[
{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1757, "culture": " Portuguese\n", "content": "Produced by Rita Farinha and the Online Distributed\nproduced from images generously made available by National\nLibrary of Portugal (Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal).)\nPRIMEIRA ORIGEM DA ARTE DE IMPRIMIR DADA A LUZ PELOS PRIMEIROS\nCHARACTERES,\nQue Joa\u00f5 de Villeneuve formou para servi\u00e7o da Academia Real da Historia\nPortugueza.\nDedicada a ELREY Dom JOA\u00d5 V. seu Augustissimo Protector.\nLISBOA OCCIDENTAL.\nNa Officina de Joseph Antonio Da Sylva,\nImpressor da Academia Real.\nMDCCXXXII.\n[Figura: aberto por Pedro de Rochefort. Lisboa 1732]\nSenhor\nCom a generosa protec\u00e7a\u00f5 de Vossa Magestade na\u00f5 s\u00f3 renascem em Portugal\nas Letras, mas agora pode dizerse [~q] nascem; pois sem as [~q] eu venho\na introduzir nos dilatados dominios de Vossa Magestade, na\u00f5 podiam as\noutras propagarse, e fazer-se eternas sendo os bronzes, em [~q] eu as\ndeixo gravadas, as primeiras formas para as estatuas, e para as\nInscrip\u00e7oens, [~q] Vossa Magestade merece como Heroe, de quem os Sabios\nda Academia Real ha\u00f5 de escrever a Historia, [~q] se h\u00e1 de imprimir com\nestas minhas letras, se o seu grande Character podese descreverse, e\nescreverse em Characteres tam pequenos. Attrahido pela fama [~q] com\nverdade pinta a Vossa Magestade por toda Europa segundo Augusto no\nseculo litterario de Portugal, sem valerme de outro Mecenas, vim buscar\na felicidade de ser subdito seu, deixando Paris por Lisboa para\nintroduzir nella a incognita, e utilissima Arte de fundir, e gravar as\nMatrises, e Pun\u00e7oens, deque se serve a maravilhoza Arte Typografica, e\n[~q] at\u00e9 agora ou se mandavam vir de f\u00f3ra do Reyno, saindo delle\nconsideravel cabedal, ou se uzava das imperfeitas, e gastadas com o\ntempo, sem poder aperfei\u00e7oarse por esta causa as edi\u00e7oens dos melhores\nLivros: como em Europa h\u00e1 tam poucos Artifices desta minha manufactura,\nhe crivel, [~q] venha\u00f5 a Portugal procuralla dos Reynos mais vizinhos,\nconvertendose o damno em publico beneficio. Teve Vossa Magestade,\nSenhor, com a sua alta comprehen\u00e7a\u00f5 tam prompto conhecimento deste meu\nzelo, [~q] logo o remunerou com huma pensa\u00f5, e o [~q] he mais, o\nadmittio, e honrou com o seu Real agrado: para o na\u00f5 desmerecer,\noffere\u00e7o a os pes de Vossa Magestade alguns indicios das letras [~q]\ntenho fabricado, estando prompto para fazer as outras, sem me\nintimidarem as Hebraicas, Gregas, e Arabigas, [~q] sam ta\u00f5 precizas para\nas doutas disserta\u00e7oens da Academia, e para perpetuar os monumentos\noriginaes, [~q] nestas, e outras Lingoas se conserva\u00f5 em todo o dilatado\nImperio de Vossa Magestade pelas quatro partes do mundo. Espero, Senhor,\n[~q] nem a ociozidade, nem a distrac\u00e7a\u00f5 me fa\u00e7a\u00f5 indigno da benevolencia\nde Vossa Magestade, [~q] procurarei na\u00f5 desmerecer em quanto a Vida me\ndurar.\nJoa\u00f5 de Villeneuve.\nPRIMEIRA ORIGEM DA ARTE DE IMPRIMIR.\n_Primeira Prova Destes Novos Characteres_.\nDe muitas cousas grandes, que se admira\u00f5 no Mundo, se na\u00f5 sabe o\nprincipio; assim succedeo \u00e0 Patria de Homero, ao nascimento do rio Nilo;\ne assim acontece tambem \u00e0 origem da Arte de imprimir; se na\u00f5 he que os\nprogressos das mesmas Artes muitas vezes sa\u00f5 os mayores impedimentos\npara se saberem com certeza os seus nascimentos, por[~q] com a\nexperiencia, e o uso dos artifices se costuma\u00f5 augmentar de forte, [~q]\nna\u00f5 parecem as mesmas, e como insensivelmente crescem, na\u00f5 he facil\ndeterminarlhe, nem o lugar em [~q] se inventara\u00f5, nem as primeiras\npessoas [~q] as achara\u00f5, por[~q] a diversidade dos lugares, e\nmultiplicidade dos Authores, [~q] as aperfei\u00e7oara\u00f5, fazem provaveis as\nmuitas opinioens, que na\u00f5 sem fundamento se seguem, e que por ambi\u00e7a\u00f5 de\ngloria se arroga\u00f5 as Cidades, e na\u00e7oens, [~q] se costuma\u00f5 jactar de\nterem produzido homens em qualquer profissa\u00f5 insignes; para o que na\u00f5\nconcorre menos a emula\u00e7a\u00f5 ta\u00f5 poderosa, quando he louvavel para\nexercitar as mais laboriosas, e engenhosas produc\u00e7oens, e ta\u00f5 efficaz\nquando he viciosa, para promover os effeitos mais escandalosos do odio.\nAlguns querem fazer nesta Arte a differen\u00e7a, [~q] costuma haver nas\nproduc\u00e7oens da natureza, affirmando [~q] foy muy diverso o tempo, em\n[~q] se concebeo, daquelle em que sahio a luz, e diversas tambem as\npessoas, [~q] concorrera\u00f5 para [~q] se conseguisse o fim pertendido. Os\nHollandezes, como Boxornio affirma no seu Theatro de Holanda, attribuem\na Louren\u00e7o Coster, guarda do Palacio Real da Cidade de Harlem, a\ninven\u00e7a\u00f5 desta admiravel Arte; o que pertendem provar com huma\ninscrip\u00e7a\u00f5, [~q] ainda presentemente se l\u00ea na porta da Casa, em [~q] o\nmesmo Louren\u00e7o Coster assistio, na qual se anticipa muito o nascimento\nda Impressa\u00f5 \u00e0 opinia\u00f5 c\u00f5mua, declarando-se, que ella se inventara no\nanno de 1440. havendo a contradi\u00e7a\u00f5 de se ler na Estatua do mesmo\nLouren\u00e7o Coster, que elle fora outro Cadmo, e o primeiro inventor deste\nutilissimo Artefacto no anno 1430. o [~q] ainda se faz tanto mais\nincrivel, quanto mais se afasta esta opinia\u00f5 do anno em que se v\u00ea [~q]\nfora\u00f5 impressos os primeiros Livros, que apparecera\u00f5 no Mundo.\nServese este Author tambem do [~q] escreveo Adria\u00f5 Junio, Medico, e\nHistoriador de Hollanda, [~q] no seu Livro, [~q] intitulou _de Batavia_,\ndiz [~q] assistindo Louren\u00e7o Coster em huma Casa de Campo, e passeando\npor hum Bosque, lhe lembrara fazer huns characteres de pao de _Faia_ com\nos quaes imprimira alguns Versos em papela\u00f5; e assim este Author, como o\nprimeiro em que fallei, segura\u00f5 existirem varios Livros, [~q] nomea\u00f5\npara mostrarem [~q] Louren\u00e7o Coster seu Nacional fora quem inventara a\nArte de imprimir ta\u00f5 anticipadamente, como ambos affirma\u00f5; e para\ncorroborarem mais a sua opinia\u00f5, dizem [~q] o mesmo Louren\u00e7o Coster\nvendo, que lhe succedera bem na primeira prova dos characteres de pao,\nos fizera de chumbo, ou de estanho, e para o ajudar chamara a Joa\u00f5\nFauste, ou Fust. Por\u00e8m Malinchrot na sua Arte Typographica he de\nparecer, [~q] as primeiras folhas de alg[~u] dos Livros, [~q] os\nHollandezes allega\u00f5 para mostrar que os imprimira Louren\u00e7o Coster, se\nlhe ajuntara\u00f5 depois, e por este, e outros principios mais solidos\nsegue, que a inven\u00e7a\u00f5 da Arte de imprimir pertence aos naturaes de\nMoguncia, e na\u00f5 aos de Harlem, como entendem todos os que fazem o\nmelhor, e mais certo juizo sobre esta materia, julgando [~q] este\ninvento se deve a Joa\u00f5 Guttemberg natural de Strasbourg, a quem ajudara\nmuito Joa\u00f5 Fauste, ou Fust no anno 1440. ou [~q] pelo contrario, o\ninventor fora Joa\u00f5 Fust; e [~q] Joa\u00f5 Guttemberg, e Pedro Schofer seu\ngenro, [~q] depois foy do mesmo Fust, contribuira s\u00f3mente com a despeza\nnecessaria para se p\u00f4r em pratica este projecto; e a isso se\naccrescenta, que dos primeiros Livros, que se imprimira\u00f5, foy hum\nintitulado: _Speculum Salutis_, que os de Harlem pertendem [~q] j\u00e1 de\nantes estivesse impresso em vulgar por Louren\u00e7o Coster; por\u00e8m o [~q]\nBerthio diz no 3^{ro} Livro da descrip\u00e7a\u00f5 de Alemanha, fallando de\nMoguncia, p\u00f3de tirar toda a duvida, [~q] se mover nesta questa\u00f5, ficando\nsatisfeitos os sequazes de huma, e outra opinia\u00f5; por[~q] diz elle, [~q]\nneste Livro _Speculum Salutis_, como em outros muitos das primeiras\nedi\u00e7oens da Officina de Louren\u00e7o Coster, observara, que cada pagina fora\nimpressa sobre numa forma, ou taboa, em [~q] se esculpira\u00f5 as letras\ncomo abertas ao buril, e na\u00f5 com characteres separados; do que se p\u00f3de\njulgar, que Louren\u00e7o Coster achou em Harlem a inven\u00e7a\u00f5 de imprimir com\nesta forma, ou taboa, do modo de que dizem usa\u00f5 os Chinas; e [~q]\nGuttemberg, Fauste, e Schofer fora\u00f5 os [~q] inventara\u00f5 em Moguncia os\ncharacteres moveis, e separados huns dos outros, para se poderem compor\nas syllabas, as palavras, e as paginas, como presentemente se pratica;\nmas a mais c\u00f5mua opinia\u00f5 he a [~q] seguem Tritemio na sua Chronica,\nPolidoro Virgilio, Bruschio no Catalogo dos Bispos de Moguncia, Salmuth\nsobre Pancirolo Sabellico nas suas Eneadas, e Wemphelingo, que escreveo\nem 1511. os quaes affirma\u00f5, [~q] Joa\u00f5 Guttemberg natural de Strasbourg\nfora o primeiro, que nesta Cidade inventara a Arte de imprimir; e que\npassando a Moguncia, ahi a concluira felizmente. Esta he a opinia\u00f5, que\ncommummente se segue como mais verdadeira, com que concorda Ferrario na\ndescrip\u00e7a\u00f5 da Cidade de Moguncia, com outros que Naude cita na addi\u00e7a\u00f5 \u00e0\nHistoria de Luiz XI. os quaes affirma\u00f5, que Joa\u00f5 Guttemberg, Cavalhero\nAlema\u00f5, natural da Cidade de Strasbourg, procurando, ainda [~q] sem\nfruto, p\u00f4r esta Arte na ultima perfei\u00e7a\u00f5 na mesma Cidade de Strasbourg,\nse achara obrigado a hir para Moguncia, aonde passou o resto da sua\nvida, alcan\u00e7ando o Privilegio de natural della, o que foy cauza de\nmuitos Authores lhe chamarem Moguntino, como tambem na Inscrip\u00e7a\u00f5\nseguinte.\nJOANNI GUTTEMBERGENSI\nMOGUNTINO,\nQui Primus omnium Litteras\nAEre imprimendas invenit\nHac Arte de Orbe toto benemerenti\nYVO Vintigensis\nHoc Saxum pro Monumento posuit.\nGuttemberg na\u00f5 podendo fazer os gastos, e despezas necessarias para se\np\u00f4r em pratica esta Arte, (porque a mayor parte dos primeiros Livros se\nimprimira\u00f5 em pergaminho para poderem passar por Manuscritos, e por isto\ncustava\u00f5 muy caros) se vio obrigado a fazer sociedade com Joa\u00f5 Fust, ou\nFauste, acima nomeados, ajudado de seu genro Pedro Schoffer, ou Opilio\nde Gernshain, [~q] se tem pelo primeiro inventor dos Pun\u00e7oens e\nMatrizes, aos quaes c\u00f5municou o seu projecto, com que ultimamente se\npublicara\u00f5 tantos effeitos desta Arte, como o explicou Arnaldo\nBergellano nestes Versos.\nAddidit huic operi lucem sumptumque laboris\n  Faustus Germamus, munera fausta ferens.\nEt levi ligno sculpunt & grammata prima,\n  Quae poterat variis quisque referre modis.\nMateriam bibulae supponunt ind\u00e8 papyri\n  Aptam, quam libris littore Nilus alit.\nInsuper aptabant mitti quas sepia guttas\n  Reddebat pressas sculpta tabella notas.\nSed qui non poterat propria de classe character\n  Tolli, nec variis usibus aptus erat,\nIlli succurrit Petrus cognomine Schoffer,\n  Quo vix caelando promptior alter erat.\nIlle sagax animi praeclare toreumata finxit,\n  Quae sanxit matris nomine posteritas.\nEt primus vocum fundebat in aere figuras,\n  Innumeris cogi quae potuere modis.\nE mais adiante fallando nesta mesma sociedade neste distico:\nIllo primus erat tunc Guttembergus in albo,\n  Alter erat Faustus, tertius Opilio.\nPrincipiara\u00f5 estes Inventores a imprimir os primeiros Livros no anno de\n1450. como se acha escrito no Livro intitulado _Trithemianarum\nHistoriarum Breviarium_: isto mesmo confirma Erasmo no prologo de hum\nTito Livio, impresso em 2 Volumes no anno de 1519 em Moguncia, por Joa\u00f5\nSchoffer, filho de Pedro Schoffer, e Neto de Joa\u00f5 Fust, no fim do qual\nse l\u00ea tambem hum Privilegio do Emperador Maximiliano, dado ao mesmo Joa\u00f5\nSchoffer em considera\u00e7a\u00f5 de seu avou Joa\u00f5 Faust ter inventado a Arte de\nimprimir.\nA Biblia, que estes mesmos primeiros inventores imprimira\u00f5, era tam\nsemelhante \u00e0s manuscritas, que levando Joa\u00f5 Faust muitos Exemplares a\nPariz, de que a mayor parte era\u00f5 de pergaminho, ornados com grandes\nLetras, e Vinhetas de ouro feitas de ma\u00f5, como ainda muitos existem, os\nvendeo por Escritos de ma\u00f5 por hum pre\u00e7o muy consideravel; por\u00e8m\nadvertindo os [~q] os tinha\u00f5 comprado, que os Exemplares era\u00f5 muitos, o\naccusara\u00f5 pelo crime de feiti\u00e7aria; e isto obrigou a Joa\u00f5 Fauste a\nretirarse para Moguncia; e na\u00f5 se achando ainda seguro, passou a\nStrasbourg, aonde assistio alg[~u] tempo, e alli ensinou esta Arte a\nJoa\u00f5 Metelin, ou Mentel, que foy o primeiro, que a exercitou em\nStrasbourg.\nDepois publicou por hum Edital o Parlamento de Pariz, que declarava\nlivre de culpa a Joa\u00f5 Faust, reconhecendo a grande utilidade da\nadmiravel Arte de imprimir.\nTendo estes engenhosos Artifices impresso estas Biblias, e alguns mais\nLivros, se devia\u00f5 separar, ou morrer, porque se na\u00f5 acha\u00f5 outros com os\nseus nomes; e assim se principiou a divulgar este invento pelos criados,\ne Officiaes destes primeiros Impressores.\nJoa\u00f5 de la Caille na sua Historia da Impressa\u00f5, de quem tirey a mayor\nparte destas noticias, diz que Roma fora a primeira Cidade aonde se\nprincipiou a exercitar esta Arte no anno de 1467. sendo Pontifice Paulo\nII, e que o primeiro Livro, [~q] ahi imprimira\u00f5 Conrado Suvenhein, e\nArnoldo Parmarts, fora a Cidade de Deos de Santo Agostinho, e que por\nisto se ficara chamando a letra em que esta Obra foy impressa, com o\nmesmo nome do Santo; por\u00e8m eu entendo, que Joa\u00f5 de la Caille se engana,\nse he certo o que pessoas dignas de mayor credito me affirmara\u00f5,\ndizendome que na Livraria de huma das primeiras Casas deste Reyno se\nacha hum Livro impresso em Lisboa sem data, por\u00e8m em lugar della, se l\u00ea\nnelle, que fora impresso 8 annos depois de se inventar a Arte da\nImprimissa\u00f5; (sa\u00f5 palavras do mesmo Livro) e como o mesmo de la Caille\nassenta, que os primeiros Livros se principiara\u00f5 a imprimir no anno\n1450. sendo certa a noticia da nossa primeira edi\u00e7a\u00f5, tambem fica sem\nduvida, que j\u00e1 em Lisboa havia Impressa\u00f5 no anno 1458. que sa\u00f5 nove\nannos antes que esta Arte se exercitasse em Roma, como diz o mesmo de la\nCaille; mas sobre esta materia espero tratar mais com exten\u00e7a\u00f5 em outra\nObra a [~q] mais propriamente pertence. Foy tal o progresso, [~q] em\nbreve tempo fez esta utilissima Arte, que dentro do mesmo seculo de 400.\nse introduzio o seu uso nas Cidades mais principaes de Europa, e os que\na exercitara\u00f5, tivera\u00f5 tanta estima\u00e7a\u00f5, que merecera\u00f5 occupar muitos\nlugares, e Officios pela sua capacidade, a qual parece que adquirira\u00f5\npelo mesmo emprego em que se occupava\u00f5, tirando do seu trabalho o melhor\nlucro no estudo [~q] fazia\u00f5, e pelas noticias com [~q] se instruia\u00f5.\nSirva a todos de exemplo o celebre Aldo Manuntio, que floreceo no mesmo\nseculo de 400. e a quem devem os Professores da Lingua Latina a mayor\nluz para penetrarem os mysterios mais escuros, e o methodo mais efficaz\nde se aproveitarem das riquezas deste Thesouro da erudi\u00e7a\u00f5. Os louvores\ndesta Arte na\u00f5 cabem nem ainda em tantos volumes, quantos por ella se\ntem publicado, porque todas quantas edi\u00e7oens se fizerem pelos seculos\nfuturos, todas sera\u00f5 novas provas da sua utilidade, porque ninguem\nnegar\u00e0, que se a Arte de escrever he a mais necessaria para o c\u00f5mercio\ndos homens de Negocio, e para o mais trato civil, a Arte de imprimir he\na mais precisa para os homens de letras, e para todas as Artes, e\nSciencias, que tambem ajuda\u00f5 ao negocio, e \u00e0 conserva\u00e7a\u00f5 do genero\nhumano, com a differen\u00e7a, [~q] a Arte de escrever suppre ordinariamente\na falta da presen\u00e7a dos que vivem, e a Arte de imprimir resuscita os que\nj\u00e1 na\u00f5 existem, conservando lhes o nome, e a fama, que he huma vida mais\nperduravel. Devem pois entre os Artifices, que concorrem para este fim,\nser mais estimados, na\u00f5 s\u00f3 os que fundem os characteres, mas os que\nforma\u00f5 aquelles instrumentos donde elles nascem, e muito mais os que\nexecuta\u00f5 huma, e outra cousa; de sorte que na\u00f5 s\u00f3 enriquecem as\nofficinas da Impressa\u00f5 com as letras mais bem formadas, mas lhes deixa\u00f5\nas fontes inexgotaveis dos Pun\u00e7oens, Matrizes, e Moldes, de que por\nmuitos seculos se poder\u00e1\u00f5 valer para se refazerem de toda a especie de\ncharacteres, que lhes forem necessarios. Aos Soberanos pertence mais que\na ninguem exaltar, e favorecer a Arte de imprimir, porque nesta Officina\nse forja a trombeta da sua Fama; e o metal [~q] se emprega neste\nexercicio, na\u00f5 he menos conducente para permanecer a sua gloria, que o\ndas Estatuas, em que tanto se ostenta a dos Heroes, a quem se dedica\u00f5\nsemelhantes incentivos da memoria, ficando esta mais diffusa, e\nnobremente eternizada pelas rela\u00e7oens das fa\u00e7anhas, escritas, e\nimpressas pelo character das virtudes referidas, e pela eloquencia dos\nHistoriadores, e Panegyristas, do que pela semelhan\u00e7a da figura\nrepresentada, ou pela estatura do corpo figurada, que mais serve para\nlembrar a pessoa, do que para persuadir o merecimento. Assim espera\n_Joa\u00f5 de Villeneuve_ ter a mayor fortuna, [~q] he merecer o agrado de\nVossa Magestade por esta prova, [~q] offerece dos characteres [~q]\nformou, e fundio para o servi\u00e7o da Impressa\u00f5 da Academia Real da\nHistoria Portugueza.\nO Director, e Censores da Academia Real da Historia Portugueza manda\u00f5\nimprimir esta prova dos primeiros characteres, que fez Joa\u00f5 de\nVilleneuve para uso da Impressa\u00f5 da mesma Academia. Lisboa Occidental,\n18 de Janeiro de 1732.\nO Conde da Ericeira.\nO Marquez de Alegrete.\nJoseph da Cunha Brochado.\nO Marquez de Abrantes.\nO P. D. Manoel Caetano de Sousa.\nO Marquez Manoel Telles da Sylva.\nEnd of Project Gutenberg's Primeira origem da arte, by Jo\u00e3o Villeneuve", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg -  Primeira origem da arte\n"},
{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1757, "culture": " English\n", "content": "Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at\nhttps://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images\ngenerously made available by The Internet Archive/American\nLibraries.)\nAN\nACCOUNT\nOF THE\nEXPEDITION\nTO\n_CARTHAGENA, &c._\n[Price One Shilling.]\nSee the Plan of the City and Harbour of\n_Carthagena_, published in the _LONDON_\nMAGAZINE for _April_ 1740; which will\nserve to give the Readers of this Pamphlet\na clearer Idea of its Contents.\nAN\nACCOUNT\nOF THE\nEXPEDITION\nTO\nCARTHAGENA,\nWITH\nEXPLANATORY NOTES\nAND\nOBSERVATIONS.\nTHE THIRD EDITION.\n_Ubi per socordiam vires, tempus, ingenium defluxere, natur\u00e6\ninfirmitas accusatur: suam quique culpam actores ad negotia\n_LONDON:_\nPrinted for M. COOPER, at the _Globe_ in\n_Pater-noster-Row_.\nMDCCXLIII.\nTranscriber's Note: Minor typographical errors have been corrected\nwithout note. Dialect spellings, contractions and discrepancies have\nbeen retained. The footnotes are lettered from A to I, K to T and V to\nZ. Subsequent footnotes repeat the lettering sequence, beginning with\nan A.\nACCOUNT\nOF THE\nEXPEDITION\nTO\n_CARTHAGENA, &c._\nIt having been resolved in a general Council of War, held at _Spanish_\nTown, to prevent, if possible, the _French_ Fleet joining the Enemy\nbefore any Expedition should be undertaken by Land: the _Wolf_ Sloop,\nCaptain _Dandridge_, was dispatched up to _Port Louis_, to observe if\nthe Fleet was in that Port: And on the 22d of _January_, which was the\nsoonest the Fleet could be got ready for the Sea, Sir _Chaloner Ogle_\nand his Division sailed out of _Port Royal_ Harbour; and two Days after\nMr. _Lestock_ and his Division; and on the _Monday_ following the\nAdmiral with the rest of the Squadron (leaving behind him the\n_Falmouth_ and _Litchfield_ to bring up the Transports;) but the Land\nBreeze failing, and a great Swell rolling down, obliged them to anchor\nat the _Keys_ (where the _Augusta_ drove ashore, and beat off her\nRudder, and great part of her Keel.) On the 28th the Admiral weighed\nAnchor, and plied up to Windward, and the 31st joined Sir _Chaloner\nOgle_ and Mr. _Lestock_ with their Divisions off _Port Morant_, and the\nDay following was joined by the _Falmouth_, _Litchfield_, and\nTransports. _February_ the 7th the Fleet made Cape _Tiberoon_ on the\nIsland _Hispaniola_, and off there was joined by the _Cumberland_,\nCaptain _Stewart_, from _Lisbon_, (who had been separated from the\nFleet in the Storm the 1st of _November_) and the next Day the _Wolf_\nSloop came into the Fleet[_A_] and brought with her a _French_ Sloop.\nThe 13th the Fleet anchored at the Isle of _Vache_, about two Leagues\nto the Westward of _Port Louis_, where they stayed but four Days,\nhaving gained Intelligence the _French_ Fleet was divided, and sailed\n(the Marquis _D'Antin_ and twelve Sail being gone for _Old France_, and\nMr. _Rochefieulle_ and six Sail for _Petit Guavas_) upon which the\nFleet went and anchored in _Tiberoon_, _Donna Maria_, and _Irish_ Bays,\nto Wood and Water; and on the 25th sailed from thence, when the\n_Weymouth_, _Experiment_, and _Spence_ Sloop, were dispatched ahead\nover to _Carthagena_, to sound _Punta Canoa_ Bay, for the safer\nanchoring the Fleet, which arrived there the 5th of _March_ in the\nEvening; and three Days after the same Ships, together with the\n_Dunkirk_, were ordered by the Admiral down off _Boccachica_, to sound\nand see if the Fleet might safely anchor there, and how near Ships\nmight come to batter the Forts of _St. Philip_ and _St. Jago_; and so\nsoon as the Admiral had received the Reports from the Commanders of\nthese Ships, a Council of War was held, wherein it was resolved to send\nthree eighty Gun Ships, the _Norfolk_, Captain _Graves_, the\n_Shrewsbury_, Captain _Townsend_, and the _Russell_, Captain _Norris_,\nto batter the Forts abovementioned; the _Princess Amelia_, Captain\n_Hemmington_, to fire against the Fascine Battery, and the\n_Litchfield_, Captain _Cleveland_, against the little Battery of\n_Chamba_; (but these two last the Enemy had abandoned) and accordingly\nthe 9th in the Morning they weighed Anchor from _Punta Canoa_ Bay,\ntogether with Sir _Chaloner Ogle_, and the rest of his Division, (he\nbeing to command the Attack) and about two Hours afterwards, the\nAdmiral and the rest of the Fleet got under sail: At Noon the\n_Norfolk_, _Russell_, and _Shrewsbury_ began to cannonade the Forts,\nand in about three Hours time drove the Enemy from their Guns, and\nobliged them to abandon their Forts[_B_]: Immediately on this Sir\n_Chaloner Ogle_ made the Signal for landing the Troops, which was\nrepeated by the Admiral, who was just come to an Anchor, (a little to\nthe Eastward) and about five o'clock in the Evening, a Body of Troops\nwere landed without Opposition; but the General not thinking the Body\nsufficient, (he landing with them) embarked again in the Boats, and\nsent for more[_C_]. About eight o'Clock they landed again, and went and\ntook Possession of the Forts of _St. Philip_ and _St. Jago_, and about\nnine the Bomb-ketches were carried in Shore, and began to play on the\nCastle of _Boccachica_. The three next Days were spent in landing the\nremainder of the Forces, the Baggage, _&c._[_D_] and by the 16th all\nthe Cannon, Mortars, and Ordnance Stores were landed[_E_]. But the\nprincipal Engineer not arriving till the 15th, no Spot was pitched upon\nfor raising a Battery[_F_] against the Enemy, so that the clearing a\nfew Bushes away down by the Water Side, for to pitch their Tents, was\nall the material Work the Army did for near a Week; and the Enemy was\ncontented to let them be pretty quiet, only now and then firing a Shot,\nuntil they opened a Bomb-Battery of four Mortars and some Royals on the\n17th[_G_], and then the Fascine Battery on the _Barradera_ Side annoyed\nthem greatly, and particularly the Camp, so that they were obliged to\nremove it several Paces off.\n[_H_]This being represented to the Admiral, Orders were given for all\nBoats of the Squadron to be ready at Midnight (manned and armed) to go\nto surprize the _Barradera_ Battery, and the Command given to Captain\n_Boscawen_[_I_], in which they happily succeeded, spiked up all the\nGuns; burnt the Carriages, Platforms, and Guard-house; destroyed the\nMagazine, and took several Prisoners[_K_]. The next Morning, as soon as\nit was Day, the Enemy from _Boccachica_ began to fire warmly at the\nBomb-Battery, (as if they were angry at what happened the Night before)\nthough without doing them any particular Damage; and as they were\nsensible of the Usefulness and advantageous Situation of this Battery,\nthey set busily about repairing some Part of it, and on the 20th had\nbuilt up some Embrazures and mounted two Guns, and fired them on the\nBomb-Battery again, which the Admiral observing, ordered the _Rippon_,\na sixty Gun ship, to go and anchor as near it, as possible, and keep\nfiring on it to prevent the Enemy's working on it any farther[_L_], so\nthat all the next Day the Army was in a State of Tranquillity, and on\n_Sunday_ the 22d their grand Battery of twenty Guns being finished,\nabout eight o'Clock in the Morning began to play very briskly on the\nCastle, as did the Bomb-Battery, and thirty or forty Cohorns and Royals\nplanted on the Platform behind the Cannon[_M_], which the Enemy\nreturned as briskly from the Castle, the four Ships[_N_] (Don _Blass_'s\nin particular) _St. Joseph_'s, and some few Guns from the _Barradera_,\nso that the Work was warm on both Sides. On the 23d the _Boyne_,\n_Suffolk_, _Tilbury_, _Prince Frederick_, and _Hampton Court_, were\nordered in against _Boccachica_ to cannonade[_O_]; but the _Boyne_\nhaving anchored so far to Leeward, as to lie exposed to the whole Fire\nof the Enemy's Ships, and _St. Joseph_'s Battery, was much shattered,\nand ordered off again that Night. The _Prince Frederick_ and _Hampton\nCourt_, sharing the Fire of the Enemy, that had been employed against\nthe _Boyne_, were also much shattered by Morning, when they were\nlikewise ordered to come off; the former having lost her Captain, and\nboth many Men killed and wounded. The _Suffolk_ and _Tilbury_ happening\nto anchor well to the Northward, lay battering till the next Evening\n(and with some Success, particularly against the Breach) when the\nAdmiral sent Orders for them to draw off. The Army now began to look on\nthe Breach as accessible, but the Guns in the _Barradera_ Battery,\nbeing able to annoy them in their Attack, a Representation thereof was\nmade to the Admiral, who immediately directed the _Princess Amelia_,\n_Litchfield_, and _Shoreham_, to go in, and anchor as nigh it as\npossible, and sent the Boats of the Squadron again mann'd and arm'd,\nunder the Command of Captain _Watson_ to destroy it[_P_], which they\ndid effectually, and with scarce any Opposition; the greatest part of\nthe Guns in _Boccachica_ Castle being now dismounted, the Army thought\nproper to entertain the Enemy's Ships, by widening five or six\nEmbrazures of their Battery, and playing some Guns on them, which the\nShips as civilly returned, 'till Night closed in, and firing ceased on\nboth Sides[_Q_]. The 25th in the Morning it was discovered, the Enemy\nhad been throwing up some Fascine Works on the Ramparts; however as\nthey had not moved away any Rubbish from the Breach, it was resolved\nthis Evening to attack it by Storm[_R_], and accordingly soon after\nSun-set a Body of Troops marched up and mounted the Breach\nundiscovered, and quietly took Possession of the Castle, the Enemy\nflying out at the Gate so soon as they saw the Troops on the Ramparts,\nand heard their Huzza's. Those aboard their Ships were in the utmost\nConsternation at such a sudden and successful Event, and with all\nprecipitate Surprize betook themselves to their Boats, setting Fire to\none of their Ships, and sinking two others. At the same time the Attack\nwas to be made on the Castle, (in order to divide the Enemy's Forces)\nthe Admiral had given Orders for the Attack of the Castle of _St.\nJoseph_ by Boats, and sent them away under the Command of Captain\n_Knowles_, who took Possession of it about ten a Clock at Night, the\nEnemy abandoning it after firing some Guns: The Boats afterwards went\nand took Possession of the _Galicia_, the _Spanish_ Admiral's Ship, and\nthen went to Work on cutting the Boom[_S_], and moving the _Galicia_\nout of the Channel; and next Morning the Admiral in the _Princess\nCaroline_, the _Worcester_, and some other Ships sailed into the\nHarbour of _Carthagena_, and the whole Fleet and Transports continued\nto sail and warp in as fast as conveniently they could. The Enemy\nseeing the Admiral and several Ships got into the Harbour, began to\nexpect a Visit at _Castillo Grande_ soon, and as _Mancinilla_ Fort lay\nopposite to it within Gun-shot, and was not capable of making any great\nDefence, they thought proper to destroy it, lest we should take\nPossession of it, and so batter the Castle. On the 28th the Admiral\nbeing informed of two small Batteries that guarded the _Passa\nCavallos_[_T_], sent the _Weymouth_ and _Cruiser_ Sloop to demolish\nthem, and take all the Imbarkations and Canoes that were there; and\ndisposed the Fire-ships and small Frigates round the Harbour, to guard\nevery Pass and Creek, in order to cut off any Supplies going to the\nTown. On the 30th the Rear-Admiral and several Ships turned up the\nHarbour, and anchored a small Distance from _Castillo Grande_, where\nthe Enemy made a Shew of preparing to receive them;[_V_] and in order\nto stop the Fleet here, had sunk seven Ships across the Channel, and\nmoored two of their Men of War, the _Conquestodore_ of sixty six Guns,\nand the _Dragon_ of sixty. The 31st early in the Morning, Captain\n_Knowles_ observed the enemy's two Men of War sunk, and not perceiving\nany Men in the Castle went and acquainted Sir _Chaloner Ogle_, that it\nwas his Opinion the Enemy had abandoned _Castillo Grande_, who\nimmediately ordered him to weigh Anchor, and run in with his Ship, and\nfire on it, which he did; and the Castle making no return, he sent his\nBoats ashore, and took Possession of it, and hoisted the _English_\nFlag: And on the Admiral's receiving Intelligence, he ordered a proper\nNumber of Forces to garison it[_W_]. The next Day Captain _Griffin_,\nand Captain _Rentone_, were sent to see if it was possible to get past\nthe Enemy's Ships they had sunk, and finding the _Conquestodore_'s\nStern afloat, the _Burford_ warped up, and cut the Stern Moorings, and\nhove her round, which opened a fair Channel, and the Bomb-Ketches, and\ntwo twenty Gun Ships went through. By this Time the Admiral, and\ngreatest Part of the Squadron, were come up the Harbour. Mr. _Lestock_\nand his Division was left at _Boccachica_, with Orders to reimbark the\nForces, and Cannon as fast as possible. The second in the Morning the\nBomb-Ketches began to play on the Town, and some of the Guns of\n_Castillo Grande_, that were cleared, fired on a _French_ Ship that lay\nup at the Head of the Harbour[_X_], upon which the Enemy set fire to\nher, and she burned the greatest Part of the Day. Next Day the\n_Weymouth_ getting through the Channel, the Town began to fire on her,\nbut without doing any material Damage. Great Part of the Transports\nwith the Troops being now come up the Harbour, this Night the\n_Weymouth_, the three Fire-ships, and the _Cruiser_ Sloop, being\ndesigned by the Admiral to cover the landing of the Forces, warped over\non the other Side the Harbour undiscovered by the Enemy, who in the\nMorning, to shew their Resentment, gave them a Salvo of what Cannon\nfronted that Way; (but firing through the Bushes did no Execution) the\n_Cruiser_ Sloop drawing but little Water, warped up a Creek, and a\nParty of the Enemy from a Breast-work they had thrown up, fired smartly\non her with their Musketry, but were quickly dislodged, a brisk fire,\nchiefly with Grape Shot, having been kept all Night to scour the Woods.\nAbout 5 o'Clock next Morning, being the 5th, the Forces were\nlanded[_Y_], and in their marching up from the Waterside had a small\nSkirmish with some of the Enemy's Troops that had made a Lodgment in\nthe Woods, whom they soon put to Flight; and about a Mile further were\nattacked a second Time, but the Enemy as soon shewed their Backs again.\nFinding the Country open hereabouts, the Army did not chuse to make any\nfurther Advances, so they pitched on a Place for encamping, and the\nEvening sent a Party up to _La Papa_ to take Possession of that, if the\nEnemy had abandoned it[_Z_]. In the mean while all possible Dispatch\nwas made in landing the Baggage, Provision, Cannon, Ammunition,\n_&c._[_A_] which the Enemy surprisingly suffered, notwithstanding the\nlanding Place was within reach of the Guns of _St. Lazare_; yet they\nfired but seldom, for it appeared afterwards their Attention was more\ntowards their own Safety, (or 'tis certain they might have done a great\ndeal of Mischief;) for whilst the Army were employed, and getting their\nthings ashore, the Enemy were as busy in making a Fascine Battery of\nfour Pieces of Cannon on the Brow of the Hill, and carrying on a Trench\n(or Line) round the Foot of the Castle, which they completed in a very\nshort Time[_B_], quicker than the Army could make a Battery only for\nthree Mortars, and throw up a small Breast-work for their Advance\nGuards. But no Care was yet taken to cut off the Communication between\nTown and Country[_C_]. Complaints now began to be made, that the Number\nof Sick was greatly increased in the Camp; upon which the Admiral\nimmediately supplied them with a Detachment of Lord _James Cavendish_\nand Colonel _Bland_'s Regiments, that had remained aboard the Ships as\npart of their Compliments, and a Body of such _Americans_ as were fit\nfor Duty[_D_]. Upon this Reinforcement, and the Apprehensions of the\nrainy Seasons, which were daily expected, on the eighth in the\nAfternoon a Land Council of War was held [_E_], wherein it was resolved\nto attack the Castle and Trenches of _St. Lazare_, (without first\nraising a Battery to make a Breach) and to this Resolution the Engineer\njoined in Opinion[_F_]. Accordingly on the ninth in the Morning between\nthree and four o'Clock the Attack was made, and maintained very\nresolutely on both Sides till between six and seven, when the Enemy\nobliged the Forces to retreat after a considerable Loss of Officers and\nMen[_G_]. After the Miscarriage of this Scheme (which was the occasion\nof the Town's not being taken) the Army sickened surprisingly fast, and\nthose that were killed being esteemed the Flower of the Flock, the\nGeneral declared he was no longer in a Condition to defend himself,\nmuch more to carry on a Siege against the Place, and hoped, if the\nAdmiral (who had ordered the _Weymouth_ to erect a Bomb-Battery, which\nwas finished and played in two Days) expected any Thing to be done, he\nwould order some Ships in to cannonade the Town[_H_], otherwise desired\nthese Things might be considered in a general Council of War, of Sea\nand Land Officers, and accordingly on the 15th a Council of War was\nheld, who came to a Resolution (upon the General's Representation of\nthe bad State of the Army)[_I_], to have the Cannon and Forces\nreimbarked with all convenient Speed, and the 17th in the Night the\nTroops were accordingly[_K_] taken off the Shore.\nNothing remained now but to get the Fleet and Transports ready for Sea,\nand to demolish the Castles and Fortifications already taken, which\nlast was effectually done by blowing them up, and by the 12th of _May_\nthe whole Fleet and Forces had taken leave of _Carthagena_.\nAPPENDIX.\nIn order more fully and clearly to form a Judgment of the foregoing\nExpedition, it may not be improper to subjoin this Narrative of the\nEnemy's Situation, Strength, and Disposition at _Carthagena_, as the\nFleet and Forces found them on their Arrival there: And in order to\ncarry it on agreeable to the Advances that were made, begin with a\n_Disposition_ of _Punta Canoa_ Bay, where the Fleet first anchored.\nThis Bay is about five Miles to the North West of the City of\n_Carthagena_, but not an extraordinary good anchoring Place, as the\nWater is shoal a great Way off the Shore, and the Coast pretty strait,\nthat Ships are not much sheltered with the Point of Land, from the\nViolence of the Breezes that generally blow. In the Bottom of this Bay\nis an Entrance into the great Lake of _Jesea_, (called the _Boquilla_)\nwhere the Enemy had a small Fascine Battery of four Pieces of Cannon,\nand kept a Guard; but upon the Fleet's Arrival, (and during the Time\nthey continued to lie there) a considerable Number of the Enemy's\nForces, both Horse and Foot, kept constantly there, expecting a\nDescent. The next Place of Note was the _Cruizes_, where the Enemy kept\na Guard ordinarily of a hundred Men: This Place is about half Way from\nthe _Boquilla_ to the Town, and guards a narrow Creek or Pass from the\nTown to the Lake, called _Passa de Juan D'Ingola_, through which\nSupplies come in Canoes from the other Side of the Lake to the Town: As\nfor the City itself, Nature has fortified that against any Attempt by\nSea, the Water shoaling near a League off, and the Shore being\nplentifully bounded with Rocks; besides, the Sea is very seldom smooth,\nso that it is difficult at all Times landing. However, as the Enemy\nknew the Bravery of those they had to deal with, they began to wall\nthis Side of the Town, and make a Ravelin in the Middle, there being\nalready a strong Bastion at each End. _Bocca Grande_ being the next\nPlace the Enemy suspected an Attempt might be designed, had posted two\nof their Men of War, the _Conquestodore_ of sixty six Guns, and the\n_Dragon_ of sixty to guard it, and began two Fascine Batteries, one on\neach Point of the Entrance. This Passage, called _Bocca Grande_, was\nformerly the principal Entrance into the Harbour, but by Storms, and\nthe Force of the Sea, a Bank was thrown up, which quite closed the\nEntrance, and then it was called _Bocca Serrada_; but as strange\nRevolutions are frequent in these Countries, within these few Years\nthis Passage has broke out again, and there is now nine or ten Foot\nWater in it. About three Miles below this, on the Island of _Terra\nBomba_, was a small Fort of four Guns, called _Battery de Chamba_; and\nhalf a Mile further, a Fascine Battery of twelve Guns, (both of these\nthe Enemy had abandoned.) The next Places of Defence were the Forts of\n_St. Philip_ and _St. Jago_, one of seven Guns, the other of fifteen,\nwhich served as Redoubts to the Castle of _Boccachica_. One of these\nForts was built on the Rock _Ponti_ landed on, and probably to prevent\nany one's landing there again, (especially so easily as he did.) The\nCastle of _Boccachica_ was the Enemy's chief Dependance, as it guarded\nthe Entrance into the Harbour. It is a regular Square, with four\nBastions well built, and was capable of making a stout Defence if well\ngarisoned, and would have been much stronger had the Glacis and\nCounterscarp been finished. There was mounted in it eighty two Guns,\nand three Mortars, and the Enemy had cleared three or four hundred\nYards of the Woods round it, to prevent Approaches being made\nundiscovered, (as _Ponti_ did in 1697.) On the other Side the Harbour's\nMouth was a Fascine Battery of fifteen Guns, called the _Barradera_;\nand in a small Bay a back of that, another Battery of four Guns; and\nfacing the Entrance of the Harbour, on a small flat Island, stood _St.\nJoseph_'s Fort of twenty one Guns: From this Fort to _Boccachica_\nCastle a Boom and Cables were fixed across, fastened with three large\nAnchors at each End; and just within the Boom was moored in a Line four\nMen of War, the _Galicia_ of sixty six Guns, (aboard which was the\nAdmiral Don _Blass D'Leso_,) the _Africa_ and _St. Carlos_, each of\nsixty six Guns, and the _St. Philip_ of seventy Guns, which spread the\nWidth of the Harbour's Mouth, that there was not room for a Ship either\nto pass a head or a stern of them, so that it was impossible for\nshipping to force an Entrance into the Harbour; and had the Enemy here\nmade a Defence equal to the admirable Disposition they had formed, it\nmust have been a difficult Task for the Fleet to have got in, even\nafter _Boccachica_ Castle was taken. About four or five Miles from\nhence is a Creek, or Passage, that parts the Grand _Baru_ from the Main\ncalled _Passa Cavallos_, through which there is Water enough for small\nVessels: This Pass the Enemy had defended with two Fascine Batteries,\none of eight Guns, the other of four, as well to protect their own\nImbarkations that come this Way with Provisions from _Tolu_, and the\nRiver _Sina_, as to prevent any Attempts being made this Way. The next\nplace of Defence was _Castillo Grande_, which is about eight Miles up\nthe Harbour. This Castle is a regular Square with four Bastions, strong\nand well built, and defended to the Land by a wet Ditch and Glacis\nproper, and one Face towards the Sea has a Raveline, and a double Line\nof Guns. This Castle can mount sixty one Guns, though there was but\nfifty seven in it. Opposite to this was a Horse-shoe Battery of twelve\nGuns, called _Mancinilla_; and in the Middle between these two Forts is\na large Shoal with not above two or three Foot Water on it, which\ndivides the Channel into two: In each of these Passages were Ships sunk\nacross, to prevent, if possible, the Fleet's getting by; for that Part\nof the Harbour above these Castles is a perfect Bason, and seems rather\nlike one Harbour within another, so that if some of the Ships could not\nhave got past to have covered the Troops landing (where they did) they\nmust have marched several Miles, and been greatly exposed; besides, it\nwould have been excessively difficult transporting the Cannon, neither\ncould the Bomb-Ketches have got near enough this Way to have diverted\nthe Town; so that the Intent of this Disposition was exceeding good,\nhad it been effectually executed, (but Fear made the Enemy work in too\nmuch Hurry.) Near three Miles further up the Harbour, on two flat sandy\nIslands, or Keys, stands the famous City of _Carthagena_, and _Himani_,\ncalled its Suburbs, which are both irregular Figures, but well\nfortified to the Land with strong Bastions at proper Distances, and\nLakes and Morasses running round them; and the Water at the Head of the\nHarbour shoal so far off, that Ships cannot come near enough to do any\nmaterial Execution with their Guns, which adds much to its Strength.\nAbout a Quarter of a Mile from the Gate of _Himani_, on a pretty high\nEminence, stands the Castle (or Redoubt) of _St. Lazare_, which in\nitself is but trifling, but its Situation very advantageous, and by\nsome new Works lately thrown up much strengthened. This Redoubt\noverlooks all the Town, but has a Brow of a Hill (about four hundred\nYards from it) that overlooks it as much, and entirely commands it,\nwhere would have been a proper Place to have raised a Battery, which\nthe Enemy full well knew, for they constantly kept a Guard there, to\nobserve the Army's Motions. As it was this famous Castle put an End to\nthe Siege of _Carthagena_, a particular Description of it may not be\nunwelcome.\nThe Hill it stands on is about fifty or sixty Foot high, naturally\nsteep, but made more so by the Earth out of the Trenches and Lines\nbeing thrown over the Brow. The Castle is a Square of about fifty Foot,\nwith three Demi-Bastions, two Guns in each Face, one in each Flank, and\nthree in each Curtain. When the Army first landed, there was no\nmaterial Works about the Castle, but a Fascine Battery, of five Guns at\nthe North End of the Hill, facing the Brow of the commanding Hill\nabovementioned; but whilst they were encamping, _&c._ the Enemy cut\nLines round the Foot of the Castle, and erected another Fascine-Battery\non the South Brow of the Hill, and brought four Guns out of the North\nBattery, and mounted in this, as it commanded the Ascent of the Hill\nbest; these Lines ran in Traverses, and communicated from Battery to\nBattery, and were a better Defence, and much stronger, than all the\nother Works together. After the Attack, the Enemy being able to judge\nwhere their Foible lay, mounted two Guns in the Lines, against the\nangular Point of one of the Bastions (which was not defended) where the\nTroops ascended the Hill, and to the South Part of the Hill lengthened\ntheir Lines, and made a Stair-case up the Hill, to the Fascine-Battery,\nand a Breast-work cross the Road, from the Foot of the Hill down to the\nWater-side, which effectually blocked themselves up, and was a Security\nagainst the Army's making a second Attack, and coming at them the right\nWay, as they might have done at first, had they taken the Guide's\nAdvice. The Side next the Town is quite defenceless, and the Way into\nthe Castle up a Ladder, on that Side, which draws up, like a Bridge.\nFrom the several Examinations of Deserters it appeared, the Number of\nthe Enemy did not exceed four thousand, (regular Forces, Seamen,\nMilitia, Blacks, and Indians included) and daily Experience convinced\nus of the Goodness of their Engineers, Bombardiers, and Gunners, as\nDesertion and Cowardice convinced us of the Badness of others.\nHaving given an Account of the Enemy's Situation and Strength, it may\nlikewise be necessary to relate some Account of the State of the Army,\nand what pretty Instruments and Materials they were furnished withal.\nThat the whole Body of the Troops, that came from _England_ (unless two\nRegiments) were raw, new raised, undisciplined Men, is a Fact known to\nevery one; and the greatest Part of the Officers commanding them,\neither young Gentlemen whose Quality or Interest entitled them to\nPreferment, or abandoned Wretches of the Town, whose Prostitution had\nmade them useful on some dirty Occasion, and by Way of Reward were\nprovided for in the Army; but both these Sorts of Gentlemen had never\nseen any Services, consequently, knew not properly how to act, or\ncommand; so that the worthy old experienced Officers, who had served\nlong and well, underwent a continual Hardship, in teaching and\ndisciplining a young raw Army, at a Time when they were on Service, and\nevery one ought to have been Masters of their Trade, instead of having\nit to learn; and thus, by more frequently exposing themselves, most of\nthem were knocked on the Head. As for the _American_ Troops, they were\nin general many Degrees worse, but the Officers in particular, who were\ncomposed of Blacksmiths, Taylors, Shoemakers, and all the Banditti that\nCountry affords, insomuch, that the other Parts of the Army held them\nin scorn. And for Engineers, Bombardiers, and Gunners, worse never bore\nthe Name, or could be picked out of all _Europe_.\nAmongst the ten Engineers, there was but one who ever saw a Siege (and\nthat was the simple Siege of _Gibraltar_) and he was killed at\n_Boccachica_, in the midst of his own defenceless Works; so that the\nrest may justly have been said to be left without a Head. As for the\nBombardiers and Gunners, the Colonel commanding the Train was in his\ngrand Climacterick, and consequently very unfit to be sent upon this\nExpedition; but he, poor Gentleman, was soon dispatched (thanks to the\nIgnorance of the Engineers) and his Successor took care to render\nhimself as unfit for Duty, by Excess of Drinking, as Old Age rendered\nthe other; and as to Inferiors of both Sorts, Bombardiers and\nCannoneers, many of them were Country Fellows, who told the General\nthey were provided for in the Train for voting for Mr. ---- and Mr.\nsuch a one, _&c._ Out of these few that were good, by constant\nAttendance and Duty's falling hard few were left, and indeed they had\nnot many Opportunities of shewing their Abilities, the Materials they\nwere provided withal being mostly bad; for two thirds of the\nBomb-Shells either broke short in the Air, or their Fusees went out,\nand they never broke at all; nor were there one in three of the\nGrenadoes would burst; the Shells were so thick, and the Cavity so\nsmall, they would not hold Powder sufficient to crack them; nay, so\nlittle Care was taken in providing and packing up proper Materials for\na Train of Artillery, that out of eight Pieces of\nBattering-Cannon-Principals, one was found defective and unserviceable,\nand the Expedition had like to have set forward, without a Plank or\nJoist for Platforms for the Guns, or any Bill-Hooks to cut Fascines and\nclear the Ground, had not Lord _Cathcart_ been informed these Things\nwere wanting, and wrote timely to have them supplied before the Fleet\nsailed, which lay then at _St. Hellens_.\nUpon the whole, the Service that has been performed best demonstrates\nthe Goodness of this Army: How much it has suffered, as well as the\nReputation of the Nation, by the Death of Lord _Cathcart_, the End of\nthe Expedition must resolve.\nThus much may be said in Behalf of the common Soldiers, though they\nwere raw and undisciplined, they wanted not for Courage and Resolution\nbecoming _Englishmen_.\n_FINIS._\nFootnotes\n[_A_] When Captain _Dandridge_, of the _Wolf_, came into the Fleet, he\nacquainted the Admiral, that the Marquis _D'Antin_ and twelve Ships of\nWar were then in _Port Louis_, which was the Reason the Admiral pursued\nhis Course up to the Isle of _Vache_, where when the Fleet arrived, a\n_French_ Officer coming on board the _Weymouth_, told, the Marquis\n_D'Antin_ was gone Home: Upon the Admiral's being informed of this, he\nsent Captain _Knowles_ up in the _Spence_ Sloop to reconnoitre, who\nreturned with Answer, that there was but one Ship of War in _Port\nLouis_, and that the rest were all light Merchant Ships; however the\nAdmiral chose to be more certain, and having an Opportunity of sending\nan Answer to the _French_ Officer's Message, the next Day sent Captain\n_Knowles_ and Captain _Boscawen_ ashore to the Governor, who being\npolitely received, and satisfied with their Remarks, returned in the\nEvening to the Admiral, and confirmed the foregoing Observation, who,\nwithout loss of Time, carried the Fleet where they could best and\nspeediest be watered.\n[_B_] This Success was obtained by the Loss only of six Men aboard the\n_Norfolk_ and _Russell_, but the _Shrewsbury_'s Cable being shot\n(before her other Anchor could be veered aground) she met with worse\nLuck: She drove so far as to open the whole Fire of the Castle of\n_Boccachica_, four of the Enemy's Ships of sixty and seventy Guns, that\nwere moored athwart the Harbour's Mouth, the Battery of St. _Joseph_,\nand two Fascine Batteries, that were on the _Barradera_ Side; all this\nFire she lay singly exposed to till dark, when she took the Benefit of\nthe Land-Wind, and ran off, being greatly shattered in her Hull, Masts,\nand Rigging, and a great many Men killed and wounded.\n[_C_] It was a Body of eight hundred Grenadiers that first landed, who,\nduring the Time that more Troops were sent for (which was upwards of\ntwo Hours before they came) were kept in the Boats, within twenty Yards\nof the Shore, and so closely crouded, scarce one Man could have used\nhis Arms, that had they had any Enemy to have dealt with, but dastardly\n_Spaniards_, they must and would have been cut all to pieces.\n[_D_] During the first three Days the Troops were ashore, they were\nemployed in no one Thing, no not so much as to clear the Ground for\ntheir Encampment, but kept under Arms Night and Day (where, by the Heat\nof the Sun, on a white burning Sand, they were scorched to Death, and\nby the Inclemency of the Dews in the Night, they got Colds, so that\nmany of them fell sick) whereas had they been instantly employed to\nhave encamped and opened Ground in the Woods for that Purpose, they\nwould have been shaded by the Trees, freed from the burning Heat of the\nSand, and many of them preserved from the Enemy's Shot, that missed our\nBattery.\n[_E_] In the first Place it must be observed, that there never was\nApplication made what particular Ordnance, Stores, _&c._ to land, or\nany Scheme formed what Sort of Cannon might be necessary, or what\nQuantity of Stores wanting, but the whole was landed, and a\nconsiderable Part lost by being washed off the Beach by the Sea, and\nseveral Carriages broke to pieces by the Enemy's Shot, and the rest\nleft in Heaps in the utmost Confusion; notwithstanding there were near\nfive hundred Seamen appointed for this Purpose; but those Officers,\nwhose Business it was to have formed an Artillery Park (though God\nknows they called this so) and disposed of the Stores in a regular\nManner and Order, were----\n[_F_] Such was the Knowledge of the Sub-Engineers, that not one of them\nknew where to chuse out a Spot of Ground for raising a Battery, neither\nhad they prepared Fascines, Pickets, or any Materials, till their\nPrincipal arrived (and after he had pitched on a Place, he made a\nDemand of thirty thousand Fascines of twelve Foot long, twenty thousand\nof nine Foot long, and forty thousand Pickets, whereas one thousand\nfive hundred Fascines built the Battery) who, _Vauban_ like, would not\nbegin to work, till all his Materials were on the Spot; and then, with\nfive hundred Seamen, two or three hundred Blacks, and as many Soldiers\nas the General could spare for Pioneers, he was ten Days erecting a\nBattery; and when it was done, it was parallel to neither Face nor\nCurtain of the Fortification, and the Breach was made in the angular\nPoint of the Bastion, neither was there any safe Communication with it,\nfor no Trench was ever cut, or proposed, only a Path through the Woods,\nand that almost in a strait Line; so that every Shot enfiladed it, and\nkilled twenty times the Number of Men going to and from the Battery,\nthat were killed every where else during the Siege; nor would the\nEngineer be prevailed on (any more than the General) to cut off the\nCommunication from the Town to _Boccachica_ (by which they might have\nprevented the Enemy from receiving any Succours by Land, seen all their\nMotions in the Harbour, and hindered any Incursions from the Castle)\nnotwithstanding the Admiral frequently solicited the General and wrote\nto him to have it done.\n[_G_] This Thing, called a Bomb-Battery, was also a Mark of the Genius\nand Understanding of the Engineers. It was a Platform, laid behind a\nsmall rising Rock, open on all Sides, no Communication to it, either by\nTrench, Epaulment, or any Security whatsoever, that the Enemy saw every\nMan (from the Castle) that went in, or out, as they were obliged to\npass over high Ground, to come at the Battery, and then it lay quite\nexposed to the _Barradera_ Battery; so that the Shot fired from thence\npassed in at one End, and out at the other; and if they did no\nExecution there, were sure to do some in the Camp. And as to the\nUsefulness of it, and the Service that was performed by the excellent\nbombardiers, every idle Spectator was a Judge; though it was oftentimes\nobserved, by Order, that not six Shells out of forty had done\nExecution, and that, on the contrary, scarce one of forty of the\nEnemy's ever missed.\n[_H_] The Camp (it has been observed before) was pitched on a low Sand,\nbut being sheltered (as a direct Object) from the _Barradera_ Battery,\nby the Rock that _St. Philip_ stood on, could not be seen, but lying in\nthe Line of Direction of the Shot fired from thence, at the famous\nBomb-Battery, was sure to be flanked by every Shot, which missed that,\nand though it might be prudent to try Movings, on this Occasion, yet it\nwas a bad Example to the Soldiers, especially when the Chiefs moved off\nfirst, and the Thing was done without regular and publick Orders;\nbesides the Time it took up at that Conjuncture (when more material\nWorks were in Hand, and the Army lessening every Day by Sickness, which\nwas not to be regained.) Whereas had the Encampment been formed at\nfirst, a few Yards up in the Woods, none of the Enemy's Guns could have\nbeen brought to bear on it, nor indeed would they have been able to\nhave discovered where it was; besides the great Advantage of Men's\nbeing cool, and particularly after working; but, as it was placed,\ninstead of a cool Retreat, to retire to Rest, after being heated by the\nwarm Labour, their Tents were a hotter.\n[_I_] The following Captains were also ordered upon this Expedition,\nvix. Capt. _Watson_, _Coates_, _Lawrence_, _Coleby_, and _Laws_, and\nall the Barges and Pinnaces of the Fleet. They went away from their\nShips about Midnight, and rowed pretty far to Leeward, to avoid being\nseen, or the Noise of their Oars heard, and proposed landing in a small\nsandy Bay, behind the _Barradera_ Battery, into which was a narrow\nChannel, between two Reefs of Rocks, and a four Gun Battery on the\nStrand, facing the Channel (both unknown to every Person there) which,\nso soon as some of the Boats had got into the Channel, began to fire on\nthem; but the brave Tars landed, and rushed in at the Embrazures, and\ntook Possession of the Battery, before the Enemy could fire a second\nTime. This firing alarmed the _Barradera_ Battery, and the Enemy turned\nthree Pieces of Canon on the Platform, which they fired with Grape\nShot, so soon as the Seamen advanced; but notwithstanding that, and the\nDifficulties and Badness of the Road (which was through a Morass, and\nwhere but one Man could walk abreast, and full of Stumps of Mangroves\neach a Foot or more high, the Seamen attacked it; and, after a smart\nthough short Resistance, carried it, took nine Prisoners, spiked up\nfifteen Guns (from eighteen to twenty four Pounders) burned the\nCarriages, Platforms, Guard-houses, and Magazine; and it may with\nJustice be allowed (from the many Difficulties that attended this\nAction, in Regard to the advantageous Situation of the _Barradera_\nBattery, the Boats being surprised with a four Gun Battery, just as\nthey were going to land, and no Person acquainted with the Place) as\nbold and surprising an Enterprise, as is to be met with; and the\nConsternation it put the Enemy in seems to confirm this Opinion; for\nalthough _Boccachica_ Castle, and the Enemy's four Ships, were not more\nthan Musket Shot off, yet neither they, nor _St. Joseph_'s (which was\nstill nearer) ever fired a Shot. So that it seems as if they could not\nbelieve the Thing, though they saw all in Flames. For this gallant\nAction the Admiral rewarded every common Man with a Dollar apiece.\n[_K_] The Success of this Action may be said to have given the Army\nboth Spirits and Pleasure (_pro tempore_) as it freed them from the\ngreatest Annoyance of their Camp, and gave them an Opportunity of\nworking quietly on their Battery.\n[_L_] Because the Enemy made such quick Dispatch in repairing some Part\nof the _Barradera_ Battery, mounting and firing some Pieces again, the\nArmy began to reflect, and say, the Battery was not effectually\ndestroyed, though hundreds of Men were seen constantly at work, and\nBoats with Cannon, Stores, and Fascines, passing and repassing hourly,\nboth from _Boccachica_ and the Ships: But the Truth was, the Army was\nnot accustomed to work in that brisk Manner: No! Working was no Part of\ntheir Trade. However, when the sixty Gun Ship went in against the\nBattery, that the Enemy was obliged to bring their Guns to fire at her,\nthe Army cooled in their Resentments, and all was well, while the Enemy\nwas quiet.\n[_M_] This grand Affair having taken up near a Fortnight in raising,\nand many more Men employed to work, than was necessary (for there were\nfive hundred Seamen, between two and three hundred Blacks, besides as\nmany Pioneers as could be spared out of the Army) much Execution may be\nexpected therefrom: But alas! the Engineers would by no Means outdo\nthemselves; the Battery was constructed in a Wood! and no more Ground\nwas cleared, than a Space necessary for so stupendous a Building (lest\nthe Enemy should see the Army!). For so great Caution was used, that\nbefore the Wood in the Front of the Battery was cut down, it was a\nDoubt, whether any Guns could be brought to bear on the Castle; and as\nit was, no Guns could be brought to play on the Enemy's Shipping,\nalthough it was expected they would instantly fire on the Battery, and\nbe capable of doing it the greatest Damage; (which they did) and had\nnot an Epaulment been thrown up at the East End, every Shot from the\nShips must have raked the Battery, and destroyed Numbers of Men. The\nArmy allowed the Tars behaved gallantly; for it must be remarked, they\nhad Seamen to fight the Guns in the Battery, as well as help to build\nit. Whether the Engineers proposed to batter the angular Point of the\nBastion in Breach is Matter of Doubt, at the first laying out of their\nBattery; (but infinite Reasons may be assigned for the Absurdity,\nbesides that great one, of having the Fire of two Flanks to destroy,\ninstead of one) however it is generally believed, it was Hap-hazard;\nfor the most impartial Judges in the Navy and Army agree, if the Enemy\nhad cut down eighty or an hundred Paces of the Woods further round the\nCastle, the Undertaking would have been so difficult, as to have\nshocked the Science of all the Engineers, if not quite disheartened\nthem, from so daring an Enterprise.\n[_N_] The Position the Enemy had lain their Ships in, was beyond all\nDoubt the most advantageous, could be formed by Man; both for opposing\nany Attempt, that might be made by Shipping on the Entrance into the\nHarbour; or annoy any Battery, that could be raised ashore; and as they\nfound no Battery against them, they failed not to play as briskly (as\n_Spaniards_ will do when there is no body to hurt them) and did ten\ntimes more Damage than the Castle.\n[_O_] These Ships were ordered to cannonade purely to oblige the\nGeneral, who, because the Enemy's Ships fired at his Battery, desired\nthe Admiral would send Ships to cannonade the Castle, though there was\na Battery of twenty Guns to fire against five or six (for that was all\nthe Castle could bring to bear on the Battery) so they had their Masts\nand Yards shot to pieces, and Numbers of Men killed and wounded,\nwithout doing any other Damage than beating down the Rubbish; (which\nthe Battery would have done in half the Time, as being twice as near)\nfor they could not come to hurt the Enemy's Ships, nor did it divert\ntheir Ships from firing at the Battery.\n[_P_] So soon as the Enemy saw the Boats coming to Land, and these\nShips come to an Anchor close to the Battery, they deserted it, and\nspiked up the Guns; but Captain _Watson_, and Captain _Coates_ marched\ninto it, and ripped up the Platforms, burned them and the Carriages,\nand effectually demolished the Battery: The Enemy fired at them from\ntheir Shipping, but with-out much Damage.\n[_Q_] It may be remarked as something extraordinary, that although the\nArmy thought the Breach just practicable, they should entirely cease\nfiring, the Night before they intended the Attack; as it is a sort of\nan established Rule in all regular Sieges, to keep firing in the Night,\nto prevent the Enemy's removing the Rubbish, that is beat down in the\nDay, which the Enemy would certainly have done, if they had been\nsufficiently strong; for they began that Night a Counter-Battery of\nFascines on the Ramparts, in order to have disputed it longer, which if\nthey had had Time to have finished, and Numbers to have carried on both\nWorks together, (_viz._) moving the Rubbish from the Foot of the\nBreach, and compleating these Counter-Batteries, they would have\nrendered the Attack as difficult as from the Beginning.\n[_R_] The Army having sent in the Night to reconnoitre the Breach, and\njudging it surmountable, resolved this Evening to attack it, and after\nhaving made their necessary Dispositions, sent off to acquaint the\nAdmiral with their Design, and that so soon as three Shells should be\nthrown in the Evening by way of Signal, the Battery should begin to\nfire warmly, till the Soldiers were almost at the Foot of the Breach,\nand then to cease, and they rush in, which had the desired Effect; for\non the Battery's playing, the Enemy retired off their Ramparts, except\nonly one Centinel, and he hid himself behind some Fascines; that the\nTroops mounted the Breach undiscovered, and were actually huzzaing on\nthe Ramparts, and hoisting the _English_ Flag, before the Enemy were\napprised of them; who made the best of their Way out of their Castle\nGate, excepting two, who were taken Prisoners; so that there was not a\nMusket fired in Opposition, nor a Gun from any of the Enemy's Ships,\nwhich is both astonishing and remarkable, as their Broadsides lay to\nthe Castle, and the Admiral (Don _Blass_) was aboard. But such was the\nPanick they were in, that happy was he that could get first into a Boat\nto save himself: (and the Don did not look behind him). Each Ship was\nscuttled ready for sinking, and had a large square Plug in the Hole;\nbut the _St. Philip_'s People not readily getting them out, set fire to\nher; the _Africa_ and _St. Carlos_ were sunk, as it was intended the\n_Galicia_ should also, in order to prevent any Ship's getting through\nthe Channel, which (had the Scheme been effected) would have rendered\nit difficult to pass, if practicable at all, without weighing some one\nor other of the Ships. This Victory (it will readily be allowed) gave\nthe Army a great Share of Spirits, as it freed them from Hardships\n(modern Gentlemen Soldiers are not used to) and gave them Possession of\nan Island (as well as the Castle) in which the Enemy could not come to\ndisturb them, especially while they had got a Fleet of Ships of War to\nattend on them; for, to their great Glory be it spoken, they could not\nventure to move along Shore without Men of War to attend on them, as\nthey marched, and the constant Cry was, _Why don't you come to our\nAssistance?_ Nay, so great a Liking had they to the Sea, that they\ncould not find their Way into the Castle, after the Breach was made,\nwithout a Sea Pilot to conduct them; and what is worth Notice is, he\nwas a _Spaniard_, and a Prisoner; but the General imagined, he might be\nas good a Pilot by Land, as by Sea, and so sent to the Admiral, to\ndesire he might shew the Troops the Way into the Castle.\n[_S_] The Admiral's Scheme for Attacking _St. Joseph_'s had drawn all\nthe Attention of the Enemy that Way; for so soon as they saw the Boats\ngoing to Land, their Ships began to fire pretty briskly, and _St.\nJoseph_'s Battery fired also; but as the Bushes prevented their seeing\nthe Men, they did but little Harm. The Enemy sent several large Boats\nfull of Men from their Ships into the Battery, which is pretty plain\nthey did not expect _Boccachica_ would have been attacked at that Time,\nor consequently they would not have sent them there. (Wherefore it is\nevident, this Scheme facilitated the Army's becoming Masters of\n_Boccachica_, and put an End to the Dispute sooner than was expected,\nor could possibly have happened, had any Nation but pusillanimous\n_Spaniards_ had the Defence of it; for had the Place been defended\nequal to its Strength and excellent Disposition, both of the Ships and\nBatteries, it would have been a difficult Task for the Fleet and Army\nboth to have rendered themselves Masters of it.) But so soon as they\nsaw the Castle taken, they made the best of their Way off, in what\nBoats they could get, and abandoned St. _Joseph_'s likewise, leaving\nonly one drunken Man behind (who was to have blown it up) so soon as\nthe Boats had got Possession. Captain _Coates_ was left to command this\nFort, and the Captains _Knowles_ and _Watson_ went aboard the\n_Galicia_, where they found the Captain of her, and about sixty Men,\nwhom they took Prisoners, and carried aboard of the Admiral, the rest\nof the Crew having run away with the Boats, and prevented their\nescaping and sinking their Ship, as was intended.\n[_T_] _Passa Cavallos_ is a Creek, that parts the grand _Baru_ from the\nMain, through which the Supplies of Provisions that come from _Tolu_\nand _Sina_ must pass; and here the Enemy had erected two small\nBatteries, one of four Guns, the other of eight, which were demolished\nby the _Weymouth_ and _Cruiser_. The latter was sent up the Creek, to\nbring away five or six _Sina_ Hulks (Vessels so called, as being dug\nout of one solid Tree, and big enough ordinarily to carry twenty Tuns)\nthat lay there, which were very useful to the Fleet in watering.\n[_V_] Between _Castillo Grande_ and _Mancinilla_ Fort is a large\nChannel, that goes up as it were into another Harbour or large Bason;\nin the Middle of the Channel is a Shoal, that divides it into two\nChannels; on each Side the Shoal the Enemy had moored Ships, and sunk\nthem; and in the Channel next the Castle had moored two sixty Gun\nShips, the _Conquestodore_ and _Dragon_, and untiled their Houses in\nthe Castle, as if intended to defend it; but observing the Boats\nsounding, and well knowing how near the Ships could lay their\nBroadsides against it, they certainly judged right in abandoning it,\nand sinking their Ships, as they must have lost many Men in defending\nthem, and those that had happened to have been left, after the Castle\nand Ships had been taken, must have submitted to have been Prisoners;\nfor there was no Way of their escaping, either by Land or Water; and as\ntheir Numbers were not great, it was best collecting them in one Body,\nand at one Place, to make an Effort.\n[_W_] Though this Castle was capable of making a pretty good Defence,\nyet the above Reasons justify the Enemy in abandoning it. There was in\nthe Castle fifty seven Guns, which the Enemy had spiked up, and the\nPowder they had thrown into the Cistern of Water, and spoiled, but most\nof the Guns were got clear again, and the Castle was garisoned with one\nhundred regular Troops, and about fifty Seamen.\n[_X_] This _French_ Ship had been supplying the Enemy with Ammunition,\nand had not had Time to get away, before the Place was invested; and\nduring the Siege of _Boccachica_ Castle, had been used as an Hospital\nShip, to receive the Enemy's wounded, and served to carry them to Town,\nor fetch Ammunition, or Stores, from the Castle, as Occasion required,\nand, to prevent her being destroyed by the _English_, the Enemy chose\nrather to burn her.\n[_Y_] All the Boats of the Fleet having been ordered to hold themselves\nin Readiness for landing the Forces, each respective Transport was to\nshew a Signal Light at Midnight, where the Boats went and received the\nseveral Regiments according as directed, and from thence went and\nrendezvoused aboard the _Weymouth_ till dawn of Day; and after her\nscouring the Woods briskly with Grape-Shot, _&c._ at half an Hour past\nfour o'Clock in the Morning they were landed at a Place called\n_Gratia_, formerly a Country House hired by the _South-Sea_ Factors,\nand one _Mac Pherson_, who had also been in that Company's Service, and\nwas well acquainted with the Country, was their Guide. But, as\nthroughout the whole, Things were done without Order or Method, so they\nwent on still; for notwithstanding the Army had been apprised of the\nEnemy's having made Lodgments along the Road, yet they landed without a\nGrenado Shell, or a Field-Piece, and were likewise told, the Road was\neven and able to sustain the Weight of the heaviest Cannon. However,\nProvidence continued to favour them better than their own Prudence\ncould have guided, and happily they were landed with the Loss only of\none Man, and two or three wounded, although some Parties of the Enemy\nattacked them twice: At which Time the Ships proved of great Service,\nas they could see every Motion the Enemy made, and fired among them\nvery successfully; for no sooner did they attempt to make a Stand and\ndraw up, than the Shot dispersed them, and swept off Numbers; so that\nif the Army had vouchsafed to have pushed their Success, it is a\ngeneral received Opinion (even amongst themselves now) they might have\nrendered themselves Masters of the Castle of _St. Lazare_ that Day\n(even without Field-Pieces) for the whole Force of the Town was out\nagainst them (as they were told by some Prisoners they took and some\nDeserters) and very impolitically divided into several Bodies; and in\nthe Panick they were in, and each Party running different Ways, it\nwould have been no difficult Task, to have rendered themselves Masters\nof that small Redoubt, if not succeeded in forcing the City Gates; for\nwhat had they to do, but to follow the Enemy close at their Heels, and\nslaughter them? Before they had got into the Town, the other must; for\nwhen they were mixed in a Body amongst their Enemy, the Town dared not\nventure to have fired, for fear of killing their own People; but\ninstead of making Use of any of these Advantages, they contented\nthemselves in taking Possession of the Ground the Enemy had left them\nMasters of, and there posted their Advanced Guards, and retired with\nthe main Body behind _La Papa_ to encamp; and here almost as many Days\nwere spent in forming an Encampment, as at _Boccachica_.\n[_Z_] _La Papa_ is a Convent, which stands on the Top of the highest\nHill, near _Carthagena_, and was a most advantageous Part for observing\nthe Enemy's Motions, as it overlooked the Town and Country for many\nLeagues round about.\n[_A_] Though it might have been expected from the Loss and Destruction\nof Ordnance Stores at _Boccachica_, more Care would have been taken\nhere, yet, instead of that, the worthy Officer of the Train doubled his\nNeglect, and Things were in much more Disorder and Confusion than they\nwere there, notwithstanding here was Choice of Ground to pitch upon for\nan Artillery Park; but it was too much Trouble and Labour to move the\nStores from the Place where they were first put down in, at landing,\nand required more Attendance than could be spared from the Bottle (and\nit is a well known Proverb, _When the Shepherd's away, the Flock will\nstray_,) so that out of two or three hundred Men, that were appointed\nto attend this Service, it was well if thirty were found at Work.\n[_B_] When the Army landed, there were scarce any Works worth Notice\nround the Castle of _St. Lazare_, but a Fascine Battery of five Guns\\\non the North Side of the Hill (which was built the Year before, when\nAdmiral _Vernan_ bombarded the Town) and was of no Service, but in Case\nof Approaches being made that Way. But as the Enemy saw the Army\n(disposed to Rest rather than Work) go on slowly, they took Occasion to\nimprove their Time, and with unwearied Diligence set to Work, and in\nthree Days Time completed a four Gun Battery, and entrenched themselves\nin Lines round about the Foot of the Castle, which were stronger, and\nof much more Importance, than the Castle itself, and drew those Guns\noff the Fascine Battery on the North Port, and mounted them in this new\nBattery, and saluted the Army frequently with them, whilst they were\nworking on their Bomb-Battery and Lodgment for their Advanced Guards.\n[_C_] It has been remarked, that neither General nor Engineer could be\nprevailed on to cut off the Communication, notwithstanding the Admiral\nrepresented the Necessity thereof, as the most sure Means to distress\nthe Enemy, and had sent the _Dunkirk_ to anchor off the _Boguilla_, to\nprevent any Embarkation bringing Supplies by Water, as he had done the\n_Falmouth_ at the grand _Baru_, on the Outside of _Passa Cavallos_\n(before the taking of _Boccachica_) which effectually prevented any\nRefreshments coming to the Enemy from _Tolu_, and the River _Sina_,\ntheir principal Markets; yet nothing was of Weight enough for its being\ndone here, although so very easy, and the Army were complaining\nheavily, for want of Refreshments, and yet suffered Supplies daily to\ngo into the Town. The _Boguilla_ is the Mouth of the Lake (behind\n_Carthagena_) that opens into the Sea, where the Enemy kept a Guard of\nabout an hundred Men, and was the only Way possibly they had left for\nSupplies to come to them; and though fresh Provisions were scarce in\nthe Camp, and would have been exceedingly beneficial to the Sick, yet\nso little Pains did the Army care to take to get it, that when the\nGeneral was acquainted, that a Drove of three or four hundred Head of\nOxen were going along the Strand, he did not dispatch a Party to\nintercept them, or endeavour to cut them off, not in three Hours after\nhe had been informed of the Thing, and then the Cattle were going into\nthe Town. But so far were the Army from being disposed to cut off the\nCommunication on that Side, that they were continually forming Ideas of\nthe Enemy's coming that Way to attack them, and that they were actually\nraising Batteries on some of the Islands in the Lake, to drive them out\nof the Camp, and could not be convinced to the contrary, till the\nAdmiral ordered a large Canoe to be carried over Land, and launched\ninto the Lake, which was manned and armed, and an Officer of the\n_Weymouth_ and a Land Officer sent in her round the Lake, to\nreconnoitre; upon whose Return, those dreadful Apprehensions were\ndissipated.\n[_D_] From the first Sight of the _American_ troops they were despised,\nand as many of them were _Irish_, (suspected Papists) were never\nemployed till now; but as Sickness encreased amongst the others (and\nhourly Attacks expected from the Enemy) it was thought expedient to\nhave them ashore; and though it is most certain, there was scarce one\nbut knew what Opinion had been conceived of them, nay indeed told them,\nthat had not the Fellows been better than they were taken for, it was\nenough to have exasperated them to have deserted. The other Soldiers of\nLord _James Cavendish_ and Col. _Bland_'s Regiments were as good Troops\nas any on the Expedition; and after this Reinforcement, it was expected\nthe Communication would have been immediately cut off; (as it had been\nsuggested Numbers could not be spared before) but so far from that,\nthat the Army still complained, that they had not Men enough to relieve\ntheir Guards; and indeed, according to the Number they mounted,\n_Marlborough_'s Army would scarce have been sufficient; for the Advance\nGuard consisted of five hundred Men, the Picket eight hundred, besides\nseveral other Out-Guards of one hundred, and some fifty; whereas the\nEnemy had but one Guard (that faced this Way) without their Work, and\nthat of seven Men only. Thus were the poor Wretches harassed.\n[_E_] When the Council of War met, several of the general Officers and\nColonels dissented from this Resolution, as judging it too rash an\nUndertaking, without a proper Breach being made first, or at least\nbefore the Place had been well reconnoitred; but in order to solve this\nlast Difficulty, there were several Deserters that offered to go as\nGuides, and three of the most intelligent were pitched upon.\n[_F_] The principal Engineer being killed at _Boccachica_, his\nSuccessor (being none of the most knowing in the Science) did not chuse\nany Works should be taken in Hand, as they would expose his Ignorance;\nso chearfully gave into that Opinion.\n[_G_] After the Majority of the Council of War had determined on the\nAttack, a proper Time was now the Question, as to which the Deserters\ninformed them, about two o'Clock in the Morning would be the best Time;\nfor the Guards from the Town that nightly patroled round the Foot of\nthe Hill would by that Time be returned and gone to their respective\nHomes; because as Duty went hard (their Numbers being but it was\ncustomary for them, as soon as they had performed their Rout, to go to\nBed;) and further observed, that when a _Spaniard_ has laid himself\ndown to sleep, it is no easy Task to raise him to fight; but these\nArguments were of no Force to the General; just before Day was his\nTime; accordingly, about four o'Clock in the Morning the Attack began,\nand a Party of Grenadiers, along with Colonel _Grant_, entered the\nTrenches at the Foot of the Castle; but not being sustained, were cut\noff, and Colonel _Grant_ shot through the Body. After this, instead of\nrushing in, Sword in Hand, and mingling with the Enemy in the Trenches,\na full Stop was made, and the Men stood firing in Plotoons; those that\nhad Room, and could wheel off for others, did, but the greatest Part\nstood and fired all their Ammunition away, while the Enemy (as it was\nnow Day-light, and they could take Aim) were mowing them down, like\nGrass, with their Cannon, Musketry, and Grenadoes; notwithstanding\nwhich, the Troops faced them like Lions, and wanted but to have been\nled on, or told what they were to have done, and they certainly would\nhave taken the Place. But, instead of that, from the most excellent\nDisposition that was made, no Officer attempted to lead them on, and\nthe Grenado Shells, that should have been in the Front, and distributed\namong the Soldiers, were in Boxes in the Rear; nor was there one Length\nof lighted Match among them. The Woolpacks and Scaling Ladders were\nalso in the Rear. But when Colonel _Grant_ entered the Trenches, such\nCall was made for them, that some few were carried up the Hill; however\nas he, poor Gentleman, fell, no body else tried to make Use of them;\nand so amongst other Things they were left for the Enemy. As this\nScheme was but badly formed from the Beginning, (and indeed may be\nproperly called the General's own Scheme) so it as unfortunately ended;\nfor the Admiral not being acquainted with this Resolution of the\nCouncil of War, (either by Letter or Message) had not an Opportunity of\nacting in Conjunction with them, and assisting them with a Body of\nSeamen, as it is evident he would have done; for as soon as he was\nacquainted the Fort was attacked, and got up and saw the Troops at a\nStand, the Instant a Signal could be seen, (at Dawn of Day) he made one\nfor all the Boats in the Fleet manned and armed, and sent them with\norders to follow the General's Directions; but it was too late; before\nthey got ashore, the Troops were returned from the Attack.\nVarious are the Accounts of the Loss sustained in this Action; but it\nis generally believed, there were upwards of one hundred Men killed,\nand near two hundred wounded, thirty of whom were taken Prisoners,\nNumbers of Arms, Colours, Drums, Woolpacks, Grenadoes, Pick-axes,\nShovels, Scaling Ladders, _&c._ were left behind in the Retreat, which\nthe Enemy arrogantly diverted themselves withal, for some Time, on the\nTop of the Hill, taking Care to let the Army see them.\nAs when Faults are committed, the first Thing sought after is an\nExcuse; so, not succeeding in this Attack, the Army now fell to blaming\nthe Guides, saying, they had led them the wrong Way; the Guides again\nsay, the Army would not follow them the Way they would have led them;\nbut had Reason alone been their Guide, sure they should have attacked\nthe Castle on the weakest Side; (for they all knew one Side was\ndefenceless) whereas they attacked it on the strongest Side, where the\nHill was most difficult of Access; and when they found themselves\nrepulsed, and at a Loss what to do, the speedier they had made their\nRetreat, the smaller had been their Loss.\n[_H_] The Admiral had sent several Officers in to sound, and try if\nShips might come near enough to batter, who all gave it, as their\nOpinions, that there could not more than three Ships possibly anchor at\nthe upper End of the Harbour; and if they were laid but in a Foot Water\nmore than they drew, they would not be in a Point-Blank-Shot, and\nconsequently could do no material Execution; however, to convince the\nGeneral, that Ships could be of no manner of Service to him, the\nAdmiral caused the _Galicia_ (one of the _Spanish_ Ships) to be fitted\nproper for battering, by forming, between each Port, Merlons (or Cases)\nof six Foot thick, and filled with rammed Earth or Sand, and sent her\nin to cannonade the Town; but it was soon found, she could not come\nhear enough to do any Service; for the enemy had demolished her so, in\ntwo or three Hours, that she would have sunk in half an Hour more, if\nshe had not been drawn off; and it may be established as a general\nRule, for Ships to go by, that unless they can come within half a\nMusket or Pistol Shot of a Fortification, it will have the Advantage of\nthem, for the further you lye off, the more Guns they can bring to bear\nagainst you; whereas, when you go so near, there can no more Guns annoy\nyou, than are mounted within the Length of your Ship; and the\nDifference of Briskness in firing, betwixt a Ship and a Fort, is so\ngreat, besides the Odds in Number of Guns, that it is impossible to\nwithstand a Ship long. After this Experiment the _Galicia_ was burned.\n[_I_] After the famous Battle of _St. Lazare_, the Troops sickened very\nfast, insomuch, that by Account delivered in (and the General's Report)\nbetween _Thursday_ Morning and _Friday_ Night, they had dwindled away\nfrom 6645 to 3200, and 1200 of these were _Americans_, and not esteemed\nfit for Service.\n[_K_] When the Council of War agreed to the Forces being embarked, the\nGeneral urged, that they might come off in the Night, lest the Enemy\nshould make a Sortie, so that the Boats were ordered ashore about nine\no'Clock, and from the Apprehensions they were in of the Enemy's being\nat their Heels, many of them left their Baggage, and Numbers of them\ntheir Tents and Arms, which the Enemy came the next Morning and picked\nup. The Tents they pitched upon _St. Lazare_ Hill, and other Places,\nwhere they might best be seen, and by a Flag of Truce that had Occasion\nto pass the next Day, about Exchange of Prisoners, they failed not to\nexpress their Astonishment at the precipitate Retreat of the Army. Thus\nended this famous Expedition, that was the greatest and most expensive\nthat ever entered the _American_ Seas, and which _Europe_ gazed on with\nAdmiration and Attention.", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg -  An Account of the expedition to Carthagena, with explanatory notes and observations\n"},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/01-03-02-0016-0005", "content": "From: Adams, John\nTo: \n      At the time when Fort William Henry was besieged, there came down almost every day dispatches from the General to the New England Collonies urging for Troops and Assistance. Col. Chandler the Younger had sent so many Expresses that he found it difficult to get Persons to undertake the Journeys. Complaining of this Embarrassment one Evening, in company, I told him, I had so long led a sedendary Life that my health began to fail me, and that I had an inclination to take a Journey on Horseback. The next Morning by Day break he was at my Chamber Door, with Dispatches for the Governor of Rhode Island. He said a Horse was ready. Without hesitation I arose and was soon mounted. Too much dispatch was necessary for my comfort and I believe for my health, for a Journey so fatiguing, to a Man who was not on horseback more than once a Year on a short visit to his Parents, I cannot think callculated to relieve a valetudinarian. Arrived at Providence I was informed that the Governor Mr. Green William Greene was at Newport with the General Assembly. I had then to ride through the Narragansett Country and to cross over Conannicutt to Rhode Island. In the Woods of Narragansett I met two Gentlemen on Horse back, of whom I took the Liberty to enquire whether The Governor was still at Newport? One of them answered he was not: but the Gentleman with him was the Governor. My Dispatches were delivered to him and he broke the Seals and read them on the Spot. He said he believed the French were determined to have the Country: asked many questions, gave me many polite Invitations to return with him to his home, which as he said he had no answer to return by me, and as I was determined to see Newport I civilly declined. Pursuing my Journey I found a great difficulty to get over the Water, As the boat and Men were gone upon their usual Employment. One was found after a time very tedious to me and I landed on the Island, and had a good opportunity to see the whole of it as my road to Bristol lay through the whole length of it. To Me, the whole Island appeared a most beautifull Garden: an ornamented Farm: but hostile Armies have since degarnished it of a principal Embellishment, the noble rows and plantations of Trees. Crossing over the Ferry to Bristol I spent a night with Col. Green whose Lady was a Church and Sister to Mrs. John Chandler. Here I was happy and felt myself at home. Next Morning I pursued my Journey by Land to Worcester. The whole Journey was accomplished in four days, one of which was Sunday. As I was obliged to ride all that day I had an opportunity of observing the manners of Rhode Island, much more gay and social than our Sundays in Massachusetts. At Angells in Providence I met a relation and a Neighbour Mr. John Bass, who had lost his Parish at Ashford, by the Intollerance of orthodoxy at that time the times and had removed his Family to Providence and begun the Practice of Physick. I met another Clergyman and a sensible Man at Bristol. At the Inns as usual there were Scaenes and Characters, for the Amusement of Swift or even Shakespeare.\n      Another Journey had well nigh proved fatal to me. Mr. Joshua Willard of Petersham, who had married Miss Ward a Niece of General Ward of Shrewsbury, invited me with many other Gentlemen of Worcester, to escort home his Wife. I procured the only horse that could be found to be lett. Gay and active enough but the hardest both upon the Trott and Canter, I ever mounted. We went through a Wilderness of old Rutland and New Rutland, now a garden, spent a day or two at Petersham where I conversed much and with great pleasure with Mr. Aaron Whitney, a very sensible, entertaining and good humoured Clergyman, the Grandfather of Mr. Peter Whitney the amiable, ingenious, eloquent and pious Minister of Quincy and Father of Mr. Peter Whitney of Northborough. On our return we rode through Number Six and other Numbers to Number two since called Westminster, a perfect Wilderness and the thickest I ever saw, but now a well cultivated and thick settled Country. We spent a night with Mr. Marsh a Clergyman at the foot of the Wachusett, a Mountain which We ascended to the Top the next morning. From this hight the whole World appeared on a level below Us excepting the Monad\u00adnocks. Even the blue hills, which I have since seen very distinct from Mr. Gills house, were scarce discernible. The Wind was so high and the Air so cold that We had little Inclination to remain long upon it. Descending to the foot We found it as uncomfortably warm. We mounted our Horses and returned home by the Way of Lunenbourg and Lancaster. After this Journey, whatever was the cause, whether the fatigue in general or the rude Motions of my horse in particular I know not, I found myself in very ill health. The Physicians told me that close Application to a School and to Studies by night and by Day had thickened and corrupted the whole Mass of my blood and Juices, and that I must have recourse to a Milk Diet according to the Theory and Practice of Dr. Cheyne, at that time the height of the Fassion in Medicine. I had read the Writings of Dr. Cheyne and now read them again, renounced all Meat and Spirits and lived upon Bread and milk, Vegetables and Water. I found my head more at Ease and thought I pursued my Studies to more Advantage: but was tormented with a heart burn every afternoon, which nothing but large potions of Tea at Evening could extinguish. I pursued this course for Eighteen months, six or seven of which passed at my fathers house, with the Advice of Dr. Savil and Dr. Hearsey Hersey, who were both unqualified Admirers of Cheyne\u2019s in Theory, though not in their own practice. My excellent Father at last by his tender Advice at sometimes and a little good humoured ridicule at others converted me again to the Use of a little meat and more comforting Drink, but in both of these I was extreamly sparing for many Years after, and indeed untill I became a Member of Congress and a Traveller, when long Journeys and Voyages made a more generous Regimen essential to my being.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0031", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Peter Collinson, 1 January 1757\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Collinson, Peter\nDear Friend\nPhilada. Jan. 1. 1757\nI wrote you yesterday a Line or two enclosing the second of a Set of Bills for \u00a3120 Sterling, drawn on Mr. William Anderson, Merchant, London, by Robert Lloyd, of Maryland I now send the first of the same Set. On the 27th past I drew on you for \u00a350 Sterling in favour of Benjamin Mecom, which I doubt not will meet with due Honour I wish you and yours many happy New Years, being, Dear Friend Yours affectionately\nB F", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0032", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to William Strahan, 1 January 1757\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Strahan, William\nDear Sir\nPhilada. Jany. 1. 1757\nI wrote you a Line or two yesterday, enclosing B. Mecom\u2019s 2d Bill for \u00a3100 Sterling drawn on you upon Presumption that you had received some Bills he had sent you, amounting to about \u00a3120 more than the Ballance of his Account. He has settled honourably with me, and bought the old Printing House he had at Antigua, which he has sent to Boston, where he purposes to set up his Business among his Friends and Relations; and has wrote to you to purchase him two new Founts, one of Long Primer and one of Pica, for which I have furnish\u2019d him with a Bill on Mr. Collinson for \u00a350 lest you should not have receiv\u2019d his Money. I now send B. Mecom\u2019s third Bill. If you are not in Cash for him, you need not be at the Charge or Trouble of Protesting it, but only acquaint me. If you are, carry it to the Credit of my Account. I wish you and yours many happy New Years, being, with great Esteem and Affection, Dear Sir, Your most obedient humble Servant\nB Franklin\nMr. Strahan\n Addressed: To / Mr. William Strahan / Printer / London", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "01-13-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0033", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Elizabeth Hubbart, 13 January 1757\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Hubbart, Elizabeth\nDear Bess\nPhilada. Jan. 13. 1757\nYour Story is well told and entertaining Only let me admonish you of a small tho\u2019 common Fault of Story-tellers. You should not have introduc\u2019d it by telling me how comical it was, especially a Post before you sent the Story it self: For when the Expectation is rais\u2019d too high, \u2019tis a Disadvantage to the Thing expected.\nBut let us not be merely entertain\u2019d by the Tale; let us draw a small Moral from it. Old Age, we see, is subject to Love and its Follies as well as Youth: All old People have been young; and when they were so, they laugh\u2019d, as we do, at the Amours of Age. They imagin\u2019d, \u2019tis like, that the Case would never be theirs. Let us spare \u2019em, then; lest the same Case should one day be ours. I see you begin to laugh already at my ranking myself among the Young! But you, my Girl, when you arrive at Fifty, will think no more of being old, than does Your affectionate Uncle\nB Franklin\nMy Love to your good Mama, and to Suky, with my Thanks for her Care of you in your Illness. Tell her I now forgive her for selling her Good Luck\nMiss Betsy Hubbard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "01-20-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0034", "content": "Title: Memorandum on Allowances for Officers\u2019 Quarters, 20 January 1757\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: \nThe Commissioners voted to allow the Officers of the King\u2019s Forces, instead of Quarters\nQuarters were demanded of the City of Philadelphia for a Number of Officers of the 1st Battalion of the Royal Americans and one Independent Company.\nBillets were accordingly delivered out by the Mayor, on the Inns and other Publick Houses of the City, for the Number of Officers required.\nThe Officers express\u2019d some Dissatisfaction with the Quarters assigned, as not being convenient or suitable to their respective Ranks. Private Gentlemen were dispos\u2019d to take a Number of the Officers and accommodate them gratis in their own Houses; but the Officers to whom it was mention\u2019d, declin\u2019d accepting such Quarters as it would be laying themselves under an Obligation for a Matter to which they had an undoubted Right.\nThe Provincial Commissioners being inform\u2019d of the Dissatisfaction of the Officers with their Quarters, and desirous that they should be agreably accommodated, propos\u2019d to give Money in Lieu of Quarters, that every Officer might provide himself with such as he should approve of.\nThe Sums they propos\u2019d to allow were\nPer Week\nFor a Colonel\u2019s Quarters\nFor a Lieut. Colonel\u2019s Do.\nFor a Major\u2019s Do.\nFor a Captain\u2019s Do.\nFor a Lieut.\u2019s or Ensign\u2019s Do.\nFor a Surgeon or Chaplain\u2019s Do.\nFor a Quarter-master or Adjutant\u2019s Do.\nIt was thought convenient Lodgings with Firing, and the other Necessaries in Quarters, (Provision only excepted) might easily be had in the City at these Rates. This Proposal was some Weeks since by the Commissioners laid before the Governor for his Approbation, and by him, communicated to the Officers. They have not yet express\u2019d their Acceptance or Refusal of the Offer.\nB Franklin\n Endorsed: Officers Quarters &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "01-21-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0035", "content": "Title: Timothy Horsfield to the Provincial Commissioners, 21 January 1757\nFrom: Horsfield, Timothy\nTo: Provincial Commissioners\nMessrs. Franklin Fox Hughes &ca. &ca.\nGentlemen\nBethlehem Jany. 21st. 1757.\nThe last week Jo Peeby and Lewis Montour Came here and produced His Honour the Governour\u2019s Pass to go to the Indian Countrey, requireing all Persons to Assist them with Such Necessary\u2019s they Stood in need of to prosecute their Journey In Obedience to His Honour I Accordingly help\u2019t them to Every thing they requird of Me, as per the Brethrens Account Mr. Edmonds will Lay before you Just, as they Sat out, Jo Peeby came to Me, with the Indian Man Nickodemas, who lives over the Watter, and Said I have Bought a Hors of this Man for \u00a36 and you must Send it to Philadelphia to the Gentlemen they will keep it for Me, and I Desire you will Write for the Money and pay it to Nickodemus. I thought it a Very Odd Affair, but did not think proper to find any fault with him, But Answerd him I will Write to the Gentlemen and when the Cash comes, I Shall pay him After About Two Months plague and trouble With the Savage Wretch G. Hays We are at Last (thank god) got rid of him, he went the Other day, as he tould me to Diaougo to fetch is Wifes Children; I have sent you G. Clows\u2019s Account. But am Sorrey I had not time to get it put into English, Not knowing of Mr. Edmonds going but a Litle before he Sat out. The Poor Indian John Smalling Alias Lucas Deceasd last Week, he Was Very Penitent and as one of the Brethren that Visited him Informed me, he Departed with Much Assureance of his going to rest, his Wife, is amongst Our Indians In B[ethlehe]m.\n[The rest of the letter missing.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "01-24-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0036", "content": "Title: To Benjamin Franklin from John Waring, 24 January 1757\nFrom: Waring, John\nTo: Franklin, Benjamin\nSir\nI trouble You with this [to inform you of?] the Death of a worthy Clergyman the [Reverend Henry?] Wheatley, Lecturer of St. Leonard Shoreditch, [who named?] me the Sole Executor of his last Will, by which [he leaves?] a Legacy to some of his Relations now (if alive) at Philadelphia in the following words: \u201cI give and bequeath to Benjamin Franklin Esq. of Philadelphia in Pensilvania One hundred Pounds Sterling in Trust for John Cole Grandson of my late Brother John Wheatley of the same Place, and the elder Son of James Hunter which he has by the Mother of the said John Cole Daughter of my said Brother John Wheatley to be paid to them for their Use equally at the Discretion and Judgement of the said Mr. Franklin.\u201d.\nMr. Henry Wheatley died on the Sixth Day of Last may, of which I had sent You earlier Advice, but that being a Clergyman and consequently but little connected with mercantile Affairs, the last Ships saild before I was apprized of it, and I was the less sollicetous to write to You About this Legacy till I cou\u2019d be pretty certain that I should be able to honour Your Draught. I am advised to desire the favour of You to send over a Letter of Attorney to Your Correspondent here to impower him to receive this Legacy and to give a proper Discharge for the same This I am told is the legal and consequently the most safe way, and, if You approve of it shou\u2019d be glad it were observed. Shou\u2019d the Legatee John Cole, or all James Hunters Sons by John Coles Mother, have been dead before Mr. Wheatley, in Such Case I presume that the Legacy lapses and reverts to the Residuary Legatee, whose Name is John Rittermaster: I shall be glad of the favour of a Line from You on this Subject by the first Opportunity, and am Sir Your most humble Servant\nJn. Waring\n[I know you are?] pleased with every Opportunity of doing [Good; for that?] Reason tis needless for me: Worthy Sir, to [relate to you?] what follows. I am a member of a Society [usually known?] by the Name of the Associates of the late [Dr. Bray, a?] Gentleman whose Memory ought to be dear [to all preser?]vers of piety in the Brittish Plantations [in America. The ob?]jects of our Attention as a Society are the [Instruct?]ion, and Conversion of the Negroes in the Plantations to Christianity and founding parochial Libraries for the Use of the Clergy in England and America: We shall be much obliged to You if You will favour Us with Your Sentiments on the first Design, and let us know how and by what means those poor ignorant people may be most effectualy instructed whether the parochial Clergy do take any pains with them and what Helps and Assistances they may want to enable them to diffuse the knowledge of our Religion among them? As the Lately imported Negroes are Strangers to our Language, Little Good I fear can be done with them, but might Not the black Children born in the Province be taught to read and instructed in the Principles of Christian Morality, and if the planters woud permit them, pray What Sum Sterling, per Annum wou\u2019d be a suitable Salary for a Sober honest Master? Some few Years ago a pious Clergyman in Wales set on foot a Scheme of itinerant Schoolmasters; who after residing three Six or nine Months in one place, and teaching persons of all Ages to read, who came to them, removed to another, and did the Like there, by this means Six or Seven thousand persons (Young and old) for some Years past have been annualy taught to read and instructed in religious knowlege. Might not some Such Scheme be set on foot in Your province for the Service of the blacks? The Associates beg the favour of You to consult with the worthy Commissary and some of the other Clergy in the Neighbourhood and favour Us with the Result of Your Deliberations. One word more Both Planters and Slaves, I am told have mistaken Notions concerning [four or five lines missing] might have a very good effect upon their [morals?] and make them more faithful and honest in their Masters Service, and Such of them only, from time to time, admitted to baptism as came recommended by their Masters for their good behaviour, or who shewed by the general tenour of their Conduct that they had right Notions of Religion. I fear I have tired Your patience, but when we converse at this Distance, it is necessary to say all that occurs upon the Subject, because there may Not be an Opportunity soon of sending a Supplement. Our fund at present is but Small, however I hope by the blessing of God we shall be able to furnish those worthy Clergymen who engage with zeal in this truly Christian Design with religious Books and tracts to enable them more effectualy to carry it on and perhaps also with some useful Books towards forming a parochial Library for the Use of themselves and Successors: We shall be very thankful to You or them for any Informations which may be of Service. Letters upon this Subject directed to mee in Wood Street Spitalfields London shall be duely laid before the Associates and punctualy answered. I am once More Sir Your most humble Servant\nJn. Waring\n Addressed: To / Benjamin Franklin Esq, / at Philadelphia / in Pensilvania / America", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "01-25-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0037", "content": "Title: Provincial Commissioners to William Denny, 25 January 1757\nFrom: Provincial Commissioners\nTo: Denny, William\nSir:\nPhilada. Jany. 25th 1757.\nThe ammunition and other Things applied for by Captain Calender, and allowed by the Commissioners, are sent up some time since, except three Drums which were not then to be had, but will be sent per the first Opportunity. With this your Honour will receive an Account of the quantity of Ammunition sent,and thereby can judge whether more will be necessary, and how much, on Account of the Detachments sent to reinforce Colonel Armstrong.\nOn Perusal of the Return of the Persons appointed to inspect the Beef, we are of opinion that, if your Honour thinks fit, strict and positive Orders be sent to the Officers to keep the Men to the Provincial Allowance: at the same Time acquainting them, that if they allow more it shall be stopt out of the Officers Pay. It is very possible that the Beef may be not equal as they say to \u201csome such\u201d as Philadelphia Market affords; but of that prime Beef the Quantity in this Province is small, and too dear even for middling People to purchase, only the richer sort are able to buy it, and the whole Quantity of that Kind rais\u2019d in the Province would in our opinion be insufficient to feed half Col. Armstrong\u2019s Battallion, and therefore we think they ought not to expect it. What is now prepared for them is equal to any they us\u2019d to have, and they never before complain\u2019d of the Quality of it.\nAs to the Drying of Beef and Pork, the Design must be to make the same Quantity of Nourishment lighter of Carriage for Marching or Ranging Parties. We therefore approve of it, and request your Honour would be pleased to give Directions to Col. Armstrong to cause a Quantity to be weigh\u2019d out of the Casks, an Account taken of such Weight, the whole to be dry\u2019d, and again weigh\u2019d when thoroughly dry; and then distributed occassionally in Weights proportion\u2019d to the Loss by Drying, for example, if one Fourth of the whole Weight be lost, then three Quarters of a Pound is to be given out instead of a Pound, and so in whatever other Proportion the Loss of Weight may be. For what is lost is only in the Watery part, the Nourishing Part all remaining after the Drying.\nWe send your Honour an Account of the Blankets that have been delivered to that Battalion, by which it will appear they have been more than fully supplied. When they return\u2019d from Kittanning, the Demand was for 300 supposed to be lost; they were immediately sent. Then 60 more were demanded, Those also were sent. Now 40 more are required, these are not sent. Because we find by our Accounts they cannot be wanted, unless the Men have been suffered to sell them: In which case we think the Officers should see them supplied at their or the men\u2019s Expence.\nWe are preparing an Account of the Provissions that Battalion has consumed, by which your Honour will perceive that we have some Reason to be disatisfied with the Conduct of the Officers in that Respect. We know not what Col. Armstrong means by the sundry Instances of our taking Umbrage at his Conduct, and shall enter into no Disputes with him, having on many Accounts a Respect for him and his Officers. But this we must remark, that for the Defence of their County all the Men, Arms and Ammunition have been allowed that they could desire; that the Officers were appointed as well as the Men taken into pay from among themselves; that the Contractors were reputable Inhabitants of their own County, with whom we had no connection; that we have no interest directly nor indirectly in the Contract; that the Provisions being bought in their County the Money of course center\u2019d among them; that we have endeavoured on all occasions to have that Batalion well supplied in the same Manner, and on the same Terms with the other Troops of the Province; but so it happens that tho\u2019 we have given satisfaction every where else, we are perpetually teiz\u2019d with Complaints from that Quarter, and from thence only No Officers of that Battalion that we know of are waiting in Town for the Settlement of their Accounts: The Accounts of the others we shall settle as fast as possible. We are, with the utmost Respect your Honours Most obedient Humble Servants\nWm. Masters,\nJohn Mifflin,\nB. Franklin,\nJos. Fox,\nTo the Honourable Wm. Denny Esqr.\nAn Account of Blankets sent to the W. Side of Sasqua. [Susquehanna] at diff[erent] times.\n                George Croghan had 16Pieces which make240 Blankets,\n                Col. Armstrong had \u20073\n                Pieces which make\n                Col. Armstrong had \u20073Pieces which make\u200745 \u2007\u2007\u201d\n                Col. Armstrong had \u20073Pieces which make\u200745 \u2007\u2007\u201d\n                Col. Armstrong had 15Pieces (20 in a P\u2019e)300 \u2007\u2007\u201d\n                Col. Armstrong had 4Pieces (15 in a P\u2019e)\u200760 \u2007\u2007\u201d\n                Besides which, George Stevensoncharges for Steel,\nDec. 16, Sent by Andrew Cox, one Box of Medicines, for the Use of Col. A\u2019s Battalion\nJan. 5, Sent by Robt Amos, 850 Pounds of Lead, 400 Pounds Powder, 1000 Flints, 4 Water Engines, 17 Brass-kettles, 4 Hour Glasses, 6 Tin and 2 Horn Lanthorns, which were delivered to Col. Armstrong.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "01-26-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0038", "content": "Title: Pennsylvania Assembly: Remonstrance to William Denny, [26 January 1757]\nFrom: Pennsylvania Assembly\nTo: Denny, William\nOn Nov. 24, 1756, at the Assembly\u2019s request, Governor Denny had submitted an estimate of military expenses in the province for the coming year totaling over \u00a3127,000, and on December 15 the House resolved that \u00a3100,000 \u201cbe granted to His Majesty for the Service of the current Year.\u201d After several days\u2019 discussion, it was determined to tax \u201call Estates, real and personal,\u201d at rates which would raise the amount in one year \u201caccording to the Method and Way of raising County Rates and Levies.\u201d The concern for method of taxing reflected difficulties experienced under the \u00a360,000 act of November 1755 in making fair and efficient property assessments and collections, a problem compounded if the Proprietors\u2019 estates were to be assessed and taxed under the new bill. On December 23, the Assembly rejected a proposal to let citizens submit lists of their taxable property, and resolved that one person be elected in each township to assist the constable in making returns of taxable property. The next day the House appointed Franklin and others to bring in an appropriate bill, and designated one member from each county except Northampton to provide tax lists of his constituents, paying particular attention to delinquencies. The Assembly then ajourned for the holidays.\nThe committee presented the \u00a3100,000 supply bill, as the measure came to be called, on Jan. 5, 1757, and after discussion, amendment, and recommitment, submitted an altered bill on the 12th, but the Assembly rejected the \u201cMode of taxing\u201d proposed. The next day, the House received a petition from Chester County which complained of the \u201cunjust Returns commonly made\u201d and urged that three freeholders be chosen in each township to make tax returns. A week earlier the Philadelphia County tax commissioners had complained of the time consumed in hearing appeals for tax abatements and the vexation of seizing the property of tax delinquents; under such circumstances these commissioners petitioned to be relieved of office if the Assembly passed a new and heavier tax to be assessed and collected in the same manner as that of November 1755. After five days\u2019 debate the House again rejected a motion to let taxpayers list their \u201cseveral Particulars to be taxed,\u201d made two more alterations in the bill, and finally passed it on Jan. 22, 1757.\nThree days later, a committee of the Council designated to propose amendments consistent with the Proprietors\u2019 instructions reported that the bill was so \u201crepugnant\u201d that proper amendments would necessitate \u201calmost a new Bill,\u201d and proposed instead that Denny return the bill noting its general departure from the instructions (previously laid before the House for its guidance) and urging passage of a bill the governor could sign Such a message was sent, and after a petty quarrel over its meaning and a review of earlier documents about the tax dispute, the Assembly adopted the Remonstrance printed below which its members, marching through the streets of Philadelphia (\u201cto Alarm everybody with the Sight and Occasion\u201d), delivered en masse to Denny on January 28.\nMay it please your Honour,\nThe Representatives of the Freemen of Pennsylvania, in General Assembly met, do hereby humbly remonstrate to your Honour,\nThat the Proprietaries professed Willingness to be taxed, mentioned by your Honour in your Message of Tuesday last, can be intended only to amuse and deceive their Superiors; since they have in their Instructions excepted all their Quitrents, located unimproved Lands, Purchase Money at Interest, and in short so much of their vast Estate, as to reduce their Tax, as far as appears to us, below that of a common Farmer or Tradesman.\nThat though the Proprietaries Instructions are by no Means Laws in this Province, we have so far complied with them, as to confine the Sum given to be raised in one Year. And had we complied with them in the other Particulars, the Raising any Thing near the Sum required by the present Exigencies of the Province, would be absolutely impossible.\nThat the apparent Necessity of so large a Sum for His Majesty\u2019s Service, and the Defence of this His Province, founded upon the Governor\u2019s own Estimate, has obliged us to an Effort beyond our Strength, being assured that Hundreds of Families must be distressed to pay this Tax.\nThat we have, in the due Exercise of our just Rights by the Royal and Provincial Charters, and the Laws of this Province, and as an English Representative Body, framed this Bill, consistent with those Rights.\nThat the Bill is agreeable to Justice and Equity with regard to the Proprietaries, and is not repugnant to the Laws of our Mother Country, but as nearly agreeable thereto as our different Circumstances will permit, nor is it contrary to any Royal Instruction whatever.\nThat great as the Sum is, and hard for this People to pay, we freely offer it to our Gracious King for His Service, and the Defence of this His Colony from His Majesty\u2019s Enemies.\nThat the Proprietaries refusing to permit us to grant Money to the Crown, in this Time of War and imminent Danger to the Province, unless we will consent thus to exempt their Estates from the Tax, we conceive to be injurious to the Interests of the Crown, and tyrannical with Regard to the People.\nThat we do farther humbly conceive, neither the Proprietaries, nor any other Power on Earth, ought to interfere between us and our Sovereign, either to modify or refuse our Free Gifts and Grants for His Majesty\u2019s Service.\nThat though the Governor may be under Obligations to the Proprietaries, we conceive he is under greater to the Crown, and to the People he is appointed to govern; to promote the Service of the former, preserve the Rights of the latter, and protect them from their cruel Enemies.\nWe do therefore, in the Name of our most Gracious Sovereign, and in Behalf of the distressed People we represent, unanimously DEMAND it of the Governor, as our Right, that he give his Assent to the Bill we now present him, for granting to His Majesty One Hundred Thousand Pounds for the Defence of this Province (and, as it is a Money Bill, without Alteration or Amendment, any Instructions whatsoever from the Proprietaries notwithstanding) as he will answer to the Crown for all the Consequences of his Refusal at his Peril.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "01-28-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0039", "content": "Title: Pennsylvania Assembly: Appointment of Franklin as Agent to Go to England, and His acceptance, [28 January 1757\u20133 February 1757]\nFrom: Pennsylvania Assembly\nTo: Franklin, Benjamin\nThe sequence of events resulting in the appointment of Franklin as agent to represent the Assembly in England in its disputes over the instruction on the taxation of proprietary estates and related grievances is indicated by the following extracts from the Assembly Journals. The Remonstrance of January 26 (see immediately above) was delivered to Governor Denny on the morning of the 28th; the House took his answer into consideration that afternoon and promptly adopted the resolution printed first below. The next morning it chose Speaker Norris and Franklin as its representatives. While they were considering the request, the Assembly, acting \u201cby special Order,\u201d passed a new \u00a3100,000 supply bill, exempting proprietary estates from taxation, February 3, and then called upon Norris and Franklin for their decisions. Then followed the actions which produced a momentous change in Franklin\u2019s career.\nResolved, N.C.D.\nThat a Commissioner, or Commissioners, be appointed to go Home to England, in Behalf of the People of this Province, to solicit a Removal of the Grievances we labour under by Reason of Proprietary Instructions, &c.\nResolved, N.C.D.\nThat Mr. Speaker, and Mr. Franklin, be requested to go Home to England, as Commissioners, to solicit the Removal of our Grievances, occasioned by Proprietary Instructions, &c. And being accordingly requested thereto by the House, they desired some Time to consider thereof.\n[February 3, 1757]\nMr. Speaker, and Mr. Franklin, being called upon by the House, to declare whether they would comply with the Request of the House in going Home to England, to solicit a Redress of our Grievances; \u2026\nMr. Franklin said, \u201cThat he esteemed the Nomination by the House to that Service as an high Honour, but that he thought, if the Speaker could be prevailed on to undertake it, his long Experience in our publick Affairs, and great Knowledge and Abilities, would render the Addition of another unnecessary: That he held himself however in the Disposition of the House, and was ready to go whenever they should think fit to require his Service.\u201d\nResolved,\nThat the unanimous Thanks of this House to Mr. Speaker, and Mr. Franklin, for their ready Compliance with the Request of the House, be entered on the Minutes.\nResolved,\nThat this House will make Provision for defraying the Expence that may attend their Voyage, and the Solicitation of the Affairs of the Province in England; and that Mr. Franklin do first go over.\nResolved,\nThat Benjamin Franklin, Esq; be, and he is hereby appointed Agent of this Province, to solicit and transact the Affairs thereof in Great-Britain.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "01-29-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0040", "content": "Title: Pennsylvania Assembly Committee: Report on the Easton Conference, 29 January 1757\nFrom: Pennsylvania Assembly Committee\nTo: \nThe serious charges of land fraud made at the Easton Indian Conference, November 1756, made certain that its minutes would receive careful attention. The Assembly asked for a copy, Nov. 24, 1756, and Governor Denny transmitted it a week later. On December 14, he appointed a Council committee to investigate the charges, and on Jan. 25, 1757, surveyor Nicholas Scull (above, I, 177 n), who had been present at the Walking Purchase confirmation of 1737, stated before the Council that the walk was \u201cfairly performed\u201d and he knew of no charges of fraud made at that time. Perhaps to counteract this statement, the four commissioners who had been present at the Easton conference made the report printed below, which the Assembly ordered printed along with the minutes of the conference. They were for sale in Philadelphia by March 10, 1757.\nJanuary 29, 1757\nWe the Committee appointed to attend the Governor at the Conferences with the Indians at Easton, in November last, have perused the Copy of those Conferences, drawn up and signed by the Secretary, and laid before the House;\nAnd as we apprehend it of Importance to the Province, that the Complaints made by the Indians, whether justly founded or not, should be fully represented, and their Sense of them understood, we think it necessary to observe to the House, that we conceive the Warmth and Earnestness with which they insisted on the Wrongs that had been done them in the Purchases of Land, are much too faintly expressed in this Account of the Conference. That we were not present at the palliating Hearsay Accounts of the Walking Purchase, said to be given the Governor by Mr. Weiser, and Mr. Peters, on the Fourteenth of November; tho, by the concluding Paragraphs under that Date, it may seem as if we were: But we well remember, that the Transaction of that Walk was at Easton universally given up as unfair, and not to be defended, even from the Accounts of some of our own People who were present at the Walking; even the Secretary, though he did say, that he believed Satisfaction was afterwards made the Indians, and that this was the only Instance in which any Foundation of Complaint had ever been given them, yet this he allowed was (in his own Words) unworthy of any Government. We would farther observe, that when Teedyuscung claimed the Lands, even those on which the Conferences were held, no Objection was made, that neither he, nor any with him, had any Right to them; nor did we ever understand his Reason for not accepting Satisfaction to be as represented in the second Paragraph under November 17, for that \u201cthe People to whom the Land belonged were absent;\u201d but for that many of them were absent, and those who were absent had not impowered him to act for them in that Matter; but he would endeavour to bring them in the Spring.\nThe Offer of the Commissioners to furnish the Means of making the Indians immediate Satisfaction, not being fully related, we think it necessary to add, that the Reasons we gave the Governor for that Offer, were, 1. The Absence and great Distance of the Proprietaries, who being the sole Purchasers of Land from the Indians in this Province, ought, if the Indians were injured in such Purchases, alone to make the Satisfaction; but their Agents here had not the necessary Powers. 2. For that Promises [such being proposed] of enquiring into Indian Complaints, and doing them Right hereafter, had been so often made in other Governments, and so little observed, we imagined they could be of no Weight, and would rather be looked upon as a Denial of Justice; and therefore, we thought it better, as their Demands are seldom very high, to make them immediate Reparation for the Injuries they supposed they had received, and we would furnish the Goods, and risk the Proprietaries repaying their Value to the Province. The Secretary then told us, that he thought our Proposal very considerate and well-judged; that he was sure the Proprietaries would think themselves obliged to us, and repay the Money with Thanks: The Offer was accordingly made, but not accepted for the Reasons abovementioned. We then waited upon the Governor in a Body, and acquainted his Honour, That as we had made the Offer in Behalf of the Province, not from an Opinion that the Province ought to be at such Expence, but from the apparent immediate Necessity of the Thing, and on Account of the Proprietaries Absence as aforesaid; so now, since the final Settlement of the Indians Claims was postponed to the Spring, and there would be sufficient Time to write to the Proprietaries, and obtain their Orders to their Agents for the Payment of such Sums as should be found necessary, we looked on ourselves and the Province as totally disengaged from that Offer, and expected that the Proprietaries would be wrote to accordingly.\nBenjamin Franklin,\nJoseph Fox,\nWilliam Masters,\nJohn Hughes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "01-31-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0042", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to William Strahan, 31 January 1757\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Strahan, William\nDear Sir,\nThe above is a Copy of my last I have now before me your Favour of Sept. 11 I shall not fail on every Occasion to recommend you to my Friends on the Book Account I wish I could give you any Hopes of soon receiving your Debt of J. Read Mr. Hall, no doubt, writes you more fully concerning him. It gives me great Pleasure to hear so good an Account of our Son Billy In Return, let me tell you, that our Daughter Sally in indeed a very good Girl, affectionate, dutiful and industrious, has one of the best Hearts, and tho\u2019 not a Wit, is for one of her Years, by no means deficient in Understanding. She already takes off part of her Mother\u2019s Family Cares. This must give you and Mrs. Strahan Pleasure: So that Account is partly ballanced.\nOur Assembly talk of sending me to England speedily Then look out sharp, and if a fat old Fellow should come to your Printing House and request a little Smouting, depend upon it, \u2019tis Your affectionate Friend and humble Servant\nB Franklin\nPS I enclose B. Mecom\u2019s first Bill for \u00a3100 Sterling the 2d and 3d sent before.\nMr. Strahan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0043", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Robert Charles, 1 February 1757\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Charles, Robert\nSir\nI receiv\u2019d your several Favours of August 14. Sept. 18 Sept. 22. and Oct. 16. By this Ship you will receive a Box containing sundry Copies of our last Years Votes, to which are added as you advised, the Accounts of the Expenditure of the \u00a355,000 and the subsequent \u00a330000 also the Papers relating to the Employing foreign Officers. There is also in the Box an authenticated Copy of our late Bill for granting \u00a3100,000 to the King\u2019s Use, and of the Vote appointing yourself and Mr. Patridge Agents, under the great Seal, with all the late Messages, &c. You will see in the Votes a Copy of the Proprietary Instructions in which a Money Bill is made for us by the Proprietary, sitting in his Closet at 1000 Leagues Distance. The Governor laid before us an Estimate of the necessary Expence for defending this Province one Year, amounting to \u00a3125,000. We knew our Inability to bear the raising so great a Sum in so short a time; We deducted the least necessary Articles and reduc\u2019d it to \u00a3100,000 which we granted, and sent up the Bill. Not that we thought this Province capable of Paying such a Tax yearly or anything like near it; but believing it necessary to exert ourselves at this Time in an extraordinary Manner to save the Country from total Ruin by the Enemy. The Governor, (to use his own polite Word) REJECTS it. Your English Kings I think are complaisant enough in such Cases to say, They will advise upon it. We have no Remedy here, but must obey the Instruction, by which we are so confin\u2019d as to the Time of Raising, the Property to be tax\u2019d, the Valuation of that Property and the Sum per Pound to be Tax\u2019d on the Valuation that tis demonstrably impossible by such a Law to raise one Quarter of the Money absolutely necessary to defend us. So \u00beths of our Troops must be disbanded and the Country exposed to the Mercy of our Enemies; rather than the least tittle of a Proprietary Instruction should be deviated from! I forbear to enlarge because the House have unanimously desired your Friend Mr. Norris and my self to go home immediately to assist their Agents in getting these Matters settled. He has not yet determined, but if he goes, you will by him be fully informed of every thing, and my going will not in my Opinion be necessary: If he declines it, I may possibly soon have the Pleasure of seeing you. I am, with great Respect, Sir, Your most obedient humble Servant\nB Franklin\nMr. Charles", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0044", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Richard Partridge, 1 February 1757\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Partridge, Richard\nSir\n[February 1, 1757]\nIt is long since I had any of your Favours. I should now have wrote you a long Letter, but that the House have desired the Speaker and myself to go immediately home in order to get our Differences with the Proprietaries Settled some way or other, and tis probable that one of us will soon have the Pleasure of seeing and conferring with you fully on all our Affairs. A Box goes in this Ship directed to Mr. Charles, in which are all our late Papers and your Appointment as Agent under the great Seal, &c. I am very respectfully, Sir, Your most humble Servant\nBF\nMr. Patridge", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "02-09-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0045", "content": "Title: Pennsylvania Assembly: Reply to the Governor, 9 February 1757\nFrom: Pennsylvania Assembly\nTo: Denny, William\nUnder the quartering act of Dec. 8, 1756, public-house keepers were required to accommodate soldiers billeted on them for 4d. per diem, a rate at which they lost money though they were subject to fines for refusing billets. They petitioned the Assembly for relief on Jan. 3, 1757, and eight days later Franklin and others were appointed to bring in a bill to render \u201cthe Burden of quartering Soldiers more equal on the Publick Houses of this Province.\u201d Reported on January 18, amended three days later, and passed on the 24th, the bill provided for an additional payment of 4d. per diem to innkeepers for each soldier quartered on them, to be sunk by a further tax of 2d. per gallon on all liquor sold at public houses in the province. On February 3 Governor Denny proposed five amendments, four of which the Assembly promptly agreed to. They sent the bill back to him, but Denny responded on the 7th with a message insisting that the tax be extended to all liquor sold in the province; otherwise the innkeepers, far from being relieved, would be further distressed by the loss of business caused by the discriminatory tax against them. Franklin and John Hughes drafted the reply printed below which was reported on February 8 and sent to Denny the next day.\nMay it please your Honour,\n[February 9, 1757]\nBy our late Law, extending several Sections of the Act of Parliament, intituled, \u201cAn Act for punishing Mutiny and Desertion, and for the better Payment of the Army and their Quarters,\u201d all the Publick-houses in this Province were subjected to the Billeting of Soldiers quartered within the same; and had the Circumstances of His Majesty\u2019s Service admitted of their being quartered equitably and proportionably on all those Houses, the Bill we presented to your Honour would not have appeared to us necessary. But since it has been thought fit, that the whole Number quartered in the Province, should be billeted in Philadelphia, and the Publick Housekeepers throughout the rest of the Province bear no Part of the Burden, this Bill was intended to render it more equal among them all; not to take it from them, and lay it upon the People, which would be the Case, should your Honour\u2019s proposed Amendment be acceded to; for if the Excise be made general, the Price must rise proportionally on the Commodity excised, and the Farmers and labouring People, who chiefly buy it of the Retailers, and consume it at their Harvests, and other Labour, must pay the Addition.\nBut the Publick-Housekeepers, who sell for the most Part by small Measure, and receive at the Rate of Ten Shillings per Gallon for Rum that perhaps costs them not more than Three Shillings, may, we think, afford to pay Two-pence a Gallon above the present general Excise of Four-pence, without any great Inconveniency; since the other Retailers, who are confined to sell by no less Measure than a Quart, cannot interfere with them in that most profitable Part of their Business.\nWe would beg Leave farther to observe, That at present the Soldiers billeted on the Publick-houses at Philadelphia, amount, on an Average, to about four for each House; and that the Expence of furnishing Quarters, and Necessaries in Quarters to each Man, at Four-pence per Diem, will in Three Months for four Men amount to Six Pounds; this the Publick-houses are at present supposed to be burdened with; but the Addition to their Excise, by the proposed Bill, would in few Instances exceed Thirty Shillings, and they would be repaid the Six Pounds. We conceive therefore, that the Payment of Thirty Shillings in a Year, could not occasion the Loss of a great Share of their Business, when the Payment or Expence of Six Pounds has no such Effect. And that dividing equally among the whole Number of Publick-houses, a Burden which at present lies wholly on a Part only, must, in the Nature of Things, make it lighter on that Part.\nWhether the Fund proposed will be sufficient, we cannot say, as both its Produce, and the Continuance of the Soldiers here, are uncertain. If it should fall short, a future additional Provision may be made, when it shall be thought necessary. We therefore offer the Bill again to the Governor for his Assent: If he shall, upon Consideration of the Reasons above given, think fit to wave his Amendment, the Bill may afford those People some immediate Relief: If not, Affairs of greater Importance will not at present admit of our spending more Time about it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0046", "content": "Title: Pennsylvania Assembly Committee: Report on the Governor\u2019s Message, [17 February 1757]\nFrom: Pennsylvania Assembly Committee\nTo: Denny, William\nThe supply bill passed by the Assembly and sent to Governor Denny on Feb. 3, 1757, differed in important respects from the rejected bill about which the House had remonstrated on January 26. It was framed as a supplement to the \u00a360,000 act of Nov. 27, 1755, and thus did exempt the proprietary estates from taxation, but it retained the four-year period for sinking the bills of credit to be emitted and the provision for Assembly-appointed commissioners to control expenditures, conditions contrary to Denny\u2019s instructions from the Proprietors. The new bill also changed the nature of the tax drastically; instead of the 20 percent levy on polls, unimproved lands, and income from trade and services as well as on the income from estates real and personal which in the rejected bill had been calculated to yield \u00a3100,000 in one year, the new measure simply added a 5 percent yearly tax on the income from real and personal estates, to be in effect for four years, to the 2 \u00bd percent annual tax of the 1755 act. To provide for immediate needs \u00a345,000 in new bills of credit were to be struck at once; these were to be retired in annual installments during the next four years out of the proceeds of the tax. On February 8, Denny appointed James Hamilton, John Mifflin, and Benjamin Chew of the Council to draft objections to the new bill, which were agreed to on February 11, and delivered to the Assembly the next day. Franklin and others were promptly appointed to draft a response, which they cast in the form of a report rather than a message to the governor. The Assembly made some unspecified changes and then approved it on the 17th as printed here.\n[February 17, 1757]\nIn Obedience to the Order of the House, we have considered his Honour\u2019s Message of Yesterday, refusing the Bill for granting One Hundred Thousand Pounds to His Majesty\u2019s Service; and as it appears to us, that Reasoning with the Governor can be of no possible Use, since though the House should convince his Judgment, they cannot change his Instructions, and by those he is determined invariably to adhere; we have chosen to throw our Remarks into the Form of a Report to the House, rather than that of a Message to his Honour. Not that we have any Thing to offer which the House is not already fully apprized of; but since the Message is probably intended to be read where the Motives on which the House have acted may not so well be known, it seems convenient they should at least be found on our Minutes, that all may judge of them, who are any way concerned in the Consequences.\nWe would therefore observe in general, that the Governor having before refused two Bills, one for granting Sixty Thousand Pounds, the other for granting One Hundred Thousand Pounds to the King\u2019s Use, for various Reasons unsatisfactory to the Assembly, the House, sincerely desirous to make an effectual Grant, chose to form the Bill in Question on the Plan of the Sixty Thousand Pound Act, passed by the late Governor, which, after a solemn Hearing before the Board of Trade in February last, had received the Royal Assent. By this Means they hoped to avoid all Objections and Difficulties, especially as the Proprietaries were not by the Bill to be taxed. The Bill is a Supplement to the last mentioned Sixty Thousand Pound Act, and in raising and disposing of the Hundred Thousand Pounds granted, the same Modes are to be pursued as by that Act are directed. But unfortunately the Governor, we find, is dissatisfied with that Act also, and most of his Objections are levelled against it.\nAs to the Governor\u2019s first Reason, viz. The Danger of depreciating our Currency, if Forty-five Thousand Pounds should be struck in Addition to it, to be sunk in four Years, we may observe, that the Governor is allowed by the twelfth Article of his Instructions to re-emit the Eighty Thousand Pounds, now current among us, with the Addition of Forty Thousand Pounds more, for sixteen Years, without any Provision against the Injuries the Estates of the Widows and Orphans might sustain thereby, or any great Solicitude for the Rise of Exchange upon Bills, provided the Proprietaries Quitrents are secured, by being made payable according to the Exchange between the Cities of Philadelphia and London, and that they have the Disposal of the Interest Money, as directed by this and the eleventh Instruction, which must be strictly complied with; on these Terms then, it seems, there is no Danger of depreciating the Money by an Addition of Forty Thousand Pounds, though no Part of that Sum, or the Eighty Thousand Pounds, were to be sunk in many Years to come. We would further observe, that in the Times mentioned by the Governor, when we had but Eighty Thousand Pounds current in Bills of Credit, there was current in the Province at least Four Hundred Thousand Pounds of Gold and Silver, most of which, with what has been yearly imported, is since drawn out of the Province for Payment of the Army at New-York and Halifax, and for Payment of our Debts to the Merchants in England; so that a Piece of Gold is now rarely received in Payment. In the mean time, the Produce of the Province, and its People, since that Eighty Thousand Pounds was first made current, are very greatly increased, and consequently the Demand for a Medium of Exchange encreased. The late Emissions have not in the least depreciated our Money, for Bills were sometimes higher when we had only Eighty Thousand Pounds current, than they have been at any Time since the new Emissions. And if those Emissions have, as the Governor supposes, prevented the Fall of Exchange, they have so far been of Advantage to his Majesty\u2019s Service, as the Government Bills have thereby fetched a better Price. In the last War we remember, the Crown lost vast Sums by the Fall of Exchange in America; occasioned by a Scarcity of Money, joined with a Plenty of Bills; and some who bought them up, when they had fallen from \u00a3165 to \u00a3125 Currency for One Hundred Pounds Sterling, may likewise remember, that they thereby made proportionable Profits. They may possibly desire now to have a like Opportunity. The Money pretended to be given to the Province, but unjustly withheld, is perhaps designed, with the late collected Quitrents, to purchase Bills when they shall be sold at the expected low Rate a Scarcity of Money may reduce them to; but we think His Majesty\u2019s Service is to be preferred to the private Advantage of the Proprietary, and a few of his Friends that trade in Exchanges. The House, however, would as carefully as possible guard against any Depreciation of the Currency. They therefore proposed to strike only Forty-five Thousand Pounds of the Hundred Thousand Pounds granted, and that to be sunk in four Years, one Fourth Part in each Year. Nor would they have chosen to strike any Bills at all, if Taxes of any Kind could possibly produce Money soon enough to answer the present Emergencies of the Government. If a Depreciation should happen, they are sensible they must suffer with others, and some of them more than many others: But when they considered, that within the present Year the following Sums are to be sunk and destroyed, viz.\nOf the \u00a380,000 one sixth Part, or\n  Of the \u00a355,000 one fourth Part, or\n  Of the \u00a330,000 one tenth Part, or\n  And if this Bill for 45,000 had passed, one fourth Part of that likewise,\n  In all,\nthey could not conceive there was the least Danger of a Depreciation, especially as more Soldiers were daily raising and arriving, and ten new Regiments are expected from England, which must necessarily occasion a still greater Plenty of Bills of Exchange, to be sold on Behalf of the Government. If the War should continue, they judged therefore that the Exchange could not rise; and though Peace should be suddenly restored, yet the necessary Sinking of all our Eighty Thousand Pounds Loan Money, all the Fifty-five Thousand Pounds, great Part of the Thirty Thousand Pounds, and all the proposed Forty-five Thousand Pounds, in the Terms of four, and at farthest six Years, would certainly prevent a Depreciation; therefore, in either Case, the Adding Forty-five Thousand Pounds only to our present Currency could not injure the Estates of Widows, Orphans, or any others. We are indeed surprized to find it so much as suggested, that striking a Sum for the Defence of the Province, and His Majesty\u2019s Service, to be sunk in four Years, may subject us to the Displeasure of Parliament; when it is so well known, that the Act of Parliament, made expresly to restrain the four New-England Colonies, in the Affair of Paper-Money, allows even those Colonies to strike any Sum they may find necessary for that Purpose, if they provide Funds to sink it in five Years; and the Lords of Trade gave it as one Reason for allowing our late Act to strike Fifty-five Thousand Pounds, \u201cthat we had provided to sink it in so short a Term as four Years.\u201d This proposed stricter Restraint, in a Time of such imminent Danger, appears to us, therefore, not only to be unreasonable in itself, but to be founded on no Law, Opinion, or Instruction whatever from our Mother Country.\nOn the Governor\u2019s second Reason, to wit, The Uncertainty of the Act to which this Bill is a Supplement, in the Mode directed for laying the Tax, and its Defect, in not obliging People to give an Account of their Estates upon Oath, &c. we shall only remark, that the Mode directed by that Act, is the same that has ever been used in this Province, and is what the Commissioners and Assessors are accustomed to, and well understand. The Injustice supposed, has not taken Place in the Execution of it; no one has complained of, or so much as apprehends such Injustice. The Assessors are upon Oath to tax all equally and justly; which they could not do, if they laid, as the Governor supposes they may, the Sixpence per Pound on the Capital Value of some Estates, and on the annual Income only of others. Defects there may possibly be in this Bill, and even to us there appears a very considerable one, to wit, that the Proprietary Estate is not taxed; but this we cannot amend if we would; others, when found, a subsequent Act may remedy. A perfectly equal Tax never yet was, nor perhaps ever will be laid in any Country by any Law: But in no Country, that we know of, are People put to their Oaths to make them confess and declare the full and true Value of their Estates. It is inconsistent with the Laws of the English Constitution, might be ruinous to some who at present live in good Credit, impracticable to others who do not keep clear Accounts, and inconvenient to all. The Officers are therefore to make the best Returns that they can by Enquiry or otherwise obtain, and the Assessors the best Judgment they can on those Returns. By this Bill the People may possibly be taxed unequally, with regard to their Estates; but by the Excise Act they must certainly be so; yet to the Excise Act the Governor has given his Assent, without the least Objection on Account of such Inequality, and even recommends further Excises in the Message under Consideration.\nThe Governor\u2019s third Objection is, That a Tax for four Years on Lands or personal Estates, \u201cis contrary to the Proprietary Instructions,\u201d which say, that he SHALL NOT give his Assent to any Act laying such a Tax for more than one Year. It is true the Instructions say that and more; they say the Governor SHALL NOT pass any Act to tax the Proprietary Quitrents, nor their located unimproved Lands, nor the Fines or Purchase Monies they have at Interest, which together make the Bulk of their Estate; nor shall he pass an Act to tax the located unimproved Lands of any other Person; nor to tax the Value of any other Estate, but the Rent or Interest of the Value only, and that at the low Rate of Three per Centum per Annum; nor on that Interest of Three per Cent. more than Four Shillings in the Pound. So that whatever the Necessities and Distress of the Province may be to raise Money for its Defence, his vast Estate in Quitrents, Money at Interest, and located unimproved Lands, are to be exempted, and shall not pay a Penny; and not only so, but the People themselves shall be hampered with new Restraints, and forbid to grant His Majesty what they find the present State of His Service, and the imminent Danger to the Colony, absolutely call for. If we may not lay a Tax for more than one Year, we can grant no more than one Year\u2019s Tax will produce. If this be indeed the Practice, Wisdom, and Policy of our Mother Country, whence arose its Debt of Eighty Millions? A Debt greater than all their Taxes can pay in many Years, tho\u2019, being rich, while we are poor, and just beginning to live, they have much more to tax than we have. Four Shillings in the Pound, on Three per Cent. will produce only the Hundred and Sixty-sixth Penny of the full Value of any Estate. Suppose Four Shillings in the Pound on Five per Cent. which is the Hundredth Penny, should be found absolutely necessary to secure the Province from His Majesty\u2019s Enemies; or suppose even the Fiftieth Penny necessary; must the Country be destroyed, and the whole be lost, rather than these Instructions be departed from? So it seems. For \u201cthe Governor\u2019s Honour and Interest may suffer if he breaks them.\u201d Thus, by the Proprietaries shackling their Governor with Instructions and penal Bonds, and not allowing him to use his own Judgment, or the Advice of his Assembly, on the most important Occasions, the People may be deprived of one of the most valuable Ends of Government, Protection, and the King\u2019s Province exposed to Destruction.\nThe Governor, by his Estimate laid before the House, required One Hundred and Twenty-seven Thousand Pounds, as necessary for the Service of the current Year. Let us endeavour to compute, by the best Lights we have, how much of this a Tax, laid conformable to the Proprietary Instructions, can possibly produce. All their Estate, except a Trifle, and all located unimproved Lands, to whomsoever belonging, are to be exempted. There remains then to be taxed, only the improved Lands, Houses, and personal Estates of the People. Now it is well known, from the Tax Books, that there are not in the Province more than 20,000 Houses, including those of the Towns, with those on Plantations. If these, with the improved Land annexed to them, and the personal Estate of those that inhabit them, are worth, one with another, Two Hundred and Fifty Pounds each, it may, we think, be reckoned their full Value; then multiply 20,000, the Number of Houses, by \u00a3250 the Value of each Estate, and the Produce is \u00a35,000,000 for the full Value of all our Estates, real and personal, the unimproved Lands excepted. Now Three per Cent. on Five Millions, is but One Hundred and Fifty Thousand Pounds; and Four Shillings in the Pound on One Hundred and Fifty Thousand Pounds, being but a fifth Part, is no more than Thirty Thousand Pounds: So that we ought to have near Seventeen Millions to produce, by such a Tax, One Hundred Thousand Pounds. If it be asked, how then we proposed to raise One Hundred Thousand Pounds in one Year by the Bill the Governor lately refused, it may be answered, That the Proprietary Estate was by that Bill to be taxed; and all located unimproved Lands were to be taxed; Polls were to be taxed; and the Produce of all Offices, Trades and Employments, were to be taxed, according to the usual Method of assessing them under the County Rate and Levy Act; and yet, with all these Helps, we were sure the Country must have been greatly distressed by that Tax, and that it would hardly have been possible to raise it within the Year. How then shall we make up the Deficiency, when the Tax we are allowed to lay can produce no more than Thirty Thousand Pounds? The Governor is pleased to say, \u201cby following the Example of our Neighbours in taxing Luxury, and laying Duties on such Things as may do the least Injury to Trade.\u201d Some of our Neighbours have indeed tried this Method; and what does it produce? The whole Produce of the Tax on the Luxuries of New-York, including the Duties on Wine, Rum, Brandy, and other distilled Liquors, Negroes, Cocoa and Dry Goods, from September 1, 1755, to September 1, 1756, amount to no more, as appears by their Votes now before us, than Three Thousand Two Hundred and Four Pounds, Nineteen Shillings and Two-pence; though that is an older Colony, and inhabited by People generally richer than ours, and almost all the Gold and Silver of the neighbouring Colonies has, within that Term, centered there, to support the Troops. Our chief Luxury, if it may be called a Luxury, is Rum, and that, with Wine, &c. is already taxed, and the Tax mortgaged for ten Years to come. This Colony is more remarkable for Industry and Frugality than for Luxury; and \u2019tis doubted whether, if all our Luxuries were abolished, and the full Price of them paid to the Treasury, it would produce any considerable Sum; much less must be produced by any Excise or Tax on them that they can bear. We may indeed create some new Offices and Officers, and embarrass Trade, or drive it from our Ports, but little Advantage can we expect to arise from such Taxes to the Publick.\nOn the Governor\u2019s fourth Reason, we shall only remark, that unimproved Lands near the Frontiers may indeed be diminished in Value, yet those within the Settlements must rise as the Inhabitants retire inward from the Enemy. The high Price those Lands are, and have been, kept at, has forced out of our Country ten times more of our People than have been driven away by the Enemy, and thereby greatly weakened the Colony. The Monopolizing Lands, therefore, to lie uncultivated for a Market, is a publick Injury; and besides that such Lands can well afford it, they ought to be well taxed to oblige the Owners to sell out, for the Publick Utility. But the Tax laid on them by the Bill is vastly too low, the valuation being confined between Five and Fifteen Pounds per Hundred Acres, when some of those Lands, being the first and choicest Pickings of every Indian Purchase, will actually now sell for near Three Hundred Pounds per Hundred, the War notwithstanding. And though those near the Frontier may be diminished in Value, they are however still of considerable Value, and whatever that is, they should be taxed for it. The Assessors will duly consider such Diminution of Value wherever they find it, and all other Land of the same Kind that holds its Price, should certainly not be exempted for the diminished Value of a Part only. \u2019Tis kind, however, in the Proprietaries to favour their Wholesale Chapmen, and encourage the Trade, by endeavouring to screen, with their own, the Purchases of their Favourites.\nThe Governor\u2019s fifth Reason against passing the Bill is, that the Act, to which it is a Supplement, refers to the Act for raising County Rates and Levies, and he conceives it unparliamentary for one Act to refer to another; but all the necessary Powers and Duties should be contained in the Body of the Act, independent of any other. Were it unparliamentary, as the Governor says, yet the Act he objects to has received the Royal Approbation, and is executed without the Inconvenience supposed, having been long in Use, and well understood by the Officers. It is but a few Weeks since the Governor himself was pleased to pass an Act for extending hither great Part of an Act of Parliament, by referring to the Clauses only, without requiring them to be inserted in the Bill: And we conceive it far from being unparliamentary, as there are many Instances of one Act of Parliament referring to another. But there being no Instruction in that Case, the Governor had then no Occasion for the Use of this Objection.\nOn the sixth Reason we must observe, that to make it appear something stronger, it is said, the whole Sum of One Hundred Thousand Pounds is to be paid into the Hands of the Trustees; whereas the Bill directs only Forty-five Thousand Pounds of it to come into their Hands, and that either before it is properly Money, being but printed Paper, unsigned, or when it ceases to be Money, and is only to be burnt and destroyed. And as it would probably be drawn out of their Hands almost as fast as it could be signed, no farther Security than they are under for the Eighty Thousand Pounds, by the Eighty Thousand Pound Act, was thought necessary. Fifty-five Thousand Pounds of the One Hundred Thousand Pounds never goes into the Trustees Hands at all, but is to be paid to the Treasurer as it arises from the Taxes, and by him issued in Discharge of the Commissioners Orders for the King\u2019s Service: The Treasurer therefore is to give an additional Security by the Bill. When the Forty-five Thousand Pounds comes to be sunk, the Trustees can never have much of it in their Hands at a Time, as a fourth Part of it is to be yearly sunk and destroyed. And the Securities they are already under were deemed fully sufficient, especially as great Part of the Money now under their Direction will be sunk before that comes to their Hands.\nThe Governor\u2019s seventh Objection is likewise against the Act that has been confirmed at Home; we shall therefore only mention what we are informed was the Practice on that Act. The former Governor did at first counter-sign some Orders, but found the Practice too troublesome to be continued. The Mode has since been, for the Governor and Commissioners to agree on the Service for which Money is necessary; then the most considerable Contracts are laid before him for his Approbation, and those Agreements and Approbations are entered on the Minutes. The Commissioners afterwards only settle Accounts, which is troublesome enough, and give Orders for the Payment, in Pursuance of such previous Agreements and Contracts. They would be glad if the Governor could be present at every Meeting of the Board, and assist in transacting the Business; but it would take up too much of his Time, and is therefore impracticable. And it would be useless to give him the Trouble of signing Orders, if he cannot spare Time to examine the Accounts on which the Orders are founded; especially as two of his Council have always been two of the Commissioners; and no Governor has complained that they have drawn Orders for improper Services.\nWhat are the many other Parts of the Bill which are contrary to the Instructions, his Honour has not been pleased to specify, nor is it material, since if every one of those Instructions is not observed, the Bill cannot be passed. In fine, as this necessary Bill is exactly conformable to the Act so lately allowed by the Crown, and which is now in Practice, without the Inconveniencies objected; the Want of Compliance with those Proprietary Instructions appears to your Committee the true and sole Reason of its not passing. The other Reasons, as we conceive, are only introduced to save That the Shame of standing alone, and on Examination appear to be not so much Reasons as Excuses. And we cannot but regret the Situation of a Governor who finds himself under the Necessity of making them, and pity the Counsellors who must approve of them. But much more are we the unhappy People of Pennsylvania to be pitied, who must perish by the Hand of the Enemy, or comply with Instructions, or rather Laws, made for us by ill-informed Proprietaries, at a Thousand Leagues Distance; Laws unsuitable to our Circumstances, impracticable in their Nature, or, if practicable, ineffectual.\nSubmitted by the Committee to the Correction of the House.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0047", "content": "Title: To Benjamin Franklin from the Earl of Loudoun, 20 February 1757\nFrom: Loudoun, John Campbell, 4th Earl of\nTo: Franklin, Benjamin\nSir\nNew York, February 20th, 1757.\nAs I have been informed by Mr. Colden, that You have been enquiring when the packet for England was to sail, in Order to Your Taking Your Passage in her, I have taken this Opportunity to acquaint You, that there will be another packet to sail as soon as I return from Philadelphia, which I suppose will be about the 25th. of March. And as I have several very material Things to settle for the Security of Back Settlements of the Southern Provinces, I shou\u2019d be extremely Glad if Your Affairs wou\u2019d permit Your putting off Your Departure till the second packet sails, as I know Your Presence will be of great Use in forwarding whatever shall be found necessary to be done.\nI am, &ca.\nBenjamin Franklin, Esqr. at Philadelphia.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "02-21-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0048", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Jane Mecom, 21 February 1757\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Mecom, Jane\nDear Sister,\nPhiladelphia, 21 February, 1757.\nI am glad to hear your son is got well home. I like your conclusion not to take a house for him till summer, and if he stays till his new letters arrive, perhaps it would not be amiss; for a good deal depends on the first appearance a man makes. As he will keep a bookseller\u2019s shop, with his printing-house, I don\u2019t know but it might be worth his while to set up at Cambridge.\nI enclose you some whisk seed; it is a kind of corn, good for creatures; it must be planted in hills, like Indian corn. The tops make the best thatch in the world; and of the same are made the whisks you use for velvet. Pray try if it will grow with you. I brought it from Virginia. Give some to Mr. Cooper, some to Mr. Bowdoin.\nLove to cousin Sally, and her spouse. I wish them and you much joy. Love to brother, &c.\nB. Franklin.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "02-22-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0050", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to William Parsons, 22 February 1757\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Parsons, William\nDear Friend\nPhilada. Feb. 22. 1757\nI thank you for the Intelligence from Fort Allen, relating to the Indians.\nThe Commissioners have not yet settled your Account, but I will press them to do it immediately.\nI have not yet heard from Mr. Stephenson but will write to him once more.\nAnd now, my dear old Friend, I am to take Leave of you, being order\u2019d home to England by the Assembly, to obtain some final Settlement of the Points that have occasioned so many unhappy Disputes. I assure you I go with the sincerest Desire of procuring Peace, and therein I know I shall have your Prayers for my Success. God bless you, and grant that at my Return I may find you well and happy. I am, as ever, Dear Friend, Yours affectionately\nB Franklin\nWilliam Parsons Esqr\n Endorsed: Feb: 1757 Mr. Franklin\u2019s Farewell Letter, mentioning his Acct. not being settled by the Comrs.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "03-03-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0052", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to the Earl of Loudoun, 3 March 1757\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Loudoun, John Campbell, 4th Earl of\nMy Lord,\nPhilada. March 3. 1757.\nI thank your Lordship for the Information you have been pleas\u2019d to favour me with, relating to the Sailing of the Pacquets.\nIt was intended that I should take Passage in the first; But I shall now wait your Lordship\u2019s Arrival here, that if in any thing I can be of Service, I may be ready to obey your Lordship\u2019s Commands; being, with the sincerest Respect and Attachment, My Lord, Your Lordship\u2019s most obedient and most humble Servant\nB Franklin\nEndorsed: Mr. Frankland Philadelphia March 3d 1757Rec March 6t", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "03-03-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0053", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Catharine Ray, 3 March 1757\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Ray, Catharine\nDear Katy,\nPhiladelphia, 3 March, 1757.\nBeing about to leave America for some time, I could not go without taking leave of my dear friend.\nI received your favor of the 8th of November, and am ashamed, that I have suffered it to remain so long unanswered, especially as now, through shortness of time, I cannot chat with you in any manner agreeably.\nI can only wish you well and happy, which I do most cordially. Present my best compliments to your good mamma, brother and sister Ward, and all your other sisters, the agreeable Misses Ward, Dr. Babcock and family, the charitable Misses Stanton, and, in short, to all that love me. I should have said all that love you, but that would be giving you too much trouble.\nAdieu, dear good girl, and believe me ever your affectionate friend,\nB. Franklin.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "03-11-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0055", "content": "Title: A Testimonial, 11 March 1757\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: \nJohn Gordon (1700\u20131778), a former Philadelphian now living near Princeton, N.J., managed to combine the trade of a bricklayer with the teaching of surveying and other mathematical arts. In the spring of 1757 he announced his intention of publishing by subscription a set of tables to assist \u201cMariners, Merchants, and Surveyors\u201d in their calculations. As a matter of timely importance he added that his work would also \u201cbe of great use to all Military Gentlemen in any Part of the World, in forming their Marches, or other important Schemes or Designs of an Army.\u201d To this announcement in the newspapers and to the prefatory statement in the book itself, when it appeared the next year, he appended a series of testimonials as to the utility of his tables. The first three of these endorsements are printed here, comprising the comments of two New Jersey surveyors and of one from Pennsylvania, and, perhaps inevitably, one by Franklin. It will be noticed, however, that the last of these wisely offered no personal judgment on the value of Gordon\u2019s tables\u2014a matter probably beyond Franklin\u2019s mathematical competence\u2014but merely endorsed the endorser just before him.\nNew-Jersey, March 8th, 1757.\nWe are of Opinion that if the above Tables were printed and published, they would be of great Use to the Public, in Measuring of Land and other Branches of the Mathematicks.\nJohn Lawrence,\nSurveyors.\nJonathan Hampton,\nI am of the above Opinion.\nNicholas Scull, Surveyor Gen. of Pennsylvania.\nPhiladelphia, March 11, 1757.\nThe above written Mr. Scull is well known to be one of the best Judges of these Matters in this Province, and therefore any Opinion of mine, or Certificate, is unnecessary after his.\nBenjamin Franklin, Post Master General.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "03-21-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0056", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to the Earl of Loudoun: Answers to Criticisms of the Supply Bill, [21 March 1757]\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Loudoun, John Campbell, 4th Earl of\nWhen news that Lord Loudoun intended to hold a council of war in Philadelphia reached there in mid-January 1757, it was apparent that he and his plans would have a powerful effect on local affairs. It was reported, for example, that Governor Denny \u201cproposes to lay Mr. F\u2019s Conduct before Lord Loudoun \u2026 [who] can and I hope will bring him to an Ecclaircissment on which it may be determined what further measures to take with him.\u201d The postponement of the conference from February 17 to March 15 delayed decisions still further; the Council gave Denny their unanimous opinion, March 5, that the supply bill \u201cshould be detained till Lord Loudoun\u2019s arrival, as something might be expected to be said by him on the Subject which might extricate the Governor and Assembly out of the Difficulties attending the passing Such a Bill.\u201d At the same time, Loudoun\u2019s request that the newly appointed Assembly agent not depart for England until after the general\u2019s visit to Philadelphia foreshadowed the important role Franklin was to play in the conferences.\nWord of the postponement did not reach the southern colonies in time to delay departures from them, so Governors Arthur Dobbs of North Carolina, Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia, and Horatio Sharpe of Maryland, and Col. George Washington, commander of the Virginia troops, waited in Philadelphia nearly a month for Loudoun\u2019s arrival. Col. John Hunter, money agent; Christopher Kilby, contractor for supplies; Edmund Atkin, the Southern Indian agent; Col. John Stanwix; the colonels of the Pennsylvania battalions; George Croghan; and the Rev. Michael Schlatter were also among the dignitaries who gathered to consult with Loudoun. He also talked with Israel Pemberton and other prominent Philadelphians as well as with provincial officials. The formal council of war with the four governors (including Denny) came to quick agreement on the support and disposition of military forces in the south for the 1757 campaign: Colonel Stanwix to command half a battalion of the Royal American Regiment and 1000 Pennsylvania provincials using Carlisle as his principal base; 1100 Virginia and Maryland troops to guard the frontier in those  provinces; and Lt. Col. Henry Bouquet to command half a battalion of Royal Americans and 1000 or more provincials in South Carolina to repel a rumored French attack there. Loudoun also dealt at length with such matters as officers\u2019 rank, supplies, and payment of troops.\nThough Franklin probably participated informally in this planning, Loudoun recorded conversations with him only about provincial affairs. On the first day he \u201cTalked over the Situation of this Country [Pennsylvania] and the Deplorable State it appears to be in\u201d with \u201cMr. Frankland,\u201d who \u201cpromises to do every thing in his Power.\u201d The same day Loudoun sought the advice of Governors Dobbs, Dinwiddie, and Sharpe in \u201cSetting Right the Affairs\u201d of Pennsylvania, and asked Denny \u201cto consider if any, or which of the Instructions [from the Proprietors on money bills] could be given up; and promised, on receiving the Governor\u2019s answer, he would ask the same of the Assembly, and endeavour to reconcile Matters, that there might be no longer Delay in raising the Sums necessary.\u201d After discussion in Council, Richard Peters and Benjamin Chew were appointed to \u201cdigest\u201d the concessions agreed upon. The document they prepared, entitled \u201cPropositions in Relation to the Money Bill now under the Consideration of the Governor of Pennsylvania,\u201d was submitted, amended, and approved on March 17. It dealt with eight objections to the bill, similar to, but not wholly identical with, the points raised in Denny\u2019s message of February 11 and rebutted by the Assembly committee\u2019s report of the 17th. On three or possibly four of these he was now willing to yield if necessary, but on the others he offered no concessions.\nMeanwhile Franklin had been added hastily to the Assembly committee appointed to deliver a congratulatory address to Loudoun, done March 16, to which the general replied politely, but warned that unless \u201call Animosities and Differences should be laid aside \u2026 they must not blame him\u201d for unwelcome consequences. The same day Loudoun also warned that obstructionists \u201cmust Stand in a bad light at home,\u201d and on the 18th he told Israel Pemberton that Indian affairs had been taken out of the hands of the several provinces \u201cand more so out of Private Societys,\u201d a pointed reference to the intrusion of the Quakers at recent Indian treaties. That evening, \u201cLord Loudoun, the Gentlemen Strangers in the Place, the Officers of the Royal Americans, and a Number of the principal Inhabitants of the Town, were genteelly entertained by the Corporation at the State-House.\u201d\nOn March 19, Loudoun recorded that \u201cwhilst Mr. Frankland and I were talking over talking over [sic] the Affairs in Dispute between the Governor and the Assembly in order to trie to bring them to an agreement which the Governor had desierd I might trie with Mr. Frankland[,] when[?] Dinwiddie Called and afterwards Mr. Denny both which were called on at Mr. Frankland\u2019s Desier and we went throu the dispute over the Bill. Neither of them[?] agreed in the Facts which the other aledged but Mr. Frankland was much more acquainted[?] with the Affair than the Governor.\u201d Probably at this time Loudoun showed to Franklin and Speaker Norris the Propositions approved by Denny and the Council on March 17 and a summary of the objections to the \u00a3100,000 supply bill and asked for a reply. Their answer is printed here from the original in Franklin\u2019s hand among Lord Loudoun\u2019s papers.\nA. The Assessors are yearly chosen by the People, and if there is any Complaint of unequal Taxation, (which there always will be in every Country) it does not with us lie against the Assessors as unjust and partial, so much as against the Concealment of Estates, and the imperfect Manner of obtaining a Knowledge of them, which is intended soon to be remedied. The Commissioners and Assessors who tax the People are oblig\u2019d, by a Law pass\u2019d in the 6th Year of the present Reign, to lay their Assessments and Accounts before the Justices and Grand Juries of the County Courts, which has accordingly been done ever since that Law passed: Yet no Complaints have ever to this Day been made to the Assembly by any of the Courts, of any Injustice in the Assessors. And it seems extraordinary that this Matter should at this Time be press\u2019d, by the Governor who is never tax\u2019d, and by the Proprietors who exempt themselves from Taxes, while the People, who alone are affected by any Inequality, are as easy as they generally are in any Country. The Assembly, however, have already determin\u2019d to prepare a particular Bill, to regulate the Assessing and Levying of Taxes; but they chose to make Use of the old Method in the present proposed Tax, not because they fully approved of it, but because the King\u2019s Service required an immediate Supply, and the Changing of established Modes, in a Matter so interesting as that of Taxation, would, as they had found by Experience in the Attempt made this present Session, take up much Time, and might fail at last. The Mode directed in the \u00a3100,000 Bill now before the Governor, is the same that has been used in this Province from the Beginning, and the same that is directed by the Act for granting \u00a360,000 pass\u2019d the last Year, is now practic\u2019d in the Execution of that Act, and all the Officers concerned are well acquainted with it. It seem\u2019d therefore the Method most eligible on the present Emergency, which is become so pressing, that a Compliance with the Proposal in the first Clause, tho\u2019 it should on Consideration be found reasonable, is now impracticable. The Bill expressly mentions, that the Tax is to be on all Estate both real and personal, the Proprietary Estate only excepted.\nB. The Committee for Disposing of the Money and Auditing the Accounts, are expresly named in the Bill, and two of them are of the Council.\nC. The Provincial Treasurer is required to give in a new Security by the present Bill; the Sum is also named in the Body of the Bill, to wit, \u00a35000 and as the People must not only pay the Tax, but make good any Deficiency however arising, there is no doubt but Assemblies will always be ready to make such Provision as shall be found necessary to secure the Money in the Hands of their Treasurer, by a particular Bill for that purpose.\nD. As the present Money Bill is form\u2019d, none of the Money can be issued without the Governor\u2019s Assent and Approbation, and it is in his Power at any time to regulate the Manner in which that Assent shall be signified.\nE. The Governors of this Province have always had the Disposal of all Presents to Indians, and the Choice of all Commissioners appointed to make Treaties with them. The Assemblies never claim\u2019d any Power of this kind. The Proprietaries are hereditary Governors of this Province; they have a noble Support in the Quit Rents; they ought therefore to govern the Province in person: But they live in England, make private Estate of the Quit Rents, and send Deputies to govern in their Stead. Their Deputies have also a Support, (which we have establish\u2019d by Law) in the Money arising from Licences, &c. suppos\u2019d to be near \u00a31000 Sterling per Annum. Thus we actually pay two Supports, and yet have not the full Benefit of one Governor: For the Proprietors live at a great Distance, and cannot readily be apply\u2019d to on any Emergency of Government, and their Deputy is so restrain\u2019d, as that he cannot use his own Judgment. When our Lieut. Governors were at Liberty to act as Governors, and to pass such Laws as they found for the Benefit of the People, they have always received from the Assembly additional Yearly Marks of the People\u2019s Gratitude and Respect. Above \u00a330,000 has been given by the Assemblies within these 30 Years, to Governors, out of the Funds which by Law the Assemblies had the sole Disposition of.\nF. The Assembly have great Respect for their present Governor, and if he would think fit himself to hear and answer their Complaints, it might probably be very agreable to the Assembly to have an Opportunity of laying them before him. But as there are some of his Council, who are suspected to be the Advisers of all the Measures, and even Procurers of the Instructions to be complain\u2019d of as Grievances; Men who are look\u2019d upon as Enemies to the House and to the People, attach\u2019d to the Proprietors by profitable Offices held during Pleasure, it seems as if it could answer no good End, but rather tend to continue and increase Contention, if the Council are to consider those Complaints and advise the Answers.\nG. The Naming of the Treasurer\u2019s Securities in the Body of the Bill, is unusual if not intirely new, and may be attended with Inconvenience: For if the Securities, after consenting to be nam\u2019d in the Bill, should change their Minds when the Law had pass\u2019d, the Treasurer could not act without a new Law naming others; unless those named were compell\u2019d under a Penalty to become Securities, which would seem extraordinary. If the Securities are such as the Governor has no Objection to on Account of Insufficiency it is all that appears to be necessary. And he is the sole Judge of their Sufficiency.\nEndorsed: Extracts and answers to Points Proposed to be amended in the Bill Receved from Mr Frankland at Philadelphia March 21t 1757 Rec. March 21t", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0057", "content": "Title: Provincial Commissioners: Order to Pay James Young, 23 March 1757\nFrom: Provincial Commissioners\nTo: Young, James\nTo the Trustees of the General Loan-Office.\nGentlemen, No. 1.\nPhilada. March 23, 1757\nTill the New Money to be struck by the One hundred Thousand Pound Act (this Day to be passed by the Governor and Assembly) comes into your Hands, the Governor and Commissioners request you to advance Three or Four Thousand Pounds, to be replaced by the first of the new Money; as that Sum is immediately wanted for the Publick Service. What you shall so advance to be paid to James Young, Esqr. Paymaster of the Provincial Forces.\nWilliam Denny\nJohn Mifflin\nB Franklin\nJon Hughes\nJos Fox\n\u00a33.000. 0. 0 pd. See Js. Youngs Receipt on the Other Side.\nPhilada. March 24th 1757 Recd of Charles Norris one of the Trustees of the General Loan Office the Sum of Three thousand pounds on Account of the within Order.\nJas. Young\nEndorsed: Govr. & Comrs Order, and James Youngs rect for \u00a33.000. 0. 0 paid March. 23d. 1757", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0059", "content": "Title: To Benjamin Franklin from John Hughes with Franklin\u2019s Receipt, [24 March 1757]\nFrom: Hughes, John,Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Franklin, Benjamin\nThe minutes of the Society of Arts (see above, VI, 186\u20139 n) for the meeting of Sept. 7, 1757, note that Franklin attended and read the extract of a letter from John Hughes printed as No. I below; that Franklin paid in the donation; and that the Society voted their thanks to Hughes for his gift and to Franklin for his trouble. The date on Franklin\u2019s autograph receipt to Hughes, printed as No. II below, suggests the probable date of the original letter.\nI\nI herewith put into your Hands Thirty two Dollars which I desire you to present to the Society you mentioned to me some time ago, and be pleased to let them know I commit it to their Direction to be laid out either for the good of Great Britain or America as they think proper.\nII\nReceiv\u2019d March 24. 1757 of Mr. John Hughes Thirty-two Dollars, being his Present to the Society for Promoting Arts and Manufactures; and Eight Dollars to be laid out in a Thermometer and Barometer, per me\nB Franklin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "03-29-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0060", "content": "Title: William Denny, Franklin, and the Provincial Commissioners: Order to Pay Lewis Ourry, 29 March 1757\nFrom: Denny, William,Franklin, Benjamin,Provincial Commissioners\nTo: Ourry, Lewis\nPer Week\nCol.\nPay to Lieut. Lewis Ourry, or Order, the Sum of Two Hundred and Forty-six Pounds Nine Shillings, being for the Discharge of the Quarters of 1 Col. 1 Lieut. Col. 1 Major, 7 Captains, 28 Subalterns, and 1 Surgeon, for 15 Weeks; 1 Capt. and 3 Lieuts. 17 Weeks; 2 Captains and 2 Lieuts. 3 Weeks, at the Rates in the Margin; it being according to Allowance made by the late Commissioners.\nLieut. Col.\nMajor\nCapts.\nSubalterns\nSurgeon\nJohn Baynton\nWilliam Denny\nJohn Mifflin\nB Franklin\nJon Hughes\nJos Fox\nWm: Masters\nJos. Galloway\nTo The Trustees of the General Loan Office of the Province of Pennsylvania", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "03-30-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0061", "content": "Title: Bill to the Proprietors, 30 March 1757\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: \nAn example of the extent to which Franklin had conducted his printing, stationery, and bookselling business on credit is the bill he rendered to the Proprietors, March 30, 1757, before leaving for England. It includes 97 items running from 1734 to 1745; except for three undated items at the end, none of these charges had been paid when the bill was presented. Twenty-eight of the entries were for advertisements in the Gazette; 26 were for printed forms of various sorts or for advertisements in quantities of several hundreds, apparently intended for distribution by hand; 17 were for paper, blank books, and other stationery supplies; 14 for books and pamphlets; 5 for binding or gilding of books; the rest were miscellaneous. Franklin subtracted from the total charge the three undated items for which Richard Hockley, the Penns\u2019 receiver general, had paid, and indicated the amount due as \u00a357 1s. 6d. He then wrote: \u201cMarch 30, 1757. Errors excepted per B Franklin.\u201d Below this is Thomas Penn\u2019s direction: \u201cI desire you will examine this account and if it does not appear by this Books that any of it has been paid that you will pay it as demanded and place to the account of charge. London December 4. 1758. Tho penn To Richard Hockley and Edmd Physick or to the Receiver General for the time being.\u201d Hockley\u2019s \u201cExamin\u2019d R H\u201d is opposite Franklin\u2019s total and Deborah Franklin\u2019s receipt is at the bottom of the page: \u201cReceivd July 30th. 1759 Fifty seven Pounds one Shilling and Six Pence in full Ballance of the above Account \u00a357 1. 6. D Franklin.\u201d Thus two years and four months after Franklin submitted this bill and twenty-five years after the first charges were incurred, Thomas Penn\u2019s agent finally paid what was due.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "03-30-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0062", "content": "Title: Philadelphia Post Office Record Book, 1757\u20131764\nFrom: Dunlap, William\nTo: \nWhen Franklin was preparing to leave for England his son William, who was going with him, resigned the Philadelphia postmastership, which he had held since June 1753 (see above, IV, 513). In his place Franklin appointed his wife\u2019s nephew-in-law William Dunlap (see above, V, 199 n, and below, p. 168), who had been a printer in Lancaster. Among the Franklin Papers is a paper-covered book of 174 pages (88 of them blank) which contains Dunlap\u2019s record of letters received in that Post Office from March 30, 1757, to Oct. 5, 1764. It is set up in the form prescribed for Book C in the instructions Franklin and Hunter prepared in 1753 for the local postmasters (see above, V, 172\u20134).\nDunlap fell far behind in settling his accounts and was removed from office in 1764, but, in spite of his financial unreliability, he kept this record of incoming mail faithfully and, it would seem, accurately. The detailed entries are not of sufficient general interest to justify printing the contents of the book in full, but an analysis of the records does provide a view of the postal system, with Philadelphia as a focal point, during these years after Franklin and Hunter had assumed the deputy postmaster generalship and had introduced reforms and improvements in the service.\nDunlap\u2019s records show that by 1757 a weekly post rider was setting out from Boston, usually on a Monday, carrying mail from that town and usually from others as far north as Portsmouth, N. H. Letters for Philadelphia normally arrived on a Wednesday, nine days after leaving Boston, together with other mail picked up at post offices in southern New England, New York, and New Jersey. Beginning in June this service was expanded to twice a week through the season of good weather, though the nine days usually required for delivery from Boston remained the same. On very rare occasions the trip took only eight days, but much more often, especially in the winter and early spring, it took as much as twelve to seventeen days. In such cases the schedule of later trips might be badly disrupted.\nBefore the establishment of the second weekly trip from New England through to Philadelphia and thereafter during the winter months when it was not running, a separate weekly service normally left New York on Thursday and arrived in Philadelphia on the following Saturday. The trip rarely took more than two days. Thus correspondents in these two cities and in New Jersey towns along the route could count on semi-weekly service throughout the year.\nBy contrast the service from the south to Philadelphia was highly erratic. Theoretically, mail left Williamsburg every two weeks, except in winter, and took ten days to reach Philadelphia; this was cut to nine days by 1762. By the time the mail arrived it might also include letters from Fredericksburg, Dumfries, Alexandria, and Annapolis. In the winter the service operated only once a month at best and took much longer, if indeed any mail came through from further south than Alexandria.\nComparison of this volume with Franklin\u2019s record book of 1748\u201352, when he was postmaster of Philadelphia (see above, II, 182\u20133), shows little change in the southern mail service but a distinct improvement in that from the north. Before Franklin and Hunter took charge of the entire system the northern post was on a weekly schedule during the favorable season of the year and a biweekly schedule during the winter. Now mail came in regularly from New York twice a week and from New England once, throughout the year, and beginning in 1762 the New England service during the best months was put on the same much improved basis as that from New York. Except when weather conditions intervened (or possibly illness of a post rider), these schedules were maintained with substantial regularity. While the methods of recording the quantity of mail differed enough between the two periods to make exact comparison difficult if not impossible, it is also clear that the amount of mail coming to Philadelphia had considerably increased with the growth in population and the increased frequency of the service.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "03-30-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0063", "content": "Title: Philadelphia Post Office Accounts, 1757\u20131764\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: \nIn addition to the Philadelphia Post Office Record Book described immediately above, there survives among Franklin\u2019s papers a series of loose sheets, mostly but not all in his hand, relating to William Dunlap\u2019s financial accounts, March 30, 1757, to July 11, 1764, and the operations of the Philadelphia Post Office during his tenure. The most important document is a balance sheet Franklin prepared from these and other records. It is reprinted here in full since it shows the gross business of this office during approximately seven and a quarter years. The other records on these sheets are described in footnotes but various arithmetical calculations used in preparing the entries are not specifically noticed.\nWilliam Dunlap Postmaster of Philadelphia\nDr.\nNo. 1\nTo the whole Amount of unpaid Letters received into his Office from March 30. 1757 to Oct. 29. 1763 viz. 368039 dwt: 16 gr. at 5d. Currency is\nTo undercharg\u2019d Letters 78 dwt. is\nNo. 2\nTo the whole Amount of Paid Letters sent by him to other Offices 15568 dwt: 8 at Do.\nTo the Postage of Way Letters receiv\u2019d by him 1452 dwt. at Do.\nNo. 3\nTo Postage of paid Letters from Aug. 18. 1763 to Oct. 6. omitted above 228 dwt: at Do. is\nCr.\nBy the amount of Dead Letters return\u2019d to the General Post Office 44201 Dwt. at 5d. is\n  By Letters overcharged 18780 Dwt. at 5d. is\n  By Letters forwarded 40273 Dwt. at 5d. is\n  By his Commissions at 10 per Cent on the net Proceeds \u00a35877 6s. 2d. is\n  By Cash paid Riders to Michaelmas 1763\nBallance\n[Dr.]\n  To the above Ballance\n  To Postage receiv\u2019d of Mr. Plowman for Letters sent to Baltimore Office\n  To Ballance of the 3 Quarters from Oct. 1763 to July 6. 1764\n[Cr]\nBy Cash paid Mrs. Franklin as per Account render\u2019d to Mr. Hunter, from April 7. 1757. to May 17. 1761\n  By Do. paid ditto at sundry times to Feb. 26. 1763\n  By Do. paid Ditto at sundry Times to July 11. 1764\n  By his Account for Mails and Bills\n  and\n  By Cash paid Hift, and Woolen a Gratuity from Postmaster General\n  Ballance", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0065", "content": "Title: Account of Expenses, 1757\u20131762\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: \n\u201cAccount of Expences of my Voyage to England Disbursements &c.1757\u201d\nAt the beginning of December 1757 Franklin set down in an account book his expenditures between April 1 and the time he sailed from New York and all the expenses he could remember since reaching England. Against the latter he entered his cash in hand and what he had received from his London banker and other sources and found that he had spent in England about \u00a334 for which he could not account. He continued to enter his expenses and again struck trial balances in the middle of December and January with somewhat better results. Thereafter he used this book to record sums paid out and other financial transactions without attempting to balance cash receipts with expenditures. The last dated entry is for Feb. 16, 1762, some six months before he sailed for home.\nFranklin was far from uniformly systematic in making entries in this book, and there are many demonstrable omissions. In May 1759 he examined a number of old \u201cAccounts, Receipts, Letters, and other Memoranda of prior Dates, and which ought to have been entred before,\u201d and dutifully if belatedly recorded what he found. From time to time he also recorded a good many bills of exchange he received from America, noting sometimes that he had turned them over to his banker for collection. He also occasionally used this little volume as a receipt book, writing out a formal acknowledgment that he had paid a certain sum for an indicated account and then getting his landlady, Mrs. Margaret Stevenson, his coachman, T. Bowman, or some other payee to sign the statement. Again he sometimes entered a memorandum that he had received or paid out money for some other persons\u2019 account for a particular purpose and that he, Franklin, was either debtor or creditor for a specified amount.\nFor all its mixed character and its limitations as a record, this account book is most useful in showing Franklin\u2019s monetary transactions during the years of his first agency in England. It can be determined, for example, that ocean passage and sea stores for himself, his son, and two Negro servants cost fifty guineas sterling, that he paid twelve guineas a month to hire a coach in London, and that Mrs. Stevenson charged him \u00a32 16s. a week for lodging and for the board of the two servants. His settlements with her indicate that she did a good deal of shopping for him, not only for household necessaries but also for goods to be sent back to Deborah and Sally or friends in America. It is not suprising to find that he bought a good many books and magazines, both for himself and for others, or that he ordered type and printer\u2019s supplies at various times for David Hall, James Parker, and Benjamin Mecom. His friend Isaac Norris sent him considerable sums of money to be invested in government stocks or annuities and he regularly credited the speaker with the interest as received. When in 1760 he received just under \u00a330,000 from the Exchequer in payment of the parliamentary grant of 1758 for provincial troops in British service, he entered a series of memoranda showing what expenses he had incurred in the business, how much he had turned over to the agent for the Lower Counties on Delaware as their share, and how he had invested the balance belonging to Pennsylvania.\nMany of the entries reflect transactions mentioned in his correspondence and they will be cited at appropriate points in this and later volumes. In 1931 George Simpson Eddy undertook to print the entire account book. He made an effort to rearrange the entries that were out of their chronological order and in some cases condensed the wording to save space. A careful check with the manuscript shows, however, that the printed text omits a substantial number of entries and that in a few instances Eddy confused two which he seems to have thought were repetitions of the same transaction. Citation, therefore, will be to both the manuscript and the printed version, the former to be referred to as \u201cAccount of Expences,\u201d and the latter by citing the volume and page of the Pennsylvania Magazine on which the entry appears.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0066", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Charles Norris, 2 April 1757\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Norris, Charles\nI.N.\nDear Sir\nSaturday Afternoon [April 2, 1757]\nThe enclos\u2019d Account was settled by the late Commissioners, on which there is due to me \u00a326 17s. 10d. It will oblige me, if without Inconvenience you can advance me the Money. The new Commissioners will at any time sign an Order for it; I am Yours affectionately\nB Franklin\nTo Charles Norris Esqr.\n[In the margin:]\nB Franklin\nWm. Franklin.\nAddressed: To / Chas Norris Esqr\nEndorsed: B Franklins request to pay \u00a327 17s. 10d. Comrs Order for Guns furnishd the Province. &c. April. 2d. 1757\nPer \u00a31000 Entered", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "04-03-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0067", "content": "Title: Receipt for Bills of Exchange, 3 April 1757\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: \nList of Bills of Exchange\nSterling\nScot & McMichael\nRichard Wilson\nAlexr Lothian\nReceiv\u2019d April 3. 1757 of the Trustees of the Loan Office, the above three Setts of Bills for Seven Hundred and fifty Pounds Sterling by Order of Assembly.\nB Franklin\n65 per Ct. Exchange\n Endorsed: Benjamin Franklin his Rect for \u00a3750 in Sterlg Recd in Bills of Excha. at 65 per Ct. Exchange \u00a31237. 10s. 0d. paid April 14th 1757 Entered in Trustees accot. in the Votes 1757.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0069", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to William Dunlap, 4 April 1757\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Dunlap, William\nMr. Dunlap\nPhilada. April 4. 1757\nI now appoint you Postmaster of Philadelphia, during our Absence, as it will be some present Employment for you till our Return; when I hope to put you in a better Way, if I find you diligent, careful and faithful.\nI would not have the Office remov\u2019d on any Account from my House during my Absence, without my Leave first obtained.\nAnd as Mrs. Franklin has had a great deal of Experience in the Management of the Post Office, I depend on your paying considerable Attention to her Advice in that Matter.\nAs I leave but little Money with Mrs. Franklin for the Support of the Family, and have [torn] all [torn] of the Post Office for the [torn] Absence, I expect and [torn] account with her for, and pay her, every Monday Morning, the Postage of the preceding Week, taking her Receipt for the same, and retaining only your Commissions of Ten per Cent. You should have a little Book for such Receipts.\nWishing you Health and Happiness I am, Your affectionate Uncle\nB Franklin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0071", "content": "Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Isaac Norris, 4 April 1757\nFrom: Norris, Isaac\nTo: Franklin, Benjamin\nMy Worthy Friend Benjamin Franklin,\nApril 4th. 1757\nThe interfering in those Weighty matters you are charged with, either by an Attempt to explain what you are fully Master of or to add any thing of my own not already contained in the Report of the committee or the Instructions of the House to yourself, would subject me justly to a censure I hope to avoid for if I had any thing material beyond those I would have offered it during the passage of the Instructions and whilst the Report of the committee was under the consideration of the Assembly, and yet I doubt not your prudence in the Application &c. we propose to make to the Proprieters if they can by any means be brought to understand their true Interests as it is and ought to be connected with the good of the People; I need not Inform you how often they have declared this Truth upon our Minutes nor how they explain away the Rights we claim under our Charters and tho\u2019 they do not say it themselves their Dependants declare Openly enough those Charters confirm to the people such Rights as are indeed necessary for a new Settlement but ought to be abridged upon the first favourable Occaision that Offers tho\u2019 it is apparent those Gentlemen have this Disposition too deeply rooted I fear to be Intirely eradicated, yet I own it would give me great pleasure that you use all your abilities in this Case and by all the condescention consistent with your good Judgment which I am well assured will preserve you from being decieved with false appearances or evasive Temporary Expedients and it will be a prudent precaution to be well with our Agents of which I make no doubt from the high Opinion of your knowledge and Experience in the publick Affairs of this Province. It will be a general advantage to America if any favourable Opportunity should present to obtain the Liberty of importing Iron to any Port of England, instead of confining it to the Port of London only. And as this is a general American Concern the Agents of the other Colonies will undoubtedly join if there should be any Prospect of Success which might be pretty well guessed at upon an Application to some of the leading Members of the House of Commons before we engage in any considerable Expence upon it, for it may well be expected the City will oppose such a Bill whenever it shall make its Appearance in Parliament.\nI have wrote on from the Inclination I have to take Leave and wish you a Prosperous Voyage rather than from any Apprehensions of the Necessity of giving either of us the Trouble of reading or writing a Long Letter upon a Subject you are so thoroughly apprized of. But if any Thing of importance should hereafter occur, you may expect to hear further from me as I Shall be pleased to have a Line or two whenever you have Leasure to communicate the Concerns of the Province, or your private Interests if I can be of any service to them; And in every Respect I sincerely wish you a successful Voyage. Your Assured Friend\nI N\nI have given you the trouble of two Letters which you will be pleasd to excuse.\n  Gave to BF at Fairhill on his way to N York.\n  See my Letter to BF April 7. 1757 Omitted here prius pag 69", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0072", "content": "Title: Israel Pemberton to John Fothergill, 4 April 1757\nFrom: Pemberton, Israel\nTo: Fothergill, John\nDear Friend\nAs I am sensible thou art well acquainted with Benja. Franklin\u2019s Character a recommendation of him seems unnecessary, yet as I would not be deficient in respect to him and am Sincerely desirous he may succeed in the important Service he is engag\u2019d in, I cannot but desire he may have some Share of thy Friendship and so far as his views and measures tend to the restoring peace and promoting the real Interest of Pensilvania I wish him all the assistance and hearty Concurrence thou and all my Friends can give him. Our meeting for Sufferings writes to yours by this Packet and I think of saying something to thy dear Brother. I am with true love and respect Thy real Friend\n Endorsed: 4. 4mo. 1757 To Jno: Fothergill by B Franklin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0073", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Deborah Franklin, 5 April 1757\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Franklin, Deborah\nFranklin and his son left Philadelphia on Monday, April 4, but they did not reach New York until the morning of the 8th. Then began a long period of frustrating delay until the packet on which they sailed weighed anchor off Sandy Hook on June 20. The movements of members of the Franklin family during this interval appear so confusing that a chronology may be useful.\nApril 4: Leave Philadelphia; arrive at Trenton \u201cwell before Night.\u201d\nApril 5: Leave Trenton; probably spend night at Brunswick; roads very bad.\nApril 6: Arrive at Woodbridge.\nApril 7: Arrive at Elizabeth Town; dine with Governor Belcher.\nApril 8: Arrive at New York in the morning.\nApril 8 to about May 7: Benjamin and William Franklin in New York. Deborah and Sally come to Woodbridge toward the end of this period. Loudoun records conversations with Franklin on April 9(?), 15, 25, 26, and 30.\nAbout May 8 to 11: Entire family with New York friends on \u201ca little excursion in the Jerseys,\u201d visiting Newark, Passaic Falls, and Colonel Schuyler\u2019s copper mines.\nMay 12 to about May 23: Benjamin and Deborah in Woodbridge; William and Sally in New York.\nMay 23 to June 4: Benjamin and William in New York. Sally returns to Woodbridge May 27, where she and Deborah apparently stay until about May 30 before returning to Philadelphia.\nJune 5 (Sunday morning): \u201cAt length we are going on board\u201d the packet General Wall. Lord Loudoun is also on a sloop going to Sandy Hook to join Admiral Hardy on the Sutherland.\nJune 5 to June 20: The convoy, including the packets, anchored off Sandy Hook, uncertain about the location of the French fleet.\nJune 20: The convoy sails from Sandy Hook.\nJune 23: Loudoun writes to the Duke of Cumberland from \u201cnear the Nantucket Shoals,\u201d probably sending the letter by the General Wall, which is soon detached from the convoy to sail direct to England, while Loudoun with other ships proceeds to Halifax.\nMy dear Child,\nTrenton, April 5. 1757\nWe found the Roads much better than we expected, and got here well before Night. My kind Friend Mr. Griffitts\u2019s Carriage appearing too weak in the Wheels, I have accepted Mr. Martin\u2019s obliging Offer, and take his Carriage forward from this Place, and he will return to Town in Mr. Griffitts\u2019s. About a Dozen of our Friends accompanied us quite hither, to see us out of the Province, and we spent a very agreable Evening together. I leave Home, and undertake this long Voyage more chearfully, as I can rely on your Prudence in the Management of my Affairs, and Education of my dear Child; and yet I cannot forbear once more recommending her to you with a Father\u2019s tenderest Concern. My Love to all. If the Roads do not prove worse, we may be at Woodbridge to night. I believe I did not see Mr. Dunlap when I came away, so as to take leave of him; my Love to him. Billy presents his Duty, and Love to all. I am, Your affectionate Husband\nB Franklin\nGive my hearty Thanks to Mr. Griffitts.\n Addressed: To / Mrs Franklin / Philada.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "04-07-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0075", "content": "Title: William Franklin to Elizabeth Graeme, 7 April 1757\nFrom: Franklin, William\nTo: Graeme, Elizabeth\nAt this time William Franklin appears to have been deeply in love with Elizabeth Graeme of Philadelphia. Seven of his letters written to her between his leaving Philadelphia with his father and their sailing from New York survive, and one written after they reached England. Those which give information about his father\u2019s movements and activities not found elsewhere will be printed in this edition.\nMy dearest Betsy\nElizabeth Town, April 7, 1757\nOur Horses are baiting, which gives me a few spare Moments. I seize them to let my Charmer know of my Welfare. We expected to have arriv\u2019d at New York Yesterday, but the extreme Badness of the Roads prevented our getting farther than Woodbridge. Our Chaise Horses tir\u2019d before we reached Brunswick, which oblig\u2019d us to leave them and the Carriage behind, and to come forward on Horseback. We shall, however, God willing, this Day reach the Place of Embarkation. Every Morning since our Departure has had a lowering Aspect, but before Noon the Clouds have dispers\u2019d, the Sun has shone, and the Remainder of the Day has prov\u2019d most delightfully agreeable. The Morning of our Love, my dear Betsy, has likewise been and is still overcast, threat\u2019ning a wrecking Storm; who knows but kind Heav\u2019n may graciously permit a chearing Sun to scatter these Clouds of Difficulties which hang over us, and afford a Noon and Evening of Life calm and serene. I trust our Conduct will be such as to deserve this Mark of Divine Goodness; may we not then reasonably [hope for?] its Accomplishment. Drawing [at least one line missing].\nI hope before I leave New York to hear of our dear Mamma\u2019s being in a fair Way of Recovery. She has my most cordial Prayers; and believe me my dear Betsy, there is Nothing I more sincerely wish than the Prosperity of every Branch of your good Family. Pray let me be respectfully remembered to them.\nAn Invitation from Govr. Belcher to Dinner, cuts me shorter than I intended. That every Blessing may attend you is the ardent Prayer of, Dear Betsy, Your most affectionate\nWm. Franklin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "04-11-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0076", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Joseph Galloway, 11 April 1757\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Galloway, Joseph\nDear Sir,\nNew York, April 11. 1757\nI received the Exemplifications of the Royal Grant, Charter and Commissions at Bristol, and by the Post Copies of the two \u00a3100,000 Bills under Seal, and a Copy of the Indian Trade Bill, with Amendments, all in good Order.\nI am sorry the Indian Trade Bill is lost; but it is some Advantage that the iniquitous Views of the Proprietor and his Creatures of the Council are so clearly discover\u2019d by their Conduct on this Occasion. The Spirit that makes them so ardently aim at the Disposition of Money not their own, is the same with that which inclines lesser Knaves to rob and pick Pockets. They seem to have no Regard to the Publick Welfare, so the private Point maybe gained. \u2019Tis like Firing a House to have an Opportunity of Stealing a Trencher.\nI wish Success to the Negociations with the Indians. Tis a good Sign that so many are come down. The next Post will probably find us here; pray favour me with any farther Intelligence concerning them or our other Publick Affairs, that comes to your Knowledge.\nI leave some Enemies in Pensilvania, who will take every Opportunity of injuring me in my Absence. However, as they are my Enemies, not on my own private Account but on that of the Publick, I seem to have some Right to ask the Care of my Friends, to watch \u2019em and guard my Reputation and Interest as much as may be from the Effects of their Malevolence. I chearfully leave my dearest Concerns under that Care, having no Reason to doubt the Continuance of the Friendships I have so long experienc\u2019d.\nYour kind Wishes demand my sincerest Thanks. I suppose Billy writes. I will not now take Leave of you, as I intend another Line or two per next Post. With great Esteem and Affection, I am, Dear Sir, Your most obedient and most humble Servant\nB Franklin\nThe List of Servants is not come.\nMr. Galloway\n Endorsed: Benja. Franklin\u2019s Letter April 11. 1747 [sic]. N York.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "04-11-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0077", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Samuel Hazard, 11 April 1757\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Hazard, Samuel\nSir\nPhilada. April 11th. 1757\nYour Absence when the Business was to be done for Mr. Greeme, prevented your seeing Messrs. Stevenson\u2019s Letter at that Time, or the Account that was afterwards carried to your House by my Son. I had however some Expectations that you would do what was desired of you by those Gentlemen, your Friends, and I readily did what seem\u2019d immediately necessary to serve Mr. Greeme, on sight, of their Letters to you, tho\u2019 I had no Knowledge either of him or them; and never have wrote a Line to him on the Affair: But your Refusal of that as well as of Kneeland\u2019s Orders, is sufficient, as you never assumed to be sure you are not oblig\u2019d to pay.\nThe Case seems to be different with respect to the Prizes, which you now speak of as out of date: In July 1755, when you promised to account with me for them if I would furnish Mr. Hesselus with Academy Tickets, they were as much out of Date as they are now: On that Promise, I immediately furnished those Tickets, and have ever since kept your Note and those Prizes together, to be ready for a Settlement, whenever you should call on me for that Purpose: As to the Billet you mention to be \u201csent by me (after yours) signifying my Intentions to return the Tickets to Virginia, in consequence of which you settled with the Trustees of the College &c.\u201d I think it must be an absolute Mistake, and that I never sent you any such Billet: For why should I return the Tickets to Virginia, when they had (on your promise to allow the Prizes) been received by me as pay for the Academy Tickets I furnished to Mr. Hessilus; and therefore ought to be produced by me at our Settlement, in which you said you would account with me for them, i.e. in our Settlement for the Tickets I had of you: In short, I always expected that whatever Prizes were in the Tickets bought of you, would be allowed, when the Money for the Tickets was demanded; and it seems to me, that my delaying to make my Demand of the Prize Money till you should make your Demand of the Ticket Money ought not to deprive me of my Right, any more than your Delaying till this Time to make your Demand ought to deprive you of yours: And indeed, as the Prize Money did not amount to more than I owed for the Tickets, it did not seem necessary that I should demand Payment of my Prizes, they being already paid by Money in my Hands.\nIf I did not pay for the two Tickets you mention to have sold me besides the 6, they must now be paid for; I submit that to your Books.\nI thank you for your good Wishes, and am glad to hear your Affairs are near being compleated, being Sir Your very humble Servant\nB Franklin\n  To Mr. Saml. HazardCopy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "04-14-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0079", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Alexander Garden, 14 April 1757\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Garden, Alexander\nDr. Garden\nSir\nNew York, April 14 1757\nI am here waiting the Departure of the Pacquet in which I am about to embark for London, and by that means have Leisure to write a little to my Friends, which the distracted State of our Province, and the Hurry of Affairs I have been engag\u2019d in, for some time prevented. I wish now that I had brought some of your ingenious Letters with me, that I might have consider\u2019d them fully: particularly what relates to the Element of Fire, and the Quantity receiv\u2019d by the Earth from the Sun, &c. I have touch\u2019d a little on this Subject of Fire, in mine of this Date to Dr. Lining, to which I beg Leave to refer you. But Fire is full of Wonders, and as yet we know little of its Nature.\nI forwarded your Pacquet and Letter to Mr. Clayton as desired, and free of Charge to him. I purpose, God willing, to return from England by way of Carolina, when I promise myself the Pleasure of seeing and conversing with your Friends in Charlestown.\nCol. Bouquet, who does me the favour to deliver this to you, is a Gentleman whose Conversation you must be pleas\u2019d with, and I am sure a Stranger, of Learning, Ingenuity and Politeness will not fail of your Civilities. I therefore only take the Liberty of Introducing him to you, and leave the rest to your self.\nI am, with great Esteem and Respect, Sir Your most obedient humble Servant\nB Franklin\n[In margin in BF\u2019s hand:] Dr. Lining and Garden Col. Bouquet.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "04-14-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0080", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to John Lining, 14 April 1757\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Lining, John\nSir,\nNew-York, April 14. 1757.\nIt is a long Time since I had the Pleasure of a Line from you. And indeed the Troubles of our Country, with the Hurry of Business, I have been engag\u2019d in on that Account, have made me so bad a Correspondent, that I ought not to expect Punctuality in others.\nBut being just taking Passage for England, I could not leave the Continent, without paying my Respects to you, and at the same Time taking Leave to introduce to your Acquaintance a Gentleman of Learning and Merit, Col. Henry Bouquet, who does me the Favour to present you this Letter, and with whom I am sure you will be much pleased.\nMr. Professor Simpson of Glasgow, lately communicated to me some curious Experiments of a Physician of his Acquaintance, by which it appeared that an extraordinary Degree of Cold, even to Freezing, might be produced by Evaporation. I have not had Leisure to repeat and examine more than the first and easiest of them, viz. Wet the Ball of a Thermometer by a Feather dipt in Spirit of Wine, which has been kept in the same Room, and has of Course the same Degree of Heat or Cold. The Mercury sinks presently 3 or 4 Degrees, and the quicker if during the Evaporation you blow on the Ball with Bellows; a second Wetting and Blowing when the Mercury is down, carries it yet lower. I think I did not get it lower than 5 or 6 Degrees from where it naturally stood, which was at that time 60. But it is said, that a Vessel of Water being plac\u2019d in another somewhat larger containing Spirit, in such a Manner that the Vessel of Water is surrounded with the Spirit, and both plac\u2019d under the Receiver of an Air-pump, on Exhausting the Air, the Spirit evaporating leaves such a Degree of Cold as to freeze the Water, tho\u2019 the Thermometer in the open Air stands many Degrees above the Freezing Point.\n  I know not how this Phenomenon is to be accounted for, but it gives me Occasion to mention some loose Notions relating to Heat and Cold, which I have for some Time entertain\u2019d, but not yet reduc\u2019d into any Form. Allowing common Fire as well as the Electrical, to be a Fluid, capable of permeating other Bodies, and seeking an Equilibrium, I imagine some Bodies are better fitted by Nature to be Conductors of that Fluid than others; and that generally those which are the best Conductors of the Electrical Fluid, are also the best Conductors of this; and e contra. Thus a Body which is a good Conductor of Fire readily receives it into its Substance, and conducts it thro\u2019 the Whole to all the Parts; as Metals and Water do; and if two Bodies, both good Conductors, one heated, the other in its common State, are brought into Contact with each other, the Body which has most Fire, readily communicates of it to that which had least; and that which had least readily receives it, till an Equilibrium is produced. Thus, if you take a Dollar between your Fingers with one Hand, and a Piece of Wood of the same Dimensions with the other, and bring both at the same Time to the Flame of a Candle, you will find yourself obliged to drop the Dollar before you drop the Wood, because it conducts the Heat of the Candle sooner to your Flesh. Thus, if a Silver Teapot had a Handle of the same Metal, it would conduct the Heat from the Water to the Hand, and become too hot to be used; we therefore give to a Metal Teapot a Handle of Wood, which is not so good a Conductor as Metal. But a China or Stone Teapot being in some Degree of the Nature of Glass, which is not a good Conductor of Heat, may have a Handle of the same Stuff. Thus also a damp moist Air shall make a Man more sensible of Cold, or chill him more than a dry Air that is colder, because a moist Air is fitter to receive and conduct away the Heat of his Body. This Fluid entring Bodies in great Quantity, first expands them by separating their Parts a little, afterwards by farther separating their Parts, it renders solids fluid, and at length dissipates their Parts in Air. Take this Fluid from melted Lead, or from Water, the Parts cohere again, the first grows solid, the latter becomes Ice. And this is soonest done by the Means of good Conductors. Thus, if you take (as I have done) a square Bar of Lead, 4 Inches long, and 1 Inch thick, together with 3 Pieces of Wood planed to the same Dimensions, and lay them as in the Margin, on a smooth Board, fix\u2019d so as not to be easily separated or moved, and pour into the square Cavity they form as much melted Lead as will fill it, you will see the melted Lead chill and become firm on the Side next the Leaden Bar, some Time before it chills on the other three Sides in Contact with the Wooden Bars; tho\u2019 before the Lead was poured in, they might all be supposed to have the same Degree of Heat or Coldness, as they had been exposed in the same Room to the same Air. You will likewise observe, that the leaden Bar, as it has cooled the melted Lead more than the wooden Bars have done, so it is itself more heated by the melted Lead. There is a certain Quantity of this Fluid, called Fire, in every living human Body, which Fluid, being in due Proportion, keeps the Parts of the Flesh and Blood at such a just Distance from each other, as that the Flesh and Nerves are suple, and the Blood fit for Circulation. If Part of this due Proportion of Fire be conducted away by Means of a Contact with other Bodies, as Air, Water, or Metals, the Parts of our Skin and Flesh that come into such Contact, first draw more near together than is agreeable, and give that Sensation which we call Cold, and if too much be conveyed away, the Body stiffens, the Blood ceases to flow, and Death ensues. On the other Hand, if too much of this Fluid be communicated to the Flesh, the Parts are separated too far, and Pain ensues as when they are separated by a Pin or Lancet. The Sensation that the Separation by Fire occasions, we call Heat, or Burning. My Desk, on which I now write, and the Lock of my Desk, are both expos\u2019d to the same Temperature of the Air, and have therefore the same Degree of Heat and Cold; yet if I lay my Hand successively on the Wood and on the Metal, the latter feels much the Coldest; not that it is really so, but being a better Conductor, it more readily than the Wood takes away and draws into it self the Fire that was in my Skin. Accordingly, if I lay one Hand, Part on the Lock, and Part on the Wood, and after it has lain so some Time I feel both Parts with my other Hand, I find the Part that has been in Contact with the Lock, very sensibly colder to the Touch than the Part that lay on the Wood. How a living Animal obtains its Quantity of this Fluid called Fire, is a curious Question. I have shown that some Bodies (as Metals) have a Power of Attracting it stronger than others, and I have sometimes suspected that a living Body had some Power of Attracting out of the Air or other Bodies the Heat it wanted. Thus Metal hammer\u2019d or repeatedly bent, grows hot in the bent or hammered Part. But when I consider\u2019d that Air in contact with the Body cools it; that the surrounding Air is rather heated by its Contact with the Body; that every Breath of cooler Air drawn in, carries off Part of the Body\u2019s Heat when it passes out again: That therefore there must be in the Body a Fund for producing it, or otherwise the Animal would soon grow cold: I have been rather enclin\u2019d to think that the Fluid, Fire, as well as the Fluid, Air, is attracted by Plants in their Growth, and becomes consolidated with the other Materials of which they are formed, and makes a great Part of their Substance. That when they come to be digested, and to suffer in the Vessels a Kind of Fermentation, Part of the Fire as well as Part of the Air, recovers its fluid Active State again, and diffuses itself in the Body digesting and separating it. That the Fire so reproduc\u2019d by Digestion and Separation, continually leaving the Body, its Place is supply\u2019d by fresh Quantities arising from the continual Separation. That whatever quickens the Motion of the Fluids in an Animal, quickens the Separation, and reproduces more of the Fire, as Exercise. That all the Fire emitted by Wood and other Combustibles when burning, existed in them before in a solid State, being only discovered when separating. That some Fossils, as Sulphur, Seacoal, &c. contain a great deal of solid Fire; that Gunpowder is almost all solid Fire: And that, in short, what escapes and is dissipated in the Burning of Bodies, besides Water and Earth, is generally the Air and Fire that before made Parts of the solid. Thus I imagin that Animal Heat arises by or from a Kind of Fermentation in the Juices of the Body, in the same Manner as Heat arises in the Liquors preparing for Distillation; wherein there is a Separation of the spirituous from the watry and earthy Parts. And it is remarkable, that the Liquor in a Distiller\u2019s Vat, when in its highest and best State of Fermentation, shows by the Thermometer, as I have been informed, the same Degree of Heat with the human Body, that is about 94 or 96. Thus, as by a constant Supply of Fuel in a Chimney, you keep a warm Room, so by a constant Supply of Food in the Stomach, you keep a warm Body. Only where little Exercise is used, the Heat may possibly be conducted away too fast, in which Case such Materials are to be used for Cloathing and Bedding, against the Effect of an immediate Contact of the Air, as are in themselves bad Conductors of Heat, and consequently prevent its being communicated thro\u2019 their Substance to the Air. Hence what is called Warmth in Wool, and its Preference on that Account to Linen; Wool not being so good a Conductor. And hence all the natural Coverings of Animals to keep them warm, are such, as retain and confine the natural Heat in the Body, by being bad Conductors; such as Wool, Hair, Feathers, and the Silk by which the Silk-worm in its tender embrio State is first cloathed. Cloathing, thus considered, does not make a Man warm, by giving Warmth, but by preventing the too quick Dissipation of the Heat produc\u2019d in his Body, and so occasioning an Accumulation.\nThere is another curious Question I will just venture to touch upon, viz. Whence arises the sudden extraordinary Degree of Cold, perceptible on mixing some Chymical Liquors, and even on mixing Salt and Snow, where the Composition appears colder than the coldest of the Ingredients? I have never seen the chymical Mixtures made, but Salt and Snow I have often mixed myself, and am fully satisfied that the Composition feels much colder to the Touch, and lowers the Mercury in the Thermometer more than either Ingredient would do separately. I suppose with others, that Cold is nothing more than an Absence of Heat or Fire. Now if the Quantity of Fire before contain\u2019d or diffus\u2019d in the Snow and Salt, was expell\u2019d in the Uniting of the two Matters, it must be driven away either thro\u2019 the Air or the Vessel containing them. If it is driven off thro\u2019 the Air, it must warm the Air, and a Thermometer held over the Mixture without touching it, would discover the Heat by the Rising of the Mercury, as it must and always does in warmer Air. This indeed I have not try\u2019d; but I should guess it would rather be driven off thro\u2019 the Vessel, especially if the Vessel be Metal, as being a better Conductor than Air, and so one should find the Bason warmer after such Mixture. But on the contrary the Vessel grows cold, and even Water in which the Vessel is sometimes plac\u2019d for the Experiment, freezes into hard Ice on the Bason. Now I know not how to account for this otherwise than by supposing, that the Composition is a better Conductor of Fire than the Ingredients separately, and like the Lock compar\u2019d with the Wood, has a stronger Power of Attracting Fire, and does accordingly attract it suddenly from the Fingers or a Thermometer put into it, from the Bason that contains it, and from the Water in contact with the Outside of the Bason, so that the Fingers have the Sensation of extream Cold, by being depriv\u2019d of much of their natural Fire; the Thermometer sinks, by having part of its Fire drawn out of the Mercury; the Bason grows colder to the Touch, as by having its Fire drawn into the Mixture, it is become more capable of drawing and receiving it from the Hand; and thro\u2019 the Bason the Water loses its Fire that kept it fluid, so it becomes Ice. One would expect, That from all this attracted Acquisition of Fire to the Composition, it should become warmer; and in fact, the Snow and Salt dissolves at the same Time into Water without freezing.\nI doubt whether in all this I have talked intelligibly; and indeed how should a Man do so, that does not himself clearly understand the Thing he talks of. This I confess to be my present Case. I intended to amuse you, but I fear I have done more, and tired you. Be so good as to excuse it, and believe me, with sincere Esteem and Respect, Sir, Your most obedient humble Servant\nB Franklin\n Endorsed in Stiles\u2019 hand: Copy Mr. Franklin\u2019s Letter to Dr. Lining. Apr. 14. 1757", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "04-19-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0081", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Jane Mecom, 19 April 1757\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Mecom, Jane\nDear Sister\nNew York, April 19. 1757\nI wrote a few Lines to you yesterday, but omitted to answer yours relating to Sister Douse: As having their own Way, is one of the greatest Comforts of Life, to old People, I think their Friends should endeavour to accommodate them in that, as well as in any thing else. When they have long liv\u2019d in a House, it becomes natural to them, they are almost as closely connected with it as the Tortoise with his Shell, they die if you tear them out of it. Old Folks and old Trees, if you remove them, tis ten to one that you kill them. So let our good old Sister be no more importun\u2019d on that head. We are growing old fast ourselves, and shall expect the same kind of Indulgencies. If we give them, we shall have a Right to receive them in our Turn.\nAnd as to her few fine Things, I think she is in the right not to sell them, and for the Reason she gives, that they will fetch but little. When that little is spent, they would be of no farther use to her; but perhaps the Expectation of Possessing them at her Death, may make that Person tender and careful of her, and helpful to her, to the amount of ten times their Value. If so, they are put to the best Use they possibly can be.\nI hope you visit Sister as often as your Affairs will permit, and afford her what Assistance and Comfort you can, in her present Situation. Old Age, Infirmities, and Poverty, join\u2019d, are Afflictions enough; the Neglect and Slight of Friends and near Relations, should never be added. People in her Circumstances are apt to suspect this sometimes without Cause; Appearances should therefore be attended to, in our Conduct towards them, as well as Realities.\nI write by this Post to Cousin Williams, to continue his Care, which I doubt not he will do.\nWe expect to sail in about a Week, so that I can hardly hear from you again on this Side the Water. But let me have a Line from you now and then while I am in London. I expect to stay there at least a 12 month. Direct your Letters to be left for me at the Pensilvania Coffee House in Birchin Lane London. My Love to all, from Dear Sister, Your affectionate Brother\nB Franklin\nPS. April 25. We are still here, and perhaps may be here a Week longer, Once more Adieu my dear Sister.\nAddressed: To / Mrs Jane Mecom / at / Boston / Free / B Franklin\nEndorsed: Old Trees &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "04-22-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0082", "content": "Title: Commission to James Parker as Comptroller of the Post Office, 22 April 1757\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Parker, James\nSometime after their appointment as joint deputy postmasters general in 1753 Franklin and Hunter had made William Franklin comptroller of the North American postal service, in addition to being postmaster of Philadelphia. The exact duties which they assigned to him in this position are not known since his commission and instructions have not been found. It is clear, however, that the comptroller was expected to assist the joint heads of the system in general oversight and probably had special responsibility for receiving and checking the reports and accounts of the local postmasters. With both Franklins about to leave America for England and with Hunter already there, it now became necessary to appoint someone to take direct charge of the service, and to give him substantial authority to act on behalf of the deputy postmasters general. For this responsible position Franklin chose his former employee and later partner James Parker, printer in New York and Woodbridge, N.J., and issued the commission and instructions printed here and in the next document. It was a happy choice; Parker was not only an able printer but, as events were to prove, an efficient administrator. The colonial postal system prospered under his control.\nBenjamin Franklin and William Hunter Esquires,\n  His Majesty\u2019s Deputy Post-master General of all His Majesty\u2019s Dominions on the Continent of North America\nTo all to whom these Presents shall come, Greeting. Know ye, that we the said Benjamin Franklin and William Hunter, reposing special Trust and Confidence in James Parker, of Woodbridge in New Jersey, Gentleman, and having received good Testimony of his Fidelity and Loyalty to His Majesty, and of his Ability and Sufficiency to execute the Office and Duties required of a Comptroller of the General Post Office, manage and better regulate the Posts on the Continent in North America, his Inclination and Capacity to improve and advance his Majesty\u2019s Revenues therein [crossed out: and his Skill and Exactness in Accompts,] do by these Presents nominate and appoint him our Agent and Comptroller with full Power to transact, do and perform such Matters and Things for us and in our Name and Behalf, relating to the Management of the General Post Office on the Continent of North America, as we have given or shall give him in Charge, by our Instructions in Writing, and particularly to demand, receive, examine, correct, and allow, the Monthly Bills called Comptroller\u2019s Bills, and the Quarterly and General Accounts of the several Deputy Postmasters in every Province relating to the Postage of Letters; and to demand, recover, and receive, for us, the Ballances from such Accounts arising, and proper Discharges thereupon to give, and to do and perform every other Matter and Thing that to the Office and Duty of an Agent and Comptroller of the General Post Office doth or may appertain for and during such time as our present Comptroller William Franklin shall be absent from America, or until another shall be appointed by us to the same Office, Hereby strictly charging and requiring all Officers and others employed in and about the Posts already settled in any Part of his Majesty\u2019s said Provinces and Dominions in North America, or in Relation to the Revenue arising by the Post of Letters there, from time to time to give an Account of their Doings and Transactions therein to the said James Parker, and to observe and obey his Orders and Directions in Relation to their respective Offices, Trusts and Employments. And the better to enable the said James Parker to execute the Office and Trust reposed in him, we do hereby delegate unto him, in case of our Absence from the Continent of America, all our Power and Authority, to appoint Deputy Postmasters for the better managing and ordering the said Posts, in North America, and for collecting and improving the Revenue arising thereby, granting him full Power and Authority, so far as by Law we may, to suspend, remove or displace such Deputies and all and every other Person or Persons whatsoever, imployed or to be employed in the Management of the said Posts, or in the Collection of the said Revenue, who shall be guilty of any Neglect, Mismanagement, or Breach of Duty, in their Respective Offices or Employments, from the farther Execution of his or their Office or Offices. And we do hereby Suspend the Commission of our present Comptroller and Agent William Franklin, now about to make a Voyage to England, until he shall return from thence, and resume the Execution thereof, when this present Commission is to cease, determine, and become void. In Witness whereof we the said Benjamin Franklin and William Hunter, have hereunto set our Firm and caused the Seal of our Office to be affixed. Dated the 22d. Day of April 1757. In the thirtieth Year of his Majesty\u2019s Reign.\nFranklin & Hunter.\n Endorsed: Copy of James Parker\u2019s Commission to appoint him Agent and Comptroller of the General Post-Office, dated April 22. 1757", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "04-22-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0083", "content": "Title: Post Office Instructions to James Parker, 22 April 1757\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Parkers, James\n      Mr. James Parker\n      [General Post O]ffice \n      [in] North America\nAs you have undertaken to execute the Office of Comptroller of the General Post Office during our Absence and that of the present Comptroller the following Instructions are necessary for your Observation viz.\n[1.][Illegible] Every Post Master on the Continent to send you a Comptroller\u2019s B[ill] containing an Account of the Letters paid and unpaid that he [has?] [illegible] sent to other Offices that so you may charge him or them with the same in your Books which you are to do on the Receipt of those Bills. If any Postmaster neglects to send his Comptroller\u2019s Bills you are to write to him and urge him to be punctual.\n2. Every Post-Master ought to send you his Quarterly Account regularly, immediately after the Quarter Day; if any neglect this, you are likewise to write to them and urge them to Punctuality. When you receive those Accounts, you are to examine and compare them with your Comptroller\u2019s Book, and with the preceding Accounts received from the same Offices, correct the Mistakes and Errors, if any, and observe whether any new or uncustomary Charges are introduced.\n3. As there is an Inconvenience in the Accounts kept, when different Quarter Days are observed by different Offices, you are to endeavour to bring them all to the Observation of the same Quarter Days, viz, Lady Day, or March 25. Midsummer at June 24. Michaelmas or Sept. 29. and Christmas or Dec. 25. the same being the Quarter Days used in the General Post Office in Great Britain.\n4. After the Quarterly Accounts are corrected and rectified, you are to carry the Ballances due from the several Postmasters to the Debit of their respective Accounts in your Comptroller\u2019s Book; and endeavour to collect and receive all such Ballances from time to time as they arise, directing them to be remitted to you in such Specie and Manner as to you shall seem most advantageous to the Office; giving Credit to the several Postmasters in your Books likewise for the Ballances or other Sums you from time to time receive.\n5. The Money receiv\u2019d from the several Offices, after deducting a Commission of 7\u00bd per Cent which is allow\u2019d you for your Care and Trouble in the Premises, you are to remit to us or either of us while we remain in England, in good Bills of Exchange, till you shall have farther or other Orders.\n6. If any Postmaster should in our Absence die, or resign his Office, misbehave therein, or neglect the Duties there[of] or remove out of the Town or Country where his Office was usually kept, you are to appoint another to execute the same pro tempore till you receive farther Direction from us in that Matter; taking Care that such Deputy by you appointed do not act but under the usual and legal Securities and Qualifications.\n7. You are to communicate a Copy of our additional Instruction relating to the Carriage of Newspapers per Post to the several Post Offices and their respective Riders and endeavour by all prudential Methods in your Power that the same be observed and executed.\n8. We have Reason to believe that the Office is injur\u2019d greatly by the present Rider between Philadelphia and Frederickburgh in Virginia. And, if, after the Allowances that will now be made him and the Advantages he will receive by Carrying Newspapers, he refuses to give the Security and take the Qualification required of other Riders, you are hereby directed to remove him and appoint another; and if he should after such removal presume to ride and carry Letters contrary to the Act of Parliament, you are to cause him to be prosecuted, at our Expence.\n9. If you find it necessary to take any Journeys for the better executing your Office of Comptroller, and in Compliance with these Instructions, you are to keep an Account of your Expences in such Journeys, which Accounts being reasonable, shall be allow\u2019d you, together with a suitable Consideration for your Time and extraordinary Trouble.\n10. There is a Post Office in Nova Scotia, under our Direction, but the Officer has never sent us any Account. You are to write to him, and acquaint him, that no Account from his Office has ever come to our Hands since he received his Commission, which was about the Beginning of 1754, and desire he would forward to you an Account of his Office from that time to the End of the last Quarter, with all Expedition. Many Letters from different Parts of the Continent are sent to Boston Office for Nova Scotia, and forwarded thither by Sea, no Person appearing in Boston to pay the Postage; so that a good deal of Money, it is thought, arises at present in that Office, while the Army is canton\u2019d in so many different Parts of America. Mr. Hubbard\u2019s Accounts will show how much of what has been charg\u2019d to his Office is forwarded to Nova Scotia, and Mr. Colden\u2019s will show whether any have been forwarded thither by Sea from New York.\n11. You will inquire into the State of the Post Office at Burlington and endeavour to put it on such a Footing as may render it useful to the Inhabitants, and beneficial to the General Post Office.\n12. While we stay in England you are to write to us per every Pacquet or other convenient Opportunity, acquainting us with your Proceedings in the Premises, and informing us of every Thing that may require our farther or more particular Direction.\n13. In general, you are to inform yourself from time to time whether the Posts continue to keep their Stages regularly, and whether the respective Postmasters give such due Attendance at their Offices as is satisfactory to the Publick; and to endeavour the Rectification of every thing that you find amiss, so that Correspondence may not be impeded or interrupted by any Neglect or Mismanagement in the Post Offices, or Misconduct of the Riders, nor any just Cause of Complaint be given to the Merchants or others who correspond per Post.\nSo wishing you Health and Success we remain, Your assured Friends\nFranklin & Hunter\nMemorandums for Mr. Parker.\nTo enquire of Mr. Tuthill Hubbard, what is done in the Recovery of Mr. Huske\u2019s Bond; and if recover\u2019d to desire Mr. Hubbard to remit us the Money.\nTo enquire of Ditto what Sums he has receiv\u2019d from the Eastern Offices, that Credit may be given them, and Mr. Hubbard charg\u2019d with the same.\nTo enquire of Messrs. Peat & Hurd whether they have paid any Money on our Account to Mr. Holt, and how much, that Mr. Holt may be charg\u2019d with it.\nTo get the Quarterly Account from Trenton Office, that ended Sept. 29. 1756, that the State of it may be entred in your Books, the said Account being lost or mislaid.\nTo enquire of Hartford Postmaster for Account between Nov. 1755 and April 12. 1756, the same not being to be found at present among the Office Papers.\nTo receive of Mr. James Thompson, late Postmaster of New Brunswick, the remainder of his Note, now left with you.\n Endorsed: [Words cut off] Comptroller 1757", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "04-29-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0086", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Deborah Franklin, 29 April 1757\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Franklin, Deborah\nMy dear Child\nNew York, April 29. 1757\nI wrote to you yesterday per Post. This is only to acquaint you, that I am determined against going in the first Pacquet.\nSend me the Indian Sealskin Hussiff, with all the Things that were in it. It will be an acceptable Present to a Gimcrack great Man in London, that is my Friend. In the right hand little Drawer under my Desk, is some of the Indian Lady\u2019s Gut Cambrick; roll it up as you would a Ribband; wrap it in Paper, and put it into the Housiff with the other Things.\nAmong my Books on the Shelves, there are two or three little Pieces on the Game of Chess; One in French bound in Leather, 8vo. One in a blue Paper Cover, English; two others in Manuscript; one of them thin in brown Paper Cover, the other in loose Leaves not bound. If you can find them yourself, send them: But do not set anybody else to look for them. You may know the French one, by the Word ECHECS in the Titlepage.\nI wrote you fully about the Accounts Books; so add only my Love to all Friends, from Your affectionate Husband\nB Franklin\n Addressed: To / Mrs Franklin / Philada. / per favour of / Mr McMichael", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "05-06-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0088", "content": "Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Jacob Duch\u00e9, Junior, 6 May 1757\nFrom: Duch\u00e9, Jacob, Jr.\nTo: Franklin, Benjamin\nSir\nPhilada. May 6. 1757\nAs you kindly offered me your best Services before you left Philadelphia, which, as I had then no Commands to trouble you with; I declined the Honor of accepting, I now beg Leave to make Use of the Liberty you permitted me, to request you to take Charge of the inclosed Letters. I believe you are personally acquainted with the Gentlemen to whom they are directed, and may perhaps have an Opportunity of seeing them yourself. I wish you the highest Success in your laudable Undertakings, as I am well convinced that all your Actions hitherto have been immediately for the Public Good, and trust that in your future Conduct, you will still have that noblest of Ends in View.\nI am, Sir, Your assured Friend and very humble Servant\nJacob Duch\u00e9 Junr.\nP.S. My Father sends his Compliments and best Wishes to you.\nAddressed: To / Benjamin Franklin Esqr.\nEndorsed: Jac. Duch\u00e9 junr May 6. 57", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0089", "content": "Title: To Benjamin Franklin from \u2014\u2014\u2014, 10 May 1757\nFrom: \u2014\u2014\nTo: Franklin, Benjamin\nThe accurate determination of longitude by a ship at sea long remained an unsolved problem. Several theoretically possible methods were advanced during the two centuries and a half after Columbus, but when put to actual test none proved both practicable and sufficiently reliable to serve the needs of mariners, especially of those embarked on long east-west voyages, such as the crossing of the ocean. So urgent did the matter become that several large prizes were offered for the discovery of an accurate and usable method. Among these the British Parliament offered in 1714 a prize of \u00a320,000 for any method capable of determining a ship\u2019s longitude within half a degree, with proportionately smaller prizes for methods of lesser exactitude; grants were also provided to assist promising experiments. The act placed the administration of the scheme in the hands of commissioners commonly called the Board of Longitude.\nThe most promising method\u2014and the one which ultimately won the prize\u2014was by the construction of a timekeeper more reliable than any previously built, which, once set to accord with the local time at some point of known longitude, such as the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England, could be carried on shipboard and compared with the local time at sea as found by celestial observation. The time when the sun or moon, for example, will be at a certain position in the sky at Greenwich on a given date can be predicted and set down in a table prepared in advance, and, since the earth revolves through one degree every four minutes, it becomes a simple calculation to convert the difference between Greenwich and local ship\u2019s time into degrees, minutes, and seconds of longitude east or west of Greenwich.  That is, it is a simple matter if the timekeeper is unaffected by the ship\u2019s motion, even in a heavy storm, or by changes in temperature, humidity, gravity (at different points on the earth\u2019s surface), or other external conditions. It may gain or lose somewhat if that gain or loss is constant and has been ascertained in advance, but it must not fluctuate erratically. To determine the longitude of a ship within half a degree, after six weeks at sea, the timekeeper must be accurate to approximately three seconds a day throughout the voyage. And an error of considerably less than half a degree in determining a ship\u2019s position in unpropitious weather has often spelled disaster. At the time of the Act of 1714 no timekeeper made could come close to meeting these conditions when taken to sea.\nInevitably the huge rewards offered by Parliament attracted the attention not only of mathematicians and ingenious mechanics, as they were intended to do, but also of cranks and visionaries, some of whom were as sure that they had solved this problem as they were that they could square the circle or create perpetual motion. The unknown writer of this letter to Franklin may indeed have been something of an ingenious mechanic, as he clearly esteemed himself to be, but even if one discounts heavily his inability to express himself with entire clarity, it seems necessary to class him with the many enthusiasts who bombarded the Board of Longitude with unworkable schemes for solving not only the problem officially before it but others quite outside its province.\nIt is an interesting coincidence, however, that the man who ultimately did win the parliamentary \u00a320,000 for his chronometer, John Harrison (1693\u20131776), was at this very time completing one of his preliminary models in England and planning the device, finished in 1759, which won him the first half of the grand prize. And there is perhaps a touch of irony in the fact that Harrison, the son of a Yorkshire carpenter with virtually no formal education, could not put his ideas on paper any more effectively than could Franklin\u2019s Philadelphia correspondent. There is no evidence that Franklin ever brought this letter to the attention of the Board of Longitude after he reached England. He did, however, pay Harrison 10s. 6d. on Dec. 1, 1757, \u201cto see his Longitude Clock.\u201d\nWorthey Sir\nPhilada. May 10th. 1757\nNot Haveing the Happiness of your Acquaintance I have at the instigation of Some of My Freinds and your Acquaintance Made bold to beg one Favour of you that is when in England to Lay this Letter before the Royal Society which is to give them to under Stand that I have invented and try\u2019d a Clock and have made a watch up of the Same Motion as the Clock which I Give this Name too for a Sort of a Description of its moving Power; its a Geometrical Celendrical Concave Triangle Horizontial Watch or Clock. I have taken the Clock Slung or Suspended it by a String and twist or work it how you will it goes as unaltriable as a fix\u2019d Clock. The Way I first Discoverd it was indeavouring to Correct the Disadvantages of Common and Horizontial Watchess which are Great. Not only this I have Discovird but Have found a Principal or Cause in Nature to make a machine that will Go of its owne Cause for Stop your the wheel take your finger away it goes but When I add more wheels so as to make minutes Hours and Seconds it Stops but am in hopes by the Blessing of Almighty God\u2014to bring it in a Short time to Perfection So as to Move on the Same Cause of the Watch and Clock for I Can Make the Watch as Well as the Clock Strike true Seconds. I have further invented a Watch or improved one So as to make it wind it Self up as it Goes. This I found out When apprentice as Well as a Collet for turning Watch or Clock Wheels Which were I in England as the work Men was to See it their is None of them but would Give a Guinea a Peice for it Saves a man half his Time in makeing a Clock or Watch for it fits Different Size arbours and Never Casts them. What has made me So Shy of Not Communicating it before was this my Good Friend Ls Es I Shewe\u2019d it to being a Curious man he Directley Privateley went to work and Sett others and Came to me for a Second Sight but Luckeley I Gest what he was after and was Confirm\u2019d for then he Said he would Get a Patent for it but Wee Should Go halves in the Profit but their is No trusting Such men When one Detected in so base an Action. I have made a Great Number of Machines of one kind or other for the Despatch of Work that Would be too tedious to Mention time being Short. The afforesaid Ls Es thought to Amuse me out of Gilding and Polishing Which I have Brought to a Great Perfection and Said it was for a freind of his in Carolina but I repaid him in his owne Kind and Gave him the Receip he Gave me and Says he I told you I knew how to Do it as Well as you and So thought to Gett Some of my Practical Remarks but Was Mistaken for I had Receive\u2019d an affront from a bigots of ED of my owne Profesion about the trifeling Dial. I Must Acknowledge he is a better Nitting Nedle Case Maker than a Clock Watch or mathematical instrument Maker Witness Govenor Tinker Reflecting telescope Which I made a New Mirror and alterd the focus of the Glassess he Spoild. Excuse me for this affront has Cause me to Ask the fa[vour] of the Gentlemen of the Society. NB Ls Es intended the Gilding &c for E, d. What is ment by the Perpetuial Motion and Londitude and what Reward for I am Determind Never to Stir on uncertanties being in a Good Trade at Present but will Lett them Die With me if they Cannot make it Worth my Wile to emprove to their Desir\u2019d Satisfaction Which if I am Incouragd I am in No Doubt but by the Blessing of Almighty God I Shall in Due time do for I Can Say I Never Craved a favoir of the almighty God of Wisdom but in Due time I had my Desired end answer\u2019d. Now Gentlemen Ile Give you as Plaine a Description of my Clock and Watch as I Dare Venture at Present.\nThis I first made goe with two Globs and two Triangles but Now Goes With a Single of Each for the more Convenencey of Putting it into Watch Work.\nNow Gentlemen I have Given you a Draught of it Exacttley How I Draw it on Steel and Brass and file and turn it Putt it to Geather and it shall ware time out of mind for Letts Reason a Common Watch has two Braking Pins Which Causess it to Hurrey and Go So much faster at Some times and So Slow at others. The Horizontial ones has remedyd this Misfortune but has one as Great that is if they are un[illegible] in Winding She Will Stop a Little [Dirtey?] is the Same and the Worst Take of[f] the Regulating Spring or you Cannot move the Celinder. If you Press the Wheel so as to Break it and the Nex thing It is not till further [sic] for I shall Describe my owne but this I can assure you this of mine is Such that it moves So Light that your 1 or 2 Pinion Shall be wore out Sooner than the Regulating Cause that is the Triangles and Globes besides the force Given is Such that Without the Regulating Spring you Cannot Stop them. No Longer than you hold your finger or Point against the Moveing Cause though I make it Go true time without a regulating Spring I mus Needs Say that if you Saw one you would Say as Samuel Kirk said the most ignorant man in the World Would be Convins\u2019d its So Demonstriable to Sight that I Cannot Describe it With my Pen. You Can No more Err in Makin the Size of Each triangle and Globe than in Makeing a Pinion of 6 to a Wheel of 48 for to Make it Ware well it must be the Height of [illegible] and an [?] but How to Regulate this. [Remainder missing].", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0090", "content": "Title: William Franklin to Elizabeth Graeme, 12 May 1757\nFrom: Franklin, William\nTo: Graeme, Elizabeth\nMy dearest Betsy,\nNew-York, May 12, 1757\nI am this Moment return\u2019d from an Excursion of four or five Days in the Jerseys. The Mail is made up and the Post just upon his Departure. I detain him just to acknowledge the Receipt of two Letters from you, which I have not Time to read thro\u2019.\nThis is all that I can possibly say at present; your Regard imagine the rest, for Your truely affectionate\nFranklin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "05-21-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0091", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to [Peter Franklin], 21 May 1757\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Franklin, Peter\nDear Brother,\nWoodbridge, N Jersey May 21. 1757\nI have been now near 6 Weeks waiting for the Sailing of the Pacquet, and know not yet when she is like to sail.\nI received yours of the 7th Inst. with the Invoice and Memorandum, which I shall endeavour to comply with. As to the Pay, I expect not to meddle with your Paper Currency; for I always lose by it. With the Goods I shall send Directions about the Time and Manner of Payment.\nMy Love to dear Sister and Thanks for your and her kind Wishes and Prayers, is all at present from Your affectionate Brother\nB Franklin\nMy Wife is here, but Billy and Sally are at New York. If they were present they would join with her in Love to you, Duty, &c.\nEndorsed: Brother & Sisters Letters & my Coppies\u2003The Price Currant [Janury?] you of the Last Payment.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "05-21-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0092", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to the Earl of Loudoun, 21 May 1757\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Loudoun, John Campbell, 4th Earl of\nMy Lord,\nWoodbridge, N. Jersey. May 21. 1757\nHaving determined not to go in the first Pacquet, I retired hither about two Weeks ago, to have Leisure for Settling some private Affairs before the Sailing of the second; which is the Reason I have not for some time been to pay my Respects to your Lordship.\nIn your present Multiplicity of important Business, I would not be too importunate. But if your Lordship should think it fit, and can spare a few Minutes to appoint some Persons of Credit in Pensilvania, or direct Governor Denny to nominate them, to enquire into the Claims of the Masters whose Servants have been taken into the Service from that Province, and report thereon to your Lordship when the Campain shall be over, it would in the meantime quiet the Minds of the Sufferers, as well as show your Lordship\u2019s Regard for Justice.\nI hear it is reported, that the second Pacquet is to accompany the Fleet, and that the third may probably be sooner in England. If this is so, a Hint of it from your Secretary would be esteem\u2019d a great Favour, by him who has the Honour to be, with the sincerest Respect and Attachment, My Lord, Your Lordship\u2019s most obedient and most humble Servant\nB Franklin\nRt. Honble. Earl of Loudoun", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "05-21-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0093", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Jane Mecom, 21 May 1757\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Mecom, Jane\nDear Sister,\nWoodbridge, New Jersey, 21 May, 1757.\nI received your kind letter of the 9th instant, in which you acquainted me with some of your late troubles. These are troublesome times to us all; but perhaps you have had more than you should. I am glad to hear that Peter is at a place where he has full employ. A trade is a valuable thing; but, unless a habit of industry be acquired with it, it turns out of little use; if he gets that in his new place, it will be a happy exchange, and the occasion not an unfortunate one.\nIt is very agreeable to me to hear so good an account of your other children; in such a number to have no bad ones is a great happiness.\nThe horse sold very low indeed. If I wanted one to-morrow, knowing his goodness, old as he is, I should freely give more than twice the money for him; but you did the best you could, and I will take of Benny no more than he produced.\nI don\u2019t doubt but Benny will do very well when he gets to work; but I fear his things from England may be so long a coming, as to occasion the loss of the rent. Would it not be better for you to move into the house? Perhaps not, if he is near being married. I know nothing of that affair, but what you write me, except that I think Miss Betsey a very agreeable, sweet-tempered, good girl, who has had a housewifely education, and will make, to a good husband, a very good wife. Your sister and I have a great esteem for her, and if she will be kind enough to accept of our nephew, we think it will be his own fault, if he is not as happy as the married state can make him. The family is a respectable one, but whether there be any fortune I know not; and as you do not inquire about this particular, I suppose you think with me, that where every thing else desirable is to be met with, that is not very material. If she does not bring a fortune she will help to make one. Industry, frugality, and prudent economy in a wife, are to a tradesman, in their effects, a fortune; and a fortune sufficient for Benjamin, if his expectations are reasonable. We can only add, that, if the young lady and her friends are willing, we give our consent heartily, and our blessing. My love to brother and the children. Your affectionate brother,\nB. Franklin.\nP.S. If Benny will promise to be one of the tenderest husbands in the world, I give my consent. He knows already what I think of Miss Betsey. I am his loving aunt,\nDeborah Franklin.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0094", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Ezra Stiles, 23 May 1757\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Stiles, Ezra\nDear Sir,\nNew York, May 23. 1757\nI have been waiting here near Six Weeks for the sailing of the Pacquet, and know not yet when that will be. From London I will send you the Account you desire of the Verification of the Meridian of France; and one of the best Thermometers I can procure. If in any thing else I can do you pleasure, signify it by a Line directed to me at the Pensilvania Coffee House in Birchin Lane. I shall always be glad to hear of your Welfare, being, with sincere Esteem and Regard, Dear Sir, Affectionately yours\nB Franklin\nAddressed: To / The Revd Mr Ezra Stiles / at Newport / Rhode-Island / Free / B Franklin\nEndorsed: Benja Franklin Esqr. May 23. 1757. Recd. 28 May 1757. Wrote to Mr. Franklin in London Mar. 30. 1758\u2014by Capt. Gallatly.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "05-27-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0095", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Deborah Franklin, 27 May 1757\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Franklin, Deborah\nMy dear Debby\nNew York, Friday, May 27. 57Afternoon\nMr. Parker being doubtful this Morning, whether the Rain would permit his setting out to day, I had prepared no Letter to send per Sally when he took a sudden Resolution to go. Mr. Colden could not spare his Daughter, as she helps him in the Post Office, he having no Clerk.\nI inclose only the 4th. Bills, which you are to put up safe with my Writings; the first Set I take with me, the second goes in Radford, and I now send the third by Bonnel.\nAll the Pacquets are to sail together with the Fleet, but when that will be is yet uncertain. For yesterday came in three Privateers with several Prizes, and by them there is Advice, that the French Fleet which was in the West Indies, is gone to the Northward, and now \u2019tis question\u2019d whether it will be thought prudent for these Transports to sail, till there is certain Advice that the Grand Fleet is arrived from England. This, however, is only Town Talk.\nI send Mr. Kneeland\u2019s Letter. Pray forward the Paper he writes for per first Opportunity.\nI send a Memorandum receiv\u2019d from Joseph Crocker, with a Note on the Back of it.\nI leave it to yourself, whether to go home directly or stay a little longer. If I find we are not like to sail for some time I shall perhaps step down again to Woodbridge and try to finish my Work. But it may be that your longer Absence from home will be attended with some Inconvenience.\nI am making up a Bundle of Papers to send you. Put them into my Room.\nI can hear nothing yet of the Cloaths.\nI have been very low-spirited all Day; this tedious State of Uncertainty and long Waiting, has almost worn out my Patience. Except the two or three Weeks at Woodbridge, I know [not when] I have spent Time so uselessly as since I left [Philadelphia].\nI left my best Spectacles on the Table. Please to send them to me.\nSaturday Morning\nJemmy got here early and tells me Mr. Parker and the Children got well down.\nIn my Room, on the Folio Shelf, between the Clock and our Bed Chamber, and not far from the Clock, stands a Folio call\u2019d the Gardener\u2019s Dictionary, by P. Miller.\nAnd on the same Side of the Room on the lowest Shelf, or lowest but one, near the Middle, and by the Side of a little Partition, you will find standing or rather lying on its fore Edge, a Quarto Pamphlet, cover\u2019d with blue Paper call\u2019d a Treatise of Cyder-making.\nDeliver those two Books to Mr. Parker.\nSunday Afternoon\nYesterday while I was at my Lord\u2019s, with whom I had the Honour to dine, Word was brought in, that 5 Sail of French Men of War were seen off Egg Harbour the Day before, and as some of the French Prisoners lately brought in in the Prizes reported that such a Number of Men of War sailed with them from the West Indies to go to the Northward, it might be suppos\u2019d to be them if the Account from Egg Harbour was true. If on Examination it should be found true, and the French take it in their Heads to cruize off this Port with such a Force, we shall then be shut up here for some time, for our Fleet here is not of Force sufficient to venture out. If this story be not true, yet \u2019tis thought by some we shall hardly sail till there is certain Advice of the English Fleet\u2019s being arriv\u2019d at Halifax, and perhaps not till a Convoy comes from thence hither to guard us. So I am wavering whether I had not best go down again to Woodbridge, and finish my Books.\nI spent the Evening last Night with Mr. Nichols\u2019s Family, who all desired their Compliments to you and Sally.\nI send one of the French Books translated.\nMonday Morning. Our going is yet uncertain. I believe I shall put every thing on board to morrow, and either go down again [to Wood]bridge, or send for the Trunk of Books hither, to employ myself till we have [Word to board?].\nI have wrote to Sister Jenny, and [hope] to quiet [torn] them. Family Quarrels are the [torn] most indiscreet [and sca]ndalous of [Quarrels. So?] let me beg of you my dear [Wife not] to have any [Part in] this. Write [torn] about in in my Absence. [Your] loving [Husband]\nB Franklin\nPostscript. I wish you would, per next Post, write a Letter to Sister Jenny, and recommend a Reconciliation. Capt. Radford is at length dead.\nThe Report of French Men of War off the Coast is vanished.\nAddressed: To / Mrs Franklin / at / Woodbridge", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0096", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Jane Mecom, 30 May 1757\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Mecom, Jane\nDear Sister,\nNew York, May 30, 1757.\nI have before me yours of the 9th and 16th instant; I am glad you have resolved to visit sister Dowse oftener; it will be a great comfort to her, to find she is not neglected by you, and your example may, perhaps, be followed by some other of her relations.\nAs Neddy is yet a young man, I hope he may get over the disorder he complains of, and in time wear it out. My love to him and his wife and the rest of your children. It gives me pleasure to hear that Eben is likely to get into business at his trade. If he will be industrious and frugal, \u2019tis ten to one but he gets rich, for he seems to have spirit and activity.\nI am glad that Peter is acquainted with the crown soap business, so as to make what is good of the kind. I hope he will always take care to make it faithfully, never slight manufacture, or attempt to deceive by appearances. Then he may boldly put his name and mark, and in a little time it will acquire as good a character as that made by his late uncle, or any other person whatever. I believe his aunt at Philadelphia, can help him to sell a good deal of it; and I doubt not of her doing every thing in her power to promote his interest in that way. Let a box be sent to her (but not unless it be right good) and she will immediately return the ready money for it. It was beginning once to be in vogue in Philadelphia, but brother John sent me one box, an ordinary sort, which checked its progress. I would not have him put the Franklin arms on it; but the soapboilers arms he has a right to use, if he thinks fit. The other would look too much like an attempt to counterfeit. In his advertisements, he may value himself on serving his time with the original maker, but put his own mark or device on the papers, or any thing he may be advised to as proper; only on the soap, as it is called by the name of crown soap, it seems necessary to use a stamp of that sort, and perhaps no soapboiler in the king\u2019s dominions has a better right to the crown than himself.\nNobody has wrote a syllable to me concerning his making use of the hammer, or made the least complaint of him or you. I am sorry however that he took it without leave. It was irregular, and if you had not approved of his doing it, I should have thought it indiscreet. Leave they say is light, and it seems to me a piece of respect that was due to his aunt to ask it, and I can scarce think she would have refused him the favour.\nI am glad to hear Jamey is so good and diligent a workman; if he ever sets up at the goldsmith\u2019s business, he must remember that there is one accomplishment without which he cannot possibly thrive in that trade, (i.e. to be perfectly honest). It is a business that though ever so uprightly managed, is always liable to suspicion; and if a man is once detected in the smallest fraud it soon becomes public, and every one is put upon their guard against him; no one will venture to try his hands, or trust him to make up their plate; so at once he is ruined. I hope my nephew will therefore establish a character as an honest and faithful, as well as skilful workman, and then he need not fear employment.\nAnd now as to what you propose for Benny I believe he may be, as you say, well enough qualified for it, and when he appears to be settled, if a vacancy should happen, it is very probable he may be thought of to supply it; but it is a rule with me, not to remove any officer that behaves well, keeps regular accounts, and pays duly; and I think the rule is founded on reason and justice. I have not shown any backwardness to assist Benny, where it could be done without injuring another. But if my friends require of me to gratify not only their inclinations, but their resentments, they expect too much of me. Above all things I dislike family quarrels, and when they happen among my relations, nothing gives me more pain. If I were to set myself up as a judge of those subsisting between you and brother\u2019s widow and children, how unqualified must I be, at this distance, to determine rightly, especially having heard but one side. They always treated me with friendly and affectionate regard, you have done the same. What can I say between you, but that I wish you were reconciled, and that I will love that side best that is most ready to forgive and oblige the other. You will be angry with me here, for putting you and them too much upon a footing, but I shall nevertheless be, Dear sister, your truly Affectionate brother,\nB. Franklin.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0097", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Isaac Norris, 30 May 1757\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Norris, Isaac\nSir,\nNew York, May 30. 1757.\nAfter waiting here above Seven Weeks for the Sailing of the Pacquet, the Time of her Departure is no more ascertain\u2019d now than it was the Day of our Arrival.\nThe Pacquets it is now said are all three to sail with the Fleet; the two first to be dismiss\u2019d soon after the Fleet is at Sea; the third to go with the Fleet to the Place of Rendezvous, and not to be discharg\u2019d till the Arrival and Junction of the Fleet from England.\nBut this is not certain: Resolutions change as Advices are receiv\u2019d or Occurrences arise. And it is doubted whether the Fleet will sail from hence till there is certain News of the Arrival of that from [Englan]d. Since there is Intelligence that Beaufremont\u2019s Squadron is gone from the W. Indies to the Northward.\nI have had the Honour of several Conferences with my Lord on the Subject of the Servants. His Lordship objects first that it appears by the List, which I laid before him that many of the Servants were inlisted in General Braddock and Gen. Shirley\u2019s time; with those he has nothing to do. 2dly. That many were inlisted before the Act of Parliament appointed Satisfaction to be made to the Masters; and as all the Lawyers agree, that the Right to take them without Pay was clearly in the King before the Act, no Satisfaction should be made or expected for those. 3d. That the particular Proofs of the Loss of each Servant, and of his being inlisted in the K\u2019s Service do not appear. 4th. That the Affair is now so intricate and perplex\u2019d, that it would take more time to examine and settle it than he can possibly spare. 5th. That if his Officers had done wrong in not paying for the Servants as they took them, the Fault was our own; it was owing to some principal People among our selves, whom he could name, who had always assur\u2019d the Officers the Assembly intended to pay for the Servants; and by that Means led them into the Error. His Lordship made several other Observations and Objections, all which I answered and endeavoured to remove as well as I could; but there is, I believe, one at Bottom, which it is not in my Power to remove, and that is the Want of Money. The Expences of an American War necessarily run very high; and are complain\u2019d of by some in England; and his [Lordship is un]willing to discourage the Ministry at home by large [demands?]. He will therefore mix none of those of his Predecessors with his own, makes the most frugal Agreements, and avoids all Payments that he can avoid with Honour. For Instance, there is a Ballance not very large, due to me on my Account of Waggons and Forage Supply\u2019d to General Braddock. I presented the Account to his Lordship, who had it examin\u2019d and compar\u2019d with the Vouchers, and on Report made to him that it was right, order\u2019d a Warrant to be drawn for the Payment. But before he sign\u2019d it, he sent for me, told me that as the Money became due before his time he had rather not mix it in his Accounts; it would be the same thing to me to receive it in England; he believ\u2019d it a fair and just Account and as such would represent it home, so that I should meet with no Difficulty in getting it paid there. I agreed to his Lordship\u2019s Proposal, and the Warrant was laid aside.\nI once propos\u2019d to his Lordship that if he would appoint or desire Gov. Denny to appoint some Persons of Credit in Pensilvania to examine the Claims of the Masters, and report to his Lordship at the End of the Campaign, it might for the present make the Minds of the Sufferers more easy, and he could then order Payment for such Part as he should find right for him to pay, and we might endeavour to procure Satisfaction elsewhere for the rest. His Lordship declin\u2019d this, saying that he knew not who to appoint, being unacquainted with the People; that he did not care to trouble Govr. Denny with it; of whom he must ask it as a Favour; and besides, Auditors in the Plantations, of Accounts against the Crown, had in many Instances been so shamefully partial and corrupt, that they had lost all Credit. If he appointed Auditors, they must be some of the Officers [of] the Army, who were acquainted and understood the Affair, and at present they were engag\u2019d in other Duty.\nI will not trouble you with a Detail of all I said to his Lordship on this Affair tho\u2019 I omitted nothing material that occurr\u2019d to me. But I find he is for keeping the Matter in Suspense, without either promising Payment or refusing to pay; perhaps till he receives Direction about it from home. He does not seem to like however that I should make any Application there relating to it; and chuses to keep the List in his Hands, till his Return from the Campaign.\nThe List is indeed so very imperfect, that I could not promise my self much from laying it before him. Of many Servants it is not noted by what Officers, or in what Company or even in what Regiment they were inlisted; of others the Time they were bound for, or had served, or had still to serve, is omitted: Of others, no Notice is taken of the Price they cost. Nor is there any Distinction of Apprentices. Tho\u2019 perhaps the Account is the best that could be obtained the Time and other Circumstances considered. Upon the whole, as the Enquiry, if it is ever made by my Lord\u2019s Order, will be by Officers of the Army, they being in his Lordship\u2019s Opinion the fittest Persons and most impartial; as all Inlistments before the Commencement of his Command, will be rejected, and also all before the Act of Parliament; As very clear Proofs of every Circumstance, when the Servant was inlisted, by what Officer, of what Regiment, &c. &c. will be insisted on, and the Recruit[ing] Officers at the Time took such effectual Care to prevent in many Instances, the Masters knowing any thing of those Circumstances; I am enclin\u2019d to think very little Benefit will be produc\u2019d by such Enquiry; and that our Application home for some Allowance on that Account will be better founded on what the Assembly after their own Enquiry have thought themselves oblig\u2019d to pay, than on such an imperfect List as has been sent me. This however I submit. And if it should be still thought proper to apply in England on the Footing of that List another Copy must be sent by some future Opportunity.\nHis Lordship has on all Occasions treated me with the greatest Goodness, but I find frequently that strong Prejudices are infus\u2019d into his Mind against our Province. We have too many Enemies among our selves; I hope in time Things will wear a better Face.\nPlease to present my humble Respects to the House, and believe me, with great Esteem, Sir &c.\nP.S. Sunday morning June 5. At length we are going on board: All the Pacquets as I wrote above fall down together; and tis said the Fleet will certainly sail to morrow\u2014But how little those Notices are to be depended you will see by the enclos\u2019d wrote and sent to me at Woodbridge two Weeks ago by Capt. Conyngham, one of my Lord\u2019s Aid de Camps by my Lord\u2019s Order.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-02-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0100", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Ezra Stiles, 2 June 1757\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Stiles, Ezra\nDear Sir,\nNew York, June 2. 1757\nHaving waited here near Eight Weeks for a Passage to England, we are at length told we shall certainly sail tomorrow.\nFor your Amusement I enclose you a Copy of a Letter I lately sent to a philosophical Friend in Carolina. I shall not forget your Thermometer, and shall be glad to hear from you when in England. I am, Dear Sir, with great Esteem, Your most obedient Servant\nB Franklin\nAddressed: For / The Revd. Mr Ezra Stiles / at / Newport / Per Mr James / Franklin.\nEndorsed: Recd. 9th. June 1757. Ansd. a second Time Mar. 30. 1758", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-02-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0101", "content": "Title: William Franklin to Elizabeth Graeme, 2 June 1757\nFrom: Franklin, William\nTo: Graeme, Elizabeth\nMy dearest Betsy\nNew York, June 2, 1757\nBy one Accident or other we are still in N. York. But I know not how to complain of my Detention; for has it not afforded me the Pleasure of another Letter from my Betsy. A Letter for which I cannot be enough thankful. I must answer it in short; the Time of our Departure being now positively fix\u2019d to this Afternoon. The Name of our Pacquet is, The General Wall, Capt. Lutwych, Commander. My Lord says she shall not be taken to Halifax, but accompany the Fleet for 3 or 4 Days only, in order to take on board Duplicates of his Dispatches sent by the Earl of Leicester, which is to sail directly for England. Capt. Bonnel, in the Harriot Pacquet is to go with the Fleet to Halifax, there to wait till they proceed upon the Expedition. I believe but few, if any, Letters sent by the Pacquet are opened. If you direct for me to the Care of Peter Colinson, Esqr. F.R.S. in London, I make no Doubt of your Letters coming safe.\nMy Lord, and Sir Charles, go in a 50 Gun Ship to Halifax; and Genl. Abercrombie in the Nightingale a 20 Gun Ship, Capt. Campbell, Commander. The whole of this Grand Armament seems at length destined for Louisbourg only!\nOnce more adieu. Adieu, my dearest Betsy. I need not repeat (for you must know) how much I am Your most affectionate\nW. Franklin\nP.S. I have not seen Mrs. Abercrombie for this Week past; she having gone down to the Hook with her Husband, and intends to remain on board with him till the Sailing of the Fleet.\nTo Miss Graeme\n Addressed: To / Miss Eliza Graeme / In / Philadelphia", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-02-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0102", "content": "Title: David Hall\u2019s Remittances to England, 1757\u20131765\nFrom: Hall, David\nTo: \nThe partnership agreement with David Hall, Jan. 1, 1748, provided that Hall was to pay one half the net income of the printing office to Franklin at every monthly clearing of accounts. Apparently such strict regularity did not prove feasible and Franklin did not insist upon it. During his prolonged trip to England, however, he did expect Hall to send him bills of exchange at reasonable intervals covering, in round figures, the amounts due. In the record book labeled \u201cAccounts Current Book David Hall Commencing Anno 1748,\u201d Hall devoted folios 19, 24, and 29 to a listing of the bills of exchange he sent to his senior partner in England. In each instance he noted the drawer of the bill he had bought, the English firm or public office on which it was drawn, the amount in pounds sterling, and the ships (usually with the captains\u2019 names) by which he had sent the original bill and other copies. The dates run from June 2, 1757, to April 12, 1762, with one single entry of Feb. 25, 1765, soon after Franklin had gone back on his second mission as agent for the Pennsylvania Assembly. With the exception of this final item all the bills of exchange are mentioned in the surviving correspondence between the partners during Franklin\u2019s absence. While the particulars of the individual bills hardly need to be printed here, a summary of Hall\u2019s remittances may be useful in connection with that correspondence, which will appear at appropriate dates in this and later volumes:", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0103", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to [Peter and Mary Franklin], [4 June 1757]\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Franklin, Peter,Franklin, Mary\n[New York, Saturday, June 4, 1757]\nI enclose you an Order of Cousin James\u2019s on Mr. Collins for 35 Dollars. Please to receive them, and send them per first safe hand to my Wife. If you can get it in Gold, it may be enclosed in a little Packet and sent per Post \u2026 Billy presents his Duty. \u2026 I pray God to preserve you both.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "07-04-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0104", "content": "Title: To Benjamin Franklin from David Hall, 4 July 1757\nFrom: Hall, David\nTo: Franklin, Benjamin\nDear Sir.\nPhiladelphia July 4th. 1757\nMy last to you was by the Rebecca, Captain Arthur (via Liverpool) covering the second Copy of the \u00a3100. Bill. Inclosed you have now the third Copy of the same Bills, in Case of Miscarriages; and you have likewise inclosed the first Copy of another Bill for the same Value, on the same Gentlemen, which I hope will come safe to Hand. The Exchange of this last the same as the first 67\u00bd.\nIn my letter per Arthur, I promised to send you the Copy of a Letter, I lately received from Mr. James Hunter of Fredericksburgh, relating to our Virginia Customers which is as follows.\nGentlemen.\nFredericksburgh 26th May 1757.\nWhenever you are pleased to send me a list of the Ballances due on your Gazettes, I will collect the Same for you and Mr. Franklin without any Gratuity. I would recommend to you in future to discontinue the Gazettes to those who do not pay for the whole Year at Entrance, and I am of Opinion you will find no considerable decline in your Customers thereby. I am sure the Subscribers on my list would readily agree.\nThomas Franklin is the Rider between Williamsburgh and this place, and he hath not shown me the Names of his Subscribers, if they be good, it may not be so convenient for him to finger the Entrances If you be inclineable to serve them. You may load a Waggon with Papers for Virginia if the Pay is not demanded till the Year\u2019s End.\nFrom what you see this Gentleman writes, I believe it will be best to follow his Advice, and take none but those who pay as he directs.\nBy the last Post I receiv\u2019d a letter from Mr. Christopher Chamney in Virginia wherein he tells me he has lately paid, Eight Pounds Sixteen Shillings that Currency to Mr. John Stretch, Money received by him from different People on Account of our Gazette. I answered him that we were much obliged to him for the Trouble he had taken about our Affairs; but, as I had heard, from several Gentlemen, that that Person had refused to take Money for us, or to be concern\u2019d at all with our Papers, should take it kind if, for the future, he would send any Thing he might receive for us by Letter, or order his Correspondent here (if he had any in this Place) to pay us. This I thought proper to do, as I heard you say you did not like Mr. Stretch\u2019s receiving for us. I am, Yours,\nDH.\nTo Benjamin Franklin Esqr LondonCopiaVia NY per Halifax Packet BoatOriginal per the Pennsylvania Cap Lyon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0106", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Deborah Franklin, 17 July 1757\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Franklin, Deborah\n[Falmouth, July 17, 1757]\nThe bell ringing for church, we went thither immediately, and with hearts full of gratitude, returned sincere thanks to God for the mercies we had received: were I a Roman Catholic, perhaps I should on this occasion vow to build a chapel to some saint; but as I am not, if I were to vow at all, it should be to build a lighthouse.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0107", "content": "Title: William Franklin to Elizabeth Graeme, 17 July 1757\nFrom: Franklin, William\nTo: Graeme, Elizabeth\nFalmouth July 17, 1757\nI have now the Pleasure to inform my dearest Betsy that her Franklin is safely arriv\u2019d in England about two Hours ago, after a Passage of 27 Days. I am so much hurried in getting our Things ashore, and enquiring for Horses and Carriages for transporting us up to London, that I have not Leisure to give you any of the Particulars of our Voyage. I design to do it however by the very first Opportunity. In general, we were highly favour\u2019d with Winds, were several Times chac\u2019d, and met with no Accident, except the Night before our Arrival, when we narrowly escap\u2019d running ashore on the Rocks of Scilly, owing to our not having discover\u2019d the Light ashore till it was almost too late to avoid them. Altho\u2019 our Passage cannot, when compar\u2019d to most others, be deem\u2019d a very disagreeable one, yet I cannot but be [of] Opinion that let the Pleasures of this Country be ever so great, they are dearly earn\u2019d by a Voyage across the Atlantick. Few are the Inducements that will tempt me to pass the Ocean again, if ever I am so happy as to return to my native Country.\nI question if I shall have it in my Power to write again by this Pacquet, as \u2019tis said she will sail sometime this Week; so that no Post after our Arrival in London can possibly reach her.\nI must beg you to say for me to your good Family, and let my great Hurry plead in Excuse for your seeing so soon the Name of your affectionate\nWm: Franklin\nFor Miss Graeme.\n Addressed: To / Miss Elizth. Graeme / In / Philadelphia", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "08-12-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0110", "content": "Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Ferdinand John Paris, 12 August 1757\nFrom: Paris, Ferdinand John\nTo: Franklin, Benjamin\nSir,\nHampstead Friday Afternoon past 4.12. Augst. 1757.\nIn Consequence of my Letter to You, of the 10th. Instant, I am now to acquaint You, that it\u2019s believed the Youngest of the Proprietarys is some where from Home, and has not received, at least he has not answered, his Brother\u2019s Letter, touching the Appointment for to Morrow; Which, therefore, must go off; And they will take the first Opportunity to fix some other Time, Of which, You shall have due Notice, from, Sir, Your most humble Servant\nBenjamin Franklin Esqr. 12. August 1757 Copp Mr. Paris\u2019s Second Letter to Mr. Franklin.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "08-20-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0111", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to the Proprietors: Heads of Complaint, 20 August 1757\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Proprietors\n\u201cI believe I shall be able to deal very well with Mr. Franklin,\u201d wrote Thomas Penn when first informed of the Assembly\u2019s plan to send him as agent to England. To undercut his mission, Penn sought assurance from the Duke of Cumberland that Postmaster General Sir Everard Fawkener would \u201cby no means support Franklin\u201d in opposing the Proprietors, and he sowed seeds of jealousy, so he thought, between the new emissary and long-time agent Richard Partridge; Penn told Partridge he \u201cdid not desire to have any conversation with him [Franklin]\u2014This did not displease him [Partridge] and we parted mighty good Friends.\u201d In a final move to thwart Franklin\u2019s agency, Penn urged James Hamilton to come to England to help refute Assembly arguments.\nMeanwhile, Franklin busily prepared his own case: \u201cI went to visit Dr. Fothergill, to whom I was strongly recommended, and whose Counsel respecting my Proceedings I was advis\u2019d to obtain. He was against an immediate Complaint to Government, and thought the Proprietaries should first be personally apply\u2019d to, who might possibly be induc\u2019d by the Interposition and Persuasion of some private Friends to accomodate Matters amicably. I then waited on my old Friend and Correspondent Mr. Peter Collinson, who told me that John Hanbury, the great Virginia Merchant, had requested to be informed when I should arrive, that he might carry me to Lord Granville\u2019s, who was then President of the Council, and wish\u2019d to see me as soon as possible. I agreed to go with him the next Morning. Accordingly Mr. Hanbury called for me and took me in his Carriage to that Nobleman\u2019s, who receiv\u2019d me with great Civility; and after some Questions respecting the present State of Affairs in America, and Discourse thereupon, he said to me, \u2018You Americans have wrong Ideas of the Nature of your Constitution; you contend that the King\u2019s Instructions to his Governors are not Laws, and think yourselves at Liberty to disregard them at your own Discretion. But those Instructions are not like the Pocket Instructions given to a Minister going abroad, for regulating his Conduct in some trifling Point of Ceremony. They are first drawn up by Judges learned in the Laws; they are then considered, debated and perhaps amended in Council, after which they are signed by the King. They are then so far as relates to you, the Law of the Land; for The King is the Legislator of the Colonies.\u2019 I told his Lordship this was new Doctrine to me. I had always understood from our Charters, that our Laws were to be made by our Assemblies, to be presented indeed to the King for his Royal Assent, but that being once given the King could not repeal or alter them. And as the Assemblies could not make permanent Laws without his Assent, so neither could he make a Law for them without theirs. He assur\u2019d me I was totally mistaken. I did not think so however. And his Lordship\u2019s Conversation having a little alarm\u2019d me as to what might be the Sentiments of the Court concerning us, I wrote it down as soon as I return\u2019d to my Lodgings.\u201d\nSometime between August 13 and 16, reported Thomas Penn, \u201cMr. Franklin came according to his appointment to pay me a visit previous to his entering upon Business. He professed his desire to do every thing in his Power to settle the differences that subsisted between us and the Assembly. We spoke of things generally, my Brother being in the Country on a Tour, I did not think it proper to do otherwise. The next day he came to Town, and we sent for Mr. Franklin, and appointed the 20th. of last Month to receive what he had to offer, which he proposed to do in the way of conversation, but as we had told him, it was absolutely necessary to have what he demanded in writing, he delivered a loose Paper not address\u2019d to any body called heads of Complaint, a Copy of which I send you but I think it shou\u2019d not be made publick.\u201d\nLondon Augst. 20, 1757.\nHeads of Complaint\n1. That the reasonable and necessary Power given to Deputy Governors of Pennsylvania by the Royal Charter, Section 4th. and 5th. of making Laws with the Advice and Consent of the Assembly, for Raising Money for the Safety of the Country and other Publick Uses, \u201caccording to their best Discretion,\u201d is taken away by Proprietary Instructions enforced by penal Bonds, and restraining the Deputy from the Use of his best Discretion; tho\u2019 being on the Spot, he can better judge of the Emergency State and Necessity of Affairs, than Proprietaries residing at a great Distance; by Means of which Restraints sundry Sums of Money granted by the Assembly for the Defence of the Province, have been rejected by the Deputy, to the great Injury of His Majesty\u2019s Service in Time of War, and Danger of the Loss of the Colony.\n2. That the indubitable Right of the Assembly, to judge of the Mode, Measure and Time of Granting Supplies, is infringed by Instructions that injoin the Deputy to refuse his Assent to any Bill for Raising Money, unless certain Modes, Measures, and Times in such Instructions directed, make a Part of the Bill; whereby the Assembly, in Time of War, are reduced to the Necessity of either losing the Country to the Enemy, or giving up the Liberties of the People, and receiving Law from the Proprietary; and if they should do the latter in the present Case, it will not prevent the former; the restricting Instructions being such, as that, if comply\u2019d with, it is impossible to raise a Sum sufficient to defend the Country.\n3. That the Proprietaries have injoined their Deputy, by such Instructions, to refuse his Assent to any Law for raising Money by a Tax, tho\u2019 ever so necessary for the Defence of the Country, unless the greatest Part of their Estate is exempted from such Tax. This, to the Assembly and People of Pennsylvania, appears both unjust and cruel.\nThe Proprietaries are now requested seriously to consider these Complaints, and redress the Aggrievances complain\u2019d of, in the most speedy and effectual Manner; that Harmony may be restored between the several Branches of the Legislature, and the Publick Service be hereafter readily and fully provided for.\nB Franklin,Agent for the Province of Pensilva.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "08-22-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0112", "content": "Title: To Benjamin Franklin from William Sturgeon, 22 August 1757\nFrom: Sturgeon, William\nTo: Franklin, Benjamin\n[Philadelphia, Aug. 22, 1757]\nMrs. Franklin favoured me with the Sight of a Letter wrote to you by one Mr. Waring, in which your Thoughts are desired on the important Subject of instructing the Negroes in the Principles of Christianity. As I have the Honour of being employ\u2019d by the Society, a[s] Catechist to the Negroes in this City I take the Freedom to make mention of the Affair to you. When I first arrived here, few or none of the Colour were Christians; but by the Blessing of God, several of them, after proper Instruction, have been baptised, and are regular Communicants of our Church; and others who do not communicate, behave orderly, and attend the Service of the Church.\nI am forced chiefly to instruct them by the Ear; but if a School could be opened for their Use under the Care and Inspection of the Minister, or some other prudent Person or Persons, the Work would in time become easy, and much Good might be done to them, and several of the lower Rank of White People.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "08-29-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0113", "content": "Title: Post Office Account with William Hunter, 29 August 1757\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Hunter, William\nPasted on page 26 of Franklin\u2019s Ledger, 1764\u20131775, is a small slip of paper on which he wrote a memorandum which appears to have nothing to do with the accounts to which it has been attached. Although the memorandum as a whole is dated 1772, it is printed here at the date of the earliest item on it.\nLondon, May 5, 1772\nHunter\nAug 29.\nDo\nOct. 27\nMay 3\nAug. 26\nNov. 21\nMar. 1\nThe above Sums taken from Banker\u2019s Book (Brown & Sons) all above the Line are settled in the Post Office Account between W. Hunter and me. Query, How were the subsequent Sums settled.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "09-14-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0114", "content": "Title: To Benjamin Franklin from David Hall, 14 September 1757\nFrom: Hall, David\nTo: Franklin, Benjamin\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia, 14th Septemr 1757\nI make no Doubt but long before this comes to hand, you have received the first and Second Copies of the second Hundred Pound. I sent you one by Capt. Arthur, Via Liverpool, the other by Capt. Lyon.\nInclosed I have now sent you the first Copy of another Bill, for One hundred Pounds, the Exchange the same as the others, Sixty Seven and a half, which you will please to own the Receipt of, as soon as it reaches you, and likewise of what has been sent before. As there are only three setts of Hunter\u2019s Bills shall send but two of them, till I hear of one at any Time being intercepted.\nWe shall begin in a Week or two more from this Date, to expect to hear from you in Case you have had the Good Luck to escape the Monsieurs, which by what we have heard lately, seems to be a pretty difficult Matter to do, as they cover the seas in a Manner with their Privateers &c. Yours &c.\nD H\nTo Benjamin Franklin Esqr. via Liverpool per Industry Cap. Nuttle\nCopy Via Liverpool per the Philadelphia Capt. Ferguson Jr [?] per the Carolina Cap. Duncan\nWrote at the same time under Cover to his Father to Mr. William Franklin.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "09-16-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0115", "content": "Title: William Franklin to the Printer of The Citizen, 16 September 1757\nFrom: Franklin, William\nTo: Printer of The Citizen\nSoon after beginning his negotiations with the Proprietors, Franklin became convinced that they \u201cwere repeatedly publishing scandalous and malicious Falshoods against the Assembly and People of Pennsylvania\u201d in the English press. A letter in The Citizen, or General Advertiser, Sept. 9, 1757, aspersing the Assembly and the Quakers, provided the immediate occasion for a reply, but, because it might appear improper for the Assembly\u2019s chief negotiator with the Penns to engage in such a newspaper controversy, the response appeared over the signature of William Franklin. It was published in The Citizen, September 16, reprinted in The London Chronicle, September 17\u201320 (Number II below), and repeated in The Citizen on the 23d. Gentleman\u2019s Magazine printed it in the September issue (distributed in October) with an extended introduction prepared by the Franklins (Number I below). On Dec. 8, 1757, The Pennsylvania Gazette reprinted the letter as it had appeared in the September 23 Citizen, and in a further demonstration of Franklin\u2019s assiduous propagandizing, it was inserted as an appendix in Richard Jackson\u2019s An Historical Review of the Constitution and Government of Pennsylvania, which appeared in London in June 1759 under Franklin\u2019s guidance and sponsorship. An introduction in this work praised the letter\u2019s good effect: \u201csince that Time [September 1757] no one has ever offer\u2019d to publish the least Thing in Contradiction; altho\u2019 before, scarce a Week elaps\u2019d without the News-Papers furnishing us with some anonymous Abuse of that Colony.\u201d\nI\nIn our Magazine, Vol. XXV. p. 87 [487]. Vol. xxvi. p. 28. we have given a very particular account of the disputes between the assembly of Pennsylvania and the late Governor Morris, which had exactly the same cause, and produced exactly the same effects, as the late dispute between this Assembly and Mr. Denny.\nThe acting governor, who is only lieutenant governor, besides the royal instructions, receives instructions from the proprietaries. By these proprietary instructions the governor is required not to pass any bill for taxing their quit rents, their located unimproved lands, and their purchase money at interest, but the assembly have ever been determined to frame no money bill, in which these quit rents, lands, and money shall be exempted, for the following reasons.\n1st, Because they conceive that neither the proprietaries nor any other power on earth, ought to interfere between them and their sovereign, either to modify or refuse their free gifts, and grants for his majesty\u2019s service.\n2d, Because though the governor may be under obligation to the proprietaries, yet he is under greater to the crown, and to the people he is appointed to govern, to promote the service of his majesty, and preserve the rights of his subjects, and protect them from their cruel enemies.\n3d. Because a tax laid comformable to the proprietary instructions, could not possibly produce the necessary supply. By these instructions all the proprietors estate, except a trifle, and all located unimproved lands, to whomsoever belonging, are to be exempted. There remains then to be taxed, only the improved lands, houses, and personal estates of the people. Now it is well known, from the tax books, that there are not in the province more than 20,000 houses, including those of the towns with those on plantations. If these, with the improved lands annexed to them, and the personal estate of those that inhabit them, are worth, one with another, \u00a3250 each, it may, we think, be reckoned their full value; then multiply 20,000 the number of houses, by \u00a3250 the value of each estate, and the produce is \u00a35,000,000 for the full value of all our estates, real and personal, the unimproved lands excepted. Now three per cent. on five millions is but one hundred and fifty thousand pounds; and four shillings in the pound on one hundred and fifty thousand pounds, being but a fifth part, is no more than thirty thousand pounds; so that we ought to have near seventeen millions to produce, by such a tax, one hundred thousand pounds.\n4th. Because the bill\n   In the bill which passed in March last, the proprietary estate was not taxed, that matter being intended to be referred to the determination of superior authority in England.\n which they have prepared, without the exceptions required in the proprietaries instructions, is exactly conformable to an act lately passed by a former governor, and allowed by the crown.\nIt is indeed matter of equal astonishment and concern, that in this time of danger and distress, when the utmost unanimity and dispatch is necessary to the preservation of life, liberty, and estate, a governor should be sent to our colonies with such instructions as must inevitably produce endless dispute and delay, and prevent the assembly from effectually opposing the French upon any other condition, than the giving up their rights as Englishmen.\nThe assembly, indeed, have been stigmatized as obstinate, fanatical, and disaffected; and reproached as the authors of every calamity under which they suffer. A paragraph in one of the public papers, which lately echoed the charge that has been long urged against them, has been answered by Mr. William Franklin of Philadelphia, who is now in England. We shall insert the paragraph and reply at large, as we cannot exhibit any other representation with equal authority.\nII\n  Pennsylvania Coffee-houseLondon, Sept. 16, 1757.\n  \u2003To the Printer of the Citizen.\nSir,\nIn your Paper of the 9th Instant, I observe the following Paragraph, Viz. \u201cThe last Letters from Philadelphia bring Accounts of the Scalping the Inhabitants of the Back Provinces by the Indians: At the same Time the Disputes between the Governor and the Assembly are carried to as great a Height as ever, and the Messages sent from the Assembly to the Governor, and from the Governor to the Assembly, are expressed in Terms which give very little Hopes of a reconciliation. The Bill to raise Money is clogged, so as to prevent the Governor from giving his Consent to it; and the Obstinacy of the Quakers in the Assembly is such, that they will in no Shape alter it: So that, while the Enemy is in the Heart of the Country, Cavils prevent any Thing being done for its Relief. Mr. Denny is the third Governor with whom the Assembly has had these Disputes within a few Years.\u201d\nAs this Paragraph, like many others heretofore published in the Papers, is not founded on Truth, but calculated to prejudice the Public against the Quakers and People of Pennsylvania, you are desired to do that injured Province some Justice, in publishing the following Remarks; which would have been sent you sooner, had the Paper come sooner to my Hands.\n1. That the Scalping of the Frontier Inhabitants by the Indians is not peculiar to Pennsylvania, but common to all the Colonies, in Proportion as their Frontiers are more or less extended and exposed to the Enemy. That the Colony of Virginia, in which there are very few, if any Quakers, and none in the Assembly, has lost more Inhabitants and Territory by the War than Pennsylvania. That even the Colony of New York, with all its own Forces, a great Body of New-England Troops encamp\u2019d on its Frontier, and the regular Army under Lord Loudoun, posted in different Places, has not been able to secure its Inhabitants from Scalping by the Indians; who coming secretly in very small Parties skulking in the Woods, must sometimes have it in their Power to surprize and destroy Travellers, or single Families settled in scattered Plantations, notwithstanding all the Care that can possibly be taken by any Government for their Protection. Centinels posted round an Army, while standing on their Guard, with Arms in their Hands, are often kill\u2019d and scalp\u2019d by Indians. How much easier must it be for such an Enemy to destroy a Ploughman at Work in his Field?\n2. That the Inhabitants of the Frontiers of Pennsylvania are not Quakers, were in the Beginning of the War supplied with Arms and Ammunition by the Assembly, and have frequently defended themselves, and repelled the Enemy, being withheld by no Principle from Fighting; and the Losses they have suffer\u2019d were owing entirely to their Situation, and the loose scattered Manner in which they had settled their Plantations and Families in the Woods, remote from each other, in Confidence of lasting Peace.\n3. That the Disputes between the late and present Governors, and the Assembly of Pennsylvania, were occasioned, and are continued, chiefly by new Instructions from the Proprietors to those Governors, forbidding them to pass any Laws to raise Money for the Defence of the Country, unless the proprietary Estate, or much the greatest Part of it, was exempted from the Tax to be raised by Virtue of such Laws, and other Clauses inserted in them, by which the Privileges long enjoyed by the People, and which they think they have a Right to, not only as Pennsylvanians, but as Englishmen, were to be extorted from them, under their present Distresses. The Quakers, who, tho\u2019 the first Settlers, are now but a small Part of the People of Pennsylvania, were concerned in those Disputes only as Inhabitants of the Province, and not as Quakers; and all the other Inhabitants join in opposing those Instructions, and contending for their Rights, the Proprietary Officers and Dependants only excepted, with a few of such as they can influence.\n4. That though some Quakers have Scruples against bearing Arms, they have when most numerous in the Assembly, granted large Sums for the King\u2019s Use (as they expressed it) which have been applied to the Defence of the Province; for Instance, in 1755, and 1756, they granted the Sum of \u00a355,000 to be raised by a Tax on Estates real and personal, and \u00a330,000 to be raised by Excise on Spirituous Liquors; besides near \u00a310,000 in Flour, &c. to General Braddock and for cutting his Roads, and \u00a310,000 to General Shirley in Provisions for the New England and New York Forces, then on the Frontiers of New-York; at the same Time that the Contingent Expenses of Government to be otherwise provided for, were greatly and necessarily enhanced. That however, to remove all Pretence for Reflection on their Sect, as obstructing military Measures in Time of War, a Number of them voluntarily quitted their Seats in Assembly, in 1756; others requested their Friends not to chuse them in the ensuing Election, nor did any of that Profession stand as Candidates, or request a Vote for themselves at that Election, many Quakers refusing even to vote at all, and others voting for such Men as would, and did, make a considerable Majority in the House, who were not Quakers; and yet four of the Quakers, who were nevertheless chosen, refused to serve, and Writs were issued for new Elections, when four others, not Quakers, were chosen in their Places; that of 36 Members, the Number of which the House consists, there are not at the most above 12 of that Denomination, and those such as are well known to be for supporting the Government in Defence of the Country, but are too few, if they were against such a Measure, to prevent it.\n5. That the Bill to raise Money said in the above Article of News, to be so clogged as to prevent the Governor from giving his Assent, was drawn in the same Form, and with the same Freedom from all Clogs, as that for granting \u00a360,000 which had been passed by the Governor in 1755, and received the Royal Approbation; that the real Clogs or Obstructions to its passing were not in the Bill, but in the above-mentioned proprietary Instructions; that the Governor having long refused his Assent to the Bill, did in Excuse of his Conduct, on Lord Loudoun\u2019s Arrival at Philadelphia, in March last, lay his Reasons before his Lordship, who was pleased to communicate them to one of the Members of the House, and patiently to hear what that Member had to say in Answer, the Governor himself being present; and that his Lordship did finally declare himself fully satisfied with the Answers made to those Reasons, and to give it as his Opinion to the Governor, that he ought immediately to pass the Bill, any Instructions he might have to the contrary from the Proprietors notwithstanding, which the Governor accordingly complied with, passed the Bill on the 22d of March, and the Money, being \u00a3100,000 for the Service of the current Year, has been ever since actually expending in the Defence of the Province; so that the whole Story of the Bill\u2019s not passing, the clogging of the Bill by the Assembly, and the Obstinacy of the Quakers preventing its Passage, is absolutely a malicious and notorious Falshood.\n6. The Assertion of the News-Writers, \u201cThat while the Enemy is in the Heart of the Country, Cavils prevent any Thing being done for its Relief,\u201d is so far from being true: That First, the Enemy is not, nor ever was, in the Heart of the Country, having only molested the Frontier Settlements by their Parties. Secondly, More is done for the Relief and Defence of the Country, without any Assistance from the Crown, than is done perhaps by any other Colony in America; there having been, soon after the War broke out, the following Forts erected at the Province Expence, in a Line to cover the Frontier, viz. Henshaw\u2019s Fort on Delaware, Fort Hamilton, Fort Norris, Fort Allen, Fort Franklin, Fort Lebanon, Fort William Henry, Fort Augustus, Fort Halifax, Fort Granville, Fort Shirley, Fort Littleton, and Shippensburg Fort, besides several smaller Stockades and Places of Defence, garrisoned by Troops in the Pay of the Province, under whose Protection the Inhabitants, who at first abandoned their Frontier Settlements, returned generally to their Habitations, and many yet continue, though not without some Danger, to cultivate their Lands: By these Pennsylvanian Troops, under Col. Armstrong, the greatest Blow was given to the Enemy last Year on the Ohio that they have received during the War: in burning and destroying the Indian Town of Kittanning, and killing their great Captain Jacobs, with many other Indians, and recovering a Number of Captives of their own and the neighbouring Provinces: Besides the Garrisons, in the Forts, 1100 Soldiers are maintained on the Frontiers in Pay, being armed and accoutred by the Province, as ranging Companies.\nAnd at Philadelphia, 15 Iron Cannon, 18 Pounders, were last Year purchased in England, and added to the 50 they had before, either mounted on their Batteries, or ready to be mounted, besides a Train of Artillery, being new Brass Field Pieces, 12 and 6 Pounders, with all their Appurtenances in extreme good Order, and a Magazine stored with Ammunition, a Quantity of large Bombshells, and above 2000 new Small Arms lately procured, exclusive of those in the Hands of the People. They have likewise this Summer fitted out a 20 Gun Province Ship of War, to scour the Coast of Privateers, and protect the Trade of that and the neighbouring Provinces, which is more than any other Colony to the Southward of New England has done. Pennsylvania also, by its Situation, covers the greatest Part of New Jersey, all the Government of the Delaware Countries, and great Part of Maryland, from the Invasions of the Indians, without receiving any Contribution from those Colonies, or the Mother-Country, towards the Expence.\nThe above are Facts, consistent with the Knowledge of the Subscriber, who but lately left Philadelphia, is now in London, is not, nor ever was, a Quaker, nor writes this at the Request of any Quaker, but purely to do Justice to a Province and People, of late frequently abused in nameless Papers and Pamphlets published in England. And he hereby calls upon the Writer of that Article of News to produce the letters out of which, he says, he has drawn those Calumnies and Falshoods, or to take the Shame to himself.\nWilliam Franklin.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "09-18-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0116", "content": "Title: To Benjamin Franklin from David Colden, 18 September 1757\nFrom: Colden, David\nTo: Franklin, Benjamin\nSir\nSeptr. 18th. 1757\nAbout the time you left America I was employed in endeavouring with my Fathers assistance to form an Explication of the Phenomena of Electricity, on his Principles of Action in Matter; some conceptions had occurred to me in pursuing the Experiments made by you and Mr. Canton which gave me reason to hope it might be effected, on very simple principles. If you were at this time with us, I make no doubt what I have wrote on that subject, and which I now take the liberty to send you, would be much more correct. However I am so unwilling to have it appear in publick, before you have had an oppertunity of judging it, that I have desired my Cousin Alexander Colden to leave it with you some time for your consideration: the favour which I have formerly had of corresponding with you on this subject gives me assurance that you will take the trouble of considering it and of letting me know your sentiments of it. I shall esteem it a great feavour Sir that you make corrections in any part that may appear to want it. I had much rather not have it published, than that it should afterwards appear unworthy the notice of the Judicious; but if it meets with your approbation I shall reckon myself very safe in the publication. I must beg you to let my Cousin see what you write me on this occasion, that he may know how to order the Printing, for I shall desire him to delay it, in case you make any material objections, till I have an oppertunity of obviating them, or recalling my error. Your advice to my Cousin in any thing concerning this Peice shall be most gratefully acknowledged by Sir Yrs.\nTo Benjn Franklin Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "10-19-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0118", "content": "Title: To Benjamin Franklin from David Hall, 19 October 1757\nFrom: Hall, David\nTo: Franklin, Benjamin\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia, 19th October 1757\nMy last to you by the Carolina Captain Duncan, contained the second Copy of a Bill of Exchange for \u00a3100. which I hope is come safe to hand.\nYou have now inclosed the first Copy of one other Bill for \u00a3100. (which will make the fourth Hundred remitted you since you left Philadelphia) the Receipt of which you will please to own by the first Vessel after it comes to hand, and likewise for that before sent. This last I had for Sixty-five, the others I think I acquainted you Cost Sixty Seven and a Half. &c.\nD H\nInclosed is a Copy of the first letter of Advice relating to the above Bill of Exchange.\nTo Benjamin Franklin Esqr. per the Myrtilla Capt Budden Copy per Philadelphia Capt Stewart Via Liverpool", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0119", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to John Fothergill, [October 1757]\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Fothergill, John\nDear Doctor\nTuesday morning, [October, 1757?]\nI took the 30 grs. of Comp[oun]d Powder of Contrayerva you prescribed, and had a good Night.\nI had no Headach in the Morning, as when I took the Hartshorn Drops; and therefore did not cup.\nBut I have had all Day yesterday, a Giddiness and Swimming in my Head, which, every time I rise up, or turn suddenly, makes me stagger a little.\nI hear a humming Noise in my head, and seem now and then to see little faint twinkling Lights. And my Head feels tender.\nWill Abstinence be sufficient to remove this Disorder: or do you still advise Cupping, and any thing farther, for Your affectionate Friend\nDr Fothergill", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "11-12-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0120", "content": "Title: To Benjamin Franklin from John Bartram, 12 November 1757\nFrom: Bartram, John\nTo: Franklin, Benjamin\n[Philadelphia, November 12, 1757]\nHere is a visible Aurora Borealis; at 7 a Clock it was about two hours high, to the northward pretty bright. Soon after Day light disappeared it was much more East, where it was redder with some faint streamers, whose Points reached near 45 Degrees Elevation, which soon disappeared, and the Light descended by Degrees under the Pole, and by 10 a Clock was near extinct. I should be very glad to know whether (and how) it appeared this Night with you, which may assist in some Philosophical Enquiries. I have not observed any this Fall before. Yesterday the Weather was cool and clear, and the Wind pretty strong at North; and I believe this the coldest Evening we have had this Fall, tho\u2019 this Week we had Ice as thick as a Dollar.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0122", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Deborah Franklin, 22 November 1757\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Franklin, Deborah\nMy dear Child,\nLondon, Nov. 22. 1757\nDuring my Illness which continued near Eight Weeks, I wrote you several little Letters, as I was able; the last was by the Pacquet which sailed from Falmouth [above a week since: in that I informed you that my intermitting fever which had continued to harrass me, by frequent relapses, was gone off, and I have ever since been gathering strength and flesh. My doctor, Fothergill, who had forbid me the use of pen and ink, now permits me to write as much as I can without over fatiguing myself, and therefore I sit down to write more fully than I have hitherto been able to do.\nThe 2d of September I wrote to you that I had had a violent cold and something of a fever, but that it was almost gone. However, it was not long before I had another severe cold, which continued longer than the first, attended by great pain in my head, the top of which was very hot, and when the pain went off, very sore and tender. These fits of pain continued sometimes longer than at others; seldom less than 12 hours, and once 36 hours. I was now and then a little delirious: they cupped me on the back of the head which seemed to ease me for the present; I took a great deal of bark, both in substance and infusion, and too soon thinking myself well, I ventured out twice, to do a little business and forward the service I am engaged in, and both times got fresh cold and fell down again; my good] Doctor grew very angry with me, for acting so contrary to his Cautions and Directions, and oblig\u2019d me to promise more Observance for the future. He attended me very carefully and affectionately; and the good Lady of the House nursed me kindly; Billy was also of great Service to [me, in going from place to place, where I could not go myself, and Peter was very diligent and attentive. I took so much bark in various ways that I began to abhor it; I durst not take a vomit, for fear of my head; but at last I was seized one morning with a vomiting and purging, the latter of which continued the greater part of the day, and I believe was a kind of crisis to the distemper, carrying it clear off; for ever since I feel quite lightsome, and am every day gathering strength; so I hope my seasoning is over, and that I shall enjoy better health during the rest of my stay in England.\nI have now before me, your letters of July 17, July 31, August 11, August 21, September 4, September 19, October 1, and October 9. I thank you for writing to me so frequently and fully; I believe I have missed none of your letters yet, but those by Lyon, who was taken.\nYou mention Mr. Scott\u2019s being robbed, but do not say to what value; was it considerable? I have seen Mr. Ralph, and delivered him Mrs. Garrigues\u2019s letter. He is removed from Turnham Green; when I return I\u2019ll tell you every thing relating to him, in the mean time I must advise Mrs. Garrigues not to write to him again, till I send her word how to direct her letters, he being unwilling, for some good reasons, that his present wife should know any thing of his having any connections in America. He expresses great affection for his daughter and grand children. He has but one child here.\nI have found David Edwards, and send you some of his letters, with one for his father. I am glad to hear that our friends at] Newark got well thro\u2019 the Small Pox.\nThe above Particulars are in Answer to Things mentioned in your Letters, and so are what follows.\nGovernor Shirley\u2019s Affairs are still in an uncertain State; he is endeavouring to obtain an Enquiry into his Conduct; but the Confusion of Publick Affairs here, occasions it to be postpon\u2019d. He and I visit frequently.\nI make no doubt but Reports will be spread by my Enemies to my Disadvantage, but let none of them trouble you. If I find I can do my Country no Good, I will take care, at least, not to do it any Harm. I will neither seek nor accept of any thing for my self; and though I may perhaps not be able to obtain for the People what they wish and expect, no Interest shall induce me to betray the Trust they have repos\u2019d in me: So make yourself quite easy with regard to such Reports.\nMr. Hunter is better than he has been for a long time. He and his Sister desire to be remembred to you.\nI believe I left the Seal with Mr. Parker.\nI am glad to hear that Mr. Budinot has so seasonable a Supply; and hope he will not go to mining again.\nI am oblig\u2019d to all my Friends that visit you in my Absence. My Love to them.\n[Mr. Ralph delivered me your letters very obligingly; he is well respected by people of value here.\nI thank you for sending me brother Johnny\u2019s journal; I hope he is well, and sister Read and the children.\nI am sorry to hear of Mr. Burt\u2019s death. He] came to me at New York with a Proposal that I did not approve of; but it show\u2019d his Good Will and Respect for me: When I return, I\u2019ll tell you what it was.\nI shall entertain Mr. Collinson and Dr. Fothergill with your Account of Tedyuskung\u2019s Visit.\nI should have read Sally\u2019s French Letter with more Pleasure, but that I thought the French rather too good to be all her own Composing. I suppose her Master must have corrected it. But I am glad she is improving in that and her Music. I send her a French Pamela.\nYou were very lucky in not Insuring the Rum. We are oblig\u2019d to Mr. Booth for his Care in that Remittance. I suppose you have wrote to acknowledge the Receipt of it. I have not yet seen Mr. Birkett.\nI am not much surpriz\u2019d at Green\u2019s Behaviour. He has not an honest Principle, I fear. I have not yet seen Mr. Wolstenholme, but he is arrived.\nI am glad you went to Eliz. Town, and that Ben. has got that good Girl. I hope they will do well. When you write remember my Love to her.\nDec. 3. I write by little and little, as I can find Time. I have now gone thro\u2019 all your agreable letters, which give me fresh Pleasure every time I read them. Last Night I received another, dated October 16. which brings me the good news that you and Salley were got safe home, your last of the 9th being from Eliz. Town. Budden\u2019s [ship is not yet come up to London, but is daily expected, having been some time at Cowes. Mr. Hall has sent me a Bill, as you mention. Mr. Walsteinholme is come to town and I expect to see him to day. When I have enquired how things are with Green, I shall write some directions to you what to do in the affair.\nI am glad to hear that Miss Ray is well, and that you correspond. It is not convenient to be forward in giving advice in such cases. She has prudence enough to judge for herself, and I hope she will judge and act for the best.\nI hear there is a miniature painter gone over to Philadephia, a relation to John Reynolds. If Sally\u2019s picture is not done to your mind, by the] young Man, and the other Gentleman is a good hand and follows that Business, suppose you get Sally\u2019s done by him and send it me with your small Picture, that I may here get all our little Family drawn in one Conversation Piece.\nI am sorry to hear of the general Sickness. I hope it is over before this Time, and that little Franky is recover\u2019d.\nI was as much disappointed in my Intention of Writing by that Pacquet, as you were in not receiving Letters by her; and it has since given me a great deal of Vexation. I wrote to you by way of New York, the Day after my Arrival in London, which I do not find you have receiv\u2019d.\nI do not use to be a backward Correspondent though my Sickness has brought me behind hand with my Friends in that Respect.\nHad I been well, I intended to have gone round among the Shops, and bought some [pretty things for you and my dear good Sally, (whose little hands you say eased your headache) to send by this ship, but I must now defer it to the next, having only got a crimson satin cloak for you, the newest fashion, and the blacksilk for Sally; but Billy sends her a scarlet feather, muff, and tippet, and a box of fashionable linen for her dress; in the box is a thermometer for Mr. Taylor and one for Mr. Schlatter, which you will carefully deliver; as also, a watch for Mr. Schlatter. I shall write to them; the black silk was sent to Mr. Neates, who undertook to forward it in some package of his.\nIt is now twelve days since I began to write this letter, and I still continue well, but have not yet quite recovered my strength, flesh or spirits. I every day drink a glass of infusion of bark in wine,] by way of Prevention, and hope my Fever will no more return. On fair Days, which are but few, I venture out about noon.\nThe agreable Conversation I meet with among Men of Learning, and the Notice taken of me by Persons of Distinction, are the principal Things that sooth me for the present under this painful Absence from my Family and Friends; yet those would not detain me here another Week, if I had not other Inducements, Duty to my Country and Hopes of being able to do it Service.\nPray remember me kindly to all that love us, and to all that we love. \u2019Tis endless to name Names. I am, my dear Child, Your ever loving Husband\nB Franklin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0126", "content": "Title: To Benjamin Franklin from William Hunter, [30 November 1757]\nFrom: Hunter, William\nTo: Franklin, Benjamin\nDear Sir,\nWednesday Morne [Nov. 30, 1757]\nIf convenient, I should be oblig\u2019d to you for three or four Hundred Pound Draughts on your Banker. My Sister wants one of Twenty Pound; for Marketting. Yours,\nWm. Hunter\n Addressed: To / Mr. Franklin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0127", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to William Coleman, 8 December 1757\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Coleman, William\nAt a Meeting of the Trustees at the Academy March 14th 1758\nPresent\nRichard Peters\nThomas White\nWilliam Coleman\nAlexander Stedman\nMr. Franklin having by a Letter to Mr. Coleman dated from London Dec. 8th 1757 requested him to inform the Trustees that he had on their Account discharged a Bill of Articles for an Apparatus in Experimental Philosophy, amounting to \u00a369 11s. Sterling and that he had further undertaken to pay Mr. Collinson a Ballance of \u00a3138 4s. 2d. Sterling due to him on the same Account and having in the same Letter likewise requested that the Trustees would remit him the Sum of \u00a3207 15s. 2d. Sterling to reimburse him; the Trustees present taking this Affair into Consideration are of Opinion that the above Sum of \u00a3207 15s. 2d. Sterling should forthwith be remited to Mr. Franklin by the Treasurer, and desire the President to issue an Order for that Purpose.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "12-09-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0128", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to David Hall, 9 December 1757\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Hall, David\nDear Mr. Hall\nLondon, Dec. 9. 1757\nI have yours of June 23. July 4. and 31. Sept. 14. and 30. and Oct. 19. and have receiv\u2019d of you since I left Philadelphia, four Bills of One hundred Pounds Sterling each. I thank you for your Care in sending them, and your full Accounts of News, &c.\nI have been long ill. But I thank God am now pretty well recover\u2019d, and hope to be a better Correspondent for the future. I have bespoke the Letter of Caslon, but find him very dilatory. I doubt I shall not be able to get you a Hand that is good for any thing.\nYou mention sending me two Copies of the last Treaty at Eastown, but they proved to be of that at Harris\u2019s Ferry. I wish you had sent me a Poor Richard\u2019s Almanack. It is impossible to form any Judgment yet when I shall return; but hope it may be early in the Summer.\nI am oblig\u2019d to Dr. Evans for the Journal. Lord Anson heard I had such a Thing, and sent for it to day. Say nothing of this.\nThis Nation has been almost in Despair, on Account of their bad Success everywhere during this Year; but the King of Prussia\u2019s late good Fortune begins to revive them again. He will have a great Sum granted him by Parliament. Just now we have the News, that Prince Bevern has gain\u2019d a compleat Victory over the Austrians in Silesia. They were double his Number, tis said, and attack\u2019d him in his Camp, thinking to force his Intrenchments; but after 4 hours bloody Conflict, they gave over the Attempt; he came out and attack\u2019d them in his turn, the Austrians broke and fled three different Ways; he pursu\u2019d 6 German Miles, came up with one Third, and cut them to pieces; the King, who was marching to his Assistance met another Division, and demolish\u2019d that. How much of this will prove true I know not: But that there has been a Victory is generally believ\u2019d.\nMy Love to Polly and the Children, Mrs. Leacock, &c. in which Billy joins. I have only time to add, that I am, Dear Friend Yours affectionately\nB Franklin\nMr. Strahan and Family are well\nAddressed: To / Mr David Hall / Philada.\nEndorsed: B. Franklin Decr. 9. 1757.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "12-13-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0130", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to \u2014\u2014\u2014, [13 December 1757]\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nBoth the date and the addressee of this letter have been subjects of much difference of opinion. Each of the three surviving manuscript versions bears a different date line. That on the draft, in Franklin\u2019s hand, has been heavily scratched out, probably long after the letter was written, by someone other than Franklin. Sparks (Works, x, 281), Bigelow (Works, ix, 296), and Smyth (Writings, ix, 520) all read the obliterated line \u201cPhila. July 3, 1786.\u201d Though this is a plausible reading, it is far from certain; the place could be Passy, the day perhaps the 13th; the year is illegible, but could possibly be 1751, 1757, 1761, 1767, 1781, or 1787. The original date line also seems to have been written over and changed before it was finally crossed out. The copy in Temple Franklin\u2019s hand which his grandfather sent to Ezra Stiles in 1790 has the date line \u201cLondon, May 7, 1758,\u201d in what appears to be Franklin\u2019s hand in old age. The figure \u201c8\u201d also seems to have been written over and changed at some time. Finally, the French copy, in the hand of a clerk Franklin employed frequently during his years in France (1776\u20131785), bears the date line printed here. Though these contradictions cannot be resolved satisfactorily, the editors have used the French date line since it is the least ambiguous and is on the earliest known manuscript other than the draft, where it is not certainly decipherable.\nThough Thomas Paine has often been designated the recipient of this letter (e.g., by Sparks and Bigelow), this is most unlikely if the present editors are correct in the date assigned here; Paine was then a youth of twenty, doubtless unknown to Franklin. The copy sent to Ezra Stiles in 1790 is marked \u201cTo Mr. J.H.,\u201d probably in Franklin\u2019s hand, suggesting Joseph Huey (above, IV, 503\u20136) as the recipient. But the religious position of the person now addressed and that of Huey, as reflected in Franklin\u2019s earlier letter, seem strongly opposed. Franklin could have written the initials \u201cJ.H.\u201d on the copy of this letter by mistake instead of on that of the Huey letter he sent Stiles in 1790. The editors have not been able to identify any particular \u201cinfidel\u201d who might have sent Franklin a manuscript in 1757, nor have they located any particular tract which might be evidence that his advice against publication was disregarded.\nDear Sir\n[Cravenstreet, Dec. 13. 1757]\nI have read your Manuscrit with some Attention. By the Arguments it contains against the Doctrine of a particular Providence, tho\u2019 you allow a general Providence, you strike at the Foundation of all Religion: For without the Belief of a Providence that takes Cognizance of, guards and guides and may favour particular Persons, there is no Motive to Worship a Deity, to fear its Displeasure, or to pray for its Protection. I will not enter into any Discussion of your Principles, tho\u2019 you seem to desire it; At present I shall only give you my Opinion that tho\u2019 your Reasonings are subtle, and may prevail with some Readers, you will not succeed so as to change the general Sentiments of Mankind on that Subject, and the Consequence of printing this Piece will be a great deal of Odium drawn upon your self, Mischief to you and no Benefit to others. He that spits against the Wind, spits in his own Face. But were you to succeed, do you imagine any Good would be done by it? You yourself may find it easy to live a virtuous Life without the Assistance afforded by Religion; you having a clear Perception of the Advantages of Virtue and the Disadvantages of Vice, and possessing a Strength of Resolution sufficient to enable you to resist common Temptations. But think how great a Proportion of Mankind consists of weak and ignorant Men and Women, and of inexperienc\u2019d and inconsiderate Youth of both Sexes, who have need of the Motives of Religion to restrain them from Vice, to support their Virtue, and retain them in the Practice of it till it becomes habitual, which is the great Point for its Security; And perhaps you are indebted to her originally that is to your Religious Education, for the Habits of Virtue upon which you now justly value yourself. You might easily display your excellent Talents of reasoning on a less hazardous Subject, and thereby obtain Rank with our most distinguish\u2019d Authors. For among us, it is not necessary, as among the Hottentots that a Youth to be receiv\u2019d into the Company of Men, should prove his Manhood by beating his Mother. I would advise you therefore not to attempt unchaining the Tyger, but to burn this Piece before it is seen by any other Person, whereby you will save yourself a great deal of Mortification from the Enemies it may raise against you, and perhaps a good deal of Regret and Repentance. If Men are so wicked as we now see them with Religion what would they be if without it? I intend this Letter itself as a Proof of my Friendship and therefore add no Professions of it, but subscribe simply Yours\nB.F.\n Endorsed: Rough of Letter dissuading \u2014 from publishing his Piece", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "12-13-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0131", "content": "Title: William Strahan to Deborah Franklin, 13 December 1757\nFrom: Strahan, William\nTo: Franklin, Deborah\nDear Madam,\nLondon, December 13, 1757.\nI will not write to you, for the future, as a stranger whom I never had the happiness of seeing, but as to one with whom I have been for some time acquainted, for having had the pleasure for several months past, to be personally known to what you will readily allow, to be your better half, you\u2019ll permit me to fancy, I am by no means ignorant of the essential qualities of the other.\nI had for many years, conceived a very high, and now find, a very just opinion of Mr. Franklin; this I was naturally led to by the concurring testimony of every body, who knew him, (for the voice of his enemies, if he had any, never reached me) and by the opportunities I have had of judging for myself, during my correspondence with him for a dozen years. But though the notion I had formed of him, in my own mind, before I had the pleasure of seeing him, was really as far as it went, just enough; I must confess it was very unequal to what I now know his singular merit deserves.\nI own it is somewhat odd, to entertain a lady with the character of her husband, who must herself, of all others, be the least ignorant in that particular. But as all who know me, know that I cannot help speaking my sentiments freely, on any subject that strikes me in a great degree, so I choose to write my mind in regard to Mr. Franklin, before all others to you, because you are the most unexceptionable judge of the truth and propriety of what I say, and because I am persuaded you will listen to me, not only with patience but with pleasure; and indeed, whatever your own personal qualities may be, however amiable and engaging in my mind, your being the choice of such a man, must add greatly to your honour, to be the wife of one who has so much ability, inclination, and success, if you view him in a public capacity, in being eminently useful to his country, must necessarily confer on you great reputation, and to be the bosom friend of one who is equally fitted to promote any kind of domestic happiness, must as necessarily be the constant spring of the most substantial comfort to you.\nFor my own part, I never saw a man who was, in every respect, so perfectly agreeable to me. Some are amiable in one view, some in another, he in all. Now madam as I know the ladies here consider him in exactly the same light I do, upon my word I think you should come over, with all convenient speed to look after your interest; not but that I think him as faithful to his Joan, as any man breathing; but who knows what repeated and strong temptation, may in time, and while he is at so great a distance from you, accomplish. Besides, what a delightful expedition would this be to Miss Franklin, and how much must it amuse and improve her, to see and live a while in this great city. I know you will object to the length of the voyage and the danger of the seas, but truly this is more terrible in apprehension than in reality; of all the ways of travelling it is the easiest and most expeditious; and as for the danger, there has not a soul been lost between Philadelphia and this, in my memory; and I believe, not one ship taken by the enemy. Is the trouble and risque then of such a voyage, to be compared in any degree, with the pleasure it will afford you and your best friends. By no means. Instead of being afraid of the sea, we ought to have a particular regard for it, as it is so far from being a bar to the communication and intercourse of different and far distant countries, that it facilitates their correspondence in a very high degree. Nay more, it conveys in the floating castles of your mother country, that protection and assistance which I trust will soon give peace to your borders. I might urge as an additional inducement for you to come over in the spring, that the important business with which Mr. Franklin is charged, in the service of his country, (which I dare say you would wish above all things may be brought to a happy conclusion) may very probably detain him more than one season, which will exhaust your patience to such a degree, that you may repent, when too late, you did not listen to my advice.\nYour son I really think one of the prettiest young gentlemen I ever knew from America. He seems to me [to] have a solidity of judgment, not very often to be met with in one of his years. This with the daily opportunities he has of improving himself in the company of his father, who is at the same time his friend, his brother, his intimate, and easy companion, affords an agreeable prospect, that your husband\u2019s virtues and usefulness to his country, may be prolonged beyond the date of his own life.\nYour daughter (I wish I could call her mine), I find by the reports of all who know her, is a very amiable girl in all respects; but of her I shall say nothing, till I have the pleasure of seeing her. Only I must observe to you, that being the mistress of such a family, is a degree of happiness perhaps the greatest that falls to the lot of humanity. I sincerely wish you, very long, the unabated enjoyment of them. I leave it to your friend, to write you every thing from this place, you would desire to know. But I cannot take my leave of you without informing you that Mr. F. has the good fortune to lodge with a very discreet good gentlewoman, who is particularly careful of him, who attended him during a very severe cold he was some time ago seized with, with an assiduity, concern, and tenderness, which perhaps, only yourself could equal: so that I don\u2019t think you could have a better substitute till you come over, to take him under your own protection. He is now perfectly recovered.\nMy own family are, I thank God, just now in perfect health. My wife joins me in kindest compliments to you and dear Miss, not forgetting her honest son David and his fire-side. I wish you a speedy and happy meeting with your friends on this side of the water, which will give great pleasure to, Dear madam, Your most affectionate, Humble servant,\nWilliam Strahan.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "12-24-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0133", "content": "Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Giambatista Beccaria, 24 December 1757\nFrom: Beccaria, Giambatista\nTo: Franklin, Benjamin\nFather Beccaria, the strongest and most active supporter of Franklin\u2019s electrical theories on the Continent, addressed this letter to him in Latin soon after learning of his arrival in England. Dr. James Parsons made an English translation which, after some delay, was read at the Royal Society, Feb. 7, 1760. Because Beccaria\u2019s terminology differed in some particulars from that which had become familiar to English scientists (in large part through Franklin\u2019s writings), Franklin undertook to clear up points of possible misunderstanding in a brief \u201cNote\u201d read at the next meeting of the Society, February 14.\nParsons\u2019 translation is printed here, rather than the Latin original, both in order to make it available to a larger number of present-day readers, and because this was the version actually read to the members of the Royal Society. Parsons, however, was more distinguished as an antiquary than as an \u201celectrician.\u201d His translation of Beccaria\u2019s Latin (obviously difficult in some places) is stiff and far too literal; in some instances he clearly misses the sense, and in others he seems to give up and simply transliterates a technical term into what looks like, but is not, an English equivalent. The editors have therefore undertaken to substitute their own rendering of certain words and phrases, identifying them either in footnotes, by the use of brackets surrounding their substitutions, by adding the Latin original in italics after their rendering, or by a combination of these devices as seems most appropriate in each instance. In two particularly troublesome passages Parsons\u2019 translation is given unchanged in the text but Beccaria\u2019s Latin and the editors\u2019 suggested freer translation appear in footnotes. Readers interested in the Latin original are referred to that version as printed in the Philosophical Transactions.\nI\n[Turin, December 24, 1757]\nJohn Baptist Beccaria [of the sacred schools, sends greetings] to Benjamin Franklin Esqr. the first in Electrical Knowledge &c.\n1. Learned Sir, I am glad you are safe arriv\u2019d in London from America; and send you an hypothesis which I struck out from experiments concerning electrical motions: This I divide into two parts, as the very difference [between] these kind of motions seems to require; In the first part I treat of attractions, and in the second of repulsions;\n2. And I now Comprehend the whole of my consideration of attraction in a few words as follows: \u201cwhen the Electrical Fire, being in greater quantity in One body, throws it self by the power of Expansion into another; towards an Equilibrium, it removes the greater part of the Interjected, or Interstitial air from its place, according to its own greater [mass (copia)]. Whence it follows, that the air which is near the bodies, for want of the resistance of the intermediate air, rushes, towards that middle place: but not by passing round the bodies, which is a longer way, and more interrupted from the flowing out of the fire, but by rushing in, from nearby. It is by this [displacing (trusione)] of the air, that bodies unequally electrify\u2019d approach [each other]; and while they approach they are accelerated, because the more fire flows in, the greater quantity of intermediate air is thrown out, and therefore the greater the attraction; and thus the momentum of the air [displaced] from nearby will be increased.\nExperiment 1.\n3. That the air is [expelled] by the Electrical fire flowing in, is demonstrated by the experiment of the spark which is excited in the middle of the Tube, hermetically seald at one end, and stop\u2019d with [some liquid] at the Other; for while the spark throws out the [liquid], it is [proved (testatur)] the air is thrown out also.\n4. Nor indeed can the fire, when it flows in, supply the [support (fulcrum)] of the intermediate air now driven out, whereby the air adjacent to bodies may be sustain\u2019d; for it flows out again very freely, and passes into the Other body, wherfore as it is not itself sustaind or resisted, neither can it act as a [support].\nExperim: 2.\n  5. The matter is confirm\u2019d by the following [very] clear experiment: I roll\u2019d up a slip of Gilt paper of about eight inches long and four lines broad, so as to form a little solid cillinder D. I suspend this by a silk thread D.G. under [an opening (fornice)] of an air pump I.H.K. thro\u2019 the top of which, H. the mettal rod BC. passes, [descending into (desinens in)] the mettal ball C. I fix the mettal rod LE. arm\u2019d with [a similar] ball [on top], to the plate IK. [Now] the spheres C and E. are in the same plane with   the cillinder D. and at equal distances from it; then fixing the Chain A. B. which belongs to the electrical Machine [to] the rod B.C. and consequently the electrical fire being sent into the rod B.C. I observe: 1st. that before the air is remov\u2019d, the paper cillinder D. is agitated with the most violent vibrations between the two spheres E.C. 2dly. that while the air is remov\u2019d the agitation is plainly diminished in proportion to the quantity of air removed. 3dly. [when as much air as possible is removed] the cillinder D. hardly stirs. When I have observ\u2019d these things, I restore the air again by degrees, and observe that the vibrations increase again in proportion to the restored air, and at length become as violent as before. Which circumstances when I contemplate in particular, and consider them also together, I understand that the quantity or greatness of electrical motions is owing to the air, either intire or in part.\nExperiment. III.\n6. Because light bodies such as gold leafe, Dust &c. are agitated in rarifyed air with a motion sufficiently sensible, was the reason why I thought, with other [physicists (physicis)], from the beginning, that electrical motions, receiv\u2019d in the air, ought not to be attributed to the action of electrical fire. But because, [having now considered the matter more carefully,] I see that motions in the residual air bear not a greater proportion to the first motions that are made in the intire atmospherical air, than that which passes between the residual and the first air, I am inclined to acknowledge this error in my self and others, and adopt the contrary Opinion; which experience verifies.\n7. I must not omit a part of my Observation, which is very [opportune] towards confirming this matter: Sometimes I used to bring my Experiment from the last [stage] into a dark room; and then I observed that the fire vibrating the pendulum, before the air was remov\u2019d, shined here and there with crackling, light but short sparks near each ball: afterwards this fire in proportion to the removed air, and also the minuteness of the vibrations of the pendulum, flow\u2019d out in a more ample, gentle, Continual, tho\u2019 not so shining a Radius.\n8. And this truely demonstrates a reaction of the air, compelling the electrical fire in a certain density; which [corresponds to] the proportion of its Own density; and this reaction of the air [cannot avoid responding] to the action of the electrical fire, endeavoring to throw out the air; and clearly throwing it out, where it can prevail against the fire with a necessary [force (vi)].\n9. To these I shall add no more towards explaining the attractions of bodies unequally electrify\u2019d, I have brought some arguments in my letters to [Beccari] in which however I treated of the mechanical cause of attractions but doubtfully; but a more accurate consideration of the experiments, occasions my discoursing of the cause of attractions with more confidence.\n10. Bodies equally electrified repel each other; The cause of which I now proceed to explain:\n11. The electrical fire which is in bodies, by what means soever, [sparks in order to balance] the electrical fire which is in the air. (Give me leave to call the one the proper, and the Other the aerial fire.) If both have an equal proportion to the native capacity of the bodies and of the air, the bodies are attracted, or are at rest in their [original position (nativa directione)]; Otherwise if either the proper or aerial fire is excess, it equally [sets free (explicat)] the bodies and compells them to a repulsion.\nThis is the account:\nExperiment IV.\n12. As often as I proceed to electrifie a Chain several times [for a longer period (diutius)], in my Chamber which is a very large One [but closed], I find, that part of its electrical fire is diffus\u2019d into the ambient air; and renders [that air, however much there is in the Chamber,] electrical to excess, whilst it is in a dry State either from the weather or from fire. For I carry into any part of the room two flaxen threads which I suspend either between two fingers, or at the end of a stick, and they repel each other; and whether I keep them in the same place or move them to any Other part of the room, yet they continue to diverge for half an hour, an hour, and sometimes longer.\nExperiment. V.\n13. If the threads are seperated from the stick or reed, by the assistance of the glass, and in like manner from the ground, they first diverge, and then return to their [original position]. But these things happen after all the sparks are as much as possible drawn out from the Chain, after all the redundant fire is remov\u2019d from it, after the Connexion of the Chain with the ground.\nExperiment. VI\n14. From a long continued electrification of the Machine I find the Phaenomena in all respects the same: But if the long electrification of the machine continually follows a long electrification of the Chain, or vice versa, the threads fix\u2019d to the reed or stick, are constantly observ\u2019d to diverge from the electrification of another body; in the begining I observe that they attract one another, at the begining electrification of another body; and then again to diverge as before.\n15. By these experiments, I say, we are in my Opinion taught: I. that while we accumulate several successive fires in the Chain, several successive parts of it passes widely into the ambient air, and adheres to it; and so all the air containd in the chamber becomes electrified to excess. In like manner while we draw out of the machine several successive fires, the machine draws in several successive parts of the fire from the ambient air, and so all the air contain\u2019d in the Chamber becomes deficient of electricity, or electrifyd in Defect. II. The threads carry\u2019d in either the fingers or at the end of the stick, repel each other in the air by the electrical excess from the chain, or the electrical defect from the machine, or by the force of the proper native fire overcoming the aerial if they [come together in] the electrical air from the machine; or by the power of the aerial fire overcoming the native proper fire of the threads, if they [come together] in the electrical air from the Chain. III. That these kind of threads diverging by the electrification of the chain, from the consequent electrification of the machine, or the contrary, first attract; because the machine first takes in from the air the excess it had from the chain; or the chain restores to the air, the fire taken from the machine; and so the fire in the air restored to its Native quantity ought to equilibrate with the native fire remaining in the threads. IV. But furthermore from a longer electrification of the machine consequent to the electrification of the chain, or the contrary, the threads diverge again; because either the machine goes on to take in part of the native fire, or the chain goes on to add more fire to the air than the native quantity. V. that the same threads, when seperated by the glass, diverge in the begining, because they, which have only their Own Native fire, come together in the air which is electric by excess or defect; and then when they are seperated by the glass they at length come to their [original position] because either part of the aerial fire, if the air is electric in excess from the chain, at last pours itself into the threads towards an equilibrium, and also flows by the compelling power of the glass, or part of the native fire, or of the proper fire of the threads pours itself into the air, if the air is electric by defect, [because] it may be supply\u2019d from elsewhere by the compulsion of the glass.\n16. From hence the following things seem universally to hold: I. that the air contains in itself, its own Native fire. II. that to the native fire of the air, another fire may be added, that part of the native fire may be subtracted from the air, but slowly, and as it were by force. III. that the air lets go the [excess], and takes in the deficient fire, but that in a very slow manner. IV. If the air has, like other bodies, its own native fire, then these are in a native state, if the air, while their native fire remains in bodies, has a greater or less quantity of fire than its native quantity, the bodies repel each other; but every one of these theorems can be illustrated in a surprising manner by other experiments; and be more fully demonstrated.\nExperiment 7.\n17. Two threads, fastened to the chain, after a few turns of the globe, diverge very much: afterwards from a longer-lasting electrification in the chain they begin to diverge less; and this diverging is diminish\u2019d to a certain degree; so that sometimes the angle of the diverging, after a [longer] continuation of the friction of the globe, becomes double that of the diverging which happen\u2019d from the same electrification when first excited. When I percieve this diverging of the threads diminish enough, then I cease the friction of the globe, but gently apply a very sharp stilus to the chain, wherby I slowly draw forth all the redundant fire from it; while this is doing the threads approach each other slowly, then gently again diverge to an angle indeed less than the first, tho\u2019 great enough, which sometimes scarce amounts to forty five degrees; but then they proceed to diverge for a longer time.\n18. That is, the greatest angle from the Electrification first excited, because then a very great quantity of fire is sent in to the chain, and in the threads connected with it, but little or none into the air. Afterwards the angle becomes less, as the fire increases and is consequently sent into the air, the same excess of the fire remaining in the chain. While the fire sent into the chain is slowly diminished by the application of the Stilus, the angle is still diminished in proportion as the residual fire in the chain, and the fire, sent in and Joind to the air, approach to an equilibrium; and where both the fires come to an equality the threads resume their [original] direction: when again the fire, yet redundant in the chain, if further diminshd, and the redundant fire in the air not so (for it is Joind to the air, and as we observe is slowly diminished by it,) the threads again repel each other because of the excess of the aerial fire over that in the chain, which aerial fire, in fine, because it is most slowly discharg\u2019d, the threads proceed to diverge [for a very long time (diutissime)].\nExperiment VIII.\n19. If the threads are connected with the Machine, all the same Phaenomena happen in them from a long electrification of the machine, that they had from a long electrification of the chain when connected with it.\n20. Wherefore as I have shew\u2019d in general from the begining, if the proper fire of bodies, whatsoever it\u2019s quantity be, is in equilibrium with the fire of the ambient air, bodies either remain in their native state or return to it; if one fire exceeds the other bodies repel each other by the power of the fire in excess.\n21. And hence if I mistake not learn\u2019d Sir you see the reason why those bodies electrify\u2019d as well from the chain as the Machine repel each other: the proper fire in bodies electrified by the chain overcomes the aerial, and the aerial in like manner overcomes the proper fire in bodies electrified by the Machine.\nExperiment IX.\n22. As often as the threads mutually repel each Other, and diverge from either the increased or diminishd native fire in them, they are attracted to my finger when advanced to them; as often as they repel each other and diverge preserving their native fire, from the native fire of the air either increased or diminish\u2019d, they fly from my finger.\n23. And this indeed is very agreable to the Known laws of electrical attraction, and repulsion; for when the native fire in the threads is either increased or diminished, they become as unequally electrified as my finger, which has its own native fire; but when the native fire stands firm in the threads, and they repel each other from the increased or diminished fire in the air; then as they diverge from one another, so they must be repelled by my finger, having also its native fire, by the power of the air, in which the native fire is increasd or diminished. But besides, this very repulsion of the threads from my finger also proves the cause of repulsions which I assert; for both the finger and threads communicate with the ground, and therefore they have not in them any Other fire but the native, by which because they do not repel each other, it remains that they repel by the native fire, either increased or diminish\u2019d, in the air.\n24. When I first fell upon this theory of electrical repulsions, I was doubtful whether the aerial fire could not make repulsions in the machine, equal in velocity and greatness to those which the proper fire makes in the chain; thence I again suspected that the quantity of the fire in the machine and chain (universally conveying to all bodies) might be quickly changed; but that the measure of the fire in the ambient air is but slowly increased or diminished: besides another consideration increased my suspicion: that I could never draw as much fire from the air as from the machine, nor could I ever add as much to the air as to the chain; for I could never come to be able to sustain the whole diverging of the threads by the electricity of the air alone, as much as existed from the intire electricity of the machine or chain.\nHowever hence it came to pass, that I communicated these same experiments, and also Others, by Letters to the most learned president of the Bononian Institute, wherin I establish\u2019d this theory of repulsions at large.\nBut upon considering the matter more maturely I found that the velocity of the repulsions, caused by the aerial fire, ought not to answer to the velocity whereby its quantity is either increased or diminsh\u2019d; but to that velocity whereby its inherent quantity acts; and that the greatness of the repulsions, which come from the same fire, ought not to answer to its absolute, but to its comparative greatness; I have observ\u2019d both these to happen upon occasion.\nExperiment X.\n25. If in the Sixth experiment, after the diverging of the threads is diminished from a longer electrification of the chain, I draw all the redundant fire, not slowly but immediatly, from the chain (my hand being apply\u2019d to it) the threads indeed begin to come together [as fast as possible] but they suddenly return with equal velocity before they arrive at their [original position]. But this other repulsion, because it happens from the aerial fire overcoming the proper residual fire in the threads, I perceive nevertheless that the very aerial fire (altho\u2019 its quantity is slowly changed) causes repulsions of equal velocity with those that are made without the proper fire.\nExperiment XI.\n26. And that these equally great repulsions happen from the aerial fire I thus understand. After the fire receiv\u2019d into the air, as much as may be, that is round the chain, (all the redundant fire being taken away from the chain, and so the threads now diverging from the aerial fire), I substitute a globe of Sulphur instead of glass, and from the friction of this I observe, the angle of divergence to increase in the begining, which the aerial fire effected, and then continually to diminish.\n27. And this is certain that the first frictions of the Sulphureous globe takes away part of the native fire from the chain, and does not in like manner take away the excess of fire of the ambient air (for the air, as we observd before, slowly receives the fire of another body and as slowly parts with it) wherefore the greatness of the divergence is increased which is causd by the aerial fire, not changed by the absolute greatness of the aerial fire, but only by its comparative greatness, the proper fire being therefore diminished, and the proportion of the aerial to the proper [fire] being increased. Therefore because as much of the fire as is collected in the chain, so much is drawn from the machine; the proportion of the aerial fire about the machine, to the residual fire in the machine, will be the same as the proportion of the redundant fire in the chain, to the aerial fire about the chain: wherefore the aerial fire about the machine will make repulsions, not only equally swift, but equally great with those made by the proper fire in the chain.\n28. Therefore that I may comprehend in a few words all that seem most likely to explain universally all electrical motions, (for you may easily observe that all suspensions, adhesions, vibrations and an infinite number of Other compositions as so many electrical Ludi [games, demonstrations] are comprehended in the repulsions and attractions). This at length is the Sum of my hypothesis: that the attractions of bodies, unequally electrified, are affected by the electric fire of one body, in which it is more abundant, flowing out into another, thro\u2019 the [intermediate] air, and even throwing off that. But that repulsions are caused by the proper fire of bodies expanding it self against the aerial [fire], or by the aerial expanding it self more strongly against the proper fire; which expansion however, of the fire of one body overcoming another, seems to happen without the mutual admixtion of one with the other. For the air contains its own fire whatsoever its quantity be, nor can it discede from it, and drives away the proper fire of conducting bodies that it may not adhere to it.\n29. I have I say Learnd Sir, Laid before you this hypothesis, and you will thereby improve it; and if you think it worthy of being laid before the Royal Society, It will be very agreable to me, who, [since] I am not able to add any Ornament, hope my dilligence will be acceptable to it. Be careful of your Health, for it is fit you should be long preserv\u2019d for the improvement of Science, and the amplification of what you have so certainly established.\nDated at Turin 24. Xber. 1757.\n Endorsed: Translation of a latin Letter from Professor Beccaria of Turin to Mr. Franklin concerning some Electrical experiments. by Dr. Parsons Read at R S. 7 February 1760\nIIA Note\nDecember 24, 1757\nFor the better understanding this Paper, it is necessary to know, that Father Beccaria uses a large Chain, suspended by Silk Lines, for the Purpose of a Prime Conductor; and that his Machine for turning the Glass Globe, is so contriv\u2019d, as that he can on occasion readily isolate it, (i.e. place it on Glass or Wax) together with the Person that works it. When the Communication is thus cut off, between the Earth and the Chain, and also between the Earth and the Machine, he observes, that the Globe being turn\u2019d, both the Chain and the Machine show Signs of Electricity; and as these Signs, when examined, appear to be different in the Chain and in the Machine; and the Globe having, as he supposes, drawn from the Machine Part of its natural or common Quantity of Electricity, and given it to the Chain; he calls the Electricity appearing in the Chain, Electricity by Excess; and the Electricity appearing in the Machine, Electricity by Defect; which answer to our Terms, of positive and negative Electricity, or Electricity plus and minus. And thus his Expressions, Electrifying by the Chain, and Electrifying by the Machine, are to be understood, Electrifying positively, and Electrifying negatively.\n Endorsed: 14 Feb. 1760. No. 1 Phil. Trans. Vol. LI. part II. p. 525.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0134", "content": "Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Giambatista Beccaria, [1757]\nFrom: Beccaria, Giambatista\nTo: Franklin, Benjamin\n  Father Beccaria thanks Mr. Franklin for his kind Remembrance; should have had a most singular Pleasure in seeing him at Turin, which he had been made to hope by his Letter to Mr. Haldiman: If he had known of his being in Europe, [he would have addressed his 16 Letters on Electricity to him rather than to anyone else]. They come out in January, and he shall be very glad to present them to him in Turin, where he would be ready to serve him with all his Attention to the utmost of his Power. In those Letters the Theory of M. Franklin, or rather that of Nature, is more fully demonstrated, and some of them contain some new Discoveries in that Branch [of Natural Philosophy].\n  [Among surviving Franklin papers there are several which cannot be dated even from a specific year but which appear to belong to the time of his English residence as Pennsylvania agent. In some instances they seem to date from the first period of that residence (1757\u201362), in others from the second (1764\u201375), and in some they may date from either period. Occasionally there is evidence to show that a document must have been written during a limited part of one of these periods. In accordance with the principles of arrangement stated in the Introduction (above, I, XXXVI), the eleven undatable items which the editors believe belong to the first period of residence in England as agent (or a part of it), or to either period indifferently, are placed here following the more precisely dated documents of 1757. Others will be printed after those dated 1764. For each document the probable inclusive dates are given in brackets at the top.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0136", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to John Fothergill, [1757\u20131762]\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Fothergill, John\nThe filthy streets of Philadelphia and London were a persistent challenge to Franklin\u2019s civic conscience. He explained in the autobiography that \u201cby talking and writing on the Subject\u201d he had at length done something about the streets of Philadelphia. At an unstated time, perhaps before he retired from business, he \u201cwrote and printed a Paper\u201d (not found) on the advantages of having streets cleaned regularly: \u201cthe greater Ease in keeping our Houses clean, so much Dirt not being brought in by People\u2019s Feet; the Benefit to the Shops by more Custom, as Buyers could more easily get at them, and by not having in windy Weather the Dust blown in upon their Goods, &c. &c.\u201d Franklin then \u201csent one of these Papers to each House, and in a Day or two went round to see who would subscribe an Agreement to pay\u201d sixpence a month per house to a street cleaner. \u201cIt was unanimously sign\u2019d, and for a time well executed. All the Inhabitants of the City were delighted with the Cleanliness of the Pavement that surrounded the Market, it being a Convenience to all; and this rais\u2019d a general Desire to have all the Streets paved; and made the People more willing to submit to a Tax for that purpose.\u201d Just before departing for England, Franklin drew a bill (not found) for paving the streets, perhaps left with a friend since no such bill is mentioned in the Assembly proceedings for 1757. An act for \u201cregulating, pitching, paving and cleaning\u201d the streets of Philadelphia, perhaps based on Franklin\u2019s bill, passed the Assembly on March 26, 1762, during his absence in England, and on Jan. 28, 1763, a committee including Franklin (recently returned home) brought in a supplementary bill which passed the House on February 22.\nWhile John Clifton received credit for first showing Philadelphia the advantages of street lighting, Franklin explained that he himself had devised the four-sided, ventilated lamp which stayed clean much longer than the closed globe used by Clifton and commonly seen in London. Mention of this improvement, Franklin wrote, \u201cputs me in mind of one I propos\u2019d when in London, to Dr. [John] Fothergill, who was among the best men I have known, and a great Promoter of useful Projects.\u201d After describing his own amazement at the little effort required to keep Craven Street swept clean and the advantage of having one rather than two gutters in a street, Franklin added: \u201cMy Proposal communicated to the good Doctor, was as follows:\u201d\nFor the more effectual cleaning and keeping clean the Streets of London and Westminster, it is proposed,\nThat the several Watchmen be contracted with to have the Dust swept up in dry Seasons, and the Mud rak\u2019d up at other Times, each in the several Streets and Lanes of his Round.\nThat they be furnish\u2019d with Brooms and other proper Instruments for these purposes, to be kept at their respective Stands, ready to furnish the poor People they may employ in the Service.\nThat in the dry Summer Months the Dust be all swept up into Heaps at proper Distances, before the Shops and Windows of Houses are usually opened: when the Scavengers with close-covered Carts shall also carry it all away.\nThat the Mud when rak\u2019d up be not left in Heaps to be spread abroad again by the Wheels of Carriages and Trampling of Horses; but that the Scavengers be provided with Bodies of Carts, not plac\u2019d high upon Wheels, but low upon Sliders; with Lattice Bottoms, which being cover\u2019d with Straw, will retain the Mud thrown into them, and permit the Water to drain from it, whereby it will become much lighter, Water making the greatest Part of its Weight. These Bodies of Carts to be plac\u2019d at convenient Distances, and the Mud brought to them in Wheelbarrows, they remaining where plac\u2019d till the Mud is drain\u2019d, and then Horses brought to draw them away.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0137", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to \u2014\u2014\u2014, [1757\u20131775]\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nSir\nI have perus\u2019d the Letters and Papers you put into my Hands, and shall, as you desire, say what occurs to me on the considering them.\nI do not know Mr. Murdoch personally, but have heard that he is a Person of Credit and some Note in that Country, and esteemed by the People there.\nI imagine that little is to be expected from a Suit of Law, to be carried on at such a Distance; it will be expensive, tedious, and the Event uncertain.\nBy the Letters you have shown me, the Executors Claim of Interest seems indeed to be well founded on his agreeing to the Proposal that he should pay it, &c. But he intimates that he has subsequent Letters from Mr. Sanderson, containing a kind of Discharge of that Agreement so far as he should be a sufferer by it, I apprehend the Executors on Sight of such Letters, might think it reasonable to abate so much of their Claim.\nIf it cannot be settled by Writing, it seems a proper Case to be referr\u2019d to Merchants. It would be best if Mr. Murdoch should agree that it be referr\u2019d to Merchants here, he naming one or two, the Executors one or two others. If it is to be done there, I could name some Persons of Judgment in such Affairs and Men of Integrity, out of whom the Executors might chuse, if they are otherwise unacquainted there.\nI suppose that a Factor is not generally accountable for bad Debts. He says there is a considerable Sum of that kind.\nIt should seem that his ready Agreement to the Paying of 5 per Cent. might be founded on his receiving from the Debtors Six per Cent. as appears by his Letter of Mar. 30. 1745.\nSuppose then that the Executors were to write to him to this Effect; That as they do not (any more than Mr. Sanderson) desire he should be a Sufferer by that Agreement, so they believe he would not desire to be a Gainer by a Noncompliance with it; therefore they propose, that Mr. Murdoch would now state the Account, give Credit for all the Interest he has received on the Outstanding Debts at Six per Cent, and charge those that are bad; which Account if properly vouch\u2019d and supported they would allow, and make a final Settlement with him accordingly.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0139", "content": "Title: To Benjamin Franklin from John Apthorp, [1757\u20131759]\nFrom: Apthorp, John\nTo: Franklin, Benjamin\nTuesday morning [1757\u20131759]\nMr. Apthorp\u2019s compliments to Mr. Franklyn and desires the favour of his Company to dine with him on Fry-day next \u00bc past three.\n Addressed: Benjn Franklyn Esqr / Buckingham Street,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0140", "content": "Title: To Benjamin Franklin from William Deane, [1757\u20131759]\nFrom: Deane, William\nTo: Franklin, Benjamin\nFrith Street Tuesday Morning [1757\u20131759]\nColl: Deanes Compliments to Mr. Franklin and Son, Shall be Extreemly glad of the favor of their Company to Dinner tommorow to meet Mr. and Mrs. Sargent at half an Hour after three o Clock.\n Addressed: To / Mr. Franklin / Craven Street", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0141", "content": "Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Allen and Joseph England, [1757\u20131762]\nFrom: England, Allen,England, Joseph\nTo: Franklin, Benjamin\nAllen England and his Brother Joseph England are proprietors of certain Tracts of Land scituate upon Christiana Creek in the County of Newcastle, Quantity 1300 Acres their Title to which stands thus\u2014\nIn 1726 their Father John England advanced \u00a3500 to Sir William Keith by way of Mortgage upon the said Lands.\nIn 1729 the said John England assigned his Right in the Mortgage to his sons Allen and Joseph England.\nAnd soon after the Lands were at a public Auction struck off to them as highest bidders.\nThey impowered Israel Pemberton of Philadelphia to act as their Attorney for the Management of the said Estate, but have never been able to obtain a satisfactory Account from him, with Respect to the Quality and Value of thereof [sic].\nThey are now determined to revoke their Letter to Israel Pemberton and either send a person from hence, or Impower some other person there, not only for the Management but to sell the Lands.\nAnd wish their Cousin Wm. Frey would take an Opportunity of asking Benjamin Franklin Esquire what sort of Evidence will be necessary on this Occasion? particularly whether a Certificate of the Execution of Deeds, under the Seal of a Corporation will be Sufficient or is it necessary for the subscribing Witnesses to be Persons who are going into that Country.\n Endorsed: For Benjn. Franklin Esqr his Opinion On these Memorandums", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-07-02-0142", "content": "Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Elizabeth Hubbart, [1757\u20131762]\nFrom: Hubbart, Elizabeth\nTo: Franklin, Benjamin\nDear Sir\nYour tow last Favours gave me a satisfaction better felt then expressed: Indeed I have often longed to Chatt to you in some of those Happy hours you have Blessed me with but feared it was grown Disagreeable or would Interupt Business of Importance pleasing Amusements or more entertaining Conversation, but I most Heartily Accept the Apology you Condesend to make and will not deprive my Self of the satisfaction it gives me by Enquiering into the Merits of it. In return I will Tell you your Severe Morning Lecture tho\u2019 it lay dormant so long has at lenght had its desier\u2019d Effect. I have Rose many Times this Summer many Tim[es] before the Sun and in general much Earlier then I Used to do. Now I hope when ever you favour me with your Letters you will remember the Precept of that Blessed Apostle Alixr. Pope which if you dont find in the Bible ought to have been their it Runs thus.\nBe niggards of Advice on no Pretence,\nFor the Worst Averice is that of Sense!\nYou will always find Roome for it in the Mergin.\nI know your Generosity will pardon me if I tell you I think you have given me one peice of Advice which to have Succeed\u2019d in must have been a very great Misfortune. It was to lay out the Trifle Mr. Hunter left in your Hands for a Striking Cap to Catch a Ten Thousand Pounder with, the Money I have No Avertion to, the Cap I think a pretty play thing but the Fool that could be catch\u2019d in such a Cobweeb Snare tho\u2019 he had Ten times Ten thousand I could Heartily despise. I will once more put my Self in the Way of Providence for that same Ten thousand Pounds, and beg the favour of Cousin Billey to try his Luck in purchasing me a Ticket in the first State Lottery and to be kind enough to send me the No. as soon as possible.\nMr. Bowdoin sends his Compliments and is always enquiring after your Helth and when he may Expect the Happiness of seeing you here. I wish I knew for I have hoped for that Happiness from Spring to Fall and from Fall to Spring I dont know how many Years, and now begin to fear I shall never See you More.\nMama says send my kind Love and tell them I long to See them. All Friends desier their affectionate Regards. That Heaven may Shower its Choisest Blessings on you, and return you soon is the Constant Wish of Dear Sir Your affectionante Neice\nE Hubbart", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-11-02-0161", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Peter Franklin, [before 1765]\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Franklin, Peter\nIn its surviving printed form this letter is headed \u201cTo Mr. P. F. Newport, New England,\u201d and since it begins \u201cDear Brother,\u201d the person addressed could only have been Franklin\u2019s brother, for many years a merchant and shipmaster in that town. Comparatively little is known of this member of the family, fourteen years older than Benjamin, and there is no other evidence than this letter that Peter wrote ballads or was interested in music. The verses he had written and asked Benjamin to have set to music have not survived in any identifiable form. Readers interested in eighteenth-century music, however, may be grateful to him, since he provided the occasion for the response printed here, which reveals a good deal of his more famous brother\u2019s views on that subject.\nAs printed in Experiments and Observations, the letter is undated and appears near the end of the volume close to and after another letter on a musical subject addressed to Lord Kames, dated June 2, 1765. This letter must have been written before that date, for it is known that Peter Franklin had moved from Newport to Philadelphia and had become postmaster of the latter city by October 1764, remaining there until his death in 1766. The suggestion in the first paragraph that \u201csome country girl in the heart of the Massachusets\u201d might have been more successful in setting the ballad to music \u201cthan any of our masters here\u201d indicates that Benjamin was almost certainly writing from England, for there was no one whom he could have presumed to call a \u201cmaster\u201d of musical composition in Philadelphia in that period. The editors confess that in first assigning this letter a probable date they overlooked this passage and so failed to print it, as they probably should have done, no later than in volume X with other documents of 1762, the year Franklin left England at the close of his first mission. It is included here, however, at the end of 1764, the last year in which Peter Franklin spent any time in Newport.\nDear Brother,\n[Before 1765]\n***I like your ballad, and think it well adapted for your purpose of discountenancing expensive foppery, and encouraging industry and frugality. If you can get it generally sung in your country, it may probably have a good deal of the effect you hope and expect from it. But as you aimed at making it general, I wonder you chose so uncommon a measure in poetry, that none of the tunes in common use will suit it. Had you fitted it to an old one, well known, it must have spread much faster than I doubt it will do from the best new tune we can get compos\u2019d for it. I think too, that if you had given it to some country girl in the heart of the Massachusets, who has never heard any other than psalm tunes, or Chevy Chace, the Children in the Wood, the Spanish Lady, and such old simple ditties, but has naturally a good ear, she might more probably have made a pleasing popular tune for you, than any of our masters here, and more proper for your purpose, which would best be answered, if every word could as it is sung be understood by all that hear it, and if the emphasis you intend for particular words could be given by the singer as well as by the reader; much of the force and impression of the song depending on those circumstances. I will however get it as well done for you as I can.\nDo not imagine that I mean to depreciate the skill of our composers of music here; they are admirable at pleasing practised ears, and know how to delight one another; but, in composing for songs, the reigning taste seems to be quite out of nature, or rather the reverse of nature, and yet like a torrent, hurries them all away with it; one or two perhaps only excepted.\nYou, in the spirit of some ancient legislators, would influence the manners of your country by the united powers of poetry and music. By what I can learn of their songs, the music was simple, conformed itself to the usual pronunciation of words, as to measure, cadence or emphasis, &c. never disguised and confounded the language by making a long syllable short, or a short one long when sung; their singing was only a more pleasing, because a melodious manner of speaking; it was capable of all the graces of prose oratory, while it added the pleasure of harmony. A modern song, on the contrary, neglects all the proprieties and beauties of common speech, and in their place introduces its defects and absurdities as so many graces. I am afraid you will hardly take my word for this, and therefore I must endeavour to support it by proof. Here is the first song I lay my hand on. It happens to be a composition of one of our greatest masters, the ever famous Handel. It is not one of his juvenile performances, before his taste could be improved and formed: It appeared when his reputation was at the highest, is greatly admired by all his admirers, and is really excellent in its kind. It is called, The additional Favourite Song in Judas Maccabeus. Now I reckon among the defects and improprieties of common speech, the following, viz.\n1. Wrong placing the accent or emphasis, by laying it on words of no importance, or on wrong syllables.\n2. Drawling; or extending the sound of words or syllables beyond their natural length.\n3. Stuttering; or making many syllables of one.\n4. Unintelligibleness; the result of the three foregoing united.\n5. Tautology; and\n6. Screaming, without cause.\nFor the wrong placing of the accent, or emphasis, see it on the word their instead of being on the word vain.\nAnd on the word from, and the wrong syllable like.\nFor the Drawling, see the last syllable of the word wounded.\nAnd in the syllable wis, and the word from, and syllable bove\nFor the Stuttering, see the words ne\u2019er relieve, in\nHere are four syllables made of one, and eight of three; but this is moderate. I have seen in another song that I cannot now find, seventeen syllables made of three, and sixteen of one; the latter I remember was the word charms; viz. Cha, a, a, a, a, a, a, a, a, a, a, a, a, a, a, arms. Stammering with a witness!\nFor the Unintelligibleness; given this whole song to any taught singer, and let her sing it to any company that have never heard it; you shall find they will not understand three words in ten. It is therefore that at the oratorio\u2019s and operas one sees with books in their hands all those who desire to understand what they hear sung by even our best performers.\nFor the Tautology; you have, with their vain mysterious art, twice repeated; Magic charms can ne\u2019er relieve you, three times. Nor can heal the wounded heart, three times. Godlike wisdom from above, twice; and, this alone can ne\u2019er deceive you, two or three times. But this is reasonable when compared with the Monster Polypheme, the Monster Polypheme, a hundred times over and over, in his admired Acis and Galatea.\nAs to the screaming; perhaps I cannot find a fair instance in this song; but whoever has frequented our operas will remember many. And yet here methinks the words no and e\u2019er, when sung to these notes, have a little of the air of screaming, and would actually be scream\u2019d by some singers.\nI send you enclosed the song with its music at length. Read the words without the repetitions. Observe how few they are, and what a shower of notes attend them: You will then perhaps be inclined to think with me, that though the words might be the principal part of an ancient song, they are of small importance in a modern one; they are in short only a pretence for singing. I am, as ever, Your affectionate brother,\nB.F.\nP. S. I might have mentioned Inarticulation among the defects in common speech that are assumed as beauties in modern singing. But as that seems more the fault of the singer than of the composer, I omitted it in what related merely to the composition. The fine singer in the present mode, stifles all the hard consonants, and polishes away all the rougher parts of words that serve to distinguish them one from another; so that you hear nothing but an admirable pipe, and understand no more of the song, than you would from its tune played on any other instrument. If ever it was the ambition of musicians to make instruments that should imitate the human voice, that ambition seems now reversed, the voice aiming to be like an instrument. Thus wigs were first made to imitate a good natural head of hair; but when they became fashionable, though in unnatural forms, we have seen natural hair dressed to look like wigs.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-12-02-0080", "content": "Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Thomas Pownall, [before 4 June 1765]\nFrom: Pownall, Thomas\nTo: Franklin, Benjamin\n[Before June 4, 1765]\nGovr. Pownall presents his Compliments to Dr. Franklin beggs the honor of his Company to Dinner on Tuesday the 4th of June.\nThe Favor of an Answer is desired.\nAddressed: Craven Street\n[In Franklin\u2019s hand on address side:] Steel Pen for Mr. Strahan.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-21-02-0315", "content": "Title: Note on Franklin\u2019s Sketch of How to Force a Wheel Round by Gunpowder, [before March 1775?]\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: \nFor some years we have been trying and failing to answer two questions about this sketch: why and when was it made? The device as described would obviously never produce continuous rotation, if that was the intent; and a wheel that turned in spasms would have limited use. As for the date, no clue to it has appeared in the edited correspondence; one may of course be lurking in what is still unedited, but our present guess is that the drawing belongs to the years before the Revolution. Although Franklin\u2019s experimental heyday was over by the time his British missions began, he was still following a wide variety of interests, from Polish windmills to the common cold, and might well have toyed with a new use for gunpowder. When he returned to America, and for years thereafter, leisure to indulge his curiosity was in short supply. That is our only ground for conjecturing that the sketch belongs to his English years or before.\n[Before 1775?]\nTo force a Wheel round with Gunpowder\nABC of Cast Iron, with an Inch squ. [?] Groove [in] the Sweep Face next the Wheel capable of receiving the Edge of the Wheel, which is likewise an Inch thick.\nThe Wheel not an exact Circle, but has a Shoulder at D, which comes down on the Charge of Powder confin\u2019d in the Groove at E.\nF a Piece of Wood, 1 Inch wide and 2 deep, to slide in a hole G thro\u2019 the Piece ABC to come under and support the Charge of Powder, and to be push\u2019d back by the Widening of the Wheel when it comes round.\nBy this Method, the Force of Gunpowder may possibly be apply\u2019d to the raising of Weights, bending great Springs, and the like.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0042", "content": "Title: Return of the Virginia Regiment, 1 January 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nA Return of the Strength and Disposition of the Virginia Regiment Commanded by Geo. Washington Esqr. January 1st 1757\n                  Commissioned\n                  Effective Rank and File\n                  Colo. Geo. Washington\n                  Lieutt Colo. Adam Stephen\n                  Fort Cumberland\n                  Fort Dinwiddie\n                  Fort Pleasant, So. Branch\n                  Maidstone als Conogochieg\n                  Fort Cumberland\n                  Fort Cumberland\n                  Fort Washington\n                  Fort Cumberland\n                  Absent Officer\n                  Major Andrew Lewis in Augusta by the Governors Command.\n                  The Major is return\u2019d in the Colonels Company having\n                  Captn Stewart\u2014at Williamsburg\u2014Charls Lewis\u2014at\n                  The Men return\u2019d upon Command from the Colonel\u2019s and\n                     Captn Mercers Companys are reinforcing the Detachment at Maidstone &\n                     it\u2019s neighbourhood.\n                  Spotswood\u2014sent down with\n                  Lieutt Williams\u2003In Richmond after Desertr\n                  Those from Captn Hog are building the Fort upon\n                     down in order to go to the Tus[caror]as\n                  All the other\u2019s are workmen taken out of the several\n                     Companys to assist in Building Fort Loudoun\n                  Fairfax Resign\u2019d\n                  The Quarter Master has charge of the Stores at\n                  It may be seen by the above Return that there is two\n                     Lieutts and an Ensign wanting to Compleat\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0043", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Peter Hog, 1 January 1757 [letter not found]\nFrom: Hog, Peter\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Peter Hog, 1 Jan. 1757. On 26 Jan. 1757 GW wrote: \u201cYours from Staunton of the 1st instant I have received.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0044", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Bullitt, 1 January 1757 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Bullitt, Thomas\nLetter not found: to Thomas Bullitt, 1 Jan. 1757. On 24 Mar. 1757 Bullitt wrote to GW: \u201cI Recd yours Janry 1st.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "01-12-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0046", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Dinwiddie, 12 January 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Dinwiddie, Robert\nHonble Sir,\nFort Cumberland [Md., 12] Jan. 1757.\nYour letter of the 27th ultimo came to hand the 9th instant\u2014I wrote to your Honor by Capt. Spotswood (who was charged with the care of the Cuttawba Indians as far as Williamsburgh) that I had sent Colo. Stephen with a Detachment, to bring the mutineers on the Branch to this place in irons. They were secured before he got there; and he has brought all but six, who deserted from Capt. Joshua Lewis\u2019s company, before he reached it. We have held a General Court martial on the Ringleaders; flog\u2019d several severely; and have some under Sentence of Death. The proceedings of the Court I thought it needless to send; or ask warrants for execution; as we have no Law to inflict punishments even of the smallest kind.\nI shall keep those Criminals in irons, and if possible, under apprehensions of death, until some favourable opportunity may countenance a reprieve. We have as many men at work here, preparing Timber to strengthen the works, as Tools will supply: But I wish I had been ordered to build a new fort altogether, rather than attempt to repair the old one.\nYour Honor thinks Mr Walkers discontinuing was for want of countenance\u2014I must beg leave to answer; and I dare believe Mr Walker will do me the justice to declare, that I have uniformly treated him with all the respect and complaisance in my power. That I did not approve of his staying at home is certainly true; I thought it was doing injustice to the Service for him to be absent when his presence was requisite; and mentioned this circumstance to him accordingly. And since the subject hath been mentioned, I beg leave to add that if your Honour conceives Mr Walker has been at any trouble in laying in provision, you have been exceedingly misinformed. He left the Service the last of June or 1st of July; and has never done a days duty since; either in making contracts, directing the purchases,\nor concerning himself in any manner whatever with the Business; nay no more than a stranger wou\u2019d do: But either declined the Service altogether at that time, or intended to throw the principal burden of his office upon me. Had Mr Walker continued to discharge the duties of a Commissary, I never shou\u2019d have thought of any other, as there is the greatest friendship between us. The part I have acted with that Gentleman, I shou\u2019d have acted with my Brother had he been in his place. But, to acquit myself of all suspicion of this sort, I shall observe, that there never was the least disagreement between Mr Walker and myself, either in words or actions, before he left the Service (which he did with my knowledge) since which I have never seen him at this place, until he came up in December to settle his accompts: nor did I hear from him in all that time but once, when he informed me it was his intention to resign.\nIf your Honor thinks it proper to send Capt. McNeill (whom I also esteem a very sensible judicious Officer) home with the Cuttawba Indians, you will please to send for him: He must be at Winchester by this time; Capt. Spotswood having had charge of them to Williamsburgh only. When I left Winchester, I gave directions about carrying on the works at Fort Cumberland with all possible dispatch: But a letter from Capt. Mercer which accompanied your Honors, informs me, that they are at a loss in respect of the manner of making the Ambrozures thro\u2019 the parapet; altho\u2019 I gave directions in person before I came away on this head, they propose a method that will spoil the whole work. And as I cou\u2019d not make them sensible of my plan by instruction only, when present, I have little hope of accomplishing it by writing: consequently am reduced to a disagreeable dilemma!\nI have directed the provision on the Branch to be smoked, if there are conveniences for doing it.\nNo more forts were evacuated than were requisite to reinforce this Garrison with 100 men, and to continue 100 at Fort Loudon, according to order: The others are continued at their former posts, as may be seen by the return of our strength, which I have caused to be noted. \u273b A Return of the Indians was sent in my last. I am &c.\nG:W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "01-13-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0047", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Fairfax, 13 January 1757 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Fairfax, William\nLetter not found: to William Fairfax, 13 Jan. 1757. On 22 Jan. 1757 Fairfax wrote to GW: \u201cThis Evening I had the Pleasure to receive your Favor of the 13th inst.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "01-14-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0048", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Dinwiddie, 14 January 1757 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Dinwiddie, Robert\nLetter not found: to Robert Dinwiddie, 14 Jan. 1757. On 26 Jan. 1757 Dinwiddie wrote to GW: \u201cYr Letter of the 14th I shall answer by Jenkins.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "01-22-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0051", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Carlyle, 22 January 1757\nFrom: Carlyle, John\nTo: Washington, George\nDr Sir\nAlexandria Jany 22 1757\nAfter I had wrote to Capt. Mercer I find the Wagons will not Leave The Town before I finish This In Answer to Yours of the 20th Inst. When I Wrote you & Capt. Mercer I Cou\u2019d give no Guess at the Packages. Nor cou\u2019d I tell What Quantity of Wagons Will doe for the things Under Contract. I beleive Twelve or fourteen Wagons will doe the Other Goods Order\u2019d by Yr Letter of June The 20th Such as Blanketts, Camp Kettles Canteens Spare Shirts &c. will Take at Least Six or Seven Wagon\u2019s I Will Observe Yr Directions In Sending up Sumthing of Every Kind & to the Amount of the Number of Men In Yr return.\nYr Brother Mr John Washington See the Negro\u2019s When I purchased & Liked them & the Owner woud not Take Virginia\nPaper money at More than Maryland & I dare Say you may Gett Bills at 35 \u214c Ct.\nI am Next to Observe what you Say abt the Goods for the Officers. You desired Me to Send for a Quantity of Cloaths & Lace 1/2 3/4 & Inch Wide of one Patteron, I Immediatly Sent for A Quantity that I Alloted for 30 Officers & Several other things, & orderd no Cloath Cheaper than 12/6 \u214c yd Which is A Good Cloath When Well bought as I Expect this is[.] When Capt. Mercer Came here I Consulted him & he Made Sum small alterations Which In my Letter to London by the Next Oppy I orderd, it Was Not Gott to hand When these Goods Came Away & Mr Bowden tells Me the Gorgetts Sashes &c. Which I Suppose to be the remainder of the Shoulder Knotts Woud Come \u214c Next Ship Capt. Jno. Johnston is dayly Expected, the Subsequent order & our own Goods Amounts to A Large Sum 1500\u00a3 Ster: & Another reason I had to think I had sent for Sufficient[.] Capt. Jos: Lewis, & I think Capt. Mercer told Me they was supply\u2019d & I doubted not Many others also was[.] their is 36 Sword Knots & I Expect the Like number of Shoulder Knotts, Sashes & Gorgetts, the Lace is by Yr Direction all of one kind only different Widths, I Never Was made Acquainted with the Officers Wanting more than One Suit & If I have Lost by Not having Sufficient Quantitys I am Sorry for it, the Dificulty of Getting bills are such that I was afraid of Exceeding farther; The times Are Dangerous & A Disapointment might be of bad Consequence\u2014As I know Nothing of the Officers Leaving money In Your hand & Expected to Stay for my pay Sum time & to Cut Goods or keep A store is Expensive. If the Goods Was All Taken of at once I woud be farr from Asking one Penny more then the Country pay Me, I can have 125 \u214c Ct for Any Single Artickle, & 100 \u214c Ct for half the Goods (the Shoulder knotts Excepted). but the price I Will lessen to Yourself If the Officers Chouse any Or All Of them, & this You may depend they are Well bought, & Cheaper by 75 \u214c Ct than they Will gett at Philadelphia or any where Else, I am sorry for the disappointment to the Officers, more so than my own Loss, as I rely Cannot blame my self having sent for What I Expected You Wanted as farr as I thought woud Sell, the only Error Mr Bowden has Comitted is the Coursest Blue Cloath 7/6 & shoud\nbeen 12/6 & as many of the Goods as are Come to hand I think Extreem Neat & well bought, Inclosed I Send you A List of the Packages that You May judge of the Quantity of Wagons Wanted & With Mrs Carlyle\u2019s Compts I am Dr Sir Yr Very Hble Sert\nJohn Carlyle\nP.S. I shall Write you In Answer to Yrs from ft Cumberland In My Next I have not Now time. J.C.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "01-26-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0054", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Dinwiddie, 26 January 1757\nFrom: Dinwiddie, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWilliamsburg Jany 26th 1757\nYrs of the 12th I recd\u2014I am very sorry for the Mutiny You mention on the So. Branch, & I greatly approve the Steps You took to stop it; I hope the six Deserters have been apprehended & punish\u2019d; the Persons under Sentence of Death, I hear some\nof them are Serjeants & Corporals, it\u2019s a most aragant Affair in them to promote & countenance Mutiny for which they deserve the Sentence pass\u2019d on them; however take proper Methods to make them sensible of their atrocious Crime; I desire You may pardon them, but some of them for Example shou\u2019d be reduced & put into the Ranks, & others appointed in their room, but this is left to You.\nAs Your People are enlisted with the Money rais\u2019d for His Majesty\u2019s Service, paid with the same, & incorporated into a Regiment in his Pay, I conceive they are subject to the Articles of War, & every other Regulation as His Majesty\u2019s more imediate Regular Forces, in this Opinion the Attoy Genl agrees with me.\nMr Walker has broke his Promise to me, but never intimated any ill Usage from You. I cou\u2019d not imagine his Reasons & only suggested that he might have some Hindrance or Disappointmt in discharge of his Duty; I expect him in Town when shall talk with him fully on the Affair; he sent me an Acct of 690 Annual Charges attending his Duty, besides his own Pay which wou\u2019d be a monstrous Charge on the Country; I therefore intend to put the Victualg in an other Channel when the Assembly meets at present I cannot see any Inc\u27e8onveniency, as\u27e9 Provisions are contracted for to s\u27e8upply yo. for\u27e9 some Months, which Mr Walker \u27e8says were by\u27e9 his Orders to Mr Rutherfurd.\nAs Ct. McNeill is at Wi\u27e8nchester, it\u27e9 will be too long to wait his coming \u27e8here to go with the Catabaws, they are an avaricious greedy set of People. I think yo. was wrong in giving \u2019em all horses. I fear it will be expected by others.\u27e9 I am much plagued & troubled to please them.\nMr Mercer tells me he has engag\u2019d a number of Servants; I wrote You to engage no more till I know where to get Money to pay them; there is none to be had from the Treasury; however if he can put of the Paying for them till April I hope then to supply him for those he has enlisted & desire him to purchase no more.\nI am sorry that Gentn cou\u2019d not understand Yr Directions in regard to the Ambrozures &ca no doubt You made a Draught of the Works for his Conduct.\nYou have acted properly in evacuating no more Forts than were necessary to reinforce the two Garrisons. I have the Return\nof Your Strength which shall transmit to Lord Loudoun\u2014Great Clamours here against the many Officers in Commission to comd so few Men, & I dare say Lord Loudoun will take Notice of it\u2014I wish You had a better supply of Tools.\nYr Letter of the 14th I shall answer by Jenkins who I detain till my Express arrives from my Lord I expect him daily as he left N. York the 9th of this Month, I shall then be more able to write You, in the mean Time I remain\u2014Sir Your humble Servant\nRobt Dinwiddie\nCapt. P\u27e8earis\u27e9 says You have order\u2019d \u27e8his men to be\u27e9 continued in Pay\u2014\u27e8I wrote Majr\u27e9 Lewis to send them to \u27e8You to be inc\u27e9orporated into the \u27e8Regmt\u2014I kno\u27e9w no Service they \u27e8mutilated at pres\u27e9t, but it seems \u27e8mutilated nak\u27e9ed they cd not \u27e8march.\u27e9", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "01-28-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0055", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Cuninghame, 28 January 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Cuninghame, James\nSir\nFort Loudoun January 28th 1757\nWhen the inclos\u2019d for His Excellency the Earl of Loudoun was wrote; I (as well as most others) was in hourly Expectation of His Lordships arrival in Virginia. Since then it is reported,\nand with an Air of great probability, That, Important affairs to the Northward will deprive this Colony of that much desird Honour and Happiness this Season which you may imagine Sir, is cause also for great regret and disappointment to the well-wishers of it.\nI wish the inclosd account had more Order, regularity, and Eligance to recommend it. It contains incontestable Facts\u2014plain and perspicuous to All who are in the least degree acquainted with our Affairs; and were thrown together rather as hints that might set His Lordship upon a stricter enquiry than as a full and distinct Account of Our Circumstances\u2014It is in this light I offer it Sir, first to your perusal; after which, if you find any thing containd worth His Lordship\u2019s Notice, be pleasd to present it.\nThat an Offensive Scheme of Action is necessary if it can be Executed, is quite Obvious. Our All in a manner depends upon it. The French grow more and more Formidable by their Alliances, while Our Friendly Indians are deserting our Interest. Our Treasury is exhausting, and Our Country Depopulating\u2014some of the Inhabitants fly intirely of, while others Assemble in small Forts destitute (almost) of the necessary\u2019s of Life; to see what Measures will be concerted to relieve their Distresses.\nThis Sir, I assure you, is at present the Situation of Affairs in Virginia.\nI am firmly perswaded that 3,000 Men under good regulation (and surely the 3 Middle Colonies coud easily raize, and support that Number) might Fortifie all the Passes between this and Ohio: Take possession of that River: cut of the Communication between Fort Duquisn and the Lakes, and with a middling Train of Artillery (with proper Officers & Enjineers) make themselves Masters of that Fortress, which is now become the Terror of these Colonies.\nI have presum\u2019d to mention this Sir, from the knowledge I have of the Country, and Enemy; and hope I may, with out vanity say, that there are few Persons who have had better oppertunity\u2019s to become acquainted with both, than I have.\nI shoud esteem it a particular happiness to be of your Acquaintance\u2014and to have an oppertunity of testifying how much I am Sir Yr most Obedt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "02-02-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0056", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Dinwiddie, 2 February 1757\nFrom: Dinwiddie, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWilliamsbg Feby 2d 1757\nI detain\u2019d Jenkins here till my Express arrived from Ld Loudoun.\nHis Lordship has desired all the So[uth]ern Governors to meet him at Philada the 17th of this Month, to consult what is proper to be done in these Parts; as this appears to me the Design of their Meeting I cannot conceive what Service You can be of in going there, as the Plan concerted will in course be communicated to You & the other Officers; however as You seem so earnest to go I now give You Leave, & desire You will give proper Orders at Forts Cumberland & Loudoun, that the Works may be duly carried on in Yr absence.\nI am in a Hurry providing for my Departure. I am Sir Your humble Servant\nRobt Dinwiddie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "02-07-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0057", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Fielding Lewis, 7 February 1757\nFrom: Lewis, Fielding\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nFeby 7th 1757.\nI recd yours by Mr Buchanan with the Cash to purchase Mrs Buckners Carpenter, but as I am apprehensive there is a Morgage,\nor some other incumberance as I well know that Estate is much indebt, it will be prudent to Act cautiously least there should be any dispute hereafter; I have already enquir\u2019d about the Carpenter and have been inform\u2019d that he will be sold some time hence but who has the Selling of him I know not, shall be as speedy as possible in letting You know how I succeed.\nYours by Lieutent Williams I recd with the Cash inclos\u2019d; if I fail in the purchase of Buckners Carpenter, I will immediately send mine to your House to carry on your Building till another can be got. I am Yr most Humble Servant\nFielding Lewis.\nJohn & his Lady went from hence Yesterday on their way to Mr Bushrods.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0058", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert McKenzie, 18 February 1757\nFrom: McKenzie, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPearsalls Feby 18th 1757\nI have been lately advised by my Friends to take a Step, which though it may tend to my Advantage, may equally prove detrimental, if too rashly undertaken. And as I would not enter into an Affair of the Kind, without previously acquainting you with it, & begging your Advice; I hope you will candidly impart it to me, by which I shall regulate my Conduct.\nThe Regiment has been for some Time in a tottering Condition, occasiond by the late Differences; & the Poverty of the Colony has given some small Room to surmise, that at least a Part of the Corps will be soon reduced. Indeed it seems almost certain, that we can not be long supported; that we have scarce reasonable Hopes of being taken Notice of by the Superior Powers; & then, to put the best Construction upon it, we can hope for nothing more, than bare Thanks for our Services, when the present Exigencies cease.\nIf this is really the Case, it behoves every Person in my Condition, to push his Fortune in the best Manner he can. My Dependance is too small to maintain me without some other Assistance; And my Desire to enter myself on the military List, induced me first, to lay aside the Study of that Profession, by which I was to make up the Deficiency.\nTo explain myself more fully: the Scheme proposed, is to enter myself a Volontier in the Brittish Troops whereby I may in Time be introduced to a State of Independence. This, (as the World goes at present) I know cannot be effected, without the Intercession & Interest of Friends, which Benefit I have not had an Opportunity to cultivate. If this Step should appear rational & adviseable to you, I hope you will not think it Presumption in me, to beg your Assistance & Favors, & to move the Affair to the Governor, whom I understand you accompany to Philadelphia.\nI flatter myself I have not forfeited his Esteem by my Behaviour, since he honored me with my present Commission, which as it was unexpected, I shall always remember in the most grateful Manner. If I knew your Sentiments, I should address myself to him instantly by Letter; but as I shall act accordingly, will postpone it, untill I receive your Answer.\nI assure you, upon Honor, that I esteem this Service as much as any Person in it, & would chuse to continue in it before any other; provided, I coud make it conform any Way to my Interest. I hope A Regard to that Principle cannot reflect in the least to my Discredit, which (if I am not mistaken) operates in the Breast of the most xealous Patriotes.\nI must again sollicit your Advice in this Affair, & repeat my Entreaties for you to excuse this Freedom in Sir your dutiful & obedt Servant\nRobt McKenzie\nP.S. On the 15th Inst. a Party of abt twenty Indians, took of a Man nigh Fort Defiance & chased another. They burnt some Houses, Stacks of Hay, killed several Cattle &c. A Party went out after them from Fort Pleasant as quick as possible, but I have not heard their Success. Yours as above\nR: Mc:", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "02-19-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0059", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Bullitt, 19 February 1757\nFrom: Bullitt, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\n[Vause\u2019s Fort] Feby 19th 1757\nIt is not Agreeable to my Inclinations to be Thus Troublesom as to my Repeated Letters for Leave to be Removed from this Compy and as it is much against my Inclinations the Continuing Hope you will Indulge me in this my Last Request. I have\nMarchd the Detacht from Fort Dinwiddie to Vases, and Shall be as Afficious as in my power for three Weeks or a month in Carrying on the Work\u2014In which Time hope there will be An Officer to Relieve me Pray Sir Consider the Manner I came to the Regt & Time I had the Honour of Serving under you, & if you do not think proper to Remove me to some other Station hope you will not Refuse me the Liberty of Resigning As being Broke by a Court Martial will give Room for Reflection tho. will submit to any thing you Direct before I stay in the Manner I am\u2014from Sir your most Obt Humble Servt\nThos Bullitt\np.S. Serjt Wilper Recruited one Morgan he Advanced the money, the Fellow was Entertained 34 day & Deserted after receiving Cloths from Serjt the Sd Soldr was one of the Rects you see at Fort Dinwiddie and was Taken up after desertion and is now with Capt. McNeal\u2014Capt. Hog refuses to pay for advance money or any Time he was Entertained tho. he sent Instructions to Us to Recruit all Servts and others.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0061", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Fairfax, 2 March 1757 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Fairfax, William\nLetter not found: to William Fairfax, 2 Mar. 1757. On 22 Mar. 1757 Fairfax wrote to GW: \u201cI rec\u2019d your Favor from Philadelphia dated the 2d inst.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "03-15-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0064", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Clement Read, 15 March 1757\nFrom: Read, Clement\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir,\nLunenburg March 15th 1757.\nAbout 10 Daies agoe, there came to my House twenty Six Indians of the Cawtaba Nation, with two War Captains, Capt. French, or the French Warrior, and Capt. Bullen, who I sent under the Care of Robert Vaughan to Williamsburg where they desir\u2019d to go before they March\u2019d to you.\nAbout five daies agoe, there came to my House 93 of the same Nation with their King, Haglar, after they held a Council, it was determin\u2019d, that the King, with his Brother and Conjurer, shou\u2019d go to Wmsburg also, and that the others shou\u2019d March directly to you; Whereupon, as their Numbers were great, the Country thro\u2019 which they were to pass thinly Inhabited, and as the Frontiers might be frightned at such an Appearance of Painted Indians, I deem\u2019d it necessary to send a White Man along with them, And as Robert Vaughan was gone with thee first 26, and as the Nation seem\u2019d very fond of him, I thought I might please them in sending his Brother Abraham Vaughan with these to you, and they seem\u2019d pleas\u2019d that I did.\nWhat I have to desire of you Sir, is, that you wou\u2019d please to Satisfie Mr Vaughan according to thee trouble he has taken & must take, I need not inform you that they are a very troublesome set of people, and their manner of travelling thro\u2019 the Inhabitants, must give their Guide a vast deal of trouble & fatigue, And as from this Consideration, & the Necessity of Keeping up a friendship with them, I have taken these Steps, in the Absence of his Honour the Governor, which I hope may be approved of.\nAs from Information of these Indians, I every day expect, Capt. Johnny Cawtaba & Mr Abraham Smith a Virginian, with 200 Cherokees and some more of the Catawba Nation which I must also send a White Man with as a Guide I must hope, and take the freedom of recommending to you, the paying of Mr Abraham Vaughan to his Content, otherwise I have reason to fear, We shall hereafter get none to go on this Slavish Service; I need not add, but that I am, Dear Sir, Your unknown, but mo. Obedt Hum. Servant\nClement Read\nP.S. I have given Abraham Vaughan twelve pounds ten shillings, all the money I have, to assist him in Carrying on to Winchester. C.R.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0065", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Fairfax, 22 March 1757\nFrom: Fairfax, William\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sr\nWmsburg 22d March 1757.\nI rec\u2019d your Favor from Philadelphia dated the 2d inst. since which finding the Governor likely to stay there longer than\nat first expected and many Matters of Government requisite which could not be done without Me I set off from Belvoir and arrivd here the 17th The next Day I was duly qualified in Council as President & Comander in Chief, which has given Me an Opportunity of seeing and treating with Numbers of the Cherokees & Catawba Indians, discuorsing with Major A. Lewis & Lieut. Williams on their Affairs. I hope They will soon be under your Command as They appear to be of a warlike Temper and Disposition, fit & willing to encounter any Difficult Attack. I shall be glad to know your Success with Ld Loudoun and his Commands to You in the ensuing Campaign\u2014Th\u00f4 You may hear of the Genl Assembly\u2019s being prorogu\u2019d to the last Thursday in next Month, yet as several Things as well for your Regiment as the public Weal of the Colony are wanted to be Examind, Setled and adjusted, We expect the Governor will Soon after his Arrival call & appoint a much earlier Meeting\u2014when We shall be glad to See You and give Testimony of our hearty Affection.\nAs the Cherokees and Catawba Indians appear to Us well attacht to our Interest We are desirous of preserving Them, therefore endeavor to please & satisfy them. We have furnishd them wth what could be got here: what is yet wanted and you can procure Please to accommodate them and Send or bring the Accot thereof.\nPray remember Me kindly to yr Officers and the brave Men of yr Regiment, and continue to believe that I am with all affecte Regards Dr Sir Yr assurd & loving Friend &ca\nW. Fairfax\nP.S. I referr to Majr Lewis for pticulars.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0067", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Bullitt, 24 March 1757\nFrom: Bullitt, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nVases [Vause\u2019s Fort] March the 24th 1757\nI Recd yours Janry 1st wherein you was pleased to Signifie that I had not proceeded in a Regular Manner in not Laying in a formal Complaint if I was not well used by my Capt. I am not uncensible Sir\u2014of the Difficulty an Enferiour Officer Encounters, when he Lay\u2019s in a Compt of that Nature against one of his Superiours in Clearly proving Alligations, Especially when such Superiour as by our Doing Duty so far from the Regt Chiefly Commands. for this Reason did not Care to be Concernd in any such affair if in my power to avoid.\nSince Capt. Hog has bin pleased to Signifie in his Letters to you that I am in Fault, and that his Honr the Govenor thought so, Beg Leave to Lay my Reasons before you for Writeing my former Letters.\nCapt. Hog at his departure from fort Dinwiddie Left Instructions with me to purchase Beef to be Recd in Fall Season, also Injoyn\u2019d me to send him returns from Time to Time of the Quanty I agreed for, that he might give further Instructions when I had a Suffiency & the Quantity to Receive, pursuant to which I agreed for a parcel of Beeves, Likewise Capt. Hog & Mr Fleming for Quantity\u2019s. The Different persons who had Ingaged their Beeves to us, about the first of Novembr Drove them in, at which Time I had no Orders how to proceed (further then above Mentioned) Nor any Acct of those purchased Except my own Engagemts more then by a Letter from Mr Fleming Acqtg me he had by his Capts. Orders bought for use of that Fort, Upon which I sent a Messengr for full Instructions who returned in about Sixteen days without any such (& Informed me he had Leave from his Capt. to go by Stanton) at this suspence I was left Till December (tho. sent Three Times) and Noumbers of Beeves Tendered me. the Owners whereof threatned the suing for Damages if I did not Receive them, from this, the Cold Reception I met with from Capt. Hog in his Behaviour on Returne to Fort & also his Informing Majr Lewis I had not Acted well in Reguard to Victualling the Garrn I coul not but Immagine it was more then probable (on some Dislike taken at me) he Intended to make all opertunity\u2019s for my being\nGuilty of some Misconduct, then get Clear of me in a Manner that might Reflect Dishonour on me.\nTho. as I have Recd all the Civilities Due from a Gentn of Capt. Hogs Rank to one of mine (Since the Rect of your Letter my own Inclosed) should not have Troubled you with this & do it in my own Vindication. Tho. shall on all Occasions (while I Receive the Like Usage) Discharge my Duty in his Company, Till you will be Pleased to Favour the Gentn with a Sub[alter]n in my Room, of a More polite Taste, & Liberal Education, in which I shall Think myself under as Great obligations, to you as what Capt. Hog can be. I am Sir, Your most Obed. Humble Servt\nThos Bullitt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0068", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Bullitt, 24 March 1757\nFrom: Bullitt, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nVases [Vause\u2019s Fort] March 24th 1757\nas I have not bin Troublesom to you with Cilicitations on Acct of my Brothers prefermt make free this Opertunity with Something of that sort.\nIt may appear uncommendable for a Brother offering any thing of the Like In behalf of Another still as he was Very afficious in Recruiting for your Regt (winter was a Year) and Raised fifteen men (the promise of which, was Terms many your Officers Obtained their Commisions on), and since have served as a Cadit, this must be sinking a small Country Living, (which is Certain Bread with Frugality & Care), for an Uncertainty, while we only Injoy provincial Commissions. Tho. as I am Very Cencible my Brother is Desirous of serving his Country. Hope you will Take him into Consideration and if Vacancy\u2019s\n& Establist will admit provide for him, Otherwise Let him know it. Except your Regt is Like to be on a better Footing or he Can shortly obtain a Comn. I am sir your Most Obedt Hble Servt\nThos Bullitt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "03-31-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0069", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Fairfax, 31 March 1757\nFrom: Fairfax, William\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nWmsburg 31st March 1757\nYesterday by the Return of Capt. Ouchterlony I had the Pleasure to enquire of Him concerning your State and Welfare, but He said the Uncertainty of his coming hither prevented his acquainting You with it: however left You well.\nLieut. Baker setting off with about Sixty of the Nottoway & Tuskarora Indians equipt with Arms &c. to joyn the Tribes of Cherokees & Catawbas before Sent under the Care & Conduct of Majr Lewis & Lieut. Williams will I hope be a welcome Reinforcement and productive of good Events\u2014Capt. Jack Chief of the Tuskaroras produc\u2019d to Me in Council your Letter of Invitation, wrote by Bryan Fx, who I wish, had not resignd but continued with You. I will not doubt that You had a kind Reception from Lord Loudoun, and that his Orders for the Destination of your Regiment will be agreeable to the Corps.\nThe Governor came to Town this Day abt 12 o\u2019Clock accompanied wth Govr Dobbs in seeming good Health and little fatigu\u2019d. Every Member of the Council is Summond to meet at the Capitol on Monday next, Col. Pp Lee included lately sworn & admitted. Colo. Tayloe has also the King\u2019s Order and may soon be expected to show it for the Same Purpose. By the Governors\nDiscourses whatever the intended Disposition of our Troops may be, is to be an enjoin\u2019d Secret: But I suppo\u27e8se\u27e9 You was consulted and thought worthy of being entrusted at least with our Southern Attempts. As I apprehend You will not go up to Fort Cumberland (now expected to be given up to Maryland) before You get Money to pay the Arrears due to the Regiment I have desird Mr Baker to leave this Letter at Fredericksburg. He has taken kind Care of his Charge and appeard to be of a sober and good Disposition: if wanted, writes a good Hand, and to Him referr for pticulars.\nI don\u2019t yet know whether the Genl Assembly will be calld before Time of prorogation the last Thursday next Month. My best Complts to yr Mother, Bro: Sister and Friends\u2014I am with all Friendly Regards Yr affect. & obedt\nW: Fairfax", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0070", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Smith, March\u2013April 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Smith, William\n[March-April 1757]\n[March-April 1757]. The text of this letter is printed as Document III of \u201cThe Capitulation of Fort Necessity.\u201d There William Smith is tentatively identified as the addressee. On 3 Mar. 1757, while GW was in Philadelphia to attend Loudoun\u2019s meeting with the southern governors, the printer James Chattin announced in the Pennsylvania Gazette (Philadelphia) his intention to publish within two months \u201cA MEMORIAL, containing a summary Account of Facts, in Answer to the Observations of the English Ministry, addressed to the Courts of Europe.\u201d Among other things, the Memorial included GW\u2019s journal of his 1754 campaign and \u201cThe Journal of M. de Villiers,\u201d the two documents with which GW\u2019s letter is mainly concerned. The contents of the letter suggest that GW wrote it not long after Chattin\u2019s announcement, either in March 1757 while he was still in Philadelphia or in April in Winchester shortly after his return to Virginia.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "04-07-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0073", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Dinwiddie, 7 April 1757\nFrom: Dinwiddie, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWilliamsburg Apr. 7th 1757\nI recd Yours of the 2d last Night & must refer You to mine of the 5th which I sent You by Express, & doubt not You will receive at Fort Loudoun; The pressing Letter from Govr Littleton makes it absolutely necessary to send 200 of our Regimt to his Assistance; & I must therefore repeat my Orders for their march to Fredericksburg, & I hope they will be there by the 20th of this Month & I am endeavouring to hire Vessells for transporting them to So. Carolina, & refer You to my Letter by Express\u2014I shall be glad if You can send three Tons of lead Ball to go with them, I shall send 100 barrels Powder from this.\nMr Sharpe told me he had wrote by You to Capt. Dagworthy to march his Men to take Possession of Fort Cumberld when You withdrew Your Forces from thence, & I was in hopes it wou\u2019d have been immediately done\u2014No Doubt You shd bring all the Stores belonging to the Country from thence, as well as the Indian Goods, & take particular Acct of the Provisions that they may be replac\u2019d at Fort Loudoun agreeable to Mr Sharpe\u2019s Promise.\nI am fully of Opinion that we comply with the Regulation made by Lord Loudoun in the Disposal of our Forces, therefore they are to be at Fort Loudoun for that Disposition. The Indians must be taken care of, those that went from this were supplied with Shirts Blankets & Legins; I hope You can supply them with some, & what may be deficient, with Provisions &ca must be taken Care for when You come here. I think if You are here by the 22d of the Mo. will do, in the mean Time order them out in Parties with some of Your Men aScalping &ca.\nI leave it to You to dispose of the Troops, after the 200 Men are sent to Fredericksburg, as You shall think most proper till I see You here; I am very sensible we have too few Men on our Frontiers, but hope the Assembly will resolve to increase our Numbers by a generous Vote.\nI wonder Govr Sharpe shou\u2019d hesitate in sending Capt. Dagworthy with his Men to Fort Cumberland, when he knew You had possitive Orders to withdraw our Troops on his Arrival at that Place, & Delays m[a]y now prove of bad Consequence.\nI have been very much indispos\u2019d ever since arrival here that I can write no more at present, but remain Sir Your humble Servant\nRobt Dinwiddie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "04-08-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0074", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Andrew Lewis, 8 April 1757\nFrom: Lewis, Andrew\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nAugusta Apl the 8th 1757\nI have no Instruction at this time by which I Can act. I have Been at Wmsburg Latly as the Governor was not at home Nothing Could be Done. Tho. I Represented the Destresed Condition of the Frunters in as Just a manner as in my Power, I was Referd to you Sir for furder Orders. as it was Suposed you would Receive Orders from Lord Loudon. my Remaining longer here will be of no Service. I impationatly weat your Orders which Shall be Strictly Observed.\nWhen I was at Wmsburg I heard of 180 Cherokees Coming to Virginia but has not Since heard more of them\u2014As there is no Assistance ordred from Our Nighbouring County Our Forts will soon be Deserted. I am Sir you Most Obedean Servt\nAndw Lewis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "04-15-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0075-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Invoice to Richard Washington, 15 April 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Washington, Richard\nFort Loudoun 15th April 1757\nInvoice of Sundry Goods to be Shipd by Mr Richd Washington of London for the use of G. Washington viz.\nA Marble Chimney piece of the Dimensions of the Inclosd (given by the Workmen) the Cost not to exceed 15 Guineas.\nN.B. let it be carefully packd.\n   A Neat Landskip 3 feet by 21\u00bd Inches\u20141 Inch Margin for a Chimy.\n   250 panes window Glass 11 by 9.\n   Paper for 5 Rooms of the following Dimensions (viz.) 18 by 12 16 by 12. 16 by 14. 18 by 15. and 15 by 16 all 8 feet pitch the Paper differing in their Colours\u2014also paper of a very good kind and colour for a Dining Room 18 by 16 above the Chair boards the pitch of the Room is 11 Feet.\n   Papier Machee for the Ceiling of two Rooms, one of them 18 Feet Square, the other 18 by 16 with C[orne]r Chimneys.\n   Two neat Mahagony Tables 4\u00bd feet square when spread and to join occasionally.\n   1 Dozn neat and strong Mahagony Chairs at 21/.\n   1 Dozn fashionable Locks for Partition doors & appurtenances.\n   1 dozn fashe Hinges for the said Doors & 2 pr larger.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "04-16-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0076-0001", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Dinwiddie, 16 April 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Dinwiddie, Robert\n   Governor DinwiddieHonble Sir\nFort Cumberland [Md.] the 16th April 1757\nYour letter by Express, of the 8th Instant I fear has fallen into the hands of the common Enemy, for I never have seen it\u2014The other of the 7th I this day received: and being exceedingly embarrassed to come at your Honors intentions, and really at a loss to know in what manner to act, in such perplexed and difficult circumstances\u2014I called a council of Officers to my aid; the result of their advice you will find in the enclosed.\nIt will not be in my power to be in Williamsburgh by the 22d as your Honor desires; but as soon after as I can, I certainly will. I shall leave Orders with Colo. Stephen to march this Garrison to Fort Loudoun, as soon as it is relieved; which can not be before this Express may return; and then your Honors further Orders may be received.\nWe have no advice of Dagworthys marching, tho\u2019 Orders were sent to him.\nI shall order all the Countrys Stores to be carried to Fort Loudoun, and the two Companies in Pattersons Creek to be posted on the Branch, to complete the number that was designed for that place. I have ordered a particular return of the Provisions to be made out, and Colo. Stephen to take Capt. Dagworthys receipt for the quantity left.\nWe have been at a good deal of unavoidable expence and trouble to furnish the Indians with such things as they wanted. Some enemy indians killed two Cuttawbas on Thursday last at about 150 Yards from the fort, and 70 from a Sentry; & made their escape tho\u2019 pursued by other Cuttawbas\u2019 and near 200 men. And the day before yesterday, two Soldiers were killed, and a third taken prisoner, as they were coming to this place from the fort below. The rest of the party, being 10 in number, with Capt. Waggener among them, made their escape.\nThe enclosed remonstrance I received just now; and think it expedient to send it to your Honor, that You may know the temper & disposition of the Troops. As I expect to be with your Honor in two or three days after the Express; I think it needless to add any thing but an apology for the incoherence of this. The Indians are all around, teasing and perplexing me for one thing or another; so that I scarce know what I write. I have the honor to be Your &c.\nG:W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "04-16-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0076-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Council of War, 16 April 1757\nFrom: Council of War\nTo: \nAt a Council of War held at Fort Cumberland April 16th 1757.\nPresent\nColo. George Washington, President\nLt Colo. Adam Stephen\n                  Capt. Tho. Waggener\n                  Capt. Willm Bronaugh\n                  Capt. Joshua Lewis\n                  Capt. Henry Harrison\nCapt. Lt John McNeill\nThe Colonel laid before the Council a Letter which he had just received from His Honor, Governor Dinwiddie, (dated at Williamsburgh the 7th instant;) referring him to another letter, by Express, of the 5th which had not yet come to hand\u2014for\nOrders and Directions concerning the marching two hundred men to Fredericksburgh by the 20th instant, for the purpose of embarking them for Carolina\u2014Also for the disposition of other Troops for the benefit of the frontier inhabitants: As also, concerning the sending out parties of Soldiers with the Indians. And desired their advice on the most expedient and proper measures to be used in the present situation of Affairs\u2014The Governors letter of the 7th without that of the 5th inst. being altogether inexplicable.\nThe Council after duly considering the Governors letter; and weighing the consequences of evacuating Fort Cumberland, before the expected relief shou\u2019d arrive: and thereby exposing the frontier inhabitants to inconceivable danger, were unanimously of opinion\nFirst, that Fort Cumberland shou\u2019d not be evacuated by the Virginia troops \u2019till they were relieved by those from Maryland, and the Stores cou\u2019d be removed; unless more explicit orders shou\u2019d arrive from the Governor, requiring it.\nSecondly\u2014That the Detachment ordered to march with the Cuttawba Indians, to gain intelligence and annoy the enemy; ought not to be countermanded, because it might create Jealouses and uneasiness among the Indians, who earnestly desired to be accompanied by Soldiers. Thirdly\u2014That, as the French and Indians have already this season committed acts of hostility upon the Inhabitants; of the Branch; which had, together with the small force that was posted among them, discouraged the Settlers from planting, and determined a pretty large part of them to move off entirely\u2014It is thought absolutely necessary to post troops upon the said Branch, in order to preserve that valuable settlement\u2014to induce the people to plant a sufficiency of corn; and to prevent by that means, the vale of Winchester from becoming the Frontier.\nFourthly: That in order to this it is advisable to evacuate the Forts on Pattersons Creek (which serve no other purpose than to secure the communication between the forts Loudoun & Cumberland[)].\nFifthly\u2014We humbly conceive, that the measures here proposed by this Council, are, under our present circumstances, absolutely requisite for the good of the Service; and are in no wise contradictory to any thing contained in the Governors Letter\nof the 7th\u2014whose Intentions, for want of the letter of the 5th instant, are not be understood.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "04-17-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0077", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Adam Stephen, 17 April 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Stephen, Adam\n[Fort Cumberland, Md., 17 April 1757]\nTo Lt Colonel Stephen; of the Virginia Regiment.Sir,\nYou are to remain with the Garrison at this place, \u2019till the maryland troops shall relieve you: As soon after as possible you are to march the virginia Troops to Fort Loudoun\u2014taking care to carry all the virginia stores to that place, except a few tools which shou\u2019d be sent to the Branch. But, if it shou\u2019d so happen that there do not come waggons enough to carry off the whole at once; You must have the remainder well secured here, and left under a Guard of our own Soldiers, which is to escort them down when more waggons arrive.\nYou are also to order the two Garrisons on Pattersons Creek (as soon as they can get waggons to transport their stores to Pearsalls) to march to the South-Branch: One of which to be posted at Harness\u2019s Fort; the other at the Upper Tract (unless any of the Militia are there) then and in that case, they are to be posted at Fort Defence: and to use their utmost endeavours in protecting the Inhabitants, and encouraging them to plant\u2014You must have the most exact account taken of the provisions that are in this Garrison; they are to be left for the use of the Marylanders, and a receipt taken from the commanding Officer for the quantity delivered.\nThe Indian Goods are to be removed to Fort Loudoun\u2014Order the Quarter Master to have them and the Tools, together with the Soldiers clothing; and all the small things that are liable to be lost or stolen, carefully packed up.\nIn the execution of all these things I recommend it to you, to be as expeditious as possible; and to have due regard to the Interest & honor of Virginia. Given &c.\nG:W.\nApril 17th 1757.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "04-24-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0078", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Mercer, 24 April 1757\nFrom: Mercer, George\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nFort Loudoun April 24th 1757.\nThursday and Friday last came to Town 148 Cherokees, with Major Lewis, and yesterday I spoke to them, as they did not chuse an Interview sooner.\nWauhatchee the Head Warriour, after I had told him among many other things, that I was sorry we had not timely Notice of their Coming, that the Governour would have ordered the necessary presents for them, but they might depend upon every thing they could want at their Return, would not receive the Wampum I offered him, as is usual, at the End of the Speech; but immediately got up, & went out of the Council in a great passion, and told the rest of the Warriours they might speak to me, if they had anything to say. This Behaviour gave me great Uneasiness, which was not a little increased, when the Swallow, after a long Silence, made the Speech which I inclose.\nFrom this you may see what their Journey here had almost produced a Revolt of the whole Nation from our Interest, which would have been as certain, as their Return Home dissatisfied; for they are all wavering, and only wait to see how these are received. They make no secret of this, and told me the Govr knew not how to treat Indians; that the French treated them always like Children, and gave them what Goods they wanted. As to the Governour\u2019s not having timely Notice of their Coming, it was a Lie, he had promised them 18 Months ago, if they would come here to fight for us, they should be supplied with every thing they wanted. that they had then promised they would come, and he should have had every thing ready; and had he not depended upon their Promise, and thought that a Warning, that they had wrote to him from their Nation, and\nagain from Col. Reade\u2019s, which last was sufficient Notice. But they found from every Action, the Great Men of Virginia were Liars. Keerarustikee (who was here with Pearis in the Winter) told them he knew them all, that they had laid in no Goods here; that the Warriours were obliged to send them down to Williamsburg, and when they came there, they seemed surprized, that they had not been supplied at Winchester. To all this I replied in the best and warmest Terms I possibly could, and told them I was willing to give them any security they could desire, that the Presents should be here ready for them at their Return; that if they had it, they would be obliged to leave it here in my Care, it would be too heavy for them to carry to War; and I told them, they must look upon it in that Light, that I had the present in the House keeping for them \u2019till their Return, that all their Things might look new & clean; and urged them again to take the Wampum as a Token that I spoke nothing but the Truth. After this, the Warriour of Tallassee said, Brothers, why do you despise that Wampum? We must not measure the Warriours Present by that. for my part, I take the Will for the Deed. I look upon it in the Light he offers it, as a Token that his Heart is good towards us, and that he tells us the Truth. Because others have lied shall we not believe him? I will do it, and tho\u2019 I am here with a small Number, I came here to fight for the Great King George; and if none of you will take his Wampum, I will do it, and I will stand by him \u2019till I find he lies. He tells you that yet he has not received Orders from the Govr and that perhaps he is in a Hurry, and yet has not Time to write. I believe it is so. The present will be here when we return. The Swallow then made an Apology for what he had said; and said, he had spoke his Mind thus freely, to let us know how he had been used, and he hoped it would have the desired Effect, when the Govr heard what he had said. that they should never be again disappointed. In his own part, he did not want Presents, but that it was his Promise of great Rewards from the Governour that engaged his young Men to come in, and that the Govr had now made him a Liar amongst his own Warriours: that made him angry.\nFrom all this you see how necessary \u2019tis to have a proper Present immediately laid in for them. We may soon expect the Catawbas in too, who have an absolute promise of a present from\nme on their Return. If these Indians go home dissatisfied, we lose the Interest of the whole Nation.\nYou can better suggest than I direct (did I presume to do it) what is necessary on this Occasion.\nAs faithfully as I promised, so faithfully did I deliver the Indentures and Valuation, not to you indeed, but to Mr Kirkpatrick, which I imagined would do as well.\nMr Heath is in a great Hurry. I have been terribly plagued with these Indians coming so dissatisfied, and have been writing since Day-break. I have the Luck of the Management of Indian Affairs. troublesome Task. You\u2019ll please to excuse Errors and Blunders in this, and the Speech, as I was obliged to be in a Hurry with them, as well as subscribing myself Dear Sir Your most obedient and obliged humble Servt\nGo. Mercer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "04-26-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0079", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Mercer, 26 April 1757\nFrom: Mercer, George\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir.\nFort Loudoun April 26th 1757.\nSince my last to you, we have held Council after Council every day with the Indians. They seem at last pretty well satisfied, and a Party of them sett out this Day to War; the others will follow so soon as they get their Shoes made. There is a great Scarcity of Deer Skins, and I am obliged to send thro\u2019 the whole County to provide them.\nInclosed are two Letters from the Head Warriours to the Govr, which they insisted I should write, and desired I might not be afraid to do it; it was their Talk they said, which I wrote, which they intended to give him freely.\nBy every thing you\u2019ll observe, the chief thing is a present, and they expect a very good one, and have not omitted upon all Occasions to tell me what the French give their Indians. They make no Secret either of their Intentions in Case they are not properly encouraged. One of the Warriours told Major Lewis in Augusta, that he had been often told Lies in his Nation, but now he was come himself to see if they would never tell the Truth. If they did not now, he said, as the Govr had promised them a large Present if they would come & fight, and if he did not get it when he came here, he would turn back and take every thing from the Inhabitants as they went along, and maybe, siad he, scalp some of them too, for he said if they had stayed at home and hunted, they could buy as much Goods as they wanted with their Skins.\nYou\u2019ll observe, Wauhatchee has desired the Govr to meet\nthem here, and I am certain it will be of the greatest Service if he does; they have much to ask of him, which they say, he shall hear when they see him. I know the one part of their Request is to send some of their Warriours Home to talk to his Majesty.\nMany of our Soldiers have made Application to go out with them, but as their Destination is uncertain, and may suddenly be ordered away, I have not allowed any of them to go.\nSmith the Interpreter I believe is one of the best on the Continent. he is an extreme modest Man, and behaves himself very well in every particular. The Warriours have desired that he may have a good Suit of Clothes provided for him against he returns. Really the Man\u2019s Behaviour entitles him to some Notice from the Governour.\nI am much at a Loss what will be done with the next Party of Indians, which I am told are now in Augusta. We have neither Shirts nor Blankets to give them; nor do I know where to get them, nor is there more than 24 or 5 Guns for them, all have been taken from Bedford and Augusta Courthouses, and there are 80 Indians in the Party that\u2019s on their March, I am informed.\nI sent down to the Ohio Store for some things for these; Colo. Cresap writes me that Trent has made a Contract with Sir Wm Johnson for them. There is neither Paint, scalping Knives, Wampum nor pipe Tomahawks to be had there, nor is there any Silver Truck.\nPray Colo. push this Matter as much as possible, for you know how much depends upon the Interest of these Indians. If they are not properly rewarded, they will all forsake us: the Consequences then are plain. They will not be idle Spectators, but will be employed.\nExcuse me I pray, for troubling you with this long Epistle; tho\u2019 I have been so full, I do not presume to direct or offer my Sentiments, but represent every thing in the very Light the Indians now consider them, which I am certain from your Knowledge of those people, you\u2019ll know to be true; therefore I need not have been so explicit.\nColo. Stephen is not arrived yet, nor have I heard of his March. I am Dear Sir Your most obedient and obliged humble Servant\nGo: Mercer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "04-29-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0080", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Dinwiddie, 29 April 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Dinwiddie, Robert\nTo The Honble Governor DinwiddieHonble Sir,\nWilliamsburgh: Friday morning, the 29th April, 1757.\nI make use of this as a less troublesome, the most effectual, and (I think) most expeditious method of recommending certain matters relative to the Regiment, &c. to your Honors notice\u2014and to begin:\nThe act of Assembly which subjected the Virginia troops to Martial Law, is now expired: and when in force, was altogether ineffectual for the purpose. It is I think quite obvious, that we can prepare no Law more fit than that provided by Act of Parliament, as a military code for the government of our Troops.\nWe now have, and are likely to get a goodly number of Indians. I would therefore humbly recommend, that a judicious\nperson acquainted with their customs, be appointed to the care of them: To conduct them agreeably to your Honors direction, or to the Orders which he may receive from the Commanding Officer\u2014To make it his business to see that they are well supplied with provisions, and commit no waste of them\u2014To provide them with such necessaries as they may stand in need of, and are allowed by the Country\u2014To keep regular accompts of all expences occuring, &c.\nIt can not be supposed that this Duty (which will fully employ, to execute it [as it] shou\u2019d be, the time of any one person) ought to fall upon the Commanding Officer; whose other engagements will render it absolutely impossible for him to pay so much attention to it, as the service requires. And if they are neglected the consequences will be bad. The paying a person for this extraordinary duty, will, in the end, be an advantage to the Country. A good many Goods shou\u2019d be provided for this purpose, and that immediately. There are many Masters of Servants yet unpaid, who are very anxious to receive their valuation.\nI shou\u2019d be glad if there cou\u2019d be a way pointed out to do it; as the owners look to me for the money.\nThe choice of good men to complete the Regiment is really a matter of great importance\u2014We received (because necessity obliged us) many Drafts last year, who were unfit for any sort of Duty and who were rather an expence than service to the Country. The Officers hearing that their numbers are to be reduced, are very desirous of knowing who are to go out.\nSome other method to pay for Deserters besides that prescribed by act of Assembly, is absolutely necessary. It is also necessary that some expedient shou\u2019d be used to bring the commonalty acquainted with the consequences of harbouring and buying clothes and arms from Deserters &c.\nNot to confine the Troops to our own frontiers and defensive measures only. By this means we put it into the power of the enemy, to use advantages as they offer. Last year we cou\u2019d not without transgressing the Law, move out of the Colony.\nPaying Soldiers in small Bills is an intolerable grievance. It wou\u2019d add to the credit of the Service, and be a strong inducement for numbers to enlist\u2014were the Assembly to make some regular provision for the maimed & wounded Soldiers, who shall be disabled in the Countrys service. It is an uncertain tedious\nand expensive way for each individual, after he is rendred unfit to serve, to come down and petition the Assembly for subsistance.\nThe commissarys office has, for a long time, been under very bad direction thro\u2019 Mr Walkers uncertainty of continuing\u2014It wants much to be regulated.\nThe Garrison which, by the Council at Philadelphia, is to be fixed at Enocks\u2019s plantation, in order to secure a communication with Fort Cumberland\u2014will be a manifest disadvantage to the Country; as it can answer no other purpose: and will be attended with the ill consequence of leaving exposed the old road to Fort Cumberland; which also is the road to our Settlers on the South-Branch, betwixt whom and the Inhabitants about Fort Loudoun, are not any persons living, save those at the Forts which we have built and garrisoned for securing the said communication. Were the men who are appointed to Enocks\u2019s divided, and one part put at Edwards\u2019s, and the other (which shou\u2019d be the largest) at Pearsalls; it wou\u2019d be of infinitely more service to Virginia, and still keep open a communication with Fort Cumberland: But not in so direct a course; nor cou\u2019d the road this way, pass by the Fort at Cresaps.\nWhen my opinion was asked concerning a place to build on between Fort Loudoun and that at Cresaps; I was obliged to say Enocks\u2019s, because there was no other place more suitable than Enocks on that road; and to that road I was confined. But, at the same time, I mentioned the other road as answering the two ends of securing the communication with Fort Cumberland and the inhabitants of the Branch. And asked Lord Loudoun in a particular manner, whether the Troops were to be confined to the places specified? His answer was, \u201cno: because\u201d (says he) \u201cthat might defeat our intentions. The places now fixed upon are only nominated as passes which appear to be of the most importance; but the Troops will be removed to this place or that as occasion may require\u201d\u2014which was my motive for saying no more on the disadvantages that might arise from building a Garrison at Enocks\u2019s: A full and discretionary power being thereby left in the commanding Officer to post them here or there, as the good of the Service, and change of circumstances, in his judgment, might require. I therefore beg leave to offer this matter to yours Honors consideration, in time; as it may\nand doubtless will be attended with very bad consequences to this Colony, to secure the direct road that leads to Fort Cumberland only: & neglect the security of the other which is now become of much more comparative importance to the Settlers.\nI also beg leave to observe here; that the Fort at the Upper Tract, notwithstanding it is more in the Indian pass of the mountains, is too high up; since numbers of the Inhabitants from those parts, if I am rightly informed, are lately moved down about Harness\u2019s, and a place called Butter-milk Fort; which renders it necessary to place the troops, or at least a principal part of them, there also; to protect the Inhabitants in sowing and gathering their Crops, &c.\nIt is a hardship upon the Regiment, I think, to be denied a Chaplain.\nEstablishing the Militia upon a good footing is a matter of very great moment. Under this present regulation they are of very little service, upon any emergency\u2014and very expensive! The rates of Soldiers diet when marching th[r]o\u2019 the Country, or upon recruiting parties, ought to be settled: As also the Bounty-money allowed the Officers to recruit with; in case the Country compleats the Regiment by Enlistment. The officers complain heavily of their losses in the recruiting service. Their allowance is much inferior to that of the British Officers; while their Duty and fatigue are equally hard, if not more so.\nI doubt not but your Honor will, when you settle with Governor Sharpe, about the provisions at Fort Cumberland consider that the carriage of them up, &c. shou\u2019d be added to the first cost\u2014If we only receive the like quantity at Fort Loudoun, the Country will sustain a considerable loss; as the cariage &c. is almost if not quite as much as the first cost of the provisions.\nI have, in the preceding pages, mentioned every thing that occurs to me relative to the service in general: and must now beg leave to know, as there are new regulations making in respect to the strength and establishment of the Regiment; upon what terms your Honor purposes to continue me, and what may be my certain Dependance?\nThe Speaker informs me that the Country Committee have determined no longer to be concerned in disposing of the public money; nor have any thing more to do with settling accompts &c.\u2014and that the House have committed or intend\nto commit the care of it to Your Honors management\u2014The Speaker farther informs me, that he has made your Honor acquainted with the allowance the Country have made me; vizt 30/ per day, pay, and two per cent commissions for examining, settling and paying off accompts; and that you seemed to think it high. I flatter myself, Sir, that your Honor will not differ in opinion from the whole country in this particular. For the committee first gave it, and the Assembly afterwards allowed it, as a recompence for my services, and the extraordinary trouble and confinement I shou\u2019d meet with in the prosecution of such complicated Duties, as the nature of this service wou\u2019d oblige me to engage in. I also hope, that your Honor will not, after the repeated assurances given of your good inclination to better my Command, render it worse, by taking away the only perquisite I have; and the only thing that enables me to support the expence which unavoidably attends my Table, and removing about from place to place on our frontiers; where every kind of necessaries is accompanied with incredible expence, from the distresses which exist there. I am your Honors most obedient Hble Servant,\nG:W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0081", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Hall, April\u2013May 1757\nFrom: Hall, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\n[c. April-May 1757]\nI make bold to address you & require your Permission to leave the Virginia Regiment, as likewise if you think I deserve it yr Lr recommendatory to his Honr the Govr or any other you may be pleas\u2019d to offer that might be serviceable to me in carrying Arms to the Northward in some of the British Regiments\u2014From the small Acquaintance I can boast you have hon[ore]d me with I have discoverd that a few Apologies & a good deal of Sincerity are amongst the things you like best. I offer you as\nlittle of the first as is consistent with Politeness, as much of the latter as I am capable of affording, & if a frank & open Declaration of my Intentions entitles me to yr Esteem, Perhaps you may think I deserve it\u2014Truth & Sincerety shall flow from my Pen destitute of Adulation, destitute of unbecoming Design, destitute of ev\u2019ry thing wch shoud not accompany it.\nKnow then Sr nothing less than the Fear of Indigence prompts my Inclination\u2014Nothing but the hope of disappointing it to seek for other Service\u2014I feel no reluctance in leaving a Country I had but adopted\u2014for she has treated her own Sons with unbecoming Severity Nor any Regret but for leaving you & those Officers I esteem\u2014What then but the Want of a Subsistence, the daily Decay of a scanty Fortune is oblig\u2019d often to repair, can induce me to take this Step? The Apprehensions of swelling the Number of the unfortunate which a reduction or general Dissmission may create amongst us. These are the coercive motives\u2014I have all that regard for Col. Washington he can possibly expect, & it would be easy for him to carry me through the World was I one of the Number he\u2019d choose to accompany him, & on whom he\u2019d bestow the Assurance of Bread.\nI only aim at such Certainty that the Malice of Fortune, or the Caprice of People we have to deal with coud not affect\u2014this is Affluence to me\u2014& here centers all my Ambition\u2014I aim not at Riches but Freedom\u2014nor value I the one but as it helps me to the other\u2014& renders me independent\u2014that Share of Independence I mean consistent with a Soldiers Character\u2014I flatter myself your reflections will square with mine & I hope for you\u27e8r\u27e9 Approbation\u2014I trust to the Good Nature I have often observd in you, to apologize for the Freedom I take I hope speedily the honour of a Line from your hand, & permission to wait on you\u2014I rest in Confidence Give me Liberty to subscribe mysf with great regard Sr Yr most obt hble Servant\nJno. Hall", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0082", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Mercer et al., April 1757\nFrom: Mercer, George\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\n[c.April 1757]\nIn Case Mr Hamilton should, according to his Desire, be remov\u2019d to any other Station than that he is now in, we would recommend to your Notice Mr Kennedy who by his Diligence, Modesty and Complacency has gained the Esteem of all the Officers that have been acquainted with him since he has done the Duty of Commissary & whom we all think worthy to be prefered to the Post Mr Hamilton bears and every Way qualified to discharge his Duty in that Capacity to the Satisfaction of You & his Country. We are Sir, Your hble Servts\n   Go: Mercer\n                  Peter Steenbergen \n                  Nathl Thompson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0083", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Adam Stephen, April 1757\nFrom: Stephen, Adam\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\n[c.April 1757]\nI have had an opportunity of knowing Mr Kenndy perfectly well, and always found him diligent and carefull\u2014by which means I am of opinion there was not one Single ounce of provisions lost through his neglect whilst he resided at Fort Cumberland.\nAdam Stephen", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "05-06-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0084", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Fairfax, 6 May 1757\nFrom: Fairfax, William\nTo: Washington, George\nDr Sir\nWmsburg 6. May 1757.\nCapt. Gist tells Me You was unwilling to write as You could not avoid touching on a Subject that must have lately greatly afflicted Me: And indeed I have been so for near a Week, when submitting to the Apprehension of Bryan being no more in Life and reducd so by the most deplorable & shocking Case, I recd a Letter from Him dated at Annapolis certifying that He was taken up, examind and having no Pass was committed as one Wm Fisher. On the usual Fare among Felons, Runaways, Deserters &c. He was Sensible of his Condition and writes to Me by the Post wch Mr Carlyle seeing at Alexandria, suspected the hand Writing, opened and found it to be from lost Bryan; next Day sets off for Annapolis to redeem the Captive, and sent Me Bryan\u2019s Letter to the great Relief of my Mind. Thus You will observe how a Youth endeavouring to go from Himself is capable of distressing his affecte Kindred. I guess Bryan after being twice refusd in his Love Addresses had formd the Resolution to throw himself as a private Centinel in some of the No[rth]ern Regulars, and as such to be Conceald. I hope He will return compos\u2019d wth Mr Carlyle, and Submit to God\u2019s Disposal and the best Manner We can assist. I expect to set off homewards with G. Fx & Dame on Thursday next.\nCapt. Gist tells Me that He is dischargd as a Captain from\nyour Regiment wch I did not before know. He has hopes of being some Way employd by Mr Atkins and says the Governor has desird You to recommend Him accordingly. I have joynd in it and shall be glad Mr Gist can get any comfortable Support. It begins to grow Dark and I must conclude With wishing You every desirable Happiness as Dr Sr Yr affect. &c.\nW: Fairfax", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0085", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Tulleken, 12 May 1757 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Tulleken, John\nLetter not found: to John Tulleken, 12 May 1757. On 27 Oct. 1757 Tulleken wrote to GW: \u201cYour very Agreable letter of the 12th of May I but very lately had the pleasure of receiveing.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0087", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Dinwiddie, 16 May 1757\nFrom: Dinwiddie, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\n[Williamsburg, 16 May 1757]\nWhereas I have thought proper to discontinue the two pr ct Commissions (which the Country Committee have allowd you) for your trouble, Risk and loss; in receiving and Paying away the Publick Money; settling and adjusting of accounts &ca; I shall only lodge a fund of Money in your hands to answer Contingent Expences; as they shall arise from time to time in the Execution of your Command.\nThe Paymaster Commissary and others, are for the Future, to receive Money of Me to answer the purposes of their Calling; and to me, are they to render accts of their Disbursments; unless any Person, or Persons with my consent and approbation, shall be appointed to transact this Business.\nYou shall receive your usual Pay: and allowance for your Batmen (as the Committee have fixd it) and the additional Sum of Two hundred Pounds pr Annum for your Table and Expences.\nIn all other Respect you are to be on the same footing as formerly; and to Act as you heretofore have done. Given under my hand at the City of Williamsburg this 16th day of May 1757.\nRobt Dinwiddie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0088", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Dinwiddie, 23\u201327 May 1757\nFrom: Dinwiddie, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWilliamsburg May 23 [\u201327] 1757\nThis probably may be deliver\u2019d to You by the Hon. Edmd Atkin Esqr. who has his Majesty\u2019s Commission to transact & superintend all the Affairs with the different Tribes of Indians the back of Georgia, South & No. Ca\u27e8r\u27e9olina & this Dominion; I desire You will receive him in a genteel Manner, & on his meeting with the Indians now at Fort Cumberland, give a Grace to his Operations by having a Company under Arms when he opens his Commission & talks with them\u2014As the whole Negotiation is left to him, he probably may acquaint You with every Thing he transacts with them.\nOur Assembly has not fix\u2019d on the Supplies, & in course not yet printed any new Currency, but am told it will be done very soon; & You may assure the Officers & Soldiers that as soon as Money is coined, I will send up by Mr Boyd when he comes here, sufficient to pay all their Arrears.\nIf the Cherokees return Home I think it will be necessary You shou\u2019d send \u27e8a detachment\u27e9 with them, \u27e8either to\u27e9 Dickinson\u2019s or Vaus\u2019s Fort, with design to keep \u27e8th\u27e9em in order on their March thro\u2019 the Country; I am \u27e8s\u27e9ensible Your Men will be backward in marching \u27e8w\u27e9ithout their Arrears; but if You can prevail on them to march You may assure them their Money shall be \u27e8p\u27e9unctually sent them, the Pay Master bringing down \u27e8a\u27e9 proper Acct of what may be due; I have endeavour\u2019d \u27e8a\u27e9ll in my Power to get the Money, & I am now assur\u2019d it \u27e8w\u27e9ill be very soon issued.\nIf Mr Atkin leaves any Goods at Fort Loudoun \u27e8Y\u27e9ou may give a Receipt for them; & I suppose he will in \u27e8Tim\u27e9e appoint a Person to act in his Absence; & any Goods \u27e8th\u27e9at remain of the Indian Present brought from Fort Cumberland, deliver them to Mr Atkin, taking his Receipt.\nCapt. Pearis I think has greatly misbehaved, Mr Atkin is to enquire into it, & if guilty he is to be dismiss\u2019d.\nThe Assembly proposes raising 1200 Men & three Compa\u27e8nies\u27e9 of Rangers of 100 Men each, but the Mode for raising them is not yet concerted, & I fear will be attended with great Difficulties.\nI am surpriz\u2019d Colo. Stephen is not come here with the two\nCompanies; by his Letter of the 12th he said he shou\u2019d be at Fredericksburg last Sonday was a Week, by which I expected him last Saturday.\nI cannot write You any Thing further till the Assembly goes thro\u2019 the Business before them, in the mean Time I doubt not You will keep Your Men properly employ\u2019d.\nCapt. McNeill tells me he has a Ballance of the Money in his Hands that I gave him to pay for the Servants enlisted in Augusta, I have order\u2019d him to pay it to You. I remain with Respect Sir Your humble Servant\nRobt Dinwiddie\nP:S: If Mr Atkin at any Time shou\u2019d incline to be in Priva\u27e8te\u27e9 with the Indians, I desire You will take care to prev\u27e8ent\u27e9 his being interrupted.\n27th Last night Collo. Stephens arived here with his men & is marched this day for Hampton, I am out of order & much fatigued. adieu", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0089", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Stanwix, 23 May 1757\nFrom: Stanwix, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nLancaster [Pa.] May 23d 1757.\nHis Excellcy the Earl of Loudoun having ordd five Companys of my Battalion to serve in the back parts of the Southern Provinces and likewise that I am to be supply\u2019d with Amunition & Military Stores from Fort Loudoun in Winchester, to prevent any dissapointmt in Carriages I have sent from this place nine Waggons which will be sufficient to bring to Lancaster the following Amunition &c.\n                  Barrells Gunpowder\n                  Musquit Flints\n                  pound Brimstone\n                  pounds Saltpeter\n                  Three pounds Ball\nwhich youl please to Order to be diliverd to the Waggoners, whose names are mentiond in the Warrant herewith sent you of this date, with all immaginable Speed, they haveing undrtaken\nwithout an Escort to deliver these Stores to Edward Shippen Esqr: (for which you\u2019l please to take their Receipt) at Lancaster, from thence I can as it may be want\u2019d supply my self at my Camp at Carlisle or between that and Shippenburg, please to send me a list of the particulars you send, as likewise the remains of all the Ammunition Artillery Millitary Stores &c. belonging to his Majesty at Fort Loudoun in Winchester, that if the Service should require more I may not send for what you have not in Store, I have with me,\n2 Brass Cannon, 6 pounders, &\n1 Brass Canon\u20143 pounder\u2014shall therefore be glad to have the nine Waggon\u2019s loaded with as many iron Shot as can be sent, (over and above the 50, three pound ball) without over-loading the Carriages, and what ever addition you send shall return you after the War[ran]t for the Same who am Sir Your most Obedt humble Servt\nJohn Stanwix\nsince I wrote this letter the Waggoners (who first refused an Escort) have changed their minds and have therfore sent one Sergt 1 Corpl and eleven men.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0090", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Stanwix, 23 May 1757\nFrom: Stanwix, John\nTo: Washington, George\n[Lancaster, Pa., 23 May 1757]\nBy John Stanwix Esqr. Colonel Commandt of the First Battalion of his Majestys Royl American Regiment and Commander in Chief of all the Forces &c. Pensilvania and all the Southern Provinces.\nWheras his Excellcy John Earl of Loudoun has thought it for his Majestys Service to Order five Companys of the First Battalion of Royal Americans under my Command to serve in the back part\u2019s of the Southern Provinces, and to order likewise that this Command shall be supply\u2019d from time to time with Amunition and Millitary Stores from Fort Loudoun in Winchester. You are hereby required to deliver to John Spore, John Hagyeswiler, Chr. Hyghtor, and John Utzman, Waggoner\u2019s or any one of them (they having nine Waggon\u2019s with four horses each)\n                  Barrell\u2019s of Gun powder\n                  Flints for Musquets\n                  Reams of Stronge Cartradge Paper\n                  pounds of Brimstone\n                  pounds of Saltpeter\n                  three pound Ball.\ntaking his or their receipt for the Same, for which this shall be to you and all Concern\u2019d a Sufficient Warrant. Given under my hand at Lancaster this, 23d day of May 1757.\nJohn Stanwix", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0092", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Ball, 25 May 1757\nFrom: Ball, William\nTo: Washington, George\nDr Sr\nWilliamsburg May 25th 1757\nWaited on the Governour this day in Company with Capt. McNeal, on my applying to him to be paid for my Servant Man Samuel Poe, was directed to you I hope Sir you will think it Reasonable to send Me Fifteen pounds Nothing could induce Me to value Him so low only that he is in my Countrys Service & has behav\u2019d so well as to be made a Serjeant his first cost was \u00a330 after he had serv\u2019d two years I gave twenty odd pounds having then five years to serve, He has not serv\u2019d Me one Moment\nnor have I seen Him since I purchas\u2019d Him, by our Law he would be oblig\u2019d to serve me Nine years he has been gone two years last Christmas though at this time can\u2019t justly Recollect, Should you not be of opinion to give Me the above Sum pray put Him in proper officers Hands to be convey\u2019d to Me in Lancaster c[oun]ty, I hope Dr Sr you will pardon my troubling you with this, With Due Respect I Am your Very Afft. Hble Servt &c.\nWm Ball", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "05-26-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0093", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Jackson, 26 May 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jackson, Robert\n[Fort Loudoun, 26 May 1757]\nTo Mr Robert Jackson Fredericksburgh.Dear Sir,\nThe following is a list of necessaries wanted for the public works at this place. I must beg the favour of you to send them up by the first waggon, if they are not already sent by the direction of Capt. Mercer.\nvizt\n                  1 ditto Flooring Brads\n                  2 do spanish whiting\n                  60 pairs of small HL Hinges\n                  40 ditto large do for Doors\n                  4 largest stock-locks for the Magazines\n                  50 lbs. Glue\u20141 doz. glue-brushes\n                  1 dozen white-wash-brushes.\n                  2 doz. painting-brushes from the largest to the smallest size\nI must also beg the favor of you to send me, on my own account, as much course Fustian or Jeans, as will make a boy, about the size of the Bearer, a coat, waistcoat & breeches, with proper Trimmings; Let the Jeans be of a darkish colour, and the buttons, course metal. I am Sir, Your most obedt Hble Servant\nG:W.\nFort Loudoun: May 26th 1757.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "05-26-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0094", "content": "Title: List of Officers in the Virginia Regiment, 26 May 1757\nFrom: Withers, William\nTo: \nCt. Hogg\nLt McNeil Augt 175\u27e85\u27e9\n18th\nCt. Mercer\n15th\nLt Starke\nCt. Waggoner\nLt Bullett\nCt. Steuart\nLt Stewart\nCt. Cocke\nLt Blagg\nCt. Savage\nLt Fraizer\nCt. Bronaugh\nLt Eustace\nCt. Mercer\nLt Lomax\nCt. Lewis\nLt Steenburgen\nCt. Woodward\nLt Williams\nCt. Spotswood\nLt Brokenburg\nCt. Harrison\nLt Campbell\nCt. Chs Lewis\nLt Hall\nSeptr\u20141st\nCt. Peachy\nSeptr\u20141st\nLt Lowry\n2d\nCt. Bell\n3d\nLt King\nCt. McKenzie\nLt Baker\nEnsigns\nBuckner\nAug. 18th\nThompson\nPolson\nStephens\nDangerfield\nHedgman\nHubbard\nCarter\nDean\nSmith Septr\n1st\nMilner\nDekezer\nFleming\nGordon\nPrice\nWeeden\nEnsigns Hubbard & Price appointed Lts but to rank after Dangerfield & Fleming\u2014This List is according to the Old Regulatn I know not wt Alterations may have been made since. I am Your most humble Servant\nWm Withers", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "05-28-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0095-0001", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Edward Shippen, 28 May 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Shippen, Edward\nSir\nFort Loudoun May 28th 1757\nThe Inclosd, is a true Copy of the Receipt which Jno. Spour has past to me, for Stores that he is to deliver you, agreeable to Colo. Stanwix Order. I am Sir Yr most Obedt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "05-28-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0095-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: John Spour\u2019s Receipt, 28 May 1757\nFrom: Spour, John\nTo: Washington, George\nFort Loudoun May 28th 1757.\nReceiv\u2019d of Colo. George Washington out of the Publick Stores at Winchester the following Particulars viz.\u2014100 Barrls Gunpowder. 3 Tons of Lead. 100, 6 lb. Shott. and 12000 Musket-Flints to be deliver\u2019d to Edward Shippen Esqr. at Lancaster for His Majesty\u2019s Use, agreeable to Orders from Jno. Stanwix Esqr. Colo. Commandant of the first Battalion of the Royal American Regiment &ca. Witness my hand.\nJohn Spour", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "05-29-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0097", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Dinwiddie, 29 May 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Dinwiddie, Robert\nTo Governor Dinwiddie.Honble Sir,\nFort Loudoun, 29th May 1757.\nMr Atkins delay is productive of numberless ill consequences. I am teased incessantly by the Indians to know when he will come; and have put them off so long, that their patience is quite exhausted; and several of them are going off without waiting his arrival. Among these are three who I must beg leave to recommend to your Honors particular notice\u2014The first is Capt. Aires, about Hixayoura; a Cuttawba: He was the Indian that took the scalp which King Hiegler brought to your Honor; and shewed a great desire to encourage his Brethren to go to war again, and did go himself with Capt. Butten. The next is Captain Tom, the Chief of the Nottoways: He has received less, and deserves more than any of them; as he used great pains to bring the Tusks, and has met with no reward for it, although he was promised one. and the last is a young Cuttawba fellow, who made his escape with Sergeant Feint, after having killed and scalped two of the enemy just by their own Town: The scalps he has with him. I am &c.\nG:W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0099", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Robinson, 30 May 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Robinson, John\n[Fort Loudoun, 30 May 1757]\nTo John Robinson esquire, Speaker.Dear Sir,\nWe receive fresh proofs every day of the bad direction of our Indian affairs. It is not easy to tell what expences have arisen on account of these Indians; how dissatisfied they are, and how gloomy the prospect of pleasing them appears, while we pursue our present system of management.\nI therefore beg leave to propose a plan, which I know is exactly agreeable to the french policy of treating them; and which may, if properly executed, be a mean of retrieving our lost credit with this people; and prove of infinite advantage to the Country. The French, Sir, have a proper person appointed to the direction of these affairs; who makes it his sole business to study their dispositions, and the art of pleasing them. This person is invested with power to treat with, and reward them for every piece of service; and, by timely presents, on suitable occasions, obtain very great advantages. There is always a Store of Goods committed to his care, to answer these purposes; and no other person is suffered to meddle with it: By which means the whole business is thrown into one chanel, and thereby becomes easy & regular. Whereas, with us, \u2019tis every bodies business, and no ones to supply: Every person attempts to please, and few succeed in it; because one promises this, and another that, and few can perform any thing, but are obliged to shuffle and put them off, to get rid of their importunities.\nHence they accuse us of perfidy and deceit! I cou\u2019d recapitulate a great number of their reproachful complaints, if I judged it necessary to confirm what I have already advanced. But I believe, Sir, you are convinced from what you have seen, that there can be no deception in my Story\u2014Therefore, I shall endeavour to remark with candour, freedom and submission, that unless some person is appointed to manage the Indian Affairs of this Colony, under the direction of the Governor, or the Southern Agent; that a vast expence and but little advantage will accrue from the coming of those Indians among us\u2014And I know of no person so well qualified for an undertaking of this sort as the Bearer, Captain Gist. He has had extensive dealings\nwith the Indians, is in great esteem among them; well acquainted with their manners and customs\u2014is indefatigable and patient: Most excellent qualities indeed, where indians are concerned! And, for his capacity, honesty and Zeal, I dare venture to engage. If he shou\u2019d be appointed to this Duty; or, if this plan should take effect; I dare say you will judge it advisable, to send for a large assortment of those species of Goods which are most likely to carry on the above-mentioned Business.\nBullen, a Cuttawba warrior, has been proposing a plan to Capt. Gist, for bringing in the Creek and Chickasaw Indians: If such a scheme as this can be effected, by the time we shall march for Fort Du Quesne, it wou\u2019d be a glorious undertaking, and worthy the man. I am &c.\nG:W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0100", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Dinwiddie, 1 June 1757\nFrom: Dinwiddie, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\n[Williamsburg] June 1st 1757\nYours of the 24th May I received, Serjt Fent has given a pretty good Accott of his remarks at Fort Du Quesne &ca & appears to be a well behav\u2019d Man\u2014I\u2019m sorry to acquaint You that the Bill for Supplies was rejected by the Councill but the Ho: of Burgesses are prepairing another which I hope will have a better Fate, they propose augmenting the forces, but \u2019till they vote Suplies nothing can be done. I shall then consider on what You wrote about Voluntiers\u2014I hope Mr Atkin is with You long before this & that he will pacify the clamorous, avaritious Demands of the Cherokees\u2014I was surpris\u2019d the Lieutts ordered by me did not come with the Detatchment, Steenburgan\u2014was afraid of being arested, I therefore order\u2019d Lieut. Stewart to go, as the Man of Warr waited for them & they cou\u2019d not be delayed\u2014Im sorry Colo. Stephen has given any of the regimental Stores to the Indians without Orders, he must answer for them; He lost 12 Men on the March, they deserted & I\u2019ve\nreason to think was by Carelesness, & brought a great No. of Women & Children, I ordered 6 Women to a Company, but I believe he has exceeded that No. on his Embarkation\u2014Colo. Bouquet was here, & examining the No. of Batmen allowed to each Company in the Royal Americans, he assur\u2019d me there are but two to each Company, & on Musters &ca they\u2019re obliged to appear in the Ranks, that Colo. Stanwix has no more allowed him, & undoubtedly you inform\u2019d yourself of this at Philada. As this is the Case surely Colo. Washington won\u2019t expect more than Colo. Stanwix, & surely it was your Duty to inform me of this, & conform your Regimt to the Allowances given the Americans, & pray how shall I appear to Lord Loudoun on my Report of our Regimt, when so widely different from that he commands, its true I settled it otherways wth You when here being ignorant of the Allowances given of Bat Men. But now as I am properly inform\u2019d thereof, You are only to allow two Batmen to a Company, & two to yourself, if You have a Livery Servt he may be allowed Provisions with the Soldiery\u2014You may observe that I take his Majestys Regulars for a Precedent, to our Provincial forces, & You know the Clamour of the People in regard to the vast Expence, & it\u2019s your Duty as well as mine, to make all prudent Savings. I rema. with Respect Sr yr humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-02-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0102", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Commanding Officer on the South Branch, 2 June 1757 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Commanding Officer on the South Branch\nLetter not found: to Commanding Officer on the South Branch, 2 June 1757. On 3 June 1757 GW wrote to the Commanding Officer on the South Branch: \u201cIn my letter to you of yesterdays date. . . .\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-02-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0103", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Andrew Lewis, 2 June 1757 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lewis, Andrew\nLetter not found: to Andrew Lewis, 2 June 1757. On 3 June 1757 GW wrote to Lewis: \u201cIn a letter which I wrote to you yesterday. . . .\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0105", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Andrew Lewis, 3 June 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lewis, Andrew\n[Fort Loudoun, 3 June 1757]\nTo Major Lewis\u2014or, &c.Sir,\nIn a letter which I wrote to you yesterday, I desired that the Indians might not be brought to this place if it cou\u2019d possibly be avoided: Since which, the Honble Edmund Atkin, Esquire; superintendant of Indian Affairs, is arrived; and desires to hold a conference with them here.\nNo bad consequences are likely to ensue by bringing them from the Frontiers (of which, however, you are to judge from appearances.) Mr Smith the Interpreter, you are to bring without fail; as, without his assistance, no conference can be held. I am &c.\nG:W.\nJune the 3d 1757.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-06-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0106", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Joshua Lewis, 6 June 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lewis, Joshua\nInstructions for Capt. Lewis. By George Washington Esquire, Colonel of the Virginia Regiment, &c. &c.\n[Fort Loudoun] June the 6th 1757.\nYou are ordered to take under your command the men belonging to your own company, together with those joined thereto by a late Order; as also those (now) of Capt. Spotswood\u2019s company: and, with Lieutenants Lomax and Steenburgen,\nand Ensign Thompson, with four Sergeants, four Corporals and a Drummer\u2014You are to march to Maidstone, in order to relieve Capt. Stewart and the Troops under his command; except those of my Company, at Forts Patterson, Mendenhall and Neally: and as many of the said Company (which are now at Maidstone) as will replace the number of private men detained from you to work on the Fort at this place.\nThese will reinforce your Detachment until I direct further concerning it. When you get to your post you are then and there, to observe the following Instructions: vizt.\nFirst\u2014To take an exact account of all the Stores, provisions, and other necessaries at that place belonging to the public, and pass your receipt to Capt. Stewart for the same (except it be for the Tents he is to bring up here)\u2014and you are to be careful in preventing waste of any part or parcel thereof: and to see that the whole be used with the greatest \u0153conomy and prudence for the Country.\nSecondly\u2014As the principal end proposed in sending you to that Post is, to protect the Inhabitants of parts adjacent, and to keep them if possible easy and quiet\u2014I injoin it upon you, to use every means which you and your Officers shall judge advisable to answer this salutary purpose, especially the following\u2014First, at the Forts above-mentioned, to post a Sergeant and fifteen men: vizt the Sergeant and 7 at Pattersons, and the remaining 8 at the other two places; namely, Mendenhalls and Nealy\u2019s, four at each, which you are to relieve weekly, and cause (after the Countrys provisions now at these Forts are expended) them to take their weeks allowance with them; as also other suitable necessaries; and a sufficient quantity of ammunition. Secondly\u2014with the remaining part of your Detachment you are to keep out constant scouts, to consist of not more than one-third of your well men at a time, if necessity shou\u2019d not require more\u2014and order them generally to range the woods and country about the Falling Waters, and heads of Garlands, and Peter Tustees springs. In these Tours of Duty an Officer is frequently if not always to command; although he may judge the party too small for his Rank. Thirdly\u2014By no means impress Horses yourself or licence any person or persons under your command to do so\u2014but in cases of absolute necessity, and where the interest\nof the service indispensably require it, for Expresses, &c. and then be careful in seeing that, as soon as the service is performed, they be returned immediately to their owners in good order, paying the hire of them, or else giving a certificate specifying for what service they were impressed, and how long employed in it.\nFourthly: If at any time, or upon any occasion, you should pay away money on account of the public; you are to take receipts for the same, ascertaining the sum, and for what service paid; and keep an exact accompt thereof, in order that it may be laid before me or any other, whom the Governor shall appoint.\nFifthly: Take care that only one pound of Flour, and the like quantity of Meat be delivered to each man per day: and that only six women are allowed to draw provisions. You must prevent any provisions issuing out without a written order from yourself, or the commanding Officer in your absence. To have regular returns made for that purpose\u2014To cause all the provisions to be exactly weighed out\u2014and when you want more, to apply to the Commissary at this place, who will have orders to supply you. You must also apply here for ammunition and other necessaries which may be wanted for the use of your Garrison.\nSixthly\u2014Use every precaution to prevent irregular sutling, licencious swearing, and all other unbecoming Irregularities.\nSeventhly\u2014Neglect no pains or diligence in training your men (when they are off Duty) to the true use and exercise of their arms: and teach them in all other respects, the duties of their profession. Be particularly cautious in seeing that they take proper care of their clothes and accoutrements; which you are also to do, by inspecting every Saturday at least into the condition of them: and by punishing and making stoppages from those who have lost, sold, or otherwise made away with or abused their Things, until full reparation is had. That this piece of Duty may be conducted with the greater ease\u2014divide your men into as many squads as there are Sergeants; and make it the business of each Sergeant to see that the Men of his squad have their necessaries always together and in good order. This method will be an ease to, but not an excuse for the officers neglecting their Duty themselves. I also desire, that the greatest\nregularity be used at all times, in relieving the Guards, the Sentries, and all other parts of ceremonious duty, that the men may be used to the true practise and knowledge of these matters.\nEighthly: I expect you will transmit me regular returns of your Detachment every month, carefully examined by yourself; to prevent such egregious mistakes as have hitherto been committed, thro\u2019 the negligence of Officers trusting to the Sergeants\u2014I also expect you will transmit me accounts of all remarkable occurrencies.\nNinthly As I have been thus particular in my Instructions to you, I expect, I assure you Sir, the most punctual obedience will be paid to them: Because I am determined not to overlook neglects of Duty in any; but to act with the utmost strictness, agreably to those instructions with which I am honor\u2019d from the Governor. And, therefore, in order to enable you to support a proper command\u2014I hereby require, that you do arrest any Officer whom you shall find negligent in his duty, and misbehaving as a Gentleman, and send him to this place, that his conduct may be enquired into\u2014And I do invest you with full power and authority to hold Courts martial, for trial and punishment of non-commissioned Officers and Soldiers (without which the former are not to be broken, and after which by no means to be reinstated, nor any new ones appointed without my approbation.) In all other respects you are to govern yourself exactly agreeable to the Rules and Discipline of War. Given under my hand at Fort Loudoun, this 6th day of June, 1757.\nG:W.\nTo Capt. Joshua Lewis, of the Virginia Regiment.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-06-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0107", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Dinwiddie, 6 June 1757\nFrom: Dinwiddie, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWilliamsburg June 6th 1757\nI recd Yr Letter of the 30th Ulto \u214c Ct. Gist\u2014I am sorry the Indians are so refractory, which I conceive is entirely owing to Capt. Mercer\u2019s promising them Presents, which he had no Power or Authority to do\u2014Those Indians had a sufficient Supply at Bedford Court House agreeable to the Treaty; but their Avarice is such that if they had all their Expectations, they wou\u2019d demand more, & it is a very great Error to make them any Promises whatever, further than to recommend their Demands without any possitive Promise.\nAs Mr Atkin is to transact all Indian Affairs, he in course may appoint a Person to act in his Absence\u2014Capt. Gist is (I believe) a Good Man, but is unhappy that he cannot speak their Language;\nhowever You may recommend him to Mr Atkin & indeed I think when he met him on the Road, he shd have return\u2019d with him\u2014I think whoever Mr Atkin appoints is to be paid from Home.\nThe Assembly has pass\u2019d a Bill for augmenting our Forces, Money for paying Arrears, & all Charges on the Forces now in pay, & those to be rais\u2019d; as it will lie with me to confirm it, You may suppose it to be a Law, & if You will send down the Pay Master, he will have Money to pay them to the 1st of this Month.\nCapt[ain] Bullin\u2019s Scheme must be laid before Mr Atkin & I agree with You, that he shou\u2019d be particularly distinguish\u2019d. I observe Colo. Stanwix has recd from You 100 barrels Gun Powder, 3 Tons Lead, 100 six Pound Shott & 1200 Flints\u2014Let me know the Number of spare Arms & Ammunition now at Fort Loudoun, I fear we shall not have Arms sufficient for the Men propos\u2019d to be rais\u2019d & when You write to Co. Stanwix advise with him if he can supply us.\nAs the Bill pass\u2019d the Council but two Days a\u27e8go\u27e9 I cannot send You a Copy, but I have order\u2019d it to be printed. I remain Sir Your most humble Servant\nRobt Dinwiddie\nP.S. I hope the Men now with You are employ\u2019d in finishing the Fort.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-07-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0108", "content": "Title: Memoranda, 7 June 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n[Fort Loudoun] June 7th 1757\nBefore Majr Lewis goes to his Post in Augusta\u2014Peruse carefully the Contents of Captn Hogs Letters and direct him how to\nact in the affair. also require him to enquire particularly into the State of that Company & inform me what necessarys they are deficient in thro. what means this became so\u2014Sundry sml accts sent by Bullet allowd.\nDitto 7th\nAnswer Captn Hogs Letters fully by the Officer who relieves him\u2014I have promisd him in a Letter of this date to do it\u2014Sundy sml accts in favr of the Men sent by Bul[lit]t allowd.\nDitto\u2014Ditto.\nAnswer Mr Cary\u2019s & Mr Balls & Mr Flemmings Letters when Mr Boyd goes to Wmsburg.\nKnow of the Govr whether I may deliver out any of the Publick Ammunition to the Country People who apply & have need of it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-07-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0109", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Peter Hog, 7 June 1757 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hog, Peter\nLetter not found: to Peter Hog, 7 June 1757. On 7 June 1757 GW writes in his Memoranda: \u201cI have promisd him [Hog] in a Letter of this date to do it.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-07-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0110", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John David Wilper, 7 June 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Wilper, John David\nInstructions for John Davd Wilper\u2014Sergeant in the Virginia Regiment. By George Washington Esq. Colonel of the Virginia Regimt and Commander of all the Virginia Forces.\n[Fort Loudoun] The 7th June, 1757.\nYou are hereby ordered to take charge of the Cherokee Indians, whereof Warhatclie and Yautanou are Chiefs, and to conduct them in the nearest and best way you can from this place, thro\u2019 Augusta, Bedford & Halifax Counties, to the Borders of North-Carolina; and deliver them over to some civil or military officer of that Province, in order to their being further conducted towards their Nation.\nThat the Indians may not be disappointed in provisions; you are to send on a man a days march before you, to provide them: you are to get exact accounts of the kinds, quantities and value, from every man that supplies you; which you are to certify and keep copies, and endeavour to be as frugal of, as possible. The person who goes on before, is to desire the people at whose Houses the Indians may halt, carefully to conceal any liquor they may have. Shou\u2019d the Indians however, behave in a mild discreet manner, you may at night give them a little rum mixed with water, if to be had; which you are to inform them is procured thro\u2019 your own influence upon the white people, on account of their good Behaviour, and not by virtue of Orders. Shou\u2019d any of the Indians misbehave, you are not to find fault with the agressor, but to apply for redress to Warhatclie only.\nThe party now at this place from Capt. Hogg\u2019s company, is to march with you so far as their road and yours is one (and shou\u2019d be supplied with provisions in the same manner that the Indians are; as they are intended for an Escort to them:) After which you are to order them to join their company; unless you shall find it necessary to take them farther, to keep the Indians from mischief. In such case you may carry the men, but in no other.\nAs you have applied to me for liberty of absence, you have hereby liberty for  days, after you shall have conducted the Indians, agreeably to the above Orders. Given at Fort Loudoun, this 7th day of June, 1757.\nG:W.\nTo John D. Wilper. Sergeant in the Virginia Regt\nThe above is a true copy of the original. per me.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-07-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0111", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Richard Bland, 7 June 1757\nFrom: Bland, Richard\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nWilliamsburgh June 7th 1757\nI had the pleasure of receiving your Letter by Mr Gist: and I assure you, I should look upon it as a singular Felicity, if I could contribute towards perfecting any Scheme, for the advantage of my Country: my Endeavours, so far as my Influence will reach, shall never be wanting. I had the mortification to find the Majority of our House, against the most vigorous measures, for effectually putting a Stop, to the French attempts upon our Frontiers; But tho\u2019 numbers carried it against my Opinion, I am not yet convinced, that an attack upon Fort duquesne, or a lodgment near that Place, with a sufficient Force, so as to keep them in perpitual alarm, is impracticable. This is my favorite Scheme, and I should be very glad to hear of its having your approbation.\nWe have had a dispute with the Council, who flung out our first Bill of Supply, by an equal Division of 5 on each Side; upon the Question being put for a third reading. This strange Conduct, under our present situation gave our House great Resentment; they Voted a Severe Resolve against the Council and immediately ordered the Same Bill, under a different Title, to be brought in, which was passed in two days, and sent\u2014again to the Council, who gave thier Concurrence to it upon more mature Consideration so that you are to have this year 1272 Men including non Commission Officers to compose your Regiment. and I do not at all doubt but that you will do every thing in your Power, for the advantage of your Country, that can be done by so small a Force; & I most heartily wish you success in all your undertakings.\nAnother Bill has passed our House for Laying out 5000\u00a3 in a proper Cargo of Goods to carry on a Trade with the Indians for the Public Benefit under the Direction of Colo. Peter & Wm Randolph. Mr Cary Mr Walker & my Self. this Bill is now before the Council if it passes into a Law, we shall I believe, engage with Mr Gist, as Factor, to carry it on: your Recommendation of him will have all proper weight with me and I am persuaded with the other Trustees or Directors as I have some thoughts of writing an Account of our Transactions, which I design to communicate to Public View in order to wipe off all Reflection from my Country and the Several Person concerned in the conduct of our Military Enterprizes so far as they can be justified; I shall take it \u27e8a\u27e9s a peculiar Mark of Friendship, if, at your leisure Hours, if you have any, you would send me short Heads of such things, relative to the French Invasion, with the dates, when they happened, as you Judge most Interesting and proper for such a Work. I will speak the truth with boldness and I hope with approbation from eve\u27e8ry\u27e9 honest and good Man, amongst whom, I assure you wi\u27e8th\u27e9out Flattery, I place you in the first Rank. I \u27e8am\u27e9 Dear Sir Your most humble Servant\nRichard Bland\nIf I have the pleasure of hearing from you please direct to me at Jordans in Prince George County.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0112", "content": "Title: Memoranda, 8 June 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n[Fort Loudoun] 8 June 1757.\nGet the Prices of all the Soldiers Cloathg from Colo. Carlyle\u2014with a reasonable advance; and give it to each Captain with Orders to examine his Company\u2019s necessary Roll once a Week (every Saturdy) witht Fail and to make stopages for every thing difficient besides punishing the Soldiers for neglect of Duty this to be done before they are paid.\nOrder also that each Sergeant of a Comy have a distinct Squad to take care of & to see that they always have their Cloathg & accoutrements in good Order.\nDitto 8th\nWrite the Governor that Captn Paris has got a Commission in the Maryland Forces\u2014That Govr Denny has sent Invitations to the Cherokees to treat with him at Fort Loudoun in his Govt &\nThat I am apprehensive the difft Colonies striving against each other may be bad.\nThat I have removd Captn Stewart & Gists Company to this place & give him my reasons for doing it.\nTo desire that he will direct me concerning receiving the Drafts. And in what manner that Companys of Rangers are to be Cloathd, Paid & Comdd.\nAlso know how far in what points I am to pay Obedience to the Orders of Colo. Stanwix & if it shoud so happen that I receive Orders from himself & Colo. Stanwix differing (which is not unlikely) whose Orders I am to Obey.\nInform that Majr Lewis is come in inclose a Copy of his Letter.\nAlso that Lieutt Williams & Ensign Dean have resignd their Commissions.\nSend down the names of all the Subaltern Officers & Seniority\u2014and advice that the reducd Captns who may accept of Lieutys have their Commissions antedated to give them Rank before the present Subalterns.\nrecomd Sergeant Hughs for the Adjutancy.\nTake care also to acquaint the Govr abt the bad Provisions at Fort Cumberland. that I apprehended Mr Walkers absence wd occasion such Accts\u2014that I causd Mr Walker to be informd of it that he may give necessary Directns concerng it as I conceive the Loss will fall upon him\u2014There has been foul play usd with it.\nJune 8th\u2014Detach\u2019d Posts.\nWrite to the Officers at all the Out Posts not to Impress Horses themselves, or suffer any under their Command to do it but in Cases of the utmost Emergency & then to take the greatest Pains imaginable to see they are returnd again. & paid for.\nThe greatest care imaginable is to be used in examining into the Soldrs necessarys & making Stopages for all Difficiencys.\nThey are to take great pains in Disciplining their Men & to learn the Salutes &ca themselves.\nThe Officers are to settle all their Affairs & accts which relate to the Provisions with the Commissary\u2014& all that relate to their own & Company\u2019s Pay with Mr Boyd. I have nothing to do with these Accts\u2014thr Contingt acct wt. me.\nFor other Matters examine Captn Josh. Lewis Instructions & direct them agreeably.\nJune 8th\nKnow of the Govr whether we may replace the Blankets given from the Regiment by Colo. Stephen, with the Dutch Blanket\u27e8s\u27e9 now upon hand, sent for the Indians.\nAlso apply for leave to be absent to settle the Affairs belonging to my Decd Brothrs Estate.\nJune 8th\nKnow of the Speaker whether Captn Mercer receivd any Money of him on acct of Servts or otherwise\u2014the Servants\nnames\u2014Frans Nealis\u2014belonging to William Smith\u2014& Mathew Coleman Ditto Thos Longdon. both being valued at 15.3.0.\nWhether he producd the Commissary\u2019s & Quarter Master\u2019s rects for Waggonage and receivd the Money for them &ca & if he has to desire a particular acct of the Sums & for what Services paid.\nTo beg of the Speaker to Interest himself in sending up money to discharge the Countrys Debts\u2014The People are clamourous\u2014I am liable, and unless supported must inevitably suffer. G\u2014\u2014r will not consider this\u2014but may only send up money to pay of the Troops which exasperate the Country People the more.\nTo Order, so soon as Captn Waggener & Majr Lewis comes to this place\u2014Captn Woodward to March his Company to Vauses.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0113", "content": "Title: Memorandum, 10 June 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n[Fort Loudoun] June 10th [1757]\nWrite the Officers on the Branch not to furnish the Indians with Horses\u2014if they do they may answer the Expense.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0114", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Baylor, 10 June 1757 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Baylor, John\nLetter not found: to John Baylor, 10 June 1757. On 20 June 1757 Baylor wrote to GW: \u201cYrs of the 10th I rec\u2019d.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0116", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Robinson, 10 June 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Robinson, John\nTo The SpeakerDear Sir,\n[Fort Loudoun] June the 10th 1757\nA person of a readier pen and having more time than myself, might amuse you with the vicissitudes which have happened in the Indian Affairs since Mr Atkin came up. I acknowledge my\nincompetency and therefore shall only observe that the Indians have been pleased and displeased oftener than they ought to have been. And that they are gone off (that party under Warhatclie, I mean) in different ways, and with far different views: One part southwardly, to their nation, and the other northwardly, to treat with the Pennsylvanians; contrary to the sentiments of Mr Atkin, who has I believe, sent to forbid any conferrence to be held with them.\nMajor Lewis is returned with part of the Indians that went out with him; in consequence of their having taken only 8 days provision with them. He was unable to prevail with those Savages to take more. One party of 20 with 10 Soldiers is gone toward Fort Du Quesne, under Captain Spotswood; and another party of 15 with 5 Soldiers, under Lt Baker, but they course towards Log\u2019s-Town. God send them success and a safe return, I pray.\nUnless you will interest yourself in sending money to me to discharge the public debts, I must inevitably suffer very considerably; as the country people all think me pledged to them, let what will happen. They are grown very clamorous; and will be more than ever incensed, if there shou\u2019d come an inadequate sum, and that sum be appropriated to the payment of the Soldiers.\nI am convinced it wou\u2019d give pleasure to the Governor to hear that I was involved in trouble: however undeservedly, such are his dispositions toward me.\nI shou\u2019d be glad to know whether Capt. Mercer received any money from the public while he was down: and if he did, on what account. If he did not, I shou\u2019d be glad you wou\u2019d pay none, until you hear further from me, altho\u2019 he may have drawn Orders\u2014\u2019Tis on the account of the Public I desire this.\nG:W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0117", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Baker, 10 June 1757\nFrom: Baker, James\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nFort Cumberland [Md.] June 10th 1757\nI Yesterday returned to this place with the Cherokees and have the Satisfaction to acquaint you that on the 5th Instant we fell on two Tracks about 35 Miles beyond the three Forks of Yohagany in a small path that led towards this place, we had not followed those Tracks above eight or Ten Miles, before we met 10 Frenchmen returning from a Scout, our foremost Indian discovered them first and sat down very cose we all following his example, when the Frenchmen came within about fifty paces they saw our Men all Naked, and called to us and ask\u2019d who we were, at which time we all rising together fired on them which they returned, we waited not to lode again, but run in with our Tomahawks the Frenchmen then making of as fast as they cou\u2019d, but the Indians out runing them took two of them prisoners, the French lost six Men two killed dead on the Spot, two wounded, and two taken prisoners[.] Our loss tho\u2019 fewer in number is greater to us, the Swallow Warrior was Shot dead by a Ball in the head, and another Indian Wounded in both Thighs[.] The Indians was so enraged at the loss of their head Man that it was imposible to save the other prisoner. Among the Frenchmen there was three Officers, two of which was killed and the other we have here. I send the Instructions of two of the Officers here inclosed. We have suffered greatly on our return not tasting a morsel for four days, and carrying the Wounded Man on our backs. I cannot tell when I shall come down the Indians are not determined I am Sir Your Most Obt Humble Servant.\nJ. Baker", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0118", "content": "Title: Memoranda, 11 June 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n[Fort Loudoun] June 11th [1757]\nGovr\nSend to him the proceedings of the Enquiry Court upon Lt Campbell.\nDitto\u2014Instructns to the Offrs of Out Pos\u27e8ts\u27e9.\nNot to provide any Indians with Horses but in extraordinary Cases nor to hold any conferences & treatys with them or to make them any Promises\u2014nor give them liquor.\nMr King\u2014Ditto\nTell him to take up all the Horses brot by the Indians from the Indians & to take great pains in having them delivd to their proper owners.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0119", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert McKenzie, 11 June 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: McKenzie, Robert\n[Fort Loudoun, 11 June 1757]\nTo Capt. McKenzieSir,\nThe exorbitant expence, and bad precedent of giving to every Indian who is pleased to demand it, a Horse to ride, compel me to tell you, that a stop must be put to the practise, or the officer who directs it will be made liable for the cost. The Country will not allow it; Nor are you to give them liquor, but upon extraordinary occasions.\nI have the pleasure to inform you, that you are one of the Captains continued in the Service; and that I have passed all your accompts which you put into my hands, except that of contingencies, which lies over for vouchers: as soon as you procure these, the Committee consent to the payment. After this it will, I presume be needless to say, that you ought not to pay a farthing without taking a receipt for it. I am Yrs &c.\nG:W.\nJune the 11th 1757.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0120", "content": "Title: Memoranda, 12 June 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nColo. Stanwix\n[Fort Loudoun] June 12 [1757]\nWrite to him in behalf of the Govr to know whether he can furnish the Virginia Troops with arms.\nAlso ask him what Batmen are allowd to a Company in thier Service\u2014and what to each Officer.\nJune 12 to be done in Winchester\nHave the Prisoners tryd to morrow.\nEnquire of the Officers Ensign Perts Character\u2014The Officers refusing to Rank with him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0121-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure I: List of Junior Officers in the Virginia Regiment, 12 June 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nIf your Honor is pleased to promote the Officers &c. according to their seniority, and present Rank in the Regiment: They will then, if there are twelve companies, stand as follows.\n                  13 Peter Steenburgen\n                  2 Christopher Gist\n                  5 Hancock Eustace\n                  18 Mordecai Buckner\n                  24 Nathanl Thompson\nThere remains according to this a vacancy for an Ensign, to which I wou\u2019d humbly recommend Mr Kirkpatrick\u2014with the Office of Commissary of Musters. If Captn McNeil should be promoted Capt. Gist will be Captn Lt in his room; and another Ensign will be wanted: In that case the oldest Ensign will be made Lt\u2014and I would beg leave to speak in behalf of Mr\nThomas Rutherford for the vacancy of Ensign. He is a young man who, for his modesty and good behaviour gained a very good reputation as Lieutenant of one of the Ranging Companies on this quarter. I am Yrs\nG:W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-09-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0121-0003", "content": "Title: Enclosure II: Court of Inquiry, 9 June 1757\nFrom: Stewart, Robert\nTo: \n[Fort Loudoun, 9 June 1757]\nAt a Court of Enquiry held at Fort Loudoun June 9th 1757 to enquire why Lieut. Campbell did not according to Colo. Washingtons Orders proceed with the Detachment that was destin\u2019d for South Carolina.\nCapt. Robert Stewart President\n                  Capt. Lieut. McNiel\nLieut. Campbell being ask\u2019d whether he had received Colo. Washingtons orders to go with the Detachment to South Carolina, answer\u2019d he had, and that in Consequence of these orders he joind the Command intended for that place with which he remain\u2019d 3 Weeks when Lieut. Colo. Stephen order\u2019d him to rejoin his former Company which orders were deliver\u2019d him first in the presence of Ensign Hubbard and after wards repeated before Capt. Bell and Lieut. Lomax with these Circumstance that Lieut. Colo. Stephen express\u2019d his surprise that any Officers should be absent from his Command that he (Lieut. Campbell) reply\u2019d that it was contrary to his desire that he was absent from his, that then Colo. Stephen order\u2019d him out of Town immediately & upon his telling him he had no Horse the Lieut. Colo. reply\u2019d Horse or no Horse by God you must go.\nCapt. Bell and Lieut. Lomax affirm that they heard the orders given and nearly in the same terms as above.\nEnsn Roy says that he was in Company with Lieut. Colo. Stephen & Lieut. Campbell, that Lieut. Campbell was mentioning something he intended to do, when he should get to Charles Town, that then Colo. Stephen said why John I thought you did not want to go there and that the Lieut. reply\u2019d that he had never told any Body so and was much surpris\u2019d how he shou\u2019d think so the Colo. still insisted that he did not want to go\u2014Ensn Roy likewise says that he either imagin\u2019d that Lieut. Colo. Stephen intended these orders as a hint to Lieut. Campbell, that his Compy wou\u2019d be disagreeable or that he wanted to substitute another Officer in his Room.\nLieut. Campbell further says that from several circumstance he imagin\u2019d that Lieut. Colo. Stephen intended that Ensn Hubbard shoud go in his Room, and that then he apply\u2019d for Leave to stay wch was granted & Ensn Hubbard appointed for the Command.\nIt is the unanimous opinion of the Court that as the Command devolv\u2019d upon Lieut. Colo. Stephen in the absence of Colo. Washington that Lieut. Campbell was under a Necessity of punctually obeying his orders, and that he had acted that part which he had allways done of a good Officer.\nRobert Stewart", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0122", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Dinwiddie, 12 June 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Dinwiddie, Robert\nTo The GovernorHonble Sir,\n[Fort Loudoun] June 12th 1757.\nSince closing my packet for your Honor of this date, I have received by Express, from Fort Cumberland the agreeable news of Lt Bakers return to that place with 5 scalps & one french officer, prisoner. Two other officers were also made prisoners; but one of them being wounded and unable to march, the Indians killed; and the other they served in the same manner soon after: and both contrary to the intreaties of Mr Baker. In this they took revenge for the death of the truly brave Swallowwarrior, who was killed in the skirmish, and for the wound received by his son; whom they brought from the head of Turtlecreek,\nwhere the Engagement happened (about 100 miles beyond Fort Cumberland) on their shoulders, without eating a morsel the whole distance. The name of the officer commanding the french troops on the Ohio, together with the names of the two who were killed, and the other taken prisoner, are given in by the latter, as enclosed. The party they engaged, consisted of 10 french, 3 of whom were officers; who had parted only the day before with fifty-odd Shawnese, returning from war. Our people wou\u2019d have taken the whole party, had it not been for unfortunate loss of the indian chief, which put a stop to his mens pursuing. If this party was to meet with a reward for their Scalps and Services, with no more difficulty, than Warhatclie did in maryland; it wou\u2019d be attended with happy consequences: If they do not, discontent and murmurring will ensue.\nI have spoken to Mr Atkin about the prisoner whom the Indians have brought in; and he will endeavour to have him brought to this place.\nI have this instant received your Honors letter by Captn Gist; and must observe in answer thereto, that it was the refractory behaviour of the cherokee indians, which caused Capt. Mercer to promise them presents. It is very certain he had no power or authority to do it: But his case was peculiar. These Indians came upon him expecting presents; and no orders or Instructions (I believe) were sent concerning the manner in which they were to be treated: Upon which they grew dissatisfied and unruly; and he therefore, with the advice of the Officers, chose rather to make them the promise he did, than suffer them to run back in a discontented mood! This was the (alone) alternative he was reduced to, if I am rightly informed. I fancy your Honor will not think, him, upon a second thought, so much to blame, as might appear at first view: especially when it is considered that he (nor are any of us who are now here) is but little acquainted with the proper manner of treating them. Indeed I am fearful, as I have frequently observed, that unless some person is appointed whose sole business it shall be to take charge of those people, there will be many other errors committed equally pernicious with this (if it be a wrong measure at all.) I have spoken to Mr Atkin sundry times on this head. He thinks it the most advisable, yea, the best plan that can be devised,\nto answer our purposes. But says, unless the Colony will support the expence, he can not appoint such a person, having no authority from the Crown to incur the expence which wou\u2019d attend that appointment.\nEnclosed is a return of the arms and ammunition at this place. I shall acquaint Colo. Stanwix that your Honor desires to know whether arms may be had of him, if they shou\u2019d be wanted.\nThere are many indian accompts against the Country\u2014The people are continually at me to know who is to take them in, and how they are to be paid. I hope your Honor will direct Mr Boyd, that he may satisfy the Creditors. I am &c.\nG:W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-13-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0124", "content": "Title: Memoranda, 13 June 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n[Fort Loudoun] June 13th [1757]\n   Draughts:\nNot to receive any but what is fit for the Service; reject all that are old\u2014Subject to Fits\u2014and otherwise infirm.\nKeep Copy\u2019s of all the Receipts given for the Men: take exact lists of their Names\u2014Countys they Come from hight Age Complection &ca so soon as they are receivd.\nGive the Officer who receives them a Copy of the Act to govern himself by.\nDont let him give receipts either for Arms Cloaths or anything else unless orderd so by the Act.\n13 Edwards\u2019s\nEnquire how that Garrison is provided with Ammunition & send them some.\nPhiladelphia\nSend there and see if a man can be engagd to teach the Fife.\n13 Fort Loudoun\nHave the returns for Provisions & other things relating to this Duty put under better regulation\u2019s.\nAnd Order the Commissary some times to give out Bacon to the Troops.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-14-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0125", "content": "Title: Memorandum, 14 June 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n[Fort Loudoun] 14 [June 1757]\n   Colo. Stanwix.\nSend him Colo. Carlyles Letter.\nWrite him abt Lieutt Bakers Success.\nThat the People come in pretending to be from Captn Spotswoods party must be Deserters.\nThat Our Assembly have voted 80,000 for raising 1200 Men &ca.\nThat I shoud be glad to know whether the Officers Servants are allowd Provisions. how the Officers themselves are allowd. that is in regard to the quantity or any thing in lieu of it.\nWhether the Officers are allowd Bat Horses\u2014or have their Baggage Transported at the Publick expence or their Own.\n\u27e8W\u27e9hether the Officers Bat Men are Cloathd at the Expence of the Publick or their own. and what sort of Cloathing.\nWhether they do any Duty as Soldiers, and whether they are Armd.\nWhether Forrage money is allowd the Officers.\nHow many Women is allowd to a Comy of 100 Men.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-14-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0126", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Dagworthy, 14 June 1757\nFrom: Dagworthy, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nFort Cumberland [Md.] June 14. 1757.\nSix Cherokee Indians who just now came from Fort Du Quesne, say that six days ago they saw a large body of troops march from that garrison, with a number of waggons & a train of artillery, & by their route, must intend an attack on this garrison. I am, Sir, Yr most humble servt\nJno. Dagworthy.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-14-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0127", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Livingston, 14 June 1757\nFrom: Livingston, James\nTo: Washington, George\nFort Cumberland [Md.] 14th June 1756 [1757]6 at night\nSr\nI am desird by Capt. Dagworthy to accquaint you that their is a great body of the Enemy one their way too these frontiers where they intend is not Certain the Intellegince Comes from 6 of Capt. Spotswoods party that arrivd hear about 3 oClock this afternon, Says Capt. Spotswood left them 10 days ago these 6 Seprated themselfs from the Rest and went to Fort De Quisnie where they Stay\u2019d Some days and saw the preparations making for the march. but Wanting provisions Was forc\u2019d to Come of to Some Distance to fire their Guns as their was none to be got by their arrows, they heard a great gun fire\u2019d near where the Battle of mononghela was fought which they had Cros\u2019d the Ground 10th Instant and desires all their Brothers to Come as Soon as possible to their assistance[.] Liut. Baker marcht this day at 11 oClock with all the Indians only 2 left with the Swallows Son which I\u2019m afraid will die, Ive wrote to Mr Baker to Detain them at pearshalls untill they hear from you but am afraid it will not be in his power as they are fully bent to Se the Great man that is Come from King George and Expects presents they Stay\u2019d but 4 hours after the letter was Explain\u2019d to them Capt. Dagworthy would have wrote to you but being busey in writing to Colol Stanwix and their Govr had no time you will Excuse my hurry as we are in great perpexilty hear at fort Cm. I am yr Humbe Servt\nJames Livingston\nP.S. Since my writing they have made us Sensible that they Were one their march with a nomber of Wheel Carridges and men in inumberabl and had marcht 2 days befor they Quit the\nmononghela waters they furture Say they Saw them Cross the Said River and Guns Greater then any at this fort youll observe this is Indian news which I Realey belive to be true not a white men Come in yt and furture Says they found a Stocking belonging to one white man which Caus\u27e8es\u27e9 Suspition hear the whole is Cut of \u27e8Keenifftikee\u27e9 is not come in \u27e8with five\u27e9 men which is expected hourly. Capt. Dagworthy desires \u27e8you will send\u27e9 ane Express to Coll Stanw\u27e8ix and Governor Sharpe\u27e9 in Case the Express may \u27e8be taken he has\u27e9 Sent, further the Six that \u27e8Came in three of them is\u27e9 wounded and one of them \u27e8was killed being seven in\u27e9 nomber when they Seprated \u27e8from Captain Spotswood by a Party of French\u27e9 Indians near the bear Ca\u27e8mp they stayed \u2019till dark\u27e9 and went back for their Baggage and Came in 4 Days from the French Fort they are momenty giving fresh Intelegince therefor must Conclud with this Confus\u2019d Paragraph.\nJ.L.\na Safe Delivarence never was in Greater Jeopardy no men no provision &c. this is the Cry of This Garrison this is the second Express This Man has been sent and no pay for it vzt when Trent Came in and the Catabaw Indian the next Colol I belive may be from Montreal for never Such a Set was Collected as We have to defend a Garrison for my part I am Easey if Indians I must fight but if french as long as Wee can but am afraid the Great Guns wont be Loaded a second time by us.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0128", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Stanwix, 15 June 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Stanwix, John\nTo Colonel StanwixSir,\n[Fort Loudoun] June 15th 1757.\nI have the pleasure to inform you, that a scouting party, consisting of 5 Soldiers, and 15 Cherokee Indians, who were sent out the 20th ultimo, towards the Ohio, under Lt Baker, returned the 8th instant to Fort Cumberland with 5 scalps, and a french Officer prisoner; having killed two other Officers of the same party. Mr Baker met with this party (10 french, 3 Officers) on the head of Turtle-creek, 20 miles distance from Fort Du Quesne (the day after they had parted with 50 Shawnese Indians returning from war) and wou\u2019d have killed and made prisoners of them all, had not the death of the indian chief, who was killed in that skirmish, prevented their pursuing them.\nThe name of the Officer, taken, according to his own account, is Velistre; and of those killed, Lasosais and St Oure, all Ensigns.\nThe Commandant at Du Que[s]ne and its Dependances, is Delignery; a Knight of the Military Order of St Louis; and Captain of a company of detached troops from the marine. This Officer likewise says, that the Garrison at Fort Du Quesne consists\nof 600 French and 200 Indians. I believe he is a Gasconian. We sustained on our side the loss of the brave swallow warrior, & one other Indian wounded; whom the party brought in on a Bier, with no other sustenance for the four last days, than such as they derived from wild onions. Mr Atkin (who is now here) and I, shall use our endeavours to have the prisoner brought to this place.\nCaptn Spotswood, with 10 Soldiers and 20 Indians, who went out at the same time with, but to a different place from, Lt Baker, is not yet come in, nor any news of him\u2014which makes me uneasy.\nOur Assembly have granted a further sum of eighty thousand pounds for the service of the ensuing year. and have agreed (I believe) to complete the Regiment of this Colony to 1,200 men; besides three companies of Rangers, of 100 men each. Our strength, since the Detachment embarked for Carolina, amounts to only to 420 Rank & file; and these much weakened, by the number of posts we hold. Governor Dinwiddie is apprehensive that he shall not be able to provide arms for all these men; and desired me to advise with you thereupon.\nIf it is not too troublesome, I shou\u2019d be glad to be informed what proportion of Bat-men there is allowed to a company of 4 Officers and 100 men, in the Royal american Battalions? Or, rather the allowance to each Officer, beginning with the Colonel? and how those bat-men are clothed, paid and victualled, and by whom? whether the Officers have any allowance made them for their Servants\u2014and if the Officers in Garrison receive provisions as Soldiers, or an allowance in lieu of it\u2014and how much to each? Also, if the Officers in their Battalions provide Bat-Horses at their own expence, or have their Baggage transported at the Kings? whether any Forage-money is allowed them\u2014and what other allowances they have made to them. I shou\u2019d also be glad to know what proportion of women is allowed to a company.\nIt is wrong I must confess, Sir, to trouble you in this manner; but I have particular reasons for asking these questions, and getting them answered by authority\u2014and none unwarrantable.\nDuty and inclination equally induce me to communicate all remarkable occurrencies to you; and shall be punctual in doing\nso. At present, however, I have only to add that I am, with very great respect, Your most obedient Humble Servant,\nG:W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-16-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0130", "content": "Title: Council of War, 16 June 1757\nFrom: Council of War\nTo: \n[Fort Loudoun, 16 June 1757]\nVirginia\nAt a Council of War held at Fort Loudoun, Thursday, the 16th day of June, at 2 o\u2019clock in the morning, 1757. Colonel George Washington, President\n                  Captn Thomas Waggener\n                  Capt. Robt Stewart\n                  Lieutenant Campbell\n                  Ensign Crawford\nThe Colonel laid before the council a Letter from Capt. Dagworthy, and another which he received from Maj. James Livingston, both dated at Fort Cumberland the 14th Instant; signifying that they had just received intelligence from six cherokee indians who went out upon a Scout with Capt. Spotswood towards Fort Du Quesne; that a large Body of French and Indians, with a train of Artillery, were actually marched from Fort Du Quesne with a design, as they conceived, to make an attempt on Fort Cumberland.\nAnd after laying before them the strength and dispersed situation of the Troops in the pay of the colony\u2014desired their opinion, whether it was most advisable, with what force we cou\u2019d raise immediately, to attempt the relief of Fort Cumberland, or to remain here and endeavour to assemble a sufficient force to put this place in a posture of defence (which is at present not tenable) \u2019till we should have further Orders how to act?\nIt was unanimously agreed, that, if the French had crossed the monongahela the 10th instant, as these Indians declare, it is impossible to assemble our dispersed Troops, and march them to Fort Cumberland before the place is infested\u2014That all our forces, supposing their junction practicable, are so inconsiderable, compared with the strength of the Enemy, according to our intelligence, which can admit of no doubt; as a train of artillery is of too great importance to them to risque with a small body of troops; We have great reason to think, that it wou\u2019d be only to expose ourselves to a certain defeat, the consequence of which would inevitably be the leaving this place (the\ndepositary of all His Majesty\u2019s and countrys Stores of every kind) naked and defenceless: which wou\u2019d be attended with the immediate Evacuation of that part of the country, from whence alone subsistance for any considerable number of Troops cou\u2019d be drawn: which at this juncture wou\u2019d be an irreparable loss and probably be productive of the most fatal consequences to this Colony.\nThe Colonel likewise desired to know whether the Council judged it most expedient to continue the few troops now at Maidstone, and those dispersed thro\u2019 the little Forts on the South-Branch\u2014or to order them on the Branch, with the country men in that settlement, to the most advantageous post there; whilst their women & children shou\u2019d retire to the interior Settlements\u2014Or to evacuate the whole, and reinforce these troops here, with their united Garrisons?\nIt is the opinion of the Council that as reinforcing this Garrison is absolutely necessary; the detached enfeebled situation of the Garrisons on the South-Branch must make them fall an easy prey to the Enemy; and that as drawing them all to one place on the Branch would be giving up all that settlement except that place, which (supposing it cou\u2019d be maintained) wou\u2019d by no means be of such consequence as reinforcing this important place\u2014That therefore they ought to be ordered hither immediately.\n                  Thomas Waggener\n                  Robert Stewart", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-16-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0131", "content": "Title: Memorandum, 16 June 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nFort Loudoun June 16th 1757.\nThe following account sent to Colo. Stanwix and Governor Dinwiddie together with the Council of War.\nThe number of men fit for Duty in the Virginia Regiment,\nexclusive of the Detachment gone for Carolina\u2014where stationed, and the distance of each Garrison from this place.\n                  At Fort Pleasant\n                  At Butter-milk Ft", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-16-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0132", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Andrew Lewis, 16 June 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lewis, Andrew\nTo Major LewisSir,\n[Fort Loudoun] June 16th 1757.\nI have just received intelligence from Capt. Dagworthy and Major Livingston, that they were informed by six cherokee indians, of a large body of French and Indians being on their march towards Fort Cumberland.\nYou are therefore ordered to use every method (by means of the indians &c.) to gain intelligence of the real design and approach of this body of the Enemy: and if you find that they are numerous, and that their object is an attack upon Fort Cumberland, rather than the establishment of an advanced post for themselves, you are immediately to evacuate the small Forts on the Branch, and retire with the Garrison to this place. You should give the country people notice of their danger, and advise them at all events to send off their women and children before it may be too late! \u273b Take especial care to communicate to me all the intelligence you possibly can procure, if you shou\u2019d be obliged to retire hither. Perhaps it may be more advisable to\ncross the mountains above the Trough, rather than come down to Pearsalls, as your retreat may be intercepted at this place.\nG:W.\nN:B. To this mark (\u273b) is a copy of the Letter wrote Captn McKenzie.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-16-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0133", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Dagworthy, 16 June 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Dagworthy, John\nSir\nFort Loudoun June 16th 1757\nI have seen your Letter, and have dispatchd Copy\u2019s of it by good Expresses to Governor Dinwiddie, Govr Sharpe, Colo. Stanwix and the County Lieutenants of four Countys; so that I have no manner of doubt, but a very considerable Force will be with you in a very little time.\nI have dispatchd the bearer to inform you of this, that it may give Spirit to your Garrison. I heartily wish you all the Success your merit may deserve, and am Sir Yr most Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-16-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0137", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Dinwiddie, 16 June 1757\nFrom: Dinwiddie, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWilliamsburg June 16th 1757\nI am to acknowledge the Receipt of Yrs of the 10th but I am so much hurried that I cannot answer it, but as Mr Boyd is daily expected by him I shall write You more fully.\nOtassity of Ostenaker, conducts thirty Cherokees to You with Intention to go out against the Enemy; I think he is a brave Indian, & talks much of Majr Lewis; I believe he may be prevail\u2019d on to stay with his People all the Summer.\nThey were desirous that Mr Gun shou\u2019d go with them & if he goes with them to fight he shall have Lieutts Pay if You shd think him a proper Person\u2014Excuse Hurry I am Sir Your humble Servt\nRobt Dinwiddie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-17-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0140", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Fairfax, 17 June 1757\nFrom: Fairfax, William\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nAlexandria 17th June 1757.\nI receiv\u2019d yr Express this Morning at Belvoir in Compa. with Mr & Mrs Carlyle and soon after set off hither to consult with Majr West, the Captains Ramsay, Dalton, Terrett &c. On which have sent Orders to have the Several Companys to meet at different Rendezvous to morrow and Sunday, in hopes of making therefrom a Detachment of an hundred Men to meet at Mr Wm West\u2019s on Monday night or Tuesday next at Farthest well accoutred except Ammunition which You\u2019l be able to furnish the needful. If You find this Party insufficient We expect to Send more as required\u2014Bryan Fx has desir\u2019d a Command wch has been granted, in Hopes his Courage & good Conduct will give Testimony of his Capacity. The manner of his conceald Departure & Recovery He can best relate. He has experienct yr Kindness, therefore need not repeat any Desires in his Behalf\u2014Yr late Alarm from Capt. Dagworthy may Serve to put your Soldiery in a fit Posture for Defence, but it seems unlikely\nthe Enemy can spare many Men from their No[rth]ern Garrison as They must expect to be visited by Lord Loudoun, Genl Webb or Colo. Stanwix. And your present Expectation will undoubtedly engage the Townsmen at Winchester & Neighbourhood to assist Your Endeavors to make Fort Loudoun more & more defensible against a common Enemy without battering Cannon wch they cannot bring this Sultry Season wthout stronger Horses than it may be supposd They can be furnishd with.\nWe desire to be further acquainted with the Occurrences as they happen. Wishing You &c. every Happiness, The Family at Belvoir & here joyn in all hearty Gratulations and desires that yr brave Men may keep the Enemy far from them, So says Yr very affect. Friend &c.\nW: Fairfax", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-17-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0141", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edward Shippen, 17 June 1757\nFrom: Shippen, Edward\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nLancaster [Pa.] 17 June 1757\nI had the pleasure to receive your favour of 28 ult. by John Spore and Company waggoners with the Ammunition for His Majestie\u2019s use, but there came a hundred and One Barrels of Gun Powder; and instead of 3 Tons of Lead, specified in the Receipt given you by Spore, there were but 48 boxes, designed at Home I Suppose, to contain One hundred pounds gross or 112 lb.: and I See that Mr Hamilton the Qr Mr mentions in the List he Sent by the serjeant 48 boxes calling them 120 pound each with the tare; however I caused one of them to be emptied,\nand the lead to be weighed which proved to be but 111 lb.; So that if they all turn out the Same, it will amount to no more that 5328 lb. I mentioned this to Colo. Stanwix as Soon as I discovered the difference. I beg you will believe me to be (tho\u2019 I have not the Honr of yor acquaintance) Sir Yor affectionate Friend & Most obedt Hume servt\nEdwd Shippen", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-18-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0142", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Stanwix, 18 June 1757\nFrom: Stanwix, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nCamp near Carlisle [Pa.] June. 18th 1757\nI recd both yours of the 15th & 16th of June, by the Favour of Colonel Armstrong & some hour\u2019s before that had recd intelligence from Capt: Dagworthy & Capt. Beal of their intelligence of the Motion of the French & Indians towards Fort Cumberland, on the receipt of which I directly apply\u2019d to the Magistrates here for Waggons, for the Baggag artillery, Ammunition and Provisions: & the moment they are provid\u2019d shall March with the Five Comps. of the First Battalion of the Royl Americans and what I can get together of Colonel Armstrongs Battalion wch I am hopefull will amount in the whole to six hundred men, shall march to Shippensburgh and from thence towards Winchester as I am inform\u2019d there is thirty miles the other way to Fort Cumberland thr\u00f4 the woods where there is no roads cut, and am the more inclin\u2019d to come to Winchester to joyn you as it semes to be (for the reasons you give) the properest place to make a Stand & concert such measures as may be best for his Majestys service and shall depend a good deal upon your judgment & experience in the Opperations in this Country, which you know by being long in it & I a Stranger have consult\u2019d Col. Armstrong who think\u2019s with me that Winchester will be the properest place for a Rendevous & exept I meet with other intelligence on my March must make that my first object, hope soon to have the pleasure of kissing your hands who am Sir Your most obedt humble Servt\nJohn Stanwix\nI have a letter from Capt. Croghan who tell me he stay only two or three days at Winchester as his getting my letter would be uncertain please if you think propr to acquaint him with what I propose, & am a good deal hurryd or would have wrote to him dare say he will do that upon consulting with you, which may make the Indians of service, both you and he know infinately better then I can possibly know of Indian affairs.\nP.S: I have just recd intelligence from Fort Allen in Pensilvania that an Indian lately come from Alleghany Says that the French Indians has actually cut a Road within ten miles of Fort Augusta, it appears they design to amuse us in Sundry places, And as I am leaving a Large County Open into which is a great Road cut from the Alleghany Hills, I must depend on your Intelligence being expeditiously sent that I may take my measures accordingly.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0143", "content": "Title: Court-Martial, 19 June 1757\nFrom: Washington, George,Waggener, Thomas\nTo: \nJune the 19th 1757\nAt a Regimental Court martial held at Fort Loudoun June the 19th 1757\nCapt. Thos Waggener Presidt\n                  Lieut. Steenbergen\nPrisoners\nWm Coffland Corpl of Capt. Lewis\u2019s Company confin\u2019d by Quarter Master Hamilton for laying out of Camp & disturbing the Inhabitants at an unreasonable Hour.\nMary Hinch an Evidence against the Prisoner informs the Court that he came into her House whilst she was asleep & came to her Bed & waked her & said that he must have Part of her Bed\u2014the Evidence then asked him what Business he had at that Time of Night (about 2 oClock) from his Quarters, that she thought there were Orders to the contrary. he replied he was a Gentleman Officer & had Liberty to go where he pleas\u2019d & when he pleas\u2019d but she knew his Voice & told him he was but a Corpl & after he found that she knew him he confess\u2019d who he was but insisted still for Part of her Bed which being refus\u2019d he abus\u2019d her very much, refus\u2019d to quit the House & said that he wou\u2019d abususe her much more tomorrow Night. upon which she called out & two of her Neighbours came to her Assistance but when she found that he persisted in his Design & abused them as well as herself she went to Qarter Master Hamilton (who has confin\u2019d him) & begged his Assistance.\nMary Hany one of the Persons that came to assist Mary Hinch says that when she came he was in the House & very abusive.\nThe Prisoner confesses himself guilty, says that it was thro\u2019 the Effects of Liquor that he did & begs the Clemency of the Court.\nIt is the Opinion of the Court that the Prisr Corpl Cofflin be reduced & receive five hundred Lashes.\nThos Brown of Colo. Washingtons Company confin\u2019d by Serjt Carson on a Suspicion of his intending to desert. Serjt Carson says that he saw the Prisoner with one of the Indian Guns & his Hair cut in the Indian Manner & that he asked him why he had cut his Hair in that Manner & he said he was going\nwith the Indians, he asked him then whether he had Colo. Washington\u2019s or any other Officers Liberty to go, the Prisoner answer\u2019d no, he then told him that without Leave he shou\u2019d not go, but that he (the Prisr) replied, It was his Pleasur\u27e8e\u27e9 to go & he wou\u2019d go, upon which he, the Serjt, confin\u2019d him.\nThe Prisoner in his Defence says that he was drun\u27e8k\u27e9 & did not know what he was doing.\nIt the Opinion of the Court that the Prisoner receive five hundred Lashes.\nJas Turner of Capt. Spotswoods Company confin\u2019d by Capt. Josa Lewis for Desertion.\nCopl Pope says that the Prisoner left his Command about one Mile on the other Side Neelys Fort as he was going to Maidstone & that he himself & another Man went after him but \u2019tho. they search\u2019d the Road & the Woods on both Sides of the Road they cou\u2019d not find him.\nIt appears to the Court from the Deposition of Elisha Perkins taken at Maidstone before Capt. Lewis Lieut. Lomax & others that the Prisoner had left his Command & had no Intention of returning to it again for that he was going towards Snigger\u2019s Gap.\nThe Prisoner denies that he deserted but says that he was sick & drunk & lost his Way.\nIt is to be observ\u2019d that the Prisoner has deserted before this Time & recd 1000 Lashes.\nIt is the Opinion of the Court that the Prisoner receive fifteen hundred Lashes.\nThos WaggenerApprov\u2019d by Sir Yr Hble Sert\u00a0\u00a0Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0144", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmond Atkin, 19 June 1757\nFrom: Atkin, Edmond\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWinchester 19 June 1757.\nWhen the Swallows People came to Town this afternoon, with the Young French Officer their Prisoner, they came strait to my Lodgings, to pay their Compliment; and soon after carried him away to their own, to eat some Victuals, Hunger being uppermost in their Thoughts. In the Evening, before I would put you to the Trouble to attend (as I had determined to examine him then in the presence of yourself, & Mr Croghan Sir Wm Johnson\u2019s Deputy), I Sent to inquire whether I might have him brought to me. And he was not to be found. Soon after standing at my door, I Saw your Quarter Master Mr Hamilton hastening by, in quest, as I learnt from himself, of my Interpreter (that is the King\u2019s) Mr Smith, & of a Frenchman whose name he declined telling me, in order to carry them to Heath\u2019s Ordinary to interpret for one or two Persons that wanted to talk with the Prisoner. In answer to My Question, how the Prisoner came there, he Said, he was carried there by an Indian and to another, who was it that wanted to talk with the Prisoner, I could get no Satisfactory Answer at all from him. At his Return with Mr Smith in Company, standing still in the Door, I charged the latter to go to Heath\u2019s, & to bring away the Indian with his Prisoner directly to me. At the Same time directing myself to both I Said, I wondered how any Person whatever could presume (I beleive in my warmth I said also, dare) to take that Method to\nexamine the Prisoner, before I myself, or you the Commanding Officer of the Forces here, had had an Opportunity of asking a single Question of him? Major Finnie coming up to me presently afterwards, I told him what had happened, that I could not conceive who it was had been guilty of So extraordinary an Action, and desired him to be So kind as to inquire into it, & help to get back the Prisoner. He said, he was Sure it could not be any of your Officers, because he had but just left them all at the Fort (and indeed not long after I Saw a great many pass by from that way towards Heath\u2019s). In a little time Major Finnie & Mr Smith came back, with the chief Indian, & the French Prisoner in his Possession; telling me, that it was only Lieutenant Baker that came to town with them, & wanted them to drink a Glass of Wine with him. Here I thought the Affair might have ended.\nI then sent Mr Davenport to acquaint you, that the Prisoner was with me, and I should be glad of your Company, as I purposed to examine him. He brought me an Answer, that you was So very busy writing Letters, you could not possibly come. Wherefore I put off the Examination till tomorrow. But to my great Surpris\u27e8e\u27e9 Major Finnie who had undertook to desire one of your Officers to Stand Interpreter of French on this Occasion, brought Me Word, that he found many of them at Heath\u2019s, who were one & all So very angry thinking themselves affronted by me, that it was declared among them, not one of the Regiment should do that Service for me (that little Service for their King & their Country). It Seems your Quarter Master Mr Hamilton, had told Some at least of those Officers what he had heard me utter (with Some Addition), as a Message from Me to them. I endeavoured as a Gentleman, by means of Mr Croghan as well as Major Finnie, only to Set the Matter in its\u2019 true Light, as I have now done to you. But in vain. They will have it, I have given an Affront; and not less than all must be concerned in it, and So forth. By the way, had I known which I did not, that it was one or More Officers that Sent for the Prisoner to examine him, there was nothing amiss in what I said, bating the Word dare, which indeed is not very genteel if Said to them. For that Officer must know very little of Military Duty, who imagines he may freely examine a Prisoner of War before, or without the privity of his Commanding Officer. Something may be discovered\non Such Examination, that no Person else whatsoever ought to have had the least Knowledge of, and may be of the last Importance to the Service to keep concealed.\nTo compleat the whole Affair, learned Discussions have been held publickly on this Occasion, at another Publick House (Brinkers) by a young Ensign of your Regiment Supported by a young Volontier, who Says he thinks himself obliged to Stand by the Officers, right or wrong. This Ensign who pretends to know the Length, Breadth & Depth of my Rights & Powers by my Commission, in the End bid Mr Davenport in the hearing of one of my Domesticks & others, \u201cto tell Atkin (mark his polite Stile) that he & every Officer in the Regiment had as much Right & Power to examine the Prisoner as I had.\u201d This from Ensign Thompson, to his Majesty\u2019s Agent & Superintendent of Indian Affairs in the four Southern Provinces.\nIt is easy to foresee the Tendency of this ill judged silly Spirit & Behaviour of the Officers. It cannot but affect me in my Office, & consequently in his Majesty\u2019s Service; for which reason I think fit to lay it before you, not in the least doubting from your natural good Sense & Prudence, that you will check it in the Bud, & take proper Notice of Ensign Thompson & Mr Hamilton in particular. And I hope you will think this a proper Opportunity for making known to all the Officers of your Regiment (what I believe is not yet known to all), the Governour\u2019s Proclamation concerning the Behaviour of People towards me & the Indians.\nFor my own part, as I have nothing in view but actual Service, So without entering into critical Disquisitions of the exact bounds & limits of my Right & Power, I shall always think it a part of my Duty to keep up a good Understanding with all Commanding Officers in the different Places I go to, as I know it will be their Duty also to countenance & support me to the utmost of their Power. I am Sir Your Most Obedt Servant\nEdmd Atkin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0145", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Beall, 19 June 1757\nFrom: Beall, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSr\nFort Fredrick [Md.] June 19th 1757\nthe enclosed Letters Came from Collo. Stanwix about 11 oClock this Night, and I have Immediatly Dispatched them to you, as the Collo. writes in a Very Importunate manner for intilligence, I Shall Send a Strong party out to Fort Cumberland to morrow, tho. we want Indians Very much for Such Service, and if a few Could be Spared this way, I Apprehend it would be Very much for the Bennefit of the Service; pray Favour me with what Intelligence you have Received Since the 14th from the Frontiers, that I may Convey it to Collo. Stanwix, which will be an Eas[i]er way of Communicating it to him, then if you Sent an Express directly from Winchester, I Shall Send it by Fort Loudon, and the Messenger will be picking up Somthing that May be of use in his way, if you Can Give me any hints of your Intentions, that may Enable me the better to Act for the Publick service you will infinitly oblidge your Most Obedt Hum. Servt\nAlex. Beall\nP.S. a Soldier who Seems to have deserted from Fort Cumberland, Left it the 16th in the Morning but brings Nothing New, only he discoverd five Indians in his way down about five miles from this Place, we Expect the Millitia of this County here to Morrow.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0146", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Fairfax, 19 June 1757\nFrom: Fairfax, William\nTo: Washington, George\nDr Sr\nAlexandria 19. June 1757\nThis is intended to be delivered You by Bryan Fx who is appointed by Commission Captain of one of the two detacht Companys of our Militia which its hopd will amount to the Number of fifty private Men each, and Sufficient at this Time to answer yr Expectation from Us. I sent immediate Notice to Colo. Hy Lee to act the needful with the Pce Wm Malitia, and Yrs for Govr Sharpe Sent over to Mr Marshals directly. As no doubt Govr Dagworthy Sent an Express to Colo. Stanwix He may expect a Reinforcement of the Regulars & some Provincials by Order of Govr Sharpe, so that probably the Enemy will be prevented marching towards your Fortress\u2014We have given Orders to have our whole Militia in a Readiness to march on a Sudden Notice and further Advices of your needing any certain Number. What are now orderd to attend yr Commands[,] as They are at Some Distance from each Other, may Want Amunition and Provisions but suppose will be supplied & victualled as the Detachments were last Year\u2014which being an additional Expence to the Country You will please to return to Us as soon as the public Weal & Service can Spare them.\nIn the Extract of an Act of the last Assembly\nA clause inserted\n\u201cThat every able bodied Person willing to enlist to serve in the Regiment shall be entitled to Five Pounds, And if no Person present will advance the sd Reward, then the Person so inlisting shall be paid the same within three Days after his Arrival at the Place of General Rendezvous, by the Commanding Officer of the Forces in the Service of this Colony.\u201d\nAs it is very unlikely that any such Sums will be advancd by private Persons, so You may expect a direct Application will be made to You by the Persons So enlisting, therefore You will\nthink it necessary to be furnishd with a Sufficient Sum of Money from the Treasurer to answer the Demands aforesaid.\nFor pticulars referr to Bryan Fx and Him to your friendly Advice &c. Lodgd at yr Mother\u2019s the 12th inst. then left Her &c. well. Yr very affecte & assurd Friend &c.\nW: Fairfax", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0149", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Alexander Beall, 20 June 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Beall, Alexander\nTo Captn BealSir,\n[Fort Loudoun] June 20th 1757.\nYours of the 19th instant came to hand about noon this day\u2014As there now remain but a few Indians here, who cou\u2019d by no\nmeans be prevailed on to return towards Fort Cumberland, altho\u2019 so much wanted on that Quarter; imagining we wished to sacrifice them by attempting to expose them to (what they think) certain destruction, they positively refused marching until they saw such numbers as wou\u2019d give some probability of success against the formidable force of the enemy.\nI have had no account later than that of the 16th\u2014that one Trotter left that Garrison: Does he add what C.D. transmitted the 14th more than that the enemys indians were in great numbers about that place, and frequently appeared openly to the Garrison?\nShould I receive any thing remarkable, will communicate it to you. I correspond in opinion with you, as to the chanel of conveying Colo: Stanwix\u2019s intelligence: Therefore I enclose you a letter for him; which I must request, you will lose no time in forwarding.\nI have endeavoured all in my power to raise the Militia, but have only a small prospect for success.\nG:W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0150", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Stanwix, 20 June 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Stanwix, John\nTo Colo. StanwixSir,\n[Fort Loudoun] June 20th 1757.\nYours of the 18th from the camp at Carlyle, I received about noon this day: at a time when I was examining (in company with His Majestys Agent for Indian Affairs) the french prisoner, brought to this place by Lt Baker and the cherokee indian. a copy of his examination I herewith enclose. You will find, Sir, from the tenor of his answers, that a large body of Indians was hourly expected at Fort Du Quesne. And, that altho\u2019 there was not (if his intelligence is to be literally credited\u2014and surely it is not) a train of artillery fit for such an Expedition: Yet this might have been brought by those 300 men, who arrived there after he left the place.\nIt is altogether evident (if the indian intelligence may be relied\non) that the french are bringing Howitzers with them for the easier reduction of the place, if they shou\u2019d attack us. For, say they, your Guns are but muskets, compared with those the french have with them. Theirs will admit a Fawn in the muzzle, while yours will not take in a mans fist. To any person who is in the least degree acquainted with the mountainous country about our Settlements, it is clear, that the french can bring artillery along no other road than that from Fort Du Quesne to Ft Cumberland, without spending immense time in mending one. Then I conceive the Garrison at Fort Augusta has been very negligent and inactive not to discover the enemy sooner. On the other hand, we all know that a blaz\u2019d path in the eyes of an indian is a large road: for they do not distinguish between one track and another without a circumspect enquiry; i.e. between a track which will admit of carriages, and a road sufficient for them to march in.\nThese, Sir, are only my own sentiments, and I submit them to your better judgment for improvement. We very well know that from Fort Du Quesne to Fort Cumberland there is a plain road already made, and bridges also. I shall however continue to pursue every means in my power to gain the earliest and best intelligence I can of the approaches of the enemy: and shall transmit it forthwith to you. I have sent Major Lewis of the Regiment, fifty miles advanced from this, with Orders to keep out constant spies for intelligence, and to lose no time in transmitting it to me.\nWe have received nothing new from Fort Cumberland since the 16th\u2014The indians who brought the first intelligence imagine, that some of Spotwood\u2019s party, are yet skulking after, and watching for, the motions of the enemy. On the contrary I apprehend they are all cut off\u2014For, a man who left Fort Cumberland the 16th says, that the woods appear to be quite alive with enemy indians who shew themselves openly in the day: This is unus[u]al for them to do, unless they are strong. We work on this Fort both night and day, intending to make it tenable against the worst event.\nMr Croghan &c. write you by this Express; and will no doubt be more explicit on indian affairs than I can pretend to be, and to them I refer.\nIt wou\u2019d have given me great pleasure, had you been pleased\nto signify your sentiments on the Revolution; having come to this place, that I might act conformably with your Orders. I am &c.\nG:W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-21-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0154", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Stanwix, 21 June 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Stanwix, John\nTo Colonel Stanwix.Sir,\n[Fort Loudoun] June 21st 1757.\nSince writing to you by Express last night, I have received a letter from Capt. Dagworthy (a copy of which I enclose;)\nand have had an opportunity of examining the Indians, who brought him the last intelligence, myself. They unanimously agree, there is a large party of french and indians marched from fort du quesne; but, whether they are destined against the frontiers of virginia, maryland or Pennsylvania, or all of these, is yet uncertain. The enemy, however, are without carriages; and by their track, (for the Indians did not see more than a party of about 100) pursued them towards Ray\u2019s-Town. This they would do whether they be coming to either of the above Provinces (without artillery.) It is the way they have used altogether of late, in coming to, and returning from us.\nI return You my thanks, Sir, for answering my queries; as You took no notice of the arms I asked for, by the Governors Order. I am Sir, Your most obt hble Servt\nG:W.\nN:B. There was a great misapprehension between Capt. Dagworthy and the Indians that first came in: They deny, to me, having said that there was a body of the enemy with wheel-carriages, on their march to attack Fort Cumberland. These indians were not within 30 miles of Fort du Quesne; but nevertheless heard the discharge of the french artillery, which they conceive, was fired at the departure of a large body of troops from that place. Capt. Dagworthy might easily have misunderstood these people for want of a good interpreter.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-21-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0155", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Dinwiddie, 21 June 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Dinwiddie, Robert\nTo Governor DinwiddieHonble Sir,\n[Fort Loudoun] June 21st 1757\nI this day received the enclosed from Capt. Dagworthy: The Indians mentioned therein are likewise got here with their scalps: and altho\u2019 I believe from several circumstances that the Enemy are bringing down no Artillery\u2014Yet, as they all agree that a formidable body of french and indians is certainly on their march down; and as it is impossible to know what province they will make an eruption into. I did not think it proper to countermand the march of the Militia, which I am informed are ordered hither from Culpeper and Fairfax consisting of one hundred from each county: As I conceive the great expence of these Militia, until we can learn the enemys destination, for a short time, is trifling compared with the risque of having this part of the country laid waste, shou\u2019d the enemy march this way when we were unprepared for their reception.\nIn consequence of the first intelligence which I received from Fort Cumberland, and the result of the council of war held on that occasion: I gave Major Lewis (who at present commands at the South-Bra[n]ch) orders to give all the country-people warning of the danger with which they were threat\u2019ned; and that he, and the troops under his command, shou\u2019d hold themselves in readiness to retreat hither, in case it shou\u2019d prove expedient; but not to evacuate the Forts on the Branch, until he shou\u2019d have certain accounts of the enemys intentions against that Quarter.\nI wrote Colo. Stanwix, to know if he cou\u2019d supply us with arms: and, altho\u2019 I have since heard from him, he does not answer that part of my letter. I send your Honor, enclosed, a copy of the french officers (who is now here) examination. I am your Honors\u2019 &c.\nG:W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-21-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0156", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Slaughter, 21 June 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Slaughter, Robert\nTo Colo. Robert Slaughter in Culpeper County.Sir,\nFort-Loudoun, June 21st 1757.\nI received yours of the 20th instant; and am glad of the judicious, regular step which you have taken\u2014and judge it necessary you shou\u2019d lose no time in marching the Detachmt up here; as we have received no intelligence which contradicts that formerly received a few days ago. A man arrived here from Fort-Cumberland who left that Garrison on the 16th instant: at which time there were great numbers of the enemy\u2019s indians around that place, who frequently appeared openly to the Garrison. This is probably a party detached from the main Body, and sent out before it, to reconnoitre. I keep Major Lewis 50 miles advanced from this place, with Orders to use all possible means of procuring Intelligence. I am &c.\nG:W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-21-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0157", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Robinson, 21 June 1757\nFrom: Robinson, John\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nIt gave me great Concern that Capt. Gist went back without carrying a Letter from me in Answer to your several Favours, which he should not have done had I known any thing of his going, but I never had the Pleasure of seeing him after he delivered your Letter, in Compliance to your request in his behalf, I spoke to the Managers for carrying on the Trade with the Indians the only thing that was in Power to serve him in, and they seemed very inclinable to employ him in that Service, but what\nwas the result, or whether that Business was suitable to him I cant tell, as I never saw him after; As there are three Companies of Rangers to be raised, I should think he would be the properest Person they could fix upon to command one of them tho\u2019 I can\u2019t tell when they will be raised as the Govr seems determined not to raise any of them, till the Regiment is compleated and, whether that will be done by the Method directed by our Act, I cant pretend to say, tho\u2019 I am afraid not, The Act so far as relates to the raising of the Men you have in the news Paper otherwise would have sent you a Copy of it, The Mutiny Bill that we have passed is copied from the Act of Parliament, and the same Punishments for the Same Crimes inflicted[,] the Court Martial to consist of the same Number and to be held in the same Manner as directed by our former Act, the Title of it is \u201cAn Act to prevent Mutiny & Desertion.[\u201d]\nI have now Sent by Mr Boyd Ten Thousand Pounds, Six Thousand of it for the Arrears due to the Officers & Soldiers and four Thousand for the Arrears due for provisions &ca. The Govr by his Warrants directed the Money to be paid to Mr Boyd, but I told him he must at least deliver that for the Provisions to you, and you was engaged to see most of them paid, and tho\u2019 I could not at this time get a Committee to know their Sentimts upon it, I make not the least doubt but they will allow you for your trouble and risque in \u27e8receiv\u27e9ing and paying it away.\nMr Atkins wrote it seems very pressingly to the Govr to send up Money to pay the Indians for Scalps, and the Govr accordingly issued his Warrant to me to pay \u00a3240 for that Purpose, which I have paid tho\u2019 not justified for it by the Act of Assembly, for the Act directs that only Ten Pounds for every Scalp should be paid by me, and the remaining thirty to be paid at the next Assembly, and the Govr by the Act is desired to buy goods for the Indians to the amount of that sum of any Person that shall be willing to let them have them, and to Stay till the Assembly meets to be paid for them, but as I was afraid the Indians, if they did [not] receive the whole, might be disobliged, and I could tell of what fatal consequence the disobliging them at this crucial juncture might prove, I \u27e8illegible\u27e9 send the whole money and run the Hazard of the Assembly[\u2019s] Approbation. From the Accounts received by your Express we have but a\nGloomy Prospect of our Affairs, and after lulling ourselves asleep in our Security and even flattering ourselves with being able with the small force we could raise, to take Fort Duquesne, to be in danger of having our Country overrun by a force from that very Place must be a melancholy consideration to every one that is affected with the distresses and Miseries of his fellow Creatures, who if the Accts of the Indians be true, tho\u2019 I cant help flattering myself they are exaggerated, must be in the most deplorable \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 when it is considered what a small force we have on foot to oppose them, it would be the highest vanity & Presumption to flatter ourselves with being able to defend ourselves or preserve our miserable Inhabitants on the Frontiers from destruction, the Militia it seems of Six Counties are ordered out for their protection but I must confess I have no great dependance upon them, but should I be mistaken in them, there can be little hope of their getting together time enough to prevent the mischeif, and the only Expectation we can have from them is, they may prevent the Enemy penetrating far into our Country, which if their number is so great as the Indians represent we have too much reason to apprehend, and I am afraid Col. Stanix and the Forces of our neighbouring Colonies wont use much more dispatch in coming to our Assistance, and then we have only the divine Assistance to rely on, for tho\u2019 I am assured that every thing will be done for our Security and defence that can be with so small a force, yet what can be expected from one Man against an hundred, however We must not despond but put our Trust in him that is only able to save and protect. That he may guard you in the day of Battle and danger is the sincere prayer of Dear Sir Your Affecte Freind and Servant\nJohn Robinson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-22-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0158", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Stanwix, 22 June 1757\nFrom: Stanwix, John\nTo: Washington, George\nDr Sir\nCamp near Carlisle [Pa.] 22d June 1757\nhad I Not had a letter last night from Capt. Dagworthy Fort Cumberlands being safe and the Intelligence of Artillery, Waggons &c. &c. &c. being a Mistake, should have march\u2019d this morning every thing being ready, but was stopd some days for want of Carriages, and it will be always the Case here in this deserted Country as I shall ever be obliged to Carry my Provisions tent Ammn &c. so that at least forty Waggons will be necessary, which at soonest will require eight or ten days to Collect.\nCapt. Beall writes as follows \u201cas the Virginia Militia will be in motion for the Defence of his Majestys Fort & Stores at Winchester perhaps Col. Washington could spare some men to reinforce Fort Cumberland till we see the Event of this invassion\u201d\u2014This I send you only as hint but at this distance can give you no order, but must leave it to you to do an act the best you can for the publick service.\nI have intelligence from Col: Wesser that the French Indians are Clearing a Road within ten Miles of Shamokin near Fort Augusta & are morally sure by Indian intelligence that of that Fortress being Attack\u2019d by which we may learn the French are busy every where, which they will continue to be \u2019till Lord Loudoun begins the Execution of his great plan of Opperation, on the Success of which the very being of this Country and that of England depends, God send him that success which I think his\ngreat attention to the publick service & his great knowledge in Military affairs deserve believe me Dr Sir your most obedient humble Serv.\nJohn Stanwix\nGot all the Ammunition you sent by my Waggons from Lancaster; & on taking an acct of the number of Barrells of Powder they amount\u2019d to one hundred and One.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-22-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0159", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Stanwix, 22 June 1757\nFrom: Stanwix, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nCamp near Carlisle [Pa.] June 22d 1757 two o\u2019Clock\nI wrote you a letter this morning about 6 O\u2019Clock since which I have the Favour of your\u2019s of the 20th with the Examination of the French Officer your Prisoner for which I [am] extreemly obliged to you, shall only add to what I say\u2019d in the morning that I highly approve of The Council of War you held and think your Fort Loudoun the properest place to make a Stand for which reason it was there I intend\u2019d to joyn you with six hundd men, had Fort Cumberland been taken which by the notion I have of the place is in no \u27e8sort\u27e9 tenable against such an attack as we were made to believe was in agitation against it, I confess my self a very great stranger to Indian affairs yet can not help thinking but that these Cherkees are well worth encouragmt. I am made to believe that Fort Augusta is to be attack\u2019d but shoud think those works in some forwardness, must leave to a little time to discover to us what the Enemy realy intend to do, this province will maintain a French Army well, but where they can have Armys for all places I can\u2019t divine, beg you\nwill believe that I am with great truth Dr Sir Your most obedient humble Servt\nJohn Stanwix", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-23-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0160", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Ross, 23 June 1757 [letter not found]\nFrom: Ross, David\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from David Ross, 23 June 1757. On 25 June 1757 GW wrote to Ross: \u201cI was this day favoured with yours of the 23d instant.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-24-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0161", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Nicholas Minor, 24 June 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Minor, Nicholas\n[Fort Loudoun, 24 June 1757]\nTo Captn Nicholas Minor, of the Fairfax Militia. By George Washington Esqre Colonel of the Virginia Regiment, and commander of all the Virginia forces.\nYou are with the company of Mil[iti]a under your command, to march with all convenient expedition from hence to Patterson\u2019s Fort: From whence you are to send out parties for the protection of that neighbourhood[.] You are to maintain a proper command\u2014to place sentries at proper places by day and by night, when in Garrison; and to be very circumspect in your marches, and counter-marches, by keeping some alert woodsmen advanced a small distance before, and on your flanks. This, every party, however small, is constantly to observe\u2014In short; you are to use every precaution, to prevent surprizes, which generally prove fatal: and, as the principal intention of your being ordered thither, is to protect the Inhabitants\u2014You are to spare no pains or trouble to accomplish that desirable end. You are to use all possible means of procuring what intelligence you can of the enemys numbers, motions, and intentions; and give me due information of all material occurencies.\nYou are to send me an exact return of all the ammunition and Stores you find at that place; of which (with what you carry with you) you are to be particularly careful. And give your Officers and men plainly to understand, that they will be answerable for what they may lose, waste or spoil[.] The provisions are to be weigh\u2019d and regularly served; vizt a pound of flour and a pound of meat for each man, per day. Shou\u2019d you find that the inhabitants in the neighbourhoods of Mendenhall and Neally\u2019s\nForts, will not remain there without some additional protection to their own; you are to send a few men to each of these places, under the command of a Sergeant or Corporal, and to relieve them every week. Given at Fort Loudoun this 24th day of June, 1757.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-24-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0162", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Stanwix, 24 June 1757 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Stanwix, John\nLetter not found: to John Stanwix, 24 June 1757. On 11 July 1757 Stanwix wrote to GW: \u201chad I had any Opportunity of returning an Answer to the Favour of yours of the 24th of June. . . .\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0164", "content": "Title: Memoranda, 25 June 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n[Fort Loudoun] 25th [June 1757]\nThe Govr.\nInclose the Govr Doctr Ross Letter abt the Provision at Fort Cumbd & desire his explicit directions how to act in the Affair.\nInform him in what manner the Militia came to this place\u2014witht Arms &ca.\nThat it is impossible so heavy a piece of Work as Fort Loudoun can be \u27e8illegible\u27e9.\nGovr\nWhether I am right in delivering our ammunition &ca to the Militia.\nI ought to be furnishd with money to pay the Drafts when they come up.\nI have not been able to send any Men to the So. Ward, the Continual Alarms on this Quarter retarded it till the News of the French Marchg with artillery and then it was judgd quite imprudent to draw Men from a part so much exposd.\nI have wrote twice to Colo. Stanwix abt Arms, but he takes no Notice there\u27e8of\u27e9 in his Letters to me from whence I imagine he is not inclind to furnish us with any\u2014We shall want Arms much.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0166", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Orange County Lieutenant, Henry Fitzhugh, and John Spotswood, 25 June 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Orange County Lieutenant,Spotswood, John,Fitzhugh, Henry\n   [Fort Loudoun, 25 June 1757]\n   Copy of Letters to the County Lts of Orange, Stafford and Spotsylvania-counties.\n   Gentlemen,\nAs the Governor informs me, that in consequence of the intelligence we received of the Enemys motions, he had ordered up a third of the Militia of several counties, amongst which yours are included. I send this to acquaint you, that I have received a subsequent account, by which it appears, that they bring no train of artillery, and that they have taken the Ray\u2019s-town-road; which make it probable they will bend their chief force against Pennsylvania[.] This I have acquainted the Governor; and I imagine he will countermand the order for marching the Militia, as they may not immediately be wanted. I am &c.\nG:W.\nFort Loudoun June 25th 1757.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0168", "content": "Title: From George Washington to David Ross, 25 June 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Ross, David\nTo Doctor RossSir,\n[Fort Loudoun, 25 June 1757]\nI was this day favoured with yours of the 23d instant.\nI think your proposals relative to the provisions at Fort Cumberland quite equitable. But as the management of them properly belongs to Mr Walker; I do not choose to interfere in the business without Governor Dinwiddie\u2019s instructions. I have therefore enclosed your letter to His Honor, that he may be the better able to give explicit directions concerning the matter; and will inform you of his resolutions on the head, so soon as his answer returns to my hand. But, in the mean time, I hope care will be taken of those provisions, and an exact account taken of what is used; as it is evident some must be used, the people having no other to live on\u2014It wou\u2019d be obliging were you to direct fresh pickle to be put to the meat, or any other means whereby to preserve it; for which you wou\u2019d be properly compensated. I am &c.\nG:W.\nFort Loudoun\u2014June 25th 1757.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0169", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Fairfax, 25 June 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Fairfax, William\nTo Colo. FairfaxDr Sir,\n[Fort Loudoun] June 25th 1757.\nYour favors of the 17th & 19th instant I have received. Captains Fairfax & Minor arrived here with their companies on tuesday last. The latter I have sent to Pattersons and Mendenhalls; small forts lying under the North-mountain and much exposed to the incursions of the Enemy.\nThe storm which threatned us with such formidable appearances is, in a manner, blown over. It arose in a great measure from a misunderstanding (in Captn Dagworthy) of the Indians, for want of a proper interpreter. The indians are nevertheless, unanimous in asserting that a large Body of French and Indians have marched from Fort Du Quesne; but without artillery; and that they pursued the Ray\u2019s-town-road which leads very conveniently, to the three Colonies of Virginia, maryland and Pennsylvania.\nI have for this reason, and because the enemy have already committed several depredations in this, as well as the neighbouring Colonies, since Sunday last, thought it expedient to detain what Militia have already arrived, a few days longer.\nI do not think we have any occasion for more: and judge it necessary to apprize you thereof, knowing the Governor has ordered one-third of the Militia to repair to this place, that you may act as you shall see meet on this occasion, or \u2019till you may hear further from the Governor, to whom I wrote (on Tuesday last) an account of our subsequent intelligence.\nOur Soldiers labour on the public works with great spirit and constancy, from monday morning \u2019till sunday night, notwithstanding there is a month\u2019s pay due to them. We have no other assistance.\nI have been exceedingly hurried of late, and still am so; which prevents my being explicit on the occurencies that have\nhappened on this Quarter. Poor Spotswood, and a party that went towards du Quesne, with some cherokee indians are, I fear, lost! Lt Baker from the said place has brought 5 scalps, and a french officer, prisoner, after killing two others.\nKieruptica, a cherokee chief, is just come in with two scalps; which, according to his own account, he took within musket-shot of fort du Quesne. He is now permitted, by Mr Atkins, to go to Pennsylvania with Captn Croghan.\nOutossita came to town last night with 27 cherokee indians from his nation. and by him we learn, that a large party may soon be expected.\nThese, I think, are the most material occurrencies.\nI have been obliged to furnish your Militia with provisions and ammunition, but with a good deal of reluctance; as I was blamed for the like proceedings last year.\nI offer my compliments in the most affectionate manner, to the family at Belvoir. Yours,\nG:W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0171", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Fairfax, 26 June 1757\nFrom: Fairfax, William\nTo: Washington, George\nDr Sir\nBelvoir 26. June 1757.\nI have receiv\u2019d yr Favour by Danl Jenings, and am pleasd that the Enemy have not made any nearer Approaches with a considerable Body, so as to require a further Reinforcement of our Militia, especially as the Detachment sent You proves difficult for your Supplying Them wth the necessary Provisions &c. which We could not procure & accomadate them With at the Several Distances they were drafted from, and surely as our Detachment is on the Country\u2019s Service, they are to be victualled as such, And it would be an extraordinary Charge for each County to Send a Commissary, therefore Suppose the Account for victualling will be readily allowd You\u2014As to the skulking Party that has infested the Neighbourhood about Maidstone, they may be thought as heretofore to be but a few and Such as Capt. Gist if He had been continued in Command Woud probably very soon have disperst. If the Govrs Orders should come to march one third of our Militia, as You now don\u2019t want that Number I can easily answer; But other Countys not knowing that You don\u2019t at present want more may send You a Number disagreeable as They will all want Provisions &c. I am glad Lt Baker had good Success, and yet hope Captn Spotswood & his Compa. may be forc\u2019t to hide Themselves for some Days & happily return\u2014\u0152tasita &c. will be a great Scourge to the prouling Enemy. You will please to order the Captains Minor & Fairfax to keep exact Muster Rolls For my examining and passing to entitle Them for Payment &c. I expected a Letter from Bryan &c. The Family here salute You in the kindest Manner and wish You every Felicity which I Witness as Dear Sr, Yr very affecte & assurd Friend & Servt\nW: Fairfax", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-27-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0173", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Dinwiddie, 27 June 1757\nFrom: Dinwiddie, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWilliamsburg June 27th 1757\nI recd Yrs of the 21st \u214c Jenkins\u2014& am glad the first Intelligence of the French & Indians formidable March with Artillery, Waggons &ca proves false; that they will continue to send scouting Parties to harrass these Colonies, I always expected, & probably they may now increase their Numbers to make a strong Push; but still as it\u2019s Indian News, who cannot count Numbers, I wou\u2019d gladly hope they are not so formidable as represented; however I think it prudent that You keep of Frederick, Fairfax & Prince Wm one hundred of each till the Draught arrive at Winchester, I suppose many of them are now at Fredericksburg where I hope You have sent Officers to receive them.\nThe French Officer\u2019s Information, who is Prisoner with You, may partly be true in regard to the Strength at Fort Du Quesne; but I cannot think they will send any Forces from Montreal, as it\u2019s natural to think they will keep all the Forces they can to the No[rth]ward to oppose Ld Loudouns Operations; or can any Number of Cherokees or Creeks come to their Assistance; all the Cherokees have declar\u2019d for us, & taken up the Hatchet, except the Town of Tellico, in the Upper Cherokee Country; & from So. Carolina it\u2019s reported the Creeks declare themselves our Friends.\nThe Indians who harrass our Frontiers are partly some of\nthose that formerly did so, as the 48 Indians that parted with them the Day before they were attack\u2019d, as reported were Shawnesse; & no doubt they have many of the Western Indians. I hope the Acct of their Cannon is true.\nOr can I believe the arrival of 3000 Soldiers at Montreal, we shou\u2019d have had an Acct from Home if any such Embarkation was made. I approve of Your Orders to Majr Lewis, & I hope You will not have occasion to evacuate those Forts; tho\u2019 on the first Intelligence sent here of the Designs of the French, with Artillery &ca the Council advis\u2019d the evacuating those Forts to reinforce Fort Loudoun.\nYou wrote to Co. Stanwix which Letter he answer\u2019d, but did not that Part relating to the Small Arms; I think You shou\u2019d have communicated to me the Contents of that Letter, for I do not know where he & his Forces are.\nI have Reason to think most of the Draughts will be at Frederickburg this Week, & I doubt not You have sent Officers to receive them; & as I order\u2019d the Militia of several other Counties to Your Assistance, You are to order them to return Home, excepting those three Counties above.\nNo News from Britain, & I am quite in the Dark as to Ld Loudoun\u2019s Motions, not having any Letter these two Months. The Treasurer this Day sends to Fredericksburg Money to pay the Volunteers & Draughts their enlisting Money, who are to be incorporated with the Regiment. I much want to know Co. Stanwix\u2019s Opinion & his Disposition of the Troops on this late Information of the Enemy\u2019s Motions. My Respects to Mr Atkin, I cannot write him now, & I remain Sir Your most humble Servant\nRobt Dinwiddie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-28-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0174", "content": "Title: Memoranda, 28 June 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n[Fort Loudoun] 28th [June 1757]\nColo. Stanwix\nWhether Officers who are sent express, or upon any other Duty, where Horses are indispensably necessary are obligd to furnish them, or have them provided at the Expence of the Publick.\n28 Mr Fielg Lewis\nWrite to him for a looking Glass.\n28th The Govr\nThe Contractors should have Instructions to engage Provisions before the Season advances too far\u2014there are I am told, Persons employd in Augusta already to purchase fat Cattle for the Army to the Northward.\nIt is necessary I should have accordg to promise a fund of money lodgd in my hand to answer Contingent Expences. Company\u2019s.\nSo soon as the Company\u2019s are formd agreeable to the New Regulation an exact size & necessary Roll is to be given into me of each Company.\nAn exact Monthly return is to be Given in specifying all occurances wch have happend in the Company\u2019s & time when &ca.\nAny Commanding Officer of a Comy failing in this Point shall be put under Arrest & tryed for disobedience of Orders.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-28-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0177", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Lee, 28 June 1757 [letter not found]\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Henry Lee, 28 June 1757. On 30 June 1757 GW wrote to Lee: \u201cI have received yours of the 28th instant.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0178", "content": "Title: Memoranda, 29 June 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n[Fort Loudoun] 29th [June 1757]\nDetach\u2019d Posts\nTo use every endeavour to learn their Men to shoot well & be good Marksmen.\nDraughts 29th\nChoose out of them a number that have been well usd, & practisd in shooting let them be likely Men.\nMajr Lewis\ndesire him and the Officers to encourage and treat the drafts kindly that they may not at first imbibe any prejudices &ca to the Service.\nRegiment\nEach Company in it is to have the Men\u2019s names & No. of the Company markd upon all their Ammunition Cloaths & Accoutrements.\nMr Kirkpatrick\nAsk him if the Committee did not agre to pay half Ferriages for all Soldiers who shoud cross at any.\nMajr Lewis\nKeep exact Copys of all the receipts he gives for Drafts & to receive no old ones.\nWaggener\nLook at Woodwards Letters especially those of the 28th June to inform his Instructns.\nGovr\nI have told many People who have accts against Indians\u2014that your Honr observd they shoud be paid when proper Vouchers were producd\u2014they want to know by whom they are to be paid & complain Grieviously if they are obligd to go all the way to Wmsburg with every acct this wd run away with the whole profit of some & be a means of preventing any Person for the future advancing any necessarys for them upon the most urgent occasion\u2014If I may presume to advise it shoud be that some Person here shou\u2019d take in & adjust all accts that might be brot & when he had done this he might then wait upon yr Honr with the proper Vouchers.\nLieutt Eustice has resignd.\nThat 12 Drafts came to this place from Prince Wm and immediately after receivg Cloath\u2019s &ca 4 of them Deserted.\nHog. als. Flemming\nSend him the amt of his acct 33.13.10.\nRobt Johnston.\nSend his money for a Gun by Mr Boyd 4.7.6.\nHog als. Bullet\nSend his acct\u20142.12.\nGovr\n                  Write to him abt the money\n                     Captn Mercer advanc\u2019d for Skins &ca viz. two Rects one of 24.12.9. the\n                     other 6.12.6 & hold the rects he promisd to give a Warr[an]t on the\n                     Speaker when I was down for it but their was no money in the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0179", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Robinson, 29 June 1757\nFrom: Robinson, John\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nI wrote you last by Mr Boyd by whom I sent Ten thousand Pounds, Six thousand for the Arrears due to the Regimt and Four thousand for Provisions &ca and Two days ago I received an Order from the Govr to send up to the Officers, appointed to receive the drafted and enlisted men, Two Thousand Pounds to pay the Men the Reward given them by the Act; and I have embraced the Opportunity by the Capt. that goes with our drafted men to Fredericksburgh to send the Money to be delivered to one of the Officers there appointed to receive the Men, to be by him delivered to You, I have paid Eleven of our Men who enlisted voluntary, a List of whose names I have sent to be given to the Officer that they mayn\u2019t demand again, and there are only five that are drafted and who are to receive their Reward from You, I flatter myself the Conduct of our County in this Affair will meet with Approbation, as we have sent our full Compliment, and most of them likely young fellows I wish every other County may do as well, whereby you may be enabled to make some defence against our numerous and vigilant Enemy, of whose Motion\u27e8s\u27e9 and destination we are impatient to hear \u27e8and\u27e9 of Fate of poor Spotswood, who is\nmuch lamented among us. In your last letter you hinted something of Capt. Mercers being indebted to the Country but as you did not speak out or let me know on what Acct it is I cant tell how to Act, the Committee has settled his Accts and there is due to him about 160. Which I shall retain in my hands till I hear further from you\u2014I sincerely wish you all the happiness you can desire for I am with the greatest Truth Dear Sir Your Affecte Freind\nJohn Robinson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0180", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Lee, 30 June 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lee, Henry\n[Fort Loudoun, 30 June 1757]\nTo Colo. Lee. County-Lt Of Prince-WilliamSir,\nI have received yours of the 28th instant; in consequence whereof I have discharged John Wood (who has employed Doctr Bowles to serve in his room.) I have, also, finding it inconsistent with the interest of the service, discharged John High Werden, who, thro\u2019 age and consequent infirmity, is altogether unfit to undergo the fatigues of a Soldier.\nAs the number of draughts I have received from your County, is far short of the complement you are to furnish; I recommend it to you (and at the same time flatter myself you will conform thereto,) to use the most speedy and effectual means of sending your quota; for we stand greatly in need of them. I am, Sir, Your most obedt St\nG:W.\nFort Loudoun, June 30th 1757.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0181", "content": "Title: Memorandum, 30 June\u20131 July 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nThe names of the Sergts employed upon the public works.\nReuben Vass\nJames Littlepage\nWm Hughes\nSaml Robinson\nRichd Good\nCharles Scott\nFrancis Moreland\nCharles Calux\nJames Hill and James White.\nThe names of those who are not employed.\nThomas Ferguson\nJames Young\nJosep. Bledsoe\nJams Carson\nHenry Carren\nJohn Gender\nAndrw Vaugn\nThomas Jones", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0183", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Fairfax, 1 July 1757\nFrom: Fairfax, William\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sr\nAlexandria 1st July 1757.\nI am glad You had no repeated Advices of the approaching Enemy wch has admitted the Discharge of Captain Fx and Company of ill disciplin\u2019d Militia and generally composd of malevolent Persons. A Proof of our inconsiderate Medley is given in our not been able to send more than nine Persons from this County to add to yr Regiment. I referr to Colo. Carlyle\u2019s giving You an Accot how our odly mixt Court had it\u2019s Interruptions and Some Delinquents escapd; And I much doubt whether the\nCounty\u2019s below will have better Success\u2014If Money had been placed in every County a more likely Chance to enlist Men. Every one that has Seen Fort Loudoun speak well of it\u2019s Structure, Situation & Commander. I wish it was in my Power to give the Workmen a Suitable Encouragement. Your Care no doubt is to compleat your Walls, Ramparts & Parapets, to mount your Guns, Secure yr Gates and come at Water against any sudden Approach of an Enemy. Another Set of Workmen if You have them, can finish Yr, the Officers Lodging & Barracks. I suppose You do Not much converse with Mr Atkin as You are silent about Him. The disbanding our Troops of Horse Militia has put the Officers under Suspence It can\u2019t be intended the late Horses Officers shall be placd in the common Rank and how to be posted is not exprest. Other Inconsistences might be mentiond, but suppose You have observd them. That We have not yet heard of the expected Shipping & Transports from England & Cork\u2019s Arrival is a Matter of Wonder & Concern. No doubt Ld Loudoun has many Uneasinesses on their Delay. Genl Webb, Colo. Stanwix &c. lamenting their Inaction unless the March of the Enemy in Pensylvania cause some of their Troops to watch & interrupt their Motions\u2014As \u0152tasati is a noted Warrior, perhaps He will undertake some notable Exploit to revenge Capt. Spotswood if Fallen. For Pticulars referr to Colo. Carlyle.\nThe Family here together offer their affect. Complts and Wishes that all your Desires may be fully answer\u2019d which I attest and confirm as Dear Sr Yr very affecte Friend and obedient hle Servt\nW: Fairfax", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "07-02-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0185", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Fitzhugh, 2 July 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Fitzhugh, Henry\n[Fort Loudoun, 2 July 1757]\nTo Colo. Henry Fitzhugh of StaffordSir,\nNine Draughts from your county were brought to this place by Captn Conway; six of whom I have given receipts for, the other three are discharged as unfit for Service\u2014Capt. Conway lost two others by desertion, as he was bringing them up: and as this will be the case with all the Draughts, we shall fall greatly short of our complement, unless the commanding Officer in each county respectively will exert himself in apprehending those which come under the letter of the Law, to supply their places.\nI hope, Sir, it is needless to urge the necessity of this obvious measure, to you. I shall only say, that we stand greatly in need of men, to supersede the necessity of sending out your Militia upon every alarm, as is now the case; as well as to render that assistance to the poor distressed Settlers on the Frontiers, which they have a right to expect and which it is absolutely necessary to afford them. I am Sir, Yrs &c.\nG:W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "07-05-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0186", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Hall, 5 July 1757\nFrom: Hall, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNova Scotia Hallifax July 5. 1757\nI wrote you last from New York, & have now to acquaint you Our Fleet arriv\u2019d at this place the 30. Ultimo, after a blustring Passage of 9 days: Heaven propitious to our Designs, happily carrd the french Fleet under Marq. Beaufremont off this Coast a very few days before, where he had been cruising sometime with 8 Sail of the Line\u2014had they fell in with us, the Event wou\u2019d have disconcerted all Measures for the ensuing Scene, & frustrated the grandest Design that ever was projected in this Quarter. Since we have been here, 11 of the English Fleet with a 60 gun Ship have drop\u2019d in, who seperated from the Whole in a Fog on the Banks of Newfoundland. they have on board 11 Regiments; convoy\u2019d by 15 Sail of the Line & 5 Frigates, under the command of Vice Admirl Holbourn evr\u2019y moment we expect to see them in the Offing, & immediately on their Arrival we proceed, but God knows where tho\u2019 generally supposd to be against Louisbourgh\u2014We are well assurd theres 21 or 22 french sail of the Line laying ready for us, who brot over lately 12 french Regiments, & an hourly Expectation of 7 more; with the 3 Regiments at this Place We shall have in all 20. 19 of wch consisting of as many thousands, they being all compleat will embark on this Expedition, & yet many are diffident of our Success, for by so considerable an Armament as the Enemy are said to have against us, they are appriz\u2019d of our designs, & the Opposition will be violent. Hitherto we have been crown\u2019d with Success, all Health & Spirits greatly elated at our good Luck in escaping the French Fleet. What but the Influence of Heaven coud enduce Beaufremont after he had cruis\u2019d off this place 6 Weeks, having known of our Embarkation, & confident of our Weakness to leave it 6 days before our Appearance. had he fell in with us, not only the Loss of our Troops but the taking of our General must have been the Consequence. In all likelihood the Fate of America is impending, & the revolution of 6 Weeks will greatly change the face of Affairs in regard to the british Interest in America. Heaven avert the worst[.] I send the List of our\nSquadron & the Regiments on this Expedition, if it gets to hand soon it will be the more amusing.\nI shall make it my Business at any time to transmit you, what I may think new or agreable, & I hope whilst you do me the honour to receive them, you\u2019l think I execute the Task with great Pleasure\u2014here\u2019s all the Preparations you can conceive, such a design can require, more than I can imagine & much more than I can describe. If I am well, I shall write you from the next Place. Interim wishing you the greatest Felicity I subscribe Sr with gt regd Yr most obt\nJno. Hall", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "07-06-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0187", "content": "Title: Memoranda, 6\u201310 July 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n[Fort Loudoun] July 6 [1757 - 10 July 1757]\nThe Speaker\nWrite to him that upon settling an acct with Colo. Carlyle of this date there appeard to be a ballance of \u00a3186.9.2 \u2013 \u00bd justly due him for Sundry Services done, and necessarys furnishd for the use of the Publick witht havg any connection with other accts\u2014whether am I to pay the acct or not he is uneasy abt the Payment.\nGovr\nWhether is Jenkin\u2019s to be continu\u2019d as post\u2014& how is he to be pd if continud.\nA Copy of the Mutiny & Desertion Bill\u2014& what reward is offerd for Desertrs.\nTreasurer.\nKnow if the Overplus of the money sent me for enlisting the Drafts may not be appropriated to other uses.\nAlso desire him to send the Balle of Captn Mercers acct.\nExamine his two Letters to me & answer such parts as require it\u2014one of his volunteers deserted.\nLook at Mercers Letter & Inclose Mr Palmers Certificate.\nWhat rewards are offerd for Desertrs.\nRegiment\nOrder the Serjeants of each Company to devide the Men into Squads each takg the care of one & to see that the Men of their Squad have their necessarys their Cloaths & their Arms & Accoutrements always in good Order or answer for the neglect.\nSpeaker\nWrite to him about Cloathing the Regiment.\nMr Lewis\nWrite to him for Salt\u2014Molasses.\nTo get Notes for my Tobo of the Inspecters at Falmouth\u2014& send me an acct of their weights.\nthat his Overseer has receivd Money of the Comy for Pork.\nMr Digges\nHe strongly recommends Henry Barradale for the Office of Serjt or Corpl when he is qualified have him promoted.\nCompany\u2019s.\nThe Men are always to be provided with three good Shirts & two good pr of stockgs. they are to preserve from wareing their Regimental Cloaths & are always to go Neat & clean.\nOut Posts.\nAre to send Serjeants or Corporals or some of their best drill Men to this place to be perfected in their Exercise.\nEvery Comg Officer neglecting to Train, & Discipline his Officers & Men shall be arrested & tryed for Disobedience of Order\u27e8s\u27e9.\nGovr\nwrite him the Contents of Colo. Stanwix\u2019s Letter.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0189", "content": "Title: Memoranda, 10\u201329 July 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n[Fort Loudoun, 10\u201329 July 1757]\nCompany\u2019s\nrecommend to the Officers the Study of their Duty\u2014The Reading of such Treatises on Discipline as will give them an insight into, and knowledge of the Service and to make themselves familiar with the Articles of War.\nGovr\nWrite to him for the Articles of War and desire him to Order the Printer to Publish a great Number of them[.] most Serjeants in the Regular Service are presented with one each.\nOut Posts\nFor All Services done the Publick[,] Certificates are to be gi[ve]n by the Comg Officer where Money is not in hand to pay.\nOut Posts\nNot to allow more than One Soldr to be absent on furlow at a time\u2014and to give the Reason and time of his absence at the Foot of the return.\nRegular & most exact returns to be made once a Month not only of the Strength of the Company but also of the Arms, Ammunition Cloathing, & Stores, Any Officer failing in this point or makes a false return & that does not see into these things himself shall be immediately relievd & tryed for Disobedience of Order\u2019s.\nEvery Comg Officer who looses Men by Desertion, are to use the most vigorous means to apprehend them & to see that the Cost over & above what the Country allows is deducted from the Pay of Such offending Soldiers\u2014they are to be advertisd at 40/ reward.\nFort Loudoun.\nWhenever a Soldier is confind the Nature of his Offence is to be given in In writing signd by the Person who confines him.\nNo Officer Commanding a Guard is to release any Prisoner after he is once confind without an Order from me or the Commanding Officer then present.\nMajr Lewis & Captn Hog.\nSend money by the former to pay of[f] the Recruitg accts of the Latter.\nalso send money to pay the Masters of Such Servants as Captn Hog has Enlistd.\nMajr Lewis\nOrder the Doctr to send some Medicines by him to Mr Flemming for the use of his Company.\nDirect him abt the Provisions at Fort Dinwiddie.\nNot to Build more Forts.\nSend the difficient Cloathing to Hogs Company.\nMajor Lewis.\nTo have money for answering Contingent Expences\u2014and to furnish Captn Woodward & see that every thing goes right on that Quarter.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0190", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Robinson, 10 July 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Robinson, John\nTo the TreasurerDr Sir,\n[Fort Loudoun] July 10th 1757.\nI have had the pleasure of receiving your favours of the 21st & 29th ultimo. I did indeed begin to think (tho\u2019 I cou\u2019d scarcely believe it) that you had quite forgotten me.\nI am greatly at a loss how to proceed, wanting the mutiny-bill: and do not know whether the Assembly have provided any reward for apprehending Deserters, which is very detrimental, and impedes the service much at this time; as more than one fourth of the draughts deserted before they reached this; and still continue to go off, notwithstanding I use every precaution I can possibly devise, to prevent this infamous practice.\nI am greatly obliged to you for your endeavours to serve Capt. Gist\u2014He seems to have sanguine hopes of Mr Atkins doing something for him. How justly they are formed, I know not.\nI received the money you mention in your first letter, by Mr Boyd, and have disbursed the greatest part of it, and with the best \u0153conomy I cou\u2019d, to give content.\nThe sum was trifling; and unless more is speedily sent, we shall be in the suds again.\nThe accounts transmitted by Capt. Dagworthy, made our affairs appear with a gloomy aspect; but they begin to revive again\u2014It was a surprizing mistake for an officer (in the least degree acquainted with the service) to make.\nI had an opportunity of examining the same indians afterwards; and to me, they denied having given such an account; but all agree, that many large scouting parties wer sent hitherwards. and I believe they are exercising their cruelties in Pennsylvania, as I have heard of several murders committed there lately.\nCapt. Dagworthy did I suppose for want of a good Interpreter, misunderstand the Intelligencer who was brought to him. I have received the two thousand pounds which you sent to Fredericksburgh; and have also received the Draughts &c. from your county, except John Stevens and James Johnston who have deserted. We have at this place in all, about 210 Draughts: Have lost since their arrival at Fredericksburgh near 80; and shall I fear lose very many more, unless severe Examples are made of some: which can not be done unless the military and civil powers, in their respective counties, will unite to apprehend these Fellows\u2014who go off in full confidence of finding protection.\nIt is I fear beyond all doubt that poor Spotswood has fallen into the hands of the Enemy\u2014Three men of his party are come in; who left him by his own order (to disperse) after they had fled from a party of Indians. They are however positive that he escap\u2019d that party of indians\u2014But the certainty of this is doubted. That matter which I hinted to you about Mercer, is since cleared up. He borrowed \u00a3250 by my order, and for the use of the public, while he remained at this place, and I was ordered to Ft Cumberland: and went off from here without rendering\nme any account of it; so that I was liable for payment, and unacquainted with the disbursments. But since that he has pointed out the method to re-imburse Cox (who is crying every day thro\u2019 apprehension of wrong.)\nThe sum of \u00a3164.1.5d which you speak of, is to assist in discharging this debt\u2014I send you Mr Palmers certificate, and shou\u2019d be obliged to you for the money: (I believe it may safely be trusted with Jenkins) that Cox\u2019s doubts may be removed\u2014I will send you a receipt for the money as soon as I get it.\nI have settled Mr Carlyles accopt for necessaries furnished; and was obliged to pay him \u00a370. to appease his complaints. It was hard he said, to have the balance from myself to him of \u00a3186.9.2 stopped, because he owed the country according to another accompt which he produced, only \u00a325.1. (unless the country wou\u2019d not pay him \u00a393. . . .\u00be accompts which he has charged and advanced money for 3 years ago). I did not care to pay him more than 70\u00a3. till I acquainted you with the affair; and shall now be glad of your sentiments on this matter: that is, whether I may allow him my whole accompt, and let him settle his other with the committee; deduct the \u00a325.1 only, or the 25 & 93\u00a3. both?\nWorking destroys and wears our Soldiers clothing very much; and unless some timely measures are taken, to lay in a supply, we shall be as bad off as formerly.\nWere we to begin now to engage those things, it wou\u2019d be next fall twelvemonths ere they wou\u2019d come to hand; and that wou\u2019d bring two years about, between their receiving one Suit and the other.\nIf there shou\u2019d be any thing done in it, I hope, as it is a perquisite inseparable from the Colonel, that the country will allow it to me: especially since the Governor has strip\u2019d me of the only one that was allowed, and substituted a very inadequate reward in its room.\nI shou\u2019d be glad to know whether the overplus of the two thousand pounds, after paying enlisting money to the Draughts and volunteers, may not be applied to other purposes?\nSince writing the above, 71 out of 95 Draughts that marched from Fredericksburgh on wednesday last, arrived at this place; the rest deserted. I am with great sincerity Dr Sir, your &c.\nG:W.\nFort Loudoun July 10th 1757.   \nP.S. We are greatly distressed for want of arms for the Draughts\u2014I have mentioned this to the Governor; but on this head, as on most others, he is silent.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0191", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Dinwiddie, 10 July 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Dinwiddie, Robert\nTo Governor DinwiddieHonble Sir,\n[Fort Loudoun] July 10th 1757.\nI received your Honors letter of the 27th ultimo by Jenkins. The whole of the Militia from the adjacent counties that arrived here did not amount to more than 170 men: One half of those were unarmed, and the whole without ammunition or provisions. I detained such as were fit for Service, and discharged the rest; with threats to acquaint your Honor with the naked manner in which they came out. We have at this time about 50 of the Militia from Fairfax, 20 from Culpeper, and 40 from this county, at different posts employed in scouting, and assisting the inhabitants in harvesting.\nThe Letters I had from Colo. Stanwix only informed me, that he had determined (and agreeably to that determination, had procured waggons and every thing in readiness) to march to this place which, upon the first intelligence from Captn Dagworthy, he intended to make the general Rendezvous; and stand, until proper measures cou\u2019d be concerted\u2014That he approved much of the steps I had taken; and of the council of war held here. And that, upon the second advice, he had dismissed his waggons, and intended to remain at his camp near Carlyle\u2014This is the purport of what he has written to me, except in answer to a letter of mine concerning Bat-men, which I desired to have certified by himself\u2014as your Honor seemed to imagine I intended an imposition, in setting down the allowance due to the officers of the Virginia Regiment.\nAs your Honor was pleased to make the Regulars a precedent for reducing our Bat-men; we hope you will also do it for establishing an allowance for the expence of keeping them, and for affording the other allowances of Waggons, &c. to transport the Officers Baggage and necessaries (which hitherto has always been done at their own private cost).\nI send your Honor the original writing under Colo. Stanwix\u2019s own hand, as it came to me annexed to his letter\u2014I forgot to mention before, that Colo. Sta[n]wix also wrote me, he had received advice from Colo. Wiser, that the Garrison of Fort Augusta, at Shamoken, apprehended an attack: because some Indians\nwho had just come in reported, that the french and indians had cut a large road within 10 miles of that fort. This letter was dated the 16th ulto and the Colonel observed, that he shou\u2019d wait for further intelligence, before he moved.\nThere are 209 Draughts at this place; great numbers deserted before they got here, and some since: and, unless the civil and military Officers in the respective counties will exert themselves in apprehending these fellows, and severe examples are made of some (as warning to others) we shall not be able to keep a man; notwithstanding I take every precaution I possibly can, to prevent this infamous practise\u2014Very few of the Draughts have arms; I have several Smiths employed in repairing the old ones in store here, which can scarcely be made serviceable\u2014They can not be completed with Bayonets and cartouch-boxes. It was not \u2019till lately, I have been able to procure an Armourer; altho\u2019 I had used my best endeavours to do so these 8 months past. That the Draughts may not be useless (thro\u2019 the want of arms) I shall employ them on the public works until your Honors pleasure, on this head, is known.\nI think it my duty to represent, that the contractors or Commissaries, who are to lay in provisions for the forces of this Colony for the ensuing year, shou\u2019d be immediately appointed; as the season for engaging Beef is fast approaching, and the Pedlars and Butchers from Pennsylvania, are coming amongst the Settlers for the purpose of buying.\nAfter the arrears of the Regiment [(]for which I am answerable) are paid off; it is necessary I shou\u2019d have a fund of money lodged in my hands, to answer the contingent Expences of the Service.\nI have acquainted many people with the answer your Honor gave to my representation in behalf of the accompts of the Indians\u2014They are greatly dissatisfied at the thoughts of going to Williamsburgh; and I believe it will be attended with such bad effects, that no services of a similar kind, will ever again be done by them on the most urgent occasion.\nI wou\u2019d, therefore, to prevent this  which may be very injurious in its consequences, beg leave humbly to recommend, that some person should be appointed to take in and adjust, if not to pay off, all these accompts; and at the same time wou\u2019d mention Captn Gist for this Duty: Because I understand Mr\nAtkin intends to give him the management of all matters that relate to the Indians on this quarter; and it will therefore be consistent with his office.\nI now enclose two receipts which I presented to your Honor in Williamsburgh, for money which Capt. Mercer laid out for Moccasons for the Indians. The Committee refused having any thing to say to them; because the money was to come properly out of a fund, of which your Honor has the management alone: & desired me to apply to you for it; and if your Honor remember, you returned for answer, that there was no money in your hands: offering at the same time a warrant upon the Speaker for it; which I did not take, as he had before assured me, there was no money in the Treasury.\nI hope you will be kind enough to send it now by Jenkins, as it is very much wanted: I shou\u2019d be glad to know whether your Honor intends to continue Jenkins\u2019s pay?\nTwo Officers have desired leave to resign, since I wrote you last, namely Lt Eustace and Ensign Pert.\nI have received 2,000\u00a3 of the Speaker, to pay the Draughts: We are greatly at a loss how to proceed, wanting the mutiny & desertion Bills (passed by the last Assembly:) and I shou\u2019d be very glad to know what reward the Assembly have given for apprehending deserters; and in what manner payment is to be made.\nIt is not in my power to send your Honor a return of our strength, because I have not received the returns from the Officers at the detached posts. There is however, but little alteration from that of may.\nSince writing the above, 70 more Draughts out of 95 that marched from Fredericksburgh on wednesday last, are arrived here; the rest deserted. When the whole have joined the Regiment, I shall, if your Honor is pleased to signify it as your desire, send you the number I receive from each county; and, if you require a return yet more particular, will transmit the names of each man. I am your &c.\nG:W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0193", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Dinwiddie, 11 July 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Dinwiddie, Robert\nTo Governor DinwiddieHonble Sir,\n[Fort Loudoun, 11 July 1757]\nI had just closed mine yesterday, and was going to send off Jenkins with it, when yours of the 24th ultimo came to hand.\nThe Deserters apprehended at Maidstone, were treated with such lenity as their subsequent behaviour convinces me was misplaced: Several of them having since deserted. This infamous practice, wherein such numbers of our men have (by means of the villainy and ill-judged compassion of the country-people; who deem it a merit to assist Deserters) has been wonderfully successful; and is now arrived at such a height, that nothing can stop its scandalous progress, but the severest punishments, and most striking examples. Since mine of yesterday, no less than 24 more of the Draughts (after having received their money and clothes) deserted: notwithstanding every precaution I cou\u2019d suggest was taken to prevent it: among others, I had all the roads way-laid in the night\u2014Seven of those who went off last night took that road which happened to be blocked up. Mr Hughes (whom your Honor was been pleased to appoint adjutant) and two Soldiers, took two of them, after exchanging some shot, and wou\u2019d in all probability have taken them all, had he not been disabled in the right hand, & one of our Soldiers shot thro\u2019 the leg; and, it is believed, one of the Deserters was killed in the conflict.\nI must again earnestly request, your Honor will please to send me up a copy of the mutiny and desertion bill, passed the last Session of Assembly; with blank warrants to execute the Sentence of the Courts martial; without which I fear we will soon lose, not only all the draughts but, by their going off with impunity, there is set such a bad example, as will render even the detension of the old Soldiers impracticable.\nAs the pressing exigency of this unhappy juncture, demands the utmost expedition; in which the welfare of the colony is so nearly concerned; I flatter myself Your Honor will not hesitate at sending me blank-warrants.\nBy a course of unerring experience, I am convinced beyond any doubt, that nothing but the most rigorous measures can have the least effect.\nThe inconceivable trouble those discontented turbulent fellows give us, and the few Officers that now remain here, have greatly impeded the service; and laid me under the necessity of appointing the three oldest Volunteers; vizt Mess: Speak, Felt, and Wood[ford], Ensigns; which I hope your Honor will approve of.\nI am glad your Honor does not think of the additional companies, or Rangers, till the Regiment is completed. A short time has already demonstrated how justly founded your apprehensions on that head were\u2014As I now begin to despair of seeing the 8 companies that remain in the Colony, compleated\u2014I am convinced every day will lessen our numbers \u2019till some sad examples are made of the Deserters.\nAs the unhappy fate of poor Capt. Spotswood seems now to be ascertained, and made a vacant company in the Regiment, I beg leave to recommend Capt. McNeill in the warmest manner to your Honor for it: not only from his undoubted title of seniority but from his great merit, hard fate, and long sufferings in his rank and pay.\nShou\u2019d he be again superseded; it can not be imagined, that a man of his spirit will be any longer detained in the service however prejudicial his leaving it may otherwise be to him. And I must confess it would give me pain that we should lose a good officer thro\u2019 the default of common justice.\nYour Honor seems surprized at my returning 432 men in may, and but 384 in June. It is true, there were several desertions in that interval; but, if your Honor will take the trouble of looking [at] those two returns, it will immediately remove your surprize: That of may was of my total effectives; and that of the 16th of June, was only of the number I then had fit for Duty; designed to shew your Honor what I [had] actually fit for service, at a time when we were threatened with the most imminent danger.\nThe reason of my being so urgent for the blank warrants is, that I am perswaded, that postponing the punishments ordered by the courts martial, will not only diminish the terror of delinquents, but encourage others of the Soldiers to follow their base example. And, wou\u2019d Your Honor think proper to issue your proclamation, commanding all the Officers civil and military, to exert themselves in apprehending these Deserters, it wou\u2019d probably have a good effect.\nI have ordered a roll to be made out of the Draughts that deserted, since they were received at Fredericksburgh; which I here enclose your Honor, that you have it advertised, if you shall think it proper.\nAlthough my Brothers affairs have been long in an unsettled state; and I am nearly interested in having them properly adjusted; and which can not be done without my presence being one of the Executors, yet I did not purpose when I asked leave, nor ever intended to be absent, but at some favorable time, when the Service cou\u2019d admit of it without any detriment.\nIn mine of the 27th ultimo, I enclosed Your Honor Doctr Ross\u2019s (commissary for the maryland troops) letter, relating to the provisions at Ft Cumberland; and desired your Honors instructions on that head: Since which the enclosed, on the same subject, came to my hand.\nAs Mr Atkin will not agree to part with any of the dutch-blankets which came up for the Indians, to replace those of the Regiments, which Colo. Stephen injudiciously gave away. I shall be at a great loss, not having a Blanket left; and unless they can be sent up soon from Williamsburgh, I shou\u2019d be glad to receive orders to send for them to Pennsylvania. I am &c.\nG:W.\nJuly 11th 1757.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0194", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Stanwix, 11 July 1757\nFrom: Stanwix, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nCamp near Carlisle [Pa.] 11th July 1757\nhad I had any Opportunity of returning an Answer to the Favour of yours of the 24th of June should have acknowledged it much sooner but would not mis the Opportunity of this Express to Mr Atkins wch I send in this manner as Govern. Denny tell\u2019s me the letter is to him of moment from Sir Wm Johnston and that if he has left your Country you will know how to Forward it to him. I have had severl partys out Scouting in these Borders as far as Rays town & so on over those North Mountains nothing material, a few Stragling Indians this way who have shot at Women & Children but killed as yet one Horse. Col: Wesser tells me his is pesterd with a good many more of them on their border\u2019s from the Susquehana &c. when a good deal of Mischief has been done but they should have there & at Shamokin 600 Provincials at least or 800 as none are yet gone to S: Caroliana.\nas to your Country Malitia all I believe we are to expect from them is their Guarding the Forts in Case the Provincials March forward except they were to go upon a Command they liked this might carry them out of their Countys.\nThere is no doubt but Adl Holburn has joyn\u2019d Lord Loudoun before this off Hallifax we may soon expect to hear of\nsomething being attempted in the North which at present takes up the whole attention both of Europe & America, your willingnes to allow me to waite upon you with the Troop\u2019s and your Command is very Obliging, and no order\u2019s from me shall move you from your present Station when you have had Instructions to remain, except the most Urgent Necessity, my General Instructions are to remain here where I am trying to throw up some usefull retrenchmts but shall think my self justified to march when it appears to me that the publick service on the back of any of these southern provinces may want Assistance, I beg you will believe that I am very truly Dr Sir Your most obedt humble Servt\nJohn Stanwix", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0195", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Dinwiddie, 12 July 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Dinwiddie, Robert\nTo Governor DinwiddieHonble Sir,\n[Fort Loudoun] July 12th 1757.\nAfter Jenkins left this yesterday evening, the enclosed, from Capt. Dagworthy, came to hand.\nWe have pretty many men, and very few arms here (that are fit for service).\nI must now beg the favor of your Honor, to send me a commission for holding General Courts\u2019-martial; as I apprehend that which I had under the former act, was no longer in force, than while that act existed. Irregularity and confusion will continually prevail among us, till the companies are formed, and the proper officers appointed to each: which can not be done,\nunless your Honor will take the trouble upon yourself, or invest me with power and blank commissions to do it. At this time it will take nearly a dozen and an half commissions to complete the eight companies in Virginia with officers, and to make the necessary changes.\nThere are (including those which I have appointed the oldest volunteers to) five or six vacancies, besides nine or ten Ensigns that will be made Lieutenants: and if Captn Spotswood\u2019s company shou\u2019d be disposed of to McNeill (but I think it would be a little premature to give the company away till time or something else, shall confirm his death) there will be another vacancy occassioned by his promotion.\nCapt. Woodwards company, nor any of the companies on the Branch were brought to this place. I am &c.\nG:W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0196", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Dagworthy, 12 July 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Dagworthy, John\nSir\nFort Loudoun, July 12th 1757\nI recd your\u2019s of the 10th Inst. Covering the Drummer\u2019s Deposition about the Enemy\u27e8\u2019s\u27e9 Motions and Designs which I hope will prove as favourable to us as the last Intelligence from that Quarter\u2014I have Transmitted Governor Dinwiddie a Copy of it and would have sent an \u27e8exprs\u27e9 to Colo. Stanwix did not the Bearer assure me that there cou\u2019d be no doubt of your Expresses reaching him in due time\u2014If you shou\u2019d at any time hereafter have occasion to send an Express here you need not be at the Trouble of sendg it further than Pearsalls from whince Captn McKinzie will immediatly forward it here\u2014the Bearer\n\u27e8se\u27e9ems unfit for the Service he is now on being a Drunken delatory Fellow. I am Sir Your most hble \u27e8Servt\u27e9\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "07-13-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0197", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Joseph Chew, 13 July 1757\nFrom: Chew, Joseph\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nNew London 13th. July 1757\nMy not answering my Friend\u2019s letters Punctually is not owing to want of Respect or Regard but am Often Prevented by Business, and the Cares of Life, or some other Accidents for which I never fail to Condemn myself and sue for Pardon as I now do to you for not Answering your kind favor from Phila. you Please me my dear Friend in what you say with Regard to the Campain and your being employ\u2019d. the great have all there Reasons of state for what they doe, how vast must be the Surprize those who know you and the scene you have been engaged in for these several years to see you Continue unnoticed; when they that have only heard of your name think it both Cruel and hard\u2014you form a Very just and true judgment of those in Places & Power Our Country is our first Care and demands all our best Endeavours but not the sacrificing ourselves without a Prospect of doing that or ourselves any Good\u2014\nI hope the Conclusion of the Summer may bring forth something at Present Every thing looks dark & Gloomy. I find no fault with the measures taken and the scripture forbids us to speak Evil of the Rulers of the Land; however I am Convinced and satisfied if some of our Country men had been imploy\u2019d and those who had served with Credit & honnour been Rewarded or Noticed it Could have been attended with no Ill or bad Consequence\u2014\n   it is now the middle of July no Certainty of any Fleets arrival from England there is a Rumour they have been Speak with by a Fisherman, but those Gentry are seldom to be depended upon there is also a Report that Lord Loudoun is Arrived at Halyfax which I sincerely wish may be truth. it is out of Dispute that there is 8 sail of the Line in Louisbourgh and our Accots. from Martinico as Late as June 12th say Monsr. Bourparr their\nLate General had taken the Command of seven sail of the Line & three Frigates with which it is strongly suspected he intended to sail for Louisbourgh if these two fleets or squadrons joyn, I am much afraid the utmost of our Expedition will be to secure Halyfax\u2014I wish these Reports may be groundless, that Admiral Holborn may soon arrive and Lord Loudoun be able to Carry his Plan into Execution with such success as will may Reder [render] his name dear & Famous to his Country and give Peace to us here in the Poor depress\u2019d Colonys\u2014I shall inclose you a Boston Paper in this and Refer you to that for further news\u2014\nas to the Latter part of your Letter what shall I say, I often had the Pleasure of Breakfasting with the Charming Polly, Roger Morris was there (dont be startled) but not always, you know him he is a Ladys man, always something to say, the Town talk\u2019t of it as a sure & settled Affair. I can\u2019t say I think so and that I much doubt it, but assure you had Little Acquaintance with Mr. Morris and only slightly hinted it to Miss Polly; but how can you be Excused to Continue so long at Phila. I think I should have made a kind of Flying march of it if it had been only to have seen whether the Works were sufficient to withstand a Vigorous Attack, you a Soldier and a Lover. mind I have been arguing for my own Interest now for had you taken this method then I should have had the Pleasure of seeing you\u2014my Paper is almost full and I am Convinced you will be heartily tyred in Reading it\u2014however will just add that I intend to set out tomorrow for New York where I will not be wanting to let Miss Polly know the sincere Regard a Friend of mine has for her. and I am sure if she had my Eyes to see thro she would Prefer him to all others my Respects to Capts. Mercer & Stewart, if my Brother is in your way let him know I am well, now my Dear Friend I wish you Eternall Happiness and Content and assure you that I am with sincere Esteem Your most Obedt Servt.\nJos Chew\nThe post brings an Acct. of the Arrival of the Fleet from England for which the Lord be praised\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "07-13-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0198", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Dinwiddie, 13 July 1757\nFrom: Dinwiddie, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWilliamsburg July 13th 1757\nI recd Yrs of 27th Ulto\u2014As to Mr Gun, if he rejects Lieutt\u2019s Pay, I shall not give him more, & I hear he is come down the Country.\nI wrote You pretty fully by Jenkins to which be refer\u2019d. I now send You 400 Arms, which with those You have will be sufficient to Arm the Draughts &ca. they come under the Care of Serjeant Fent, who appears to me to be a deserving Young Man, I therefore desire You to give him an Ensigns Commission. I now send You sixteen Blank Commissions to be fill\u2019d up for Subalterns according to their Merit, which You must be a better Judge of than I. As I have not a Return of the Draug[ht]s from each County, I cannot tell their Numbers, but hope they are at least sufficient to compleat the eight Compas. remaing in the Country; if enough for twelve Companies, that is, ten here besides those gone to So. Carolina, write me, & Yr Opinion who shd have Capt.\u2019s Commiss[ion]s.\nAnd after You have compleated The Compa[nies] to 100 Men each in Rank & file, I desire You to detach sufficient to Augusta, agreeable to the Disposition made by Ld Loudoun; but as I remember, You thot some other Places more proper (than were there determin\u2019d on) for covering that Frontier. I refer that to You; & I think an Officer shou\u2019d be sent there to supervise the whole; if You think Majr Lewis a proper Person for that\nService I agree to it\u2014And the Men remaing with You, You are to dispose of them in the most eligible Method for the Service & Protectn of the Inhabitants reserving sufficient to finish Fort Loudoun.\nI wonder You did not send me Copy of Colo. Stanwix\u2019s Lr to You. I acknowledge I am surpriz\u2019d at the long Time the Fort has been a buildg & hope You will with all possible Dispatch complete it.\nI hope before this You have all the Draughts at Fort Loudoun, & put them in proper Order, after which read the Articles of War at the head of each Company\u2014I observe what You write about the Militia, their refractory Temper & not coming up properly provided according to Law, which I shall particularly notice when they come to be paid; I think You had \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 Militia from Prince Wm, but I doubt not before this You have sent them all Home.\nI approve of Yr delivering some of the Ammunition to the poor Inhabitants, as I doubt not Yr frugality on that Head\u2014I read Dr Ross\u2019s Letter in regard to the Provisions deliver\u2019d Ct. Dagworthy at Ft Cumberland[.] I have wrote fully to Govr Sharpe on that Head; there can be no Objection to their replacing the other Species at Ft Loudoun, that they do not find Fault with, & that of the Beef to be adjusted afterwards which You are to insist on.\nI believe the Treasr sent up 2000\u00a3 to pay the \u27e8D\u27e9raughts, as he had my Warrant for that Sum, which was suppos\u2019d here to be sufficient. I know not what may be wanting to pay the Demands with You, on that Head You shou\u2019d be more explicit\u2014Mr Boyd had 6000 to pay the Arrears of the Regiment which with 2000 formerly paid the two Compas. sent to So. Caro. I understood from him wou\u2019d pay the Arrears, & 4000 for Provisions; if deficient You shd write how much, at same Time I think he had all that was sign\u2019d.\nThe Guns at Co. Hunters cannot be spar\u2019d at present, but 14 Great Guns mounted at Fort Loudoun I think will make a good Defence. I have been much fatigued in geting Goods for the Inds. which I now send with Invo. under Cover to Mr Atkin, if he is gone open the Letter; & if he has appointed a Deputy deliver them to him; if Mr Gist is the Person I think he must have Capts. Pay; but Mr Atkin wrote me he expected Maryld to contribu\u27e8te\u27e9\nto the Charge o[f] Presents &ca as it\u2019s hard on this Country to be at the whole Expence\u2014Whoever is left in trus\u27e8t\u27e9 by him must be particularly careful in keeping a\u27e8n\u27e9 exact Acct, to what Natn of Inds. & at what Times the Goods are given to them\u2014Mr Atkin desir\u2019d a Barrel of Powder & some Lead\u2014which You are to supply.\nIt is not thot necessary to have a Commissy of Musters, as the Pay Mr must make a Return of the Men as he pays them.\nYou see the great Confidence I place in You which I hope You will discharge with Care & Probity. I remain Sir Your humble Servant\nRobt Dinwiddie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "07-14-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0199", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Stanwix, 14 July 1757\nFrom: Stanwix, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nCamp near Carlisle [Pa.] 14th July 1757\nTh\u00f4 it is very probable Captain Dagworthy has sent you a Copy of a Deposi[tio]n from John Street a Drumr yet least this should not be so have enclosed that which he sent me what Stress there is to be laid on it I can not say, but by your Corpl \u27e8illegible\u27e9 you the trouble of & if there should be any truth in it will put us upon our Guard, Th\u00f4 I rather think if the Enemy are so strong as represent\u2019d at Fort Duqusne & the Lakes they would be most likely detacth to the North where Lord Loudoun is trying to make the Greater Effort as I wrote you two days ago shall only add that I am Sir Your Most Obedt Humbe Sert\nJohn Stanwix", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0202", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Fairfax, 17 July 1757 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Fairfax, William\nLetter not found: to William Fairfax, 17 July 1757. On 20 July 1757 Fairfax wrote to GW: \u201cI rec\u2019d yr Favor of the 17th inst.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0203", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Kirkpatrick, 17 July 1757 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Kirkpatrick, John\nLetter not found: to John Kirkpatrick, 17 July 1757. On 21 July 1757 Kirkpatrick wrote to GW: \u201cI am honor\u2019d with yours of the 17th.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0204", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Fairfax, 17 July 1757\nFrom: Fairfax, William\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sr\nBelvoir. 17 July\u201457.\nI rec\u2019d yr Favor by Mr Kirkpatk and sorry that our Men have deserted in the great Number You mention, to Remedy such an evil Tendency appears improbable and whilst a branch of the Legislature seem afraid to enact a more forcible Law, all Delinquents will find an Asylum to skreen them\u2014I am glad You are in a near Prospect of making Fort Loudoun defensible against any Enemy not very numerous and assisted with battering Cannon. You have or will be furnishd with two good Mortars, some Coehorn\u2019s and Granado Shells &ca\u2014I hope as most necessary.\nIf Mr Atkyn continues to disoblige the Indians thereby causing a general Dissatisfaction, I think You shou\u2019d acquaint the Governor therewith, who together with the Council may let him know their Sentiments that if He perseveres in his uncommon Manner They will represent the Facts to Ld Loudoun who is to pay his Salary I suppose on his meriting it\u2014I wish You may be able to form the Companys so as to admit your visiting Us abt the first of next Mo.\nI have been lately advisd, that my Son William Hy was seen abt a Week ago at Mr Nicholas\u2019s, supposing He came in the late Ships from England. He signified to Me that his Desires were to Serve and act in the Military, of which I acquainted You when You set off for Philadelphia\u2014If therefore a Lieuts. Comission in yr Regiment be vacant, Please to acquaint the Governor as I shall do as soon as Billy comes up, for I would not have him loose much Time in equipping himself for the laudable Undertaking. I persuade my Self Billy will be more Steady than Bryan has prov\u2019d, and give You more Pleasure to encourage his Improvement in Military Skill.\nI am glad Capt. Gist is likely to be employd in Indian Affairs to his Advantage. His Daughter lives with Us and is kindly treated by Mrs Fx and Miss Hannah.\nAt  set\nBilly this moment arriv\u2019d, and I have acquainted him with the foregoing Article relating to his being Commissiond in our Regiment. He has brought Letters of Recomendation to Ld Loudoun & Genl Abercrombie, but as it is obvious there are many young Gentn with Ld Loudoun serving as Volunteers or Cadets which no doubt expect to be first commissiond It may be a long Time before Billy may have the Chance to be an Officer\u2014The Letters to Ld Loudoun & Genl Abercrombie may be sent And I shall request Ld Fx to joyn his kind Recomendation of Billy to Ld Loudoun. In the mean time Billy can begin his first Rudiments under yr Discipline and if Ld Loudoun shd favor him wth his Commands, they can be attended. I hope We are not too late for a Commission under You, wch please to make known to the Govr as I shall soon do. The best Wishes of the Family attend You. Witness Yr affect. & obedient Servt &c.\nW: Fairfax", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0206", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Robinson, 18 July 1757\nFrom: Robinson, John\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nWmsburgh July 18. 1757.\nI recd your favour of the 10th Instant by Jenkins, and am not a little concerned, that you should harbour the least thought of my forgeting you, which if I know myself is impossible for me to do, but shall always with the greatest satisfaction remember the friendship which has and I flatter myself will always subsist between us.\nI have procured a Copy of the Mutiny Act for you and delivered it to the Govr who will send it you by Jenkins, by which you will see better than I can inform you by Letter how you are to proceed, the Govr will also send you a Commission for the Trial of Offenders, I am very sorry to find such a dastardly spirit among our Drafts, and I think a speedy Example should be\nmade of some of them, that others may be detered from following their destructive Example.\nAs we could not tell what the Arrears for provisions amounted to the Govr thought the \u00a34000 sent by Boyd would be sufficient till the Accts could be sent, and he would now upon your Letter have sent a further sum, but it was not thought proper to send so much by Jenkins, but he has given me a Warrant for \u00a31500, payable to Mr Walker, who I expect to see this Week, when I shall pay it to him, and I suppose he will go immediately up with it, the Govr will direct how the Overplus of the \u00a32000 shall be applied. I have sent by Jenkins \u00a3164.1.5. As to Mr Carlyle you may pay him deducting only the 25.1 as there is little doubt of the Committee allowing him the \u00be of his former Accts. As the Govr has the sole disposal of the Money that was last given for the Support of the Regiment, the Directions and Orders for cloathing must come from him and I am afraid you will have some difficulty to perswade him to let you receive any Benefit from it.\nI am heartily concerned at the unhappy fate of poor Spotswood as I am afraid there is little hopes of his being alive, We have no news here worth writing, I am with the greatest truth Dr Sir Your Sincere & Affect. Freind\nJohn Robinson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0207", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Stanwix, 18 July 1757\nFrom: Stanwix, John\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nCamp near Carlisle [Pa.] July 18th 1757\na Cherokee Indian is just arrived here & has put the ten indians waiting at this place for Prestents from this Collony into very ill humour, by telling them that their Brothers have been put into Prison at Winchester, so that is with the Greatest difficulty I could prevale with them to stay \u2019till this afternoon to take with them to our Fort Loudoun \u00a3400 worth, of presents to be there distributed after they joyn, but these Cherokees have insisted upon their interpreter Mr Smith going off directly to you to know the cause and have given them the Strongest assurance (wch I am sure I could do with great safety) that you will do them the greatest justice, and if any mistake has happen\u2019d that you will make them the most ample satisfaction as Mr Smith their interpreter & the bear[e]r of this is press\u2019d much by the Indians to set of so it prevents my saying any more than that I am with great truth Sir Your most obedt humble Servt\nJohn Stanwix", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "07-19-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0208", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Stanwix, 19 July 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Stanwix, John\nTo Colonel StanwixDr Sir\n[Fort Loudoun] July 19th 1757.\nYour favour of the 14th instant is come to hand.\nI wrote you fully in three several letters, under one cover, about four days ago. Before yours came to hand, I had received a letter from Captn Dagworthy, enclosing a copy of Steels [Street\u2019s] depositions; & made particular enquiry (of the bearer) whether the account was transmitted to you; being answered in the affirmative, and hearing by the Express to Mr Atkin, that the Messenger was near Carlyle; I forbore in my last, troubling you with a repetition of it. I sent one to Governor Dinwiddie, that, in case the affair shou\u2019d turn out worse than I apprehended, the charge of negligence shou\u2019d not lie at my door. But I shall not literally believe every account (now) from that quarter; as the late alarming news was founded in so little truth.\nI can not believe, either, that the french on the Ohio do think of more than their own defence, and sending out scalping parties of Indians to annoy and keep our frontiers in terror. Be this as it may, I shall always think it my duty to stand in the best posture of defence, that the situation of my affairs will possibly admit.\nI beg leave to offer my compliments to those Gentlemen of your Battalion, with whom I have the honor to be acquainted. I am Sir, your most obedt & obliged hble servant,\nG:W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0209", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Horatio Sharpe, 20 July 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Sharpe, Horatio\nTo Governor Sharpe.Sir,\n[Fort Loudoun] July 20th 1757.\nI have undoubted intelligence that many Deserters from the Virginia Regiment are gone to, and are harboured and protected in several counties of your province, especially Baltimore-county, under the specious pretext of their unjust detention, after the expiration of the time, which, the Deserters\n(I learn) pretend was limited when they enlisted. And some in authority, either from an ill-placed compassion, or from that spirit of opposition to the service, which is too prevalent thro\u2019 Continent, have not only countenanced those Deserters, but made use of your Excellencys name for that purpose; as you may observe by the enclosed, (a copy of the original is in my possession.)\nI am quite certain, that no orders have been issued, since I have been honored with the command of this Regiment, to enlist for any limited term; and Captn Gist (upon whom the Deserters wou\u2019d fix this charge) declares on his honor, that he never mentioned limiting their time of Service in any other way than this, that they shou\u2019d be discharged at the conclusion of the war or Expedition, which might possibly be ended in 6 or 8 months\u2014which cou\u2019d be deemed nothing more than one of those little subterfuges which, from the disagreeable nature of the Recruiting service, has, at some junctures been considered necessary: Tho\u2019 I must still think, wou\u2019d come with a better grace from a Sergeant, than a commissioned officer.\nI am sure, from your Excellency\u2019s good sense, experience, and knowledge in military affairs, that you have given no decision in this affair, without a proper enquiry; which cou\u2019d not well be made without the attendance of those who recruited the Deserters: and that Majistrates have, from the report of the Deserters, afforded them this unjustifiable protection. As this is the point of view in which it appears to me; I have ordered Ensign Fell (who assisted in recruiting them) to wait on Your Excellency; and request, you wou\u2019d be pleased to have the affair enquired into; that if the allegations of the Deserters be false, you will please to give such orders as will enable me to have them apprehended; and if they are well-grounded, that I may have Captn Gists conduct, for disobedience of orders, enquired into. I judge this step necessary to be taken, previously to my laying the affair before the Commander in Chief; therefore hope His Excellency will forgive this trouble from him who has the honor of being With great respect His Excely\u2019s most obedt Hble Servant,\nG:W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0210", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Fell, 20 July 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Fell, Robert\n[Fort Loudoun, 20 July 1757]\nTo Ensign FellBy George Washington &c. &c. &c.\nYou are ordered to wait upon His Excellency, the Governor of Maryland, with a letter which you will receive with this; and to request the favor of him to issue his warrant for the more effectually apprehending the many Deserters of the Virginia Regiment, that now appear publickly in Baltimore-county, under the protection of the civil Majistrates.\nIf His Excellency shou\u2019d entertain any doubts respecting the legality of their enlistment; you are to desire that the matter be brought to a fair hearing; when you are to be present, and note the proceedings. Given under my hand this 20th of July, 1757.\nG:W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0214", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Stanwix, 20 July 1757\nFrom: Stanwix, John\nTo: Washington, George\nDr Sir\nCamp near Carlisle [Pa.] July 20th 1757\nI hope Col. Washington has not been upon the Cerimony of not going for ten days on his private affairs without my leave, hope he will always take this upon himself, being well assured of your not being Absent from your Command where your presence is so very necessary, but when you can with safety to his Majestys Service, I have the pleasure to be very Sincerly Sir your most Obedt humble Servt\nJohn Stanwix", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "07-21-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0215", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Kirkpatrick, 21 July 1757\nFrom: Kirkpatrick, John\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nAlexandria 21st July 1757\nI am honor\u2019d with yours of the 17th inclosing a list of articles necessary for the Artillery\u2014which cannot readily be procured here by what endeavours I have yet had occasion to make\u2014indeed some triffling things may be had, vizt Sheep skins, Hair Cloths, Old Junk, Sifters and some spirits of Wine\u2014the others will be difficult to meet with nigher than Philadelphia\u2014if there\u2014the Match I believe is not made in the Country & had we Copper & tinn, the Ladles & measures might be made, as also the Lanthorn\u2014unless it is of a Particular kind\u2014However, no pains shall be spared to accomplish any part of them\u2014I shall be at Rock Creek in a day or two, and will enquire if any of them are amongst the Stores left in Colo. Beales care\u2014Mr Carlyle tells me the Magazine at Williamsburg is well Supplyd with all or most of these things\u2014from whence you may be Compleatly furnish\u2019d\u2014but, on what Authority he grounds his information, I cannot affirm.\nYou have, I dare say before now reced Mr Ramsay\u2019s Letter in respect of your mining adventure, in which I desired he might be explicit as you was anxious to know the terms\u2014He has procured You two shares I think, the rest being taken up before\u2014I wish You great Success in it.\nThe Dangers that threatend Fort Cumberland I observe, are not entirely blown over, by severall presumptive Circumstances\nwe may imagine an Attempt intend\u2019d, and in Consequence of its weakness will fall a Sacrifice\u2014then may we Listen for Melancholy Accounts from every Quarter\u2014Your Disapointment in the Augmentation of Your Regiment\u2014the Fatigue, Uneasiness, and Dissatisfaction, You daily encounter in every Branch of the Service are Subject of Much regret\u2014I sincerely wish You every Happiness this Life can afford, or the next can Bestow, & Am Dr Sr Your Much Obliged Servt\nJno: Kirkpatrick\nP.S. I shall be glad Allways to be employed in any thing You have occasion for, this way.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "07-24-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0217", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Bullitt, 24 July 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Bullitt, Thomas\nTo Lieut. BulletSir,\n[Fort Loudoun] July 24th 1757.\nI have received two or three letters from you and Ensign Fleming\u2014In answer I shall observe, that I think you have an undoubted right to sit as a regimental court martial, and to punish offenders; and that I am sorry to hear of the desertions which have happened in your company, and the temper of mind that prevails in your men; and hope, that you hitherto have, and do still continue to check this growing evil, and to maintain discipline.\nIt was a mistake (I believe I might say negligence) in the Quarter-master, that he did not send Hats for your company, Garters and Buckles; as to spatter-dashes, none of the Soldiers have received any: and with regard to what they call half-mounting, I must tell you, that every Soldier who has received\nthese, has paid for them. So that you may assure your company, there is no distinction made.\nIf you have one Halbert, it is more than we have in the whole Regiment; and I desire it may be laid aside, and a musket, &c. substituted in it\u2019s place. Cartridge-paper is an article not to be had here; and we make use of horns and pouches in its stead, which you must also do. Drums will be sent by Major Lewis, who is to have the command of your company, and will move it hitherwards.\nI have directed Capt. Hogg to give up the command of the company to you; and I desire that you will exert your best endeavours to finish the fort in the most expeditious manner; altho\u2019 it shou\u2019d, by that means, be roughly done. You are to take an exact account of all the Stores and of everything you receive from Captn Hogg; and pass your receipt for them.\nIn answer to the Queries which you and Mr Fleming have put, I shall observe, that it is the duty of every commanding Officer to use the greatest diligence and care, to pursue and apprehend Deserters; and that at as little expence as possible\u2014but that such expence as must inevitably arise, be paid by the country.\nThe second case is pretty clear, from several of the articles of war; one of which requires the commanding officer to forbid a soldiers being credited, without orders from him: another prohibiting any persons dealing with Soldiers without his leave[.] No soldier is to be credited for more than his pay: and that pay so much as is due (and not more) shou\u2019d be applied in paying off his accmpt with the Captain, or other officer, who keeps the companys accompts, and furnishes them with necessaries: and the remainder to pay the expence apprehending them.\nI think, whoever enlisted a man under the late regulation for recruiting, was entitled to the two pistoles, bounty-money; but it cou\u2019d not be expected that the Captain wou\u2019d advance this sum, if he had no money of the Countrys in his hands.\nBy the present act of assembly, the person or persons enlisted, are entitled to \u00a35. without the least deduction; and the Officer to his expences. if they are sent recruiting no person (either Servant or any other) after they are enlisted & attested, can be discharged by no person but myself, or the officer whom\nI may appoint: and whoever assumes this liberty, subjects himself to be tried by a General Court Martial.\nI have got several small accompts amounting to \u00a32.12. which you sent me down, passed for the Soldiers; and will send the money by Major Lewis.\nGive my complimts to Mr Fleming, and tell him, that if the appointment of officers is left to me, his detached situation will be no prejudice to his promotion.\nG:W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0218", "content": "Title: General Court-Martial, 25\u201326 July 1757\nFrom: \nTo: \n[Fort Loudoun, 25\u201326 July 1757]\nThe Proceedings of a General-court-martial held at Fort Loudoun on the 25th & 26th Days of July 1757 by Vertue of a Commission directed to\nMajor Andrew Lewis President\n                  Capt. Lieut. McNeill\n                  Lieut. Steenbergen\nLieut. Nathl Thompson Judge Advocate\nAfter the President, Members & Judge Advocate had taken the Oaths directed by an Act of Assembly passed the 14th Day of April 1757.\nPrisoner Ignatius Edwards an old Deserter from the Regiment & brought back as a Draught by Vertue of a late Act of\nAssembly confin\u2019d by Ensn Speake for deserting since he last joined the Regiment was brought before the Court.\nAfter the Prisoner had been informed for what Offence he was confin\u2019d & brought to Tryal & had heard the Nature of his Offence again explain\u2019d, and the Act of Assembly relative thereto read\u2014He was asked by the Judge Advocate whether he was guilty of the Crime he was accused of or not guilty? he answered\u2014Guilty. When he had plead guilty he was asked whether he had met with any such rigorous Treatment in the Service (or from what he had seen & known had Reason to dread he wou\u2019d) as to induce him to desert? He answer\u2019d NO. He was then asked what had induced him to be guilty of so heinous a Crime the Penalties of which he had been often told & perticularly made well acquainted with when he last joined the Regiment & in the warmest Manner exhorted to avoid? He answer\u2019d he had heard the Articles against Desertion read but had not by any Exhortation or Command else as he cou\u2019d recollect been advised or order\u2019d to avoid the Penalties by Them inflicted.\nColo. George Washington (being sworn) declared that he exhorted the Draughts in general to act well & told them that by a good Behavior they wou\u2019d not only prevent Punishments & harsh Treatment, but make him & the rest of the Officers do every Thing in their Power to render the Service agreeable & that after he had in general spoke to all the Draughts then present he addressed himself to the Prisoner in perticular & told him that (as he had already been twice pardoned for the villanous & shameful Crime of Desertion) he ought for the future to be perticularly careful of his Behavior & never more think of deserting for that shou\u2019d he desert again & be apprehended Nothing cou\u2019d prevent his being hanged\u2014He likewise declares that an Offer was made him from the Prisoner and William Brent in his behalf that he (the Prisoner) for a Discharge wou\u2019d procure a Man to serve in his Room & that he (the Colo.) told them that as he had been an old Offender he wou\u2019d not for any Consideration discharge him.\nCapt. Robt Steuart being sworn declares that he heard Colo. Washington speak to the Draughts & the Prisoner in perticular as above or in Words to the same Effect.\nThe Prisoner Ignatius Edwards says in his Defence that he\ndeserted with an Intent to hire two Men to come in his Stead. He was then told that he must be certain that no Pretence of that Kind wou\u2019d be admitted as an Excuse for the Colo. himself had before he deserted told him that he wou\u2019d not take Men in his Room. The Prisoner then was asked whether he had any Thing else to offer in his Defence which might diminish the horrid Nature of his Offence or make it appear in a more favourable View to the Court: He answer\u2019d NO.\nIt is the Sentence of the Court that the above Prisoner Ignatius Edwards shall suffer Death by being hanged or shot.\nPrisoners Joshua King & George Curtis Soldiers draughted by a Late Act of Assembly confin\u2019d by Adjutant Hughs for Desertion were brought before the Court.\nThe Prisoners (after the Nature of their Offences were explain\u2019d & the Act of Assembly relative thereto read) were by the Judge Advocate asked whether they were guilty or not guilty of the Crime they were accused of? answer\u2019d Guilty. Upon their being asked whether their Treatment in the Service cou\u2019d induce them to be guilty of so horrid an Offence they answer\u2019d NO. They were then asked whether they did not know that they were liable for such an Offence to suffer Death? they answer\u2019d Yes. Being then asked what cou\u2019d induce them to become liable to such a Penalty? they answer\u2019d the great Desire that they had to be at Home with their Friends. They were then asked wheather they had any Thing to offer in their Favour that cou\u2019d alleviate their Crime they answer\u2019d NO, only that they beged the Clemency of the Court.\nIt is the Sentence of the Court that the above Prisoners Joshua King & George Curtis shall suffer Death by being hanged or shot.\nPrisoners Thomas Short a Soldier draughted by a late Act of Assembly, confin\u2019d by Ensn Speake for Desertion was brought before the Court.\nThe Prisoner (being inform\u2019d for what he was brought before the Court, the Nature of his Offence being explained &c.) being asked wheather he was guilty or not guilty of the Crime that he was accused of answered Guilty. He was then asked wheather he was not sensible that the Penalty was Death answer\u2019d Yes but that he was induced thereto by William Beatly\nwho deserted with him & is not yet taken. Being asked wheather he had any Thing farther to say that wou\u2019d render his Case favourable he answer\u2019d No, I have not any.\nIt is the Sentence of the Court that the above Prisoner Thomas Short shall suffer Death by being hanged or Shot.\nAaron Felts James Butler Samuel Pate & Thomas Pate Soldiers draughted by a late Act of Assembly confind by Adjutant Hughs for Desertion were brought before the Court.\nAfter, they were informed for what Offence they appear\u2019d before the Court & the Nature of it explained &c., the same Questions were put to them that were put to the former Prisoner all which were answered in the same Manner with this Difference only that they were persuaded to desert by John Johnson\u2014It is the Sentence of the Court that the Prisoners Aaron Felts, James Butler, Samuel Pate & Thomas Pate shall suffer Death by being hanged or shot.\nPrisoners Stephen Lathrum of Lieut. Colo. Stephen\u2019s Company confin\u2019d by Ensn Starke for Desertion was brought before the Court.\nAfter the Prisoner was told for what he appeared before the Court & the Nature of his Offence explained &c. he was asked the same Questions of the last that were tryed\u2014all which he answer\u2019d in the same Manner, only with this Difference viz. that he was not by any one induced to desert nor wou\u2019d have done it was he to have been continued in the Country but that he did not care go to to South Carolina\u2014This to be observed that this is not the first Time that the Prisoner has been guilty of, & tryed for, the same Offence.\nIt is the Sentence of the Court that the Prisoner Stephen Lathrum shall be shot.\nJohn Fisher Jacob Rowell Joseph Hughs Soldiers draughted by a late Act of Assembly, confin\u2019d by Ensn Crawford for Desertion were brought before the Court.\nThe Prisoners, after they were informed for what they appeared before the Court & the Nature of their Offence was explained &c., plead (upon being asked wheather they were Guilty or not Guilty) Guilty And in their Defence say that they had never received the Bounty Mony nor heard the Articles of\nWar read & that Colo. Paramour of Accomack County told them when they were draughted that they might desert with Impunity after they were delivered to the military Officers at Fredericksburgh.\nIt is the Sentence of the Court that the above Prisoners John Fisher, Jacob Rowell and Joseph Hughs shall each of them receive fifteen hundred Lashes.\nPrisoners Richard Smith Hezekiah Ventris James Cooper & William Peyton Soldiers draughted by a late Act of Assembly confin\u2019d by Ensn Crawford were brought before the Court.\nThe Prisoners (,after they were inform\u2019d for what they appeared before the Court & the Nature of their Offence was explain\u2019d, &c. upon being asked wheather they were guilty or not guilty) answered Guilty & in their Defence say that they had never received the Bounty Mony, took the Oaths or heard the Articles of War read & that they were induced to desert by James Fitzpatrick an old Soldier who told them that if they knew as much as he did they wou\u2019d sooner cut their own Throats than come to Winchester.\nIt is the Sentence of the Court that the Prisoners Richard Smith, Hezekiah Ventris, James Cooper & William Peyton shall receive each one thousand Lashes.\nCharles Thomson Henry Thomson Richard Morgan Joshua Bridge Soldiers draughted by a late Act of Assembly, confin\u2019d by Ensn Speake for Desertion were brought before the Court.\nThe Prisoners (after the Nature of their Offences were explain\u2019d & the Act of Assembly relative thereto read &c.) were by the Judge Advocate asked wheather they were guilty or not guilty of the Crime they were accused of? They answer\u2019d Guilty. After which they were questioned in the same Manner as Joshua King & George Curtis had been to which Questions they answer\u2019d in the same Manner as they had done with this difference only viz. that they were persuaded to desert by William Driver who deserted with them & is not yet taken. The Prisoners beg the Clemency of the Court.\nIt is the Sentence of the Court that the Prisoners Charles Thomson, Henry Thomson, Richard Morgan & Joshua Bridge shall suffer Death by being hanged or Shot.\nPrisoners LeRoy Bryant a Soldier draughted by a late Act of Assembly, confin\u2019d by Lieut. Baker for Desertion was brought before the Court.\nThe Prisoner (after the Nature of his Offence was explained &c.) was asked wheather he was guilty or not guilty. He answer\u2019d Guilty, but in his Defense says that he intended to come back & that he had never been attested.\nIt is the Sentence of the Court that the above Prisoner LeRoy Bryant shall receive fifteen hundred Lashes.\nWilliam Smith a Soldier draughted by a late Act of Assembly, confin\u2019d by Lieut. Crawford for Desertion was brought before the Court.\nThe Prisoner (after the Nature of his Offence was explain\u2019d & the Act of Assembly relative thereto read &c.) was by the Judge Advocate asked wheather he was guilty or not guilty of the Crime that he was accused of & he answer\u2019d Guilty. He was then asked the same Questions that had been put to Joshua King & George Curtis all which he answer\u2019d in the same Manner that they had done with this Defference only viz. that he had deserted with an Intent to procure a Man to come in his Room.\nIt is the Sentence of the Court that the Prisoner William Smith shall suffer Death by hanging. It is the Opinion of the Court that the Tryal of William Steuart Packett be defered, \u2019till Evidences can be had from the South Branch every one being there that were Witnesses of his Misbehavior.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "07-26-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0219", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Meldrum, 26 July 1757\nFrom: Meldrum, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir.\n[Winchester] 26th July 1757\nWhen I did myself the pleasure to wait on you this morning, I proposed being in Town sometime to morrow afternoon, with a view to assist all in my power, those unhappy wretches under Sentence, in prepareing for Eternity. Something has happened Since that obliges me to absent myself, and not to attend agreeable to my then resolutions. If you are desirous to know the motives that have induced me to such a sudden (and seeminly unconsistent) change, shall referr You to Mr Thomson, who, I flatter myself, will conceal no part of what I have already told\nhim. I am wt. unfeigned regard Sir Your most affect. & most obedt Humble Sert\nWill: Meldrum", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0220-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Horatio Sharpe, 27 July 1757\nFrom: Sharpe, Horatio\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nAnnapolis [Md.] the 27th of July 1757.\nThis serves to acknowledge the Receit of Your Letter by Mr Fell & also to inclose You a Copy of a Deposition that was made by a Sergeant who was sent some time ago to apprehend the Deserters that You say are harboured in Baltimore County. Could Mr Fell have named the Deserters I would have desired One of the Provincial Magistrates to issue a special Warrant for apprehending them, but as he did not recollect their Names I could do no more than give him a general Order directed to all the Civil Officers in that Part of the Country where the Deserters are as it is supposed harboured, requiring them to assist him to the utmost of their Power in the Execution of Your Orders. I think it is now three Quarters of a Year since the Case of these Deserters & the Conduct of Captain Gist while he was recruiting here was represented to Me in such a Light as inclined me to think that he had used some Artifices that would on Examination be scarcely thought justifiable, however I gave the Gentlemen that addressed themselves to me on that Occasion no other Answer than that if the Fellows would enlist into the Royal American Regiment they would not be called to Account for Leaving the Virginia Service, which Assurance was I think given by Governor Dinwiddie in a Proclamation that was issued about that time, but whether any of them did thereupon engage I know not, neither did I hear any thing more of them untill April last when Sergeant Davis came to Baltimore & complained that a\nDeserter which he had apprehended had been rescued. On Enquiry it appeared that instead of carrying his Prisoner before a Magistrate who would have committed him the Sergeant left him confined in an upper Room of some Constables House whence at the End of two Days he made his Escape thro. a Window. Understanding that the Deserters whom the Sergeant was sent after were the Persons in whose behalf some Gentlemen of the County had before made Application to Me, I asked him several Questions concerning them & received for Answer what is contained in the Deposition abovementioned. The Sergeant afterwards asked me whether the four Men that he had enlisted could be punished for Desertion & on my saying that if they or any others had actually served the time for which they engaged They ought not; he desired to know whether he should then pursue his Orders & apprehend them, to which I answered that it was certainly his Duty to do so. From the Contents of the Paper that You sent inclosed I presume that he afterwards carried some of them before the Justices who signed that paper & that they upon the Sergeant\u2019s or some other Evidence thought proper to release them, but as I never heard of that Transaction before, I cannot tell what inducd them to proceed in that manner; neither can I conceive how they came to mention my Name unless the Sergeant acquainted them with the Answer that I had given him vizt that if the Men had served the Term for which they were enlisted they ought not to be punished as Deserters. I shall write to Mr Boyce & desire to know what Men those were that he & the other Justice discharged & what Reasons moved them to do so, & by the first Opportunity of Conveyance that shall offer after I receive it I shall communicate to You his Answer. With great Regard I am Sir Your most obedt humb. Servt\nHoro Sharpe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "07-26-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0220-0003", "content": "Title: Enclosure II: Horatio Sharpe\u2019s Proclamation, 26 July 1757\nFrom: Sharpe, Horatio\nTo: \nTo All and Every of the Officers both Civil & Military in Baltimore County\nGiven at Annapolis [Md.] the 26th day of July. 1757.\n   It having been represented to me by Ensign Fell that there are many Deserters from the Virginia Regiment at this time harboured & concealed by sundry of the Inhabitants of Your County, and Colonel Washington having informed me that he has sent Mr Fell to search for and apprehend such Deserters, I hereby desire and require You to assist him to the utmost of Your Power in the Execution of his Orders: & I recommend it to You in an especial Manner to secure or have secured all Deserters that may retire from His Majesty\u2019s Regular or the Provincial Forces to Your County for Shelter & Protection.\nHoro Sharpe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "07-28-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0221", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Fairfax, 28 July 1757 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Fairfax, William\nLetter not found: to William Fairfax, 28 July 1757. On 6 Aug. 1757 Fairfax wrote to GW: \u201cI had yr Favor of the 28th.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "07-29-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0222", "content": "Title: Memoranda, 29 July\u20133 August 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n[Fort Loudoun, 29 July\u20133 August 1757]\nMr Milner\nWhether he intends to continue in the Service, or not.\nGovr\nWrite to concerning the Impropriety of giving Sergeant Feint a Commission in preference of the Volunteers.\nLook at his Letters of the 13th & 18th July.\nQuarter Master.\nget back an Order from him for 12 Camp Kettles deliverd to Captn Lewis because 6 of the 12 were returnd into the Store again from Conogochieg and an order given this day for 15 when only 9 will be drawn.\nMm of the Dates of the Officers Commissions wch I have given out.\nMr Boyd\nDirect him to Pay Captn McKenzie for work done to the Fort at Pearsalls.\nGovr\nWhether as the Regimt is not comp[lete]d with Drafts am I to send Officers rec[ruitin]g or not.\nIf I do money will be wanted for that purpose.\nDesire Jenkins to bring me up some Gilt Paper.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "07-29-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0223", "content": "Title: Instructions to Company Captains, 29 July 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Company Captains\nGeneral Instructions to all the Captains of Companies.Gentlemen,\n[Fort Loudoun] July 29th 1757.\nThe principal end proposed in sending you to the post to which you are ordered, is, to protect the Inhabitants of those parts, and to keep them if possible easy and quiet.\nI injoin it upon you, therefore, to use every means which you and your Officers shall judge advisable, to answer this salutary purpose\u2014particularly by keeping out constant scouting parties; who with diligence, care and precaution, are to range all those parts thro\u2019 which the Enemy make their inroads: and, when the enemy draw near the Quarter you are in, to exert your utmost efforts in preventing the inhabitants from suffering, by giving them all the intelligence you can of their danger, and by endeavouring to cover them, by way-laying those defiles, thro\u2019 which the enemy are most likely to pass, before they can penetrate into the Inhabitants.\nThese parties are to consist of such numbers as the service may require, and your circumstances will admit: But in general, I wou\u2019d have a third part of your well men, and an officer (frequently, if not always to command; altho\u2019 he may judge the party too small for his rank.)\nYou are by no means to impress Horses yourself, or licence any person or persons under your command to do it, except in cases of necessity and where the Interest of the service indispensably requires it for Expresses, &c. and then you are to be careful in seeing that, as soon as the service is performed, they be immediately returned to their proper Owners in good order; paying the hire of them; or else to give a certificate, specifying for what service they were pressed, and how long employed in it.\nYou are not to accommodate any Indians, that may happen to pass your way, with Horses, unless it be upon extraordinary cases; nor are you to hold any conferrences with them upon Business, only on such points as relate to the Service in which you are immediately engaged. Neither are you to attempt making Treaties with them, or to make them presents, promises, &c. or give any liqour, but in a very sparing manner.\nIf at any time or upon any occasion, you shou\u2019d pay away money for contingent Expences, you are to take receipts for them, ascertaining the sum, & for what service paid, and keep an exact accompt thereof, in order to lay it before me, or any other person whom the Governor may think proper to substitute: and all Services done the public, for which you do not pay ready money, you are to give certificates, setting forth the nature and causes thereof, as aforesaid. And all accompts relative to provisions you are to settle with the Commissary, or agents whom the Governor shall appoint: and all that relate to your own and company\u2019s pay, with the pay-master.\nYou are to take care that only one pound of flour, and the like quantity of meat, be delivered to each man per day: and that no more women draw provisions, than in proportion as 6 to 100 men.\nYou must prevent any provisions issuing without a written order from yourself, or the officer commanding in your absence\u2014To have regular returns made out for that purpose\u2014To cause all provisions to be exactly weighed, &c.\nYou are to use every imaginable precaution to prevent irregular suttling, licentious swearing, and all other unbecoming irregularities\u2014and to neglect no pains or diligence in training your men (when off duty) to the true use and exercise of their arms; and teaching them in all other respects, the duties of their profession.\nBe particularly careful in seeing that they take proper care of their clothes and accoutrements; which you are to do, by inspecting narrowly, every Saturday at least, into their order; & by punishing and making stoppages from those who have lost, sold, or otherwise made away with, or abused their things, till full reparation is had.\nThat this piece of duty may be conducted with ease; divide your men into as many squads as there are Sergeants, and make it the duty of each Sergeant (who is to keep a Roll of their necessaries for that purpose) to see that the men of his squad have their clothes, arms, and accoutrements always together, and in good order. This method I recommend as an alleviation of, but not an excuse for the Officers to neglect this duty themselves.\nI also desire that the greatest regularity may be constantly observed\nin relieving the Guards, the Sentries, and all other parts of ceremonious duty: That the men may not by neglecting this, contract bad habits, but rather thro\u2019 a strict observance, become intimately acquainted with, and knowing in their duty. And as I wou\u2019d have the whole regiment, tho\u2019 never so much divided at present, pursue the same system of discipline, even in the most minute punctilio\u2019s\u2014You are to send an alert Sergeant or corporal, and two or three men, fit for the Drill, to this place to be perfected therein; who, on their return, are to instruct the rest of your command.\nI recomend it to you, likewise, and in the strongest terms, that you, and the officers under your command, do make themselves masters of the necessary salutes.\nYou are to give in an exact size, and necessary role of your company and to see that no non-commissioned officer or Soldier is ever provided with less than 3 good shirts, two pair of good Stockings, and one pair of good Shoes; and that the initial letters of their names are marked upon their ammunition, clothes, and accoutrements; which you must cause to be entered in a Book kept for that purpose, to prevent their swapping and changing their things. You are also to be vastly careful in making them preserve their Regimentals, and to make them appear always neat and clean, and soldier-like, especially when they are upon Duty.\nYou are to transmit me the most exact and regular returns, made out once a month, not only of the strength of, and alterations in, your company (or command) but also of the arms, ammunition, clothes, and Stores, carefully examined by yourself, to prevent such egregious mistakes as often happen thro\u2019 the negligence of the Officers, in trusting to the Sergeants: as, upon failure herein, you may depend upon being relieved and tried for disobedience of orders.\nYou are also to hold me duly advised of all material occurrencies in your Quarter. You are not to give furlough\u2019s to more than one Soldier at a time, unless some particular cause requires it; and then you are to insert the reasons and time of their absence at the foot of your return, if they shou\u2019d not happen to be present at the time it is made. Shou\u2019d any of your men desert, you are to use your utmost endeavours in having them apprehended;\nand whatever expence you are at, over and above what the country allows, is to be deducted from the pay of such offending Soldiers, if they shou\u2019d happen to be taken.\nEach Deserter is advertised at 40/ reward; and more, when other aggravating circumstances accompany his desertion.\nI expect you will take great pains to make your Soldiers good marks-men, by teaching them to shoot at Targets.\nI have been thus particular in my Instructions to you, because I expect the most punctual obedience will be paid to them; being determined not to overlook neglects of duty in any, but to act with the utmost strictness (agreeably to the Instructions which I am honored with from the Governor) and therefore, in order to enable you to support a proper command\u2014I hereby require, that you do put any officer under arrest, whom you shall find negligent in his duty, or misbehaving as a Gentleman, and either enquire into his conduct with your own Officers (in order to a further examination at this place) or send him here (at once) for that purpose.\nAnd I do hereby direct you to hold courts martial for trying and punishing non-commissioned officers and soldiers (without which the former are not to be broke, and after which, by no means to be reinstated, nor new ones appointed, without my approbation). In all other respects you are to govern yourselves exactly agreeable to the articles of War, and the rules and customs of the army.\nPermit me, before I finish (and now that the companies are formed for service, and agreeable to order) to recommend, and I do in the strongest manner I can to you and your Officers; to devote some part of your leisure hours to the study of your profession, a knowledge in which can not be attained without application; nor any merit or applause to be atchieved without a certain knowledge thereof. Discipline is the soul of an army. It makes small numbers formidable; procures success to the weak, and esteem to all: and may, in a peculiar manner to us, who are in the way to be joined to Regulars in a very short time, and of distinguishing thro\u2019 this mean, from other Provincials.\nYou are to be at no expence in building or repairing old works, without first apprizing me thereof: Because the money appropriated to that purpose is expended. The safety and convenience of soldiers render it a duty upon them to repair the\nworks, and make lodgments for themselves. I wou\u2019d therefore have you observe this, and act conformably to it.\nG:W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "07-29-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0225", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Waggener, 29 July 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Waggener, Thomas\n[Fort Loudoun, 29 July 1757]\nBy George Washington Esquire; Colonel of the Virginia Regiment, &c.To Captn Thomas Waggener.Sir,\nYou are Ordered forthwith to march from hence to the South-branch with your own men, and such of Capt. McKenzie\u2019s as are at this place. The latter you are to deliver to him so soon as you arrive at this Garrison (with the orders and Instructions herewith given you for him.) And, immediately after he has taken a size and necessary roll of his company, you\nare to demand 25 men and an Officer, (if he can possibly spare one) to reinforce your command; and with them proceed to the post assigned you (namely, Butter-milk-fort) and there use your utmost endeavours to protect the numerous body of Inhabitants in all those parts.\nI am sensible, there is a necessity of throwing a few soldiers into some of the country-forts, in order to detain the Inhabitants in them; and I approve of your doing it; but at the same time recommend, that no more be appointed for this Service, than what are absolutely necessary to detain the inhabitants, & to resist any sudden attempts of the enemy to surprize the fort; reserving the principal part of them at the fort you reside at, to turn out and pursue the enemy, when you hear they are about it.\nYou are, as soon as you arrive at Captn McKenzie\u2019s Garrison, to dispatch a messenger to Captn Woodward, that he may hold himself in readiness to march immediately upon your arrival; (and to take with him the company lately belonging to Captn Bronaugh, which is now joined to his own).\nYou are also to inform the Officer (Lt Weeden) commanding the company, lately Captn Cocke\u2019s, now joined to Captn Lewis\u2019s, that he is to march those men to Conogochieg immediately upon your arrival. And you are to see that not the least delay is made, after you do arrive in having this done.\nAs all the companies, agreeably to their present regulation, are now supplied with Kettles from the public stores; you are desired to collect all the old ones, pots, &c. that are among the troops upon the branch, and send them down to this place, under escort of Lt Weeden; giving him a strict charge to be careful of them: and you will deliver to Captn McKenzie, those which you have received at this place, for the use of his company.\nYou are, for farther direction, referred to the General Instructions herewith delivered to you. Given under my hand at Ft Loudoun, this 29th day of July, 1757.\nG:W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "07-29-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0226", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Woodward, 29 July 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Woodward, Henry\n[Fort Loudoun, 29 July 1757]\nBy George Washington Esq; Colonel of the Virginia Regiment, &c.To Captn Henry Woodward.Sir,\nYou are ordered, immediately upon receipt hereof, to march with your own company (which by a late regulation, has the one that was Capt. Bronaughs added to it) to the plantation of Captn Dickenson on the cow-pasture; and to pursue the following rout, vizt First you are to go up the south fork; thence to the head of the cow-pasture river, and thence down the same to Dickensons; where you are to halt, \u2019till joined by Major Lewis, &\nthe Draughts sent by him to strengthen your company; or till you receive orders from the Major, what to do, if he shou\u2019d not be there himself.\nThat he may have timely notice of your coming to Dickensons; you are to dispatch an Express to him at Augusta Courthouse, so soon as you begin your march. I expect you will make but little halt at Dickensons, as your place of destination is vauses, on Roanoake, to relieve the company that is posted there. Not knowing what may intervene at this distance, to render other orders necessary; you are as above, to receive directions from the Major, who is ordered to command the Detachment of the Regimt in that Quarter. And to him you are, till further orders, to apply for instructions in any thing you may require. You are also to send your Returns (agreeably to my General Instructions herewith sent you) to him; who is to send them with his own and Captn Spotswoods, to me.\nAs you will receive new Kettles from the public stores (to be delivered you by Maj. Lewis:) I have desired Captn Waggener to call in all the old ones, pots, &c. which were made use of in yours and Bronaugh\u2019s late company; and to send them to this place: and I desire you will be punctual in seeing this done, as well as in seeing that great care is taken of the new kettles.\nAs the Fort which Captn Hogg is building, and to which you are now going, has, either thro\u2019 bad conduct in the Director, idleness in the workmen, or thro\u2019 some other cause which I can not comprehend, been of infinitely more expence to the country, and much longer about, than was ever expected\u2014You are required to finish it with the utmost dispatch; and that in any manner, however rough, if it will secure you upon an attack.\nYou are for farther direction referred to the General Instructions herewith delivered you. Given at Ft Loudoun, this  day of July, 1757.\nG:W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "07-29-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0227", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert McKenzie, 29 July 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: McKenzie, Robert\n[Fort Loudoun, 29 July 1757]\nTo Captain McKenzieSir,\nI have received yours; and have paid Doct. Craik the contents of your recruiting accompt.\nColo. Stephen has given so many strange orders, orders, so inconsistent with my Instructions and incompatible with his own\u2014that it will be with great difficulty, if it is even possible, to extricate the Officers and myself from the dilemma and trouble they have occasioned. What right Colo. Stephen had to order any repairs to your fort, without giving me previous notice of his design, I know not; and why you shou\u2019d apply to him for those orders (when I was nearly as convenient, and alone had the right to direct) is matter of surprize to me.\nThe fund established for building of forts, has long been expended; and how your demand will be answered, I am at a loss to determine. However, that you may not suffer by complying with Colo. S\u2014\u2014n\u2019s orders; draw out an exact accompt, and what assistance I can be towards procuring your money, shall be chearfully given.\nI have ordered the Adjutant to transmit you copies of those Orders, relative to the regulation of the companies. General Instructions I have myself sent, and kettles will be delivered to you by Captn Waggener, whom I have given orders to demand a detachment of 25 men from Your Company; and an officer (if you can spare one) to strengthen his command, for the better protecting the Settlers above the Trough. All your old kettles, pots, &c. are to be sent to this place; and great care taken of the new. I am, Sir, Your most obed. Servt\nG:W.\nJuly 29th 1757.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "07-30-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0228", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Stanwix, 30 July 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Stanwix, John\nColonel StanwixDr Sir,\n[Fort Loudoun] July 30th 1757.\nMy former letters wou\u2019d inform you how little share I had in confining the Indians in the public Jail at this place.\nMr Atkin, in His Majesty\u2019s name, applied to me, as commanding Officer, for aid to secure these people; which I thereupon did: but not without first representing the consequences that might, and in some measure, really did happen. This step was no sooner taken, than the Cherokees in town, about 22 in number, despatched a runner to inform their people, that the English had fallen upon their Brethren; and desired that they (the Cherokees) wou\u2019d stand upon their defence. Another runner, you are sensible, came to Carlyle to inform the warriors there of it; who returned fully resolved to rescue the prisoners, or die in the attempt. The former they did, and were so enraged with Mr Atkin that they wou\u2019d hold no conference with him the next day, when he sent to desire it, \u2019till they had first been with me for information. I took great pains to convince them that it was a mistake, and happily succeeded; they readily agreed to send an Indian with an Express which I might procure, to their nation, to prevent a massacre of all the Traders and white people there; which they looked upon as inevitable, except timely measures were taken to prevent it.\nOut of the great number of Draughts that have deserted from us, we have been able to apprehend 22; two of whom were hanged on thursday last. The 8 companies now remaining in virginia are completed to about 80, rank & file, 4 Commanding officers, 4 Sergeants, and 2 Drummers; and are all marched to the several posts assigned them.\nThe commission which I have received from Governor Dinwiddie, to hold General courts martial is very long, and rather a repetition of the act. I shou\u2019d be obliged, wou\u2019d you let me know whether this be right or not. I took the liberty in a letter of the  to ask leave to be absent about 12 or 14 days, if circumstances\nin this quarter wou\u2019d permit: but having heard nothing from you since, I am inclined to address you again on that head; because as the 1st of August is the time appointed for the meeting of the Executors (of which I am one) of an Estate that I am much interested in a dividend of; and have suffered much already by the unsettled state it has remained in. This Estate does not lie more than a days journey from this place; so that I could return very quickly, if occasion required it. I am, with very great Esteem, Your most obt hble Servant,\nG:W.\nP.S. Since writing the above, I have received the enclosed from Captn McKenzie. Captn Waggener just before with upwards of 100 men, had marched to the place he speaks of, to strengthen the Garrisons on the Branch. I have sent him orders to select a good company (if the enemy still remain there) and use his best endeavours to fall in with their encampment; and I am certain he will neglect no means to accomplish it. I have also advice from the southern frontiers of augusta county, that the Indians have appeared and done some mischief. Major Lewis, with a Detachment of 250 men (including a company of 50, already in those parts) marched to occupy Vauses and Dickensons forts; and to repel the enemy if they still continued to commit depredations.\nG:W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0230", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Stanwix, 1 August 1757\nFrom: Stanwix, John\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nCamp near Carlisle [Pa.] Augst 1st 1757\nin answer to the favour of yours of the 30th July I am to say as to Indian affairs Mr Atkins should know better than I but treating them with severity & not being able to carry it thr\u00f4 would not do with any other sort of People[.] I had a long letter from him upon this head am glad however at last all was made up, have had a letter from the six chiefs themselves who have assured me theyr well satisfied.\ntis more than a fortnight ago that I answer\u2019d your letter when you mention\u2019d its being convenient to your private affairs to attend them for a fortnight, in wch letter I express\u2019d my Concern that you should think such a thing necessary to mention to me as I am sure you would not choose to be out of call should the service require your immediate attendance, & hope you will always take that liberty upon your self which I hope you will now do as soon as possible & have given your Drumr all dispach who am Dr Sir Your most Obedt & most humble Servt\nJohn Stanwix", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0231", "content": "Title: Memoranda, 3 August\u201317 September 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n[Fort Loudoun, 3 August\u201317 September 1757]\nGovr\nWrite him how desirous the Indns are of havg a Drum. I have promisd to get one or two for Atosite.\nBelhaven\nSend up Wine for the Use of the Hospital.\nAlso Tin for the Publick Works.\nSend up Mr Dicks Order to my Overseer for the Pigs.\nMr Kirkpatrick\nWrite to him & know whether the two Sums given credit for by Captn Bell were really recd or a mistake & how the 100\u00a3 advancd Majr Lewis is to be accd for.\nMr Lomax.\nKnow what was the Reason of his going away without acc[ountin]g for the Stopages from his Compy.\nMr Speake\nKnow Why he did not render an acct of Exps. of the 5\u00a3 advancd him when he went after Deserters.\nMr Bullet\nAnswer his Letter.\nGovr\nInclose him Waggener\u2019s Letter.\nKennedy\u2019s return\u2014& my Letter to Dr Ross.\nAcquaint him that I have recd 500\u00a3 of Mr Boyd.\nGovr\nSend him the remainder of the size Rolls.\nDoctr Ross\u2019s answer to my Letter.\nA return of the Provisions on hand if Rutherford did not satisfie him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0232", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Dinwiddie, 3 August 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Dinwiddie, Robert\n[Fort Loudoun, 3 August 1757]\nTo Governor DinwiddieHonble Sir,\nYour favours of the 13th & 18th ultimo, with the commissions, Warrants, and money, I have received.\nThe Indian accompts I have so often mentioned, and which your Honor says you do not understand, are expences which have accrued on account of provisions, as they have marched from place to place (for they will not eat salt-meat; but kill fresh wherever it is to be found) Liquor, unavoidably to be given to them; Horses, pressed for the use of their sick, &c. and never returned: Tomahawks, and a great many other things which there was a necessity of purchasing for them. The people will never trust their vouchers, for the delivery of these things, to doubtful Messengers; and most of those articles are too inconsiderable to induce them to go down to Williamsburgh. They therefore think themselves ill used, and complain of oppression.\nWe have received Draughts as per the enclosed list: which list is agreeable, I hope, to your Honors orders to me Their number has fallen so far short of expectation, that the 8 remaining companies will not exceed 90 rank and file, each. It is not in my power to send a roll of each company, \u2019till the Captains get all their men together; as soon as this is done, I have ordered an exact size-roll to be transmitted to me, of each company, and I shall forward them to your Honor, without loss of time. As the best Captains were fixed upon by your Honor, below; and some of our worst Subalterns resigned since; I have filled up the vacant commissions according to seniority, and hope it will be agreeable, as I think it was most equitable. Your Honor desired I wou\u2019d give Sergeant Feint an Ensigns commissions: But I apprehend you only meant it, in case there had been Draughts\nenough for 12 companies. and therefore I declined doing it \u2019till I hear further from you: especially as there are yet volunteers in the Regiment, who have long served in hope of preferment, and given equal proofs of good Behaviour and of course expect to be preferred before Sergeants[.] However, I have reserved one vacancy, to be filled up either with Feint or Mr Chew (the oldest volunteer) as your Honor shall now direct.\nThe present Officers names, and dates of their commissions, may be seen by the enclosed.\nThe men are marched for augusta, that were designed for the forts at Vauses and Dickensons, and Major Lewis sent to command there. Those for the Branch, under Captn Waggoner, are also marched: and there now remain here no more than Capt. Stewarts company and my own, except about 40 workmen which I took from the Draughts, to work at this place.\nI have ordered two Officers to Ft Cumberland to inspect the refused Beef; and have sent up Mr Kennedy, who acted as Commissary, there, with directions to use every means to save it, as adding fresh pickle, &c.\nI send Your Honor a copy of the proceedings of a General Court martial. Two of those condemned, namely, Ignatious Edwards, and Wm Smith, were hanged on thursday last, just before the companies marched for their respective posts. Your Honor will, I hope excuse my hanging, instead of shooting them: It conveyed much more terror to others; and it was for example sake, we did it. They were proper objects to suffer: Edwards had deserted twice before, and Smith was accounted one of the greatest villains upon the continent. Those who were intended to be whipped, have received their punishment accordingly; and I should be glad to know what your Honor wou\u2019d choose to have done with the rest?\nA return for the month of June, I herewith send. I had a letter from Colo. Stanwix the other day, concerning the deposition of Street: He seems to put no great confidence in the report; and wrote me, that he was intrenching himself at Carlyle.\nI have received advice from Augusta, that the Indians had appeared in large bodies there, and done some mischief\u2014A Letter also from Captn McKenzie, on the South-Branch, informs me, that the enemy had taken away four or five men, and scalped another, who was carelessly reaping in a field.\nAs Major Lewis is gone towards the first, and Capt. Waggoner towards the latter parts, I am in hopes they will keep the inhabitants from hurt.\nWe are, by reason of our dispersed situation, greatly at a loss for the articles of war; I should be glad if your Honor wou\u2019d order many of them to be printed: In the regular Service there is scarcely a Sergeant but what has a copy.\nI shou\u2019d be glad to know too, in time, whether your Honor intends to pursue the last resource of the Act of Assembly for compleating the Regiment, vizt recruiting? If so, money will be wanted. I am &c.\nG:W.\nFort Loudoun August 3d 1757", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "08-04-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0235", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Joshua Lewis, 4 August 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lewis, Joshua\nTo Captn Joshua LewisSir,\nFort Loudoun, Augt 4, 1757.\nI received yours of the 3d instant, covering a size and necessary roll of your company; which, being incomplete, is not what I wanted. Whenever you get all your company under your own command, you are to have them completed with necessaries agreeably to orders; and then to transmit me an exact size and necessary roll of the whole; and afterwards you are each month\nto send me a return of your company, as usual, and a general return of its necessaries agreeably to the enclosed form.\nI wrote to you fully yesterday; when I desired you to send what spare Blankets you had, to this place, so soon as you arrived at Pattersons. I have sent you the articles of war; which you will return when you are done with them.\nG:W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "08-06-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0236", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Fairfax, 6 August 1757\nFrom: Fairfax, William\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nAlexandria. 6th Augt 1757.\nI had yr Favor of the 28th of July by Tebe. My Writing to You relating to the desir\u2019d Commission for Billy Fx was principally for You to acquaint the Governor if any Vacancys, without the Knowledge of which his Honor coud not make out a Commission, and being told there were Several Vacancys I did write to the Governor for a Commission. As they are all filld up Billy must wait. In the mean Time He is learning the Manual Exercise and other Necessary Accomplishments that He may appear with a good Face when He is receivd into yr Regiment. If Mr Milner whom You mentiond, should quit the Field, Please to inform the Governor and know his Pleasure concerning Billy\u2019s Expectation\u2014As Ld Loudoun may at this Time be engagd in Action Somewhere, So that Billy could not if attempted, easily follow his Lordship, I have wrote to Mr Commissary Pitcher, desiring Him to Let his Lordship & Genl Abercromby know, Billy has Letters of Recommendation but as it\u2019s imagind there may be many Cadets unprovided for, Billy is aiming at making Some Beginning in yr Regiment and continue till He has the Honour of knowing his Lps Pleasure.\nIf You had not been at Fort Loudoun when Mr Atkyn\u2019s imprudent Orders to imprison the Cherokees were given And their forcible Delivery out of Goal, no doubt but the Indians when inflamd would have made Mr Atkyns their first Sacrifice and then judging their sd Fact beyond Repair might go on and slaughter All they could overcome. I hope your Messenger has got timely to prevent the Nation at their Homes beginning Hostilitys, as it woud take some Time to collect their Warriors and form Resolutions after the Arrival of the first Intelligence. Yr Brothers wth Colo. G. Lee are here expecting to have met You, but now imagine You don\u2019t think proper to leave Fort Loudoun till You know the Disposition of the absent Cherokee\u2019s &c. If You dont come Soon, Please to favor Me with the Number of private Men now in yr Regiment and where garrisond, for my own Notice\u2014All here and at Belvoir offer their best Wishes And I remain Yr very affect. & obedt Servt\nW: Fairfax", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0237", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Joseph Chew, 8 August 1757\nFrom: Chew, Joseph\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\n[New York, 8 August 1757]\nYou shall hear from me at Large Next Post this being Just going of[f.] I can only inclose you the Papers & Pray to tell my Brother I will Write him under Cover to you next week, I arrived here a few days agoe Mrs Robinson & her Dear Little Family are Well miss Polly has had a pain in her Face but is on the mendg hand. I Pray Heaven to Protect you and Assure you that I am my Dear Sir your obedt Servt\nJos. Chew", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0239", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Beverley Robinson, 8 August 1757\nFrom: Robinson, Beverley\nTo: Washington, George\nDr Sir\nNew York 8th Augt 1757\nThe inclosed Lettrs came to my hands Yesterday by a Vassill from Halifax, they will I suppose give you all the News from that Quarter. Except the Arriva\u27e8l of\u27e9 the Highlanders wh. has been since they were wrote, all well and in good Order Lord Loudoun had not Left Halifax a fortnight ago.\nwe are now under the greatest apprehensions for fort Wm Henry having Certain Accots that it is Besieged by a Large Body of French & Indians & Mr Mont Calm himself at the head of them. a fryday Last the Express came away from fort Edward & they were then Very hotly Engaged\u2014our Liut. Governer went up Last week to forward the Militia. Genl Johnson was gone up with two thousand Militia & 100 Indians, and the Militia was going up from the adjacent Counties. Col. Young Command at Wm Henry he had Just got into that place with a Reinforcement of 1000 men. we hope the Best. I am Dr Sir Yr Humble Sert\nBev: Robinson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0241", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Joseph Chew, 15 August 1757\nFrom: Chew, Joseph\nTo: Washington, George\nDr Sir\nNew York Augst 15th 1757\nThis just serves to inform you that since my last this Country has been in a Continued Allarm and hurry[.] you will see by the inclosed that the French have made themselves masters of Fort Wm Henry[.] the Accot I send you has the greatest appearance\nof truth, but there is as yet no Certainty what Terms the Fort was surrender\u2019d upon or who of that Garrison are safe[.] I will write you again before I leave New York and as soon as I can Come at the truth, our friend Beverley is gone to Albany. Please to forward the inclosed to my Brother and be Assured that I am with the sincerest Love and Respect Dear Sir Your Obedt Affectionate\nJos. Chew", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "08-17-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0242", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Mercer, 17 August 1757\nFrom: Mercer, George\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Colonel\nCharles Town [S.C.] August 17th 1757\nI wrote you Vi\u00e2 Philadelphia a few Days after my Arrival, but as We have certain Advice of that Vessel\u2019s calling in at Cape Francois, I set down to write you the same as near as I can guess, only adding the News that We have had in the Interim.\nNo Doubt youl expect a particular and authentic Account of this Place and its Inhabitants\u2014I shall endeavor to satisfy you in both as far as my Knowledge of Them & Capacity will admit\u2014& to begin I never, from Accounts, was so much disappointed in my Expectations of both\u2014The Town in the first Place is little larger than WmsBurg no Buildings in it to compare with our Public Ones there, far inferior to Philadelphia N. York, Boston or even New Port itself. The Town is built on a Point of Land between two Rivers on the Bay there are some very good Houses, & it is from thence it shows to the greatest Advantage\u2014The rest of the Town is indifferently improved, many very bad low clapboard Houses upon their Principal Streets which are in general narrow & confined. The Inhabitants who you remember were esteemed the politest genteelest People on the Continent are egregiously misrepresented I believe tho. they will mend for I find a considerable Alteration since I first came here, but they never will come up to the Character given\nThem. What adds to make this Place at present disagreeable is that most of the Gent. of Note are out at their Indigo Plantations, so that we have nothing left but a Set of trading Ones, who esteem you for Nothing but your Money, & who don\u2019t very genteely treat you for that. Youl be surprized I have not yet mentioned the fair Ones I wish I cou\u2019d call Them so, I assure you they are very far inferior to the Beauties of our own Country, & a\u27e8illegible\u27e9 much on the Reserve as in any Place I ever was, occasioned by the Multiplicity of Scandal which prevails here; for the chief of your Entertainment even in the best Houses & at the first Introduction is upon that agreeable Subject\u2014then you hear the Termagant the Inconstant, the Prude & Coquette the fine Gent. & the fine Lady laid off in their most beautiful Colors, with their Observations if they had so behaved (which you are sure of having the Pleasure to hear at the next House you go to) what they shoud think of Themselves in short two Families here are sufficient to inform you of the Character of every one in the Place. A great Imperfection here too is the bad Shape of the Ladies, many of Them are crooked & have a very bad Air & not those enticing heaving throbbing alluring Letch exciting plump Breasts common with our Northern Belles\u2014I am afraid I have tired your Patience & doubt not but you are as much disappointed at reading This, as I was at having an Opportunity of writing it to you.\nThe many Favors my dear Colonel that I have received at your Hands wou\u2019d make Me blush at begging an Addition to Them, did I not know your Goodness in excusing such Freedoms\u2014I believe you are very sensible of the Governors great Inclination to deprive Me of any Thing that he genteely coud, and I am certain that he woud be glad of an Opportunity of putting any One over my Head, but I hope Sr you will be kind enough to see Me Justice done in that Respect. You are the only Friend I have to apply to at this Distance & in whose Power it is to assist Me. I rely solely upon your Goodness in Case of a Vacancy, as it is now my Right, thro. your Friendship, to see Me prefered in Turn.\nWe have Advice here and it seems to be well attested that the Austrian Army met with \u27e8a\u27e9 total Defeat. They had upwards of 7000 taken Prisoners about 9000 killed in the Field above 200 Pieces of Cannon and all their Field Equipage fell into\nthe Hands of the Prussians, wh\u27e8illegible\u27e9 immediately entered Prague Sword & Hand, where they made Prisoners & killed the greatest Part of the Austrian Army who had taken Refuge there\u2014You will I hope hear it confirmed e\u2019er you see this\u2014No one doubts it here.\nI take the Liberty to mention the Inconvenience which I see must necessarily arise if the Troops are not properly clothed again next Year. They make a very good Appearance here, and are much esteemed for their orderly Behavior. They are extreamly well satisfied at this present Situation, besides their usual Allowance in Virga of 1 lb. of Meat & Bread \u214c Day, they get \u00bd pt of Rum 1 pt of Rice & pt Pease Pepper Salt & Vinegar beside Greens of some Kind every Day.\nWe have met with a Set of very genteel pretty Officers here of the Royals Harmony & Unanimity prevail greatly among Us\u2014and there is no Demand made for Necessaries for their own Troops in which ours are not joined. We do Duty of all Kinds with Them, & our Men are exercised in Battalion wth theirs.\nAs I know the Major Tulliken is an Acquaintance of yours I need not say any Thing in his Praise, as every one who knows him, must immediately discover the polite well bred Gent., as well as the good & diligent Officer in Him\u2014He is much esteemed here by Civil & Military.\nColo. Bouquet I shoud have done Injustice to, to have omitted particularly in my Letter. He is believe well acquainted with his Duty a good natured sensible Man, very obliging to all under his Command, and the only one of the Foreigners I am told on whom his Lordship much depends. In short We are looked upon in quite another Light by all the Officers than we were by Genl Braddock or Mr Orme and do our Duty equally without any Partiality or particular Notice taken of one more than the other. I conceive great Hopes of our living here vastly happy so soon as the chief Families of this Place resume their Posts in Town, their Absence now I assure you makes the Town very unsociable. Nothing but the good Harmony that subsists among ourselves woud make it tolerable.\nIt is a very odd Method of judging but however tis the Plan upon which most of the World goes, and therefore to find ourselves judged for the Errors or Imperfections of others \u27e8is not very\u27e9 unaccountable\u2014but we have been told here by the Officers\nthat nothing ever gave them such Surprize as our Appearance at entering Hampton, for expecting to see a Parcel of ragged disorderly Fellows headed by Officers of their own Stamp (like the rest of the Provincials they had seen) behold they saw Men properly disposed who made a good & Soldier like Appearance and performed in every Particular as well as coud be expected from any Troops with Officers whom they found to be Gent. to see a Sash & Gorget with a genteel Uniform, a Sword properly hung, a Hat cocked, Persons capable of holding Conversation where only common Sense was requisite to continue the Discourse, and a White Shirt, with any other than a black Leather Stock, were Matters of great Surprize and Admiration & which engaged Them all to give Us a polite Invitation to spend the Evening, & after to agree to keep Us Company which they had determined before not to do\u2014agreeable to what they had practised with the other Provincial Troops. We have lost that common Appellation of Provincials, & are known here by the Style & Title of the Detachment of the Virga Regiment.\nThey have passed a Vote here for granting a Sum for raising 700 Men subject to the Orders & Disposal of Lord Loudoun, have put them on the same Establishment with our Troops, and have given your old Acquaintance Howarth the Command of Them, as Lieut. Colo. & Commandant of the So. Carolina Provincials. I fear they will be a long Time raising. I dare venture to engage not before the Act expires which is only for 12 Months two of which are now lapsed, & not one Man recruited, or a Commission given out\u2014strange Delay.\nI cant tell what to expect on this Quarter this Summer whether Peace, or War\u2014One Day they are secure, the next alarmed by hearing of a large Embarkation of Troops for Cape Francois. We have had an Account of 2 or 3 several Squadrons with Troops on Board touching there, since We have been at this Place. Tis known some of Them have gone to the Missisippi\u2014they are still under Apprehensions but I think without a Cause.\nOur latest News is of so long a Date that I imagine it coud be none to you before this will come to Hand. The Defeat of the Austrians is confirmed.\nIn case of Colo. Stephens Removal from this Command I believe he is tired of, I hope it will be agreeable to you that I\nshoud succeed him. Youl scarce believe that the Colonel never appears here but in full dressed laced Suits\u2014so great a Change has Carolina produced.\nI hope Dear Colonel youl favor Me with a Letter now & then, I assure you nothing woud give Me greater Pleasure than to hear frequently from you. None of our Detachment has ever yet received a Line or heard from Virginia.\nIf I remember well, I informed you before that Mr Stretch had promised to be particularly careful of, & forward any Letters to or from Me. Philadelphia too woud be a ready Conveyance for Letters from your Quarter.\nVirginia has gained great Credit by sending Troops here, tis more than any of the other Colonies or Provinces have done, & I assure you our Men behave extreamly well.\nThree or four of our Serjeants will get Commissions in the Charles Town Regiment.\nI fear I have tired your Patience by this, therefore beg Leave to conclude & assure you that with great Esteem and Respect I subscribe myself Dr Colonel Your most obliged Friend obedient humble Servant\nGo: Mercer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "08-20-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0243", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Adam Stephen, 20 August 1757\nFrom: Stephen, Adam\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nCharlestown, S. Carolina Augst 20th 1757\nI have the pleasure to inform you that the two Companies of your Regiment under my Command are well\u2014They are well disciplin\u2019d and have this advantage of all other troops in America that they know the parade as well as prussians, and the fighting in a Close Country as well as Tartars.\nWe are all peace & Quietness on this Quarter, But notwithstanding Some of your Officers have not escap\u2019d being wounded\u2014That mighty Conqueror Love has made havock in the Corps\u2014I only Appeal to Capt. Mercers Letter; cant you plainly discover it?\nI am but little acquainted with the Ladies, but if you will allow me to be a judge, The Fair in this place must give way in Beauty, easy Behaviour, & other female Accomplishments to the Daughters of the more northe[r]n Climes\u2014Capt. Mercer has wrote you a mere pamplet, & Majr Tulliken informs me that he writes you also. I shall therefore only declare that I am as formerly, with great Respect, Sir, Your most Obt huble Servt\nAdam Stephen", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "08-20-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0244", "content": "Title: Invoice from Richard Washington, 20 August 1757\nFrom: Washington, Richard\nTo: Washington, George\nLondon 20th Augt 1757\nInvoice of Sundry Goods Shipd by Richd Washington pr the Sally Captn Dick, bound to Rappahannock in Virginia, on the proper Account and Risque of Collo. George Washington, & go consignd to himself or Collo. John Carlyle.\n                  2 pr Cornish planes Compleat\n                  2 moving Philisters\n                  2 best Steel plate handsaws\n                  2 ditto Sash Ditto 8/6\u20032 dovetail 7/6\n                  2 ditto turning Ditto\n                  2 fore ditto 3/4\u20032 Jack ditto 2/6\u20034 Smoothg ditto 4/\n                  2 Carpenter\u2019s Squares\n                  2 Broad Axes 7/6\u20032 do Adzes 5/\u20032 Joinrs Hatchets 4/\n                  10 Socket Chissells sorted\u20142 Gouges 1/4\u20032 pr Pincers 2/8\n                  2 large\u20142 Small, & 2 Brad Hammers\n                  12 Augers & Shanks Sorted\n                  2 two foot Rules, 2 pr Compasses, 4 Chalk Lines, 2 Chalk Rules\n                  2 dozn Gimblets sorted\u20142 Rub-stones\n                  12 ditto Gouges, 6 Mortar Chissells\n                  2 Deck Nails, 2 Spike Gimblets\n                  4 Rasps, 2 Joiners prickers\n                  9 pr Hollows & Rounds 18/\u20032 pr Slit deal ditto 7/6\n                  2 pr whole deal Ditto 8/\u20032 pr Table Planes 8/\n                  4 Quarter Rounds 4/\u20033 Sash planes, Snipes Bill 4/8\n                  4 Horse Brushes & 4 Curry Combs\n                  6 Spring Stock Locks sorted\n                  6 bright Shackd hard pad Do\n                  1 pr large brass Mounted Dogs\n                  A Bundle and Canvas\n                  6 best Steel Garden Spades\n                  4 Bundles and Two Cases \u27e8qt\u27e9 Chairs & in one Case, a\n                     Bedstead Cornish &ca\n                  A Bedstead with Mahagony Carvd & fluted pillars for feet\n                     Posts, yellow Silk & Worsted Damask Furniture, lind with Tammy, & Carvd Cornishes compleat, cost at\n                  3 pr Yellow Silk and worsted Damask Window Curtains, cost at\n                  A Mahagony easy Chair on Casters coverd with ditto and a Check\n                  6 Mahagony Chairs, Gothick Archd Backs & Seats of Ditto\n                     and an Elbow Chair cost at ditto\n                  9 ps. fine Crimson and yellow Papers\n                  A Bordar to ditto\n                  2 large Matts and Packing\n                  1 dozn 4 foot Sieves 7/\u20032 Lawn Searches 6/\n                  6 punch Ladles 1/9\u20036 best hearth Brushes 2/3\n                  3 Midling Brooms 4/6\u20033 large ditto 5/ 6 pound Mops 5/\n                  3 best triangle Scrubbers\n                  A box the Contents put in No. 21\n                  11 fine oblong China Dishes 11/\n                  1 Tureen to match Ditto\n                  A Compleat sett Fine Image China\n                  2 dozn fine wine glasses Ingravd\n                  6 Quart Decanters do 21/\u200312 beer Glass Mugs &ca 12/\n                  N.B. drawback allowd\n                  A Case\u201412 Squares, Lock &ca\n                  1 Square new Anchovies 5/\u20032 ditto Capers 4/\n                  2 ditto Spanish Olives 3/6 1 ditto French ditto 3/\n                  2 ditto Walnuts 3/\u20032 ditto Salted Oyl 5/\n                  2 ditto India Mangoes 6/\u200312 Rolls Sp[anis]h Lampblk 6/\n                  12 Bottles very best Mustard\n                  A Strong canvas Bag\n                  1 ps. Huccabuck Towelling\n                  1 Borderd Ditto 3 yds Long\n                  1 dozn damask Napking to ditto\n                  6 blue and white handkerchiefs a 2/\n                  Three Cases and Packing\n                  A fine neat Mahagony Serpentine dressing Table with Furniture\n                     Compl. drawer Glass &ca hande Locks & brass Work\n                  A fine Mahagony Tea Table\n                  A pr fine carvd and gilt Sconces\n                  A Cask and 8 Tinn pots\n                  \u00bd Rheam fine po[s]t paper cut\n                  \u00bd ditto thick 4to post ditto\n                  5 Quire ditto Sup. Gilt\n                  \u00bd lb. best red Wax \u00bc black ditto\n                  3 Best Woolen Surcingles Lined\n                  3 best broad dble Girths\n                  1 ps. black bd Sattin Ribbons\n                  1 Neat strong best Warming Pan\n                  1 Neat strong & best Plate Warmer\n                  1 dozn pr best London round Ivory Case Knives and Bosom Forks\n                  6 Best pruning Knives\n                  6 best Cork Screws sorted\n                  A Neat cruit [cruet] stand & Casters wt 28 Oz. a 7/4\n                  2 best cut glass cruits a 5/ 10/\u2003A Box 6d\n                  A best 4 doz. Shagreen Case, fitted in the neatt Manr\n                  2 Setts best Silver handle Knives & Forks best London\n                  Engraving 53 Crests\n                  3 Hampers markt Stores\n                  12 dozn best Herefordshire Cyder in best Mould Bottles, wyred\n                  3 Hampers markt Stores\n                  12 dozn fine Porter Bottles &ca\n                  To Entry, Custom, Searchrs fees, Wharfg Cartage, Watg Shippg                     Charges\n                  To Freight, Primg. & Bills of Lading\n                  To 270\u00a3 Insura. on the above a \u00a315.15/ prCt and Policy 5/6\n                  1 Quarter Bbl best FF Gunpowder\n                  The Barrl and Charges\n   EE\nRichd Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "08-22-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0245", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Peachey, 22 August 1757\nFrom: Peachey, William\nTo: Washington, George\nDr Sir,\nRichmd County 22d Augst 1757\nHaving but an indifferent Hand at Complimts I have hitherto referr\u2019d writing to you & shod have still continued to do so,\nuntill I cou\u2019d hear something that might be new or entertaining, had not an Affair happen\u2019d a little while since, that lays me undr the Necessity of it, in Ordr to prepare you (if not too late) for the hearing of a ps. of Malice that none but the Devil or some of this Crew cou\u2019d have invented, & to clear up my Character to you in that particular.\nThe Matter is this, I being on a Visit the other Day to Mr Chas Carter of Shirley or Corotomon, was ask\u2019d in a very serious Manner by that Gent: in the presence of others (desiring me at the same Time to excuse his Curiousity) What was the real Intention of my Express to Wmsburg last spring was a Year? The Question put me a little out of Humour, but as that Gent: used a good Deal of Ceremony to bring it about, I told him it was to Allarm the Country wth the great Danger the Frontiers were in from the Enemy & I related to him such particulars as I cou\u2019d recollect of my Information at that Time; He held up his Hands & seem\u2019d to be surprized; I then thot it was Time to know his Reason for asking me such a Question, In which he said as he was at Wmsburg wn I came on that Express he heard me give the same Accot as I did to him at his own House and therefore cou\u2019d not but be surprized to hear a very different Tale told & Me given for Authority to it, which determined him, the first Time he saw me, to know the Truth of the Matter; He says that Mr Christopher Robinson told him he heard Collo. Richard Corbin say, that I affirm\u2019d that my whole Business at that time was to exicute a Scheme of yours to cause the Assembly to levy largely both in Money & Men, and that there was not an Indian in that Neighbrhood, that the Frontiers or even Winchester & the adjacent Country did not appear to be in any more Danger at that Time than any other; Mr Robinson also inform\u2019d Mr Carter, it was said, that that ps. of Deceit, or Imposition of yrs (as they term it) has lesson\u2019d the Governour\u2019s & some of the leading Men\u2019s Esteem for you; or at least they make Use of it as a Reason for their ill Treatment and the worse Opinion (they say) they have than form\u27e8erly\u27e9 of you: I hope Colo. Washington knows me bettr than even to suppose I cou\u2019d be guilty of a Thing of this Kind, therefore shall only add that you may depend I shall Use my Endeavour to trace the Matter till I find the Scoundrell that dares make himself the\nAuthor of such a scandulous Report\u2014If you think fitt to make Use of the above you are at full Liberty so to do. There is another fine Story the Governour is pleased to report of me, viz. That I generally muster\u2019d between 30 or 40 Men & had only 6 or 7. Pray Sir, where was yr Care or that of yr Officers? to overlook so palpable a Breach of a well known Article of War: However I am only waiting to get a person who heard his Honr say so, to make it app\u27e8ear\u27e9 how false & mean that Aspersion is.\nAs I shall go to Wmsburg shortly, I hope, if I shou\u2019d find it necessary, you won\u2019t take it a miss, that I make Use of yr Last to me on the South Branch, for I understand that it is generally supposed in that part of the World, that some leading Man has placed my Character in a very bad Light to the Governr or say they, his Honour wou\u2019d never have reduced him & appointed a younger Capt. to be continued in the Regiment.\nWhen I left Winchester I really forgot to draw up a Remonstrance as you directed for the Ballance of my pay, therefore wrote to the Governr, for ansr he said he had not the least Objection to it, but I must apply to the pay-master; I coud see that was only an Evasion, so hope if you can put me in a Way to get it, you will, for I not only think it an Hardship to loose it, but a great piece of Injustice as I was not paid of till the 5th or 6th of July & consequently cou\u2019d not leave the service if there is no other method to be taken you\u2019ll be pleased to send me a Certificate that I was only paid to the first of June & continued in the Service till the 4th of July, the Day that I came to Winchester\u2014We have various Accots of poor Spotswood, I shou\u2019d be extreamly glad to hear if you have had any News of him since I left you. I wish I cou\u2019d have continued wth you, for the idle or rather sedentary Life that I am now obliged to lead & the Salt Water Air has brot on an ugly Fevr which I make no Doubt I shod have escaped if I had continued in the Mountains, tho\u2019 indeed, otherways I cou\u2019d not have enjoy\u2019d much Satisfaction after hearing how my Character as well as most of the Gent. of the Virga Regimt has been traduced & vilified, as I am inform\u2019d by those too who ought chearfully to have supported, and stood by, us.\nWe have no News but wt comes by the Northwd papers which you generally get before We do, except that some French privateers\nhave been seen in the Mouth of the Bay & our station Ship is gone out on the Cruise, so shall conclude wth, an hearty & sincere Wish that you may meet with more Satisfaction than I believe you have for some Time, and Assuring you that I am wth the greatest Respect Dr Sir Yr mo. obedt Humble Servt\nWillm Peachey\nPray excuse incorrectness for I am at this Time much disorder\u2019d.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0246", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Dinwiddie, 27 August 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Dinwiddie, Robert\nTo Governor DinwiddieHonble Sir,\n[Fort Loudoun, 27 August 1757]\nYour favour of the 13th by Mr Boyd, I have received.\nThe Draughts from Lunenburg are arrived, to the number of 16; which does not replace the Soldiers that have deserted since my last. So prevalent is this infamous practice yet.\nThe Draughts, when they were divided among the eight companies in July, completed them to 86 rank and file, and there remained over and above 40 workmen, which I detained at this place, as mentioned in a former letter.\nWhat the strength of the companies is just at this time I am no more able to say (not knowing what casualties may have happened since) than I am to send Your Honor a return of the Regiment, which is impossible to do, till I get my returns from the several out-posts: and that I believe your Honor must be sensible is difficult and precarious, dispersed as the Regiment is. I have given express orders, however, that those returns shall be made to me as regularly as the nature of things will admit: and I shall not be wanting in my duty to forward them: nor shall I delay to send the companies size-rolls, when they come to my hands. And I have directed these last also, to be made out and sent to me, carefully examined.\nThe enclosed is a copy of a report made to me, by two Officers who were instructed to inspect into the State of the provisions at Fort Cumberland. Mr Kenedy, who was entrusted with the care of these provisions, is now there repacking and pickling them; and when he has finished, I shall endeavour to do the best I can with them: but despair of turning them to the least advantage.\nA letter, which I received a few days ago from Capt. Waggener, advises, that the Enemy appeared upon the Branch, not far from his neighbourhood (their numbers uncertain) and killed  men, and captivated others, without his being able to meet with them.\nOn Sunday last a small party of (five cherokees) who came here a few days ago, set out to war.\nYour Honor having asked my opinion concerning recruiting\u2014I shall give it candidly as follows.\nI believe, unless we are permitted to enlist Servants, we shou\u2019d spend much time to little purpose, in this Service.\nThere is such a spirit of opposition prevailing in one sort of people, and so little spirit of any kind in another.\nI never thought, in the most distant degree, of recruiting for the additional companies \u2019till the others were compleat; nor shou\u2019d I have mentioned that, but thinking it was required by Act of Assembly.\nAs your Honor was pleased to leave to my discretion, to punish or pardon the criminals, I have resolved on the latter; since I find example of so little weight, and since those poor unhappy\ncriminals have undergone no small pain of body and mind, in a dark prison, closely ironed!\nI have filled up a commission for Sergeant Feint, and will send it to him by the first safe conveyance. Colo. Stanwix I am told (the truth of which I doubt) is marched to the northward. I have had no account from him these four weeks.\nMr Boyd (whom I have spoken to on the matter) conceives, there will be no money left for contingent expences, when he has paid the Troops. I shall do as your Honor directs, with regard to escorting Mr Boyd to Augusta, and ordering Officers to wait upon him at this place; however inconvenient it prove to the Service.\nNothing remarkable has happened, for which reason I have nothing particular to add\u2014I must beg leave however, before I conclude, to observe, in justification of my own conduct, that it is with pleasure I receive reproof, when reproof is due; because no person can be readier to accuse me, than I am to acknowledge an error, when I am guilty of one. Nor more desirous of atoning for a crime, when I am Sensible of having committed it. But, on the other hand, it is with concern I remark, that my best endeavours lose their reward, and that my conduct, altho\u2019 I have uniformly studied to make it as unexceptionable as I could, does not appear to you in a favorable point of light. Otherwise your Honor wou\u2019d not have accused me of loose behaviour and remissness of duty, in matters where I think I have rather exceeded than fallen short of it. This I think is evidently the case in speaking of indian affairs at all: after being instructed in very express terms [\u201c]not to have any concern with, or management of, indian affairs.\u201d This has caused me to forbear mentioning of Indians in any of my letters to your Honor of late; and to leave the misunderstanding which you speak of, between Mr Atkin and the Indians, to the former to relate; knowing that he maintained a correspondence with your Honor on matters relative to his office\u2014But, with regard to the accompts, when he wou\u2019d have nothing to do with them, and when I was hourly importuned for the payment; and knew I had not the means to do it; what cou\u2019d I do less than promise the people that I wou\u2019d recommend their cases to your Honor, in hopes that you would appoint a person, in whom you cou\u2019d\nconfide, to take in and pay off their accompts; as I always looked upon it as a duty distinct from mine, and therefore was unwilling to intermeddle in the affair.\nI really thought it unnecessary to say more than that \u201cthe Detachment destined for Augusta, was marched;\u201d because your Honor gave me a copy of the council held at Philadelphia, which directed 150 men to be posted at Dickensons, and 100 at Vauses; which direction I observed; and thought it would be sufficiently understood when I wrote as above.\nI shou\u2019d have acknowledged the receipt of the arms had they come, but they were not arrived when my last was wrote; which obliged me to disarm the men that remained here, in order to supply those who marched, rather than detain them, as I had sent waggons to Falmouth, to bring \u2019em from thence. However, if I have erred in these points, I am sorry for it; and shall endeavour for the future to be as particular and satisfactory in my accounts of these things, as possible: and am, with due respect, Your Honors\u2019 most obedt Hble Servant,\nG:W.\nFort Loudoun, Augt 27th 1757.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "08-28-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0247", "content": "Title: From George Washington to David Hall, 28 August 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hall, David\nSir\nFort Loudoun August 28th 1757.\nIf you be rememberd when I dischargd my account in your Office in March last, I desird notwith standing the Post was discontinued to Winchester, that the Papers might be sent to Alexandria for me, from whence I coud get them, tho. not so regularly.\nI conceive, as I have [not] got any since, that you must have mistaken my meaning or directions.\nThe Officers of the Virginia Regiment and some others, have contributed a Sum to support a Post for three Months, to ride the length of Lancaster to meet yours from Philadelphia; and have desird that I woud apply to you for 30 weekly Papers during that time, to (to commence next Post and) be directed to the care of Doctr James Craik in Winchester. This Sir I hope you will accordingly do, & I will become answerable for the price of that number of Papers. We make no doubt but you will direct these Papers to be forwarded by the Post Master at Lancaster, and I woud gladly know the Price of them.\nNot knowing who has the care of the Post Office at Philadelphia in the absence of Mr Franklin, I have taken the liberty of Inclosing to you a Packet for New York, and beg the favour of you to forward it, whatever expence (as I woud choose to be at the expence myself) arises in getting it to or from you; I will chearfully pay upon the first Notice given me\u2014and I shoud be obligd to you, if you woud desire the Post Master since we are likely to open a Communication from hence to Philadelphia, if any letters shoud come directed to me, that he woud send them in this Channel rather than to Fredericksburg, a round they generally have taken. Your favours in these particulars will very much oblige Yr most Obedt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "08-28-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0248", "content": "Title: Roll of George Washington\u2019s Company, 28 August 1757\nFrom: McNeill, John,Buckner, Mordecai,Roy, James\nTo: \nA Size Roll of Colo. Washington\u2019s Company. August 28th 1757.\n                  Fair Complextion, Freckled, Hair inclining to red, genteelly\n                  Jams Littlepage\n                  Fair & freckled, Hair inclining to Red\n                  Ruddy Complextion, short brown Head of Hair\n                  Fair ruddy Complextion, dark Hair, thin make\n                  Chesterfield\n                  Fair Complextion, thin make\n                  Saml Longworth\n                  Dark \u2003\u2003Do \u2003\u2003 & Hair stout thick & well made\n                  Fair Complextion brown Hair Something Inkneed\n                  Brown Complextion, & hair, well Set\n                  Do\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003 do brown hair much pitted with the smallpox\n                  Dark Complextion & Hair, lame in his right Thigh by a wound\n                  Brown Hair & Complextion\n                  Lauchlin McLain\n                  Brown with dark Hair\n                  Brown Complextion a Blemish in his right Eye a joint of his little finger off\n                  Brown Complextion & Hair a very likely Fellow\n                  Dark Complextion, brown Hair\n                  Edward Whitehead\n                  Wm Stewart Packett\n                  Brown Complextion & Hair, Slender made\n                  Ruddy Complextion flaxen Hair, well made\n                  Spotsilvania\n                  Brown Complextion, short sandy Hair\n                  Fair Complextion, sandy Hair well made\n                  Very dark Complextion with black Hair, Slender made\n                  Spotsilvania\n                  Dark Complextion, & Hair, very well made Bluff faced\n                  Fair Complextion Brown Hair very well made\n                  Dark Complextion, & Sandy Hair\n                  Dark Complextion black Hair\n                  Do \u2003\u2003\u2003Do \u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003Do pitted with the small Pox\n                  Ruddy face, sandy Hair, sore Eyes\n                  Joseph Handcock\n                  Chesterfield\n                  Fair Complextion, sandy Hair, has a very thick upper Lip\n                  Fair, sandy Hair, not well made\n                  Dark Complextion well made\n                  Pale Complextion, Brown Hair\n                  Brown Complextion, black hair a small thin Face\n                  Jas Fitzpatrick\n                  Brown Complextion, & hair, Grey Eyes\n                  Francis Farmer\n                  Ruddy face, brown Hair pitted a little with the small Pox\n                  Pale Complextion, light Hair, something pitted with the small\n                  James Williams\n                  Ruddy, fair Hair well made\n                  Archd Lockhart\n                  Brown Complextion & Hair\n                  Red Face grey Eyes, very little Hair on his Head\n                  Davd Mcgennett\n                  Brown Complextion, hair brown & strait a very dirty Lubberly Look\n                  Brown, much pitted with the small pox light Hair\n                  Red face, dark brown Hair well made\n                  Brown Complextion, & hair, very well made\n                  William Strain\n                  Red face Bow legg\u2019d sandy Hair\n                  Brown Complextion, light brown hair lame by haveing his left Legg broke\n                  John Greenaway\n                  Dark \u2003\u2003\u2003do \u2003\u2003Flaxen Hair, well made\n                  William Stephens\n                  Fair, Brown hair, much pitted with the small pox, well made\n                  Jeremiah Wilson\n                  Ruddy, broad face, dark Hair, well made\n                  Ruddy Complextion, flaxen hair, well made\n                  Brown Complextion, & Hair, well made\n                  Red Complextion, & Hair, very large Eye Brows\n                  Richd Singster\n                  Complextion red, & hair, very well made\n                  Dark Complextion, dark Hair & Grey Eyes\n                  Red face, sandy Hair, well made\n                  Dark Complextion, Hair Grey\n                  Phillip Askins\n                  Brown Complextion, brown Hair, a stout robust Fellow\n                  Charles Knight\n                  Dark \u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2009Do, brown hair, well set\n                  Brown Complextion, & Hair, well made\n                  Brown Complextion, with red Hair\n                  Brown Complextion, & Hair, pitted with the small Pox\n                  Brown Complextion, with black Hair\n                  Dark Complextion, & Hair, an ugly ill made Fellow\n                  Brown Complextion, & Hair, pitted by the small Pox\n                  Patrick Mclain\n                  Red face, & Hair, well made\n                  Dark Complextion, brown & straight Hair\n                  Yellow Complextion, sandy Hair\n                  Red Complextion, brown Hair\n                  Pale Complextion, light brown Hair\n                  do \u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2007do, brown Hair, & spare made\n                  Heny Wiltshire\n                  Brown Complextion, blind in his right Eye\n                  Laurence White\n                  Tobacco-spinner\n                  Dark Complextion, black hair, his left legg larger than his right\n                  Dark Complextion, brown Hair\n                  Dark Complextion, dark brown Hair pitted with the small Pox\n                  Fresh Complextion, light Hair, a Scar on his right Cheek\n                  Dark Complextion & Hair, dark Eyebrows, with Grey Eyes\n                  Jams Fitzgerrald\n                  Dark Complextion, black hair, pitted a little with the small pox well made\n                  Fair Complextion, light brown Hair\n                  Dark Complextion with light brown Hair\n                  Wm Fitzgerrald\n                  Brown Complextion, dark Hair, thick Clumsy make\n                  Fair Complextion, light hair, pitted with the small pox spare make\n                  Fair & freckled, red hair, the 2 first letters of his Name mark\u2019d on the inside of his left legg\n                  Red face, pitted a little with the small Pox, Red Hair\nN. B. Thomas Mountjoy formerly belong\u2019d to Capt. Mercer\u2019s Company is on Furloe. Size &ca unknown, & Patrick McClain is one of the Detachment gone to South Carolina.\nJohn McNeill Capt. Lieut.\nMordi Buckner Lieut.\nJas Roy Ens.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0249", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Dinwiddie, 1 September 1757\nFrom: Dinwiddie, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWilliamsburg Septr 1st 1757\nMy Friend Colo. Fairfax earnestly desires his Son Wm Henry may have a Lieutt\u2019s Commission in the Regiment, if any Vacancy I desire You may give him a Commission accordingly, & as You have Blank Commissions fill one up for him if any Vacancy, which will be agreeable to Sir Your mo. humble Servant\nRobt Dinwiddie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0250", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Andrew Lewis, 1 September 1757\nFrom: Lewis, Andrew\nTo: Washington, George\nAugusta Court house Sept. the 1st 1757\nLast Night I arrived here in Order to fall upon sume Method to Ingage provitions for the troop Stationed in this County\u2014his honr the governor has ordred me to Regulate the Militia of this County. & as there is a General Muster here this Day it is part of my Business.\nAs soon as Capt. Woodward arived at Fort Lyttelton Lt Bullat Marched & Joined me at Dickensons Fort Sume Days Before I left that. Inclosed you have returns According to my Instructions with Size & Necessary Rolls\u2014my old Company had not thire hats. Nither were they Sint from Winchester the men is Very unasey about the want of them as they are in a manner Barehedad\u2014I send Mr Allan with sume Assistance afture the men which Deserted from me at this place on my March out. they had not the Fortun to take Either of them. but hering of Sume Others took 2 who Deserted from Lt Bucknar on his march from Fredericksburg. these 2 with one Inlisted which you may see by my Return want thire Cloaths & Inlisting money. as you will have frequant opertunitys of sending Necessarys which we are in want of as you will see by the Necessary Rolls, by waggons or Carts Coming to this place I hop\u27e8e\u27e9 you will Send them\u2014In Answer to a Letter I sent to his honr the\ngovernor he writs me to Abandon Fort Lyttelton or Continue the troop as I think propar. As that Fort in time may be of Sume Service I think it Best to Continue one officer with 20 Men at it. Capt. Woodward with 50 at Campbels the Remainder of the Detachment under Capt. Woodward which will be Neare 30 at old Cloyds. Capt. Dickenson with his Company I have ordred to the mouth of Crags Crek, by which Means I Beleve the people will Return to thire habitations. before my arrivel here with the troops, there was not a Soule Between the N[ort]h R[ive]r & Vauses. but Since most of the fork people has Returned\u2014I shall Send a Small part of my Company to Fort Dinwiddie I have Stationed Capt. Preston in the Bull-pasture. There is tow Companys of the Militia Now on Duty which I know not how to Dispose of. tho. I wrot to the governor in a partickular Manner about them he wrot me he knew of none but Preston & Dickenson, not withstanding the others \u27e8were\u27e9 Stationed by his & the Counsels Order. there is one place yt Vacant which if not garesoned the Consequences may be bad. that is the So. Branch or So. fork Betwen Capt. Woodwards old Station & Prestons. as the governor has not given me a Derict Answer nor I Believe wont, I am afread that place must be Destetutt.\nHis honr wrot me Colo. Reed was apointed to Suply the troops under my Command with provitions. I havt as yt heard from Reed. nor Cant larn that he has provided one Mouth foull which has layd me under an Obligation to provid. I supose I shall ly out of my money Sume years, perhaps afture taking as many jurneys to Wmsburg as will ocation the spending the hole I may Receive it. I am Sir your most Obedeant & very Humble Servant.\nAndw Lewis\nP.S. few days since a Serjt of the Militia was kiled by the Enemy Near Fort Dinwiddie which is all the Damage done in this Country Since my arivel.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "09-02-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0251", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Dinwiddie, 2 September 1757\nFrom: Dinwiddie, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWilliamsburg Septr 2d 1757\nYours of the 27th Ulto I recd last Night. Colo. Read from Lunenburg says he had sent You up twenty nine Soldiers, probably in two Parties, the last I suppose were not arrived when You wrote me.\nI am sorry so many have deserted since Yr last, or do I know what to do unless they will Out-law all those that do desert, & I wish You wou\u2019d send the Names of those that deserted after receiving the Bounty order\u2019d by the Country, & receiv\u2019d their Cloathg & Arms.\nThe Reason I am so earnest in having the Numbers with You, & those sent to Augusta is, to qualify me to agree with Contractors for supplying them with Provisions; as the Contractors will naturally desire to know the Number they are to provide for.\nI see the Difficulties You mention in sending a Return of the whole Regiment, yet You will observe the Necessity of having it. As to the Beef at Fort Cumberland. I despair of Yr making much of it, but do what You can; I hope the other Species not objected to will soon be replac\u2019d at Fort Loudoun.\nI am sorry the Enemy have appear\u2019d on the Branch & of their having kill\u2019d five & captivated eight, this I fear will be the Case by surprizing the poor unguarded People, & Nothing further can be expected than our People being employ\u2019d in Parties searching for the Enemy.\nWe must suspend Recruiting for some Time till a Method is found out to reclaim the Deserters, which at present appears to me very difficult, but hope You will be able to compleat the present Companies to 100 each rank & file.\nI approve of Your pardoning the poor Prisoners & I hope Your Reproof to them will have its desired Effect, & they become good Soldiers. I cannot think Colo. Stanwix will leave our Frontier in these perilous Times.\nI understood Mr Boyd that the Money he carried last up was more than wou\u2019d pay the Forces to the last of August & I suppose\nthere remains in Yr Hands some of the 2000\u00a3 sent for the Drafts, which may be applied for Contingences.\nI accused You of looseness in Writing, viz. tho\u2019 You are not concern\u2019d in Indian Affairs, yet when an Insult & Quarrel subsists where You Command it was reasonable to expect You shou\u2019d have given an Account thereof, not having heard from Mr Atkin till this Minute by Mr Richd Smith.\nAs formerly I can say Nothing to the Accts or Demands of the People for the Indians till I know their Amo[unt] & for what\u2014& it\u2019s not to be expected the Country is to employ a Person for to settle every little Demand. The Detachmt to Augusta, I expected an Acct of the Officers & the Men in each Compa. Majr Lewis writes he arrived there the 4th Ulto with 140 Men, & that he was inform\u2019d Colo. Clemt Read was to supply them with Provisions; did not You direct him to apply to Mr Read for Provisions? he writes me to appoint some Person to purchase Provisions; I hope Mr Read has sufficient for three Months, as before I want the particular Numbers in order to contract for supply of Provisions.\nYou shou\u2019d have acquainted me of the Arms being at Falmouth, & that You had sent for them, howr as they are now with You it\u2019s very well.\nI have a monstrous long Letter from Mr Atkin which I cannot answer particularly, but shall in general. Colo. Fairfax has wrote me earnestly for a Commission for his Son Wm Henry to be a Lieutenant, if any Vacancy I shall be glad he may be oblig\u2019d in this, as I have a great Regard for the old Gentn: I wrote a short Line to You under his Cover to the above Purpose which he probably will forward to You.\nI desire You will send a particular Acct of Provisions remaing on Hand, & how long You think they may serve the Men &ca that the new Contractors may know the Time they are to commence their Supplies. I understand from Govr Sharpe that Mr Ross wou\u2019d either supply the Species of Provisions left at Fort Cumberland in Hand, or pay You in Cash, when adjusted advise me thereof. I remain with Respect Sir Your mo. humble Servant.\nRobt Dinwiddie\nPray write me whether one Robt Holmes is amongst the Number of Deserters.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "09-03-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0252", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Ramsay, 3 September 1757\nFrom: Ramsay, William\nTo: Washington, George\nDr Sir\nWilliamsburg Septr 3d 1757\nYesterday my proposals were agreed to by the Govenr. This Day I set out for Hampton in Order to purchase some Salt. I hope to be at home in about 8 days, after a short stay I intend my self the pleasure of waiting on you, when your advice &c. will be kindly taken & added to your other favors. The Flour you mention\u2019d shall bake. No News this way.\nIf in any respect I can serve Colo. Washington I shall with the greatest pleasure & am with real Esteem his obliged and very H. Servant\nWm Ramsay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "09-06-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0253", "content": "Title: From George Washington to David Ross, 6 September 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Ross, David\n[Fort Loudoun, 6 September 1757]\nCopy of a letter to Doctr Ross.Sir\nGovernor Dinwiddie directed me to get the affair relative to the provisions left by our corps at Fort Cumberland, adjusted; in consequence of those instructions, I sent two officers to reinspect the Beef; and ordered a commissary to give his attendance and assistance. By the enclose copy of the officers report, and commissarys return, you will observe, a quantity of it was used by your troops; and the most considerable part of what remains, sound, and fit for use. I am not in any degree surprized, that the Garrisons prefer fresh to salt meat; yet I flatter myself, your colony will not hestitate at receiving that part of the Beef which is deemed fit for use; which is consonant to agreement (not to mention the easy terms on which they get the flour &c.).\nTo settle this matter to the reciprocal satisfaction of both Colonies, in an amicable way, wou\u2019d be quite agreeable to me\u2014Your answer as soon as possible, will oblige, Sir, Your very Hble St\nG:W.\nSeptember 6th 1757.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "09-08-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0254", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Hall, 8 September 1757\nFrom: Hall, David\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhilada, Septr 8. 1757.\nI received your Letter by the Post, and am very sorry I misunderstood your Directions, as I should be always glad to have Colonel Washington for a Customer for our Paper. You have now sent you thirty Papers, according to your Orders, for\nwhich I have debited you; the Charge for each Paper three Months 2/6 our Money, which makes the whole \u00a33.15.0. What the Post will take for carrying them to Lancaster I don\u2019t know. As he is a private Post, he makes his own Bargain\u2014I suppose, if you should continue to take the Papers longer than the three Months, you will let us know in Time, otherwise we shall stop sending when the Time is up I am, Sir, Yours very respectfully\nD. Hall\nN.B. Your Letters are forwarded, Mr William Dunlap manages the Po\u27e8st\u27e9 Office in Mr Franklin\u2019s Absence, and will take \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 proper Care of what Letters you may send.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0255", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Richard Washington, 9 September 1757 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, Richard\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Richard Washington, 9 Sept. 1757. On 18 March 1758 GW wrote to Richard Washington: \u201cI have receivd your favour of the 9th of Septr preceeding.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0256", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Anthony Bacon & Company, 10 September 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Bacon, Anthony\nGentn\n[Fort Loudoun, 10 September 1757]\nI hope by the time this comes to hand you will receive Eighteen Hogsheads of my Tobo Ten in the Integrety and eight in the endeavour Captns Thompson & Younger. That in Captn Thompson was of the best Sweetscented, neatly handled; and must if the ship arrivd Safe get to Market in the Nick of time\u2014The other by Captn Younger is also of the best quality and Weights, for which Reasons I expect they will Command such prices as I know the like to Tobo fetches to my Acquaintances in Virginia.\nI cant forbear confessing Sir, that the exceeding low price you got for my first venture to you discouragd me for sometime from making a Second; but as I expect for the time to come, to Ship, if I find my Accts in it, a pretty considerable quantity of the bests Tobos of my own growth annually I flatter myself you will deal by me in such a manner as to render a change of Merchts\nunnecessary. The Nett proceeds of these Tobaccos you will please pay my name-sake Mr Richd Washington.\nI thank you very heartily Sir, for the Magazine you sent me, and your kind offer to render me Services\u2014I am now removd to this place and shall if continued at it, be more convenient than I have been to Cultivate a more intimate corrispondance.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0257", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Richard Washington, 10 September 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Washington, Richard\nDear Sir\nFort Loudoun 10th Septr 1757\nThe Inclosd addresses Copy of mine of the 15th April by a Vessel which I find has mistaken her Rout and got to France.\nOn board the Integrety Captn Thompson I shipd 14 Hogsheads of best Sweet-Scented Tobo for 4 of which and no more I was allowd liberty of Consignment; and these four I Shipd to you\u2014the other ten together with 8 more in Captn Younger are sent to Mr Bacon; of whom please to demand the neat proceeds.\nThe Alexandria Captn McKay is preparing with all possible dispatch to Sail with the Convoy: On Board her I have put eight Hhds consignd to yourself and I have orderd my present Crop (which at this time wears a very favourable Aspect, and without some Signal Stroke of Providence will equal my most Sanguine expectations) to be got ready for the first Ships, after these which are just taking their Departure; and for as many as I can\nget liberty I will ship to yourself, but it is with concern I tell you, we have very little choice.\nI have receivd your favour of the 2d of April, and find Insurance so exorbitantly high, that I have determind to risk my Tobo as it is conveyd in several bottoms\u2014But my Goods, unless they come under Convoy (and even then if you think proper) I woud choose to ensure\u2014In the Invoice Mr Carlyle sent you for me I think \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 for a Small Sword of 8 or 10 Guins. price. this is of 12 Months standing, which gives me cause to fear, having heard no mention of it by you, that his Letter has miscarried\u2014if this is really the case please to embrace the earliest oppertunity of complying wt. this desire & sendg spare Scabds & Slips wt. it. I am Dr Sir Yr Most Obedt & Affecte\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "09-17-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0259", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Dinwiddie, 17 September 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Dinwiddie, Robert\n[Fort Loudoun, 17 September 1757]\nCopy of a letter to Governor DinwiddieHonble Sir,\nYour favour of the 2d instant came safe to hand: and Jenkins\u2019s sickness has prevented my answering it sooner.\nI apprehend, that 13 of the 29 Draughts from Lunenburg\nhave deserted, as 16 only have arrived here; and I have no accounts of any more being upon their march. Your Honor may observe by the enclosed list of Deserters: all of whom have left the Regiment since the last return I sent, and after having received, too, their clothes, arms, and bounty-money; how prevalent still is that infamous practice among the dastardly draughts, especially at this Garrison, where I indulge them in every thing but idleness; and in that I can not, the nature of the work requiring the contrary. Lenity, so far from producing its desired effects, rather emboldens them in these villainous undertakings. One of those who were condemned to be hanged, deserted immediately upon receiving his pardon.\nIn short, they tire my patience, & almost weary me to death! The expence of pursuing them is very considerable; and to suffer them to escape, without aiming at pursuit is but giving up the point, altho\u2019 we have had but little success of late.\nThe uncertain and difficult communication with the outposts, must apologize for my not sending you a return of our strength for august. For the second month will always be far advanced before I can get in the returns of the preceding; as the latter must be first expired, before the returns can be made out; and then some of them are to come 250 miles, and great part of that distance, thro\u2019 an uninhabited country.\u273b By the enclosed for July your Honor will see that our total strength amounted to 699; but as there happened many changes and casualties in that month, by reason of the Draughts joining, deserting, & the companys not being properly formed, this return will, I apprehend, appear confused and irregular. Our present strength I guess is about 700. Major Lewis did, as he wrote your Honor, march from this place, with about 140 men only: but then Capt. Woodward, who also marched at the same time with his company from the South-branch, joined him at Dickensons; which with the men under Captn Hogg, formed a body of something more than 250 men, agreeably to the number appointed at Philadelpha for the forts at Dickensons and Vauses.\nI am sorry I did not know it was necessary to give the name of each officer of the command; but shall do it now; and set them down as they are placed in companies. Major Lewis\u2014Lt Bullet\u2014Lt Fleming\u2014Ensn Speake Captn Woodward\u2014Lt Dangerfield\n\u2014Lt Milner\u2014Ens. Sumner Capt. Spotswood\u2014Lt Lomax\u2014Lt Crawford\u2014Ens. Starke.\nThe above are the officers belonging to three companies that went to Augusta: But your Honor knows Capt. Spotswood was absent. Mr Milner was also absent, and has been so at his Fathers these 8 months\u2014in a consumption as I am told. And I have given Sergeant a commission, and appointed him to Woodwards company, in lieu of Ensign Sumner, who is now to join Captn McKenzie\u2019s company.\nAs soon as I was informed that Colo. Reid was to supply the troops in Augusta with provisions, I acquainted Major Lewis therewith.\nAs there is no addition made to the Draughts; no men recruited, and our numbers daily diminishing by desertion; I can not see how you can expect that I shou\u2019d compleat the companies that are now under 90, to 100 Rank & file, each; as you mention in your letter.\nI never expected nor ever desired, that there should be an addition to made to the number of those persons appointed to transact public business; much less that there shou\u2019d be one to settle every little affair: I only humbly proposed that, as Captn Gist was empowered with your Honors approbation to manage the indian affairs here, and as he is to be paid for that Duty; by this colony; that he, as a more proper person than myself, should take in and adjust the accompts against the Indians (so often mentioned) as it can not reasonably be supposed that I who am stripped of the help I once was allowed (and told that I shou\u2019d be freed from these things in consequence) can turn my hands & my thoughts to such a multiplicity of business as naturally arises out of the variety of occurrencies which are occasioned by our scattered and detached situation, and the many extraneous concerns of the Indians. Every person who sees how I am employed, will readily testify, that very little recreation falls to my lot. Nevertheless, if it is your Honors orders, that I shall collect these accompts, I will do it in the best manner I am able, and that with chearfulness: But it will be sometime ere it can be accomplished\u2014as I have turned them off once.\nThe Indian chiefs before they departed for their nation, warmly solicited me for some Drums; and as I had none but\nthose belonging to the Regiment, which cou\u2019d not be spared, I was obliged to promise them, that I wou\u2019d acquaint your Honor with their request that you might, if you thought proper, pro[v]ide them against their return.\nSince my last the enemy returned to the Branch, where they killed 4 men, wounded one, captivated a man and woman, and burned some grain, notwithstanding the utmost efforts of the Troops, who are constantly scouting.\nThe people in that quarter are terribly affrighted by this last eruption; and I fear can hardly be prevented from evacuating that valuable Settlement. Enclosed is a return of the Deputy-commissary\u2019s return and report of the state of the provisions at Fort Cumberland, and my letter to Doctr Ross on that subject; an answer to which I hourly expect. I have heard from second-hand, that they intend to make no allowance for the Fish we left there\u2014saying they were the Kings fish, as they really were, and therefore as much theirs as ours. I shou\u2019d be glad to know your honors sentiments on this matter. I apprehended they wou\u2019d claim the Fish as a right; and therefore when I left Ft Cumberland, to attend the committee in the spring according to order; directed Colo. Stephen to have them removed, which he neglected to do.\nI have received from Mr Boyd, notwithstanding his first declaration to me, \u00a3500 which, with what remains of the 2,000, shall be applied and accounted for as you direct.\nI was obliged to detain \u00a3250 out of the first sum which came up for the Companies\u2014but can now refund it.\nWhen your Honor is pleased to order the vacancy which Captain Spotswood occasions, to be filled up in the name of Captn McNeill, there will be room for a Lieutenant, and then if your please to bestow it on Mr Fairfax, I shou\u2019d take it infinitely kind, if you wou\u2019d oblige me so far as to send the commission immediately from yourself to that Gentleman. For, altho\u2019 I esteem him greatly on account of his Father, for whose memory and friendship, I shall ever retain a most grateful sense; yet making him Lt over many old Ensigns, will occasion great confusion in the corps, and bring censure on me; for the Officers will readily conceive, tht my friendship and partiality to the family were the causes of it. If Mr Fairfax wou\u2019d accept of an\nEnsigncy, the matter might pretty easily be accommodated. The letter under cover to Colo. Fairfax is not come to hand.\nI have heard nothing yet from Colo. Stanwix; but soon shall, as I wrote to him a few days ago, and expect his answer.\nRobert Holmes is among the Deserters.\nI send your Honor a size-roll of my own, Captains Stewart and Lewis\u2019s companies. The others were sent to me; but being signed by the commanding officer only, as is usual; I was obliged to send back for the Subalterns to sign also. when these come in, I shall forward them.\nAs we have not at this time either commissary or assistant here, it is not in my power to send a return of the provisions with any tolerable exactness. But I do not doubt that Mr Rutherford, our acting commissary, who is now down, has satisfied your Honor fully in this particular; if he has not, I will take care to do it in my next.\nThe monthly return for July, mentioned in the body of this letter, as sent, upon re-examination, I find so unintelligible, by reason of some mistakes in Captns Spotswood and Woodwards returns; that I am ashamed to sign it, till the mistakes are rectified, and for this end, I have ordered those companies in a peremptory manner to be careful for the future, or answer the contrary.\nYour Honor in estimating our numbers at about 7,00, will be near the complement. But, if I may presume to advise, the contractors shou\u2019d provide for companies of 100 each; as it is supposed we shall complete to that number as fast as possible.\nI doubt not but your Honor will see the necessity of making a agreement with the Contractors, for furnishing the Indians with provisions: otherwise they will take no concern in this matter: as I conceive they are allowed so much for each soldier that shall be returned\u2014In which case Indians are included, if they were not, no person wou\u2019d supply them on the same terms they do Soldiers; for they eat and waste triple what the latter do. I am your Honors\u2019 &c.\nG:W.\nFt Loudoun, Septr 17th 1757.\nNote, this asterisk (\u273b) refers to page 289 and twelfth line of this volume, in which the following sentences, being hidden, by reason of the fold in the original letter, were omitted.\nvizt If special Messengers are always sent with these returns, it will be a pretty considerable expence. I shou\u2019d therefore be glad if your Honor wou\u2019d be pleased to direct, whether they are to be sent me by Express, or to embrace the best conveyance without? In the one case, as I before said, there must be a constant expence; and in the other, great incertainty.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "09-17-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0261", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Kirkpatrick, 17 September 1757\nFrom: Kirkpatrick, John\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nAlexandria 17th Septemr 1757.\nI am honoured with your very kind letter by Mr Hamilton confirming the Obligations I lye under from the many instances of Your Friendship and Regard. For which I can only\noffer my gratefull Acknowledgements\u2014a poor return for such unmeritted kindnesses.\nYour candid and Just remarks on the scheme of Settling a Store by Mr Watson at Winchester, carry their due weight with me, and corroborate the Conclusions I drew from the proposal\u2014Among severall reasons that discouraged our design, that of Mr Watsons unfitness was one, very matterial\u2014and the unfirm state of Health I have been in, this Summer, rendered me unable to undertake the Affair\u2014So that, I judged it more prudent to drop the design\u2014at least for some time\u2014I am now, thank God, upon the recovery & wou\u2019d Gladly Attempt some Way of Business conducive to an easie passage thro\u2019 life\u2014and, believe shall break off my Connections with Mr Watson\u2014as My Brother is Fit to undergo some fatigue and willing to join me in any Adventure of probable Advantage.\nThe Scheme you kindly sent of Suttling, and From which as you observe (under proper conduct,) Advantage might arrise\u2014is foreclosed\u2014Mr Ramsay return\u2019d about Four days ago from Williamsburgh, having Contracted to Victuall the Forces of Your Regiment Stationd in Frederick & Hampshire Countys\u2014at what rate, I know not\u2014but in Conjunction with Carlyle and Dalton\u2014and with resolutions to pursue the plan of Suttlers, Retailers, Commissary, and what not, for the Compleat and proper Accommodating Your Regiment in every Requisite whatsoever\u2014This much, I had learn\u2019d, was their intentions, before I had the pleasure of receiving Your Affectionate Address\u2014and was pleased with the Approaching prospects of the Commodious & Satisfactory entertainment so necessary & Desirable amongst Your Troops.\nYou may rely on the Secrecy injoind on this Subject\u2014and shall not add Further till I have the pleasure of seeing you\u2014which I hope will be in a Fortnights time.\nInclosed is Mr Johnsons recet for the five Years rent of his Plantation \u00a312.10. Curry.\nMr Hamilton hastens to be gone\u2014& shall only add my sincere wishes for Your Health & happiness\u2014and Am with very much Esteem Dear Sir Your Much Obliged and Most Obedt Hume Servt\nJno: Kirkpatrick", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "09-20-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0264", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Dinwiddie, 20 September 1757 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Dinwiddie, Robert\nLetter not found: to Robert Dinwiddie, 20 Sept. 1757. On 24 Sept. 1757 Dinwiddie wrote to GW: \u201cI recd Yours of the 20th.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "09-20-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0265", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Lewis Stephens, 20 September 1757\nFrom: Stephens, Lewis\nTo: Washington, George\nHonourable Sr\nSeptember the 20th 1757\nI think it my Duty Indispencibly to acknowledge with Greatfullness Your Timeous Sending Immediate relief in our deep\nDistress also by Leaving a Number of men, for our Protection the which had it not been done we Should not had men to protect us, and certainly must have moved my Family to Some part for their Safety and Further Inform Your Honour, that by all Probability our Enemy is round us as by the Inclosed affadavid will Inform You also one of the Sentrys Last Night heard 3 Indian Hallowing in Different Parts, and a Gunn was heard Yesterday in the Evening by People Goeing to their habitations, about 2. Miles distant from this place it was So near them and Samuel Newels Plantation, and they being Cattle run[.] they Immediately returned and Gave us this account, all which Gives me Just reason to Suspect that the 3. Indians Seen Last night were Detatched from their body in order to discover the Country & thereby find where they may Strik the next Stroke, there are about 46. People Safely Come in from Cacapon, To Frys Fort women & Children Besides, I am of oppinion that the Place of their General Randisvous, is in the Cove between the heads, of this and Stoney Creek, Rivers, in the mountains, a Place Commodeous for Such Enemies to resort\u2014I and others are well acquainted with the Place, and Could Pilot men there but have not a Sufficient Number of men to Goe in Search of them, for we are weak at this tim and know not when we Shall be attacked, we Shall always Give Intelidgence of what Occurence, and am With Due regard Your Honours obedient Humble Servant\nLewis Stephens", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "09-21-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0266-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Charles Lewis, 21 September 1757\nFrom: Lewis, Charles\nTo: Washington, George\nDr Colo.\nFredericksburg 7br 21st 1757\nNothing could have given me more Dissatisfaction than the inclosd Letter from our Friend Colo. Wm Taliaferro, I am inform\u2019d Mr Smith has been prudent enough to send You a Coppy of the Depositions, he is to Day clear\u2019d honourably by a call\u2019d Court of Inquiry, neither Murder, Man Slaughter, or even Chance Med. found against him. I thought it my Duty to do him all the Service in my Power, tho\u2019 little was by a reasonable Court wanting.\nI hope this Accident (for it cannot be otherwise termd) will render him no less in yr favour, with the inclosd & other Authorities given yr good Sence will excuse Mr Smith & I little Doubt yr good Wishes for yr hble Servt\nChs Lewis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0267", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Dinwiddie, 24 September 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Dinwiddie, Robert\n[Fort Loudoun, 24 September 1757]\nTo Governor DinwiddieHonble Sir\nEnclosed is a copy of a letter which I received from Captn McKenzie.\nSince my last, the different parties I detached in quest of the Enemy (who committed the late depradations in this neighbourhood) are returned; after having prosecuted the most\nprobable measures, and exerted their utmost efforts in vain, in endeavouring to come up with, and prevent the enemys escape: nor is it in any degree surprizing: for, when the vast extent of country; the scattered and distant manner in which the Inhabitants are settled; the nature of the ground, and disposition of the Enemy we have to cope with, are collectively considered: it is next to impossibility that any of our parties should ever see the enemy, except when they possess such advantages as render their victory certain. The inhabitants of this valuable and very fertile valley, are terrified beyond expression. Some have abandoned their plantations; and many are packing up their most valuable effects, in order to follow them. Another irruption into the heart of this Settlement will, I am afraid, be of fatal consequence to it. I was always perswaded, and almost every day affords new matter for confirming me in the opinion, that the enemy can, with the utmost facility, render abortive every plan which can be concerted upon our present system of Defence; and that the only method of effectually defending such a vast extent of mountains covered with thick woods, as our frontiers, against such an enemy; is by carrying the war into their country. And I think I may, without assuming uncommon penetration, venture to affirm, that, unless an Expedition is carried on against the Ohio next spring; this country will not be another year in our possession.\nSickness, and the different parties, which the distressed situation of affairs here obliged me to detach from this Garrison, so greatly retard the works, that finishing even the principal parts of them, before the winter sets in will, I am afraid, prove impracticable.\nI understand there are a mortar and a number of shells for it, at Williamsburgh, which wou\u2019d be of infinite service here, tho\u2019 of little or none where they are. We have a quantity of round and grape-shot for six-pounders; but no cannon to use them. A few pieces of that size wou\u2019d be a great addition to our strength; and as this is the only place we have (were it finished) where a stand cou\u2019d be made, in case of any formidable attack; I conceive nothing in our power shou\u2019d be omitted to make it as defensible as we can.\nMr Rutherford is not yet returned. Enclosed is a list of the\nkilled and captured by the enemy, when last down. This is sent to Fredericksburgh, in order to go by post. I am &c.\nG:W.\nFort Loudoun: Septr 24th 1757.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0268", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Dinwiddie, 24 September 1757\nFrom: Dinwiddie, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\n[Williamsburg] Septr 24th 1757\nYours of the 17th \u214c Jenkins I recd\u2014Ive wrote Colo. Read about the Lunenburg Draughts. I\u2019m sorry to see the List of so many Deserters & I\u2019m fully of Opinion that those that recd the Bounty, Cloaths & Arms ought to be outlaw\u2019d & the Desertion of the Person that was condemn\u2019d & afterwards pardon\u2019d appears to me so villanous that I can\u2019t prescribe any Rule to keep \u2019em together, but gt Severities, & to employ \u2019em in the most laborious Work with Guard o\u2019er \u2019em\u2014The Reason I wanted so earnestly the Return of our Men, was chiefly to know the No. of Men wth Yo. to enable Me to contract for their Provisions, as there must be one at Winchester & another in Augusta, let me know the No. to be suppli\u2019d with Provisions immediately from Winchester\u2014I did not expect but wish\u2019d yr Compys cd be compleated to 100 each; at the Court I shall consult with the Councell in regard to Capt. Gist, & the Paymt of Demands, for the Indns, Mr Rutherford gave in an Accot\u2014I don\u2019t want to load Yo. wth any troublesome Affairs\u2014What I wrote was the C[redito]rs to give in the Amo. of their Accots to be sent to the Committee\u2014I sent up some Drums lately, I beleive there are a few more left that may be sent, when Opportunity offers for the Indns\u2014I\u2019m sorry for the repeated bad News from the Branch, & I\u2019ve a Petition from thence sign\u2019d by a gt No. of People, & I\ndon\u2019t know how to assist \u2019em further than in the following Manner; the Assembly voted for 300 Rangers, 200 I order\u2019d to be rais\u2019d for the Frontrs of Augta 100 more I shall be glad if can be rais\u2019d & properly officer\u2019d for yr Frontrs, which I desire may be done, & if Capt. Hogg is up yr Way I shall be glad to give him the Command of \u2019em, & keep \u2019em in Parties to range the Woods\u2014As to Mr Kennedys return of the Provisions left at ft Cumberland, I desire Yo. may settle that Affair wth Mr Ross in the best Manner Yo. can As the Fish was left there I think Yo. can\u2019t charge \u2019em wth it as it\u2019s but a Trifle. The Mony Yo. recd from the Pay-master & \u00a368.13.8 pd Yo. by Colo. G:W: Fairfax, carry to the Cr[edit] of the Country in your Accot of Incidents &ca. As I\u2019m afraid we shall never see Capt. Spotswood again Yo. may appoint Lieutt John Mcneal to his Compy with Provison if he returns he may be replac\u2019d, tho\u2019 I see no Probability of it, & inclos\u2019d Yo. have Como. for Mr Henry Fairfax to be Lieutt in the Regimt, to please Yo. I have ordd it to be fill\u2019d up here, but I can see no Difference if Yo. had done it by my Order\u2014I\u2019m surpri\u27e8sed\u27e9 at Colo. Stanwix\u2019s Silence, I wrote him some Time since, but have had no Answer. I spoke to Mr Rutherford to send a particular Accot of the Provisions on hand, & I desire Yo. to consult wth him how long it may be suffict for maintaining your Men\u2014Yr other Letter of the 17th I perus\u2019d, I wod gladly hope there is no Truth in it, I never Heard of it before, or did I ever conceive Yo\u2019d have sent down any Alarms witht proper Foundation, however I shall shew it to Colo. Corbin when he comes to Town, but I\u2019d advise Yo. not to give Credit to ev\u2019ry idle Story Yo. hear, for if I was to notice Reports of difft kinds I sd be constantly perplex\u2019d\u2014My Conduct to Yo. from the Begining was always Friendly, but Yo. know I had gt Reason to suspect Yo. of Ingratitude, which I\u2019m convinc\u2019d your own Conscience & reflection must allow I had Reason to be angry, but this I endeavour to forget, but I can\u2019t think Colo. Corbin guilty of wt is reported\u2014However as I\u2019ve his Majesty\u2019s Leave to go for England I propose leaving this in Novr & I wish my Successor may shew Yo. as much Friendship as I\u2019ve done. I wish Yo. Health & Happiness & am Sr Yr m. h. S.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0269", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Dinwiddie, 24 September 1757\nFrom: Dinwiddie, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWilliamsburg Septr 24th 1757\nAfter closing my Letter to You of this Date I recd Yours of the 20th by Brinker giving Acct of the miserable Distress our Frontier Inhabitants are in, which gives me the greatest Concern & Uneasiness\u2014Really it is not in my Power to do more for defence against the Incursions of our barbarous Enemies, than to recommend Your speedy executing my Orders to You, for raising a Company of Rangers to consist of 100 Men &ca to effect which I pray You to exert Yourself.\nI agree to Lieutt Fell\u2019s Resignation, & Your appointg Mr Chew\u2014You will observe what I write about Ct. McNeill in my former. I remain Sir Your humble Servant\nRobt Dinwiddie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "09-27-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0270", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Stewart, 27 September 1757\nFrom: Stewart, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nFort Loudoun Sep. 27th 1757\nYesterday afternoon an unexpected occurrence brought in part a very extraordinary Scheme of Villainy to Light\u2014The Girl kept by the Quartermasr had some difference with Bonnel a soldier that waited on Hamilton, Bonnel reported that Hamilton in Compy with Jones (late Serjt) went off wt. an intention\nnot to return; upon which I order\u2019d a Court of enquiry & Inclose you a Copy of it\u2019s Proceedings from which & various hints I receiv\u2019d in different Channels concluded it possible to make further Discoveries by getting Hamilton\u2019s House and those of his intimates Search\u2019d, the preparative steps thereto I conducted wt. the utmost secrecy & after a number of Warrants were Sign\u2019d by Justice Speake the only Constable in Town (Thos Wood) refus\u2019d to act nor was one in Town would serve his Country in that Office till Mr Woodrow very generously accepted & with indefaticable assiduity executed it, he accompanied by several Officers spent the whole night in searching many of the Houses in Town & some in its Neighbourhood and several things belonging to the Regiment were found; those in whose possession the things were found was this day brought before the Justices Swearingin, Linsey & Speake who Bound them over to the next Court as they were at a loss how to act for want of the Laws relative thereto Inclos\u2019d is a Copy of their proceedgs. Lieut. Buckner and the Adjutant went off last night to Kay\u2019s Ferry where it\u2019s said some things are conceald but are not yet returnd.\nAs theres no Quarter Masr and the Stores in the greatest Confusion I judg\u2019d it expedient to postpone their removal till your further orders.\nTwenty Cherrokee Warriours and a Squaw arriv\u2019d here this Evening I heard of their coming last Sunday and desir\u2019d Mr Gist to acquaint his Father by Express of it which he says he did but no accots from the Father[.] The few Indians that were here before went out to meet the 20 just arriv\u2019d, they had some Conversation together, none of them would come into Town but Encampd on a rising near it. Burras says that they told him Capn Gist stays away designedly and thinks the Cherrokees not good.\nLieut. Campbell brought back Walker\u2014he saw another four Deserters amongst the R. Americans in Lancaster but the Commanding Officer there refus\u2019d to deliver him up. I am With the highest Esteem & Respect Dear Sir Your most Assured & Very Obedient humble Servt\nRobert Stewart", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "09-28-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0271", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Knox, 28 September 1757 [letter not found]\nFrom: Knox, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Thomas Knox, 28 Sept. 1757. On 26 Dec. 1757 GW wrote to Knox: \u201cYour favour of the 28th September came to hand the 20th Instt.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "09-30-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0274", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Richard Peters, 30 September 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Peters, Richard\nDear Sir\nMount Vernon, in Virginia Septr 30th 1757.\nPermit me to recommend Colo. Fairfax (the bearer of this) to your Friendly notice while he stays in Philadelphia. He is Son of our late President (who is but just dead) and nearly related to the present Lord Fairfax Proprietor of this Neck. Business calling him to England, he is proceeding hence to New York, hoping to get a Passage in the Packet or some Ship of War; & being a Stranger in your City wanted Introduction: to whom then can I better Introduce him than the agreeable Mr Peters. I hope in doing this I make use of no unwelcome liberty\u2014if I do\u2014your genteel treatment of myself made me assume it\u2014and must\nplead my Excuse. My best respects is tenderd to the Governor and I am with great truth Yr most Obedt and Obligd Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "09-30-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0275", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Mary Ball Washington, 30 September 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Washington, Mary Ball\nMount Vernon Sept 30 1757\nHonored Madam\u2014Your letter by Mr. Smith I received on my way to Col Fairfax\u2019s funeral; in answer to that part relative to my Bro\u2019r Charles\u2019 Marriage I shall observe, that if there is no other objection than the one you mention, it may soon be removed; and that Mrs Thornton if she believes I am capable of taking these ungenrous advantages, knows little of the principles which govern my conduct:\u2014however I suppose Mrs Thornton is actuated by prudent Motives and therefore would be safe.\u2014If she will get any Instrument of writing drawn I will sign it provided it does not effect me in other respects than her Daughters Fortune, if my Brother dies under Age.\nI have waited till now, expecting the arrival of my Negros Cloaths from Great Britain; but as the season is advancing, and risks attending them I can no longer depend, and therefore beg the favour of you to choose me about 250 yds Oznbitgs 200 yds of cotton 35 pr Plad Hoes and as much thread as is necessary in Mr Lewis\u2019 Store if he has them if not in Mr Jackson\u2019s and send them up by Jno who comes down with a Tumbler for that purpose.\nI set out this afternoon on my return to Winchester.\nI offer my Love to Charles, and am Hon\u2019d Madam, Yr. most Dutiful and affect\u2019e Son\nGo. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0276", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Richard Washington, September 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Washington, Richard\nDear Sir,\n[September 1757]\nBe pleasd over and above what I wrote for in a Letter of the 15th April and 10th Instt to send me one dozn strong Chairs of about fifteen Shillings price the bottoms to be exactly made by the Inclosd Dimension\u2019s and of three different colours to suit the paper of three of the bed chambers (also wrote for in my last)\u2014I must acquaint you Sir with the Reason of this request. I have one dozn Chairs that were made in the Country neat but too weak for common sitting[.] I therefore purpose to take the bottoms out of those and put them into these now Orderd while the bottoms which you send will do for the former and furnish the Chambers: for this Reason the Workman must be very exact, neither making the bottoms larger nor Smaller than the demension\u2019s otherwise the change cant be made\u2014be kind enough to give directions that these Chairs equally with the others and Tables be carefully packd and Stowed, without this Caution they are liable to infinite damage. I am Dr Sir, Yr Most Obedt &ca\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-04-02-0277", "content": "Title: List of Officers, 1\u201324 October 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nA List of Oficers & The Dates of their Commissions\n                  Captains &their Names\n                  Dates of ComnsMonth \u2003day \u2003Year\n                  Lieutenants &their Names\n                  Dates of ComnsMonth \u2003day \u2003Year\n                  Ensigns&their Names\n                  Dates of ComnsMonth \u2003Day \u2003Year\n                  McNeill Capt. Lieut.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "10-05-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-05-02-0001", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Dinwiddie, 5 October 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Dinwiddie, Robert\nTo Governor Dinwiddie \nHonble Sir,[Fort Loudoun] Octobr 5th 1757.     \nBoth of your Honors letters of the 24th ultimo I received by Jenkins: and as I can not now send a proper monthly return of the Regiment for want of the remarks of the officers at the outposts, I enclose your Honor an exact return, however of our effective strength, and how disposed of, which will at present answer the end proposed, equally well. I likewise send you enclosed the return of provisions, specifying the time they will serve. I am informed, \u201cthe contractor is to lay in the provisions for the Troops in New-Hampshire [Hampshire Co.], at this place: That he is to have 6d. a man per diem, for the whole he supplies: and that he is not to pay those who must inevitably be employed in issuing out the provisions at the different Garrisons.\u201d\nThis information, I flatter myself, is without foundation; as it is beyond doubt, that provisions cou\u2019d be purchased in Hampshire, where the troops are quartered, for half of what the contractor has for laying them in here: and that the amount of the waggonage and other charges of transporting these provisions from hence to N. Hampshire, will exceed the whole cost of the provisions, if purchased there; not to mention the great risque, trouble of Escorts, &c. &c.\nThe assistant-commissaries must still be continued, or some persons in their room, who, under the direction of a principal, wou\u2019d have purchased the provisions upon as good terms as any Contractor. Besides, the Commissary used to act as waggon-master, supply the different Garrisons with candle, made from the tallow of the country\u2019s beaves; and do many things for the good of the Service, not to be expected from a contractor.\nI shall take the earliest opportunity of communicating your Honors intentions, respecting the Ranging company, to Captn Hogg, who I am informed is lying ill, in consequence of a bite of a snake, at Dickensons Fort; and will I fear be unable to raise the men. I am afraid, the recruiting 100 men, will be found a\nvery difficult task. I am quite at a loss how to act, as you did not inform me upon what terms they are to be levied and supported: what bounty-money to allow; what pay to engage the Officers and men; how clothed and supported; what the Officers pay, and what kind of commissions they are to have?\nMr Robert Rutherford, late deputy-commissary here, says, that he could raise the men in a shorter time than any other: and, from his universal acquaintance on the frontiers; and the esteem the people in general have for him, I am apt to believe he could raise them as soon as any person whatever.\nIf they should have the same bounty allowed by the Assembly for recruits, I shall want money for that purpose. The \u00a368.13.8d. I received from Colo. Fairfax of the countrys money, I accounted with the committee for in april last. Enclosed is a copy of the last letter I received from Colo. Stanwix.\nThe enemy continue their horrid devastations in this settlement. Enclosed is a copy of a letter from Capt. Josha Lewis: Immediately on receipt of Capt. Lewis\u2019s, Capt. McNeill, 3 Subalterns, 4 Sergeants, and 70 rank and file, marched up to act in conjunction with Captn Lewis. The day before Captn Lewis was attacked, 20 cherokees headed by one of the principal warriors of that nation, marched from hence to the South-Branch; which with the Troops under Captns Waggener and McKenzie, will I hope secure that Quarter.\nSo soon as Captn McNeill returns, I will order him up to his company, to which I have, by your orders, appointed him: as I have Mr Chew, in room of Mr Fell.\nWhen Mr Atkin went from here, he carried Mr Gist and the indian Interpreter with him; since several parties of cherokees have been here, by which I and my officers were involved in inconceivable trouble; as we had neither an interpreter nor a right to hold conferences with them; nothing to satisfy their demands of things, of which they were in the greatest need; nor liberty to procure them. These warlike, formidable people, altho\u2019 they seem to have a natural, strong attachment to our interest, will I am afraid, be induced, by such treatment, to hearken to the pressing solicitations of the French who (by the latest & best accounts, copies of which I enclose) are making them vastly advantageous offers. The chief of the cherokee party who went last to the Branch (& who is said to be a man of great weight\namong that nation) was so incensed against what he imagined neglect and contempt, that, had we not supplied him with a few necessaries, without which he cou\u2019d not go to war, he threatned to return, fired with resentment, to his nation\u2014In short; I dread that, by the present management of indian affairs, we are losing our interest of that people, the preservation of whose friendship is of the last importance to the colonies in general, and this in particular. I am sorry to acquaint your Honor, that Hamilton, the Quarter-master, hath misbehaved egregiously embezzling and disposing (in a clandestine manner) of some of the Regimental Stores; and afterwards running away, and carrying a man of the Regiment with him. He had leave to go to alexandria to order up some of the Stores left there; and managed his affairs with such cunning, that he was gone too long to be pursued, before he was suspected.\nEnclosed is a copy of the proceedings of the court of Enquiry\u2014Several things were found at many different houses; and the Majistrates did not behave consistently with their Duty.\nI do not know that I ever gave your Honor cause to suspect me of ingratitude, a crime I detest, and wou\u2019d most carefully avoid. If an open, disinterested behaviour, carries offence, I may have offended: Because I have all along laid it down as a maxim, to represent facts, freely and impartially; but no more to others than I have to you, Sir.\nIf instances of my ungrateful behaviour had been particularized, I would have answered to them. But I have long been convinced, that my actions and their motives, have been maliciously aggravated.\nAs your Honor purposes to leave the colony in November, I should be glad of liberty to go down to Williamsburgh towards the last of this month, or first of the next, if nothing should intervene, to settle some accompts which your Honor and the committee, which may not be done in so satisfactory a manner after you are gone.\nThe last alarm occasioned, a great many of the Inhabitants in this county to go off, whereupon vast numbers are still moving\u2014I fear that in a short time this very valuable valley will be in a great measure depopulated: and what farther steps to take, and how to obviate so great a misfortune, I am quite at a loss: As I have hitherto neglected nothing in the compass of my\npower, it is very evident, that nothing but vigorous offensive measures (next campaign) can save the Country; at least all west of the Blue-ridge, from inevitable desolation!\nWe are in great want of a Quarter-master to take care of the Stores: and I really do not know of a fit person, unless your Honor will please to bestow the office upon Mr Kenedy. He acted sometime as Quarter-master-Sergeant; then as Commissary; and I believe is better acquainted with the Duty than any one we can get. He bears a good character, & is acquainted with figures.\nThe Dunkard Doctor\u2019s gave me notice of his intentions to wait upon your Honor again for his release. I in a late latter transmitted an information of the french Deserters (who came from Ft Cumberland) against them; and think it my duty further to add, that I firmly believe they are employed as spies, and are useful to the french. Of this all the frontier inhabitants seem convinced; and are so apprehensive of the consequences, that it has caused numbers to remove; and will cause a general terror among them, if this person is suffered to return, and the others to remain out there. For which reason I shou\u2019d really be glad to receive orders to bring the others in: \u2019Tis better provided they do not assist the enemy, to bring them in, than to keep a whole country in perpetual uneasiness on their account.\nMr Rutherford set about making his return, the moment your Honors\u2019 letter came to hand, and but this instant has finished it; having every thing to measure and weigh, in order to be exact.\nSince writing the foregoing, the Express which I sent to Major Lewis is come in, and brings returns of those companies; so that your Honor will now receive proper monthly returns of our strength for July & August; by which you will see that our total strength amounts to 32 commissioned officers, 48 non-commissioned, and 703 rank & file; whereof 20 officers, 30 non-commissioned, and 464 rank and file, are employed in this county and Hampshire. But there are always 6 women allowed to a company, who draw provisions: and the officers receive more or less according to their respective rank; as your Honor would see by the estimate I received from Colo. Stanwix, and inclosed you some considerable time ago: which must be allowed for in the calculation.\nI have this instant received letters from Captains\u2019 Waggener and McKenzie, by Express: The first writes, that two men were killed, captured about 2 miles from his fort. The other says, that a cherokee party, just as they were setting out to go to Capt. Waggener\u2019s, heard that Pearis was at Fort Cumberland, and marched to him.\nG:W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "10-06-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-05-02-0002", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Gabriel Jones, 6 October 1757\nFrom: Jones, Gabriel\nTo: Washington, George\nMemorandum:\n[Winchester, 6 October 1757]\nThat, upon coming to Winchester, Capt. Stewart applied to, and informed me that warrants had been taken out against sundry persons, inhabitants of Winchester, in the act of Assembly, for buying, and receiving the clothes and arms of the Soldiers belonging to the Virginia Regiment And that three of the Majistrates, to wit, John Lindsay, Thomas Swearingem, and Thomas Speake, had the same under consideration, and proceeded so far as to examine Witnesses, and to state the facts, but did not give any judgment against the Offenders. Upon which I advised him to apply to any other three majistrates, and demand a judgment either of acquittal or condemnation.\nHe did so in my hearing; and the majistrate (Mr Lindsay,) to whom the application was made, desired to postpone the matter until Mr Swearingham came to town, which he expected wou\u2019d be either that night, or the morning following. The next day, pursuant to the aforesaid appointment, Capt. Stewart in my presence, again demanded of Mr Lindsay his judgment; he trifled for some time, and then pretended to proceed to judgment, by hearing two of the parties. Capt. Stewart then told him, he came for his judgment, and not for a re-hearing; notwithstanding\nwhich he still went on; and in hearing what one of the parties had to say, and examining another person for him, tho\u2019 not upon oath, he acquitted him: Another person accused, he acquitted; first swearing him to answer such questions as shou\u2019d be asked him\u2014upon which Mr Lindsay declined proceeding further, alledging, that Captn Stewart wou\u2019d not prosecute any further, he being only just gone out of the room: I replied, he was mistaken, if he thought so; Capt. Stewart did not refuse to prosecute, but imagined he had no occasion to stay any longer in the room. And then I desired him, on behalf of the said Stewart, to proceed against the other persons: He made sundry excuses, and among others, that it was a weighty matter, & he did not care to go on; that he should be glad of the assistance of Mr Cox, another Majistrate, but that he was gone out of town: But, being told he was returned, and he might have his assistance, he then said, he had much rather have help from Mr Swearingem; but being told it was uncertain what time said Mr Swearingem would come, he then said he wou\u2019d not proceed; for Mr Swearingem had the papers (at least some of them) and so broke up.\nGabriel Jones\nWinchester, Octob. 6th 1757.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "10-08-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-05-02-0003", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Stanwix, 8 October 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Stanwix, John\n   To Colo. Stanwix \n   Dr Sir,[Fort Loudoun] Octob. 8th 1757.  \nI am favoured with an opportunity by Mr Livingston, to acknowledge the receipt of your agreeable favour of the 19th ultimo; and to inform you of a very extraordinary affair which has happened at this place; namely, the desertion of our Quarter-master. This infamous fellow, as he has proved himself,\nafter having disposed, in a clandestine manner, of many of our regimental stores; being called upon to settle his accompts (not that I, or any officer in the Regiment, had the least suspicion of the scene of roguery he was carrying on) pretended, that he cou\u2019d not come to an exact settlement, without going to Alexandria, where some of the Stores yet lay. Several of our Soldiers deserting at the same time (being the time when Lt Campbell called upon you) he was sent in pursuit of them, which (for we had no doubt of his honest intentions) afforded him the desired opportunity of making his escape. He was ordered, too, to take Alexandria in his return. His villainy was not laid open before his departure; and was at last only accidentally discovered. This person, John Hamilton, had been several years a Sergeant in one of His Majesty\u2019s Regiments: in which character he served 3 years under me: during that time, he gave such signal proofs of his Bravery and good Behaviour, as bound me, in honor and gratitude, to do something for him. And I therefore got him promoted to be Quarter-master, as he was acquainted with the Duty, and capable (I thought) of discharging it.\nWe have had several visitations from the Enemy, and much mischief done, since my last to you: about the 17th ultimo there were upwards of 20 persons killed only 12 miles from this Garrison: and notwithstanding I sent a strong Detachment from hence to pursue them; and ordered the passes of the mountains to be way-laid, by commands from other places; yet we were not able to meet with these Savages.\nOn friday sennight a body of near, or quite an hundred, fell upon the inhabitants along the great road, between this and Pennsylvania, got 15 more. The mischief would have been much greater, had not an Officer and 20 men of the Regiment, who were then out, fallen in with, and engaged the enemy: finding, however, that his party was over-powered, and like to be surrounded, he retreated to a stockade, not far distant; in which they were besieged for 3 hours: but the firing communicated an alarm from one habitation to another, by which means most of the families were timely apprized of their danger, and happily got safe off. Our party killed one Indian (whose scalp they obtained) and wounded several others.\nI exert every means in my power to protect a much distressed country: But it is a task too arduous! To think of defending a\nfrontier as ours is, of more than 350 miles extent, with only 7,00 men, is vain and idle: especially when that frontier lies more contiguous to the enemy than any other.\nI am, and have for a long time been, fully convinced, that if we continue to pursue a defensive plan, that the country must be inevitably lost. You will be kind enough, Sir, to excuse the freedom with which I deliver my sentiments; and believe me to be (for I really am) with unfeigned truth and regard, Your most obedt Hble Servant,\nG:W.\nN.B. These constant alarms, and perpetual movements of the Soldiers of this Garrison, have almost put a total stop to the progress of the public works at this place.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "10-09-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-05-02-0005-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Denny, 9 October 1757\nFrom: Denny, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia 9th Octr 1757.\nInclosed is a Copy of Sir William Johnson\u2019s Letter delivered to me by the Person who conducted the Cherokees to this City by which you will perceive that they are upon an important Errand and should not be delayed one moment. I desire that you will be so good as to mention the Day and Hour they arrive with you, This Province chearfully bears the Expenses of their Journey to Winchester.\nI make no Doubt of their receiving from you as kind Treatment as they have met with here and that they will be enabled to perform the rest of their Journey with satisfaction, safety and Dispatch. I am Sir your most humble servt\nWilliam Denny.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-05-02-0005-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: William Johnson to William Denny, 25 September 1757\nFrom: Johnson, William\nTo: Denny, William\nSir.\nAlbany [N.Y.] 25th September 1757\nFour Deputies from the Cherokee Indians who were sent by their Chief on a visit of Friendship to the Six Nations, with whom they have had a meeting at my House and by whom they are charged with a Message and invitation in conjunction with me to their Nation and others to the Southward in our Alliance, to hold a Congress at my House in order to renew and strengthen their mutual alliance and friendship\u2014These Deputies are now setting off from hence for their own Country accompanied by some Indians of the Six Nations. They will pass thro\u2019 your Province and City, and as their speedy delivering the Message they are charged with may be a point of considerable Moment to his Majesty\u2019s Interest and Service. I beg leave to recommend it to you to do what lays in your power to forward their Journey, to prevent them and the Indians who accompany them from being delayed by any imprudant Quantity of Liquour being given them, as this may oversee the Advantages hoped for from their Journey. I am Sir, with the Greatest esteem, Your most humble Servant\nWm Johnson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "10-10-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-05-02-0006", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Bullitt et al., 10 October 1757\nFrom: Bullitt, Thomas,Lomax, John Edward,Fleming, William,Crawford, William,Speake, George\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nFort Young Octobr 10th 1757\nAs we are well assured You take pleasure in distinguishing Merit where ever it is found. We beg leave to recommend to Your notice a Person not altogether unworthy of it[.] If we may\nJudge from the diligence & Fidelity he has shewn in a low Station we may still expect he will support his Characture in a higher where he will meet with frequenter Opportunities to exert himself & do Justice to Our Recommendation.\nThat we may not impose on Your Judgement through Partiality we shall endeavoure Justly to draw his Characture & Pretentions to preferment.\nHis Education seems to have been a Good Country Education he writes a Good hand & is Accquainted with figures. his Courage We beleive is indisputable, His Conduct as farr as We can Judge from many Months Observation is faultless. he was made a Sergt when forces were first levied in this Collony, in which Station he has serv\u2019d with Vigilence & Obedience ever Since. By Majr Lewiss Order he has acted as Commissary for near a twelve Month, as he understands there are some Vacancies at present, And as it is not without president he hopes You will remember him which we beg leave to inforce, as he had some expectancy before.\nFrom this description we hope You imagine the Person we would recommend to Your Favour is John McCully.\nThos Bullitt\nJohn Edd Lomax\nWm Fleming\nWm Crawford\nGeo: Speake", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "10-17-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-05-02-0009", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George William Fairfax, 17 October 1757\nFrom: Fairfax, George William\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nNew York Octr 17th 1757\nAfter a very Plesant journey we arrived here the 12th instt, and had the good fortune to find the Packet here, since which I have spent my time very agreeabelly with those Gentn you where so kind to introduce me to by Letter, and found those very servicable at Philadelphia.\nA Packett from Falmouth arrived Yesterday with certain Accots that the Duke of Cumberland was forced to a Battle with the French Army, which lasted three days. The second he gained great advantage, and would have carried the day had not Marshial Richlieu joined them with 20 M fresh Men, which turned the Scale, and obliged the Duke to retreat to Hemlin, which he did in great Order and with such Conduct that even the Enemy applauds him. They are Enterd into Hanover and appointed a Governor for that Electrate, and its wisperd from the Fort where his Ldship resides, That the French King has sent to our Court, threating that if Hawks Fleet put to Sea they will destroy Hanover with Fire and Sword, and the Capt. of the Packet assures us that his Fleet was at Spithead the 1st of Septr\u2014which I fear will have a bad tendancy, and perplex our good old King.\nSince writing, a Gentn has sent me a Paper confirming the Action mentioned with other Newes, which youl have in the next Philadelphia Paper, to which I must refer, being just called upon to prepair to Embark with about fourteen Passengers severall of which are Officers.\nColo. Provoe has resignd, Ld Charles Hay still under an Arrest at Halifax, and much blaimed. Sr John St Clair just upon his last legs. And tomorrow his Ldship Embarks for Albany where it seems Genl Webb has demanded a Court of Inquire, after which its thought his Ldship will soon return to this Place, having orderd several Regiments into Winter Quarters. Therefore you must not look for, or expect any thing from this Quarter. And we hear nothing of our Fleet of Luisburg, So that\nI fear this Campaign will end as the last. I am in great hast Dear Sir Your Affect. and very humble Servt\nG:W. Fairfax\nI understand neither Colo. Young or Monroe where in Fort Wm Henry during the Siege, and that the command of it devolved on a Militia Officer who had not so much as an Engineer, and that the Signal to surrender was made from the intrenchments, and that the Fort Commanded their ground.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-05-02-0012", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Hugh Waddell, 23 October 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Waddell, Hugh\nSir\nFort Loudoun Octr 23d 1757\nInclosed is a Copy of a Letter from Sir Wm Johnson to Governour Denny, and of a Letter from Governor Denny to me, relative to the Indians that this accompanies.\nI Herewith send Ensign Roy of my Regiment, to see them properly provided with Necessaries for their Journey as far as your Fort and doubt not for the reasons specified in the inclosed, of your doing every thing in your Power to render the remainder of their Journey, as expeditious and agreeable as Circumstances will admit of. I am sir your most humble servt\nGo. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-05-02-0013", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Roy, 23 October 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Roy, James\nInstructions for Mr Roy.[Fort Loudoun, 23 October 1757] \nSir\nYou are immediately to proceed from hence with the party of cherokee & northern Indians now here, to Captain Waddell\u2019s fort, or the nearest Garrison (otherwise) in N. Carolina, taking the safest and best road.\nWhen you arrive there, you are to deliver them over to Captn Waddell, or the officer commanding the Garrison, at which you shall deliver them.\nIn your march you are to use your utmost endeavours in getting the Indians accommodated with provisions and other necessaries\u2014You are to be particularly careful to procure those necessaries on the best terms; keeping the most exact accompts of all your disbursments; and taking receipts for every farthing you pay.\nAfter having delivered over the Indians, you are to apply to him for some deserters from the virginia regiment, which I am informed he has entertained; and of which you have herewith a list.\nShou\u2019d he hesitate at delivering them up, you are to demand his reasons for so illegal a proceedure in writing. It being not only expressly contrary to an Article of War; but evidently detrimental to His Majestys general interest: and which I will not fail to represent to the Commander in chief.\nBut, shou\u2019d he deliver them up (as I am apt to believe he will) you are to apply to him for an Escort for them to the first Garrison in this colony.\nYou are to make the greatest expedition, and rejoin this Garrison as soon as the nature of the service, to which you are now ordered, will admit. Given &c. Octo. 23d 1757.\nG:W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "10-24-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-05-02-0014", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Dinwiddie, 24 October 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Dinwiddie, Robert\nTo The Governor. \nHonble Sir.[Fort Loudoun] Octob. 24th 1757.     \nYour favour of the 19th instant was delivered to me this evening.\nThe raising a company of Rangers, or augmenting our strength in some other manner, is so far necessary, that without it, the remaining inhabitants of this (once fertile and populous valley) will scarcely be detained at their dwellings \u2019till the Spring. And, if there is no Expedition to the westward then\u2014nor a force more considerable than Virginia can support, posted on our frontiers (if we still adhere to our destructive, defensive schemes) there will not, next campaign I dare affirm, be one soul living on this side the Blue-Ridge the ensuing autumn; unless it be the Troops in Garrison, and a few inhabitants of this town, who may shelter themselves under the protection of this fort. This I know to be the immovable determination of all the Settlers of this county; which, to give a more succinct account of than I cou\u2019d in writing, was the principal among many other reasons that induced me to ask leave to come down. It was not to enjoy a party of pleasure I wanted leave of absence: I have been indulged with few of those, winter or Summer! I must here add; that an incredible number of Inhabitants has fled in consequence of the two last incursions of the Enemy, [(]of which your Honor has already been advertised.) And that I have taken indefatigable pains, and found it no easy task to prevail on the bulk of the country to wait the consultations of this winter, and the event of this Spring. I do not know on whom this miserable and undone people are to rely for redress\u2014If the Assembly are to give it to them, it is time that measures were concerting\u2014if we are to seek it of the Commander in chief, it is time our Grievances were made known to him: for, as I before said, another campaign, such as was the last, will depopulate this country. Then, let the consequences be considered, where are we to\nget supplies of provisions for our armies, when this valley, which is the only support of them, is entirely abandoned to an Enemy, which by that means will be entirely possest of every thing necessary to pursue their conquest: and that the adjacent counties will fly much faster, than this, not being half so well settled, is a fact indisputable.\nI shall also add, what I did not in my last (lest it shou\u2019d be thought I spoke from prejudice) that Capt. Hogg is the most unfit person in the world, to raise and command a company of Rangers. He in the first place is generally disliked\u2014were he not, he has neither activity, spirit, or knowledge enough of the woods, to answer this end. And again; the men most proper for such an undertaking, would be backward to enlist under him, fearing his discipline: whereas, I conceive, a person in some degree upon a level with themselves, wou\u2019d have it in his power to engage for the good pay which is offered: Huntsmen, who have been used to arms from their childhood, and in a particular manner acquainted with the country from which many have been drove.\nThese are my reasons against Capt. Hogg, and in behalf of some such person as Mr Rutherford\u2014to whom I have no particular attachment, or desire to serve. He refuses to accept of the second command. I have expressed my sentiments upon this latter, as well as the first affair, with the utmost candour and sincerity; in doing which I conceive I have done no more than my duty\u2014The whole is submitted to your Honors better judgment.\nYesterday arrived here the Indians spoken of in the enclosed (copies of letters which came with them, to me.) I purchased four Horses, bridles and saddles, for \u00a314 and send them off today, escorted by an officer who is charged with the care of conducting them thro\u2019 this Colony. The Cherokees that were on the Branch, are on their return to their nation, having left this for that purpose several days ago. They met (about 8 miles beyond Ft Cumberland) a party of Indians under command of a french cadet, whom they engaged; the french cadet was killed and scalped\u2014his orders found\u2014which Captn Dagworthy detained without even sending me a copy of them. I understand however, he was ordered to take a view of Fort-Cumberland,\nand then proceed into the Inhabitants, to kill, captivate, and lay waste the country.\nMr Kenedy I shall appoint in the place of Mr Hamilton. I am your Honors\u2019 most obedt hble Servt\nG:W.\nP.S. Your Honor has not mentioned what pay the officers commissioned and non-commission\u2019d, are to have.\nI cou\u2019d settle the provisions in dispute at Ft Cumberland, with Doct. Ross upon no other terms than these: He is to replace the flour and so much of the Beef as the marylanders used at this place, and to pay for the flour and Beans\u2014The remainder of the Beef I must have transported to the Branch.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "10-24-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-05-02-0015", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Joshua Lewis, 24 October 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lewis, Joshua\nSir\n[c.24 October 1757]\nI am strongly importun\u2019d by Capn Swearengen to place a small Command at Strouds Fort if you think it for the Interest of the Service & can possibly spare the Men yr complying Wt. these requests will be agreeable to me I\u2019m still off opinion that Dividg yr Command into small Parties will be better than Keepg any No. of them together\u2014I send you this Inclos\u2019d to Cap\u27e8n\u27e9 Swearengen who I have Directed to consult wt. you on the Subject.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "10-24-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-05-02-0016-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Dinwiddie, 24 October 1757\nFrom: Dinwiddie, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWilliamsburg Octr 24th 1757\nI wrote You by Jenkins to which be refer\u2019d. As I have contracted with Mr Ramsay to supply the Forces in the Pay of this Country, that are in the Counties of Frederick & Hampshire, I enclose You a Copy of the Contract, that You may see the several Articles thereof properly perform\u2019d, & I am convinc\u2019d this Contract will be a great Saving to the Country\u2014& if Mr Ramsay shou\u2019d at any Time have occasion to transport any Provisions to the Forts in Hampshire, You are to grant him a proper Escort; he is to furnish the Inds. with fresh Proviss. so that You will have no Trouble on these Affairs.\nSeveral People have applied to me for the Bounty on taking up Deserters, which I cannot pay till I have an Acct from You of receiving those People from the Cunstables, which I desire You will send me by first Opportunity, that they may be paid in order to encourage others to take them up.\nThis comes by Mr Richd Smith the Indn Interpreter, who is to rema. at Winchester till the Indians come in, with whom he is to go out to War\u2014Mr Gist is to take Care of the Indian Goods apropriated for Presents, which he is to dispose of on occasion in the same Method Mr Atkins did.\nThe Duncard\u2019s Petition was heard before me & the Council, & Yr Letter in regard thereto, & as the People on the Frontiers are uneasy with them, believing them to be Spies, it was resolv\u2019d that You send a Party out to bring in the other two Brothers, with their Cattle & Horses & any Thing they have that they conveniently can bring with them, & to remain among the Inhabitants durg the present War, after which to be restored to their Lands, which Order You are to comply with in the most prudent Manner. I remain Sir Your humble Servant\nRobt Dinwiddie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "10-25-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-05-02-0017", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Robinson, 25 October 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Robinson, John\nJohn Robinson esqre\u2014Speaker \nDear Sir,[Fort Loudoun] October 25th 1757.     I applied to the Governor for leave to come down in order to settle my accompts before he left the country, and to represent the melancholy situation of our distressed frontiers\u2014which no written narrative can so well describe, as a verbal account, to a judicious person, inclined to hear. In a verbal account, the questions resulting from one relation beget others, \u2019till matters are perfectly understood: Whereas, the most explicit writing will be found deficient. But His Honor was pleased to deny his leave, thinking my request unreasonable; and that I had some party of pleasure in view.\nI have, in a letter by this conveyance, endeavoured to sit, in as clear a point of light as I am able, the situation of our frontiers, & the disposition of the Inhabitants, to the Governor; and shall endeavour also in as succinct a manner as possible, to make you sensible of both. In doing which, it will be necessary to observe to you, that the inhabitants of this fertile, and (once) populous valley, are now become our most western settlers\u2014save the few families that are forted on the Branch\u2014that the Enemy have, in great measure, ceased committing hostilities on the Branch, and fallen upon the people of this valley\u2014and that a considerable part of them have already removed.\nThis, by persons unacquainted with the country, and the enemy we have to deal with, may be attributed to the cowardice of the inhabitants, and inactivity of the Soldiers: But, by others will be imputed to neither. No troops in the universe can guard against the cunning and wiles of Indians. No one can tell where they will fall, \u2019till the mischief is done, and then \u2019tis in vain to pursue. The inhabitants see, and are convinced of this; which makes each family afraid of standing in the gap of danger, and by retreating one behind another, they depopulate the country, and leave it to the Enemy, who subsist upon the plunder. This, Sir, is a matter of fact, which you may depend on from me: and further\u2014if we pursue a defensive plan next campaign there will not, by autumn, be one soul living on this side the Blue-ridge, except the Soldiers in Garrison, and such of the Inhabitants as may seek shelter therein. This, Sir, I know to be the immovable\ndetermination of the people: and believe me, when I tell you, that I have been at great pains, before I cou\u2019d prevail on them to wait the consultations of this winter, and the event of Spring.\nI do not know on whom those miserable, undone people, are to rely for redress: If the Assembly are to give it to them, it is time that measures at least were concerting\u2014and not when they shou\u2019d be going into execution; as has always been the case. If they are to seek it from the Commander in chief, it is time our grievances were made known to him\u2014For, I can not forbear repeating again, that, while we pursue defensive measures, we pursue inevitable ruin; the loss of the Country being the inevitable & fatal consequence! There will be no end to our troubles, while we follow this plan; and every year will increase our expence. This, my dear Mr Speaker, I urge, not only as an officer, but as a friend, who has property in the Country, and is unwilling to loose it. This it is, also, that makes me anxious for doing more than barely represent; which is all that is expected of an officer commanding.\nIt is not possible for me to convey a just sense of the posture of our affairs: It wou\u2019d be vanity to attempt it: I therefore content myself with entreating you to use your influence to prevent such delays as we have hitherto met with, if you think this affair depends upon the Assembly. If you conceive the Assembly have done what they are able, & that recourse must be had elsewhere; I am determined, as I will neither spare cost or pains, to apply to Colo. Stanwix (who commands on this Quarter; with whom I am acquainted, and from whom I have received several kind and affectionate letters,) for leave to wait on him with an account of our circumstances. Thro\u2019 this means, perhaps, we may be able to draw a little of Lord Loudouns attention to the preservation of these colonies.\nPray let me have your sentiments in respect to these affairs\u2014I have not time to put my thoughts on these matters in a proper dress: The Bearer is in waiting, and I am in other respects hurried. But the truth of what I have asserted, believe me, is unquestionable; as well as that I am, with the most affectionate Regards, Your most obt Servant, & friend,\nG:W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "10-25-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-05-02-0018", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Joshua Beall, 25 October 1757 [letter not found]\nFrom: Beall, Joshua\nTo: Washington, George\n Letter not found: from Joshua Beall, 25 Oct. 1757. On 1 Nov. 1757 GW wrote to Beall: \u201cYour favour of the 25th ultimo was delivered me today.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "10-26-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-05-02-0019", "content": "Title: From George Washington to David Hall, 26 October 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hall, David\nFort Loudoun, Octr 26th 1757\nIf the Lancaster Post insists upon half a crown for each Paper, we shall be oblige to you for paying it him; but I think it is a most exorbitant demand for so small additional trouble.\nIf you hear nothing from Us before the end of the Quarter you will then drop the Paper and send me your acct which shall be immediately paid by Sir Yr most Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-05-02-0022", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Joshua Beall, 1 November 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Beall, Joshua\n[Fort Loudoun, 1 November 1757]\nTo Captn Jos: Beale. of the Maryland Troops\u2014Ft FredkSir,\nYour favour of the 25th ultimo was delivered me to-day\u2014If you had been more explicit in relating the circumstances of the abuse you were pleased to complain of, I shou\u2019d have been better enabled to judge of the fact. But, after confessing, as you have done, that you made no enquiry at all into the affair, I am not more surprized at your making the complaint, than I am at a loss how to redress it.\nI hope you will do me the justice to believe, that I never countenance commissioned, much less n. commissioned, officers, or private men, in irregular and disorderly Behaviour: especially in matters that may interrupt the good harmony subsisting, or which ought to subsist between troops of the different Governments.\nIt hath been my study to cultivate unanimity and a quet correspondence among them, and to prevent every thing which might have had a contrary tendency.\nHenry Williams, the Sergeant, of whom you complain, belongs to Capt. Lewis\u2019s Company, and is posted not far from your Garrison. If, therefore, you will produce testimony of this outrage\nto his Captain, he will see that satisfaction is made to the injured party.\nThe enclosed directs you there. I am, Sir, Your most ob. St\nG:W.\nFt Loudoun, Novr 1st 1757.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-05-02-0023", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Joshua Lewis, 1 November 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lewis, Joshua\nTo Captain Joshua Lewis[Fort Loudoun, 1 November 1757]\nSir, \nCaptn Beale, of the maryland troops having complained to me, that Sergeant Williams, of your company, had mal-treated a soldier or two under his command (coming Express to this place.) I desire you will, if Captn Beale produces evidence of this outrage, have the matter enquired into, that justice may be administered to the injured, and offending parties. I am Sir, Your most obedt Hble Servant,\nG:W.\nFort Loudoun\u2014November 1st 1757.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "11-02-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-05-02-0025", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Dinwiddie, 2 November 1757\nFrom: Dinwiddie, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWilliamsburg Novr 2d 1757\nYr Letter of the 24th Ulto I recd\u2014And as You observe the absolute Necessity of having a Company of Rangers, I agree to the raising sixty, seventy or 80 Men to be Commanded by Mr Rutherfurd, but You must be certain of his raising the Men, not to load the Country with a Charge, as formerly, without Men to the different Companies; I do not doubt of Yr keeping them strictly to their Duty\u2014his Pay, with first and second Lieutt\u2019s to be the same as the Officers in Your Regiment\u2014& as the private Men are to have 12d. \u214c Day they are to have no enlisting Money or Clothing, & if possible they are to furnish their own Arms, but if they cannot You are to supply them by delivering a Number to Ct. Rutherfurd, on his Receipt to restore them Casualties excepted; & they are to be provided with Provisions by the Contractor; this I hope will encourage the Settlers to rema. on their Plantations.\nI always was strongly of Opinion that an Offensive War was most eligible, & have repeatedly urg\u2019d it, th\u00f4 always disappointed,\n& before I leave this I shall endeavor again to represent it to his Lordship.\nYou did very right in furnishing the Cherokees from Pensylvaa with Horses &ca I wonder Ct. Gist writes Nothing of the Indians that were on the Branch, returning Home; I hope they did not go disgusted.\nAs formerly, I leave the Settlemt with Dr Ross, entirely to YrSelf, & what You do therein will be approv\u2019d of\u2014I am much indispos\u2019d\u2014I remain Sir Your mo. humble Servant\nRobt Dinwiddie\nYr Care in havg proper Lts for Ct. Rutherfurd will be for the Public Ser.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "11-03-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-05-02-0027", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Robinson, 3 November 1757\nFrom: Robinson, John\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nWmsburgh Novr 3. 1757.\nI received your favour by Brinker, and am sensibly affected with the Miserable Situation of the unhappy People in your part of the Country, and am greatly concerned at the uneasiness I know you suffer on their Acct in not having it [in] your Power to prevent their Miseries, or put a stop to the cruel and inhuman Murders committed upon them, I, and every Body else, must agree with you, that the acting offensively is the only method of doing it, and of the Impossibility of guarding against the Wolfish cuning of the Savages by keeping the Men in Forts and Garrisons; I had Occasion to wait on the Govr soon after I received your Letter, when I asked his Honor if he had not received a Letter from You, he told me he had, and asked the same Question of me to which I answered in the Affirmative, and informed him of the Contents, his answer was that he was always of Opinion that an attempt ought to have [been] made last Summer to take Fort Du Quesne, and annoy the Enemy in their Settlements, and that he had pressed Lord Loudon two or three times on the Subject, but his Lordship told him that he had received a Plan of Operations from home and that he would not deviate from it; The Govr at the same time told me that he should send a Commission to Rutherford to raise a Company of Rangers to consist of Eighty men, which he hoped would be of some use in preventing the Savages from coming so far down to destroy the inhabitants, for my part, I confess I expect no great Matters from them, I was this Morning told that the Govr should say part of the Royal American Regiment was upon their march to our Frontiers, but he mentioned nothing of it to\nme, His Honor is at this time almost wholy taken up with settleing his Affairs for his departure, as he expects a Man of War every day to carry him, We have not yet heard who is to succeed him, God send it may be some Body better acquainted with the unhappy Business we have in hand, and by his Conduct and counsel dispel the heavy cloud at present hanging over this distressed and unhappy Country, till which happy Event, I beg my dear Friend, you will bear, so far as a Man of Honor ought, the discouragement and Slights you have too often met with and continue to serve your Country, as I am thoroughly convinced you have always hitherto done, in the best manner you can with the small assistance that is afforded You\u2014I sincerely wish You all happiness and especially that you may [be] speedily eased from that Anxiety which a generous Spirit must labour under from not having it in his Power to relieve the distresses of his unhappy Countryman. I am Dr Sir Your Most Afft. Friend and Servant\nJohn Robinson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "11-05-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-05-02-0028", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Dinwiddie, 5 November 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Dinwiddie, Robert\nTo The Governor. \nHonble Sir.[Fort Loudoun] Novem. 5th 1757     \nDuty to my country and His Majesty\u2019s interest, indispensably requires, that I again trouble your Honor on the subject of Indian affairs here; which have been impeded and embarrassed by such a train of mismanagement, as a continuance of which must inevitably produce the most melancholy consequences.\nThe sincere disposition the Cherokees have betrayed to espouse our cause heartily, has been demonstrated beyond the most distant doubt: and if rewarded in the manner in which that laudable and meritorious disposition entitles them to, wou\u2019d, in all human probability, soon effect a favourable change in the present (apparently) desperate situation of this poor, unhappy part of His majesty\u2019s Dominions. But, in the stead of\nmeeting with that great encouragement which the essential Services of that brave people undoubtedly merit; several of them, after having undergone the rudest toils and fatigues of an excessively long march\u2014destitute of all the conveniences, and almost necessaries of life\u2014and, (to give us still more convincing proofs of their strong attachment to our interest) in that very situation, went to war; and in the way behaved nobly (from which we reaped a signal advantage;) and, when they returned here with an enemys\u2019 scalp, Baggage, and other trophies of Honor, they must have gone home without any kind of reward or thanks\u2014or even provisions to support them on their march\u2014justly fired with the highest resentment for their mal-treatment\u2014had not I and my Officers strained a point, procured them some Things of which they were in absolute want, and made it the object of our care, in various respects, to please them.\nAnother party of those Indians since very opportunely arrived to our assistance, at the very juncture the enemy made an irruption into this settlement, pursued their tracks, came up with 3 of them, two of whom they scalped, and wounded the third. They are now returned from this pursuit and are nearly in the same situation with those above-mentioned. I applied to Captn Gist in their behalf; and told him I must represent the matter to your Honor. But he assures me that he has neither Goods to reward them, money to procure them; or even an Interpreter; which totally incapacitates him for doing any kind of service. If so (which I have no reason to doubt), it is surprizing that any man shou\u2019d be entrusted with the negotiating of such important affairs, and not be possess\u2019d of the means to accomplish the undertaking: By which he, and several others who receive high pay from virginia, are not only rendered useless, but our Interest with those Indians is at the brink of destruction. Whenever a party arrives here, they immediately apply to me: But I have neither any thing to give them, nor any right to do it. Nor is there any body to inform them, to what these and their other disappointments is owing: which reduces me to such a dilemma as I wou\u2019d most gladly be extricated from.\nI must likewise beg leave to mention to your Honor once more, the vast hardships many of the poor people groan under here, having been so long kept out of the money which the\ncountry owes them on account of the Indians. When I proposed going down to Williamsburgh, many of them brought their accompts to me, which I intended (had you given me liberty) to have laid before your Honor. I mention this circumstance, not with any view of being employed in examining and paying off those accompts (which for many reasons I can, by no means, undertake) but in hope that your Honor will be pleased to give directions to, and denominate some person for that purpose, for the neglect of which so many poor peop[l]e greatly Suffer. I am Yr\u2019s &c.\nG:W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "11-09-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-05-02-0029", "content": "Title: Robert Stewart to Robert Dinwiddie, 9 November 1757\nFrom: Stewart, Robert\nTo: Dinwiddie, Robert\nHonble Sir\nFort Loudoun Novr 9th 1757\nFor upwards of three Months past Colo. Washington has labour\u2019d under a Bloudy Flux, about a week ago his Disorder greatly increas\u2019d attended with bad Fevers, the day before yesterday he was seiz\u2019d with Stitches & violent Pleuretick Pains upon which the Docr Bled him and yesterday he twice repeated the same operation. This Complication of Disorders greatly perplexes the Doctr as what is good for him in one respect hurts him in another, the Docr has strongly Recommended his immediatly changing his air and going to some place where he can be kept quiet (a thing impossible here) being the best chance that now remains for his Recovery, the Colo. objected to following this advice before he could procure Yr Honrs Liberty but the Docr gave him such reasons as convinc\u2019d him it might then be too late and he has at length with reluctance agreed to it, therefore has Directed me to acquaint Yr Honr (as he\u2019s not in condition to write himself) of his resolution of leaving this immediatly and of his reasons for doing it which I have now the honor to do.\nYr Honr\u2019s Letter of the 24th Ulto (by Smith) did not reach the Colo. till the afternoon of the 6th Instant he has since sent a Copy of Yr Contract with Mr Ramsay to the Commandg Officer\nof each Garrison in this and Hampshire Counties and issued the necessary Orders relative thereto.\nthere\u2019s no Deserters been brought to the Regiment by Constables or others for which the Colo. has not paid Rewards In consequence of your Orders the Colo. has Commanded Captn Waggener to Form as strong a Party as he can by Detachments from the different Garrisons on the Branch to bring in the Duncards But he humbly conceives it would have been prudent to have confin\u2019d the Duncard Doctr till the Return of this Party as it\u2019s more than probable that if he\u2019s disaffected to our Government which many violently suspect he and his Brothers will immediatly move to Fort Duquesne, give the Commanding officer there Intelligence of our Intentions and thereby enable him to Form some Plan for the Destruction of our Party But as the Colos. Orders were positive he did not choose to defer the Execution of them.\nWhen I last had the honor of writing You I inform\u2019d Yr Honor of my Intentions of applying to Lord Loudoun so soon as [I] could hear of His Lordship\u2019s going into Winter Quarters I have since communicated my Intentions to Colo. Washington, who was Pleas\u2019d to approve of it but exprest some Inclination to have Yr Honrs approbation to my leave of absence to Wait on His Lordship wherever He may be, this I flatter myself You will be Pleas\u2019d to do which will much oblige &ca\nRobert Stewart", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "11-10-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-05-02-0031", "content": "Title: Invoice from Richard Washington, 10 November 1757\nFrom: Washington, Richard\nTo: Washington, George\nLondon 10th Novr 1757.\nInvoice of Sundry Goods Shipd by Richd Washington on board the Peggy and Elizabeth, Jno. Whiting Master, bound to Virginia, on the proper Acct and risque of the Honble Geo. Washington.\n                  3 Six Inch brass casd Locks complt a 6/6\n                  3 Seven Inch ditto ditto a 7/6\n                  3 seven Inch brass coverplate ditto a 9/6\n                  3 eight Inch ditto ditto a 10/6\n                  5 pr brass side Hinges with Screws a 5/\n                  4 pr ditto lath ditto with knobs a 6/\n                  3 pr ditto larger ditto a 6/6\n                  2 pr ditto larger ditto a 7/6\n                  96 Yds blue embost Paper, wte Mosaic a 10d.\n                  8 dozn Borders to ditto a 9d.\n                  96 yds green embost Paper a 9d.\n                  8 dozn borders to ditto a 9d.\n                  96 yds yellow embost paper a 9\n                  8 dozn Borders to ditto a 9\n                  96 yds India figurd Paper a 6\n                  8 dozn Borders to Ditto a 9\n                  8 dozn Borders to Ditto a 9\n                  144 Yds Crimson embost paper wte Masaic a 10\n                  12 dozn borders to ditto a 9d.\n                  A Set of best painted Ornaments for a Ceiling qty 32 Square yds a 2/6\n                  A Set of Papier Mach\u00e9 for ditto\n                  A fine new Viend Marble Chimy ps. Slab and Covins qty 31 feet a 5/\n                  A pr of Plinths to ditto 10/ \u20076 pr Iron Cramps to fix do 18d.\n                  Two neat Mahagony Tables, 4 f.\u20146 I. Square two flaps each & all the feet to move, to join with hooks &ca\n                  Packing, and Battening ditto\n                  12 Mahay best gothick Chairs, wt. Pincushion Seats, stufft in the best manner & coverd with horse hair\n                  packing the Chairs in 6 parcells\n                  A Case wt. partitions\n                  250 Squares best Crown glass 172\u00bd feet a 11d.\n                  A Case sent pr Captn Nicholson\n                  A fine strong Silver pierced, Boat Shell two edgd Sword Silver & gold gripe, spare & false Scabbard &ca\n                  A Green Silk Hussar Belt and Buckle\n                  A Red Morocco do and ditto\n                  To Entry Custom, Searchrs fees, Cartg Porterg Wharfg & Shipping Charges\n                  To Freight, Primage & Bills of Lading\n                  To \u00a3100 Insure on the above a \u00a35.5/ prCt & policy\n                  Commission \u00bd prCt\n                  Warranted with Convoy\n                  N.B. In Case No. 2. A Neat Landscape\u2014after Claude Lorrain\nRichd Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "11-13-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-05-02-0032", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Charles Green, 13 November 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Green, Charles\nReverend Sir\nAlexandria Novr 13th 1757\nNecessity (and that I hope will apologize for the trouble I must give you\u2014) obliges me to ask the favour of a visit\u2014that I may have an oppertunity of consulting you on a disorder which\nI have lingerd under for three Months past\u2014It is painful to me to write\u2014Mr Carlyle will say the rest\u2014I shall only add, that I am with very great esteem Yr most Obedt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-05-02-0033", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Dinwiddie, 14 November 1757\nFrom: Dinwiddie, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWilliamsburg Novr 14th 1757\nYr Letter of the 5th I duly recd & I am much surpriz\u2019d at what You write that the Indn Affairs have been impeeded by a Train of Mismanagemt when I consider Mr Atkin\u2019s Report that he had established every Thing in regard to those People in a most regular Manner I have wrote the Necessary to Ct. Gist on that Head, & order\u2019d up a Quantity of Goods from Petersburg for that Service which I hope will be at Winchester before this reaches You\u2014I have it much at Heart to encourage the Cherokees & did not doubt but Mr Atkin had agreeable to his Declaratn fix\u2019d every Thing in proper Order, if any Deficiency I hope the Goods sent up will supply; & Ct. Gist writes that he sent away the last 20, & nine that came before, tolerably pleas\u2019d, by the Advance of some Goods; & You write that with the advice of Yr Officers You stretch\u2019d a Point in supplyg them with some Necessaries, which I suppose was more than what Ct. Gist had given them.\nI am glad the last Party had the Success of scalping two & wounding a third of the Enemy, they are to be applauded & rewarded for their Service\u2014Gist complains he has no Goods which surprizes me, when Mr Atkin says he left upwards of 800\u00a3 in Goods, with him; I believe they were design\u2019d for the Catawbas, but on Occasion they shd be made use of for those Indians that may come to our Assistance, & those for the Catawbas may hereafter be compleated, as the Country has sent Home for a large Quantity.\nThe Interpreter Smith left this a Month ago contrary to my Opinion Mr Atkin sent him by Augusta but I hope he is with You long before this reaches You[.] Gist\u2019s Employmt is to take Care of the Inds. & to deliver them Presents with Discretion, &\nhe has Goods for that Purpose, if not restrain\u2019d by Mr Atkin\u2019s Instructions, but I suppose he now writes him fully how to act.\nMr Boyd carried up Money to pay Ct. Gist & the others employ\u2019d by Mr Atkin till the 14th of last Month: the Neglect or Delay of the Interpreter has occasion\u2019d some Difficulties entirely owing to Mr Atkin sending him by Augusta, but I hope he is now with You.\nI have formerly wrote You to know the Demands of the poor People on Acct of the Inds. which I dare say is but a Trifle if any Thing, Mr Boyd carried up Money for several of them; Gordon\u2019s Acct was paid, Brinker was also pd\u2014& a Person from the So. Branch carried up Money to pay several Accts there; & if any is now due it is the People\u2019s own Fault in not giving them to Mr Boyd. There has been a considerable Sum pd this Court on that Acct\u2014besides 220 to Mr Atkin for the Inds. Expences durg his Time, & indeed I was in hopes there was no more due. I am with Respect Sir Your mo. humble Servant\nRobt Dinwiddie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-05-02-0034", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Peachey, 14 November 1757\nFrom: Peachey, William\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nRichmond County 14th November 1757\nI received yr kind Letter of the 18th September about a Week ago, the Sight of which caused at almost the same Instant both a pleasing and disagreable Sensation; a pleasing, that I had so agreable a Frd and Correspondt; a disagreable, that I had once enjoy\u2019d the Company of that Frd whom I had scarcely known to be such, but I lost the Sweets of a Friendship I had long and greatly desired, by being undr the Necessity of leaving that Pt of the World, where alone I cou\u2019d meet with that Friend\u2014In poor Spotswood I lost a Man I loved as a Brother\u2014I lament the untimely Fate of Bullit, Both of whom I am convinced wou\u2019d have made good Soldiers in any other Service but that of Virginia, where a Man must either push himself into the jaws of Death, & that too without the least hopes of Redemption, or be subject to the Calumnious Tongues of a Sett of base Traducers, whose Knowledge does not extend further than phaps the Information of a parcell of dastardly Cowards, who through Fear, Laziness, or Indolence, joined with a dirty hoggish Disposition, have deserted the Virga Regimt & tell a pack of scandalous Lyes to screen themselves, which as effectually answers the End as Gunpowdr does to throw a Ball out of a Cannon.\nYour Letter tells me you wish I had been continued in the Regiment; Ay, I wish so too with all my Heart, at least till I had had an Oppertunity to convince the World I was not affraid to face the most dreadfull Enemy of humane Life, when necessary\u2014Your Letter also says, Can\u2019t you get one of the additional Companys? I believe I coud; What then? Can I think that Colo. Washington wou\u2019d desire me to come into the Regiment upon such Terms (viz. The Loss of my Rank) No, I believe he knows me too well & is more my Friend, for if I shoud, I shoud imagine that not only the Officers but every Soldr in the Corps wou\u2019d point me out for a Fool & Beggr who coud no other wise subsist\u2014Th\u00f4 I confess frely that some of the Follys of the Army too soon crept on me, for which I now condemn myself, can you think that my Foibles were glaring enough to have subjected me to the extream ill Treatment I met with in the Reduction? I am upon a Scheme in which I woud take yr advice; If I coud procure Letters recommendatory from the leading Men\nof this Colony with one from yrself to Lord Loudoun, What Service do you think it woud be of to me in the military Way to the Norwd. Might not I expect a Commission of some Sort in a few Mos. provided there was a small Matter of Cash in the Way; for, you must know that tho. I have a Sufficiency to live genteely on at Home, my Estate woud not long hold out in the Volenteering Way, nor shod I \u27e8see\u27e9 to advance much for a Commission as I have Children to provide for; yr Sentiments frely on the Matter will be taken as a particular Favour.\nThere\u2019s a flying Report here that some Expedition is on Foot on yr Quarter, that Colonel Stanwicks has order\u2019d the Virga Troops to join him shortly at Ray\u2019s Town, if so, do give me Notice as soon as possible, for I am determined if a thing of that kind shoud happen before I am otherwise provided for, to have one Brush with you as a Volenteer.\nUpon a second application to the Governr about my Arrears, he insists that Mr Boyd has the Money for those purposes & he had nothing to do with it, so that if I don\u2019t get the Cash thr\u00f4 their means, I suppose I must go without it altogether\u2014N.B. he saw the Certificate.\nI was going to conclude, but I can\u2019t help giving yo. a piece of conversation that pass\u2019d not long since between the Governr and my Bror the Clerk of Amelia, says his Honr \u201cWell Master Peachey how does your Bror the Captn do? I do assure yo. Mastr Peachey I am very sorry he is reduced, for I understand he was a very usefull Man, but it was not my Fault, I assure you I coud not help it, for it came in Turn\u201d and all this he said without the Things being mention\u2019d or even Thought of by my Brother\u2014Now what do you think of this? I shall now conclude with this assurance, that I am with sincere Respect Dr Sir Yr Affect. Frd & Most obedt Servant\nWillm Peachey", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-05-02-0035", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Sarah Cary Fairfax, 15 November 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Fairfax, Sarah Cary\nDear Madam\nMount Vernon 15th Novr 1757.\nI have lingerd under an Indisposition for more than three Months; and finding no relief above, on the contrary, that I daily grew worse, I have followd \u27e8m\u27e9y Surgeons advice to leave the place, & try what effects \u27e8f\u27e9resh Air and Water may have upon my disorder.\nOn Sunday last I arrivd here, and on Yesterday Mr Green was so kind to favour me with a visit & prescribd to me. He forbids the use of Meats, and substitutes Jelly\u2019s and such kind of Food for a constancy: now, as my Sister is from home and I have no Person that has been usd to making these kind of things; and no directions; I find my self under a necessity of applying to you for yr rec[eip]t Book for a little while, and indeed for such materials to make Jellys as you think I may not just at this time have. for I cant get Hartshorn Shavings any where. I must also beg the favour of you to lend me a Pound, or a smaller quantity if you can\u2019t spare that, of Hyson Tea. I am quite out & cannot get a supply any where in these parts. please also to lend me a bottle or two of Mountain, or Canary Wine Mr Green directs me to drink a Glass or two of this every day mixd with Water of Gum Arabic.\nPray make my Compliments acceptable to the Young Ladies of Your Family, and believe me to be Dr Madam Yr Most Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "11-20-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-05-02-0036", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Stewart, 20 November 1757 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Stewart, Robert\nLetter not found: to Robert Stewart, 20 Nov. 1757. On 24 Nov. 1757 Stewart wrote to GW: \u201c. . . Jenkins handed me your very obliging & affectionate Epistle of the 20th Inst.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "11-24-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-05-02-0038-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Stewart, 24 November 1757\nFrom: Stewart, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nFort Loudoun Novemr 24th 1757\nWhen big with the hopes of your speedy Recovery indulging myself in the pleasing thought and impatiently expecting the agreeable accot Jenkins handed me your very obliging & affectionate Epistle of the 20th Inst. But how great was my Disappointment on Accot of the bad State your obstinate & deeply rooted Disorder has reduc\u2019d you to? I easily conceive how disagreeable it must be to a person of sense to be laid under a necessity of paying a due deference to the Pompuous Grimace and formal Prescriptions of the Learn\u2019d Faculty under whose hands you have the misfortune of being, but I hope My Dear Colo. that not only regard to Self Preservation but to your Country in general and the Regiment in particular will induce you implicitly to obey every order your Physicians may Judge necessary for the Conservation of that Life all Justly rate so high and for which you are undoubtedly in some measure answerable to your Country\u2014I Beg you\u2019ll Pardon this Freedom which proceeds from the deep Concern I\u2019m under.\nBy the Inclos\u2019d from \u27e8Mr Rut\u27e9herford you\u2019ll observe his Success\u2014Capn Swearingen requests you\u2019ll send him a Line signifying that the Rangers will not be Incorporated into the Regiment and if you cou\u2019d limit the time of their Service it would greatly accelerate the Recruiting\u2014Cunningham (of the Mill) says that Mr Ross Bargain\u2019d with him for a qty of Flower to be Deliver\u2019d here, and that the Contractor won\u2019t receive it he begs to be inform\u2019d what to do? Capn Trent wants to know if you\u2019ll\nbe Security for the Indian Goods Capn Gist wants from him? Bush says the things you order\u2019d for the Artillery will amount to a pretty large Sum, he daily expects them and as he\u2019s to pay ready money for them begs you\u2019ll Please give orders for Paying him\u2014In consequence of the Inclos\u2019d from Capn McKenzie I sent up the Dun[ke]r Docr which I hope you\u2019ll approve off\u2014no accots of the Enemy since\u2014The Works goes on here as well as can be expected, both your Smith & Trigg have been sick for several Days but are now got to work again\u2014Mr Boyd arriv\u2019d some time since with four Months Pay 2 of which he has paid I Beg you\u2019ll \u27e8mutilated un\u27e9easiness from the affairs on the Frontier as they are in as good a Posture as can reasonably be hop\u2019d for.\nAgreeable to your Desire I have wrote to Colo. Stanwix (who is now mov\u2019d to Lancaster.) Inclos\u2019d is a Copy thereof likewise of my last to the Governor and his answer by which you\u2019ll observe he Orders me to send him a List of the Deserters that were brought back to the Regiment and to whom the Rewards were paid? this I cannot do unless you\u2019ll Please send it me from your Cash or Rect Book His Honr has given his approbation to my going to the Northd and when I reflect how far the Season is already advanc\u2019d how much time it will require to perform my part in the Event of Success the Difficulties Delays may occasion and how vastly improbable my ever having such another chance I begin to Dread I have stay\u2019d too long, therefore requests you\u2019ll be Pleas\u2019d to give me your Leave and would it not fatigue you too much a Letter to His Lordship and another to Captn Cunningham would be of infinite Service to me as you must be suppos\u2019d to know me (as a Soldier) better than any that have Recommended me I would \u27e8mutilated\u27e9s give you so much trouble in your present Situation did not this seem to be my last Effort for being extricated out of that disagreeable uncertainty in which I have so long liv\u2019d and were I not morally certain your Letters wou\u2019d be of vast advantage to me.\nI Return you Mr Smith\u2019s Letter, Magazine &C. with a List of what have and will beyond doubt Subscribe I will exert myself in getting all I can\u2014I\u2019m vext I have tir\u2019d you with the tedious length of this will only add my most fervent Wishes for your speedy Recovery which would make everybody here immensely\nhappy particularly him who ever is With the most perfect Esteem & respect Dear Sir Your most Affectionate & Most Obliged hble Servt\nRobert Stewart\nAs for Election \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 thing goes on in all Quart\u27e8mutilated\u27e9sfaction\u2014no accots \u27e8mutilated ne\u27e9w Governr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-05-02-0038-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure I: Robert McKenzie to Robert Stewart, November 1757\nFrom: McKenzie, Robert\nTo: Stewart, Robert\nSir\nSaturday Night [November 1757]\nI am glad to find by your Lettr to Capt. Waggener that the Duncard Doctr is not escaped which we took here for granted. There is not a Man upon the Branch that can positively undertake to pilot the Party to his Settlemt & at this Time of the Year it is very dangerous to go such a Distance & over such bad Mountains witht a proper Guide. I wish you would undertake to send him up immeadiately, & if his Bail is not yet released I will be bound to return him safe, or bring a certain Certificate to prove that the Country will suffer Nothing from him for the future. I am to command the Party, & am therefore more anxious for its Success\u2014I am sure the Good of the Service necessarily requires his Presence.\nA Party of 8 Indians fell upon two Hunters abt Sunsett. They fired 4 Shot at the Enemy but upon seeing the rest (three only being seen at first) they run off two different Ways both untouchd. One is come in the other missing\u2014I shall endeavor to know what is become of him in the Morng\u2014The man missing is Lane, the other Cox. I am Sir Yr Most obedt\nRobt McKenzie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-05-02-0038-0003", "content": "Title: Enclosure II: Robert Dinwiddie to Robert Stewart, 15 November 1757\nFrom: Dinwiddie, Robert\nTo: Stewart, Robert\nSir\nWilliamsburg Novr 15th 1757\nI recd Your Letter by Jenkins last Night\u2014The violent Complaint Colo: Washington labors under gives me great Concern, it was unknown to me or he shou\u2019d have had Leave of Absence sooner, & I am very glad he did not delay following the Doctr\u2019s Advice, to try a change of Air, I sincerely wish him a speedy Recovery.\nI observe what You write in regard to the Contractor, & Instructions given to Capt. Waggoner all which I approve of\u2014I desire You will in Your next give me a List of Deserters recd & to whom the Money was paid, as I have been much troubled with Applications for the Reward; it is wrong to pay the Constables, for they are not the People that apprehend them.\nI wrote You lately about Yr waiting on Lord Loudoun, & if You obtain Colo. Washington\u2019s Consent I shall not object to Your\ngoing to the No[rth]wd as You propose, & heartily wish You Success. I am Respectfully Sir Your most humble Servant\nRobt Dinwiddie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-05-02-0040", "content": "Title: Return of the Virginia Regiment, 1 December 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nA Return of the 8 Compys of the Virga Regimt on the Frontiers of that Colony Decemr 1st 1757\n                  Officers Present\n                  Effective Rank and File\n                  Wanting to Compleat\n                  Colo. Washingtons\n                  Captn Waggenner\n                  Capt. Joshua Lewis\n                  Draughts not Compad\n                  A State of the Strength of Each Company & where Station\u2019d\n                  Colo. WashingtonsCapt. Stewarts & the Draughts\n                  At Fort Loudoun[,] Detacht 1 Serjt & 15 rank & file to Capt. Lewis Stephens, To Edward\u2019s Fort 9 Rank & File[,] to Baldwins Fort 9 Rank & File\n                  Major Lewis at Dickinsons Fort or Fort Yong Detach\u2019t 1 Serjt & 11 Rank & file To Fort Dinwiddie\n                  Capt. Jno. McNiell[,] Do, Ens. Stark with 1 Serjt & 19 Rank & file at Cloyds Fort & 5 Rank & file at Fort Dinwiddie\n                  Capt. Woodward at Fort Littleton, or Fort Vause\n                  Capt. Waggenner at the Town Fort, Lieut. Steenburgen with 1 Serjt & 19 Rank & file at Powers Mill, 1 Serjt & 9 Rank & file at Harness Fort, & 9 Rank & file at Fort Hollond\n                  Capt. Josha Lewis at Pattersons Fort Lt Baker 1 Serjt & 15 Rank & file at Mendenhalls Fort, 6 Rank & file at Bells Fort 5 rank & file at Evans\u2019s Fort 5 Rank & file at Smalls fort & 5 rank & file at Catons\n                  Capt. McKenzie at Pearsalls Fort Lt King 1 Serjt & 3 Rank & file at Fort Pleasant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "12-06-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-05-02-0042", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George William Fairfax, 6 December 1757\nFrom: Fairfax, George William\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir,\nLondon Decr 6th 1757\nI arrived here the 25th of last month since which there has not been an Opportunity to America, And now the conveyance so uncertain that I hope you\u2019l excuse this short Epistle, and permitt me good Sir to acquaint you that our applycations remains doubtfull, And that its difficult to have a hearing by reason the\ngreat ones are so much taken up with affairs of much greater consequence.\nThe Parliament meet the 1st of this instant, and Unanimously concurred in very Loyal Addresses, and with a firm resolution to Aid the Victorious King of Prussia who has Surpassed all Expectation and I hope yett will give the French a more definative stroke.\nTheir has been a Court of Enquiry on the late Secret Expedition, and the other day a Court Martial fixed to try Genl M\u2014t &ca. In short it ingrosses the whole Legislature, so that those in America are not thought of, But its suggested by some that there will be great alteration there and that Ld Geo. Sackvile may be expected, but this is a Secret, The Duke has certainly resign\u2019d, Sr John Legonier and two more appointed Feild Marshals, and the former created an Irish Peer.\nThe Parliament will Adjourn for the Holydays, when I shall go with Mr Fairfax into Kent, and afterwards to Yorkshire where I shall tarry till the approch of the Spring, in which time if you have any other Commands it will give me pleasure to Execute them.\nWhen matters are more Ripe, I will take time to give you a particular Accot till when I remain with the greatest Esteem Dear Sir Your Affect. and very humble Servt\nGo: Wm Fairfax", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "11-09-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-05-02-0043", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Henry Fairfax, 9 November 1757\nFrom: Fairfax, William Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew-York, Decr the 9th 1757\nAs you shewed your Desire for my Welfare by your kind Recommendation to Capt. Cunningham; I think it necessary to apologize for not acquainting you sooner with my Reception and Situation here. I was very kindly received by Lord Loudoun, but as I was in daily Expectations of joining some Regiment either as a Volunteer or commissioned Officer, I was willing to acquaint you with my being well received & well settled at the same time. My being well settled was chiefly owing to Capt. Cunningham. For after delivering my Letters to his Lordship; I intended to have returned to Virginia & serve in your Regt till his Lordship should think proper to give me a Commission. At this time Capt. Cunningham was so ill that I could not see him. But when I delivered him your Letter, & acquainted him with my Intentions, he insisted so strongly upon my continuing with the Forces here; that I immediately laid aside all thoughts of returning to Virginia then; & determined to do nothing without his Advice, while I continued near him. I accordingly went up a\nVolunteer to the 44th Regt wch was then encamped at Albany. When I arrived there I was informed that about 100 Volunteers were at that time following the Army here; many of them very well recommended either by Service or Interest, who must all have been provided for before me had I waited till a Commission was given me. This made me embrace the first Opportunity of purchasing; wch happened in a few Days after my Arrival at Albany by a Vacancy in the 28th Regt to wch Lord Loudoun very willingly consented. I am now waiting here for Orders when to join the Regt (wch is at Beau:sejour) or to go on any other Duty. My Commission cost 200\u00a3 Sterling wch is the settled Price here, & 100\u00a3 more for a Lieutenancy, unless by a private Bargain. I imagine, Sir, that the Vacancy occasioned by my Resignation would be filled up in Consequence of Captn Cunningham\u2019s Letter to you after my Arrival here, Which was the Reason of my not sending a formal Resignation. I am sorry to have received a Commission in a Regt in wch I have done no Service. However my being appointed will save the Expence of an Officer during the time I had Rank in the Regt\u2014I have been with Major Levingston very much since his Arrival in these Parts; who desired me to acquaint you with his being here. He went with me up to Albany; where he was with my Lord Loudoun; who examined him very particularly about the Number, Pay, Cloathing &c. of the Forces in the Pay of the Southern Colonies. He talks much in favour of the Virginia Regt in all Companies, & sometimes makes Comparissons between them & the Regts here, disadvantageous to the latter. I am, Sir, Your much obliged humble Servt\nWillm Hy Fairfax\nCapt. Cunningham is now recovered.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-05-02-0044", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Knox, 26 December 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Knox, Thomas\nSir,\nMount Vernon Virga 26th December 1757\nYour favour of the 28th September came to hand the 20th Instt. My Goods, that is such part as you have sent me I am told will be round from Rappahannock River shortly\u2014I can\u2019t help expressing great concern, and some Surprize at your not sending the following Articles, which were Included in an Invoice sent the 18th Jany last, the Receipt of which you acknowledge (viz.)\n4 dozn plaid Hose\n\u00bd dozn Scythes & Stones\n4 Curry Combs & Brushes\n1 Dozn Weeding Hoes\n1 dozn narrow & \u00bd dozn Grubg Do\n20M 8d. Nails\n20M 4d. Ditto 5M 6d. and\n1 Dozn Logwood Axes.\nThese are Articles Sir, I greatly wanted, and must now be obligd to buy in the Country for this years use at exorbitant prices and that perhaps after sending over good part of the Country before they can be procurd.\nOn board the Nugent Only I have 14 Hogsheads Tobo of the best Mountn Sweetscented\u2014your best endeavours in the Sales will be exerted I hope in my favour\u2014Tobo of the like kind, sent by my acquaintances to the London Market commands great prices, and this of mine made upon the same sort of Land as theirs is and handled equally as Neat will, I flatter myself, sell full as high in that of Bristol.\nThe nett proceeds of this Latter, and Balle of the former Tobo please to pay to Mr Richd Washington of London, who is directed to draw upon you to the amount. Please also to Insure one hundd pounds on the 14 Hogsheads, a Sum much less than the value of the Tobacco but I choose to risk part\u2014I doubt not of hearing from you soon & receiving Accounts of Sales, & Acct Currt. I am Sir Yr Most Obedt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-05-02-0045", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Richard Washington, 26 December 1757\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Washington, Richard\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon, Decr 26th 1757\nI have been under concern for sometime past at your long Silence; and have been put to many Shifts, and some Expence for want of my Goods: I have wrote you several times and addressd Copies, to which be referd.\nI have now to inform you that finding no Ships for London and despairing of oppertunities of consigning to yourself; I have put on board the Nugent Only, Captn Copythorne for Bristol, fourteen Hhds of best Sweet Scented Tobo (this years Crop) and Consignd them to Mr Knox who I have drawn upon for some few things and desird him to pay the Balle of this as also of some former Tobos into your Hands\u2014I shall Ship more in the first Vessells for London, or else where if I find the Markets favourable\u2014I hope you will take the first oppertunity of sending me (if you have not already done it) all the Goods which, from time to time I have wrote for, and Inclose at the same time my Acct Currt. I am, with great Esteem Dr Sir, Yr Most Obedt & Affecte Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "12-28-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-05-02-0046", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Sampson Darrell, 28 December 1757\nFrom: Darrell, Sampson\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\n28th Decembr 1757\nI send you inclod Joseph West Deed to Darrell, also the Cources of Matthew Thomsons Patten. The Land has never been yet layed off, So that the line to give the three hundred acres must be run. as for Spencers line no Boddey Knowes it so well as Robert Stevens, who was our pilet on the Survay[.] I will git Mr Mason to come and lay Down that line. I am Sir Your Hble Servt\nSampson Darrell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1757", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/02-06-02-0164-0006", "content": "Title: III-A-1. Combined County Inventory of Slaves and Personal Property in the Estate, 1757\u201358\nFrom: Unknown\nTo: \nThe Appraisements of the Estate of Danl Parke Custis According to the Returns made to the County \u27e8Cour\u27e9t of New Kent by Sworn appraisers whose Names are herunto annex\u2019d\n[New Kent County, 20 Oct. 1757]\n   A Negro Man named Anthony \u00a320; Ditto Shomberg 45.; Ditto Squire 50.; Ditto Morris 60.; Ditto Jack Palmer 50.; Ditto Jemmy 12.; Ditto Ned 50.; Ditto Brunswick 40.; Ditto Michael 60.; Ditto Joe 60.; Ditto Sampson 1[s.]; A Negroe Woman Jenny 45.; Ditto Moll 45.; Ditto Doll 40.; Ditto Jemima 35.; Ditto Betty & Child Austin 60.; Child Hue 15.; Girl Nanny 40.; Ditto Sall 35.; Boy Davy 35.; Ditto Julius 30.; Ditto Joe 20.; Ditto John 15.; Ditto Peter 20.; Girl Christian 15.; Ditto Alce 12.; Ditto Lucy 25.; Ditto Doll 30.; Boy George 40.; Ditto Sampson 25.; Woman Alce \u27e8illegible\u27e9; Boy Tom 4\u27e80\u27e9; Ditto John 42.; Ditto Billy \u27e8illegible\u27e9; W\u27e8oman\u27e9 Esther & Chd Phil 50.; Girl Eve \u27e8illegible\u27e9o.; Ditto Hannah \u27e8illegible\u27e9o.; Ditto Betty 25.; Boy To\u27e8be\u27e9y 17.; Ditto \u27e8Emanuel illegible\u27e9; Woman Leck \u27e8illegible\u27e9; Girl Fanny 20.; Ditto Queene \u27e8illegible\u27e9; Ditto Grace 15.; Ditto Alce & Chd Phebe 40.; Boy Bob 20.; Ditto George 14.; Woman Abbe\u27e8y\u27e9 40.; Boy Pompey 30.; Girl Amey 30.; Ditto Patt 15.; Girl Nell 15.; Boy Perry 25.; Ditto Sam 30.; ditto Tom 30.; Woman Hannah 15.; Man Charles Baker 50.; Woman Arbor \u27e8illegible\u27e9; Man S\u27e8illegible\u27e9 40.; ditto Gooding 50.; ditto Abram 45.; ditto Jacob 35.; ditto Goliah 35.; ditto Roger 50.; Woman Kate 15.; Ditto Moll 35.; Girl Arbor 10.; Boy John 20.; Woman Betty 35.; Girl Betty 12.; Boy George 20.; Woman Nan 40.; Girl Sall 16.; Ditto Phebe 30.; Boy Stephen 35.; Man Jack 60.; ditto Mingo 60.; ditto Ned Hall 50.; ditto Stephen 50.; Boy Shomberg 30.; Girl Rachel 30.; Man Will Harlow 50.; Woman Patcy 30.; Boy Tom 20.; Ditto Harry 25.; Man Joe 45.; Boy Davy 35.; ditto Billy 40.; Man Duke 40.; Ditto Bristol 35.; ditto Charles 40.; Woman Dinah 40.; Boy Dickey 25.; ditto Peter 30.; Woman Sarah 40.; Girl Peggy 20.; Boy Godfrey 15.; Woman Elizabeth 35.; boy \u27e8illegible\u27e9 20.; Ditto Paul 25.; Woman \u27e8& chd illegible\u27e9 50.; Girl Abby 20.; Woman Molly 50.; ditto Venus ; girl Beck 45.; Woman Nanny 10.; girl Rose 30.; ditto Nanny 15.; ditto Cosiah 10.; ditto Nanny 30.; boy Daniel 25.; Woman Phillis 50.; girl Sarah 30.; ditto Nell 35.; Woman Esther 30.; Man Sam 20.; ditto Pompey 10.; ditto Breechy 50.; ditto Peter 15.; boy Billy 40.; Man Northampton 6[d.]; Ditto Isar\u27e8illegible\u27e9 50.; ditto Bob 40.; ditto Tom 40.; boy Bat 40.; Man Bob 40.; ditto Tom 40.; ditto Prince 10.; ditto Jemmy 40.; ditto Isham 40.; Woman Jenny 40.; ditto Bella & Chd Milly 55.; ditto Kitty 15.; ditto Betty 20.; Man Paul 30.; ditto Martin 30.; boy George \u27e8illegible\u27e9; ditto Martin 30.; Man Will 40.; ditto Dick 45.; ditto Jerry 15.; ditto Joe 45.; ditto Moses 15.; ditto Hercules 40.; ditto Narcissus \u27e8illegible\u27e9; Woman Eve & child Dick 55.; ditto Nanny & Chd Nanny 50.; boy Harry 35.; Girl Sall 20.; ditto \u27e8Crajah\u27e9 25.; ditto Frank 15.\nAmt of Negroes in N. Kent\n25 Hhd Flat with Cable and Anchor\n1 Horse Boat, and 1 large Canoe\n1 Ox Cart, Yokes, Chain &ca\n2 Old Iron Potts\nA par[ce]l old Hoes, Axes, grubg axes, boxes, hoops &ca\n2 Work Horses\n100 head Nett Cattle\n40 head Hogs\n80 Barrls of Corn \u2003at 4/\n1 Iron Chain, 1 Grindstone, & 1 Hide\n16 Good Casks, & sevl old Casks &ca\n1 Ox Cart, Wheels, Chains and Yokes\n1 Bed and Furniture\n80 lb. Sheet Lead\n200 Barrels of Corn \u2003at 4/\n304 head Hogs\n284 head neat Cattle\n1 Ox Cart, Chain and Yokes\n25 old hoes and axes, and 1 Grindstone\n61 narrow hoes\n476 lb. Lead\n1 Charriot and Harness for 6 Horses\n1 two wheeld Chair\n1 Iron Mortar, 1 old Still and 2 pestles\n25 Head Hogs\n4 brass Tenders, and 1 wire rat Trap\n1 old Chair and Harness & old Bedstead &ca\n6 whipsaws and two xcut saws\n3 hides 5 old Hhds 4 brass Sieves & Iron do & Lumbr\n2 pr Hand Mill Stones\n\u27e81\u27e9 new Sein\n2 Casks old Seins\nA parcel hhds Casks &ca\n1 schooner with \u27e8illegible\u27e9ing &ca\n1 Small [\u201cBoat\u201d]\n1 large table\n2 large Sorr\u27e8el\u27e9 horses at 25\u00a3 each\n2 large bay ditto \u2003\u2003\u2003at 16\u00a3 each\n2 Small bay ditto \u2003\u2003\u2003at 8\u00a3 each\n3 Ma\u27e8res\u27e9 and 3 Colts\n1 old Roan horse\n1 young Stallion\n2 \u27e8horses\u27e9 and two mares\n\u27e82\u27e9 old Work horses\n2 young mares\n\u27e81\u27e9 young Sorrel horse\n1 ditto bay ditto\n1 ditto bay Mare\n1 Silver Coffee Pot, 4 Candle Sticks, 1 Tea Pot, 1 milk Pot, 2 Salver\u2019s 4 Salts and Shovels, 1 Sugar dish, 2 Beakers 2 Sauce\nBoats, 1 punch Ladle, 1 Strainr 1 cross, 12 Teaspoons, 1 pr Sugar Tongs 1 Strainr 1 lar: Spoon, 1 Rim & Castor Wt 23 lb. @ 6/6 pr Oz.\n1 large Silver Tankard, 1 small Tankd 2 porringers 2 Candlesticks & Snuffers 12 Table Spoons, 11 small Spoons 1 Shovel 7 Tea spoons 1 pepper box 1 Sugar Caster 1 Can and 2 Small Dishes wt 16\u00be lb. @ 4/6 pr oz.\n30 Wine and Beer Glasses @ 6d.\n2 Tumblers, 2 Jelly Glasses, 1 cruet, 1 Salt, & 1 mustard pot\n7 Sweetmeat glasses @ 1/3\n1 Sett gilt China and Coffee Mill\n3 two quart Muggs, 3/9 4 Slider\u2019s 3/\na parcel of Earthen ware\n4 dozn & 8 China Plates & 15 dishes of China\nA parcel China Tea Cups, Saucer\u2019s, Tea Pot Milk Pot. Bowles and Canisters\nAn assortment of Medicines &ca\n8 Razors case, 1 hone and Strop\n1 Sword and pr of Pistols\n1 Gun\na parcel of old and new Books &ca\n2 pr money Scales and Weights\n1 Mahogany Desk\n12 Mahogany Chairs\n2 Corner Chair\u27e8s\u27e9\n2 Large Mahogany Tables\n1 Marble Table\n1 large looking glass\n1 leather Couch, 2 pictures, & 3 Maps\n1 Walnut Table\n10 Leather Chairs\n1 large easy Chair\n1 old Chest of Drawers [15s.] & 1 old Cabinet [\u00a31]\n2 Trunks and 1 Walnut Table\n1 looking Glass and 1 dressing glass\n1 Corner Cupboard\n2 Shagreen knife cases wt. 12 K: & \u27e8for\u27e9ks in each\n2 Tin Sugar Boxes, 16 canisters \u27e8illegible\u27e9 gratn & \u27e8illegible\u27e9\n2 Box Irons and 2 Stands & 7 Smoothing Irons\n2 Beds Bolsters, 1 Rug, 2 pr Sheets, 2 Counterpains, 2 Bedsteads and Cords\n4 brass Candlesticks 1 pr Snuffr & old Knives & Forks\n20 pr Sheets\n41 Table Cloaths\n99 Napkins and Towels\n24 Pillow Cases and Towells\n2 Pieces of Callico\n10 Counterpins and 5 bed Quilts\n2 Beds Bolsters 4 Pillows 2 pr Blankets 1 Suit old Curtains and Cords Bedsteads\n2 pr Blanketts\n2 Beauro dressing Tables\n2 dressing Glasses\n5 old Chairs 1 Trunk and 1 Chest\n1 Table 1 Trunk, and 5 Chairs\n2 Beds and Furniture\n2 pr of Handirons\nA Quantity of Wine of several sorts Bottles Juggs &ca\n1 mans Saddle and bridle, 3 pr handirons 1 Cooler Treacle, Juggs and old Lumber\n18 pr Cotton wool, and Clothiers Cards\n2 Bell mettle Skillets, & 18 Patty Pans\n1 Brass Plate Warmer 2 pr Tongs & Shovels\na parcel Salt Petre\n6 Potts and Jarrs with Raisons\na parcel of old Trunks, boxes and Lumber\n12 pr Mens Shoes and Slippers\n30 Mens hats\n1 Ditto ditto\n3 yds Serge dinem, & 2 Remts Tammy\n2 ps. Check and part ps. of ditto\n25 Quire of Paper\n\u27e82\u27e9 pr Stilliards\n2 plate Baskets, 1 Bread ditto, and a bag Corks\n2 [Housing] and 16 girths\n[9 Cinches] and Clamps 1 curry Comb & 1 Belt\n[22 loaves] dble & single refind Sugar\n2 Jockey Caps\n5 Whipthongs, 1 Search 1 Sifter, 1 handsaw 1 brass Cock and 1 dark lanthorn\n1 Tea Chest and 4 old China Cups\n[4 M] small Nails, and a Paper brass nails\n1 Saw Rest and 4 brass Runners\n4 dozn Whetstones & a papr Sadler\u2019s Tacks\n21 Chisels, 6 pr Sheep shears, & 12 Gimblets\n11 plain Irons & 2 dozn whipsaw Files\n5 dozn & 8 file of sevel Sorts\n10 Iron Screws 2 hatchets, 4 Taper bits 2 pr Nippers, & 1 pr Markg Irons\n33 hasps and staples and 16 whet Stons\n9 Plain Irons, 1 gouge, and 2 Augers\n2 plain Irons, 3 Center bitts 14 Files 1 xcut Saw Rests, 1 gouge and 1 pr of Irons\n[9] Hats and 8 Dutch Blankets\n22 Staples, [1] currying knife & 2 fleshg do\n13 Sides of Leather\n1 Crate Earthen Ware & 2 Baskets Corks\n1 Barrl of sugar & part of Barrl of ditto\n36 Yards of Virginia cloth\n28 yards of Duck\n75 lb. Gunpowder and 1 C 3 Q. o lb. of Shott\n1 piece of plains qty about 75 yds\n2 ps. Kersey qty 50 yds\n15\u00bd yds dufle & 7\u00bd yds Kersey\n510 yds of Cotton at 2/\n3 ps. dutch Blanketting\n23 glasses and 1 ps. of Rope\n39 pieces of Rolls\n9 ps. qty about 900 Ells bro: Linn\n4 ps. Sale Duck\n177 pair plad Hose, & 1 pr Shoes\nPowder Shott, Chests, Boxes, Vials Casks old Iron &ca\n1 pr Standard Weights and Scales\n8 Barrels of Nails\n1 coarse Sifters\n2 frying Pans and 1 pott\n202 Sides, and 46 skins of upper Leather\na parcel of Salt\na parcel of Rope and Earthenware\nSain Corks, Iron Lead &ca\n1 Casks narrow Axes & 8 broad Axes\n8 Cooper\u2019s Axes 5 narrow Axes, 6 grubg axes Mill Pecks Augers &ca\n11 Spades, 1 dozn Sickles & 6 dozn xgarnet Hing[es]\n24 narrow Hoes, and 21 broad hoes\n6 Grass Scythes and Furniture\nIron ware, old Iron, Curry Combs Stock Locks, Rope Lumber &ca\n2 large Sains and Ropes\n17 lb. Sain Twine\n50\u00be lb. bro: & col[ore]d thread & 1 lb. whitd bron Thread\n141 yds Irish Linnen\n5 diaper Table Cloths\n1 ps. Sagathy Shalloon Buttons & Twist\n1 silk pattern for Breeches\n2\u00bd pieces of Nankeen\n11 pair Mens Stockings\n1 Rug 20/.\u20035 pr Mens gloves 10/\n1 ps. brown holland\na remnant of Ticking and a Pillow\na parcel of Shoe thread\n1 Shaving pot and Bason\n4 groce horn Buttons\n1 Slate and Pencils\n4 pr Stirrup Leathers and 1 Crupper\n350 Ells brown Linnen\n1 ps. Rolls & several ps. wrappers\n1 pr Stirrups & 1 Charriot Whip\n39 pair Negroes Shoes\n1 desk 4 Trunks and Lumber\n1 cutting Sword\n140 lb. washd wool\n5\u00be dozn Pewter Plates\n41 Pewter dishes and 4 Basons\n1 Bed Pan and 18 Pattipans\n1 Pesttle and Mortar, and 3 Spits\n2 old Skillett and 2 Tea Kettles\n4 Iron Potts and Hooks & 1 pr Andirons\n1 dripg Pan, Flesh fork, Ladle Shovel & Tongs\n1 Stew pan, 1 frying pan, 4 pot Racks & Lumbr\n2 Copper Kettles\n1 Fish Kettle 1 copper Pot 3 Coffeepots 1 Chocolate pot, 1 Tureen, & 2 Tin Kettles\n4 Jarrs, 2 Safes 1 apple Mill &ca\n82 Milk pans\nA parcel Carpenters \u27e8illegible\u27e9er\u2019s, Cooper\u2019s Smith \u27e8illegible\u27e9 Awls & Lasts\n154 \u27e8illegible\u27e9 of \u27e8illegible\u27e9 cattle\n12 \u27e8illegible\u27e9 Sheep\n6 hogs\n5 \u27e8illegible\u27e9 Chairs, & 1 Desk and Bookcase\n1 Looking Glass and 1 dressing Glass\n1 large Copper Kettle & 1 Iron Pot\n1 dozn Wine glasses\n8 Carboys and 1 Jug with Rum and Brandy in them 3 buttr Pots empty Bottls\n1 \u27e8Ja\u27e9r quantity abt 15 gals. Train Oil\n1 Tierce qty abt 60 gals. Rum\n3 Small Barrl Paint\na parcel of Tar Barls and Tar\n1 ps. qty 98 yds white flannel\n1 Womans Sadle and Furniture\n2 drawing Knives\n5 Staples, 4 hasps, 1 rasp, brass Cocks &ca\n2 Bricklayers Trowells\n4 M 3d. Nails\n5 paint Brushes\n3 Locks 1 bung borer and 1 Belt\n137 Awl blades\n1 pr Negro Shoes\nTotal amt\nEdmond Bacon\nApprs\n   Lewis Webb\n   Frans Foster\n20th Octr 1757\nEstate in King Wm\n      A Negro Wench Dyner 45.; ditto Patt 50.; ditto Kitt 35.; ditto Sarah 30.; ditto Rachel 35.; ditto Lucy 20.; ditto Nan 12.; ditto Milly 15.; [woman] Frank 10.; ditto George 20.; ditto \u27e8illegible\u27e9 55.; ditto Pa\u27e8rros\u27e9 65.; ditto Guy 50.; ditto Sam 40.; ditto Mar\u27e8lbor\u27e9ough 45.; ditto Solomon 65.; ditto Hector \u27e850\u27e9.; ditto David 60.; ditto Will 45.; ditto Sue 45.\nNegroes\n10 Oxen\n21 Steers\n101 Cows and Steers\n24 Small ditto\n40 Calves\n\u27e8illegible\u27e9\n67 Sheep\n4 Work Horses\n30 Shoats\n11 Sows & 66 Pigs\n38 Hogs\n9 Small Sows and 25 Pigs\n6 Shoats\n3 ditto\nA Cart &ca\nA parcel of old Tobacco Hogshead 2 Corn Barrls & Corn Crib\n2 Cow hides\n100 Barrels of Corn @ 5/\n   5 old Wedges 7/6.\u2003a parcel of old Iron\n   A Parcel of Butter Pots, 28/.\u2003ditto Milk pans 18/\nA parcel of Tubs, Piggens, and Pails\n1 pr Steelyards\n1 pr Scales &ca\n1 pr hand Mill Stones &ca\nwhole amount\nWm Dandridge\nAppraisors\n   Thomas Fox\n   James Richeson\n3d Feby 1758\nInventory of the James City Estate\nIn the left hand Room up Stairs\n   2 Tables 15/.\u2003Trunk 2/.\u20031 dressg box 2/\n   1 Bed and Furniture \u00a37\u20034 Maps & 4 Prints 8/\n4 Cain bottom Chair\n1 brass Fender, shovel & old dogs\nIn the Right hand Room\n8 Cain and 3 leather bottom Chairs\n   5 prints & 3 Maps 8/.\u20032 dressg glasses 10/\n2 Trunks and 1 Cloaths Chest\n   1 Bed and Furniture \u00a34.\u20038 Table Cloths 40/\n4 pr Cotton Sheets 1 pillow case 60/\n   27 Towels 27/.\u20033 Fenders 9/\nan old Trussel Bed\nIn the Passage & Staircase\n   2 maps 2/.\u20035 glass prints 10/\n   12 Caesars 30/.\u200324 painted Pictures \u00a310\n5 prints of Alexanders Battles\n6 pictures painted on Wood\n   5 Chairs 25/.\u20032 old Tables 4/\n1 Warming pan and 1 Broom\nIn the Chamber.\n   an old Desk 20/.\u20031 Escrutore 60/\n   9 Chairs 27/.\u20031 Bed and Curtains \u00a39\n   5 prints 5/.\u200332 glass prints 64/\n13 painted pictures\n1 looking Glass\nIn the Closet\n   12 pewter plates 15/.\u20038 old ditto 5/\n8 old dishes, 3 old Pie plates, 1 Bason and 1 Cullinder\n   Scollop Shells 1/.\u20031 pr Stilyards 3/\n   2 Candlesticks 6/.\u20032 pr Snuffer\u2019s 1/. p\u27e8illegible\u27e9 hol\u27e8illegible\u27e9\n1 old Tea Chest, 1 Cannister, 1 buttr Pot 1 Decanter, 1 Basket\n1 pr of Bellows\nIn the Library\nA parcel of Books\nA parcel of Pictures\na Short Barrel Gun & 1 Sword\nAn old Desk & some few o\u27e8dd\u27e9 trifles\nIn the Hall.\na sett of Fruit pieces\na sett of Flower pieces\n   21 glass prints 25/.\u20031 looking glass 60/\n   2 painted pictures 25/.\u200312 Chairs 60/\n8 Small China Bowles, 29 Saucers, 25 Cups\n1 pair of Pumps, and 2 Cloaths Brushes\n   1 Couch 10/\u20031 writing Desk 20/\n   1 large Table 30/.\u20031 marble Slabb \u00a34\nan old Dutch plate case\n1 Square Table with a picture in it\nIn the Closet next the Garden\na parcell of glass ware\na parcel of China and Earthen ware\n12 pewter plates and 1 gill pot\n1 Marble Mortar\n12 knives and 12 Forks\n2 old Chafing dishes, 2 pr old Bellows and 1 Tea board\nIn the Right hand Closet\n1 Tinn Cannister a small parcel of bottles a few knives & Sundry triff\u27e8l\u27e9ing Articles\n26 oz. 15 \u27e8dwt\u27e9 Silver plate @ 6/ oz.\nIn the Apothecaries Shop\nA parcel of old drugs and some old odd [\u201cTrifles\u201d]\nIn the Cellars\n   10 dozn Wine \u00a315.\u20031 gallon Pot 2/.\n   1 gross bottles 26/.\u20035 Jugs 10/\n6 Jars with some Oil and Soap\n2 Pewter measures 1 Tawier [tarrier], 1 Cock\nA little Brandy and some old Cyder\nA Cistern to Cool Meat and 1 Jarr\n1 pr of old Tongs, 1 pr of old Dogs and 1 old Water pot\n1 Mouse Trap, 1 old Lanthorn 2 old Casks, & 1 old Safe\nIn the Kitchen\n2 Bell Mettle Skillets\n2 Chocolate Potts, 1 Grid Iron 1 Ladle 1 Pestle and Mortar, 1 brandg Iron 1 Frying Pan, 2 flesh Forks 2 Spits, 1 pr of Scales\n1 pair of Kitchen Dogs\n   4 pots and two pr pot Hooks 30/.\u2003old Kettle 12/\nSome old Iron\n1 butter pot, one Search, 3 Chamber pots, one Mouse Trap\n2 old pails, one old Pigg[ins] 2 old Tubs\nAn old Negro Woman Cornelia\nDitto girl Beck\nIn the Grainery\nAbout 50 Bushls Oats @ 9\u00bdd.\n   8 Chests 40/.\u2003a Still \u00a36\n2 Shovels, two Riddles 2 Measures\n17 Hilling Hoes and 1 Coopers Ax\n6 Sides of Sole leather \u27e8illegible\u27e9\n6 Sides upper leather skins\nA parcel of Nails\nA Fender two Water pots 1 Small hoe\nA Table and a small quantity of Red Lead\nUp Stairs\n10 Chests, two Shovels and one old Bedstead\nIn the Salt House\nA Small quantity of large Salt\nIn the Coach House\n1 Grind Stone and Iron handle\nIn the Store Loft\n   1 Cloaths Chest 15/.\u20034 old Chests 6/\na parcel of old Pictures\nAn old Gun, a few small Barrls Lampblack, a parcel of old Window glass 2 close stools pans & 2 Bell glasses\nabout 40 lb. of mixd Shott\n2 yds of hair Cloth and 2 Tin Cherry pots\n16 Scyth Stones, 3 rubbers and 1 pair of Canhooks\n1 leather Russell Couch\n12 pains large glass\n1 garden pot\n2 Dog Collars and one Cowpers Compass\n1 Screw Jack and an old Anchor\nSome old Casements and a piece of hollow brass\nwhole amt\nJohn Blair Junr\nApprairs\n   Peter Scott\n   John Prentis\nYork\n   2 Sows and two Barrows 36/.\u200320 Shoats and Pigs 60/\n   6 Calves 48/.\u200315 Steers \u00a330\n   2 Sows and 5 Shoats 31/.\u200315 Steers \u00a330\n   13 young Cattle \u00a39.15s.\u20032 Bulls 40/\n   40 Calves \u00a315.\u200310 draught Steers \u00a320\n   13 Steers \u00a326\u200330 young Cattle \u00a319.10\n   13 young Cattle \u00a310.8.\u200346 Cows & Steers \u00a373.12\n   2 Bulls 40/.\u20034 young Cattle \u00a33.12.\n   1 Cart & Furniture \u00a311.\u20031 large grindste 12/\n   A parcel of old Iron & Harrows 40/.\u20039 large Hogs \u00a311.14.\n   4 Sows, 1 boar \u00a34.\u200320 young hogs \u00a310\n   1 Cart harness & 3 horses \u00a315.\u20031 horse \u00a37\n   1 young bay horse \u00a320.\u20031 pr Stilliards 6/\n   3 Currying Knives 20/.\u20033 butter pots 9/\n   7 Cyder Hhds 20/.\u2003300 Barls Corn @ 6/ \u00a390\n   2 doz. Milk pans 15/.\u20031 Mill spindle & horns 20/\n   a parcel of Carpenters Tools \u00a37.10.\u20036 Irn Wedgs 12/\n   A Sett of Cart wheel hoops 12/.\u20032 brd hoes 6/\n   24 M 6d. Nails \u00a34.16.\u2003a parcel old Nails 15/\nOld Johny \u00a315.; Ockney 40.; Joe 60.; Cupid 50.; young Ned 50.; Crispin 40.; Peter 40.; Danl Twine 10.; Ned 50.; Old Captain 15.; Isaac 50.; Old Jager 15.; Eugene 45.; Mill Betty 50.; Frank & Chd Judith 50.; Jack 35.; Ockney 23.; Moll & Chd Brunswk 50.; Fanny 40.; Dinah & Chd Jenny 50.; Beck 50.; Cornelia 40.; Arber 15.; Patt 15.; Evelin 15.; Sall 16.; Moll 50.; Pegg 50.; Caesar 25.; Lucy 15.; Amey 10.; Roger 35.; Arlington 35.; Grace 40.; Old Chance 20.; Orange 40.; Miller Jemmy 60.; Jupiter 50.; Tobey 40.; Sam 50.; York 50.; Muccon 50.; Peter 70.; Will 50.; Bachus 40.; Be\u27e8illegible\u27e9 50.; Ph\u27e8illegible\u27e9 40.; Arlington 5.; Alice 40.; Hannah 40.; Tom 20.; Lydia 26.; Grace & Chd 50.; Old Nanny 25.; Betty 40.; Eulin & Chd Phil 50.; Acre 40.; Hannah 25.; Sukey 25.; Doll 15.; Alice 16.; Daphne & Chd Jemy 55.; Pegg 25.; Danl 20.; Nelly 15.; George 30.; Betty 35.; Daphne 25.; Fabbey 45.; Ned 35.\nJohn Blair Junr\nAppraisers\n   Matthew Shields\n   William Graves\nNorthampton\nCaesar \u00a310.; Simon 30.; Gurshire 40.; Susannah 30.; Gurshire 35.; Simon 15.; Caesar 10.; Doll 20.; Perry 25.; 1 young Fellow 35.; Judith 30.; 1 old Wench 30.; George 30.; Daniel 15.; Perry 7.; Polly 15.\nNegroes\nStock of Cattle at Arlington\n3 young Steers 70/. 14 Calves 70/\nStock of Cattle at Smiths Isld\n6 Cows and Calves at 25/\n4 four years old Steer\u2019s at 25/\n6 two years old Ditto @ 12/\n6 one year old ditto @ 7/6\nAbt 80 or 90 wild Cattle @ 12/6\nStock of Cattle at Mockon [Mockhorn] Isld\n4 large Steers @ 45/. 1 Steer 25/\n21 Year olds \u00a37.17.6 five Calves 25/ 1 Bull 17/6\n3 young Horses @ 70/\n2 old Ditto\n\u27e81\u27e9 Ditto\n\u27e8illegible\u27e9\n\u27e8illegible\u27e9 old Mare \u27e8illegible\u27e9 Colt\n\u27e8illegible\u27e9.10.\u2007\n5 old axes a\u27e8nd\u27e9 one broad Ax 2/\n7 New broad hoes @ 3/4\n4 narrow ditto @ 3/. 4 [old] ditto @ 6d.\n8 old broad ditto @ 20d. [9] Wedges\n4 old plows @ 3/6\n1 Cart and Wheels\n1 old Cart\n7 Bushels of Salt @ 2/6\n1 old Spade 1/. 1 handsaw 7/6\n1 Hatchet 1/8. 2 wier Sieves @ 3/6\n1 hand Mill 20/. 1 Ditto 13/6\n1 old Grindstone 3/. 1 Augur 2/\n\u27e8illegible\u27e9 new Narrow Axes @ 4/\n1 Iron Pot and pothooks\n500 gals. Cyder @ [3d.]\nwhole amt\nLittleton Eyre\nAppraisors\n   John Kendal\n   John Wilkins\nHanover\n   1 old Bay horse \u00a35.\u2003ditto \u00a35\n   5 Hogs 50.\u200316 Shoats \u00a34.\u20034 Sows and 24 pigs\n1 Ox Cart & Wheels with 2 Yokes & Chains\n4 Working Steers\n   6 Cows \u00a36.\u20034 Heifers \u00a34\n   11 young Cattle \u00a38.5.\u20031 Bull 20/.\u20033 Calves\n1 new narrow hoe\n18 old hoes 32 Axes, & some other old Iron\n1 Collar and Haims & 1 old Auger\n1 pr hand Millstones and Peck\n1 old half Bushel & old Barrls\n15 Barrls of Corn at 4/6\n3 Iron Wedges & Reap hooks 1 old curry Comb & 1 pr of Iron Spancels\n1 grind Stone\n1 Wheat Sieve\nMatt \u00a345.; Sarah 30.; Jenn\u27e8y\u27e9 40.; Morris 25.; \u27e8Joh\u27e9n 20.; Patrick 15.; William 6.; Alice 25.; Sam 45.; Moll 35.; Kitt 40.; Bob 25.; Paul 23.; Davy 12.; Hannah 25.; Jenny 8.\nWillm Taylor\nAppraisors\n   George Taylor\n   Elisha Meridith\nNegroes\ngoods & Chatl\nTotal appd\nNew Kent\nKing William\nJames City\nYork\nNorth\u27e8ampton\u27e9\nHano\u27e8ver\u27e9\n[Totals]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1757}
]