patsy 10\u201310   dress 8\u201313   washing 55\u201311   903\u201310     Pd. do. for\u2005 Groscher. serrurier   Rou\u00e7onnier. serrurier   Guyot. kitchen linen   Chapsah. kitchen furniture   water dishes   Gueraud. house taxes for 1785.\u2002\u2005   175\u201311   22\u2013  562\u20132   927\u20134   84\u2013  600\u2013  3274\u20137  \n              Repaid Colo. Franks things bot. in Engld. 10f.\n              Pd. for buttons 67f\u2014pd. Goldsmith for books 12f12\u2014pd. at Opera 11f10.\n              Pd. for buttons 6f\u2014pd. Goldsmith for books 18f.\n              Pd. Cabaret stationary 19f\u2014bookbinding 9f4.\n              Paid for seeing the hydraulic cord de Vera 3f.\n              Accepted Houdon\u2019s bill of exch. in favor of Dr. Franklin & assigned to Preye & Jordis for 3600\u20b6 at 30. days sight, for state of Virginia.\n              Accepted Jos. Johnson\u2019s bill of exchange in favor of J. Edwards assigned to Laurent for 710\u20b6. dated Nov. 18. 1785. & paiable at one month after date. Note this was to pay S. Henley for the books of his which I bought of the Revd. Jas. Madison.\n              Pd. for crayons for F. Hopkinson 41f16\u2014Goldsmith books 4f16.\n              Pd. Goldsmith books 26f6\u2014do. do. for F. Hopkinson 5f4.\n              Pd. do. books 1f10\u2014pd. at Italian comedy 7f10.\n              Pd. Goldsmith books 1f16.\n              Gave in Charity at Versailles 12f.\n              Pd. Goldsmith books 18f\u2014pd. Gouyon horse hire 300f.\n               Pd.\u00a0Marc\u2005servts. wages viz.\u2002 Marc 100  Sanson 60  Cocher 60  Saget 50  Cuisiniere\u2003\u2003\u2002 48  Jardinier 45  charity 9  372.  \n              Recd. from Mr. Grand for state of Virginia 4000f as lent by the fund of that state to the U. S. for my salary &c.\n               Pd. Marc.\u2005Jan. 23\u201430 hhd. exp. 118\u201317   kitchen exp. (25) 140\u2013\u20023   kitchen utensils 23\u2013\u20024   trifles 4\u201316\u20136   postage 9\u201319   clothes to James 7\u201316   given to Ezra Bates\u2003\u2003 48\u2013  352\u201315\u20136  \n                 \u20b6\u2003  Pd.\u00a0Marc\u2005packages for plans of buildings for Virginia 5\u201311   package & portage to l\u2019Orient of Encyclopedie for F. Hopkinson & Dr. Franklin 39\u20134   Glazier\u2019s account 55\u201318   Lachy. fixing stoves &c. 88\u20136   Combeaux. balance James\u2019s apprenticeshp.\u2002 150\u20130   Arthur. paper hangings for hotel. 174\u201316   Henley\u2019s bill of excha. (See Jan. 24.) 710\u20130   account for marble slab 66\u20130   for hotel de Jabac. toile de Jouy 250\u20130   1539\u201315  \n              Pd. at Concert spirituel 6f.\n                Pd. Goldsmith\u2005 for 14. 15. 16th. livraisons\u2005 for F. Hopkinson\u2005 71f10.   Pd. do. for do. for Dr. Franklin 71f10.  \n              Pd. do. for Encyclopedie ancienne for myself 380f 39. vols. 4to.\n              Pd. do. for other books & maps 27f3.\n              Gave Patsy 3f.\u2014pd. at French comedy 6f.\n              Gave in charity 24f.\n              Pd. Goldsmith for Encyclopedie ancienne 39. vols. 8vo. 260f.\n              Pd. on admission to the Salon des echecs 96f.\u2003coach hire 3f.\n              Pd. hire of Piano forte 12f\u2014gave Patsy 3f.\n                Pd.\u2005Marc.\u2005Jan. 31.\u2014Feb. 5. \u20b6\u2003  postage 20\u2013\u20025   Patsy 3\u201310   hhd. exp. 80\u2013  kitchen exp. (20)\u2003\u2003 172\u201315   1. month\u2019s bread 42\u201311\u20136   servts. diet 38\u2013\u20025   357\u2013\u20026\u20136 do. for a picture frame36\u2002do. for visiting cards21\u2002414\u2013\u20026\u20136 \n              Pd. Hoffman subscription for the Journal des arts 36f.\n              Pd. Goldsmith books 7f4.\n              Pd. Cabaret stationary 14f14\u2014do. bookbinding 125f4.\n              Pd. Goldsmith books 28f12.\n              Recd. of M. de la Fayette to be pd. to Ledyard on acct. of Empress of Russia 600f.\n              Pd. Ledyard as above 600f.\n              Pd. Goldsmith the 17th. livraison of the Encyclopedie 36f10.\n              Ordered Mr. Grand to pay Houdon\u2019s bill accepted ante Jan. 12. on acct. of the state of Virginia.\n              Pd. Goldsmith for books 40f4\u2014gave Patsy 3f.\n              Pd. for 4. pr. shoes for Miss Adams 24f.\n              Recd. from Mr. Grand for state of Virginia 5000f as lent by the fund of that state to the U. S. for my salary &c.\n                Pd.\u00a0Marc\u2005Feb. 13.\u201419. viz. \u20b6\u2003  Kitchen exp. (25)\u2003 169\u20135   hhd. exp. 138\u20133   postage 12\u201318   houshold utensils 8\u20136   kitchen utensils 28\u2013  Serrurier\u2019s acct. 27\u201313   384\u20135  \n              Pd. at Masquerade 12f6.\n              Pd. Goldsmith for books 3f.\n               Pd.\u2005Marc.\u2005for Feb. 20\u201426.\u2005\u20b6Kitchen expences (9)196\u2013\u20022hhd. exp.\u200293\u201319hhd. utensils\u20039\u2013\u20021washing\u20037\u201311postage\u200219\u201310\u2002326\u20133 Servants.\u2005 Marc 100\u2013\u20020   Sanson 120\u2013\u20020\u2003\u2003   Cocher 60\u2003  Saget 50\u2003  la Cuisiniere\u2003 48\u2003  le Jardiner 45\u2003  charity 9\u2003\u2002432\u20130  do. Gouyon for horse hire \u2002300 1058\u20133 \n              Pd. at Panthemont by the hands of Marc 1000f.\n              Gave Etrennes to Espagnol 12f.\n              Pd. Goldsmith for copies of the Encyclopedie methodique as follows.\n                \u20b6\u2003\u2003   \u2003\u200317th. livraison\u2005 for Doctr. Franklin 36\u201310   do. for F. Hopkinson 36\u201310   do. for James Madison (Orange)\u2003\u2003\u2003 36\u201310 17. first livraisons for Colo. Monroe439\u20131017. first livraisons for Doctr. Currie439\u201310988\u201310 \n              Ordered Mr. Grand to pay Houdon\u2019s bill of 3600f drawn Oct. 24. & accepted ante Jan. 24.\n              Pd. Colo. Humphreys for sundries bot. for me in England 190f.\n              Pd. hire of a Cabriolet to Calais 72f.\n              Recd. of Mr. Grand for the U. S. 2000f.\n              Pd. for lace, & cambrick for Mrs. Adams 284\u20b6.\n              Pd. Petit travellg. exp. to wit for straps, saddle furniture &c. 63\u20b6\u201312.\n              Pd. Marc on account for houshold exp. in my absence 750\u20b6.\n              Pd. in part for post horses 19f10.\n              Cash on hand 48 Louis, 14 guineas + 16f4 silver.\n              Petit deposits in my hands 10. Louis.\n              Pd. Petit for post horses & expences on the road for Col. Smith and myself 6. Louis. (Note set out for London this morning.\n              Pd. at Chantilly 12f.\n                Pd. Petit\u2005 for expences as before, at Breteuil 24f.   Pd. do. for do. at Breteuil 9. Louis.  \n              Expences at Abb\u00e9ville 1f4.\n              Pd. Petit at Montreuil for expences as before 5. Louis.\n              Pd. do. at Calais for do. 24f.\n              Pd. entertt. at Calais 75f\u2014pd. portage, passport &c. 18f\u2003servts. 1f4.\n              Pd. Colo. Smith insurance a Louis.\n              Arrived in London.\n              Pd. for a watchchain 14/\u2003watermen 1/\u2003coffee h. 1/6\u2003cork soals 1/.\n              Returned Petit his 10. Louis.\n              Pd. porters at St. James on my being presented 42/.\n              Drew bill on Mr. Grand in favr. Lewis Teissier for 2400f for which I received \u00a396\u201313\u20136 on acct. of U. S.\n              Pd. Dr. Bancroft for map 15/\u2014Faden for maps 20/6.\n              Pd. for walkg. stick 8/\u2014map 2/.\n              Pd. for 6. pr. cotton stockings 30/\u2014knives 10/6.\n              Pd. Ramsden for thermometer 24/\u2003protractor 5/\u2003globe 9/.\n              Pd. Dollond for a telescope \u00a310\u201310\u2014solar microscope \u00a35\u201316\u20136.\n              Pd. for boots 25/\u2014for seeing the learned pig 1/.\n              Pd. for a book 3/\u2014for copies 1/\u2003for pr. pocket pistols \u00a34\u201310.\n              Pd. dinner at Dolly\u2019s 6/.\n              Pd. seeing castle at Windsor 5/\u2003dinner &c. 11/.\n              Pd. for carriage & horses to & from do. &c. \u00a32\u201313\u201310. in part.\n              Advanced to John 10/8\u2014gave servt. at Stewart\u2019s 2/.\n              Repd. Dr. Lyons for a book 31/6.\n              Pd. for bootgarters 2/\u2014a seal 5/\u2014powder flask 4/.\n              Pd. Dollond for a hydrometer 31/6\u2014coach hire 1/.\n              Pd. for a fish knife 17/\u2014pd. for dinner 3/.\n              Pd. for a sealing candlestick 10/\u2014for 4. screens 24/.\n              Pd. for a pocket book 8/6\u2014for do. for Patsy 21/.\n              Pd. for a sealing candlestick 2/6\u2014coach hire 1/6.\n              Pd. Thomson for a seal \u00a33\u20137.\n              Pd. for a plated reading lamp 31/6.\n              Pd. for a camp theodolite \u00a34\u20134\u2014a ring dial 14/.\n              Pd. for circular draw pen 4/6\u2014pr. spurs 28/\u20142 whips 40/.\n              Pd. for dinner at London tavern 14/6.\n                Pd.\u2005 for a calico gown for A. S. Jefferson 36/6.   for muslin do. for do. 4\u00bd yds. \u00a33\u201312.  \n              Pd. for quilting, calicoes & muslin as a present to Mrs. Lewis \u00a38\u20138.\n              Pd. John\u2005expences of breakfasting, fuel &c. 28/10.coach & horse hire to Windsor (exclus. of 10/8 &c. ante) 33/4.sundry trifles clothing 3/.\n              Pd. 2. weeks hire of a pr. chariot horses \u00a36\u20136.\n              Pd. coachman for same time 21/.\n              Pd. Crook a fortnight\u2019s hire of carriage \u00a33\u20133.\n              Pd. Dollond for pocket dividers drawpen &c. silver \u00a32\u20132.\n              Pd. for two lamps & balance of the former \u00a34.\n              Pd. for pr. pistols silvermounted \u00a31\u201318\u2014map 6/6.\n              Pd. for a razor 5/6\u2014for shoes & slippers 18/.\n              Pd. postillion at Barnet 1/6.\n              Recd. of Lewis Teissier 105\u00a3 sterl. & drew bill on Mr. Grand for 2606\u20b6\u201318.\n              Settled my acct. with Welch surviving partner of Carey, Morey & Welch & signed acct. for \u00a3128\u201313\u20134.\n              Pd. for a map 5/\u2014for chessmen 18/\u2014watch key 36/.\n              Pd. for 3. travelling trunks \u00a310\u201315\u20136\u2014bridle & stirrups \u00a34\u201319.\n              Pd. for repairing chessmen 10/.\u2014a doz. ivory leaves 12/.\n              Pd. for lodging on account \u00a310.\n              Gave servants at Chiswick (D. of Devonshire\u2019s) 4/6.\n              Gave postilion at Richmd. 3/.\n              Gave servts. at Twickenham, Pope\u2019s garden 2/.\n              Gave servts. at Hampton court 4/6\u2014do. at Esher place 6/.\n              Paid postillion at Cobham 24/6\u2014gave servts. at Paynshill 7/.\n              Paid post horses at Cobham 7/6\u2014postilion at Weybridge 2/.\n              Borrowed of Colo. Smith 52/6.\n              Pd. entertt. at Weybridge & post hire \u00a32\u20132.\n              Gave servts. at Woburn farm 6/6\u2014postilion at Twickenham 3/.\n              Pd. post hire at London 18/6\u2014repd. John for turnpikes 16/.\n              Pd. a turnpike 1/\u2014advanced to John 5/.\n              Pd. Dollond for instruments \u00a32\u201318.\n              Pd. Robinson for a chest of tools \u00a311\u20133.\u2003for other things \u00a33\u201319\u20136.\n              Pd. coachman 5/\u2014postilion at Twickenham 2/.\n              Pd. at Woburn farm (Ld. Loughborouh\u2019s) to postiln. 18/\u2003servants 3/6.\n              Sunning hill. pd. postillion 18/6.\n              Caversham. (Mr. Marsac\u2019s) gave servts. 3/6.\n              Reading. postilion 29/6\u2014turnpikes 13/6.\n              At do. entertt. 26/1\u2003servts. 3/\u2003horses to Wallingford 23/\u2003turnpikes 7/6.\n              Wallingford. postilion 2/\u2014horses to Thame 22/7.\n              Thame. postillion 2/.\n              Wotton. (Marquis of Buckingham\u2019s) servants 3/.\n              Buckingham. guide 7/6\u2014postillions 55/.\n              At do. pd. entt. 22/1\u2014horses to Banbury 23/\u2003do. for servt. to Bicester 10/6.\n              At do. servts. 3/\u2014gave John for expences 21/\u2003books.\n              Stowe (Marquis of Buckingham\u2019s) servants 8/.\n              Buckingham. pd. for books 9/.\n              Banbury. postilion 4/.\n              Kineton. postilion 3/6\u2014horses to Stratford upon Avon 10/.\n              Stratford upon Avon. postilion 3/.\n                Do.\u2005 seeing house where Shakespeare was born 1/.   seeing his tombstone 1/\u2014entt. 4/2\u2014servts. 2/\u2003horses to Hockley 12/.  \n              Hockley. postilion 2/6\u2014horses to Birmingham 10/.\n              Birmingham. postilln. & turnpikes 3/\u2003books 9/\u2014candlestick 15/.\n              Do. hairdresser 1/6\u2014servt. 1/\u2014entt. 13/8\u2014servts. 1/6.\n              Leasowes (Shenstone\u2019s. now Horne\u2019s) servts. 5/.\n              Stourbridge. horses from Birmingham 15/.\u2003postiln. & turnpikes 4/6.\n              Do. entt. 6/6\u2014horses to Bromsgrove 12/6\u2014servts. 3/.\n              Hagley (Ld. Westcot\u2019s) servts. 5/\u2014entt. in the village 2/6.\n              Bromsgrove. postiln. & turnp. 2/6\u2014horses to Worcester 13/6.\n              Worcester. postiln. & turnp. 3/\u2014entt. 9/9\u2014horses to Winchcomb 16/\u2003servt. 1/6.\n              Winchcomb. postiln. & turnp. 3/6\u2014horses to Moreton 14/.\n              Moreton. postiln. & turnp. 3/\u2014entt. 2/.\n              Eynston. horses from Moreton, postiln. & turnp. 16/.\u2003horses to Woodstock 7/.\n              Woodstock. postillion & turnp. 3/.\n              Received of Mr. Adams \u00a39\u20139 in part towards preceding expences from our leaving London Apr. 4. which are joint.\n              Blenheim (D. of Marlborough\u2019s) servts. 7/.\n              Woodstock. entt. 7/\u2014horses to Oxford 8/\u2014servts. 3/.\n              Oxford. postiln. & turnp. 2/\u2014doorkeepers of colleges 5/.\n              Tatsworth. High Wycombe. Uxbridge. horses, postilns. \u00a34\u201314.\n              Pd. Robinson balce. for tools 18/\u2014needle for watch 42/.\n              Ribbon 29/\u2014chessmen & box 20/\u2014steelyards 4/6.\n              Pd. Shuttleworth for pocket level 21/\u2003pentagraph 31/6.\n              Plates of iron bridge 13/\u2014coach hire 2/.\n              Pd. Lackington for books \u00a310\u20138\u20136\u2014ribbon 3/6.\n              Drew bill on Mr. Grand for 2606\u20b6\u201318 in favor of Lewis Teissier, and recd. for it \u00a3105.\n              Pd. Jones for a compound microscope \u00a34\u20134.\n              Pd. Lackington for books \u00a35\u201318.\n              Gave in charity 5/\u2014pd. for books 20/\u2014recd. of Colo. Smith 21/.\n              Pd. Petit 10/6\u2014pd. seeing tower 8/6.\n              Pd. Barks & Pearce for sadlery \u00a310\u201310\u20139.\n              Gave servts. at Kew 5/\u2014lemonade 6d.\u2003charity 6d.\n              Pd. postilion & turnpikes 16/6.\n              Pd. Dollond for mathemat. instruments \u00a37\u20132\u20136.\n              Pd. Petit 42/\u2014Jones for botanical microscope 10/\u2003cloth do. 3/.\n              Pd. for toothbrushes 3/10\u2014coach hire 2/.\n                On settlement with Colo. Smith I find our joint expences from Paris to Calais were \u2003\u00a329\u201314\u20139  \u2003do. from Calais to London 19\u201319\u20136  49\u201314\u20133  \u2003my half therefore is 24\u201317\u20131\u00bd  \n              Pd. Birks & Pearce sadlery 21/9.\n              Pd. do. balance \u00a33\u20136\u20139\u2014pd. for watch chain 21/.\n              Pd. servts. at Buckingham house 24/.\n              Pd. for seeing Sr. Ashton Lever\u2019s museum 5/.\n              Pd. at Covent garden 7/6.\n              Pd. Barclay shoemaker\u2019s bill \u00a34\u20134.\u2014pd. coachman 5/.\n              Gave servts. at Osterly & Sion house 7/\u2014dinner 10/6.\n              Pd. for key rings 1/2\u2014books 4/\u2014at Sadler\u2019s wells 3/6.\n              Pd. Jones for air-pump & apparatus \u00a312\u201312.\n              Pd. do. for other things 21/6.\n              Pd. Woodmason for damping box, paper &c. 10/.\n              Pd. for books 1/\u2014at Drury lane 5/2.\n              Blue lamp chimneys 3/\u2014printed muslin 52/6.\n              Pd. for newspapers 21/.\n              Recd. from Lewis Teissier \u00a3157\u201310 and gave him bill of excha. on Mr. Grand for 3910\u20b6\u20137.\n              Pd. Jones for little electrical machine 9/\u2003other things 12/.\n              Pd. for cord 15/. repd. Petit expenditures 22/8.\n              Pd. for ivory book cover 46/. pd. lodgings \u00a310\u20135.\n              Pd. Brown for my picture \u00a310.\n              Pd. Stockdale for books \u00a340\u201310\u20136.\n              Pd. Walch for Cary Morey & Walch interest of my debt \u00a340.\n              Pd. Petit for travelling exp. 42/.\n              Pd. Cannon the taylor for clothes \u00a39\u20139\u20136.\n              Pd. Mrs. Conner, Golden square No. 14. for lodgings &c. \u00a311\u201318.\n              Pd. a bill for tea 18/6\u2014packing & portage 13/.\n              Pd. balce. hire of chariot horses \u00a313\u201319.\n              Pd. do. bill for posthorses \u00a33\u201312\u20139.\n              Pd. coachman balce. his wages 31/6\u2014gave servt. 5/.\n              Left with Colo. Smith for James Lee, Hammersmith, for plants \u00a34\u201315.\n              Left with do. for Mrs. Necks \u00a38\u20138. Note she claimed this as a debt from Mr. Wayles\u2019s estate. If justly, charge it to the estate: if not due, consider it as a charity.\n              Gave in vales to different servts. \u00a34\u20134.\n              Pd. balce. of hire of a chariot \u00a37\u201317\u20136.\n              Pd. portage of baggage 10/6\u2003horseler 1/.\n              Set out from London for Paris.\n              Pd. seeing observatory & hospital at Greenwich 4/.\n              Dartford.\u2005pd. Postillion backwards 27/6.pd. do. forwards 15/\u2003expences 1/.\n              Rochester. pd. Postillion backwds. 7/7\u00bd\u2003do. forwds. 15/7\u00bd\u2003exp. 6d.\n              Sittingborne. pd. Postillion backwds. 2/\u2003do. forwds. 23/3.\n              Canterbury. pd. Postilln. backwds. 2/\u2014do. forwds. 22/.\n              Dover. pd. Postillion backwds. 2/.\n              Cash on hand \u00a33 sterl. and 32. Louis.\n                Dover. pd. seeing castle 2/6. s\u2005d\u2005   John\u2019s account for\u2005 turnpikes 8\u201310   breakfast &c. 12\u2013\u20026   trifles 4\u2013\u20021   board & wages\u2003\u2003 7\u2013\u20027  8\u201312\u2013\u20025  \n              Pd. him 5/ and gave him order on Colo. Smith for \u00a38\u20138.\n                Pd. Payne\u2005 portage of baggage\u00a3 6\u2013\u20024\u20133   custom house officrs.\u2003\u200310\u20136   entertt.1\u201311\u20133   8\u2013\u20026 \n              \u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003France. Livres, sols, deniers.\n              Calais\u2005pd. passage 32f8\u2003officers of Douane 15f4.pd. portage 15f4.gave the successor of Sterne\u2019s monk at Calais 1f4.pd. Dessein entertt. 14f10\u2003servts. 3f6.pd. storage & repairs of Carriage 27f.gave Petit for expences on the road 48f.\n              St. Omer\u2019s. gave Petit for exp. on the road 120f.\n              Royes.\u2005gave do. for do. 120f.gave servt. 1f4.\n              Bourget. gave Petit for exp. on the road 48f.\n              Gave James Barclay a shipwreckt American sailor to carry him to L\u2019Orient 48f to be charged to the United states.\n              Mr. Grand has pd. the Comte de Langeac in my absence a quarter\u2019s rent, viz. 1875\u20b6. Apr. 15.\n              Recd. of Mr. Grand on acct. of U. S. 4000\u20b6.\n              Analysis of Marc\u2019s accounts from Mar. 6. to April 23.\n              Kitchn. utensls.\n              Stationary\n              Servts. clothg.\n              Total amount of above1212\u201316\u20136Servants wages \u2005for March (exclus. of Petit)Do.for April312\u2013\u20020\u20130312\u2013\u20020\u20130For Gouyon, horse hire for April300\u2013\u20020\u20130Hhd. expences from Apr. 24.\u201430.10\u2013\u20020\u20130\u2002\u20b62146\u201316\u20136\u2003By cash Mar. 5\u2002750\u2013\u20020\u2003Balance now paid\u2003\u20031396\u201316\u20136\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u20032146\u201316\u20136\n              Pd. Petit wages for Mar. & Apr. 120f.\n              On settlemt. of accounts with him from Mar. 6. to Apr. 31. for all the cash pd. to him, he is in my debt 3/7 = 4f4.\n              Pd. Goldsmith for books 4f16.\n              Pd. hire of Piano forte 36f.\n              Recd. of Mr. Short for linen &c. bot. for him in London 151f16.\n              Pd. Goldsmith for 18th. livraisons of Encyclopedie. viz.\n              Pd. do. for other books 3f.\n              Pd. package, portage &c. of Encyclopedie for Monroe & Currie 40f4.\n              Pd. for hair pencils & black lead do. for F. Hopkinson 12f12.\n              Note needle box for watch cost \u00a32\u20139\u20136 sterl. to be charged to J. Madison when I send it to him.\n              Pd. Goldsmith for book 4f.\n              Pd. Derome for binding books 55f8.\n              Lent Goldsmith 144f.\n              Pd. for garter buckles 2f.\n              Pd. for thermometer 6f\u2014gave James 12f.\n              Pd. gar\u00e7on tailleur 36f.\n               Pd.\u2005Marc. May 8\u201414. Kitchen exp. (25) 265\u201315   hhd. do. 161\u2013\u20021   hhd. furniture 20\u2013\u20022   wine 40\u2013  washing 83\u201311   portage from Calais, Douaine &c.\u2003\u2003 104\u201318   675\u2013\u20027   coach hire 2f  \n              Pd. Mark for Clothes for James 84f19.\n              Pd. do. bazin & buttons for pr. breeches for myself 19f10.\n              Pd. for a set of buttons 168f.\n              Pd. for mending sword 15f.\n              Pd. Fouquet for the state of Virginia for model of the capitol in plaister 372f.\n              Pd. horsehire to Versailles 21f.\n              Desired Mr. Grand to pay a bill of Mr. Carmichael\u2019s out of the Virginia fund.\n              Gave in charity at different times 3f.\n              Recd. of Mr. Grand from Virginia fund 4000f as lent by that fund to the U. S. for my salary &c.\n               Pd.\u2005Marc. May 22\u201428.\u2003\u2003\u2002\u20b6kitchen expences (25)174\u201311hhd. exp.105\u2013\u20026\u20136dress2\u2013\u20028washing4\u2013\u20022postage24\u2013\u20027Patsy9trifles6\u201315326\u20139\u20136 Servants.\u2005 Marc 100  Petit 60  Cocher 60  Saget 50  la Cuisiniere\u2003 48  le Jardinier 45363\u20130\u20130   Gouyon 300   989\u20139\u20136  \n              Pd. Doctr. McMahon for attendance 600\u20b6.\n              Pd. Meyer balance for watch, & key 507\u20b6\u20139.\n              Pd. Angenand, taylor\u2019s bill in part 1000\u20b6.\n              Pd. Clerissaut for a book 72f.\n              Pd. do. for plans for state of Virginia 288f.\n              Pd. for sundry trifles 4f10.\n              Pd. breakfast at Neuilly 2f2\u2014gave Patsy 4f.\n              Gave Colo. Gouvion for Captain Castaign an order on Mr. Grand for the interest of year 1784. on his certificate, to be pd. out of Virginia fund.\n              R. Simetiere.\u2003\u2003pd. at Italian comedy 6f.\n              Pd. hire of piano forte 12f\u2014gave Patsy 2f2.\n              Pd. for 4 battledores 10f\u2003\u00bd doz. shuttlecocks 1f10.\n              Gave in Charity 96f.\n              Pd. at Italian comedy 6f.\n              Received from Mr. Grand on acct. of Virginia 3000\u20b6 as lent by that fund to U. S. for my salary &c.\n              Pd. do. for state of Virginia duties & portage on the Model of the Capitol 25f18.\n              Given in charity at difft. times 3f.\n              Pd. at Concert spirituel 6f.\n              Gave Patsy 3f\u2014lent Mazzei 300f.\n              Pd. Chevr. Luzerne for 50. bottles Champagne 175f.\n              Pd. ticket to see Tetu go off in his balon 6f.\n              Pd. Chantrot for a Conte-pas 168f.\n              Pd. 720\u20b6 for a bay chariot horse 8. y. old & 5 pi.- 1\u00bd po. high. star in forehd.\u2003gave drink money 6f\u2014pd. for a waistcoat 12f.\n              Pd. Richard 720\u20b6 for a bay chariot horse 6. y. old. 5 pi.- 1\u00bd po. high.\u2003gave drink money 24f.\n              Recd. back money for the Conte-pas 168f & retd. the Conte pas.\n              Dismissed Marc.\n              Pd. Marc on account 300f. Espagnol comes into my service.\n              Pd. seeing Hermitage 4f4.\u2003do. Audinot\u2019s garden 2f8.\n              Recd. from Mr. Grand on acct. U. S. 4000f.\n                Pd. Petit servants wages. viz.\u2005 Petit 60  Cocher 60  Saget 50  Cuisiniere 48  Jardinier 45  laveur des vaiss.\u2003\u2003 15  281.  \n              Pd. do. for Gouyon horse hire 300f.\n              Pd. Marc June 12\u201418 56f2 being balance after paimt. of June 27. ante. viz.\n                \u20b6\u2003  \u2003\u2003kitchen expences (25)\u2003 122\u201316\u20136   houshold do. 100\u201315\u20136   hhd. repairs 50\u2013\u20029   washing 1\u201310   dress 15   servts. do. 5\u201310   carriage 42\u2013  postage 25\u201318   contingencies 6\u2013\u20028   356\u2013\u20022  \n                \u2002\u20b6Pd.\u2005Petit for\u2005the Marchand Potier d\u2019etainthe Marbrier, a marble mortarWashing\u200224\u200230\u200247\u201319Do.for the Stuccateur packing Model of Capitol for Sta. Virga.\u2002\u200284  185\u201319  for Arthur for Paper hangings for hotel \u200270\u2013\u20027\u20133   256\u2013\u20026\u20133  \n              Pd. for a Magnetic needle & gold box 44f10.\n              Pd. Petit expences June 27.\u2014July 2. viz.\n                \u20b6\u2003\u2005s   \u2003\u2002Kitchen exp. (18) 158\u2013\u20021   \u2003\u2002hhd. do. 60\u201318   \u2003\u2002for Patsy 19\u201310   \u2003\u2002washing 6\u2013\u20026   \u2003\u2002dress \u20028   \u2003\u2002postage 23\u201318   \u2003\u2002stable utensils &c.\u2003 37\u2013\u20021   306\u2013\u20022 Pd. do. for forage164\u2002Repairs of chariot9\u2013\u20027Bread for month June44\u201310\u20136 \n              Chamouillet for bookshelves, Venetian blinds, &c. to the hotel 217\u20b6.\n              Pd. for books 1f4\u2014gave Patsy 6f.\n              Given in small charities 3f.\n              Pd. Perrier for a year\u2019s supply of a muid of water a day from the 1st. inst. 50f.\n              Pd. do. for fixing pipes &c. 50f.\n              Pd. hire of Piano forte 12f.\n              Gave M. de Langeac order on M. Grand for 1875f for a quarter\u2019s rent.\n              Paid portage of 288. bottles of wine from Bourdeaux, to wit 144. rouge & 144. blanc 158f16 (abt. 11s pr. bottle).\n              Pd. for an ivory book 12f\u2003for an Umbrella cane 24f.\n              Accepted Fr. Lewis\u2019s bill of exchange for 1075\u00bd\u20b6 paiable to Bouff\u00e9. Note this is for a pipe of Madeira, one half for the M. de la Fayette.\n                 \u20b6\u2002\u2005  Pd. do. for\u2005 Jean a serrurier for houshold repairs 29\u2013\u20024   Gabriel. water pipes & laying them 75\u2013\u20029\u201310   Dupui. servants beds 234\u2013\u20028\u2013\u20024   Mouche. set of chariot wheels & chart. reprs.\u2003 279\u201312\u2013   618\u201314\u2013\u20022  \n              Pd. Upton for table on acct. 72f.\n              Pd. for a stewpan 7f10\u2014gave Patsy 3f.\n              Gave in charity 6f.\n              Pd. for a lorgnette 24f.\n              Recd. of Mr. Grand on acct. of U. S. 7000f.\n              Pd. for forage 87f\u2014pd. Angenen in part of taylor\u2019s bill 1000f.\n              Pd. Fras. Lewis\u2019s bill of exchange on me for a pipe of Madeira 1075f10. Note one half is for the M. de la fayette.\n               Pd.\u2005servants wages. to wit.\u20b6\u2005 Petit (60f for service & 12f for clothg.)\u2003 72  Espagnol. for 1. month\u20144 days 68  le Cocher 60  Saget 50  la Cuisiniere 48  le Jardinier 45  le gar\u00e7on de cuisine 15  358.  \n              Pd. do.\u2005for Godin for table linen 745\u20b6\u20139s\u20138d.for Mr. Richards on Mr. Barclay\u2019s draught for books 750f.\n              Pd. balance for Umbrella 6f.\n              Pd. Umbrella for J. Madison 30f.\n              Gave Ledyard 132f\u2014gave Patsy 3f\u2014pd. clothes for do. 51f.\n              Pd. at French theatre 6f.\n              Pd. for 3 tickets to Suresne 9f.\n              Pd. Goldsmith for books 32f12\u2014pd. at Suresne 3f12.\n              Pd. hire of piano forte 12f.\n              Pd. Kendrick for a sorrel riding horse 5. y. old 1320f.\n              Pd. do. for martingal 18f\u2003gave the groom 12f.\n              Pd. ferrge. to & from Suresne 10s.\u2014pd. for waistcoat 18f.\n              Pd. at Italian theater 6f.\n              Gave charity at Versailles 24f.\n              Recd. of Mr. Grand for the U. S. 1000f.\n              Pd. for Leyden gazette 36f.\u2003Courier de l\u2019Europe 48f.\n              Pd. Goldsmith for books 39f12.\n              Recd. of Mr. Grand for charts from Engld. 24f.\n              Pd. Petit exp. of 3. weeks as follows (taking credit for 300\u20b6 ante Aug. 16.\n              Pd. Petit for a ragout spoon & 6. teaspoons 85f.\n              Pd. do. portage & other expences of books from Engld. 25f17.\n              Pd. do. for Col. Smith.\n              Note I have not pd. the whole of the above by 59f8 to be paid him hereafter.\n              Pd. Le Couteulx\u2019s order for transportation of Madeira wine 72f11 one half for M. de la fayette.\n              Pd. for a syringue 6f12\u2014gave in charity 6f.\n              Recd. from Mr. Grand for the U. S. 5000f.\n              Pd. at Panthemont for Patsy 900f.\n                Pd. servants viz.\u2005 Petit 72  Espagnol 60  le Cocher 60  Saget 50  la Cuisiniere 48  le Jardinier 45  gar\u00e7on de cuisine\u2003\u2003 15  350.  \n              Pd. Petit balance above Aug. 20. 59f8.\n              Pd. do. for Barbier & Tetard balce. for damask 605\u20b6\u20135.\n              Pd. Gouyon in full for horse hire 300f.\n              Note returned his horses yesterday.\n              Pd. French & nephew a bill drawn on me by Jno. Bannister junr. for 240f which charge to Bannister. See post Dec. 22.\n              Pd. Goldsmith for books 6f10.\n               Pd. do.\u2005for\u200519th. livraison of Encyclopedie. viz. \u20b6\u2005\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003   for myself 24  J. Madison 24  Dr. Franklin 24  F. Hopkinson\u2003\u2003 24  Jas. Monroe 23  Dr. Currie 23  142 \n              Pd. seeing gallery St. Cloud 6f.\n              Pd. for buttons 22f10.\u2003gloves 4f6.\n              Pd. seeing the king\u2019s library 3f\u2003Madrid 6f.\n              Pd. seeing machine of Marly 6f\u2003the Chateau 6f.\n              Pd. Petit towards dinner at Marly 12f\u2003pd. at Louvechienne 6f.\n              Paid at Concert Spirituel 6f.\n              Paid seeing Gardes meubles 12f\u2014for books 2f10.\n              Pd. Mlle. Guyard for picture 240f.\n              Gave Patsy 6f\u2003pd. at Italians 6f.\n              Pd. Valade for a picture 96f.\n              Pd. hire of Piano forte 12f.\n              Pd. Charpentier for a press for M. de lafayette 96f\u2014for clamps 12f.\n              Pd. seeing machine 3f.\n              Pd. seeing Desert 6f.\n              Pd. two Surgeons 12f.\n              Pd. clothes for Patsy 64f10\u2014lent Mazzei 36f.\n              Pd. postage 106f17\u2014Petit on acct. 93f3.\n              Pd. Corneillon engraving 27f\u2003do. for picture 48f.\n              State of expences of September.\n                \u2003\u20b6Pd. Petit\u2005balance of above account\u2002918\u2013\u20023\u20136portage &c. of Madeira\u200329\u2013\u20027Serrurier\u200311\u2013\u20026Menuisier\u200335\u201310Forage\u2005for Augustfor September\u2002232\u2013\u20027\u2002228for Colo. W. S. Smith\u2002164Royez for books\u200387Bohain Tapissier\u2002685\u201318 Servants.\u2005 Petit 72 \u2003\u2003\u2003  Espagnol 60   le Cocher 60   Saget 50   Cuisiniere\u2003\u2003 48   Jardinier 45   Gar\u00e7on 15 \u2002350   2741\u201311\u20136  \n              Paid Petit for Mercure de France 30\u20b6.\n              Recd. back from Bohain 36f.\n              Recd. from P. Mazzei cash lent him in full 636f.\n              Pd. for a Cabriolet de voiage 250f.\n              Pd. expences at St. Denis 55f.\n              Pd. Cabaret Stationary 43f\u2014do. bookbinding 409f6.\n              Acceptd. Le Fevre Roussac & co.\u2019s bill for 344\u20b6\u20133 paiable Nov. 12. for wine.\n              Pd. Goldsmith copying apparatus for M. de la Fayette 49f10.\n              Pd. Mr. Short\u2019s exp. to Versailles for passport for arms for Virginia 22f.\n              Gave Ct. de Langeac ord. on Mr. Grand for quarter\u2019s rent 1875f.\n              Pd. Charpentier for copying press 96f.\n              Pd. hire of Piano forte 12f.\n              Pd. for chemical box for Madison 59f\u2003vide post 16.\n              Pd. Petit\u2005transportn. &c. Dr. Ramsay\u2019s books from London 27\u20b6\u201319.do. books for me from do. 69\u20137.\n              Pd. Le Vieillard additional for Madison\u2019s chemical box 10f.\n               Pd. Goldsmith\u2005for\u200520th. livraison of the Encyclopedie. \u20b6\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003   for myself 24  Madison 24  Monroe 23  Currie 23  Dr. Franklin\u2003\u2003 24  Hopkinson 24  142 \n              Pd. do. for books for Colo. Smith 12f14\u2003for myself for books 24f9.\n              Pd. do. for services 12f.\n              Pd. Bondfeild\u2019s bill in favr. of Billon for wine 498\u20b6.\n              Lent Goldsmith 48f.\n              Pd. at Concert spirituel 6f.\n              Pd. Chaplain for Cabriolet 1000\u20b6.\u2003reprs. of chariot &c. 179f15.\n                Pd. servants, viz.\u2005 Petit 72   Espagnol 60   Saget 50   Cocher 60   Cuisiniere 48   Jardinier 45   gar\u00e7on de cuisine\u2003\u2003 15   350  \n              Pd. Petit exp. from Oct. 8.\u201431. viz.\n                Pd. do.\u2005 portage of harness from England\u2002 88f\u20022   2. voies de bois, cartage &c. 58\u201314   1\u00bd doz. pr. of socks 25\u201316   portage wine 14\u201311   Marechal\u2019s acct. 20\u2013\u20025   207\u2013\u20028  \n              Pd. Toffart a pr. of handirons 74f.\n              Pd. Charpentier for a press 96f.\n              Pd. do. for do. for Madison 96f.\n              Pd. hire of Piano forte 12f.\n                Pd. Goldsmith\u2005 for apparatus of copying press for Crevecoeur 24f.   Do. do. \u2003\u2002do. & paper for Madison 36f.   Do. do. paper for myself 12f.   Do. do. balance for books 6f.  \n              Gave in charity to Danl. Lemasney an Irish American 24f.\n              Pd. Petit exp.\u2005Nov. 1\u20145\u20b6\u2003\u2003Cuisine (23)197\u201313Office49\u2013\u20021Pet. depences\u200351\u201317postage18\u201310317\u2013\u20021\n              \u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003Servants clothes 110\u20b6\u2013102 voies de bois 62\u20b6\u20138portage of books from Rouen 13f16\n              Pd. for gloves 6f\u2014for muff 60f.\n              Pd. Goldsmith for books 16f10.\n                 \u20b6\u2003\u2003   Pd. do. for\u2005 2. voies de bois de hetre, sciage &c.\u2003\u2003 63\u2013\u20020   1. voie de bois pour la poele 27\u2013\u20026   1. voie bois flott\u00e9 pour la cuisine 24\u201318   115\u2013\u20024  \n              Inclosed to Frediani of Lucca for Anthony Giannini 24f.\n              A voie of hetre has lasted my two fireplaces 9\u00bd days thro\u2019 an excessive cold spell. This is about 32 sous a day for each fire.\n              Gave in charity to American sailor 12f.\n              Pd. Le Fevre, Roussac & co.\u2019s bill in favr. Lavisse for wine 344\u20b6.\n              Pd. Goldsmith for books 3f\u201428. Pd. for a book 8f.\n              Recd. of Mr. Grand for the U. S. 5000f.\n                Pd. Petit for Servts. viz.\u2005 Petit 72f   Espagnol 60  Saget 50  Cocher 60  Cuisiniere\u2003\u2003 48  Jardinier 45  Gar\u00e7on 15  350 \n              Pd. do. for Panthemont for Patsy 1200.\n                Pd. do.\u2005expences from the 18th. to the 24th. viz. \u20b6\u2003s\u2005\u2003   la Cuisine (30) 245\u201315  l\u2019Office 48\u201316  petites depences 36\u201312  Patsy 10\u2013  1. voie de bois de hetre\u2003\u2003 31\u201310  portage 39\u2013\u20029  postage 24\u2013\u20029  436\u201311 \n              Note in the paiments here entered I took credit for the 72f of Nov. 30. so that instead of 111\u20b6\u20130\u20136 entered here as now paid, I paid the balce. only 39\u20b6\u20130\u20136.\n              Pd. for books 15f\u2014gave James 12f.\n              Pd. Corneillon for pictures 96f\u2003for engraving utensils 88f.\n              Pd. do. for services 44f.\n              Pd. Upton on acct. for Cabinet work 72f.\n              Pd. Espagnol 8f2\u2014pd. at Italian theatre 6f.\n              Pd. Charpentier for a press 96f.\n              Pd. do. for alteration of level 12f.\n              Pd. at French theatre 6f.\n              (Here shd. come in the entries of Dec. 7. 8. above.)\n              Pd. for Piano forte 12f.\n                Pd. Petit\u2005 exp. Nov. 25\u2014Dec. 2.\u20b6\u2003  Cuisine (21) 164\u2013\u20028   Office 83\u2013\u20023   Petites depences 114\u2013\u20021   1. voie of wood for stove\u2003 27\u2013\u20024   1. do. hetre for study 32\u2013\u20026   Patsy 31\u2013\u20028   Soup ladle 121\u2013  postage 15\u2013\u20021   588\u201311  \n              Pd. for seeing Phoca 1f4\u2014waistcoat 15f.\n              Pd. for waistcoat 15f.\n              Pd. Charpentier 1f16.\n              Note on an examination of Marc\u2019s kitchen expences, and Petit\u2019s from Jan. 23. to Dec. 9. excluding the time I was in England they stand as follows\n              dinners amt. to\u2005\n              Pd. Royez for books 70f14\u2014gave Patsy 3f.\n              Gave Alexr. McIntosh, shipwreckt sailor from N. Y. 24f.\n              Recd. of M. St. John de Crevecoeur 120f\u2014pd. Molini books 63f.\n              Pd. for Stockdale for books 13f4.\n              Pd. for books 7f16\u2014gave Patsy 3f.\n              Indorsed J. Bannister\u2019s bill for 100\u00a3 sterl.\n              Recd. of J. Bannister the 240f pd. for him ante Sep. 2.\n              Pd. seeing figure of K. of Prussia 12f.\n              Pd. Goldsmith for books 13f6.\n                Pd. do. for\u2005 Jas. Madison. Ordonnance marine \u20024\u20134   a vol. of Encyclop. 1re. partie Oiseaux\u2002 \u20027   11\u20134  \n              Petit\u2019s acct. of exp. Dec. 10\u201416 are as follows:\n                \u2003\u2003Cuisine (18) 163\u201312   Office 45\u2013\u20027   Petites depences 56\u2013  hhd. furniture 18\u2013  Patsy 8\u2013\u20028   1. voie of wood for stoves\u2003 27\u2013\u20026   postage 20\u201317   339\u201310   pd. him 200\u2002  remains due 139\u201310  \n              Limozin debits me 22f4 for transportn. of Model of the Capitol for Virginia.\n              Given in charity at sundry times 9f.\n               Petit\u2019s\u2005accts. Dec. 17\u201423 are as follows Cuisine (33) 251\u201315   Office 92\u201318\u20136   Petites depences 73\u2013\u20022   Patsy for etrennes\u2003\u2003 58\u2013\u20022   postage 26\u2013\u20023   502\u2013\u20020\u20136  \n              Pd. Upton on acct. 72f\u2014gave Patsy 6f.\n              Repd. Colo. Franks lodge at the Variety 12f.\n              Pd. him for Moorish coins 60f.\n              Pd. Bazin for plateaux de Dessert 422\u20b6\u201316.\n              Pd. Apothecary\u2019s account 314\u20b6\u201314.\n              Pd. Gouyon a month\u2019s hire of horses 300\u20b6.\n              Pd. do. repairs of carriage 56\u20b6\u201310.\n              Pd. do. for Genen Taylor\u2019s acct. to July last 860\u20b6\u20133.\n              Pd. do. for M. Louis, Surgeon 200f (20 visits).\n              Pd. do. for the Chevalr. de la Vallette 540 507\u20b6. & took from him La Fleury\u2019s note which constitutes me creditor of the U. S. for that sum to be taken out of the interest due to La Fleury as a foreign officer & paiable at Mr. Grand\u2019s bureau.\n              Lent J. Bannister junr. 400\u20b6.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1786}
]